Important events in history
on September 5 ^th

Events

2022
1. Liz Truss is declared the winner of the UK Conservative Party leadership election, beating Rishi Sunak
  1. Liz Truss
    
    Mary Elizabeth Truss is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from September to October 2022. On her fiftieth day in office, she stepped down amid a government crisis, making her the shortest-serving prime minister in the history of the United Kingdom. Truss previously held various Cabinet positions under prime ministers David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson, lastly as foreign secretary from 2021 to 2022. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Norfolk since 2010.
  2. July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election
    
    The July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election was triggered by Boris Johnson's announcement on 7 July 2022 that he would resign as Leader of the Conservative Party after a series of political controversies. The leadership election was won in September by Liz Truss.
  3. Rishi Sunak
    
    Rishi Sunak is a British politician who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since October 2022. He previously held two cabinet positions under Boris Johnson, lastly as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2020 to 2022. Sunak has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Richmond (Yorks) since 2015. Ideologically, Sunak has been described as belonging to the centre-ground of the Conservative Party.
2. At least 93 people die and 25 are missing after a magnitude 6.8 earthquake strikes Sichuan, China.
  1. 2022 Luding earthquake
    
    A Mw 6.7 earthquake struck Luding County in Sichuan province, China on 5 September 2022 at 12:52:19 local time. The epicenter was located 226 km (140 mi) from Chengdu, or 43 km (27 mi) southeast of Kangding. Ninety-three people died, 424 were injured and 24 remained missing. More than 13,000 homes and other infrastructure were damaged or destroyed. It was the largest earthquake to strike the province since 2017.
  2. Sichuan
    
    Sichuan is a province in Southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north and the Yungui Plateau to the south. Sichuan's capital city is Chengdu. The population of Sichuan stands at 83 million. Sichuan neighbors Qinghai to the northwest, Gansu to the north, Shaanxi to the northeast, Chongqing to the east, Guizhou to the southeast, Yunnan to the south, and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the west.
2021
1. The President of Guinea, Alpha Condé is captured by armed forces during a coup d'état.
  1. Alpha Condé
    
    Alpha Condé is a Guinean politician who served as the fourth president of Guinea from 2010 to 2021.
  2. 2021 Guinean coup d'état
    
    On 5 September 2021, President of Guinea Alpha Condé was captured by the country's armed forces in a coup d'état after gunfire in the capital, Conakry. Special forces commander Mamady Doumbouya released a broadcast on state television announcing the dissolution of the constitution and government.
2012
1. An accidental explosion at a Turkish Army ammunition store in Afyon, western Turkey kills 25 soldiers and wounds four others.
  1. 2012 Afyonkarahisar arsenal explosion
    
    The 2012 Afyonkarahisar arsenal explosion occurred at 21:15 local time on 5 September 2012 in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. According to Turkish Armed Forces, 25 servicemen died, four other soldiers and three civilians were injured by the accident.
  2. Afyonkarahisar
    
    Afyonkarahisar is a city in western Turkey, the capital of Afyon Province. Afyon is in the mountainous countryside inland from the Aegean coast, 250 km (155 mi) south-west of Ankara along the Akarçay River. In Turkey, Afyonkarahisar stands out as a capital city of hot springs and spas, an important junction of railway, highway and air traffic in West-Turkey, and the place where independence was won. In addition, Afyonkarahisar is one of the top leading provinces in agriculture, globally renowned for its marble and is the world's largest producer of pharmaceutical opium.
1996
1. Hurricane Fran makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina as a Category 3 storm with 115 mph sustained winds. Fran caused over $3 billion in damage and killed 27 people.
  1. Hurricane Fran
    
    Hurricane Fran caused extensive damage in the United States in early September 1996. The sixth named storm, fifth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season, Fran developed from a tropical wave near Cape Verde on August 23. Due to nearby Hurricane Edouard, the depression remained disorganized as it tracked westward, though it eventually intensified into Tropical Storm Fran on August 27. While heading west-northwestward, Fran steadily strengthened into a hurricane on August 29, but weakened back to a tropical storm on the following day. On August 31, Fran quickly re-intensified into a hurricane. By September 2, Fran began to parallel the islands of the Bahamas and slowly curved north-northwestward. Early on September 5, Fran peaked as a 120 mph (195 km/h) Category 3 hurricane. Thereafter, Fran weakened slightly, before it made landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina early on September 6. The storm rapidly weakened inland and was only a tropical depression later that day. Eventually, Fran curved east-northeastward and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Ontario early on September 9.
  2. Cape Fear (headland)
    
    Cape Fear is a prominent headland jutting into the Atlantic Ocean from Bald Head Island on the coast of North Carolina in the southeastern United States. It is largely formed of barrier beaches and the silty outwash of the Cape Fear River as it drains the southeast coast of North Carolina through an estuary south of Wilmington. Cape Fear is formed by the intersection of two sweeping arcs of shifting, low-lying beach, the result of longshore currents which also form the treacherous, shifting Frying Pan Shoals, part of the Graveyard of the Atlantic.
  3. North Carolina
    
    North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and South Carolina to the south, and Tennessee to the west. Raleigh is the state's capital and Charlotte is its largest city. The Charlotte metropolitan area, with a population of 2,595,027 in 2020, is the most-populous metropolitan area in North Carolina, the 21st-most populous in the United States, and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City. The Raleigh-Durham-Cary combined statistical area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state and 32nd-most populous in the United States, with a population of 2,043,867 in 2020, and is home to the largest research park in the United States, Research Triangle Park.
  4. Tropical cyclone
    
    A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".
1991
1. The current international treaty defending indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, comes into force.
  1. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
    
    The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 is an International Labour Organization Convention, also known as ILO Convention 169, or C169. It is the major binding international convention concerning indigenous peoples and tribal peoples, and a forerunner of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
1990
1. Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers slaughter 158 civilians.
  1. Sri Lankan Civil War
    
    The Sri Lankan Civil War was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, there was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Velupillai Prabhakaran-led Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north-east of the island, due to the continuous discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese dominated Sri Lankan Government.
  2. Eastern University massacre
    
    The Eastern University massacre was the arrest and subsequent mass murder of 158 minority Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who had taken refuge in the Eastern University campus close to the city Batticaloa on September 5, 1990. A witness identified the Sri Lankan Army personnel as the perpetrator. The event is part of what is known amongst Sri Lankan Tamils as Black September, a series of civilian massacres. The Sri Lankan government eventually established a presidential commission of inquiry. The inquiry found evidence of illegal abduction and mass murders. It also named the responsible parties, but there is currently no evidence of any judicial follow up to the inquiry.
1986
1. Pan Am Flight 73 from Mumbai, India with 358 people on board is hijacked at Karachi International Airport.
  1. Pan Am Flight 73
    
    Pan Am Flight 73 was a Pan American World Airways flight from Bombay, India, to New York, United States with scheduled stops in Karachi, Pakistan and Frankfurt, West Germany.
  2. Mumbai
    
    Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the de facto financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second-most populous city in India after Delhi and the eighth-most populous city in the world with a population of roughly 20 million. As per the Indian government population census of 2011, Mumbai was the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore) living under the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million. Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India.
  3. India
    
    India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
  4. Aircraft hijacking
    
    Aircraft hijacking is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. Dating from the earliest of hijackings, most cases involve the pilot being forced to fly according to the hijacker's demands. There have also been incidents where the hijackers have overpowered the flight crew, made unauthorized entry into cockpit and flown them into buildings – most notably in the September 11 attacks – and in several cases, planes have been hijacked by the official pilot or co-pilot; e.g., Germanwings Flight 9525.
  5. Jinnah International Airport
    
    Jinnah International Airport, formerly Drigh Road Airport or Karachi Civil Airport, is Pakistan's busiest international and domestic airport, and handled 7,267,582 passengers in 2017–2018. Located in Karachi, the largest city and commercial capital of Pakistan and capital of the province of Sindh, it is named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan.
1984
1. STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage.
  1. STS-41-D
    
    STS-41-D was the 12th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the first mission of Space Shuttle Discovery. It was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 30, 1984, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 5, 1984. Three commercial communications satellites were deployed into orbit during the six-day mission, and a number of scientific experiments were conducted, including a prototype extendable solar array that would eventually form the basis of the main solar arrays on the International Space Station (ISS).
  2. Space Shuttle Discovery
    
    Space Shuttle Discovery is one of the orbiters from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built. Its first mission, STS-41-D, flew from August 30 to September 5, 1984. Over 27 years of service it launched and landed 39 times, aggregating more spaceflights than any other spacecraft to date. The Space Shuttle launch vehicle has three main components: the Space Shuttle orbiter, a single-use central fuel tank, and two reusable solid rocket boosters. Nearly 25,000 heat-resistant tiles cover the orbiter to protect it from high temperatures on re-entry.
2. Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.
  1. Western Australia
    
    Western Australia is a state of Australia occupying the western 33 percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,527,013 square kilometres (975,685 sq mi). It is the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. As of 2021, the state has 2.76 million inhabitants – 11 percent of the national total. The vast majority live in the south-west corner; 79 percent of the population lives in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
  2. Capital punishment
    
    Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a state-sanctioned practice of deliberately executing a person as a punishment for an actual or supposed crime, and following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant execution. The sentence ordering that an offender is to be punished in such a manner is known as a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is condemned and is commonly referred to as being "on death row".
1981
1. The first women arrive at what becomes Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp in the UK.
  1. Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
    
    Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp was a series of protest camps established to protest against nuclear weapons being placed at RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire, England. The camp began on 5 September 1981 after a Welsh group, Women for Life on Earth, arrived at Greenham to protest against the decision of the British government to allow cruise missiles to be stored there. After realising that the march alone was not going to get them the attention that they needed to have the missiles removed, women began to stay at Greenham to continue their protest. The first blockade of the base occurred in March 1982 with 250 women protesting, during which 34 arrests and one death occurred. The camp was brought to a close in 2000 to make way for the Commemorative and Historic Site on the land that housed the original Women's Peace Camp at Yellow Gate Greenham Common between the years 1981 and 2000.
1980
1. The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 10.14 miles (16.32 km) stretching from Göschenen to Airolo.
  1. Gotthard Road Tunnel
    
    The Gotthard Road Tunnel in Switzerland runs from Göschenen in the canton of Uri at its northern portal, to Airolo in Ticino to the south, and is 16.9 kilometres (10.5 mi) in length below the St Gotthard Pass, a major pass of the Alps. At time of construction, in 1980, it was the longest road tunnel in the world; it is currently the fifth-longest. Although it is a motorway tunnel, part of the A2 from Basel to Chiasso, it consists of only one bidirectional tube with two lanes. With a maximum elevation of 1,175 metres (3,855 ft) at the tunnel's highest point, the A2 motorway has the lowest maximum elevation of any direct north-south road through the Alps.
  2. Göschenen
    
    Göschenen a village and municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It sits at the northern end of the Gotthard tunnel. The Göschenen riots (1875) saw Urner troops opening fire on Italian miners demonstrating for better working conditions and wages on the tunnel's construction site.
  3. Airolo
    
    Airolo is a municipality in the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
1978
1. Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin peace discussions at Camp David, Maryland.
  1. Camp David Accords
    
    The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland. The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework, which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations.
  2. Menachem Begin
    
    Menachem Begin was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was initially opposed by the Jewish Agency. Later, the Irgun fought the Arabs during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.
  3. Anwar Sadat
    
    Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President Jimmy Carter, for which they were recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize.
  4. Camp David
    
    Camp David is the 125-acre (51 ha) country retreat for the president of the United States of America. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park, in Frederick County, Maryland, near the towns of Thurmont and Emmitsburg, about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of the national capital city of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont. Because it is technically a military installation, the staffing is primarily provided by the Seabees, Civil Engineer Corps (CEC), the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Naval construction battalions are tasked with base construction and send detachments as needed.
1977
1. NASA launched the space probe Voyager 1, currently the farthest spacecraft from Earth, from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
  1. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  2. Space probe
    
    A space probe is an artificial satellite that travels through space to collect scientific data. A space probe may orbit Earth; approach the Moon; travel through interplanetary space; flyby, orbit, or land or fly on other planetary bodies; or enter interstellar space.
  3. Voyager 1
    
    Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. Launched 16 days after its twin Voyager 2, Voyager 1 has been operating for 45 years, 3 months and 4 days as of December 10, 2022 UTC [refresh]. It communicates through NASA's Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth. Real-time distance and velocity data is provided by NASA and JPL. At a distance of 158.79 AU (14.760 billion mi) from Earth as of November 7, 2022, it is the most distant human-made object from Earth.
  4. Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41
    
    Space Launch Complex 41 (SLC-41), previously Launch Complex 41 (LC-41), is an active launch site at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. As of 2020, the site is used by United Launch Alliance (ULA) for Atlas V launches. Previously, it had been used by the USAF for Titan III and Titan IV launches.
  5. Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
    
    Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.
2. Voyager Program: NASA launches the Voyager 1 spacecraft.
  1. Voyager program
    
    The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two robotic interstellar probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable alignment of Jupiter and Saturn, to fly near them while collecting data for transmission back to Earth. After launch the decision was taken to send Voyager 2 near Uranus and Neptune to collect data for transmission back to Earth.
  2. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  3. Voyager 1
    
    Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. Launched 16 days after its twin Voyager 2, Voyager 1 has been operating for 45 years, 3 months and 4 days as of December 10, 2022 UTC [refresh]. It communicates through NASA's Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth. Real-time distance and velocity data is provided by NASA and JPL. At a distance of 158.79 AU (14.760 billion mi) from Earth as of November 7, 2022, it is the most distant human-made object from Earth.
1975
1. Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a devotee of Charles Manson, attempted to assassinate President Gerald Ford of the United States.
  1. Squeaky Fromme
    
    Lynette Alice "Squeaky" Fromme is an American criminal who was a member of the Manson family, a cult led by Charles Manson. Though not involved in the Tate–LaBianca murders for which the Manson family is best known, she attempted to assassinate President Gerald Ford in 1975. For that crime, she was sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled from prison on August 14, 2009, after serving approximately 34 years. She published a book about her life in 2018.
  2. Charles Manson
    
    Charles Milles Manson was an American criminal and musician who led the Manson Family, a cult based in California, in the late 1960s. Some of the members committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. In 1971, Manson was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, including the film actress Sharon Tate. The prosecution contended that, while Manson never directly ordered the murders, his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy.
  3. Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento
    
    On September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a member of the Manson Family cult, attempted to assassinate United States president Gerald Ford in Sacramento, California. She wanted to make a statement to people who refused to halt environmental pollution and its effects on air, trees, water, and animals (ATWA). Although Fromme stood a little more than an arm's length from Ford that Friday morning and pointed an M1911 pistol at him in the public grounds of the California State Capitol building, she had not chambered a round, the gun did not fire, and no one was injured.
  4. Gerald Ford
    
    Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He was the only president never to have been elected to the office of president or vice president. He previously served as the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives, and was appointed to be the 40th vice president in 1973. When President Richard Nixon resigned in 1974, Ford succeeded to the presidency, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976.
2. Sacramento, California: Lynette Fromme attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford.
  1. Sacramento, California
    
    Sacramento is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat and largest city of Sacramento County. Located at the confluence of the Sacramento and American River in Northern California's Sacramento Valley, Sacramento's 2020 population of 524,943 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth-largest capital in the United States. Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California, making it the state's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks. It features the California State Capitol Museum.
  2. Squeaky Fromme
    
    Lynette Alice "Squeaky" Fromme is an American criminal who was a member of the Manson family, a cult led by Charles Manson. Though not involved in the Tate–LaBianca murders for which the Manson family is best known, she attempted to assassinate President Gerald Ford in 1975. For that crime, she was sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled from prison on August 14, 2009, after serving approximately 34 years. She published a book about her life in 2018.
  3. Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento
    
    On September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a member of the Manson Family cult, attempted to assassinate United States president Gerald Ford in Sacramento, California. She wanted to make a statement to people who refused to halt environmental pollution and its effects on air, trees, water, and animals (ATWA). Although Fromme stood a little more than an arm's length from Ford that Friday morning and pointed an M1911 pistol at him in the public grounds of the California State Capitol building, she had not chambered a round, the gun did not fire, and no one was injured.
  4. Gerald Ford
    
    Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He was the only president never to have been elected to the office of president or vice president. He previously served as the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives, and was appointed to be the 40th vice president in 1973. When President Richard Nixon resigned in 1974, Ford succeeded to the presidency, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976.
1972
1. Munich massacre: A Palestinian terrorist group called "Black September" attacks and takes hostage 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games. Two die in the attack and nine are murdered the following day.
  1. Munich massacre
    
    The Munich massacre was a terrorist attack carried out during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, by eight members of the Palestinian militant organization Black September, who infiltrated the Olympic Village, killed two members of the Israeli Olympic team, and took nine others hostage. Black September called the operation "Iqrit and Biram", after two Palestinian Christian villages whose inhabitants were expelled by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The Black September commander was Luttif Afif, who was also their negotiator. West German neo-Nazis gave the group logistical assistance.
  2. Palestinian political violence
    
    Palestinian political violence refers to acts of violence perpetrated for political ends in relation to the State of Palestine or in connection with Palestinian nationalism. Common political objectives include self-determination in and sovereignty over Palestine, or the "liberation of Palestine" and recognition of a Palestinian state, either in place of both Israel and the Palestinian territories, or solely in the Palestinian territories. More limited goals include the release of Palestinian prisoners or the Palestinian right of return. Other motivations include personal grievances, trauma or revenge.
  3. Black September Organization
    
    The Black September Organization (BSO) was a Palestinian militant organization founded in 1970. Besides other actions, the group was responsible for the assassination of the Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi Tal, and the Munich massacre, in which eleven Israeli athletes and officials were kidnapped and killed, as well as a West German policeman losing his life, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, their most publicized event. These attacks led to the creation or specialization of permanent counter-terrorism forces in many European countries.
  4. Israel
    
    Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel also is bordered by the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.
  5. 1972 Summer Olympics
    
    The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad and commonly known as Munich 1972, was an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972.
1970
1. Vietnam War: Operation Jefferson Glenn begins: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. Operation Jefferson Glenn
    
    Operation Jefferson Glenn ran from 5 September 1970 to 8 October 1971 and was the last major operation in which U.S. ground forces participated during the Vietnam War and the final major offensive in which the 101st Airborne Division fought. This was a joint military operation combining forces of the 101st Airborne and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 1st Infantry Division.
  3. 101st Airborne Division
    
    The 101st Airborne Division is a light infantry division of the United States Army that specializes in air assault operations. It can plan, coordinate, and execute multiple battalion-size air assault operations to seize terrain. These operations can be conducted by mobile teams covering large distances, fighting behind enemy lines, and working in austere environments with limited or degraded infrastructure. Its unique battlefield mobility and high level of training have kept it in the vanguard of U.S. land combat forces in recent conflicts: for example, foreign internal defense and counterterrorism operations in Iraq, in Afghanistan in 2015–2016, and in Syria, as part of Operation Inherent Resolve in 2018–2021.
  4. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  5. 1st Division (South Vietnam)
    
    The 1st Division of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)—the army of the nation state of South Vietnam that existed from 1955 to 1975—was part of the I Corps that oversaw the northernmost region of South Vietnam, the centre of Vietnam.
  6. Thừa Thiên Huế province
    
    Thừa Thiên Huế is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam, approximately in the center of the country. It borders Quảng Trị province to the north, Quảng Nam province and Đà Nẵng to the south, Laos to the west and the East Sea to the east. The province has 128 km of coastline, 22,000 ha of lagoons and over 200,000 ha of forest. There is an extensive complex of imperial tombs and temples in Huế.
2. Jochen Rindt becomes the only driver to posthumously win the Formula One World Drivers' Championship (in 1970), after being killed in practice for the Italian Grand Prix.
  1. Jochen Rindt
    
    Karl Jochen Rindt was a German-born racing driver who competed with an Austrian license during his career, despite having German and not Austrian citizenship. In 1970, he was killed during practice for the Italian Grand Prix and became the only driver to be posthumously awarded the Formula One World Drivers' Championship.
  2. Formula One
    
    Formula One is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The World Drivers' Championship, which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981, has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, which take place worldwide on both purpose-built circuits and closed public roads.
  3. List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
    
    Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform. The Formula One World Championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets. The World Drivers' Championship is presented by the FIA to the most successful Formula One driver over the course of the season through a points system based on individual Grand Prix results. The World Championship is won when it is no longer mathematically possible for another competitor to overtake their points total regardless of the outcome of the remaining races, although it is not officially awarded until the FIA Prize Giving Ceremony held in various cities following the conclusion of the season.
  4. 1970 Formula One season
    
    The 1970 Formula One season was the 24th season of the FIA's Formula One motor racing. It featured the 21st World Championship of Drivers and the 13th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. Thirteen races were held between 7 March and 25 October, with the Drivers' Championship won by Jochen Rindt and the Constructors' title by Lotus. Rindt died four races before the end of the season, but had earned enough World Championship points that no other driver managed to surpass his total by the end of the season. It is the only season to date in which the World Drivers' Championship title had been awarded posthumously. Jacky Ickx driving for Ferrari finished the season strongly, but his low 4th-place finish in the penultimate round ensured that Rindt's title lead would stand. In the end, all of Rindt's 45 points came from his five wins in the season.
1969
1. Mỹ Lai Massacre: U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai.
  1. Mỹ Lai massacre
    
    The Mỹ Lai massacre was the mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by United States troops in Sơn Tịnh District, South Vietnam, on 16 March 1968 during the Vietnam War. Between 347 and 504 unarmed people were killed by U.S. Army soldiers from Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment and Company B, 4th Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division. Victims included men, women, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated, and some mutilated and raped children who were as young as 12. Twenty-six soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, but only Lieutenant William Calley Jr., a platoon leader in C Company, was convicted. Found guilty of murdering 22 villagers, he was originally given a life sentence, but served three-and-a-half years under house arrest after President Richard Nixon commuted his sentence.
  2. Lieutenant
    
    A lieutenant is a commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations.
  3. William Calley
    
    William Laws Calley Jr. is a former American army officer and war criminal convicted by court-martial for the premeditated killings of 200 to 400 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in the Mỹ Lai massacre on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War. Calley was released to house arrest under orders by President Richard Nixon three days after his conviction. A new trial was ordered by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit but that ruling was overturned by the Supreme Court. Calley served three years of house arrest for the murders. Public opinion about Calley was divided.
  4. Vietnam
    
    Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.
1960
1. Poet Léopold Sédar Senghor is the first elected President of Senegal.
  1. Léopold Sédar Senghor
    
    Léopold Sédar Senghor was a Senegalese poet, politician and cultural theorist who was the first president of Senegal (1960–80).
  2. List of presidents of Senegal
    
    The president of Senegal is the head of state and head of government of Senegal. In accordance with the constitutional reform of 2001, and since a referendum that took place on 20 March 2016, the president is elected for a 5-year term, and limited to two consecutive terms.The following is a list of presidents of Senegal, since the country gained independence from France in 1960.
2. Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) wins the gold medal in the light heavyweight boxing competition at the Olympic Games in Rome.
  1. Muhammad Ali
    
    Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century, and is frequently ranked as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time. In 1999, he was named Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated and the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC.
  2. Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics
    
    Italy dominated boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics, winning three gold medals and seven medals overall. Two of the gold medalists would later become Hall of Fame world champions in professional boxing: American Cassius Clay and Italian Nino Benvenuti.
1957
1. Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista bombs the revolt in Cienfuegos.
  1. Cuban Revolution
    
    The Cuban Revolution was carried out after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. After failing to contest Batista in court, Fidel Castro organized an armed attack on the Cuban military's Moncada Barracks. The rebels were arrested and while in prison formed the 26th of July Movement. After gaining amnesty the M-26-7 rebels organized an expedition from Mexico on the Granma yacht to invade Cuba. In the following years the M-26-7 rebel army would slowly defeat the Cuban army in the countryside, while its urban wing would engage in sabotage and rebel army recruitment. Over time the originally critical and ambivalent Popular Socialist Party would come to support the 26th of July Movement in late 1958. By the time the rebels were to oust Batista the revolution was being driven by the Popular Socialist Party, 26th of July Movement, and the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil.
  2. Fulgencio Batista
    
    Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959, when he was overthrown by the Cuban Revolution.
  3. Cienfuegos
    
    Cienfuegos, capital of Cienfuegos Province, is a city on the southern coast of Cuba. It is located about 250 km (160 mi) from Havana and has a population of 150,000. Since the late 1960s, Cienfuegos has become one of Cuba's main industrial centers, especially in the energy and sugar sectors. The city is dubbed La Perla del Sur. Although Cienfuegos literally translates to "one hundred fires", the city takes its name from the surname of José Cienfuegos, Captain General of Cuba (1816–19).
1954
1. KLM Flight 633 crashes into the River Shannon in Shannon, County Clare, Ireland, killing 28.
  1. KLM Flight 633
    
    KLM Flight 633 was a passenger flight from Amsterdam to New York City. On 5 September 1954, immediately after takeoff from Shannon Airport, the Super Constellation Triton ditched on a mudbank in the River Shannon. 28 people were killed in the accident. It was caused by an unexpected re-extension of the landing gear, possibly compounded by pilot error.
  2. River Shannon
    
    The River Shannon, at 360.5 km in length, is the longest river in the British Isles. It drains the Shannon River Basin, which has an area of 16,865 km2 (6,512 sq mi), – approximately one fifth of the area of the island of Ireland.
  3. Shannon, County Clare
    
    Shannon or Shannon Town, named after the river near which it stands, is a town in County Clare, Ireland. It was given town status on 1 January 1982. The town is located just off the N19 road, a spur of the N18/M18 road between Limerick and Ennis. It is the location of Shannon Airport, an international airport serving the Clare/Limerick region in the west of Ireland.
  4. Ireland
    
    Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.
1948
1. In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister; as such, he is the negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II.
  1. Robert Schuman
    
    Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman was a Luxembourg-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building postwar European and trans-Atlantic institutions and was one of the founders of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO. The 1964–1965 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. In 2021, Schuman was declared venerable by Pope Francis in recognition of his acting on Christian principles.
  2. President of the Council of Ministers
    
    The President of the Council of Ministers is the most senior member of the cabinet in the executive branch of government in some countries. Some Presidents of the Council of Ministers are the heads of government, and thus are informally referred to as a Prime Minister or Premier.
  3. Foreign minister
    
    A foreign affairs minister or minister of foreign affairs is generally a cabinet minister in charge of a state's foreign policy and relations. The formal title of the top official varies between countries. The foreign minister typically reports to the head of government.
1945
1. Cold War: Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Union embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Igor Gouzenko
    
    Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko was a cipher clerk for the Soviet embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario, and a lieutenant of the GRU. He defected on September 5, 1945, three days after the end of World War II, with 109 documents on the USSR's espionage activities in the West. This forced Canada's Prime Minister Mackenzie King to call a Royal Commission to investigate espionage in Canada.
  3. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
2. Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist Tokyo Rose, is arrested in Yokohama.
  1. Iva Toguri D'Aquino
    
    Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino was a Japanese-American disc jockey and radio personality who participated in English-language radio broadcasts transmitted by Radio Tokyo to Allied troops in the South Pacific during World War II on The Zero Hour radio show.
  2. Japanese Americans
    
    Japanese Americans are Americans of Japanese ancestry. Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 census, they have declined in number to constitute the sixth largest Asian American group at around 1,469,637, including those of partial ancestry. According to the 2010 census, the largest Japanese American communities were found in California with 272,528, Hawaii with 185,502, New York with 37,780, Washington with 35,008, Illinois with 17,542 and Ohio with 16,995. Southern California has the largest Japanese American population in North America and the city of Gardena holds the densest Japanese American population in the 48 contiguous states.
  3. Tokyo Rose
    
    Tokyo Rose was a name given by Allied troops in the South Pacific during World War II to all female English-speaking radio broadcasters of Japanese propaganda. The programs were broadcast in the South Pacific and North America to demoralize Allied forces abroad and their families at home by emphasizing troops' wartime difficulties and military losses. Several female broadcasters operated using different aliases and in different cities throughout the territories occupied by the Japanese Empire, including Tokyo, Manila, and Shanghai. The name "Tokyo Rose" was never actually used by any Japanese broadcaster, but it first appeared in U.S. newspapers in the context of these radio programs during 1943.
  4. Yokohama
    
    Yokohama is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area along the Keihin Industrial Zone.
1944
1. Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux.
  1. Luxembourg
    
    Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. It borders Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg, is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union and the seat of several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority. Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its French and German neighbors; while Luxembourgish is legally the only national language of the Luxembourgish people, French and German are also used in administrative and judicial matters and all three are considered administrative languages of the country.
  2. Benelux
    
    The Benelux Union, also known as simply Benelux, is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighboring states in western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The name is a portmanteau formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union. It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries.
1943
1. World War II: American and Australian airborne forces landed at Nadzab as part of the New Guinea campaign against Japan.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Airborne forces
    
    Airborne forces, airborne troops, or airborne infantry are ground combat units carried by aircraft and airdropped into battle zones, typically by parachute drop or air assault. Parachute-qualified infantry and support personnel serving in airborne units are also known as paratroopers.
  3. Landing at Nadzab
    
    The Landing at Nadzab was an airborne landing on 5 September 1943 during the New Guinea campaign of World War II in conjunction with the landing at Lae. The Nadzab action began with a parachute drop at Lae Nadzab Airport, combined with an overland force.
  4. New Guinea campaign
    
    The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian-administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea and the Australian Territory of Papua and overran western New Guinea, which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Allies—consisting primarily of Australian forces—cleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony.
2. World War II: The 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment lands and occupies Lae Nadzab Airport, near Lae in the Salamaua–Lae campaign.
  1. 503rd Infantry Regiment (United States)
    
    The 503rd Infantry Regiment, formerly the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment and the 503rd Airborne Infantry Regiment, is an airborne infantry regiment of the United States Army. The regiment served as an independent regiment in the Pacific War during World War II; at Fort Campbell, Kentucky; in Okinawa, Japan; and in Germany. Regimental elements have been assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division, the 11th Airborne Division, the 24th Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, the 82nd Airborne Division, 101st Airborne Division, and the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team. Regimental elements have participated in campaigns in the Vietnam War, Operation Enduring Freedom–Afghanistan, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The regiment claims 15 Medal of Honor recipients: two from World War II, ten from Vietnam, and three from Afghanistan. A parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System. The regiment's 1st and 2nd Battalions are active, assigned to the 173rd Airborne Brigade, based at Caserma Ederle, Vicenza, Italy. The 3rd and 4th Battalions as well as Companies E, F, G, H, and I have been inactived.
  2. Lae Nadzab Airport
    
    Lae Nadzab Airport is a regional airport located at Nadzab 42 kilometres (26 mi) outside Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea along the Highlands Highway. It is served by both private and regional aircraft with domestic flights. The airport replaced the Lae Airfield in 1977.
  3. Lae
    
    Lae is the capital of Morobe Province and is the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea. It is located near the delta of the Markham River and at the start of the Highlands Highway, which is the main land transport corridor between the Highlands Region and the coast. Lae is the largest cargo port of the country and is the industrial hub of Papua New Guinea. The city is known as the Garden City and home of the University of Technology.
  4. Salamaua–Lae campaign
    
    The Salamaua–Lae campaign was a series of actions in the New Guinea campaign of World War II. Australian and United States forces sought to capture two major Japanese bases, one in the town of Lae, and another one at Salamaua. The campaign to take the Salamaua and Lae area began after the successful defence of Wau in late January, which was followed up by an Australian advance towards Mubo as the Japanese troops that had attacked Wau withdrew to positions around Mubo. A series of actions followed over the course of several months as the Australian 3rd Division advanced north-east towards Salamaua. After an amphibious landing at Nassau Bay, the Australians were reinforced by a US regimental combat team, which subsequently advanced north up the coast.
1942
1. World War II: Japanese high command orders withdrawal at Milne Bay, the first major Japanese defeat in land warfare during the Pacific War.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Battle of Milne Bay
    
    The Battle of Milne Bay, also known as Operation RE or the Battle of Rabi (ラビの戦い) by the Japanese, was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II. Japanese marines, known as Kaigun Tokubetsu Rikusentai, with two small tanks attacked the Allied airfields at Milne Bay that had been established on the eastern tip of New Guinea. Due to poor intelligence work, the Japanese miscalculated the size of the predominantly Australian garrison and, believing that the airfields were defended by only two or three companies, initially landed a force roughly equivalent in size to one battalion on 25 August 1942. The Allies, forewarned by intelligence from Ultra, had heavily reinforced the garrison.
  3. Pacific War
    
    The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the vast Pacific Ocean theater, the South West Pacific theater, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the Soviet–Japanese War.
1941
1. Whole territory of Estonia is occupied by Nazi Germany.
  1. Estonia
    
    Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,200 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,339 square kilometres (17,505 sq mi). The capital city Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country. The Estonian language is the autochthonous and the official language of Estonia; it is the first language of the majority of its population, as well as the world's second most spoken Finnic language.
1938
1. Chile: A group of youths affiliated with the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile are executed after surrendering during a failed coup.
  1. Chile
    
    Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometers (291,930 sq mi), with a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. It shares land borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the north-east, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chile also controls the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. It also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The country's capital and largest city is Santiago, and its national language is Spanish.
  2. National Socialist Movement of Chile
    
    Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile was a political movement in Chile, during the Presidential Republic Era, which initially supported the ideas of Adolf Hitler, although it later moved towards a more local form of fascism. They were commonly known as Nacistas.
  3. Seguro Obrero massacre
    
    The Seguro Obrero massacre occurred on September 5, 1938, and was the Chilean government's response to an attempted coup d'état by the National Socialist Movement of Chile (MNSCh), whose members were known at the time as Nacistas ("Nazis"), with some differences that justified their option for a different name. After a failed coup involving a stand-off and a shootout, about 60 Nacistas who had surrendered after being given assurances, were summarily shot. About twenty others were killed during the fighting.
1937
1. Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls to the Nationalists following a one-day siege.
  1. Spanish Civil War
    
    The Spanish Civil War was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, and consisted of various socialist, communist, separatist, anarchist, and republican parties, some of which had opposed the government in the pre-war period. The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalists led by a military junta among whom General Francisco Franco quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a religious struggle, a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between fascism and communism. According to Claude Bowers, U.S. ambassador to Spain during the war, it was the "dress rehearsal" for World War II. The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975.
  2. Llanes
    
    Llanes is a municipality of the province of Asturias, in northern Spain. Stretching for about 30 km along the coast at the extreme east of the province, Llanes is bounded to the south by the high ridge of the limestone Sierra del Cuera, which rises to over 1,100 m. The region is part of the Costa Verde of Spain, which is known for its spectacular coastal scenery, with 32 white sand beaches, and mountains covered with a deep green mantle. Llanes lies to the north of the Picos de Europa, a mountain range whose geology is almost entirely of limestone karst.
  3. Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
    
    The Nationalist faction or Rebel faction was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of right-leaning political groups that supported the Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azaña, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsist Renovación Española and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the FET y de las JONS. After the death of the faction's early leaders, General Francisco Franco, one of the members of the 1936 coup, would head the Nationalists throughout most of the war and emerge as the dictator of Spain until his death in 1975.
1932
1. The French Upper Volta is broken apart between Ivory Coast, French Sudan, and Niger.
  1. French Upper Volta
    
    Upper Volta was a colony of French West Africa established in 1919 in the territory occupied by present-day Burkina Faso. It was formed from territories that had been part of the colonies of Upper Senegal and Niger and the Côte d'Ivoire. The colony was dissolved on 5 September 1932, with parts being administered by the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and the Colony of Niger.
  2. Ivory Coast
    
    Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Christianity, Islam, and indigenous faiths.
  3. French Sudan
    
    French Sudan was a French colonial territory in the Federation of French West Africa from around 1880 until 1959, when it joined the Mali Federation, and then in 1960, when it became the independent state of Mali. The colony was formally called French Sudan from 1890 until 1899 and then again from 1921 until 1958, and had a variety of different names over the course of its existence. The colony was initially established largely as a military project led by French troops, but in the mid-1890s it came under civilian administration.
  4. Niger
    
    Niger or the Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin and Burkina Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. It covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi), making it the second-largest landlocked country in West Africa, after Chad. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara. Its predominantly Muslim population of about 25 million live mostly in clusters in the further south and west of the country. The capital Niamey is located in Niger's southwest corner.
1915
1. The Zimmerwald Conference, the first of three international socialist conferences forming the Zimmerwald movement, opened in Switzerland.
  1. Zimmerwald Conference
    
    The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from September 5 to 8, 1915. It was the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War I. The individuals and organizations participating in this and subsequent conferences held at Kienthal and Stockholm are known jointly as the Zimmerwald movement.
  2. Socialism
    
    Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the economic, political and social theories and movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can be state/public, community, collective, cooperative, or employee. While no single definition encapsulates the many types of socialism, social ownership is the one common element. Different types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning in resource allocation, on the structure of management in organizations, and from below or from above approaches, with some socialists favouring a party, state, or technocratic-driven approach. Socialists disagree on whether government, particularly existing government, is the correct vehicle for change.
2. The pacifist Zimmerwald Conference begins.
  1. Zimmerwald Conference
    
    The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from September 5 to 8, 1915. It was the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War I. The individuals and organizations participating in this and subsequent conferences held at Kienthal and Stockholm are known jointly as the Zimmerwald movement.
1914
1. World War I: First Battle of the Marne begins. Northeast of Paris, the French attack and defeat German forces who are advancing on the capital.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. First Battle of the Marne
    
    The First Battle of the Marne was a battle of the First World War fought from 5 to 12 September 1914. It was fought in a collection of skirmishes around the Marne River Valley. It resulted in an Entente victory against the German armies in the west. The battle was the culmination of the Retreat from Mons and pursuit of the Franco-British armies which followed the Battle of the Frontiers in August and reached the eastern outskirts of Paris.
1905
1. Under the mediation of U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt, the Russo-Japanese War officially ended with the signing of a treaty at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Maine.
  1. Theodore Roosevelt
    
    Theodore Roosevelt Jr., often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice president under President William McKinley from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. Assuming the presidency after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.
  2. Russo-Japanese War
    
    The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major theatres of military operations were located in Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean both for its navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok remained ice-free and operational only during the summer; Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by the Qing dynasty of China from 1897, was operational year round. Russia had pursued an expansionist policy east of the Urals, in Siberia and the Far East, since the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. Since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Japan had feared Russian encroachment would interfere with its plans to establish a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria.
  3. Treaty of Portsmouth
    
    The Treaty of Portsmouth is a treaty that formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.
  4. Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
    
    The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, often called the Portsmouth Navy Yard, is a United States Navy shipyard in Kittery on the southern boundary of Maine near the city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
2. Russo-Japanese War: In New Hampshire, United States, the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, ends the war.
  1. Russo-Japanese War
    
    The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major theatres of military operations were located in Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean both for its navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok remained ice-free and operational only during the summer; Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by the Qing dynasty of China from 1897, was operational year round. Russia had pursued an expansionist policy east of the Urals, in Siberia and the Far East, since the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. Since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Japan had feared Russian encroachment would interfere with its plans to establish a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria.
  2. New Hampshire
    
    New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Of the 50 U.S. states, New Hampshire is the fifth smallest by area and the tenth least populous, with slightly more than 1.3 million residents. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city. New Hampshire's motto, "Live Free or Die", reflects its role in the American Revolutionary War; its nickname, "The Granite State", refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries. It is well known nationwide for holding the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle, and for its resulting influence on American electoral politics, leading the adage "As New Hampshire goes, so goes the nation".
  3. Treaty of Portsmouth
    
    The Treaty of Portsmouth is a treaty that formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations from August 6 to August 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, United States. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.
  4. Theodore Roosevelt
    
    Theodore Roosevelt Jr., often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice president under President William McKinley from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. Assuming the presidency after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.
1887
1. A fire at the Theatre Royal, Exeter, kills 186.
  1. Theatre Royal, Exeter
    
    The Theatre Royal, Exeter was the name of several theatres situated in the city centre of Exeter, Devon, England in the United Kingdom.
1882
1. A group of London schoolboys led by Bobby Buckle founded Hotspur Football Club to continue to play sports during the winter months.
  1. Bobby Buckle
    
    Robert "Bobby" Buckle was one of eleven schoolboys who founded the Hotspur Football Club in 1882 later to become Tottenham Hotspur Football Club.
  2. Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
    
    Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, commonly referred to as Tottenham or Spurs, is a professional football club based in Tottenham, London, England. It competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The team has played its home matches in the 62,850-capacity Tottenham Hotspur Stadium since April 2019, replacing their former home of White Hart Lane, which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site.
2. The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.
  1. Labor Day
    
    Labor Day is a federal holiday in the United States celebrated on the first Monday in September to honor and recognize the American labor movement and the works and contributions of laborers to the development and achievements of the United States. The three-day weekend it falls on is called Labor Day Weekend.
1877
1. American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.
  1. American Indian Wars
    
    The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes. These conflicts occurred in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the early 20th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for lands that the Indian tribes considered their own. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.
  2. Oglala
    
    The Oglala are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States.
  3. Tribal chief
    
    A tribal chief or chieftain is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.
  4. Crazy Horse
    
    Crazy Horse was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century. He took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by white American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people. His participation in several famous battles of the Black Hills War on the northern Great Plains, among them the Fetterman Fight in 1866, in which he acted as a decoy, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, in which he led a war party to victory, earned him great respect from both his enemies and his own people.
  5. Bayonet
    
    A bayonet is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar firearm, allowing it to be used as a spear-like weapon. From the 17th century to World War I, it was a weapon for infantry attacks. Today it is considered an ancillary weapon or a weapon of last resort.
  6. Fort Robinson
    
    Fort Robinson is a former U.S. Army fort and now a major feature of Fort Robinson State Park, a 22,000-acre (8,900 ha) public recreation and historic preservation area located 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Crawford on U.S. Route 20 in the Pine Ridge region of northwest Nebraska.
  7. Nebraska
    
    Nebraska is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state.
1862
1. American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia crosses the Potomac River at White's Ford in the Maryland Campaign.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Army of Northern Virginia
    
    The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was also the primary command structure of the Department of Northern Virginia. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac.
  3. Potomac River
    
    The Potomac River drains the Mid-Atlantic United States, flowing from the Potomac Highlands into Chesapeake Bay. It is 405 miles (652 km) long, with a drainage area of 14,700 square miles (38,000 km2), and is the fourth-largest river along the East Coast of the United States and the 21st-largest in the United States. Over 5 million people live within its watershed.
  4. White's Ford
    
    White's Ford was an important ford over the Potomac River during the American Civil War. It was used in many major actions, including the crossing into Maryland of the Confederate army prior to the Maryland Campaign and Confederate Major General J.E.B. Stuart's ride around Union Major General George B. McClellan on October 10, 1862, when he used the ford to cross into Loudoun County, Virginia. It is located a few miles above present-day White's Ferry.
  5. Maryland campaign
    
    The Maryland campaign occurred September 4–20, 1862, during the American Civil War. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's first invasion of the North was repulsed by the Army of the Potomac under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who moved to intercept Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia and eventually attacked it near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The resulting Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history.
1839
1. The United Kingdom declares war on the Qing dynasty of China.
  1. First Opium War
    
    The First Opium War, also known as the Opium War or the Anglo-Sino War was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China between 1839 and 1842. The immediate issue was the Chinese enforcement of their ban on the opium trade by seizing private opium stocks from merchants at Canton and threatening to impose the death penalty for future offenders. Despite the opium ban, the British government supported the merchants' demand for compensation for seized goods, and insisted on the principles of free trade and equal diplomatic recognition with China. Opium was Britain's single most profitable commodity trade of the 19th century. After months of tensions between the two nations, the British navy launched an expedition in June 1840, which ultimately defeated the Chinese using technologically superior ships and weapons by August 1842. The British then imposed the Treaty of Nanking, which forced China to increase foreign trade, give compensation, and cede Hong Kong to the British. Consequently the opium trade continued in China. Twentieth century nationalists consider 1839 the start of a century of humiliation, and many historians consider it the beginning of modern Chinese history.
  2. Qing dynasty
    
    The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria. It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing empire lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With 419,264,000 citizens in 1907, it was the world's most populous country at the time.
1836
1. Sam Houston (pictured) became the first popularly elected president of the Republic of Texas.
  1. Sam Houston
    
    Samuel Houston was an American general and statesman who played an important role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two individuals to represent Texas in the United States Senate. He also served as the sixth governor of Tennessee and the seventh governor of Texas, the only individual to be elected governor of two different states in the United States.
  2. President of the Republic of Texas
    
    The president of the Republic of Texas was the head of state and head of government while Texas was an independent republic between 1836 and 1845.
2. Sam Houston is elected as the first president of the Republic of Texas.
  1. Sam Houston
    
    Samuel Houston was an American general and statesman who played an important role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two individuals to represent Texas in the United States Senate. He also served as the sixth governor of Tennessee and the seventh governor of Texas, the only individual to be elected governor of two different states in the United States.
  2. Republic of Texas
    
    The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846, that bordered Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America, although Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence despite the Treaties of Velasco of May 1836. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo residents of the area and of the republic became known as Texians.
1816
1. Louis XVIII has to dissolve the Chambre introuvable ("Unobtainable Chamber").
  1. Louis XVIII
    
    Louis XVIII, known as the Desired, was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815. He spent twenty-three years in exile: during the French Revolution and the First French Empire (1804–1814), and during the Hundred Days.
  2. Chambre introuvable
    
    The Chambre introuvable was the first Chamber of Deputies elected after the Second Bourbon Restoration in 1815. It was dominated by Ultra-royalists who completely refused to accept the results of the French Revolution. The name was coined by King Louis XVIII of France.
1812
1. War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac's forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort's outhouses.
  1. War of 1812
    
    The War of 1812 was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida. It began when the United States declared war on 18 June 1812 and, although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by Congress on 17 February 1815.
  2. Siege of Fort Wayne
    
    The siege of Fort Wayne took place from September 5th-12th, 1812, during the War of 1812. The standoff occurred in the modern city of Fort Wayne, Indiana, between the United States garrison at Fort Wayne and a combined force of Potawatomi and Miami, supported by British troops. The conflict began on September 5, when warriors under Native American chiefs Winamac and Five Medals killed two members of the U.S. garrison. Over the next several days, the Native Americans burned the buildings and crops of the fort's adjacent village, and launched sporadic assaults from outside the fort. Winamac withdrew on 12 September, ahead of reinforcements led by Major General William Henry Harrison.
  3. Winamac
    
    Winamac was the name of a number of Potawatomi leaders and warriors beginning in the late 17th century. The name derives from a man named Wilamet, a Native American from an eastern tribe who in 1681 was appointed to serve as a liaison between New France and the natives of the Lake Michigan region. Wilamet was adopted by the Potawatomis, and his name, which meant "Catfish" in his native Eastern Algonquian language, was soon transformed into "Winamac", which means the same thing in the Potawatomi language. The Potawatomi version of the name has been spelled in a variety of ways, including Winnemac, Winamek, and Winnemeg.
1798
1. Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law.
  1. Conscription
    
    Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force.
  2. Jourdan law
    
    The Jourdan Law of 5 September 1798 effectively institutionalised conscription in Revolutionary France, which began with the levée en masse. It stipulated that all single and childless men between the ages of 20 and 25 were liable for military service. Exemptions existed however for the clergy, industrial workers essential for the war effort, students from selected Grandes écoles, and public office holders. The law discriminated against the poor and large peasant population through the legally sanctioned practice of 'replacement', which allowed anyone who was able, to purchase someone to enlist in their place. It was named for the French General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan.
1793
1. French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.
  1. French Revolution
    
    The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.
  2. National Convention
    
    The National Convention was the parliament of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for the rest of its existence during the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. The Convention sat as a single-chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795.
  3. Reign of Terror
    
    The Reign of Terror was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
1791
1. Olympe de Gouges writes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.
  1. Olympe de Gouges
    
    Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists.
  2. Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
    
    The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written on 14 September 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. By publishing this document on 15 September, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of the French Revolution in the recognition of gender equality. As a result of her writings, de Gouges was accused, tried and convicted of treason, resulting in her immediate execution, along with the Girondists, becoming one of only three women beheaded during the ensuing Reign of Terror – and the only executed for her political writings.
1781
1. American Revolutionary War: French naval forces handed Britain a major strategic defeat at the Battle of the Chesapeake (depicted).
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Battle of the Chesapeake
    
    The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War that took place near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781. The combatants were a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse. The battle was strategically decisive, in that it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the besieged forces of Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The French were able to achieve control of the sea lanes against the British and provided the Franco-American army with siege artillery and French reinforcements. These proved decisive in the Siege of Yorktown, effectively securing independence for the Thirteen Colonies.
2. Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.
  1. Battle of the Chesapeake
    
    The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War that took place near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781. The combatants were a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse. The battle was strategically decisive, in that it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the besieged forces of Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The French were able to achieve control of the sea lanes against the British and provided the Franco-American army with siege artillery and French reinforcements. These proved decisive in the Siege of Yorktown, effectively securing independence for the Thirteen Colonies.
  2. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  3. Siege of Yorktown
    
    The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the surrender at Yorktown, or the German battle, beginning on September 28, 1781, and ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of the American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, and French Army troops led by Comte de Rochambeau over British Army troops commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American region, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.
1774
1. In response to the British Parliament's enactment of the so-called Intolerable Acts, representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies convened the First Continental Congress at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia.
  1. Parliament of the United Kingdom
    
    The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and the overseas territories. Parliament is bicameral but has three parts, consisting of the sovereign (King-in-Parliament), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. In theory, power is officially vested in the King-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the prime minister, and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to only delaying legislation; thus power is de facto vested in the House of Commons.
  2. Intolerable Acts
    
    The Intolerable Acts were a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws aimed to punish Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest of the Tea Act, a tax measure enacted by Parliament in May 1773. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts. They were a key development leading to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in April 1775.
  3. Thirteen Colonies
    
    The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th centuries, they began fighting the American Revolutionary War in April 1775 and formed the United States of America by declaring full independence in July 1776. Just prior to declaring independence, the Thirteen Colonies in their traditional groupings were: New England ; Middle ; Southern. The Thirteen Colonies came to have very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, dominated by Protestant English-speakers. The first of these colonies was Virginia Colony in 1607, a Southern colony. While all these colonies needed to become economically viable, the founding of the New England colonies, as well as the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania, were substantially motivated by their founders' concerns related to the practice of religion. The other colonies were founded for business and economic expansion. The Middle Colonies were established on an earlier Dutch colony, New Netherland. All the Thirteen Colonies were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included territory in Canada, Florida, and the Caribbean.
  4. First Continental Congress
    
    The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 British colonies that became the United States. It met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after the British Navy instituted a blockade of Boston Harbor and Parliament passed the punitive Intolerable Acts in response to the December 1773 Boston Tea Party. During the opening weeks of the Congress, the delegates conducted a spirited discussion about how the colonies could collectively respond to the British government's coercive actions, and they worked to make a common cause.
  5. Carpenters' Hall
    
    Carpenters' Hall is the official birthplace of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and a key meeting place in the early history of the United States. It is in Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2. First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia.
  1. First Continental Congress
    
    The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 British colonies that became the United States. It met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after the British Navy instituted a blockade of Boston Harbor and Parliament passed the punitive Intolerable Acts in response to the December 1773 Boston Tea Party. During the opening weeks of the Congress, the delegates conducted a spirited discussion about how the colonies could collectively respond to the British government's coercive actions, and they worked to make a common cause.
  2. Continental Congress
    
    The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. The term "Continental Congress" most specifically refers to the First and Second Congresses of 1774–1781 and, at the time, was also used to refer to the Congress of the Confederation of 1781–1789, which operated as the first national government of the United States until being replaced under the Constitution of the United States. Thus, the term covers the three congressional bodies of the Thirteen Colonies and the new United States that met between 1774 and 1789.
  3. Philadelphia
    
    Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Since 1854, the city has been coextensive with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and one of world's largest metropolitan regions, with 6.245 million residents as of 2020. The city's population as of the 2020 census was 1,603,797, and over 56 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of Philadelphia.
1725
1. Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.
  1. Louis XV
    
    Louis XV, known as Louis the Beloved, was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached maturity on 15 February 1723, the kingdom was ruled by his grand-uncle Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, as Regent of France. Cardinal Fleury was chief minister from 1726 until his death in 1743, at which time the king took sole control of the kingdom.
  2. Marie Leszczyńska
    
    Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska, also known as Marie Leczinska, was Queen of France as the wife of King Louis XV from their marriage on 4 September 1725 until her death in 1768. The daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński, the deposed King of Poland, and Catherine Opalińska, her 42-years and 9 months service was the longest of any queen in French history. A devout Roman Catholic throughout her life, Marie was popular among the French people for her numerous charitable works and introduced many Polish customs to the royal court at Versailles. She was the grandmother of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X of France.
1698
1. In an effort to Westernize his nobility, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards for all men except the clergy and peasantry.
  1. Tsar
    
    Tsar, also spelled czar, tzar, or csar, is a title used by East and South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word caesar, which was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official —but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to "king". It lends its name to a system of government, tsarist autocracy or tsarism.
  2. Peter the Great
    
    Peter I, most commonly known as Peter the Great, was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 to 1721 and subsequently the Russian Empire until his death in 1725, jointly ruling with his elder half-brother, Ivan V until 1696. He is primarily credited with the modernisation of the country, transforming it into a European power.
1697
1. War of the Grand Alliance : A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson's Bay.
  1. Nine Years' War
    
    The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy, Sweden and Portugal. Although not the first European war to spill over to Europe's overseas colonies, the events of the war spread to such far away places as the Americas, India, and West Africa. It is for this reason that it is sometimes considered the first world war. The conflict encompassed the Glorious Revolution in England, where William of Orange deposed the unpopular James VII and II and subsequently struggled against him for control of Scotland and Ireland, and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Native American allies.
  2. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
    
    Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville or Sieur d'Iberville was a French soldier, explorer, colonial administrator, and trader. He is noted for founding the colony of Louisiana in New France. He was born in Montreal to French colonist parents.
  3. Battle of Hudson's Bay
    
    The Battle of Hudson's Bay, also known as the Battle of York Factory, was a naval battle fought during the War of the Grand Alliance. The battle took place on 5 September 1697, when a French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron commanded by Captain John Fletcher. As a result of this battle, the French took York Factory, a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company.
1666
1. Great Fire of London ends: Ten thousand buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, are destroyed, but only six people are known to have died.
  1. Great Fire of London
    
    The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666, gutting the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall, while also extending past the wall to the west. The death toll is generally thought to have been relatively small, although some historians have challenged this belief.
  2. Old St Paul's Cathedral
    
    Old St Paul's Cathedral was the cathedral of the City of London that, until the Great Fire of 1666, stood on the site of the present St Paul's Cathedral. Built from 1087 to 1314 and dedicated to Saint Paul, the cathedral was perhaps the fourth church at Ludgate Hill.
1661
1. Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers.
  1. Nicolas Fouquet
    
    Nicolas Fouquet, marquis de Belle-Île, vicomte de Melun et Vaux was the Superintendent of Finances in France from 1653 until 1661 under King Louis XIV. He had a glittering career, and acquired enormous wealth. He fell out of favor, accused of peculation and lèse-majesté. The king had him imprisoned from 1661 until his death in 1680.
  2. Louis XIV
    
    Louis XIV, also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign in history whose date is verifiable. Although Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe, the King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Bossuet, Colbert, Le Brun, Le Nôtre, Lully, Mazarin, Molière, Racine, Turenne, and Vauban.
  3. Superintendent of Finances
    
    The Superintendent of Finances was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1561 to 1661. The position was abolished in 1661 with the downfall of Nicolas Fouquet, and a new position was created, the Controller-General of Finances.
  4. Nantes
    
    Nantes is a city in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 314,138 in Nantes proper and a metropolitan area of nearly 1 million inhabitants (2018). With Saint-Nazaire, a seaport on the Loire estuary, Nantes forms one of the main north-western French metropolitan agglomerations.
  5. Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan
    
    Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as d'Artagnan and later Count d'Artagnan, was a French Musketeer who served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard. He died at the siege of Maastricht in the Franco-Dutch War. A fictionalised account of his life by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras formed the basis for the d'Artagnan Romances of Alexandre Dumas, père, most famously including The Three Musketeers (1844). The heavily fictionalised version of d'Artagnan featured in Dumas' works and their subsequent screen adaptations is now far more widely known than the real historical figure.
  6. Musketeer
    
    A musketeer was a type of soldier equipped with a musket. Musketeers were an important part of early modern warfare particularly in Europe as they normally comprised the majority of their infantry. The musketeer was a precursor to the rifleman. Muskets were replaced by rifles as the almost universal firearm for modern armies during the period 1850 to 1860. The traditional designation of "musketeer" for an infantry private survived in the Imperial German Army until World War I.
1622
1. A hurricane overruns a Spanish fleet bound from Havana to Cadiz and sinks the galleon Atocha. Only five men are rescued, but 260 passengers and 200 million pesos are buried with the Atocha under 50 feet of water.
  1. Nuestra Señora de Atocha
    
    Nuestra Señora de Atocha was a Spanish treasure galleon and the most widely known vessel of a fleet of ships that sank in a hurricane off the Florida Keys in 1622. At the time of her sinking, Nuestra Señora de Atocha was heavily laden with copper, silver, gold, tobacco, gems, and indigo from Spanish ports at Cartagena and Porto Bello in New Granada and Havana, bound for Spain. The Nuestra Señora de Atocha was named for a holy shrine in Madrid, Spain. It was a heavily armed Spanish galleon that served as the almirante for the Spanish fleet. It would trail behind the other ships in the flota to prevent an attack from the rear.
1590
1. Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
  1. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
    
    Alexander Farnese was an Italian noble and condottiero and later a general of the Spanish army, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592. Thanks to a steady influx of troops from Spain, during 1581–1587 Farnese captured more than thirty towns in the south and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. During the French Wars of Religion he relieved Paris for the Catholics. His talents as a field commander, strategist and organizer earned him the regard of his contemporaries and military historians as the first captain of his age.
  2. Henry IV of France
    
    Henry IV, also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. He was assassinated in 1610 by François Ravaillac, a Catholic zealot, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII.
  3. Siege of Paris (1590)
    
    The siege of Paris took place in 1590 during the French Wars of Religion when the French Royal Army under Henry of Navarre, and supported by the Huguenots, failed to capture the city of Paris from the Catholic League. Paris was finally relieved from the siege by an international Catholic and Spanish army under the command of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
1367
1. Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
  1. Swa Saw Ke
    
    Mingyi Swa Saw Ke was king of Ava from 1367 to 1400. He reestablished central authority in Upper Myanmar (Burma) for the first time since the fall of the Pagan Empire in the 1280s. He essentially founded the Ava Kingdom that would dominate Upper Burma for the next two centuries.
  2. Kingdom of Ava
    
    The Kingdom of Ava was the dominant kingdom that ruled upper Burma (Myanmar) from 1364 to 1555. Founded in 1365, the kingdom was the successor state to the petty kingdoms of Myinsaing, Pinya and Sagaing that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of the Pagan Empire in the late 13th century.
917
1. Liu Yan declared himself emperor, establishing the state of Southern Han at his capital of Panyu (present-day Guangzhou) in southern China.
  1. Liu Yan (emperor)
    
    Liu Yan, né Liu Yan (劉巖), also named Liu Zhi (劉陟) and briefly as Liu Gong (劉龔), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han (南漢高祖), was the first emperor of the Chinese Southern Han dynasty, one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
  2. Southern Han
    
    Southern Han (Chinese: 南漢; pinyin: Nán Hàn; Jyutping: Naam4 Hon3; 917–971), officially Han (Chinese: 漢), originally Yue (Chinese: 越), was one of the ten kingdoms that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was located on China's southern coast, controlling modern Guangdong and Guangxi. The kingdom greatly expanded its capital Xingwang Fu (Chinese: 興王府; pinyin: Xìngwáng Fǔ; Jyutping: Hing1wong4 Fu2, present-day Guangzhou). It attempted but failed to annex the independent polity of Jinghai which was controlled by the Vietnamese.
  3. Guangzhou
    
    Guangzhou, also known as Canton and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road; it continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub as well as being one of China's three largest cities. For a long time, the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders, Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major transshipment port. Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic, Guangzhou is classified as a Large-Port Megacity, the largest type of port-city in the world. Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, the major airport of Guangzhou, briefly became the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020.
2. Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
  1. Liu Yan (emperor)
    
    Liu Yan, né Liu Yan (劉巖), also named Liu Zhi (劉陟) and briefly as Liu Gong (劉龔), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han (南漢高祖), was the first emperor of the Chinese Southern Han dynasty, one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
  2. Southern Han
    
    Southern Han (Chinese: 南漢; pinyin: Nán Hàn; Jyutping: Naam4 Hon3; 917–971), officially Han (Chinese: 漢), originally Yue (Chinese: 越), was one of the ten kingdoms that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was located on China's southern coast, controlling modern Guangdong and Guangxi. The kingdom greatly expanded its capital Xingwang Fu (Chinese: 興王府; pinyin: Xìngwáng Fǔ; Jyutping: Hing1wong4 Fu2, present-day Guangzhou). It attempted but failed to annex the independent polity of Jinghai which was controlled by the Vietnamese.

Births & Deaths

2021
1. Sarah Harding, English singer, member of Girls Aloud (b. 1981) deaths
  1. Sarah Harding
    
    Sarah Nicole Harding was an English singer, model and actress. Her professional career began in 2002 when she successfully auditioned for the ITV reality series Popstars: The Rivals, during which Harding won a place in the girl group Girls Aloud. The group achieved twenty consecutive top ten singles in the UK, six albums that were certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), two of which went to number one in the UK, and accumulated a total of five BRIT Award nominations. In 2009, Girls Aloud won "Best Single" with their song "The Promise".
  2. Girls Aloud
    
    Girls Aloud were an English-Irish pop girl group that was created through the ITV talent show Popstars: The Rivals in 2002. The group comprised singers Cheryl, Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh. The group achieved a string of twenty consecutive top ten singles in the United Kingdom, including four number ones. They also achieved seven certified albums, of which two reached number one. They have been nominated for five Brit Awards, winning the 2009 Best Single for "The Promise".
2019
1. Francisco Toledo, Mexican painter, sculptor, and graphic artist (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Francisco Toledo
    
    Francisco Benjamín López Toledo was a Mexican Zapotec painter, sculptor, and graphic artist. In a career that spanned seven decades, Toledo produced thousands of works of art and became widely regarded as one of Mexico's most important contemporary artists. An activist as well as an artist, he promoted the artistic culture and heritage of Oaxaca state. Toledo was considered part of the Breakaway Generation of Mexican art.
2018
1. Bhagwatikumar Sharma, Indian Gujarati writer and journalist (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Bhagwatikumar Sharma
    
    Bhagwatikumar Sharma was an Indian author and journalist who wrote in Gujarati. Born in Surat and educated in languages, he edited a daily for several years. He wrote novels, short stories, poetry, essays and criticism. He received Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak in 1984 and Sahitya Akademi Award in 1988.
2. Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Beatriz Segall
    
    Beatriz de Toledo Segall was a Brazilian actress. One of her most notable works is the role of Odete Roitman on the telenovela Vale Tudo (1988).
2016
1. Hugh O'Brian, American actor (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Hugh O'Brian
    
    Hugh O'Brian was an American actor and humanitarian, best known for his starring roles in the ABC Western television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1955–1961) and the NBC action television series Search (1972–1973). His notable films included the adaptation of Agatha Christie's Ten Little Indians (1965); he also had a notable supporting role in John Wayne's last film, The Shootist (1976).
2. Phyllis Schlafly, American lawyer, writer, and political activist (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Phyllis Schlafly
    
    Phyllis Stewart Schlafly was an American attorney, conservative activist, author, and anti-feminist spokesperson for the national conservative movement. She held paleoconservative social and political views, opposed feminism, gay rights and abortion, and successfully campaigned against ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
2015
1. Goh Eng Wah, Malaysian-Singaporean businessman, founded Eng Wah Global (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Goh Eng Wah
    
    Goh Eng Wah was a film distributor, and one of the pioneers in Singapore's cinema industry. He founded Eng Wah Global Pte Ltd, a cinema operator specialising in Chinese movies imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan.
  2. Eng Wah Global
    
    Eng Wah Global, formerly Eng Wah Organisation and Eng Wah Theatres Organisation, is a Singaporean company spans entertainment, properties, hospitality, and lifestyle in Singapore and Malaysia.
2. Aadesh Shrivastava, Indian singer-songwriter (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Aadesh Shrivastava
    
    Aadesh Shrivastava was a music composer and singer of Indian music. Initially, he had worked as a drummer to music composers including R. D. Burman, Rajesh Roshan before working independently as a music director. Over the course of his career, he had composed music for over 100 Hindi films. Just a day after he turned 51, he died of cancer in Kokilaben Hospital.
3. Chester Stranczek, American baseball player and businessman (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Chester Stranczek
    
    Chester K. Stranczek was an American businessman, politician, and former Minor League Baseball player who was the mayor of Crestwood, Illinois, for 39 years, from 1969 to 2007. He drew national attention during his tenure for cutting expenses in part by privatizing city services, and for refunding residents' property taxes for more than a decade. He was also known as a colorful character with outspoken views on political and social issues, sometimes using a personal billboard posted near the town entrance to express his political and religious beliefs.
2014
1. Bruce Morton, American journalist (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Bruce Morton
    
    Bruce Alexander Morton was an American television news correspondent for both CBS News and CNN in a career which spanned over 40 years.
2. Mara Neusel, German mathematician, author, and academic (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Mara Neusel
    
    Mara Dicle Neusel was a mathematician, author, teacher and an advocate for women in mathematics. The focus of her mathematical work was on invariant theory, which can be briefly described as the study of group actions and their fixed points.
2013
1. Edwin Bideau, American lawyer and politician (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Edwin Bideau
    
    Edwin 'Ed' H. Bideau III was a lawyer, farmer, rancher, and Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 9th district.
2. Geoffrey Goodman, English pilot, journalist, and author (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Geoffrey Goodman
    
    Geoffrey George Goodman was a British journalist, broadcaster and writer. Following periods on the News Chronicle and the Daily Herald, he was a senior journalist on the Daily Mirror from 1969 to 1986. Goodman was known as "the doyen of industrial correspondents" for his extensive contacts and prominent role covering British industrial disputes.
3. Isamu Jordan, American journalist and academic (b. 1975) deaths
  1. Isamu Jordan
    
    Isamu Jordan was an American journalist, musician, and professor. When he was 15 years old, he joined the staff of The Spokesman-Review, where he wrote articles for Our Generation, the teen section of the newspaper. After earning a Bachelor's degree in English and Journalism, he returned to the paper, where he wrote articles about music and pop culture. He also wrote and edited articles for the weekly news magazine Spokane7, which provided coverage on local entertainment, art and culture, dining, and sporting events. As a musician, he was a member of the band The Dead Casuals and was known for establishing the hip hop orchestra, Flying Spiders, in which he was the lead vocalist. As the creator, producer, and director of The Som Show, Jordan provided booking support and concert promotions for local bands and music artists, while his multimedia music website featured artist profiles, events, and venues, along with videos and concert reviews. Spokane's Online Music Awards, known as The Sommy Awards, honored local bands and musicians through nominations made through his website. In addition to his background in journalism and music, Jordan was an adjunct professor and Program Director of Intercultural Student Services at Whitworth University.
2012
1. Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu, Turkish-Bosnian footballer (b. 1986) deaths
  1. Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu
    
    Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu was a Turkish football player who last played for Eskişehirspor in the Turkish Süper Lig.
2. Ian Dick, Australian cricketer and field hockey player (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Ian Dick
    
    Ian Robinson Dick was an Australian cricketer and field hockey player who played one first-class match for Western Australia in 1950 and also captained Australia in the hockey tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Born in Boulder, Western Australia, Dick was the brother of Alexander Dick and David Dick. The brothers' uncle, Billy Dick, captained Carlton to the 1914 VFL premiership. Having worked as a pharmacist outside of sport, Dick died in September 2012.
3. Victoria Fyodorova, Russian-American actress and author (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Victoria Fyodorova
    
    Victoria Fyodorova was a Russian-American actress and author. She was born shortly after World War II to Jackson Tate (1898–1978), then a captain in the United States Navy, and Russian actress Zoya Fyodorova (1909–1981), who had a brief affair before Tate was expelled from Moscow by Joseph Stalin. Victoria Fyodorova wrote the 1979 book, The Admiral's Daughter, which was about her experience attempting to reunite with her father.
4. John Oaksey, English jockey and journalist (b. 1929) deaths
  1. John Oaksey
    
    John Geoffrey Tristram Lawrence, 4th Baron Trevethin and 2nd Baron Oaksey was a British aristocrat, horse racing journalist, television commentator and former amateur jockey. He was twice British Champion Amateur Jump Jockey, before becoming a celebrated journalist and recognisable racing personality both on television and through his charitable work for the Injured Jockeys Fund, which he helped establish. He has been described as "quite possibly the outstanding racing figure of modern times, touching so many via his compelling writing, broadcasting, race-riding and tireless fund-raising".
2010
1. Hedley Beare, Australian author and academic (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Hedley Beare
    
    Hedley Beare was an Australian educator, administrator and author. He led the creation of the Northern Territory and ACT education systems. Beare wrote, co-wrote or edited 18 books and contributed 40 book chapters and hundreds of journal articles. He delivered the 1986 Buntine Oration titled "Shared Meanings About Education: The Economic Paradigm Considered."
2. Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Belgian-Dutch poet and painter (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Corneille Guillaume Beverloo
    
    Corneille – Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, better known under his pseudonym Corneille, was a Dutch artist.
2009
1. Gani Fawehinmi, Nigerian lawyer and activist (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Gani Fawehinmi
    
    Chief Abdul-Ganiyu "Gani" Oyesola FawehinmiListen,, SAN was a Nigerian author, publisher, philanthropist, social critic, human and civil rights lawyer, and politician.
2007
1. Jennifer Dunn, American engineer and politician (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Jennifer Dunn
    
    Jennifer Jill Dunn was an American politician and engineer who served six terms as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2005, representing Washington's 8th congressional district.
2. Paul Gillmor, American lawyer and politician (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Paul Gillmor
    
    Paul Eugene Gillmor was an American politician of the Republican Party who served as the U.S. representative from the 5th congressional district of Ohio from 1989 until his death in 2007.
3. Thomas Hansen, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1976) deaths
  1. Thomas Hansen (musician)
    
    Thomas Hansen was a Norwegian alternative country musician performing under the name Saint Thomas.
4. D. James Kennedy, American pastor and author (b. 1930) deaths
  1. D. James Kennedy
    
    Dennis James Kennedy was an American pastor, evangelist, Christian broadcaster, and author. He was the senior pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, from 1960 until his death in 2007. Kennedy also founded Evangelism Explosion International, Coral Ridge Ministries, the Westminster Academy in Fort Lauderdale, the Knox Theological Seminary, radio station WAFG-FM, and the Center for Reclaiming America for Christ, a socially conservative political group.
5. Nikos Nikolaidis, Greek director and screenwriter (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Nikos Nikolaidis
    
    Nikos Georgiou Nikolaidis was a Greek film director, screenwriter, film producer, writer, theatre director, assistant director, record producer, television director, and commercial director. He is usually considered a representative of European avant-garde and experimental art film.
2005
1. Roberto Viaux, Chilean general (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Roberto Viaux
    
    Roberto Urbano Viaux Marambio was a Chilean Army General and the primary planner of two attempted coup d'états in Chile in 1969 and 1970. The first was against President Eduardo Frei Montalva, and the second sought to prevent Socialist Salvador Allende's election.
2003
1. Gisele MacKenzie, Canadian-American singer and actress (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Gisele MacKenzie
    
    Gisèle MacKenzie was a Canadian-American singer, actress, and commercial spokesperson, best known for her performances on the US television program Your Hit Parade.
2002
1. David Todd Wilkinson, American cosmologist and astronomer (b. 1935) deaths
  1. David Todd Wilkinson
    
    David Todd Wilkinson was an American cosmologist, specializing in the study of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) left over from the Big Bang.
2001
1. Bukayo Saka, English footballer births
  1. Bukayo Saka
    
    Bukayo Ayoyinka T. M. Saka is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger, left-back, or midfielder for Premier League club Arsenal and the England national team. Saka is known for his attacking incisiveness and creativity, and is often considered one of the best young football players in the world.
2. Justin Wilson, American chef and author (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Justin Wilson (chef)
    
    Justin E. Wilson was a Southern American chef and humorist known for his brand of Cajun-inspired cuisine, humor and storytelling.
3. Vladimir Žerjavić, Croatian economist and academic (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Vladimir Žerjavić
    
    Vladimir Žerjavić was a Croatian economist and demographer who published a series of historical articles and books during the 1980s and 1990s on demographic losses in Yugoslavia during World War II and of Axis forces and civilians in the Bleiburg repatriations shortly after the capitulation of Germany. From 1964 to 1982, he worked as an adviser for industrial development in the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
2000
1. Roy Fredericks, Guyanese cricketer and politician (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Roy Fredericks
    
    Roy Clifton Fredericks was a West Indian cricketer who played Test cricket from 1968 to 1977.
1999
1. Alan Clark, English historian and politician, Minister for Defence Procurement (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Alan Clark
    
    Alan Kenneth Mackenzie Clark was a British Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), author and diarist. He served as a junior minister in Margaret Thatcher's governments at the Departments of Employment, Trade and Defence. He became a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1991.
  2. Minister of State for Defence Procurement (UK)
    
    The Minister of State for Defence Procurement is, as a Minister of State, a mid-level defence minister in the Ministry of Defence of the British Government. The current incumbent of the post, Conservative MP Alex Chalk, was appointed in October 2022.
2. Allen Funt, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Allen Funt
    
    Allen Albert Funt was an American television producer, director, writer and television personality best known as the creator and host of Candid Camera from the 1940s to 1980s, as either a regular television show or a television series of specials. Its most notable run was from 1960 to 1967 on CBS.
3. Bryce Mackasey, Canadian businessman and politician, Postmaster General of Canada (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Bryce Mackasey
    
    Bryce Stuart Mackasey, was a Canadian Member of Parliament, Cabinet minister, and Ambassador to Portugal.
  2. Postmaster General of Canada
    
    The Postmaster General of Canada was the Canadian cabinet minister responsible for the Post Office Department. In 1851, management of the post office was transferred from Britain to the provincial governments of the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The position of Postmaster General was established in each province. With Canadian Confederation in 1867, a single position was created replacing this post in all of the above provinces except Newfoundland; this position was abolished in 1981 when the post office was transformed from a government department into a crown corporation. Since 1981 Canada Post has been led by a President and CEO. From 1900 until 1909 the Postmaster General was also responsible for the Department of Labour. It now reports to the Minister of Public Services and Procurement.
1998
1. Caroline Dolehide, American tennis player births
  1. Caroline Dolehide
    
    Caroline Dolehide is an American professional tennis player. She achieved a career-high ranking of world No. 102 in July 2018. Her best performances on the WTA Tour came in doubles at the 2019 and the 2022 US Opens where she reached the semifinals with Vania King and Storm Sanders respectively and also at the 2021 Wimbledon. Dolehide has a career-high WTA doubles ranking of 21, set in May 2022 and has won one WTA Tour title and 15 titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, six in singles and nine in doubles.
2. Ferdinand Biondi, Canadian radio host (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Ferdinand Biondi
    
    Ferdinand Biondi, was a French Canadian radio broadcaster.
3. Willem Drees, Jr., Dutch economist and politician, Dutch Minister of Transport (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Willem Drees Jr.
    
    Willem "Wim" Drees Jr. was a Dutch politician of the Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70) party and economist.
  2. Ministry of Transport and Water Management (Netherlands)
    
    The Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management was a Dutch ministry responsible for water management, public and private transport and infrastructure. It is now part of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management.
4. Verner Panton, Danish interior designer (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Verner Panton
    
    Verner Panton is considered one of Denmark's most influential 20th-century furniture and interior designers. During his career, he created innovative and futuristic designs in a variety of materials, especially plastics, and in vibrant and exotic colors. His style was very "1960s" but regained popularity at the end of the 20th century. As of 2004, Panton's best-known furniture models are still in production.
5. Leo Penn, American actor and director (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Leo Penn
    
    Leonard Francis Penn was an American actor and director and the father of musician Michael Penn and actors Sean Penn and Chris Penn.
1997
1. Kyōko Saitō, Japanese idol births
  1. Kyōko Saitō
    
    Kyōko Saitō is a Japanese singer, model, and actress. She is a member of Japanese idol group Hinatazaka46, represented by Sony Music Records, as well as a model for the fashion magazine ar. Her fans are known as the Kyonkois .
2. Leon Edel, American author and critic (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Leon Edel
    
    Joseph Leon Edel was an American/Canadian literary critic and biographer. He was the elder brother of North American philosopher Abraham Edel.
3. Eddie Little Sky, American actor (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Eddie Little Sky
    
    Eddie Little Sky, also known as Edward Little, was an indigenous North American actor of the Oglala Lakota tribe. He had parts in 36 feature films and over 60 television shows, mainly westerns in the role of a Native American. He was one of the first Native American actors to play Native American roles such as his performance in the 1970 film A Man Called Horse.
4. Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor and director (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Georg Solti
    
    Sir Georg Solti was a Hungarian-British orchestral and operatic conductor, known for his appearances with opera companies in Munich, Frankfurt and London, and as a long-serving music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Born in Budapest, he studied there with Béla Bartók, Leó Weiner and Ernő Dohnányi. In the 1930s, he was a répétiteur at the Hungarian State Opera and worked at the Salzburg Festival for Arturo Toscanini. His career was interrupted by the rise of the Nazis' influence on Hungarian politics and, being of Jewish background, he fled the increasingly harsh Hungarian anti-Jewish laws in 1938. After conducting a season of Russian ballet in London at the Royal Opera House he found refuge in Switzerland, where he remained during the Second World War. Prohibited from conducting there, he earned a living as a pianist.
5. Mother Teresa, Albanian-Indian nun, missionary, and saint, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Mother Teresa
    
    Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, MC, better known as Mother Teresa, was an Indian-Albanian Catholic nun who, in 1950, founded the Missionaries of Charity. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu was born in Skopje—at the time, part of the Ottoman Empire. After eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived most of her life. Saint Teresa of Calcutta was canonised on 4 September 2016. The anniversary of her death is her feast day.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1996
1. Richairo Zivkovic, Dutch footballer births
  1. Richairo Živković
    
    Richairo Juliano Živković is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for Emmen.
2. Sigrid, Norwegian singer births
  1. Sigrid (singer)
    
    Sigrid Solbakk Raabe, known mononymously as Sigrid, is a Norwegian singer-songwriter. She has released two studio albums, Sucker Punch (2019) and How to Let Go (2022), both of which charted in Norway and the United Kingdom. She has also released two EPs.
3. Basil Salvadore D'Souza, Indian bishop (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Basil Salvadore D'Souza
    
    Basil Salvadore D'Souza was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore from 22 March 1965 until his death on 5 September 1996. He was the longest-serving bishop in the diocese's history.
1995
1. Szabina Szlavikovics, Hungarian tennis player births
  1. Szabina Szlavikovics
    
    Szabina Szlavikovics is an inactive Hungarian tennis player.
2. Benyamin Sueb, Indonesian comedian, actor, and singer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Benyamin Sueb
    
    Benyamin Sueb was an Indonesian comedian, actor and singer. He released 46 studio albums and starred in more than 50 films. He received two Citra Awards for Intan Berduri in 1973 and Si Doel Anak Modern in 1975.
3. Salil Chowdhury, Indian music composer, who mainly composed for Bengali, Hindi, Malayalam film and other films. (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Salil Chowdhury
    
    Salil Chowdhury was an Indian music director, songwriter, lyricist, writer and poet who predominantly composed for Bengali, Hindi and Malayalam films. He composed music for films in 13 languages. This includes over 75 Hindi films, 41 Bengali films, 27 Malayalam films, and a few Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati, Odia and Assamese films. His musical ability was widely recognised and acknowledged in the Indian film industry. He was an accomplished composer and arranger who was proficient in several musical instruments, including flute, the piano, and the esraj. He was also widely acclaimed and admired for his inspirational and original poetry in Bengali.
1994
1. Gregorio Paltrinieri, Italian swimmer births
  1. Gregorio Paltrinieri
    
    Gregorio Paltrinieri is an Italian competitive swimmer. He is the Olympic and world long course and short course champion and three-times European long course champion in the 1500 m freestyle event at the 2012, 2014 and 2016 European Aquatics Championships, and two-times European long course champion in the 800 m freestyle event. Paltrinieri is a former 1500 m freestyle world record holder. He also holds the long course European records in the 800 m and 1500 m freestyle events with times of 7:39.27 and 14:32.80.
2. Shimshon Amitsur, Israeli mathematician and scholar (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Shimshon Amitsur
    
    Shimshon Avraham Amitsur was an Israeli mathematician. He is best known for his work in ring theory, in particular PI rings, an area of abstract algebra.
3. John Newman, Australian politician (b. 1946) deaths
  1. John Newman (Australian politician)
    
    John Paul Newman was an Australian politician who served as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1986 until his death. He was 47 when he was shot and killed outside his home in Cabramatta. Phuong Ngo, a local club owner and political opponent who had run against Newman as an independent in 1991, was convicted of Newman's murder in 2001. Newman's death has been described by the media as Australia's first political assassination.
1993
1. Claude Renoir, French cinematographer (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Claude Renoir
    
    Claude Renoir was a French cinematographer. He was the son of actor Pierre Renoir, the grandson of painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and the nephew of director Jean Renoir.
1992
1. Fritz Leiber, American author and poet (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Fritz Leiber
    
    Fritz Reuter Leiber Jr. was an American writer of fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He was also a poet, actor in theater and films, playwright, and chess expert. With writers such as Robert E. Howard and Michael Moorcock, Leiber is one of the fathers of sword and sorcery and coined the term.
1991
1. Zeki Yavru, Turkish footballer births
  1. Zeki Yavru
    
    Zeki Yavru is a Turkish footballer who plays as a right back for TFF First League club Samsunspor.
2. Sharad Joshi, Indian author and poet (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Sharad Joshi
    
    Sharad Joshi was an Indian poet, writer, satirist and a dialogue and scriptwriter in Hindi films and television. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1990.
1990
1. Antonio Esposito, Italian footballer births
  1. Antonio Esposito (footballer, born 1990)
    
    Antonio Esposito is an Italian footballer who plays for Lupa Roma.
2. Francesca Segarelli, Dominican tennis player births
  1. Francesca Segarelli
    
    Francesca Segarelli is a Dominican former professional tennis player.
3. Lance Stephenson, American basketball player births
  1. Lance Stephenson
    
    Lance Stephenson Jr. is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He attended Lincoln High School in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn, where he was named Mr. New York Basketball after his senior year and appeared in the 2009 McDonald's All-American Game. He later played college basketball for the Cincinnati Bearcats and was selected in the second round of the 2010 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers.
4. Yuna Kim, South Korean figure skater births
  1. Yuna Kim
    
    Yuna Kim, also credited in eastern name order as Kim Yuna or Kim Yeon-a, is a retired South Korean competitive figure skater. She is the 2010 Olympic champion and 2014 Olympic silver medalist in ladies' singles, the 2009 & 2013 World champion, the 2009 Four Continents champion, a three-time Grand Prix Final champion, the 2006 World Junior champion, the 2005 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and a six-time South Korean national champion.
5. Franco Zuculini, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Franco Zuculini
    
    Franco Zuculini is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Italian club SPAL.
6. Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon, English academic and diplomat (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon
    
    Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon was a British colonial administrator and diplomat who was Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and the last governor of British Cyprus.
7. Jerry Iger, American cartoonist and publisher, co-founded Eisner & Iger (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Jerry Iger
    
    Samuel Maxwell "Jerry" Iger was an American cartoonist and art-studio entrepreneur. With business partner Will Eisner, he co-founded Eisner & Iger, a comic book packager that produced comics on demand for new publishers during the late-1930s and 1940s period known to fans and historians as the Golden Age of Comic Books.
  2. Eisner & Iger
    
    Eisner & Iger was a comic book "packager" that produced comics on demand for publishers entering the new medium during the late-1930s and 1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Many of comic books' most significant creators, including Jack Kirby, entered the field through its doors.
8. Ivan Mihailov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Ivan Mihailov
    
    Ivan Mihailov Gavrilov, sometimes Vancho Mihailov, was a Bulgarian revolutionary in interwar Macedonia, and the last leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).
1989
1. Elena Delle Donne, American basketball player births
  1. Elena Delle Donne
    
    Elena Delle Donne is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Delle Donne played college basketball for the Delaware Blue Hens from 2009 to 2013. She was drafted by the Chicago Sky with the second overall pick of the 2013 WNBA draft, and led the Sky to the 2014 WNBA Finals, where they were defeated by the Phoenix Mercury. Delle Donne was traded to the Washington Mystics in 2017 and led them to their first WNBA championship in 2019.
2. José Ángel Valdés, Spanish footballer births
  1. José Ángel (footballer, born September 1989)
    
    José Ángel Valdés Díaz, known as José Ángel or Cote, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Sporting de Gijón as a left-back.
3. Ben Youngs, English rugby player births
  1. Ben Youngs
    
    Benjamin Ryder Youngs is an English professional rugby union player who plays as a scrum-half for Leicester Tigers and England. He made his club debut at 17 in 2007 and in 2010 made his debut for England; in 2022 he became England men’s most capped player with 115 appearances. He started the 2019 Rugby World Cup Final and toured Australia with the Lions in 2013.
4. Philip Baxter, Welsh-Australian chemical engineer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Philip Baxter
    
    Sir John Philip Baxter was a British chemical engineer. He was the second director of the University of New South Wales from 1953, continuing as vice-chancellor when the position's title was changed in 1955. Under his administration, the university grew from its technical college roots into the "fastest growing and most rapidly diversifying tertiary institution in Australia". Philip Baxter College is named in his honour.
1988
1. Denni Avdić, Swedish footballer births
  1. Denni Avdić
    
    Denni Robin Avdić is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a centre-forward for Vasalunds IF.
2. Felipe Caicedo, Ecuadorian footballer births
  1. Felipe Caicedo
    
    Felipe Salvador Caicedo Corozo is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi Arabian club Abha.
3. Gert Fröbe, German actor and singer (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Gert Fröbe
    
    Karl Gerhart "Gert" Fröbe was a German actor. He was best known in English-speaking countries for his work as Auric Goldfinger in the James Bond film Goldfinger, as Peachum in The Threepenny Opera, as Baron Bomburst in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, as Hotzenplotz in Der Räuber Hotzenplotz, General Dietrich von Choltitz in Is Paris Burning? and Colonel Manfred von Holstein in Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines.
1986
1. Colt McCoy, American football player births
  1. Colt McCoy
    
    Daniel "Colt" McCoy is an American football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas, where he won several awards and honors as a senior in 2009. McCoy is second all-time to Boise State's Kellen Moore in games won by an NCAA Division I FBS quarterback. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He has also been a member of the San Francisco 49ers, Washington Redskins, and New York Giants, mostly serving as backup quarterback.
2. Pragyan Ojha, Indian cricketer births
  1. Pragyan Ojha
    
    Pragyan Ojha is an Indian former cricketer, who represented India in Test, ODIs and T20. He is an attacking slow left arm orthodox bowler and left-hand tail-ender batsman. He currently plays for Hyderabad in the domestic Ranji Trophy and also has played for Bengal as a guest player in Ranji Trophy for couple of seasons (2015/16-2016/17). He has achieved World no 5 as his career best ranking in ICC Player Rankings. He is the first and one of the two spinners to ever win the Purple Cap in the Indian Premier League. He joined Bihar cricket team as a guest player for 2018/19 season of Ranji Trophy. He is one of the very few players who have taken more wickets than the runs they have scored in Test cricket.
3. Neerja Bhanot, Indian model and youngest recipient of country's highest peacetime military award Ashok Chakra (b. 1963) deaths
  1. Neerja Bhanot
    
    Neerja Bhanot was an Indian purser who died while saving passengers on Pan Am Flight 73 which had been hijacked by terrorists from a terrorist organization during a stopover in Karachi, Pakistan, on 5 September 1986, just two days before her 23rd birthday. Posthumously, she became and remains the youngest recipient of India's highest peacetime gallantry award, the Ashoka Chakra, as well as several other accolades from the governments of Pakistan and the United States. She was shot while helping passengers escape through the emergency exits. Her life and heroism inspired the 2016 biopic Neerja directed by Ram Madhvani and starring Indian actress Sonam Kapoor.
  2. Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)
    
    The Ashoka Chakra is India's highest peacetime military decoration awarded for valor, courageous action, or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peacetime equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra (PVC) and is awarded for the "most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent valour or self-sacrifice" other than in the face of the enemy. The decoration may be awarded either to military or civilian personnel.
1985
1. Justin Dentmon, American basketball player births
  1. Justin Dentmon
    
    Justin Lorenzo Dentmon is an American professional basketball player for Mets de Guaynabo of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN). He played college basketball for Washington. In 2010, he was the top scorer in the Israel Basketball Premier League.
2. Ryan Guy, American soccer player births
  1. Ryan Guy
    
    Ryan Michael Guy is a professional soccer player and coach who was last player-coach of USL League Two club SoCal Surf and represented the Guam national team.
3. Johannes Hint, Estonian engineer (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Johannes Hint
    
    Johannes Rudolph Hint was an Estonian scientist and the only person to create and successfully run a limited company under the communist planned economy of the Soviet Union. With his company, Dessim Ltd, he earned millions for the Soviet Union. His most important scientific invention was the building material silikaltsiit (Laprex), which was developed through the execution of the disintegrator system. His inventions are still widely used in Germany, Austria, the United States, Japan and Russia.
1984
1. Alison Bell, Scottish field hockey player births
  1. Alison Bell (field hockey)
    
    Alison Bell is a Scottish female field hockey player who plays for the Scotland women's national field hockey team. She has represented Scotland in few international competitions including the 2005 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup, 2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, 2010 Commonwealth Games, and 2014 Commonwealth Games.
2. Chris Anker Sørensen, Danish cyclist (d. 2021) births
  1. Chris Anker Sørensen
    
    Chris Anker Sørensen was a Danish road bicycle racer who rode professionally between 2005 and 2018 for the Team Designa Køkken, Tinkoff–Saxo, Fortuneo–Vital Concept, and Riwal Platform teams. Sørensen then worked as a directeur sportif for his final professional team, Riwal Readynez.
3. Adam Malik, Indonesian politician and diplomat, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Adam Malik
    
    Adam Malik Batubara, or more commonly referred to simply as Adam Malik, was an Indonesian politician, diplomat, and journalist, who served as the 3rd Vice President of Indonesia from 1978 until 1983, under President Suharto. Previously, he served in a number of diplomatic and governmental positions, including Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly from 1977 to 1978, Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 1977 to 1978, Foreign Minister of Indonesia from 1966 until 1977, and president of the United Nations General Assembly from 1971 until 1972.
  2. Vice President of Indonesia
    
    The vice president of the Republic of Indonesia is second-highest officer in the executive branch of the Indonesian government, after the president, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. Since 2004, the president and vice president are directly elected to a five-year term.
4. Jane Roberts, American psychic and author (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Jane Roberts
    
    Dorothy Jane Roberts was an American author, poet, psychic, and spirit medium, who channeled a personality who called himself "Seth." Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena.
1983
1. Eugen Bopp, Ukrainian-German footballer births
  1. Eugen Bopp
    
    Eugen Bopp is a German semi-professional footballer who plays as a midfielder. Born in Ukraine, he represented the Germany national under-19 team.
2. Pablo Granoche, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Pablo Granoche
    
    Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro is a Uruguayan football player, in the role of striker in Italy for Vigasio. He is nicknamed El Diablo.
3. Lincoln Riley, American football coach births
  1. Lincoln Riley
    
    Lincoln Michael Riley is an American college football coach and former player who is the head coach of the USC Trojans football program at the University of Southern California.
4. Antony Sweeney, English footballer births
  1. Antony Sweeney
    
    Antony Thomas Sweeney is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played in the Football League for Hartlepool United and Carlisle United. He is a first team coach at Hartlepool United.
1982
1. Alexandre Geijo, Spanish-Swiss footballer births
  1. Alexandre Geijo
    
    Alexandre "Álex" Geijo Pazos is a former footballer who played as a striker.
2. Douglas Bader, English captain and pilot (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Douglas Bader
    
    Group Captain Sir Douglas Robert Steuart Bader, was a Royal Air Force flying ace during the Second World War. He was credited with 22 aerial victories, four shared victories, six probables, one shared probable and 11 enemy aircraft damaged.
1981
1. Daniel Moreno, Spanish cyclist births
  1. Daniel Moreno
    
    Daniel Moreno Fernández is a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2005 and 2018 for the Relax–GAM, Omega Pharma–Lotto, Team Katusha, Movistar Team and EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale teams. He specialised in mountain and high-mountain races along with Grand Tours like the Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España, winning three stages of the latter in 2011 and 2013.
2. Kai Rüütel, Estonian opera singer births
  1. Kai Rüütel
    
    Kai Rüütel is a mezzo-soprano opera singer from Estonia.
3. Filippo Volandri, Italian tennis player births
  1. Filippo Volandri
    
    Filippo Volandri is a former Italian professional male tennis player. Volandri is a right-handed player who reached a career-high singles ranking of world no. 25 in July 2007. He turned professional in 1997 and has earned almost $4,000,000 in prize money.
1980
1. Franco Costanzo, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Franco Costanzo
    
    Franco Costanzo Geymonat is a former Argentine football goalkeeper who last played for Chilean club Universidad Católica of the Primera División.
2. Kevin Simm, British singer births
  1. Kevin Simm
    
    Kevin Ian Simm is an English pop singer. He won The Voice UK on 9 April 2016. Simm was in the group Liberty X from 2001 until their split in 2007, and is currently the lead singer of the group Wet Wet Wet.
3. Don Banks, Australian composer and educator (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Don Banks
    
    Donald Oscar Banks was an Australian composer of concert, jazz, and commercial music.
1979
1. John Carew, Norwegian footballer births
  1. John Carew
    
    John Alieu Carew is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He was capped 91 times, scoring 24 goals for the Norway national team.
2. Stacey Dales, Canadian basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Stacey Dales
    
    Stacey Dales is a Canadian former basketball player and a current reporter on the NFL Network. Dales was born in Collingwood, Ontario, and raised in Brockville, Ontario.
3. Julien Lizeroux, French skier births
  1. Julien Lizeroux
    
    Julien Lizeroux is a retired French World Cup alpine ski racer. He competed mainly in slalom, but also in giant slalom and combined.
4. Salvatore Mastronunzio, Italian footballer births
  1. Salvatore Mastronunzio
    
    Salvatore Mastronunzio is an Italian footballer who plays as a forward for Anconitana on amateur levels.
5. George O'Callaghan, Irish footballer births
  1. George O'Callaghan
    
    George Paul O'Callaghan is an Irish former football player and manager.
6. Alberto di Jorio, Italian cardinal (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Alberto di Jorio
    
    Alberto di Jorio was a cardinal of the Catholic Church and for many years along with the layman Bernardino Nogara the powerhouse behind the growing wealth of the Vatican and the Istituto per le Opere di Religione.
1978
1. Laura Bertram, Canadian actress births
  1. Laura Bertram
    
    Laura Maureen Bertram is a Canadian actress best known for her roles as Amanda Zimm in Ready or Not and Trance Gemini in Andromeda.
2. Chris Jack, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Chris Jack
    
    Christopher Raymond Jack is a former New Zealand rugby union player who played as a lock. He played for Canterbury and the Tasman Mako in the National Provincial Championship and its successor, the Air New Zealand Cup; the Crusaders in Super Rugby; Saracens in the Guinness Premiership; and internationally for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks.
3. Sylvester Joseph, Antiguan cricketer births
  1. Sylvester Joseph
    
    Sylvester Cleofoster Joseph is a West Indian cricketer who has played in five Tests and 13 ODIs, from 2000 to 2005. He captained the West Indies in one of those ODI games due to the more experienced players being unavailable courtesy of contract disputes. In West Indian domestic cricket he plays for the Leeward Islands.
4. Zhang Zhong, Chinese chess player births
  1. Zhang Zhong
    
    Zhang Zhong is a Chinese chess grandmaster, a twice Chinese champion and the 2005 Asian champion. In 1998, he became China's 9th Grandmaster.
1977
1. Rosevelt Colvin, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Rosevelt Colvin
    
    Rosevelt Colvin, III is a former American football linebacker, who now works as a football analyst for the Big Ten Network. Drafted by the Chicago Bears in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft, he played college football at Purdue.
2. Joseba Etxeberria, Spanish footballer births
  1. Joseba Etxeberria
    
    Joseba Andoni Etxeberria Lizardi is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a winger, currently the manager of CD Mirandés.
3. Minoru Fujita, Japanese wrestler births
  1. Minoru Fujita
    
    Minoru Fujita is a Japanese professional wrestler who works as a freelancer. He is known for working at Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling. He is the current Super Asia Champion in his first reign.
4. Nazr Mohammed, American basketball player births
  1. Nazr Mohammed
    
    Nazr Tahiru Mohammed is an American former professional basketball player who had a journeyman career in the National Basketball Association (NBA), playing for eight different teams over 18 seasons. He is the current general manager of the Oklahoma City Blue and a pro scout for the Oklahoma City Thunder. He played college basketball for Kentucky.
5. Marcel Thiry, Belgian poet and activist (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Marcel Thiry
    
    Marcel Thiry was a French-speaking Belgian poet. During World War I, he and his brother Oscar served in the Belgian Expeditionary Corps in Russia.
1976
1. Tatiana Gutsu, Ukrainian gymnast births
  1. Tatiana Gutsu
    
    Tatiana Gutsu, rarely Tetiana Hutsu, is a Ukrainian former artistic gymnast from the Soviet Union and the winner of the all-around title in the 1992 Summer Olympics. She was renowned for performing some of the most difficult routines in the sport. She was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2022.
1975
1. Rod Barajas, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Rod Barajas
    
    Rodrigo Richard Barajas is an American former professional baseball catcher and most recently catching and quality control coach for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). Barajas served as the interim manager for the San Diego Padres after Andy Green's firing on September 21, 2019. As a player in Major League Baseball (MLB), he played for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Texas Rangers, Philadelphia Phillies, Toronto Blue Jays, New York Mets, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Pittsburgh Pirates. With the Diamondbacks, he won the 2001 World Series over the then reigning, three-time world champion New York Yankees. Barajas also played for the Mexico national baseball team.
2. George Boateng, Dutch footballer and manager births
  1. George Boateng
    
    George Antwi Boateng is a former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He is Assistant Coach of the Ghana national team. Born in Ghana, raised in Holland and he represented the Netherlands internationally, making four appearances for the Netherlands national team.
3. Randy Choate, American baseball player births
  1. Randy Choate
    
    Randol Doyle Choate is an American former professional baseball pitcher. The New York Yankees selected him in the 1997 Major League Baseball (MLB) draft from Florida State University. Choate made his MLB debut for the Yankees in 2000, and also pitched for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Tampa Bay Rays, Florida/Miami Marlins, Los Angeles Dodgers, and St. Louis Cardinals. He won the 2000 World Series with the Yankees, beating the New York Mets.
4. Matt Geyer, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Matt Geyer
    
    Matt Geyer is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. A New South Wales State of Origin representative wing, he played his club football primarily with the Melbourne Storm of the National Rugby League competition, winning the 1999 premiership with them. He also represented City Origin and played for the Western Reds. Geyer is also the younger brother of rugby league personality Mark Geyer.
5. Alice Catherine Evans, American microbiologist (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Alice Catherine Evans
    
    Alice Catherine Evans was an American microbiologist. She became a researcher at the US Department of Agriculture. There she investigated bacteriology in milk and cheese. She later demonstrated that Bacillus abortus caused the disease brucellosis in both cattle and humans.
1974
1. Lauren Jeska, British transgender fell runner convicted of the attempted murder of Ralph Knibbs births
  1. Lauren Jeska
    
    Lauren Jeska is a British former fell runner from Lancaster. Jeska, a trans woman, was convicted of the attempted murder of Ralph Knibbs, HR manager for UK Athletics after Knibbs investigated Jeska's eligibility to compete as a woman.
  2. Ralph Knibbs
    
    Ralph Andrew Knibbs is an English former rugby union player who played for Bristol.
2. Rawl Lewis, Grenadian cricketer births
  1. Rawl Lewis
    
    Rawl Nicholas Lewis is a West Indian cricketer. Lewis featured as a leg spinner for both the Windward Islands and the Windies in his cricketing career. As of 2016 Lewis holds the role as manager of the West Indies cricket team.
3. Ken-Marti Vaher, Estonian politician, Estonian Minister of the Interior births
  1. Ken-Marti Vaher
    
    Ken-Marti Vaher is a leading member of the Estonian Pro Patria and Res Publica Union party.
  2. Ministry of the Interior (Estonia)
    
    The Ministry of the Interior of Estonia is a Ministry in the Estonian Government. The current Minister of the Interior is Lauri Läänemets.
1973
1. Paddy Considine, English actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Paddy Considine
    
    Patrick George Considine is an English actor, director, and screenwriter. He frequently collaborates with filmmaker/director Shane Meadows. He has received two British Academy Film Awards, three Evening Standard British Film Awards, British Independent Film Awards and a Silver Lion for Best Short Film at the 2007 Venice Film Festival.
2. Rose McGowan, American actress births
  1. Rose McGowan
    
    Rósa Arianna "Rose" McGowan is an American actress. After her film debut in a brief role in the comedy Encino Man (1992), McGowan achieved wider recognition for her performance in the dark comedy The Doom Generation (1995), receiving an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Debut Performance. She had her breakthrough in the horror film Scream (1996) and subsequently headlined the films Going All the Way (1997), Devil in the Flesh (1998) and Jawbreaker (1999).
3. Jack Fournier, American baseball player and coach (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Jack Fournier
    
    John Frank Fournier was an American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Robins, and Boston Braves from 1912 to 1927. Fournier was known for having outstanding batting abilities but subpar fielding abilities.
1972
1. Shane Sewell, Canadian-American wrestler and referee births
  1. Shane Sewell
    
    Shane Sewell is a Canadian professional wrestler and referee. He has worked for the World Wrestling Council, the International Wrestling Association and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as both a referee and wrestler. Shane Sewell is a fourteen-time World Heavyweight Champion, having won the IWA Undisputed World Unified Heavyweight Championship ten times, the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship three times, and the WWL World Heavyweight Championship one time. By winning the IWA, WWC, and WWL World Heavyweight Championships, Sewell won the three world titles from three top promotions in Puerto Rico.
2. Guy Whittall, Zimbabwean cricketer births
  1. Guy Whittall
    
    Guy James Whittall is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer who played 46 Test matches and 147 One Day Internationals (ODIs) and captained Zimbabwe in four ODIs. He played as an all-rounder and was known as an aggressive middle-order batsman and an effective medium pace bowler.
3. Alan Kippax, Australian cricketer and businessman (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Alan Kippax
    
    Alan Falconer Kippax was a cricketer for New South Wales (NSW) and Australia. Regarded as one of the great stylists of Australian cricket during the era between the two World Wars, Kippax overcame a late start to Test cricket to become a regular in the Australian team between the 1928–29 and 1932–33 seasons. A middle-order batsman, he toured England twice, and at domestic level was a prolific scorer and a highly considered leader of NSW for eight years. To an extent, his Test figures did not correspond with his great success for NSW and he is best remembered for a performance in domestic cricket—a world record last wicket partnership, set during a Sheffield Shield match in 1928–29. His career was curtailed by the controversial Bodyline tactics employed by England on their 1932–33 tour of Australia; Kippax wrote a book denouncing the tactics after the series concluded.
1971
1. Adam Hollioake, Australian cricketer and mixed martial artist births
  1. Adam Hollioake
    
    Adam John Hollioake is a professional athlete who is the only international cricketer to compete professionally as a Mixed Martial Artist. He has also competed as a professional boxer. However he is most well known as a cricketing all-rounder who played for Surrey and England. He captained Surrey from 1997 until 2003, winning three County Championships, and led the England cricket team in One Day Internationals. He was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2003.
1970
1. Liam Lynch, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, puppeteer, and director births
  1. Liam Lynch (musician)
    
    William Patrick Niederst, better known as Liam Lynch, is an American filmmaker, singer, musician, songwriter, and puppeteer.
2. Mohammad Rafique, Bangladeshi cricketer births
  1. Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)
    
    Mohammed Rafique ,born 5 September 1970 was a Bangladeshi cricket coach and former cricketer. He was the first Bangladeshi bowler to take 100 wickets in Test matches.
3. Gilbert Remulla, Filipino journalist and politician births
  1. Gilbert Remulla
    
    Gilbert Cesar Catibayan Remulla is a Filipino journalist and politician.
4. Johnny Vegas, English actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Johnny Vegas
    
    Michael Joseph Pennington, better known as Johnny Vegas, is an English comedian, actor, writer, and director. He is known for his thick Lancashire accent, husky voice, overweight appearance, angry comedic rants, and use of surreal humour.
5. Jochen Rindt, German-Austrian race car driver (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Jochen Rindt
    
    Karl Jochen Rindt was a German-born racing driver who competed with an Austrian license during his career, despite having German and not Austrian citizenship. In 1970, he was killed during practice for the Italian Grand Prix and became the only driver to be posthumously awarded the Formula One World Drivers' Championship.
1969
1. Leonardo Araújo, Brazilian footballer and manager births
  1. Leonardo Araújo
    
    Leonardo Nascimento de Araújo, known as Leonardo Araújo or simply Leonardo, is a Brazilian football executive and former player and manager. He last served as the sporting director of Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain until May 2022.
2. Mariko Kouda, Japanese voice actress, singer, and radio host births
  1. Mariko Kouda
    
    Mariko Kouda is a Japanese actress, voice actress, J-pop singer and radio personality. She graduated from Kasukabe Kyōei High School and went on to major in Communications at Tamagawa University in Machida City, Tokyo, graduating in 1990. Kouda has had at least one song appear on the program Minna no Uta.
3. Mark Ramprakash, English cricketer and coach births
  1. Mark Ramprakash
    
    Mark Ravin Ramprakash is an English former cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he initially made his name playing for Middlesex, and was selected for England aged 21. A gifted, and one of the heaviest-scoring, English batsman of his generation at county level, he rarely performed to his full potential during a long but intermittent international career. He became a particularly prolific run scorer when he moved to Surrey in 2001, averaging over 100 runs per innings in two successive seasons. He is one of only 25 players in the history of the sport to have scored 100 first-class centuries.
4. Dweezil Zappa, American actor and musician births
  1. Dweezil Zappa
    
    Dweezil Zappa is an American rock guitarist and occasional actor. He is the son of musical composer and performer Frank Zappa. Exposed to the music industry from an early age, Dweezil developed a strong affinity for playing the guitar and producing music. Able to learn directly from guitarists such as Steve Vai and Eddie Van Halen, Dweezil released his first single at the age of 12.
1968
1. Serhiy Kovalets, Ukrainian footballer and manager births
  1. Serhiy Kovalets
    
    Serhiy Kovalets is a Ukrainian former football midfielder and current manager of Polissya Stavky.
2. Dennis Scott, American basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Dennis Scott (basketball)
    
    Dennis Eugene Scott Jr. is an American former professional basketball player. A 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) small forward from Georgia Tech, and the 1990 ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year, Scott was selected by the Orlando Magic with the fourth pick of the 1990 NBA draft after being the leading scorer on a Yellow Jackets team that made the Final Four, and comprising one portion of Georgia Tech's "Lethal Weapon 3" attack featuring Scott, Kenny Anderson and Brian Oliver.
3. Robin van der Laan, Dutch footballer and coach births
  1. Robin van der Laan
    
    Robertus Petrus van der Laan is a Dutch football manager of Northern Premier League Division One South club Newcastle Town, and a former player.
4. Brad Wilk, American singer-songwriter and drummer births
  1. Brad Wilk
    
    Brad Wilk is an American drummer. He is best known as a member of the rock bands Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave, and Prophets of Rage (2016–2019).
1967
1. Matthias Sammer, German footballer and manager births
  1. Matthias Sammer
    
    Matthias Sammer is a German former professional football player and coach who last worked as sporting director of Bayern Munich. He played as a defensive midfielder and later in his career as a sweeper.
2. Jane Sixsmith, English field hockey player births
  1. Jane Sixsmith
    
    Janet Theresa "Jane" Sixsmith is a field hockey player, who was a member of the British squad that won the bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. She retired from the international scene after scoring over hundred goals and winning 165 caps for England and 158 for Great Britain. Sixsmith was the first British female hockey player to have appeared at four Olympic Games, followed by Kate Richardson-Walsh including the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Jane continues to play National League for Sutton Coldfield Hockey Club.
1966
1. Achero Mañas, Spanish actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Achero Mañas
    
    Achero Mañas is a Spanish film director and former actor. He made three successful short films before winning recognition and several awards for his feature film debut El Bola.
2. Milinko Pantić, Serbian footballer and manager births
  1. Milinko Pantić
    
    Milinko Pantić is a Serbian retired footballer and current manager.
3. Dezső Lauber, Hungarian golfer, tennis player, and architect (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Dezső Lauber
    
    Dezső Lauber was a Hungarian all-round sportsman and architect. He was born in Pécs and died in Budapest.
1965
1. David Brabham, Australian race car driver births
  1. David Brabham
    
    David Brabham is an Australian professional racing driver and one of the most successful and experienced specialists in sports car racing. He has won three international Sports Car series and is one of four Australians to have won the Le Mans 24 Hour sports car race, winning the event in 2009. Brabham won the American Le Mans Series in 2009 and 2010. He also competed in Formula One, racing for the Brabham and Simtek teams in 1990 and 1994, respectively. Brabham is the youngest son of three-time Formula One world champion Sir Jack Brabham, brother to Geoff Brabham and Gary Brabham. He is also brother-in-law to Mike Thackwell, father to Sam Brabham and uncle to Matthew Brabham.
2. Hoshitango Imachi, Japanese wrestler births
  1. Hoshitango Imachi
    
    Hoshitango Imachi is an Argentine-born Japanese former professional sumo wrestler and current professional wrestler. His highest rank was jūryō 3.
3. Nick Talbot, English geneticist and academic births
  1. Nick Talbot
    
    Nicholas José Talbot FRS FRSB is Group Leader and Executive Director at The Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich.
4. Thomas Johnston, Scottish journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Tom Johnston (British politician)
    
    Thomas Johnston was a prominent Scottish socialist journalist who became a politician of the early 20th century, a member of the Labour Party, a member of parliament (MP) and government minister – usually with Cabinet responsibility for Scottish affairs. He was also a notable figure in the Friendly society movement in Scotland.
  2. Secretary of State for Scotland
    
    The secretary of state for Scotland, also referred to as the Scottish secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Scotland Office. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 18th in the ministerial ranking.
1964
1. Frank Farina, Australian footballer and manager births
  1. Frank Farina
    
    Frank Farina OAM is an Australian football (soccer) coach and former player who played as a forward.
2. Sergei Loznitsa, Belarusian-Ukrainian director and screenwriter births
  1. Sergei Loznitsa
    
    Sergei Vladimirovich Loznitsa is a Ukrainian director of Belarusian origin known for his documentary as well as dramatic films.
3. Ken Norman, American basketball player births
  1. Ken Norman
    
    Kenneth Darnel Norman is an American former professional basketball player. After graduating from Crane High School in Chicago, Kenny was an outstanding forward for the Illinois Fighting Illini who was selected 19th overall by the Los Angeles Clippers of the 1987 NBA Draft. Norman was elected to the "Illinois Men's Basketball All-Century Team" in 2004. He earned the nickname, "Snake", that he kept throughout his college and professional careers, as a youth playing basketball at Touhy-Herbert Park, on Chicago's West Side.
4. Thomas Mikal Ford, American actor (d. 2016) births
  1. Thomas Mikal Ford
    
    Thomas Mikal Ford was an American actor and comedian. He was best known for his role as Thomas "Tommy" Strawn on the FOX sitcom Martin, which originally aired from 1992 until 1997. He also had a recurring role as Mel Parker in the UPN sitcom The Parkers from 1999 until 2001. He was also known for his role as Lt. Malcolm Barker on New York Undercover, which also aired on FOX for its final season.
1963
1. Juan Alderete, American bass player and songwriter births
  1. Juan Alderete
    
    Juan Alderete de la Peña is an American musician, best known as the longtime bassist of Racer X and the Mars Volta.
2. Jeff Brantley, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Jeff Brantley
    
    Jeffrey Hoke Brantley is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 14 seasons, from 1988 to 2001. Brantley currently is a broadcaster for the Cincinnati Reds.
3. Terry Ellis, American R&B singer–songwriter and actress births
  1. Terry Ellis
    
    Terry Ellis is an American singer. She is best known as a founding member of the R&B/pop vocal group En Vogue which formed in 1989.
4. Taki Inoue, Japanese race car driver and manager births
  1. Taki Inoue
    
    Takachiho "Taki" Inoue is a retired Japanese racing driver.
1962
1. Tracy Edwards, English sailor and coach births
  1. Tracy Edwards
    
    Tracy Edwards, MBE is a British sailor. In 1989 she skippered the first all-female crew in the Whitbread Round the World Yacht Race, becoming the first woman to receive the Yachtsman of the Year Trophy and was appointed MBE. She has written two books about her experiences.
2. John McGrath, Welsh businessman births
  1. John McGrath (artistic director)
    
    John Edward McGrath is a British artistic director and chief executive of Manchester International Festival.
1961
1. Marc-André Hamelin, Canadian pianist and composer births
  1. Marc-André Hamelin
    
    Marc-André Hamelin, OC, CQ, is a Canadian virtuoso pianist and composer. Hamelin is recognized worldwide for the originality and technical proficiency of his performances of the classic repertoire. He has received 11 Grammy Award nominations.
1960
1. Don Kulick, Swedish anthropologist and academic births
  1. Don Kulick
    
    Don Kulick is professor of anthropology at Uppsala University in Sweden. Kulick works within the frameworks of both cultural and linguistic anthropology, and has carried out field work in Papua New Guinea, Brazil, Italy and Sweden. Kulick is also known for his extensive fieldwork on the Tayap people and their language in Gapun village of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.
1959
1. Frank Schirrmacher, German journalist and publisher (d. 2014) births
  1. Frank Schirrmacher
    
    Frank Schirrmacher was a German journalist, literature expert and essayist, writer, and from 1994 co-publisher of the national German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
1958
1. Lars Danielsson, Swedish bassist, composer, and producer births
  1. Lars Danielsson
    
    Lars Danielsson is a Swedish jazz bassist, composer, and record producer.
1957
1. Rudi Gores, German footballer and manager births
  1. Rudi Gores
    
    Rudi Gores is a German former professional football player and coach.
2. Peter Winnen, Dutch cyclist births
  1. Peter Winnen
    
    Peter Johannes Gertrudis Winnen is a Dutch former road racing cyclist. He competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in road racing and finished in 26th place. After the Games he turned professional in 1981. Among his 14 victories were two stages at Alpe d'Huez in the Tour de France and a national championship. He came third in the Tour de France in 1983.
1956
1. Low Thia Khiang, Singaporean businessman and politician births
  1. Low Thia Khiang
    
    Low Thia Khiang is a Singaporean former politician who served as Secretary-General of the Workers' Party (WP) between 2001 and 2018. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hougang SMC between 1991 and 2011 and Aljunied GRC between 2011 and 2020. He was also one of the two opposition MPs in Parliament alongside Chiam See Tong of the Singapore People's Party (SPP) between 2001 and 2011.
2. Roine Stolt, Swedish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Roine Stolt
    
    Roine Stolt is a Swedish guitarist, vocalist and composer. A major figure in Sweden's rock history, Stolt led two of his country's most successful progressive rock bands: Kaipa in the 1970s and The Flower Kings in the 1990s onward.
1955
1. Haydn Bunton, Sr., Australian footballer and coach (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Haydn Bunton Sr.
    
    Haydn William Bunton was an Australian rules footballer who represented Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL), Subiaco in the West Australian Football League (WAFL), and Port Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) during the 1930s and 1940s.
1954
1. Richard Austin, Jamaican footballer and cricketer (d. 2015) births
  1. Richard Austin (cricketer)
    
    Richard Arkwright Austin was an international cricketer from Jamaica, who played two Tests and one One Day International for the West Indies.
2. Frederick Kempe, American journalist and author births
  1. Frederick Kempe
    
    Frederick Kempe is president and chief executive officer of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank and public policy group based in Washington, D.C. He is a journalist, author, columnist and a regular commentator on television and radio both in Europe and the United States. His book BERLIN 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth (Putnam) was released May 10, 2011, and was a New York Times bestseller.
3. Eugen Schiffer, German lawyer and politician, Vice-Chancellor of Germany (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Eugen Schiffer
    
    Eugen Schiffer was a German lawyer and liberal politician. He served as Minister of Finance and deputy head of government from February to April 1919. From October 1919 to March 1920, he was again deputy head of government and Minister of Justice. In 1921, he once more became Minister of Justice. Schiffer was co-founder of two liberal parties, the German Democratic Party (DDP) in 1918 and 1919 during the Weimar republic as well as the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD) of East Germany in 1946.
  2. Vice-Chancellor of Germany
    
    The vice-chancellor of Germany, unofficially the vice-chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, officially the deputy to the federal chancellor, is the second highest ranking German cabinet member. The chancellor is the head of government and, according to the constitution, gives this title of deputy to one of the federal ministers. It is common that the title is given to the major minister provided by the (smaller) coalition partner.
1953
1. Victor Davis Hanson, American historian and journalist births
  1. Victor Davis Hanson
    
    Victor Davis Hanson is an American commentator, classicist, and military historian. He has been a commentator on modern and ancient warfare and contemporary politics for The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, National Review, The Washington Times and other media outlets.
2. Murray Mexted, New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster births
  1. Murray Mexted
    
    Murray Graham Mexted is a former New Zealand rugby union player who played 34 consecutive tests for the All Blacks from 1979 to 1985. He also played 38 non-test games including 7 as captain. During his time with the All Blacks, he wore the Number eight jersey and was considered an excellent ball winner and an effective defender.
3. Eiki Nestor, Estonian engineer and politician, Estonian Minister of Social Affairs births
  1. Eiki Nestor
    
    Eiki Nestor is an Estonian politician, member of the Social Democratic Party. He was the leader of the party from 1994 to 1996. Nestor has been a member of the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Parliament of Estonia, being a Minister without Portfolio in charge of regional affairs from 1994 to 1995 and a Minister of Social Affairs from 1999 to 2002. He was elected Speaker of the Riigikogu in March 2014 and served until April 2019.
  2. Ministry of Social Affairs (Estonia)
    
    The Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia is a government ministry of Estonia responsible for social policies of the country.
4. Paul Piché, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Paul Piché
    
    Paul Piché is a singer-songwriter, environmentalist, political activist and Quebec sovereigntist.
5. Richard Walther Darré, Argentinian-German agronomist and politician (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Richard Walther Darré
    
    Richard Walther Darré was one of the leading Nazi "blood and soil" ideologists and served as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. As the National leader for agricultural policy, he was a high-ranking functionary in the Nazi Party and as a Senior group leader in the SS, he was the seventh most senior commander in that organisation. He was tried and found guilty on three counts at the Ministries Trial.
1952
1. David Glen Eisley, American rock singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. David Glen Eisley
    
    David Glen Eisley is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and actor.
1951
1. Paul Breitner, German footballer births
  1. Paul Breitner
    
    Paul Breitner is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder and left-back. Considered one of the best players of his era, Breitner was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Time Team, and was named by Pelé one of the top 125 greatest living footballers at a FIFA Awards ceremony in 2004. He was known for his partnerships with Franz Beckenbauer and Berti Vogts in defence for the national team, and his midfield combination with Karl-Heinz Rummenigge for Bayern Munich.
2. Michael Keaton, American actor and producer births
  1. Michael Keaton
    
    Michael John Douglas, professionally known as Michael Keaton, is an American actor. He is known for his various comedic and dramatic film roles, including Jack Butler in Mr. Mom (1983), Betelgeuse in Beetlejuice (1988), the DC Comics superhero Batman / Bruce Wayne in Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992), and the Marvel Comics supervillain Vulture / Adrian Toomes in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017).
3. Jamie Oldaker, American drummer and percussionist (d. 2020) births
  1. Jamie Oldaker
    
    James Oldaker was an American rock music, blues rock and country music drummer and percussionist.
1950
1. Rosie Cooper, English businesswoman and politician births
  1. Rosie Cooper
    
    Rosemary Elizabeth Cooper is a British health official and former Labour Party politician who has served as the chair of Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust since November 2022. Previously, she served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Lancashire from 2005 until her resignation in November 2022.
2. Cathy Guisewite, American cartoonist, created Cathy births
  1. Cathy Guisewite
    
    Cathy Lee Guisewite is an American cartoonist who created the comic strip Cathy, which had a 34-year run. The strip focused on a career woman facing the issues and challenges of eating, work, relationships, and having a mother—or as the character put it in one strip, "the four basic guilt groups."
  2. Cathy
    
    Cathy is an American gag-a-day comic strip, drawn by Cathy Guisewite from 1976 until 2010. The comic follows Cathy, a woman who struggles through the "four basic guilt groups" of life—food, love, family, and work. The strip gently pokes fun at the lives and foibles of modern women. The strip debuted on November 22, 1976, and appeared in over 1,400 newspapers at its peak. The strips have been compiled into more than 20 books. Three television specials were also created. Guisewite received the National Cartoonists Society Reuben Award in 1992 for the strip.
1949
1. Clem Clempson, English guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Clem Clempson
    
    David "Clem" Clempson is an English rock guitarist who has played as a member in a number of bands including Colosseum and Humble Pie.
1948
1. Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian lawyer, politician, and diplomat, Foreign Minister of Austria births
  1. Benita Ferrero-Waldner
    
    Benita Ferrero-Waldner is an Austrian diplomat and politician, and a member of the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Ferrero-Waldner served as the Foreign Minister of Austria 2000–2004 and was the candidate of the Austrian People's Party in the 2004 Austrian presidential election, which she narrowly lost with 47.6% of the votes. She served as the European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy from 2004 to 2009, and as the European Commissioner for Trade and European Neighbourhood Policy from 2009 to 2010.
  2. Minister of Foreign Affairs (Austria)
    
    This article lists the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Austria, from 30 October 1918 up to today. During the time of the Anschluss to Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945, Austria had no government in its own right. The current Austrian Foreign Minister is Alexander Schallenberg, who took office on 6 December 2021.
2. Richard C. Tolman, American physicist and chemist (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Richard C. Tolman
    
    Richard Chace Tolman was an American mathematical physicist and physical chemist who made many contributions to statistical mechanics. He also made important contributions to theoretical cosmology in the years soon after Einstein's discovery of general relativity. He was a professor of physical chemistry and mathematical physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
1947
1. Mel Collins, Manx saxophonist and flute player births
  1. Mel Collins
    
    Melvyn Desmond Collins is a British saxophonist, flautist and session musician.
2. Chip Davis, American pianist, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Chip Davis
    
    Louis F. "Chip" Davis Jr. is the founder and leader of the music group Mannheim Steamroller. Davis composed the music for several C. W. McCall albums, including the hit 1975 song "Convoy". He has also written and made other albums such as Day Parts, and has written several books.
3. Buddy Miles, American singer-songwriter and drummer (d. 2008) births
  1. Buddy Miles
    
    George Allen "Buddy" Miles Jr. was an American composer, drummer, guitarist, vocalist and producer. He was a founding member of the Electric Flag (1967), a member of Jimi Hendrix's Band of Gypsys (1969–1970), founder and leader of the Buddy Miles Express and later, the Buddy Miles Band. Miles also played and recorded with Carlos Santana and others. Additionally, he sang lead vocals on the critically and commercially acclaimed California Raisins claymation TV commercials and recorded two California Raisins R&B albums.
4. Bruce Yardley, Australian cricketer and sportscaster (d. 2019) births
  1. Bruce Yardley
    
    Bruce Yardley was an Australian cricketer who played in 33 Test matches and seven One Day Internationals between 1978 and 1983, taking 126 Test wickets.
1946
1. Kyongae Chang, South Korean astrophysicist and academic births
  1. Kyongae Chang
    
    Kyongae Chang is a South Korean astrophysicist. She is best known for her work on gravitational lensing, including the Chang-Refsdal lens.
2. Dennis Dugan, American actor and director births
  1. Dennis Dugan
    
    Dennis Barton Dugan is an American director, actor, writer, artist and comedian. He is known for his partnership with comedic actor Adam Sandler, for whom he directed the films Happy Gilmore, Big Daddy, The Benchwarmers, I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, You Don't Mess with the Zohan, Grown Ups, Just Go with It, Jack and Jill and Grown Ups 2. Dugan is a four-time Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director nominee, winning once.
3. Dean Ford, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (Marmalade) (d. 2018) births
  1. Dean Ford
    
    Dean Ford was a Scottish singer and songwriter best known for his tenure as lead vocalist and frontman of the beat pop group Marmalade from 1966 to 1974. Ford co-wrote the group's worldwide hit "Reflections of My Life" with fellow band member Junior Campbell. "Reflections of My Life" has sold more than two million units globally, and in 1998 the writers were awarded a Special Citation of Achievement by BMI for attaining radio broadcast performances in excess of one million in the U.S. alone.
  2. Marmalade (band)
    
    Marmalade are a Scottish pop rock band originating from the east end of Glasgow, originally formed in 1961 as The Gaylords, and then later billed as Dean Ford and The Gaylords, recording four singles for Columbia (EMI). In 1966 they changed the band's name to The Marmalade, and were credited as such on all of their subsequent recorded releases with CBS Records and Decca Records until 1972. Their greatest chart success was between 1968 and 1972, placing ten songs on the UK Singles Chart, and many overseas territories, including international hits "Reflections of My Life", which reached #10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 Chart and #3 on the UK Chart in January 1970, and "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", which topped the UK chart in January 1969, the group becoming the first-ever Scottish artist to top that chart.
4. Freddie Mercury, Zanzibari-English singer-songwriter and producer (d. 1991) births
  1. Freddie Mercury
    
    Freddie Mercury was a British singer and songwriter, who achieved worldwide fame as the lead vocalist of the rock band Queen. Regarded as one of the greatest singers in the history of rock music, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octave vocal range. Mercury defied the conventions of a rock frontman with his theatrical style, influencing the artistic direction of Queen.
5. Loudon Wainwright III, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births
  1. Loudon Wainwright III
    
    Loudon Snowden Wainwright III is an American singer-songwriter and occasional actor. He has released twenty-six studio albums, four live albums, and six compilations. Some of his best-known songs include "The Swimming Song", "Motel Blues", "The Man Who Couldn't Cry", "Dead Skunk", and "Lullaby". In 2007, he collaborated with musician Joe Henry to create the soundtrack for Judd Apatow's film Knocked Up. In addition to music, he has acted in small roles in at least eighteen television programs and feature films, including three episodes in the third season of the series M*A*S*H.
1945
1. Eva Bergman, Swedish director and screenwriter births
  1. Eva Bergman
    
    Eva Bergman is a Swedish film, theatre and television director who worked at Dramaten. She is the daughter of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman, and was married to crime writer Henning Mankell from 1998 until his death in 2015.
2. Al Stewart, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Al Stewart
    
    Alastair Ian Stewart is a Scottish born singer-songwriter and folk-rock musician who rose to prominence as part of the British folk revival in the 1960s and 1970s. He developed a unique style of combining folk-rock songs with delicately woven tales of characters and events from history.
3. Clem Hill, Australian cricketer and footballer (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Clem Hill
    
    Clement "Clem" Hill was an Australian cricketer who played 49 Test matches as a specialist batsman between 1896 and 1912. He captained the Australian team in ten Tests, winning five and losing five. A prolific run scorer, Hill scored 3,412 runs in Test cricket—a world record at the time of his retirement—at an average of 39.21 per innings, including seven centuries. In 1902, Hill was the first batsman to make 1,000 Test runs in a calendar year, a feat that would not be repeated for 45 years. His innings of 365 scored against New South Wales for South Australia in 1900–01 was a Sheffield Shield record for 27 years. The South Australian Cricket Association named a grandstand at the Adelaide Oval in his honour in 2003 and he was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2005.
1944
1. Dario Bellezza, Italian poet, author, and playwright (d. 1996) births
  1. Dario Bellezza
    
    Dario Bellezza was an Italian poet, author and playwright. He won the Viareggio, Gatto, and Montale prizes.
2. Gareth Evans, Australian lawyer and politician, 33rd Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs births
  1. Gareth Evans (politician)
    
    Gareth John Evans AC, KC, is an Australian politician, international policymaker, academic, and barrister. He represented the Australian Labor Party in the Senate and House of Representatives from 1978 to 1999, serving as a Cabinet Minister in the Hawke and Keating governments from 1983 to 1996 as Attorney-General, Minister for Resources and Energy, Minister for Transport and Communications and most prominently, from 1988 to 1996, as Minister for Foreign Affairs. He was Leader of the Government in the Senate from 1993 to 1996, Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 1996 to 1998, and remains one of the two longest-serving federal Cabinet Ministers in Labor Party history.
  2. Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)
    
    The Minister for Foreign Affairs is the minister in the Government of Australia who is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Senator Penny Wong was appointed as Foreign Minister in the ministry led by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese in May 2022 following the 2022 Australian federal election. As the first female foreign minister from the Australian Labor Party, Wong also became the third female foreign minister in a row, following Julie Bishop and Marise Payne. The Foreign Minister is one of two cabinet-level portfolio ministers under the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the other being the Minister for Trade and Tourism Senator Don Farrell.
1943
1. Dulce Saguisag, Filipino social worker and politician, 10th Filipino Secretary of Social Welfare and Development (d. 2007) births
  1. Dulce Saguisag
    
    Dulce Maramba Quintans-Saguisag was a Filipino politician and former Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development under the administration of former President Joseph Estrada. Saguisag was one of Estrada's eleven cabinet members who withdrew support for Estrada on January 19, 2001, following accusations of massive corruption by the president. Estrada was ousted from office the next day, which is now known in the Philippines as EDSA II.
  2. Secretary of Social Welfare and Development
    
    The secretary of Social Welfare and Development is the head of the Department of Social Welfare and Development and is a member of the President's Cabinet.
1942
1. Werner Herzog, German actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Werner Herzog
    
    Werner Herzog is a German film director, screenwriter, author, actor, and opera director, regarded as a pioneer of New German Cinema. His films often feature ambitious protagonists with impossible dreams, people with unique talents in obscure fields, or individuals in conflict with nature. He is known for his unique filmmaking process, such as disregarding storyboards, emphasizing improvisation, and placing the cast and crew into similar situations as characters in his films.
2. Eduardo Mata, Mexican conductor and composer (d. 1995) births
  1. Eduardo Mata
    
    Eduardo Mata was a Mexican conductor and composer.
3. François de Labouchère, French soldier and pilot (b. 1917) deaths
  1. François de Labouchere
    
    François de Labouchere, born at Saint-Jean-le-Vieux (Ain) on 18 September 1917 and killed in air-to-air combat on 5 September 1942, was a French pilot of the Second World War.
1941
1. Dave Dryden, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Dave Dryden
    
    David Murray Dryden was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender, who created and first used the modern goaltending mask, consisting of fibreglass and a cage. From 1962 to 1980, he played nine seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks, Buffalo Sabres, and Edmonton Oilers, and in the World Hockey Association between 1974 and 1979 with the Chicago Cougars and Edmonton Oilers, as well as for other smaller teams in other minor leagues.
1940
1. Valerie Howarth, Baroness Howarth of Breckland, English politician births
  1. Valerie Howarth, Baroness Howarth of Breckland
    
    Valerie Georgina Howarth, Baroness Howarth of Breckland, is a British politician and a member of the House of Lords, sitting as a crossbencher. She was made an OBE in the 1999 Birthday Honours, she was created a life peer on 25 June 2001 with the title Baroness Howarth of Breckland, of Parson Cross in the County of South Yorkshire. She is one of the board members of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service.
2. Raquel Welch, American actress and singer births
  1. Raquel Welch
    
    Jo Raquel Welch is an American actress.
1939
1. Claudette Colvin, American nurse and activist births
  1. Claudette Colvin
    
    Claudette Colvin is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. This occurred nine months before the more widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.
2. William Devane, American actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. William Devane
    
    William Joseph Devane is an American actor. He is known for his role as Greg Sumner on the primetime soap opera Knots Landing (1983–1993) and as James Heller on the Fox serial dramas 24 (2001–2010) and 24: Live Another Day (2014). He is also known for his work in films such as Family Plot (1976), Marathon Man (1976), Rolling Thunder (1977), Payback (1999), and Space Cowboys (2000).
3. George Lazenby, Australian actor births
  1. George Lazenby
    
    George Robert Lazenby is an Australian actor. He was the second actor to portray fictional British secret agent James Bond in the Eon Productions film series, playing the character in On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969). Having appeared in only one film, Lazenby's tenure as Bond is the shortest among the actors in the series.
4. John Stewart, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2008) births
  1. John Stewart (musician)
    
    John Coburn Stewart was an American songwriter and singer. He is known for his contributions to the American folk music movement of the 1960s while with the Kingston Trio (1961–1967) and as a popular music songwriter of the Monkees' No. 1 hit "Daydream Believer" and his own No. 5 hit "Gold" during a solo career spanning 40 years that included almost four dozen albums and more than 600 recorded songs.
5. George Tremlett, English journalist, author, and politician births
  1. George Tremlett
    
    George William Tremlett was an English author, bookshop owner, and politician.
1938
1. John Ferguson, Sr., Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager (d. 2007) births
  1. John Ferguson Sr.
    
    John Bowie "Fergy" Ferguson Sr. was a professional ice hockey player and executive. Ferguson played left wing for the Montreal Canadiens from 1963 to 1971. After retiring from active play, he became a coach, and later a general manager. He is the father of John Ferguson Jr.
2. Doreen Massey, Baroness Massey of Darwen, English politician births
  1. Doreen Massey, Baroness Massey of Darwen
    
    Doreen Elizabeth Massey, Baroness Massey of Darwen, is a Labour member of the House of Lords.
1937
1. Antonio Valentín Angelillo, Argentinian footballer and manager (d. 2018) births
  1. Antonio Valentín Angelillo
    
    Antonio Valentín Angelillo was an Italian Argentine football forward who played the majority of his professional career in the Italian Serie A; he was a member of both the Argentine and the Italian national teams.
2. Dick Clement, English director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Dick Clement
    
    Dick Clement is an English writer, director and producer. He became known for his writing partnership with Ian La Frenais for television series including The Likely Lads, Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?, Porridge, Lovejoy and Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.
1936
1. Robert Burns, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Robert Burns (Quebec politician)
    
    Robert Burns was a politician, attorney and union activist from Quebec, Canada.
2. John Danforth, American politician and diplomat, 24th United States Ambassador to the United Nations births
  1. John Danforth
    
    John Claggett Danforth is an American politician, attorney and diplomat who began his career in 1968 as the Attorney General of Missouri and served three terms as United States Senator from Missouri. In 2004, he served briefly as United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Danforth is an ordained Episcopal priest.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations
    
    The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is formally known as the permanent representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and representative of the United States of America in the United Nations Security Council.
3. Jonathan Kozol, American sociologist, author, and educator births
  1. Jonathan Kozol
    
    Jonathan Kozol is an American writer, progressive activist, and educator, best known for his books on public education in the United States.
4. Bill Mazeroski, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Bill Mazeroski
    
    William Stanley Mazeroski, nicknamed "Maz" and "The Glove", is an American former second baseman in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played his entire career for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1956 to 1972. A 7-time All-Star known during his career primarily for his spectacular defensive play, he has come to be better known for perhaps the most memorable home run in baseball history, a dramatic ninth-inning drive in Game 7 of the 1960 World Series that beat the favored New York Yankees. It was the first time that the major league season ended with a home run, and remains the only walk-off home run to clinch a World Series championship in Game 7. ESPN ranked the World Series winner at the top of its list of the 100 Greatest Home Runs of All Time, while Sports Illustrated had it eighth in its compilation of the 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History. Mazeroski received the Babe Ruth Award for his play in the Series, during which he batted .320.
5. Knuts Skujenieks, Latvian poet, journalist, and translator births
  1. Knuts Skujenieks
    
    Knuts Skujenieks was a Latvian poet, journalist, and translator from fifteen European languages.
6. Gustave Kahn, French poet and critic (b. 1859) deaths
  1. Gustave Kahn
    
    Gustave Kahn was a French Symbolist poet and art critic. He was also active, via publishing and essay-writing, in defining Symbolism and distinguishing it from the Decadent Movement.
1935
1. Werner Erhard, American author and philanthropist, founded Werner Erhard and Associates and The Hunger Project births
  1. Werner Erhard
    
    Werner Hans Erhard is an American author and lecturer known for founding est, which operated from 1971 to 1984. He has written, lectured, and taught on self-improvement.
  2. Werner Erhard and Associates
    
    Werner Erhard and Associates, also known as WE&A or as WEA, operated as a commercial entity from February 1981 until early 1991. It replaced Erhard Seminars Training, Inc. as the vehicle for delivering the est training, and offered what some people refer to as personal and professional development programs. Initially WE&A marketed and staged the est training, but in 1984 the est training was replaced by a more modern, briefer, rigorous and philosophical program based on Werner Erhard's teachings called "The Forum".
  3. The Hunger Project
    
    The Hunger Project (THP), founded in 1977 with the stated goal of ending world hunger in 25 years, is an organization committed to the sustainable end of world hunger. It has ongoing programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where it implements programs aimed at mobilizing rural grassroots communities to achieve sustainable progress in health, education, nutrition, and family income. THP is a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable organization incorporated in the state of California.
2. Helen Gifford, Australian composer and educator births
  1. Helen Gifford
    
    Helen Margaret Gifford OAM is an Australian composer. On Australia Day 1996 she was appointed to the Medal of the Order of Australia, "in recognition of service to music as a composer". At the APRA Music Awards of 2016 she won the category "Distinguished Services to Australian Music".
1934
1. Paul Josef Cordes, German cardinal births
  1. Paul Josef Cordes
    
    Paul Josef Cordes is a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as president of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum (1995–2010), and was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 2007.
2. Dennis Letts, American actor and educator (d. 2008) births
  1. Dennis Letts
    
    Dennis Letts was an American college professor, and later, in a second career, an actor. As the latter, he originated the critically successful role of Beverly Weston in the Steppenwolf Theatre Company production of the Tony-winning play August: Osage County in the summer of 2007, the writing of which had earned his son, Tracy Letts, a Pulitzer prize.
3. Kevin McNamara, English politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (d. 2017) births
  1. Kevin McNamara (politician)
    
    Joseph Kevin McNamara was a British Labour politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for almost 40 years.
  2. Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
    
    The Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland is a member of the British Shadow Cabinet responsible for the scrutiny of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and their department, the Northern Ireland Office. The post is currently held by Peter Kyle.
4. Sidney Myer, Russian-Australian businessman, founded Myer Stores (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Sidney Myer
    
    Sidney Myer was a Russian-born Jewish-Australian businessman and philanthropist, best known for founding Myer, Australia's largest chain of department stores.
  2. Myer
    
    Myer is an Australian mid-range to upscale department store chain. It trades in all Australian states and one of Australia's two self-governing territories. Myer retails a broad range of products across women's, men's, and children's clothing, footwear and accessories; cosmetics and fragrance; homewares; electrical; connected home; furniture; toys; books and stationery; food and confectionery; and travel goods.
1933
1. Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa, Chilean cardinal births
  1. Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa
    
    Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa is a Chilean prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Santiago from 1998 to 2010. He has been a cardinal since 2001 and was a member of Pope Francis' Council of Cardinal Advisers from its creation in 2013 until his departure in 2018.
1932
1. Carol Lawrence, American actress and singer births
  1. Carol Lawrence
    
    Carol Lawrence is an American actress, appearing in musical theatre and on television. She is known for creating the role of Maria on Broadway in the musical West Side Story (1957), receiving a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She appeared at The Muny, St. Louis, in several musicals, including Funny Girl. She also appeared in many television dramas, including Rawhide and Murder She Wrote. She was married to fellow performer Robert Goulet.
2. Robert H. Dennard, American electrical engineer and inventor births
  1. Robert H. Dennard
    
    Robert Heath Dennard is an American electrical engineer and inventor.
3. Francisco Acebal, Spanish journalist, author, and playwright (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Francisco Acebal
    
    Francisco López Acebal was a Spanish novelist, playwright and journalist.
4. Paul Bern, German-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Paul Bern
    
    Paul Bern was a German-born American film director, screenwriter, and producer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he became the assistant to Irving Thalberg. He helped launch the career of Jean Harlow, whom he married in July 1932; two months later, he was found dead of a gunshot wound, leaving what appeared to be a suicide note. Various alternative theories of his death have been proposed. MGM writer and film producer Samuel Marx believed that he was killed by his ex-common-law wife Dorothy Millette, who jumped to her death from a ferry days afterward.
1931
1. John Thomson, Scottish footballer (b. 1909) deaths
  1. John Thomson (footballer, born 1909)
    
    John Thomson was a Scottish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Celtic and the Scotland national football team. He died as a result of an accidental collision with Rangers player Sam English during an Old Firm match at Ibrox.
1930
1. Robert Means Thompson, American soldier, businessman, and philanthropist (b. 1849) deaths
  1. Robert Means Thompson
    
    Robert Means Thompson was a United States Navy officer, business magnate, philanthropist and a president of the American Olympic Association. He is the namesake of the destroyer USS Thompson (DD-627).
1929
1. Bob Newhart, American comedian and actor births
  1. Bob Newhart
    
    George Robert Newhart is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his deadpan and slightly stammering delivery style. Newhart came to prominence in 1960 when his album of comedic monologues, The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart, became a bestseller and reached number one on the Billboard pop album chart; it remains the 20th-best-selling comedy album in history. The follow-up album, The Button-Down Mind Strikes Back!, was also a success, and the two albums held the Billboard number one and number two spots simultaneously.
2. Andriyan Nikolayev, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2004) births
  1. Andriyan Nikolayev
    
    Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolayev was a Soviet cosmonaut. In 1962, aboard Vostok 3, he became the third Soviet cosmonaut to fly into space. Nikolayev was an ethnic Chuvash and is considered as the first Turkic person who flew into space.
1928
1. Joyce Hatto, English pianist and educator (d. 2006) births
  1. Joyce Hatto
    
    Joyce Hilda Hatto was an English concert pianist and piano teacher. In 1956 she married William Barrington-Coupe, a record producer who was convicted of Purchase Tax evasion in 1966. Hatto became famous very late in life when unauthorised copies of commercial recordings made by other pianists were released under her name, earning her high praise from critics. The fraud did not come to light until 2007, more than six months after her death.
2. Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist and educator (d. 2005) births
  1. Albert Mangelsdorff
    
    Albert Mangelsdorff was a German jazz trombonist. Working mainly in free jazz, he was an innovator in multiphonics.
1927
1. Paul Volcker, American economist and academic (d. 2019) births
  1. Paul Volcker
    
    Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. was an American economist who served as the 12th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1987. During his tenure as chairman, Volcker was widely credited with having ended the high levels of inflation seen in the United States throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. He previously served as the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1975 to 1979.
1926
1. Karl Harrer, German journalist and politician (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Karl Harrer
    
    Karl Harrer was a German journalist and politician, one of the founding members of the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei in January 1919, the predecessor to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, more commonly known as the Nazi Party.
1925
1. Justin Kaplan, American author (d. 2014) births
  1. Justin Kaplan
    
    Justin Daniel Kaplan was an American writer and editor. The general editor of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, he was best known as a biographer, particularly of Samuel Clemens, Lincoln Steffens, and Walt Whitman.
1924
1. Paul Dietzel, American football player and coach (d. 2013) births
  1. Paul Dietzel
    
    Paul Franklin Dietzel was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He served as the head coach at Louisiana State University (1955–1961), the United States Military Academy (1962–1965), and the University of South Carolina (1966–1974), compiling a career record of 109–95–5. Dietzel's 1958 LSU team concluded an 11–0 season with a win over Clemson in the Sugar Bowl and was a consensus national champion. For his efforts that year, Dietzel was named the National Coach of the Year by both the American Football Coaches Association and the Football Writers Association of America. Dietzel also served as the athletic director at South Carolina (1966–1974), Indiana University Bloomington (1977–1978), LSU (1978–1982), and Samford University (1985–1987).
2. Frank Armitage, Australian-American artist (d. 2016) births
  1. Frank Armitage
    
    Frank Armitage was an Australian-born American painter and muralist, known for painting the backgrounds of several classic animated Disney films, designing areas of and painting murals for Walt Disney World and Tokyo DisneySea, and his biomedical visualization artwork.
1923
1. David Hamer, Australian captain and politician (d. 2002) births
  1. David Hamer
    
    David John Hamer was an Australian politician and Royal Australian Navy officer.
2. Ken Meuleman, Australian cricketer (d. 2004) births
  1. Ken Meuleman
    
    Kenneth Douglas Meuleman was an Australian cricketer who played in one Test match in 1946. His cricket career started in Victoria, but after moving to Perth, Western Australia, he established himself as an important member of the State Sheffield Shield team between 1945/46 and 1960/61. He captained the side for a number of seasons.
1922
1. Denys Wilkinson, English physicist and academic (d. 2016) births
  1. Denys Wilkinson
    
    Sir Denys Haigh Wilkinson FRS was a British nuclear physicist.
2. Georgette Agutte, French painter (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Georgette Agutte
    
    Georgette Agutte was a French painter.
1921
1. Murray Henderson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2013) births
  1. Murray Henderson (ice hockey)
    
    John Murray "Moe" Henderson was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played 405 games in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins between 1945 and 1952.
2. Jack Valenti, American businessman, created the MPAA film rating system (d. 2007) births
  1. Jack Valenti
    
    Jack Joseph Valenti was an American political advisor and lobbyist who served as a Special Assistant to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was also the longtime president of the Motion Picture Association of America. During his 38-year tenure in the MPAA, he created the MPAA film rating system, and was generally regarded as one of the most influential pro-copyright lobbyists in the world.
  2. Motion Picture Association film rating system
    
    The Motion Picture Association film rating system is used in the United States and its territories to rate a motion picture's suitability for certain audiences based on its content. The system and the ratings applied to individual motion pictures are the responsibility of the Motion Picture Association (MPA), previously known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from 1945 to 2019. The MPA rating system is a voluntary scheme that is not enforced by law; films can be exhibited without a rating, although most theaters refuse to exhibit non-rated or NC-17 rated films. Non-members of the MPA may also submit films for rating. Other media, such as television programs, music and video games, are rated by other entities such as the TV Parental Guidelines, the RIAA and the ESRB, respectively.
1920
1. Peter Racine Fricker, English-American composer and educator (d. 1990) births
  1. Peter Racine Fricker
    
    Peter Racine Fricker was an English composer, among the first to establish his career entirely after the Second World War. He lived in the US for the last thirty years of his life. Fricker wrote over 160 works in all the main genres excepting opera. He was a descendant of the French playwright Racine.
2. Fons Rademakers, Dutch-Swiss actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007) births
  1. Fons Rademakers
    
    Alphonse Marie "Fons" Rademakers was a Dutch actor, film director, film producer and screenwriter.
3. Robert Harron, American actor (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Robert Harron
    
    Robert Emmett Harron was an American motion picture actor of the early silent film era. Although he acted in over 200 films, he is possibly best recalled for his roles in the D.W. Griffith directed films The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916).
1919
1. Elisabeth Volkenrath, German SS officer (d. 1945) births
  1. Elisabeth Volkenrath
    
    Elisabeth Volkenrath was a German supervisor at several Nazi concentration camps during World War II.
  2. Schutzstaffel
    
    The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
1918
1. Luis Alcoriza, Mexican actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1992) births
  1. Luis Alcoriza
    
    Luis Alcoriza de la Vega was a respected Mexican screenwriter, film director, and actor.
2. Bob Katter, Sr., Australian captain and politician (d. 1990) births
  1. Bob Katter Sr.
    
    Robert Cummin Katter was an Australian politician who served in the House of Representatives from 1966 to 1990, representing the National Party. He served as Minister for the Army in the McMahon Government in 1972. His sons Bob Katter Jr. and Carl Katter as well as grandson Robbie have also been involved in politics.
3. Fred McCarthy, American cartoonist and monk (d. 2009) births
  1. Fred McCarthy (cartoonist)
    
    Frederick Francis "Fred" McCarthy, O.F.S., was an American Franciscan cartoonist, creator of the popular Brother Juniper single-panel comic strip.
1917
1. Pedro E. Guerrero, American photographer (d. 2012) births
  1. Pedro E. Guerrero
    
    Pedro E. Guerrero was an American photographer known for his extraordinary access to Frank Lloyd Wright. He was a sought-after architectural photographer in the 1950s. In a career shift that was part serendipity and part the result of being blacklisted by the major shelter magazines for his stance against the Vietnam War, he later concentrated on documenting the work and lives of the American artists Alexander Calder and Louise Nevelson.
2. Sören Nordin, Swedish harness racer and trainer (d. 2008) births
  1. Sören Nordin
    
    Ernst Sören Nordin was a Swedish harness racing driver and trainer who later started a stable in America. Nordin won 3,221 races in 10 different countries as a driver, he won the Swedish Trotting Derby 11 times – still a record. In 1950, Nordin won the Prix d'Amérique, and in 1953 the Elitloppet. 21 times, Nordin was the champion driver at Solvalla racetrack in Stockholm, Sweden's premier track.
  2. Harness racing
    
    Harness racing is a form of horse racing in which the horses race at a specific gait. They usually pull a two-wheeled cart called a sulky, or spider, or chariot occupied by a driver. In Europe, and less frequently in Australia and New Zealand, races with jockeys riding directly on saddled trotters are also conducted.
3. Marian Smoluchowski, Austrian-Polish physicist and mountaineer (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Marian Smoluchowski
    
    Marian Smoluchowski was a Polish physicist who worked in the Polish territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was a pioneer of statistical physics, and an avid mountaineer.
1916
1. Frank Shuster, Canadian comedian, actor, and screenwriter (d. 2002) births
  1. Frank Shuster
    
    Frank Shuster, was a Canadian comedian best known as a member of the comedy duo Wayne and Shuster, alongside Johnny Wayne.
2. Frank Yerby, American novelist (d. 1991) births
  1. Frank Yerby
    
    Frank Garvin Yerby was an American writer, best known for his 1946 historical novel The Foxes of Harrow.
1914
1. Stuart Freeborn, English make up artist (d. 2013) births
  1. Stuart Freeborn
    
    Stuart Freeborn was a British motion picture make-up artist. He has been referred to as the "grandfather of modern make-up design" and is perhaps best known for his work on the original Star Wars trilogy, most notably the design and fabrication of Yoda.
2. Gail Kubik, American violinist, composer, and educator (d. 1984) births
  1. Gail Kubik
    
    Gail Thompson Kubik was an American composer, music director, violinist, and teacher.
3. Nicanor Parra, Chilean physicist, mathematician, and poet (d. 2018) births
  1. Nicanor Parra
    
    Nicanor Segundo Parra Sandoval was a Chilean poet and physicist. He was considered one of the most influential Chilean poets of the Spanish language in the 20th century, often compared with Pablo Neruda. Parra described himself as an "anti-poet," due to his distaste for standard poetic pomp and function; after recitations he would exclaim "Me retracto de todo lo dicho".
1912
1. John Cage, American composer and theorist (d. 1992) births
  1. John Cage
    
    John Milton Cage Jr. was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most of their lives.
2. Kristina Söderbaum, Swedish-German actress and photographer (d. 2001) births
  1. Kristina Söderbaum
    
    Beata Margareta Kristina Söderbaum was a Swedish-born German film actress, producer, and photographer. She is most known for her roles in Nazi-era films made by a German state-controlled production company.
3. Frank Thomas, American voice actor, animator, and screenwriter (d. 2004) births
  1. Frank Thomas (animator)
    
    Franklin Rosborough Thomas was an American animator and pianist. He was one of Walt Disney's leading team of animators known as the Nine Old Men.
4. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., American LTG (Army), Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1845) deaths
  1. Arthur MacArthur Jr.
    
    Arthur MacArthur Jr. was a lieutenant general of the United States Army. He became the military Governor-General of the American-occupied Philippines in 1900; his term ended a year later due to clashes with the civilian governor, future-U.S. President William Howard Taft.
  2. United States
    
    The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
  3. Lieutenant general (United States)
    
    In the United States Armed Forces, a lieutenant general is a three-star general officer in the United States Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force.
  4. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1910
1. Leila Mackinlay, English author (d. 1996) births
  1. Leila Mackinlay
    
    Leila Antoinette Sterling Mackinlay was a British writer of romance novels from 1930 to 1979 as Leila S. Mackinlay or Leila Mackinlay and also under the pseudonym Brenda Grey. Some of her novels are based on real people like Madame Vestris, Lola Montez or Jane Elizabeth Digby; she also wrote Musical Productions, a musical book. She was the daughter of the musician and writer Malcolm Sterling Mackinlay and granddaughter of the vocalist Antoinette Sterling.
2. Phiroze Palia, Indian cricketer (d. 1981) births
  1. Phiroze Palia
    
    Phiroze Edulji Palia pronunciation (help·info) was an early Indian cricketer. His first name is sometimes written as other orthographic variations including Phiroz. Palia represented India in his first ever Test match at Lord's in 1932. He suffered an injury while fielding. In the second innings he was hardly in a position to walk, but batted as the last man. He again toured England in 1936 and played at Lord's.
1909
1. Hans Carste, German pianist and conductor (d. 1971) births
  1. Hans Carste
    
    Hans Friedrich August Carste was a German composer and conductor. He arrived in Berlin in 1931 after working in Vienna and Breslau. He composed film music and as well as songs for the stage. Electrola offered him and his orchestra an exclusive recording contract and he recorded many high quality sides for them. Hans Carste joined the NSDAP in 1933.
2. Bernard Delfont, Russian-English talent manager (d. 1994) births
  1. Bernard Delfont
    
    Bernard Delfont, Baron Delfont, was a leading Russian-born British theatrical impresario.
3. Archie Jackson, Scottish-Australian cricketer (d. 1933) births
  1. Archie Jackson
    
    Archibald Jackson, occasionally known as Archibald Alexander Jackson, was an Australian international cricketer who played eight Test matches as a specialist batsman between 1929 and 1931. A teenage prodigy, he played first grade cricket at only 15 years of age and was selected for New South Wales at 17. In 1929, aged 19, Jackson made his Test debut against England, scoring 164 runs in the first innings to become the youngest player to score a Test century.
4. Louis Bouveault, French chemist (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Louis Bouveault
    
    Louis Bouveault was a French scientist who became professor of organic chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris. He is known for the Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and the Bouveault–Blanc reduction.
1908
1. Josué de Castro, Brazilian physician, geographer, and activist (d. 1973) births
  1. Josué de Castro
    
    Josué de Castro, born Josué Apolônio de Castro, was a Brazilian physician, expert on nutrition, geographer, writer, public administrator, and activist against world hunger.
2. Joaquín Nin-Culmell, German-American pianist and composer (d. 2004) births
  1. Joaquín Nin-Culmell
    
    Joaquín María Nin-Culmell was a Cuban-Spanish composer, internationally known concert pianist, and emeritus professor of music at the University of California, Berkeley.
3. Cecilia Seghizzi, Italian composer and painter (d. 2019) births
  1. Cecilia Seghizzi
    
    Cecilia Seghizzi was an Italian composer, painter and teacher.
1906
1. Ralston Crawford, American painter, lithographer, and photographer (d. 1978) births
  1. Ralston Crawford
    
    Ralston Crawford (1906–1978) was an American abstract painter, lithographer, and photographer.
2. Sunnyland Slim, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1995) births
  1. Sunnyland Slim
    
    Albert Luandrew, known as Sunnyland Slim, was an American blues pianist who was born in the Mississippi Delta and moved to Chicago, helping to make that city a center of postwar blues. The Chicago broadcaster and writer Studs Terkel said Sunnyland Slim was "a living piece of our folk history, gallantly and eloquently carrying on in the old tradition".
3. Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Ludwig Boltzmann
    
    Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann was an Austrian physicist and philosopher. His greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics, and the statistical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1877 he provided the current definition of entropy, , where Ω is the number of microstates whose energy equals the system's energy, interpreted as a measure of statistical disorder of a system. Max Planck named the constant kB the Boltzmann constant.
1905
1. Maurice Challe, French general (d. 1979) births
  1. Maurice Challe
    
    Maurice Challe was a French general during the Algerian War, one of four generals who took part in the Algiers putsch.
2. Arthur Koestler, Hungarian-English journalist and author (d. 1983) births
  1. Arthur Koestler
    
    Arthur Koestler, was a Hungarian-born author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest and, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. In 1931, Koestler joined the Communist Party of Germany, but he resigned in 1938 after becoming disillusioned with Stalinism.
3. Justiniano Montano, Filipino lawyer and politician (d. 2005) births
  1. Justiniano Montano
    
    Justiniano Solis Montano Sr. was a Filipino politician who was elected for one term to the Philippine Senate and for multiple terms as a member of the House of Representatives.
1904
1. Vera Bradford, Australian pianist and educator (d. 2004) births
  1. Vera Bradford
    
    Vera Florence Bradford was an Australian classical pianist and teacher, with a very long career. Her playing was admired for its depth and beauty of tone, classical unity and tremendous power.
1902
1. Jean Dalrymple, American playwright, producer, manager, and publicist (d. 1998) births
  1. Jean Dalrymple
    
    Jean Van Kirk Dalrymple was an American theater producer, manager, publicist, and playwright. She was instrumental in the founding of New York City Center, and is best known for her productions there.
2. Darryl F. Zanuck, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1979) births
  1. Darryl F. Zanuck
    
    Darryl Francis Zanuck was an American film producer and studio executive; he earlier contributed stories for films starting in the silent era. He played a major part in the Hollywood studio system as one of its longest survivors. He produced three films that won the Academy Award for Best Picture during his tenure.
3. Rudolf Virchow, German anthropologist, pathologist, and biologist (b. 1821) deaths
  1. Rudolf Virchow
    
    Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician. He is known as "the father of modern pathology" and as the founder of social medicine, and to his colleagues, the "Pope of medicine".
1901
1. Florence Eldridge, American actress (d. 1988) births
  1. Florence Eldridge
    
    Florence Eldridge was an American actress. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 1957 for her performance in Long Day's Journey into Night.
2. Mario Scelba, Italian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1991) births
  1. Mario Scelba
    
    Mario Scelba was an Italian politician who served as the 33rd prime minister of Italy from February 1954 to July 1955. A founder of the Christian Democracy, Scelba was one of the longest-serving Minister of the Interior in the history of the republic, having served at the Viminale Palace in three distinct terms from 1947 to 1962. A fervent pro-Europeanist, he was also President of the European Parliament from March 1969 to March 1971.
  2. Prime Minister of Italy
    
    The prime minister, officially the president of the Council of Ministers, of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office.
3. Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovenian physicist and academic (b. 1853) deaths
  1. Ignacij Klemenčič
    
    Ignacij Klemenčič was a Carniolan (Slovenian) physicist.
1899
1. Humphrey Cobb, American author and screenwriter (d. 1944) births
  1. Humphrey Cobb
    
    Humphrey Cobb was an Italian-born, Canadian-American screenwriter and novelist. He is known for writing the novel Paths of Glory (1935), which was made into an acclaimed 1957 anti-war film Paths of Glory by Stanley Kubrick. Cobb was also the lead screenwriter on the 1937 film San Quentin, starring Humphrey Bogart.
2. Helen Creighton, Canadian author and educator (d. 1989) births
  1. Helen Creighton
    
    Mary Helen Creighton, CM was a prominent Canadian folklorist. She collected over 4,000 traditional songs, stories, and beliefs in a career that spanned several decades, and she published many books and articles on Nova Scotia folk songs and folklore. She received numerous honorary degrees for her work and was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1976.
1898
1. Sarah Emma Edmonds, Canadian-American nurse, soldier, and spy (b. 1841) deaths
  1. Sarah Emma Edmonds
    
    Sarah Emma Edmonds was a Canadian-born woman who claimed to have served as a man with the Union Army as a nurse and spy during the American Civil War. Although recognized for her service by the United States government, some historians dispute the validity of her claims as some of the details are demonstrably false, contradictory, or uncorroborated.
1897
1. Morris Carnovsky, American actor (d. 1992) births
  1. Morris Carnovsky
    
    Morris Carnovsky was an American stage and film actor. He was one of the founders of the Group Theatre (1931-1940) in New York City and had a thriving acting career both on Broadway and in films until, in the early 1950s, professional colleagues told the House Un-American Activities Committee that Carnovsky had been a Communist Party member. He was blacklisted and worked less frequently for a few years, but then re-established his acting career, taking on many Shakespearean roles at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival and performing the title roles in college campus productions of King Lear and The Merchant of Venice. Carnovsky's nephew is veteran character actor and longtime "Pathmark Guy" James Karen.
2. Arthur Nielsen, American market analyst, founded ACNielsen (d. 1980) births
  1. Arthur Nielsen
    
    Arthur Charles Nielsen Sr. was an American businessman, electrical engineer and market research analyst who created and tracked the Nielsen ratings for television as founder of the A.C. Nielsen Company.
  2. Nielsen Corporation
    
    The Nielsen Corporation, self-referentially known as The Nielsen Company, and formerly known as ACNielsen or AC Nielsen, is a global marketing research firm, with worldwide headquarters in New York City, United States. Regional headquarters for North America are located in Chicago.
1894
1. George Stoneman, Jr., United States Army cavalry officer (b. 1822) deaths
  1. George Stoneman
    
    George Stoneman Jr. was a United States Army cavalry officer and politician who served as the fifteenth Governor of California from 1883 to 1887. He was trained at West Point, where his roommate was Stonewall Jackson, and graduated in 1846. Stoneman served in the Army for thirty-six years, though he was relieved of command in 1871. During this time, he was involved in multiple conflicts, including the Mexican–American War, where he did not see any combat, the Yuma War, and the American Civil War. In 1861, Stoneman was promoted to Brigadier General, and was later put in command of the Army of the Potomac's 3rd Infantry Corps, and subsequently the newly-created cavalry corps.
1892
1. Joseph Szigeti, Hungarian violinist and educator (d. 1973) births
  1. Joseph Szigeti
    
    Joseph Szigeti was a Hungarian violinist.
1888
1. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher and politician, 2nd President of India (d. 1975) births
  1. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
    
    Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, natively Radhakrishnayya, was an Indian philosopher and statesman. He served as the 2nd President of India from 1962 to 1967. He also 1st Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962. He was the 2nd Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union from 1949 to 1952. He was also the 4th Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1939 to 1948 and the 2nd Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936.
  2. President of India
    
    The president of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022.
1883
1. Otto Erich Deutsch, Austrian musicologist and scholar (d. 1967) births
  1. Otto Erich Deutsch
    
    Otto Erich Deutsch was an Austrian musicologist. He is known for compiling the first comprehensive catalogue of Franz Schubert's compositions, first published in 1951 in English, with a revised edition published in 1978 in German. It is from this catalogue that the D numbers used to identify Schubert's works derive.
1881
1. Otto Bauer, Austrian philosopher and politician, Foreign Minister of Austria (d. 1938) births
  1. Otto Bauer
    
    Otto Bauer was one of the founders and leading thinkers of the left-socialist Austromarxists who sought a middle ground between social democracy and revolutionary socialism. He was a member of the Austrian Parliament from 1907 to 1934, deputy party leader of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) from 1918 to 1934, and Foreign Minister of the Republic of German-Austria in 1918 and 1919. In the latter position he worked unsuccessfully to bring about the unification of Austria and the Weimar Republic. His opposition to the SDAP joining coalition governments after it lost its leading position in Parliament in 1920 and his practice of advising the party to wait for the proper historical circumstances before taking action were criticized by some for facilitating Austria's move from democracy to fascism in the 1930s. When the SDAP was outlawed by Austrofascist Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg in 1934, Bauer went into exile where he continued to work for Austrian socialism until his death.
  2. Minister of Foreign Affairs (Austria)
    
    This article lists the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Austria, from 30 October 1918 up to today. During the time of the Anschluss to Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945, Austria had no government in its own right. The current Austrian Foreign Minister is Alexander Schallenberg, who took office on 6 December 2021.
2. Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson, English field marshal (d. 1964) births
  1. Henry Maitland Wilson
    
    Field Marshal Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson,, also known as Jumbo Wilson, was a senior British Army officer of the 20th century. He saw active service in the Second Boer War and then during the First World War on the Somme and at Passchendaele. During the Second World War he served as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) British Troops in Egypt, in which role he launched Operation Compass, attacking Italian forces with considerable success, in December 1940. He went on to be Military Governor of Cyrenaica in February 1941, commanding a Commonwealth expeditionary force to Greece in April 1941 and General Officer Commanding (GOC) British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan in May 1941.
1880
1. José María of Manila, Spanish-Filipino priest and martyr (d. 1936) births
  1. José María of Manila
    
    José María of Manila was a Filipino-born Spanish Catholic priest and friar of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. He was martyred in the early phase of the Spanish Civil War, and is the third Filipino to have been declared blessed by the Roman Catholic Church.
1877
1. Crazy Horse, American tribal leader (b. 1849) deaths
  1. Crazy Horse
    
    Crazy Horse was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century. He took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by white American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people. His participation in several famous battles of the Black Hills War on the northern Great Plains, among them the Fetterman Fight in 1866, in which he acted as a decoy, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, in which he led a war party to victory, earned him great respect from both his enemies and his own people.
1876
1. Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (d. 1956) births
  1. Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
    
    Wilhelm Josef Franz Ritter von Leeb was a German field marshal and war criminal in World War II. Leeb was a highly decorated officer in World War I and was awarded the Military Order of Max Joseph which granted him the title of nobility. During the Battle of France, he commanded Army Group C, responsible for the breakthrough of the Maginot Line.
2. Manuel Blanco Encalada, Chilean admiral and politician, 1st President of Chile (b. 1790) deaths
  1. Manuel Blanco Encalada
    
    Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada was a vice-admiral in the Chilean Navy, a political figure, and Chile's first President (Provisional) (1826).
  2. President of Chile
    
    The president of Chile, officially known as the President of the Republic of Chile, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Chile. The president is responsible for both the Government of Chile and state administration. Although its role and significance has changed over the history of Chile, as well as its position and relations with other actors in the national political organization, it is one of the most prominent political offices. It is also considered one of the institutions that make up the "Historic Constitution of Chile", and is essential to the country's political stability.
1874
1. Nap Lajoie, American baseball player and manager (d. 1959) births
  1. Nap Lajoie
    
    Napoléon "Nap" Lajoie, also known as Larry Lajoie and nicknamed "The Frenchman", was an American professional baseball second baseman and player-manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Athletics (twice), and Cleveland Naps between 1896 and 1916. He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909.
1873
1. Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American general and engineer (d. 1942) births
  1. Cornelius Vanderbilt III
    
    Brigadier General Cornelius "Neily" Vanderbilt III was an American military officer, inventor, engineer, and yachtsman. He was a member of the Vanderbilt family.
1872
1. V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Indian lawyer and politician (d. 1936) births
  1. V. O. Chidambaram Pillai
    
    Valliyappan Olaganathan Chidambaram Pillai , also known as Kappalottiya Tamizhan, was an Indian freedom fighter and former leader of the Indian National Congress. He founded the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company in 1906 to compete against the monopoly of the British India Steam Navigation Company (BISNC). He launched the first indigenous Indian shipping service between Tuticorin (India) and Colombo with the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNC), competing against British ships. Tuticorin Port Trust, one of India's thirteen major ports, is named after him. At one time a member of the Indian National Congress, he was later charged with sedition by the British government and sentenced to life imprisonment, and his barrister license was revoked.
2. Horace Rice, Australian tennis player (d. 1950) births
  1. Horace Rice
    
    Horace Rice was an Australian tennis player.
1871
1. Friedrich Akel, Estonian physician and politician, Head of State of Estonia (d 1941) births
  1. Friedrich Akel
    
    Friedrich Karl Akel was an Estonian diplomat and politician, a member of the International Olympic Committee, and Head of State of Estonia in 1924.
  2. Head of State of Estonia
    
    The Head of State of Estonia or State Elder was the official title of the Estonian head of state from 1920 to 1937. He combined some of the functions held by a president and prime minister in most other democracies.
1867
1. Amy Beach, American pianist and composer (d. 1944) births
  1. Amy Beach
    
    Amy Marcy Cheney Beach was an American composer and pianist. She was the first successful American female composer of large-scale art music. Her "Gaelic" Symphony, premiered by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1896, was the first symphony composed and published by an American woman. She was one of the first American composers to succeed without the benefit of European training, and one of the most respected and acclaimed American composers of her era. As a pianist, she was acclaimed for concerts she gave featuring her own music in the United States and in Germany.
1857
1. Auguste Comte, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1798) deaths
  1. Auguste Comte
    
    Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte was a French philosopher and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism. He is often regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. Comte's ideas were also fundamental to the development of sociology; indeed, he invented the term and treated that discipline as the crowning achievement of the sciences.
1856
1. Thomas E. Watson, American lawyer, publisher, and politician (d. 1922) births
  1. Thomas E. Watson
    
    Thomas Edward Watson was an American politician, attorney, newspaper editor and writer from Georgia. In the 1890s Watson championed poor farmers as a leader of the Populist Party, articulating an agrarian political viewpoint while attacking business, bankers, railroads, Democratic President Grover Cleveland, and the Democratic Party. He was the nominee for vice president with Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896 on the Populist ticket.
1850
1. Eugen Goldstein, German physicist (d. 1930) births
  1. Eugen Goldstein
    
    Eugen Goldstein was a German physicist. He was an early investigator of discharge tubes, the discoverer of anode rays or canal rays, later identified as positive ions in the gas phase including the hydrogen ion. He was the great uncle of the violinists Mikhail Goldstein and Boris Goldstein.
1847
1. Jesse James, American outlaw (d. 1882) births
  1. Jesse James
    
    Jesse Woodson James was an American outlaw, bank and train robber, guerrilla and leader of the James–Younger Gang. Raised in the "Little Dixie" area of Western Missouri, James and his family maintained strong Southern sympathies. He and his brother Frank James joined pro-Confederate guerrillas known as "bushwhackers" operating in Missouri and Kansas during the American Civil War. As followers of William Quantrill and "Bloody Bill" Anderson, they were accused of committing atrocities against Union soldiers and civilian abolitionists, including the Centralia Massacre in 1864.
1838
1. Charles Percier, French architect and interior decorator (b. 1764) deaths
  1. Charles Percier
    
    Charles Percier was a neoclassical French architect, interior decorator and designer, who worked in a close partnership with Pierre François Léonard Fontaine, originally his friend from student days. For work undertaken from 1794 onward, trying to ascribe conceptions or details to one or other of them is fruitless; it is impossible to disentangle their cooperative efforts in this fashion. Together, Percier and Fontaine were inventors and major proponents of the rich, grand, consciously-archaeological versions of neoclassicism we recognise as Directoire style and Empire style.
1836
1. Justiniano Borgoño, Peruvian soldier and politician, 57th President of Peru (d. 1921) births
  1. Justiniano Borgoño
    
    Justiniano Borgoño Castañeda was a Peruvian soldier and politician who briefly served as Interim Caretaker of Peru, officially as the President of the Government Junta, during 1894.
  2. President of Peru
    
    The president of Peru, officially called the president of the Republic of Peru, is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of the Armed Forces and Police of Peru. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.
2. Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian actor and playwright (b. 1790) deaths
  1. Ferdinand Raimund
    
    Ferdinand Raimund was an Austrian actor and dramatist.
1833
1. George Huntington Hartford, American businessman (d. 1917) births
  1. George Huntington Hartford
    
    George Huntington Hartford headed the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P) from 1878 to 1917. During this period, A&P created the concept of the chain grocery store and expanded into the country's largest retailer. He joined the firm as a clerk in 1861 and quickly assumed managerial responsibilities. When A&P's founder, George Gilman, retired in 1878, Hartford entered into a partnership agreement and ran the company until the founder's death in 1901. In the settlement of Gilman's estate, Hartford acquired control of the company and ultimately purchased the interests of Gilman's heirs.
1831
1. Victorien Sardou, French author and playwright (d. 1908) births
  1. Victorien Sardou
    
    Victorien Sardou was a French dramatist. He is best remembered today for his development, along with Eugène Scribe, of the well-made play. He also wrote several plays that were made into popular 19th-century operas such as La Tosca (1887) on which Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca (1900) is based, and Fédora (1882) and Madame Sans-Gêne (1893) that provided the subjects for the lyrical dramas Fedora (1898) and Madame Sans-Gêne (1915) by Umberto Giordano. His play Gismonda, from 1894, was also adapted into an opera of the same name by Henry Février.
1829
1. Lester Allan Pelton, American inventor (d. 1908) births
  1. Lester Allan Pelton
    
    Lester Allan Pelton was an American inventor who contributed significantly to the development of hydroelectricity and hydropower in the American Old West as well as world-wide. In the late 1870s, he invented the Pelton water wheel, at that time the most efficient design of the impulse water turbine. Recognized as one of the fathers of hydroelectric power, he was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal during his lifetime and is an inductee of the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
1827
1. Goffredo Mameli, Italian poet and songwriter (d. 1849) births
  1. Goffredo Mameli
    
    Goffredo Mameli was an Italian patriot, poet, writer and a notable figure in the Risorgimento. He is also the author of the lyrics of "Il Canto degli Italiani", the national anthem of Italy.
1826
1. John Wisden, English cricketer and businessman (d. 1884) births
  1. John Wisden
    
    John Wisden was an English cricketer who played 187 first-class cricket matches for three English county cricket teams, Kent, Middlesex and Sussex. He is now best known for launching the eponymous Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 1864, the year after he retired from first-class cricket.
1818
1. Edmund Kennedy, Australian explorer and surveyor (d. 1848) births
  1. Edmund Kennedy
    
    Edmund Besley Court Kennedy J. P. was an explorer in Australia in the mid nineteenth century. He was the Assistant-Surveyor of New South Wales, working with Sir Thomas Mitchell. Kennedy explored the interior of Queensland and northern New South Wales, including the Thomson River, the Barcoo River, Cooper Creek, and Cape York Peninsula. He died in December 1848 after being speared by Aboriginal Australians in far north Queensland near Cape York.
1817
1. Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian poet, author, and playwright (d. 1875) births
  1. Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
    
    Count Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, often referred to as A. K. Tolstoy, was a Russian poet, novelist, and playwright. He is considered to be the most important nineteenth-century Russian historical dramatist, primarily on account of the strength of his dramatic trilogy The Death of Ivan the Terrible (1866), Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (1868), and Tsar Boris (1870). He also gained fame for his satirical works, published under his own name and under the collaborational pen name of Kozma Prutkov. His fictional works include the novella The Family of the Vourdalak, The Vampire (1841), and the historical novel Prince Serebrenni (1862).
1806
1. Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, French general and politician, French Minister of War (d. 1865) births
  1. Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
    
    Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière was a French general.
  2. Minister of the Armed Forces (France)
    
    The Minister of the Armed Forces is the leader and most senior official of the French Ministry of the Armed Forces, tasked with running the French Armed Forces. The minister is the third highest civilian having authority over France's military, behind only the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister. Based on the governments, they may be assisted by a minister or state secretary for veterans' affairs.
1803
1. Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general and author (b. 1741) deaths
  1. Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
    
    Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos was a French novelist, official, Freemason and army general, best known for writing the epistolary novel Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782).
2. François Devienne, French flute player and composer (b. 1759) deaths
  1. François Devienne
    
    François Devienne was a French composer and professor for flute at the Paris Conservatory.
1792
1. Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy, French geologist and mineralogist (d. 1857) births
  1. Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy
    
    Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy was a French geologist and mineralogist.
1791
1. Giacomo Meyerbeer, German pianist and composer (d. 1864) births
  1. Giacomo Meyerbeer
    
    Giacomo Meyerbeer was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Mozart and Wagner". With his 1831 opera Robert le diable and its successors, he gave the genre of grand opera 'decisive character'. Meyerbeer's grand opera style was achieved by his merging of German orchestra style with Italian vocal tradition. These were employed in the context of sensational and melodramatic libretti created by Eugène Scribe and were enhanced by the up-to-date theatre technology of the Paris Opéra. They set a standard which helped to maintain Paris as the opera capital of the nineteenth century.
1787
1. François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist and geologist (d. 1850) births
  1. François Sulpice Beudant
    
    François Sulpice Beudant, was a French mineralogist and geologist. The mineral beudantite was named after him.
1786
1. Jonas Hanway, English merchant and philanthropist (b. 1712) deaths
  1. Jonas Hanway
    
    Jonas Hanway, was a British philanthropist and traveller. He was the first male Londoner to carry an umbrella and was a noted opponent of tea drinking.
1781
1. Anton Diabelli, Austrian composer and publisher (d. 1858) births
  1. Anton Diabelli
    
    Anton Diabelli was an Austrian music publisher, editor and composer. Best known in his time as a publisher, he is most familiar today as the composer of the waltz on which Ludwig van Beethoven wrote his set of thirty-three Diabelli Variations.
1775
1. Juan Martín Díez, Spanish general (d. 1825) births
  1. Juan Martín Díez
    
    Juan Martín Díez, nicknamed El Empecinado, was a Spanish military leader and guerrilla fighter, who fought in the Peninsular War.
1774
1. Caspar David Friedrich, German painter and etcher (d. 1840) births
  1. Caspar David Friedrich
    
    Caspar David Friedrich was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes, which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ruins. His primary interest was the contemplation of nature, and his often symbolic and anti-classical work seeks to convey a subjective, emotional response to the natural world. Friedrich's paintings characteristically set a human presence in diminished perspective amid expansive landscapes, reducing the figures to a scale that, according to the art historian Christopher John Murray, directs "the viewer's gaze towards their metaphysical dimension".
1772
1. Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, Iranian king (d. 1834) births
  1. Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
    
    Fath-Ali Shah Qajar was the second Shah (king) of Qajar Iran. He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, comprising what is nowadays Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 and the resulting treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. Historian Joseph M. Upton says that he "is famous among Iranians for three things: his exceptionally long beard, his wasp-like waist, and his progeny."
1771
1. Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (d. 1847) births
  1. Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
    
    Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. He was also the younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Despite being epileptic, Charles achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of the Austrian army. He was considered one of Napoleon's more formidable opponents and one of the greatest generals of the French Revolutionary Wars.
1769
1. John Shortland, English commander (d. 1810) births
  1. John Shortland
    
    John Shortland was an officer of the Royal Navy, the eldest son of John Shortland. Shortland joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman and went to Quebec in a transport commanded by his father. From 1783 to 1787 he served in the West Indies. In 1787 he was master's mate in the HMS Sirius when the First Fleet sailed for Australia. Shortland spent nearly five years in Australia including time on Norfolk Island where Sirius was wrecked in 1790. In 1792 he returned to England.
1750
1. Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet and author (d. 1774) births
  1. Robert Fergusson
    
    Robert Fergusson was a Scottish poet. After formal education at the University of St Andrews, Fergusson led a bohemian life in Edinburgh, the city of his birth, then at the height of intellectual and cultural ferment as part of the Scottish enlightenment. Many of his extant poems were printed from 1771 onwards in Walter Ruddiman's Weekly Magazine, and a collected works was first published early in 1773. Despite a short life, his career was highly influential, especially through its impact on Robert Burns. He wrote both Scottish English and the Scots language, and it is his vivid and masterly writing in the latter leid for which he is principally acclaimed.
1735
1. Johann Christian Bach, German-English viol player and composer (d. 1782) births
  1. Johann Christian Bach
    
    Johann Christian Bach was a German composer of the Classical era, the eighteenth child of Johann Sebastian Bach, and the youngest of his eleven sons. After living in Italy for several years, Bach moved to London in 1762, where he became known as "the London Bach". He is also sometimes known as "the English Bach", and during his time spent living in the British capital, he came to be known as John Bach. He is noted for playing a role in influencing the concerto styles of Haydn and Mozart. He contributed significantly to the development of the new sonata principle.
  2. Viol
    
    The viol, viola da gamba, or informally gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted, and stringed instruments with hollow wooden bodies and pegboxes where the tension on the strings can be increased or decreased to adjust the pitch of each of the strings. Frets on the viol are usually made of gut, tied on the fingerboard around the instrument's neck, to enable the performer to stop the strings more cleanly. Frets improve consistency of intonation and lend the stopped notes a tone that better matches the open strings. Viols first appeared in Spain in the mid-to-late 15th century, and were most popular in the Renaissance and Baroque (1600–1750) periods. Early ancestors include the Arabic rebab and the medieval European vielle, but later, more direct possible ancestors include the Venetian viole and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish vihuela, a six-course plucked instrument tuned like a lute that looked like but was quite distinct from the four-course guitar.
1734
1. Nicolas Bernier, French composer (b. 1664) deaths
  1. Nicolas Bernier
    
    Nicolas Bernier was a French Baroque composer.
1725
1. Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1799) births
  1. Jean-Étienne Montucla
    
    Jean-Étienne Montucla was a French mathematician and historian.
1722
1. Frederick Christian, Prince-Elector of Saxony (d. 1763) births
  1. Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony
    
    Frederick Christian was the Prince-Elector of Saxony for fewer than three months in 1763. He was a member of the House of Wettin. He was the third but eldest surviving son of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, by his wife, Maria Josepha of Austria.
1695
1. Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 1770) births
  1. Carl Gustaf Tessin
    
    Count Carl Gustaf Tessin was a Swedish Count and politician and son of architect Nicodemus Tessin the Younger and Hedvig Eleonora Stenbock. He was one of the most brilliant personages of his day, and the most prominent representative of French culture in Sweden. He was also a fine orator.
1694
1. František Václav Míča, Czech conductor and composer (d. 1744) births
  1. František Antonín Míča
    
    František Antonín was a Czech conductor, Tenor singer and composer.
1667
1. Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian priest, mathematician, and philosopher (d. 1733) births
  1. Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri
    
    Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri was an Italian Jesuit priest, scholastic philosopher, and mathematician.
1666
1. Gottfried Arnold, German historian and theologian (d. 1714) births
  1. Gottfried Arnold
    
    Gottfried Arnold was a German Lutheran theologian and historian.
1651
1. William Dampier, English explorer (d. 1715) births
  1. William Dampier
    
    William Dampier was an English explorer, pirate, privateer, navigator, and naturalist who became the first Englishman to explore parts of what is today Australia, and the first person to circumnavigate the world three times. He has also been described as Australia's first natural historian, as well as one of the most important British explorers of the period between Francis Drake and James Cook, he "bridged those two eras" with a mix of piratical derring-do of the former and scientific inquiry of the later. His expeditions were among the first to identify and name a number of plants, animals, foods, and cooking techniques for a European audience; being among the first English writers to use words such as avocado, barbecue, and chopsticks. In describing the preparation of avocados, he was the first European to describe the making of guacamole, named the breadfruit plant, and made frequent documentation of the taste of numerous foods foreign to the European palate such as flamingo and manatee.
1642
1. Maria of Orange-Nassau, Dutch princess (d. 1688) births
  1. Maria of Orange-Nassau (1642–1688)
    
    Maria of Nassau or Maria of Orange-Nassau was a Dutch princess of the house of Orange and by marriage pfalzgräfin or countess of Simmern-Kaiserslautern.
1641
1. Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, English diplomat (d. 1702) births
  1. Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland
    
    Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, was an English nobleman and politician of the Spencer family. An able and gifted statesman, his caustic temper and belief in absolute monarchy nevertheless made him numerous enemies. He was forced to flee England in 1688, but later established himself with the new regime after the Revolution of that year. Subsequently, he took on a more disinterested role as an adviser to the Crown, seeking neither office nor favour. He evinced no party loyalty, but was devoted to his country's interests, as he saw them. By the notoriously lax standards of the Restoration Court, his private life was remarkably free from scandal, which won him favour in the more sober post-Revolution state.
1638
1. Louis XIV, king of France (d. 1715) births
  1. Louis XIV
    
    Louis XIV, also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign in history whose date is verifiable. Although Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe, the King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Bossuet, Colbert, Le Brun, Le Nôtre, Lully, Mazarin, Molière, Racine, Turenne, and Vauban.
1629
1. Domenico Allegri, Italian singer-songwriter (b. 1585) deaths
  1. Domenico Allegri
    
    Domenico Allegri was an Italian composer and singer of the early Baroque Roman School. He was the second son of the Milanese coachman Costantino Allegri, who lived in Rome with his family, and was a younger brother of the more famous Gregorio Allegri. Costantino sent three sons, Gregorio, Domenico and Bartolomeo, to study music at San Luigi dei Francesi, under the maestro di capella Giovanni Bernardino Nanino, brother of Giovanni Maria Nanino. The little boy had as schoolmate his elder brother Gregorio and then Antonio Cifra, Domenico Massenzio and Paolo Agostini.
1607
1. Pomponne de Bellièvre, French politician, Chancellor of France (b. 1529) deaths
  1. Pomponne de Bellièvre
    
    Pomponne de Bellièvre was a French statesman, chancellor of France (1599–1605).
  2. Chancellor of France
    
    In France, under the Ancien Régime, the officer of state responsible for the judiciary was the Chancellor of France. The Chancellor was responsible for seeing that royal decrees were enrolled and registered by the sundry parlements, provincial appellate courts. However, since the Chancellor was appointed for life, and might fall from favour, or be too ill to carry out his duties, his duties would occasionally fall to his deputy, the Keeper of the Seals of France.
1569
1. Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London (b. c. 1500) deaths
  1. Edmund Bonner
    
    Edmund Bonner was Bishop of London from 1539 to 1549 and again from 1553 to 1559. Initially an instrumental figure in the schism of Henry VIII from Rome, he was antagonised by the Protestant reforms introduced by 1st Duke of Somerset, Edward Seymour and reconciled himself to Catholicism. He became notorious as "Bloody Bonner" for his role in the persecution of heretics under the Catholic government of Mary I of England, and ended his life as a prisoner under Queen Elizabeth I.
1568
1. Tommaso Campanella, Italian poet, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1639) births
  1. Tommaso Campanella
    
    Tommaso Campanella, baptized Giovanni Domenico Campanella, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, theologian, astrologer, and poet.
1567
1. Date Masamune, Japanese daimyō (d. 1636) births
  1. Date Masamune
    
    Date Masamune was a regional ruler of Japan's Azuchi–Momoyama period through early Edo period. Heir to a long line of powerful daimyō in the Tōhoku region, he went on to found the modern-day city of Sendai. An outstanding tactician, he was made all the more iconic for his missing eye, as Masamune was often called dokuganryū (独眼竜), or the "One-Eyed Dragon of Ōshu".
1562
1. Katharina Zell, German Protestant reformer (b. 1497) deaths
  1. Katharina Zell
    
    Katharina Schütz Zell was a Protestant reformer and writer during the Protestant Reformation. She was one of the first Protestant women to marry a clergyman. Katharina lived all of her life in Strasbourg. Strasbourg was incorporated within the Holy Roman Empire during this time period, but today is located in France close to the border of Germany.
1548
1. Catherine Parr, Sixth and last Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. c. 1512) deaths
  1. Catherine Parr
    
    Catherine Parr was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until Henry's death on 28 January 1547. Catherine was the final queen consort of the House of Tudor, and outlived Henry by a year and eight months. With four husbands, she is the most-married English queen. She was the first woman to publish an original work under her own name in English in England.
  2. Henry VIII
    
    Henry VIII was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy" as he invested heavily in the navy and increased its size from a few to more than 50 ships, and established the Navy Board.
1540
1. Magnus of Holstein, prince of Denmark (d. 1583) births
  1. Magnus, Duke of Holstein
    
    Magnus of Denmark or Magnus of Holstein was a Prince of Denmark, Duke of Holstein, and a member of the House of Oldenburg. As a vassal of Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, he was the titular King of Livonia from 1570 to 1578.
1533
1. Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher and logician (d. 1589) births
  1. Jacopo Zabarella
    
    Giacomo Zabarella was an Italian Aristotelian philosopher and logician.
1526
1. Alonso de Salazar, Spanish explorer deaths
  1. Alonso de Salazar
    
    Toribio Alonso de Salazar, born in Biscay, was a Spanish navigator of Basque origin, who was the first Westerner to arrive on the Marshall Islands on August 21, 1526.
1500
1. Maria of Jever, ruler of the Lordship of Jever (d. 1575) births
  1. Maria of Jever
    
    Maria of Jever, known in Jeverland as Fräulein Maria, was the last ruler of the Lordship of Jever from the Wiemken family. She ruled from 1517 to her death.
1451
1. Isabel Neville, daughter of Richard Neville (d. 1476) births
  1. Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence
    
    Lady Isabel Neville was the elder daughter and co-heiress of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Anne de Beauchamp, suo jure 16th Countess of Warwick. She was the wife of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence. She was also the elder sister of Anne Neville, who was Princess of Wales by her first marriage and Queen consort of England by her second.
1336
1. Charles d'Évreux, count of Étampes (b. 1305) deaths
  1. Charles d'Évreux
    
    Charles d'Évreux was the son of Louis, Count of Évreux and Margaret of Artois.
1319
1. Peter IV, king of Aragon (d. 1387) births
  1. Peter IV of Aragon
    
    Peter IV, called the Ceremonious, was from 1336 until his death the king of Aragon, Sardinia-Corsica, and Valencia, and count of Barcelona. In 1344, he deposed James III of Majorca and made himself King of Majorca.
1311
1. Amadeus Aba, Hungarian oligarch deaths
  1. Amadeus Aba
    
    Amadeus Aba or Amade Aba was a Hungarian oligarch in the Kingdom of Hungary who ruled de facto independently the northern and north-eastern counties of the kingdom. He held the office of Palatine several times, and he was also judge royal twice. He was assassinated at the south gate in the city of Kassa by Saxon burghers.
1235
1. Henry I, duke of Brabant (b. 1165) deaths
  1. Henry I, Duke of Brabant
    
    Henry I, named "The Courageous", was a member of the House of Reginar and first duke of Brabant from 1183/84 until his death.
1201
1. Alix of Thouars, duchess of Brittany (d. 1221) births
  1. Alix, Duchess of Brittany
    
    Alix of Thouars ruled as Duchess of Brittany from 1203 until her death. She was also Countess of Richmond in the peerage of England.
1187
1. Louis VIII, king of France (d. 1226) births
  1. Louis VIII of France
    
    Louis VIII, nicknamed The Lion, was King of France from 1223 to 1226. As prince, he invaded England on 21 May 1216 and was excommunicated by a papal legate on 29 May 1216. On 2 June 1216, Louis was proclaimed "King of England" by rebellious barons in London, though never crowned. He soon seized half the English kingdom but was eventually defeated by the English and after the Treaty of Lambeth, was paid 10,000 marks, pledged never to invade England again, and was absolved of his excommunication.
1165
1. Nijō, emperor of Japan (b. 1143) deaths
  1. Emperor Nijō
    
    Emperor Nijō was the 78th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1158 through 1165.
989
1. Fan Zhongyan, Chinese chancellor (d. 1052) births
  1. Fan Zhongyan
    
    Fan Zhongyan from Wu County of Suzhou, courtesy name Xiwen (希文), ratified as the Duke of Wenzheng (文正公) posthumously, and conferred as Duke of Chu (楚國公) posthumously, was a Chinese poet, politician, philosopher, writer, military strategist, and one of the famous representative of Scholar-officials in ancient China. Fan was one of the most prominent figures of the Song dynasty, an era when China possessed the world’s largest economy and population. After serving the central government for several decades, Fan rose to a seat of Prime Minister or Chancellor over the entire Chinese empire nearing the zenith of its pre-modern economic, social, and cultural development. Fan's philosophical, educational and political legacy is one that changed the course of the Chinese history, one so powerful that it continues to exert a profound impact on the Chinese civilization today, and his philosophy and writings remain a core component of the Chinese literary canon. While Fan spent the majority of his time governing China, his myriad deeds and teachings, well represented by his well-known saying "Be the first to bear the world's hardship, and the last to enjoy its comfort" (先天下之憂而憂，後天下之樂而樂), have served as an inspiration to the Chinese people for a thousand years. Fan is one of the most prominent members of the Fan family and is considered one of most renowned scholars of China, alongside the philosophers Confucius and Mencius.
714
1. Shang, emperor of the Tang Dynasty deaths
  1. Emperor Shang of Tang
    
    Emperor Shang, also known as Emperor Shao (少帝), personal name Li Chongmao, was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China, ruling briefly in 710.
590
1. Authari, Lombard king (b. 540) deaths
  1. Authari
    
    Authari was king of the Lombards from 584 to his death. He was considered as the first Lombard king to have adopted some level of "Roman-ness" and introduced policies that led to drastic changes particularly in the treatment of the Romans and Christianity.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Bertin
1. Bertin
  
  Bertin, also known as Saint Bertin the Great, was the Frankish abbot of a monastery in Saint-Omer later named the Abbey of Saint Bertin after him. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The fame of Bertin's learning and sanctity was so great that in a short time more than 150 monks lived under his rule. Among them were St. Winnoc and his three companions who had come from Brittany to join Bertin's community and assist in the conversions. Nearly the whole Morini region was Christianized.
Christian feast day: Charbel (martyr)
1. Charbel (martyr)
  
  Saint Charbel of Edessa is an early 2nd-century Syriac saint and Christian martyr venerated by the Roman Catholic as well as the Eastern Orthodox churches. He was put to death during the Persecution of Christians under the Roman Emperor Trajan. His sister, Bebaia of Edessa, was put to death soon afterwards. The two martyrs are venerated on January 29. His story is linked to that of Saint Barsimaeus, who was said to have converted him to Christianity from Paganism, and may be backdated from events that took place in Edessa under the emperor Decius.
Christian feast day: Genebald
1. Genebald
  
  Saint Genebald was a Frankish bishop of Laon. He was a contemporary of Saint Remigius, bishop of Rheims, and according to The Golden Legend, was married to Remigius' niece.
Christian feast day: Gregorio Aglipay (Episcopal Church)
1. Gregorio Aglipay
  
  Gregorio Aglipay Cruz y Labayán was a former Filipino Catholic priest who became the first head of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, an independent Church in the form of a national church in the Philippines.
2. Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)
  
  The veneration of saints in the Episcopal Church is a continuation of an ancient tradition from the early Church which honors important and influential people of the Christian faith. The usage of the term saint is similar to Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Episcopalians believe in the communion of saints in prayer and as such the Episcopal liturgical calendar accommodates feasts for saints.
Christian feast day: Mother Teresa
1. Mother Teresa
  
  Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, MC, better known as Mother Teresa, was an Indian-Albanian Catholic nun who, in 1950, founded the Missionaries of Charity. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu was born in Skopje—at the time, part of the Ottoman Empire. After eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived most of her life. Saint Teresa of Calcutta was canonised on 4 September 2016. The anniversary of her death is her feast day.
Christian feast day: Ursicinus of Ravenna
1. Ursicinus (Bishop of Ravenna)
  
  Ursicinus is a saint of the Catholic Church and was Bishop of Ravenna from 533 to 536. He is not to be confused with the 1st-century saint Ursicinus of Ravenna.
Christian feast day: Zechariah and Elisabeth (Anglican and Eastern Orthodox Church)
1. Zechariah (New Testament figure)
  
  Zechariah is a figure in the New Testament and the Quran, and venerated in Christianity and Islam. In the Bible he is the father of John the Baptist, a priest of the sons of Aaron in the Gospel of Luke, and the husband of Elizabeth who is a relative of the Virgin Mary.
2. Elizabeth (biblical figure)
  
  Elizabeth was the mother of John the Baptist and the wife of Zechariah, according to the Gospel of Luke. She was past normal child-bearing age when she conceived and gave birth to John.
3. Anglicanism
  
  Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.
4. Eastern Orthodox Church
  
  The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via local synods. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Roman Catholic Church—the Pope—but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognized by them as primus inter pares, which may be explained as a representative of the church. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially calls itself the Orthodox Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: September 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. September 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  September 4 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - September 6
Earliest date on which Jeûne genevois can fall, while September 11 is the latest; celebrated on Thursday after the first Sunday of September. (Canton of Geneva)
1. Jeûne genevois
  
  Jeûne genevois is a public holiday in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland which occurs on the Thursday following the first Sunday of September. It dates back to the 16th century.
2. Canton of Geneva
  
  The Canton of Geneva, officially the Republic and Canton of Geneva, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of forty-five municipalities and the seat of the government and parliament is in the City of Geneva.
International Day of Charity
1. International Day of Charity
  
  The International Day of Charity is an international day observed annually on 5 September. It was declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2012. The prime purpose of the International Day of Charity is to raise awareness and provide a common platform for charity related activities all over the world for individuals, charitable, philanthropic and volunteer organizations for their own purposes on the local, national, regional and international level.
Teacher's Day (India)
1. List of Teachers' Days
  
  Teachers' Day is a special day for the appreciation of teachers, and may include celebrations to honor them for their special contributions in a particular field area, or the community tone in education. This is the primary reason why countries celebrate this day on different dates, unlike many other International Days. For example, Argentina has commemorated Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's death on 11 September as Teachers' Day since 1915. In India the birthday of the second president Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 5 September, is celebrated as Teachers' Day since 1962, while Guru Purnima has been traditionally observed as a day to worship teachers/gurus by Hindus. Many countries celebrate their Teachers' Day on 5 October in conjunction with World Teachers' Day, which was established by UNESCO in 1994.
2. India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
The flag-flying day for Denmark's deployed personnel (Denmark)
1. Flag Day
  
  A flag day is a flag-related holiday, a day designated for flying a certain flag or a day set aside to celebrate a historical event such as a nation's adoption of its flag.
2. Denmark
  
  Denmark is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the most populous and politically central constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean. European Denmark is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying southwest of Sweden, south of Norway, and north of Germany.
First day of school in Vietnam
1. First day of school
  
  The first day of school is the first day of an academic year. This is usually in August or September in the Northern Hemisphere and often January or February in the Southern Hemisphere, but differs from country to country.
2. Vietnam
  
  Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.

Important events in history on September 5 th

Events

Liz Truss

July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election

Rishi Sunak

2022 Luding earthquake

Sichuan

Alpha Condé

2021 Guinean coup d'état

2012 Afyonkarahisar arsenal explosion

Afyonkarahisar

Hurricane Fran

Cape Fear (headland)

North Carolina

Tropical cyclone

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989

Sri Lankan Civil War

Eastern University massacre

Pan Am Flight 73

Mumbai

India

Aircraft hijacking

Jinnah International Airport

STS-41-D

Space Shuttle Discovery

Western Australia

Capital punishment

Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp

Gotthard Road Tunnel

Göschenen

Airolo

Camp David Accords

Menachem Begin

Anwar Sadat

Camp David

NASA

Space probe

Voyager 1

Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station

Voyager program

NASA

Voyager 1

Squeaky Fromme

Charles Manson

Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento

Gerald Ford

Sacramento, California

Squeaky Fromme

Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento

Gerald Ford

Munich massacre

Palestinian political violence

Black September Organization

Israel

1972 Summer Olympics

Vietnam War

Operation Jefferson Glenn

101st Airborne Division

South Vietnam

1st Division (South Vietnam)

Thừa Thiên Huế province

Jochen Rindt

Formula One

List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

1970 Formula One season

Mỹ Lai massacre

Lieutenant

William Calley

Vietnam

Léopold Sédar Senghor

List of presidents of Senegal

Muhammad Ali

Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Cuban Revolution

Fulgencio Batista

Cienfuegos

KLM Flight 633

River Shannon

Shannon, County Clare

Important events in history
on September 5 ^th