Important events in history
on September 3 ^rd

Events

2017
1. North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test.
  1. North Korea
    
    North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.
  2. 2017 North Korean nuclear test
    
    The Democratic People's Republic of Korea conducted its sixth nuclear test on 3 September 2017, stating it had tested a thermonuclear weapon. The United States Geological Survey reported an earthquake of 6.3-magnitude not far from North Korea's Punggye-ri nuclear test site. South Korean authorities said the earthquake seemed to be artificial, consistent with an underground nuclear test. The USGS, as well as China Earthquake Networks Center, reported that the initial event was followed by a second, smaller, earthquake at the site, several minutes later, which was characterized as a collapse of the cavity formed by the initial detonation.
2016
1. The U.S. and China, together responsible for 40% of the world's carbon emissions, both formally ratify the Paris global climate agreement.
  1. China
    
    China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.
  2. List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
    
    This is a list of countries by total greenhouse gas (GHG) annual emissions in 2016. It is based on data for carbon dioxide, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) emissions compiled by the World Resources Institute (WRI). The table below separately provides emissions data calculated on the basis of production, respectively consumption of goods and services in each country. WRI data includes emissions from land-use, land-use change and forestry, Global Carbon Project data does not. The unit used is megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) using the 100-year time horizon, like the UNFCCC. All countries which are party to the Paris Agreement report their greenhouse gas inventories at least biennially from 2024.
  3. Paris Agreement
    
    The Paris Agreement, often referred to as the Paris Accords or the Paris Climate Accords, is an international treaty on climate change. Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of September 2022, 194 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the four UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States withdrew from the Agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021.
2010
1. After taking off from Dubai International Airport, UPS Airlines Flight 6 develops an in-flight fire in the cargo hold and crashes near Nad Al Sheba, killing both crew members on board.
  1. Dubai International Airport
    
    Dubai International Airport is the primary international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic. It is also the nineteenth-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, the busiest airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements, and the airport with the highest average number of passengers per flight. In 2017, the airport handled 88 million passengers and 2.65 million tonnes of cargo and registered 409,493 aircraft movements.
  2. UPS Airlines Flight 6
    
    UPS Airlines Flight 6 was a cargo flight operated by UPS Airlines. On September 3, 2010, the Boeing 747-400F flying the route between Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and Cologne, Germany, developed an in-flight fire, which caused the aircraft to crash, killing both crew members, the only people on board. It was the first fatal air crash for UPS Airlines. The crash prompted a re-evaluation of safety procedures protecting airliners from cockpit smoke.
  3. Nad Al Sheba
    
    Nad Al Sheba is a locality in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Situated south of the Dubai Creek, Nad Al Sheba is best known for its racecourse, the Nad Al Sheba Racecourse, which hosted the Dubai World Cup annually until 2009.
2004
1. Beslan school siege results in over 330 fatalities, including 186 children.
  1. Beslan school siege
    
    The Beslan school siege was a terrorist attack that started on 1 September 2004, lasted three days, involved the imprisonment of more than 1,100 people as hostages and ended with the deaths of 333 people, 186 of them children, as well as 31 of the attackers. It is considered to be the deadliest school shooting in history.
2001
1. The Troubles: Ulster loyalists resumed a picket outside a Catholic girls' primary school in the Protestant portion of Ardoyne, in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
  1. The Troubles
    
    The Troubles were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe.
  2. Ulster loyalism
    
    Ulster loyalism is a strand of Ulster unionism associated with working class Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland. Like other unionists, loyalists support the continued existence of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and oppose a united Ireland. Unlike other strands of unionism, loyalism has been described as an ethnic nationalism of Ulster Protestants and "a variation of British nationalism". Loyalists are often said to have a conditional loyalty to the British state so long as it defends their interests. They see themselves as loyal primarily to the Protestant British monarchy rather than to British governments and institutions, while Garret FitzGerald argued they are loyal to 'Ulster' over 'the Union'. A small minority of loyalists have called for an independent Ulster Protestant state, believing they cannot rely on British governments to support them. The term 'loyalism' is usually associated with paramilitarism.
  3. Holy Cross dispute
    
    The Holy Cross dispute occurred in 2001 and 2002 in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast, Northern Ireland. During the 30-year conflict known as the Troubles, Ardoyne had become segregated – Ulster Protestants and Irish Catholics lived in separate areas. This left Holy Cross, a Catholic primary school for girls, in the middle of a Protestant area. In June 2001—during the last week of school before the summer break—Protestant loyalists began picketing the school, claiming that Catholics were regularly attacking their homes and denying them access to facilities.
  4. Ardoyne
    
    Ardoyne is a working class and mainly Catholic and Irish republican district in north Belfast, Northern Ireland. It gained notoriety due to the large number of incidents during The Troubles.
  5. Belfast
    
    Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland. It had a population of 345,418 in 2021.
2. In Belfast, Protestant loyalists begin a picket of Holy Cross, a Catholic primary school for girls.
  1. Belfast
    
    Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland. It had a population of 345,418 in 2021.
  2. Ulster loyalism
    
    Ulster loyalism is a strand of Ulster unionism associated with working class Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland. Like other unionists, loyalists support the continued existence of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and oppose a united Ireland. Unlike other strands of unionism, loyalism has been described as an ethnic nationalism of Ulster Protestants and "a variation of British nationalism". Loyalists are often said to have a conditional loyalty to the British state so long as it defends their interests. They see themselves as loyal primarily to the Protestant British monarchy rather than to British governments and institutions, while Garret FitzGerald argued they are loyal to 'Ulster' over 'the Union'. A small minority of loyalists have called for an independent Ulster Protestant state, believing they cannot rely on British governments to support them. The term 'loyalism' is usually associated with paramilitarism.
  3. Holy Cross dispute
    
    The Holy Cross dispute occurred in 2001 and 2002 in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast, Northern Ireland. During the 30-year conflict known as the Troubles, Ardoyne had become segregated – Ulster Protestants and Irish Catholics lived in separate areas. This left Holy Cross, a Catholic primary school for girls, in the middle of a Protestant area. In June 2001—during the last week of school before the summer break—Protestant loyalists began picketing the school, claiming that Catholics were regularly attacking their homes and denying them access to facilities.
  4. Primary school
    
    A primary school, junior school, elementary school or grade school is a school for primary education of children who are four to eleven years of age. Primary schooling follows pre-school and precedes secondary schooling.
1997
1. Vietnam Airlines Flight 815 (Tupolev Tu-134) crashes on approach into Phnom Penh airport, killing 64.
  1. Vietnam Airlines
    
    Vietnam Airlines is the flag carrier of Vietnam. The airline was founded in 1956 and later established as a state-owned enterprise in April 1989. Vietnam Airlines is headquartered in Long Biên District, Hanoi, with hubs at Noi Bai International Airport and Tan Son Nhat International Airport. The airline flies to 64 destinations in 17 countries, excluding codeshared services.
  2. Vietnam Airlines Flight 815
    
    Vietnam Airlines Flight 815 was a scheduled Vietnam Airlines flight which crashed on final approach to Phnom Penh International Airport in Cambodia on 3 September 1997. The Soviet-built Tupolev Tu-134B-3 airliner crashed approximately 800 metres short of the Phnom Penh runway, killing 65 of the 66 people on board. Upon investigation, the crash was determined to have been the result of improper actions by the pilot.
  3. Tupolev Tu-134
    
    The Tupolev Tu-134 is a twin-engined, narrow-body jet airliner built in the Soviet Union for short and medium-haul routes from 1966 to 1989. The original version featured a glazed-nose design and, like certain other Russian airliners, it can operate from unpaved airfields.
  4. Phnom Penh
    
    Phnom Penh is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since the French protectorate of Cambodia and has grown to become the nation's primate city and its economic, industrial, and cultural centre.
1991
1. A fire killed 25 people locked inside a burning chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina, U.S.
  1. Hamlet chicken processing plant fire
    
    On September 3, 1991, an industrial fire caused by an improvised repair to a hydraulic line destroyed the Imperial Food Products chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina. Despite three previous fires in 11 years of operation, the plant had never received a safety inspection. The fire killed 25 people and injured 54, many of whom were unable to escape due to locked exits. It was the second deadliest industrial disaster in North Carolina's history.
  2. Food processing
    
    Food processing is the transformation of agricultural products into food, or of one form of food into other forms. Food processing includes many forms of processing foods, from grinding grain to make raw flour to home cooking to complex industrial methods used to make convenience foods. Some food processing methods play important roles in reducing food waste and improving food preservation, thus reducing the total environmental impact of agriculture and improving food security.
  3. Hamlet, North Carolina
    
    Hamlet is a city in Richmond County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 6,042 at the 2020 census.
1989
1. Varig Flight 254 crashes in the Amazon rainforest near São José do Xingu in Brazil, killing 12.
  1. Varig Flight 254
    
    Varig Flight 254 was a Boeing 737-241, c/n 21006/398, registration PP-VMK, on a scheduled passenger flight from São Paulo, Brazil, to Belém, capital city of the state of Pará in the country's North Region, on 3 September 1989. The flight had several intermediate stopovers, the last being in Marabá, Pará. Prior to takeoff from Marabá, the crew entered an incorrect heading into the flight computer, flying deep into a remote area of the Amazon jungle. Attempts to reach an alternative airport were unsuccessful, and the plane eventually ran out of fuel, making a belly landing in the jungle 1,700 kilometres northwest of Rio de Janeiro. Of the 54 passengers and crew, 12 passengers died and many more sustained serious injuries. The survivors were rescued two days later.
  2. Amazon rainforest
    
    The Amazon rainforest, Amazon jungle or Amazonia is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2 (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 km2 (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories.
  3. São José do Xingu
    
    São José do Xingu is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso, in the Central-West Region of Brazil.
1987
1. In a coup d'état in Burundi, President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza is deposed by Major Pierre Buyoya.
  1. 1987 Burundian coup d'état
    
    The 1987 Burundian coup d'état was a bloodless military coup that took place in Burundi on 3 September 1987. Tutsi president Jean-Baptiste Bagaza was deposed whilst traveling abroad and succeeded by Tutsi Major Pierre Buyoya.
  2. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
    
    Jean-Baptiste Bagaza was a Burundian army officer and politician who ruled Burundi as president and de facto military dictator from November 1976 to September 1987.
  3. Pierre Buyoya
    
    Pierre Buyoya was a Burundian army officer and politician who served two terms as President of Burundi in 1987 to 1993 and 1996 to 2003 as de facto military dictator. He was the second-longest serving president in Burundian history.
1981
1. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, an international bill of rights for women, is instituted by the United Nations.
  1. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
    
    The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it was instituted on 3 September 1981 and has been ratified by 189 states. Over fifty countries that have ratified the Convention have done so subject to certain declarations, reservations, and objections, including 38 countries who rejected the enforcement article 29, which addresses means of settlement for disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the convention. Australia's declaration noted the limitations on central government power resulting from its federal constitutional system. The United States and Palau have signed, but not ratified the treaty. The Holy See, Iran, Somalia, Sudan, and Tonga are not signatories to CEDAW.
  2. Bill of rights
    
    A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens.
  3. United Nations
    
    The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.
1978
1. During the Rhodesian Bush War a group of ZIPRA guerrillas shot down civilian Vickers Viscount aircraft (Air Rhodesia Flight 825) with a Soviet-made SAM Strela-2; of 56 passengers and crew 38 people died in crash, 10 were massacred by the guerrillas at the site.
  1. Rhodesian Bush War
    
    The Rhodesian Bush War, also called the Second Chimurenga as well as the Zimbabwe War of Liberation, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the unrecognised country of Rhodesia.
  2. Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
    
    Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) was the military wing of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), a Marxist–Leninist political party in Rhodesia. It participated in the Rhodesian Bush War against white minority rule of Rhodesia. ZIPRA was formed during the 1960s by the nationalist leader Jason Moyo, the deputy of Joshua Nkomo.
  3. Vickers Viscount
    
    The Vickers Viscount is a British medium-range turboprop airliner first flown in 1948 by Vickers-Armstrongs. A design requirement from the Brabazon Committee, it entered service in 1953 and was the first turboprop-powered airliner.
  4. Air Rhodesia Flight 825
    
    Air Rhodesia Flight 825 was a scheduled passenger flight that was shot down by the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) on 3 September 1978, during the Rhodesian Bush War. The aircraft involved, a Vickers Viscount named the Hunyani, was flying the last leg of Air Rhodesia's regular scheduled service from Victoria Falls to the capital Salisbury, via the resort town of Kariba.
  5. 9K32 Strela-2
    
    The 9K32 Strela-2 is a light-weight, shoulder-fired, surface-to-air missile system. It is designed to target aircraft at low altitudes with passive infrared homing guidance and destroy them with a high explosive warhead.
1976
1. Viking program: The American Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars.
  1. Viking program
    
    The Viking program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, which landed on Mars in 1976. Each spacecraft was composed of two main parts: an orbiter designed to photograph the surface of Mars from orbit, and a lander designed to study the planet from the surface. The orbiters also served as communication relays for the landers once they touched down.
  2. Viking 2
    
    The Viking 2 mission was part of the American Viking program to Mars, and consisted of an orbiter and a lander essentially identical to that of the Viking 1 mission. Viking 2 was operational on Mars for 1281 sols. The Viking 2 lander operated on the surface for 1316 days, or 1281 sols, and was turned off on April 12, 1980, when its batteries failed. The orbiter worked until July 25, 1978, returning almost 16,000 images in 706 orbits around Mars.
  3. Utopia Planitia
    
    Utopia Planitia is a large plain within Utopia, the largest recognized impact basin on Mars and in the Solar System with an estimated diameter of 3300 km. It is the Martian region where the Viking 2 lander touched down and began exploring on September 3, 1976, and the Zhurong rover touched down on 14 May, 2021, as a part of the Tianwen-1 mission. It is located at the antipode of Argyre Planitia, centered at 46.7°N 117.5°E. It is also in the Casius quadrangle, Amenthes quadrangle, and the Cebrenia quadrangle of Mars.
  4. Mars
    
    Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, and has a crust primarily composed of elements similar to Earth's crust, as well as a core made of iron and nickel. Mars has surface features such as impact craters, valleys, dunes and polar ice caps. It has two small and irregularly shaped moons, Phobos and Deimos.
1971
1. Qatar becomes an independent state.
  1. Qatar
    
    Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. The capital is Doha, home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants, and the land area is mostly made up of flat, low-lying desert.
1967
1. Dagen H in Sweden: Traffic changes from driving on the left to driving on the right overnight.
  1. Dagen H
    
    Dagen H (H-day), today usually called "Högertrafikomläggningen", was 3 September 1967, the day Sweden switched from driving on the left-hand side of the road to the right. The "H" stands for "Högertrafik", the Swedish word for right-hand traffic. It was by far the largest logistical event in Sweden's history.
1954
1. The People's Liberation Army begins shelling the Republic of China-controlled islands of Quemoy, starting the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.
  1. People's Liberation Army
    
    The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five service branches: the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, and Strategic Support Force. It is under the leadership of the Central Military Commission (CMC) with its chairman as commander-in-chief.
  2. Taiwan
    
    Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands, with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres (13,974 sq mi). The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.
  3. Kinmen
    
    Kinmen, alternatively known as Quemoy, is a group of islands governed as a county by the Republic of China (Taiwan), off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It lies roughly 10 km (6.2 mi) east of the city of Xiamen in Fujian, from which it is separated by Xiamen Bay. Kinmen is located 187 km (116 mi) west from the shoreline of the island of Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait.
  4. First Taiwan Strait Crisis
    
    The First Taiwan Strait Crisis was a brief armed conflict between the Communist People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Nationalist Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan. The conflict focused on several groups of islands in the Taiwan Strait that were held by the ROC but were located only a few miles from mainland China. The crisis began when the PRC shelled the ROC-held island of Kinmen (Quemoy). Later, the PRC seized the Yijiangshan Islands from the ROC. Under pressure by the PRC, the ROC then abandoned the Tachen Islands, which were evacuated by the navies of the ROC and the US.
1950
1. "Nino" Farina becomes the first Formula One Drivers' champion after winning the 1950 Italian Grand Prix.
  1. Giuseppe Farina
    
    Emilio Giuseppe Farina, also known as Giuseppe Antonio "Nino" Farina, was an Italian racing driver and first official Formula One World Champion. He gained the title in 1950. He was the Italian Champion in 1937, 1938 and 1939.
  2. List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
    
    Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform. The Formula One World Championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets. The World Drivers' Championship is presented by the FIA to the most successful Formula One driver over the course of the season through a points system based on individual Grand Prix results. The World Championship is won when it is no longer mathematically possible for another competitor to overtake their points total regardless of the outcome of the remaining races, although it is not officially awarded until the FIA Prize Giving Ceremony held in various cities following the conclusion of the season.
  3. 1950 Italian Grand Prix
    
    The 1950 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 3 September 1950 at Autodromo Nazionale di Monza. It was race 7 of 7 in the 1950 World Championship of Drivers. In this race, Nino Farina became the first World Drivers' Champion, and the only driver to win the title in his home country.
1945
1. A three-day celebration begins in China, following the Victory over Japan Day on September 2.
  1. Victory over Japan Day
    
    Victory over Japan Day is the day on which Imperial Japan surrendered in World War II, in effect bringing the war to an end. The term has been applied to both of the days on which the initial announcement of Japan's surrender was made – 15 August 1945, in Japan, and because of time zone differences, 14 August 1945 – as well as to 2 September 1945, when the surrender document was signed, officially ending World War II.
1944
1. Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from the Westerbork transit camp to the Auschwitz concentration camp, arriving three days later.
  1. Diary
    
    A diary is a written or audiovisual record with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Diaries have traditionally been handwritten but are now also often digital. A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings, excluding comments on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone who keeps a diary is known as a diarist. Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records, business ledgers, and military records. In British English, the word may also denote a preprinted journal format.
  2. Anne Frank
    
    Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank was a Jewish girl who kept a diary in which she documented life in hiding under Nazi persecution. She is a celebrated diarist who described everyday life from her family hiding place in an Amsterdam attic. One of the most-discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously with the 1947 publication of The Diary of a Young Girl, in which she documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944, during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. It is one of the world's best-known books and has been the basis for several plays and films.
  3. Westerbork transit camp
    
    Camp Westerbork, also known as Westerbork transit camp, was a Nazi transit camp in the province of Drenthe in the Northeastern Netherlands, during World War II. It was located in the municipality of Westerbork, current-day Midden-Drenthe. Camp Westerbork was used as a staging location for sending Jews to concentration camps elsewhere.
  4. Auschwitz concentration camp
    
    Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' final solution to the Jewish question.
1943
1. World War II: British and Canadian troops land on the Italian mainland. On the same day, Walter Bedell Smith and Giuseppe Castellano sign the Armistice of Cassibile, although it is not announced for another five days.
  1. Operation Baytown
    
    Operation Baytown was an Allied amphibious landing on the mainland of Italy that took place on 3 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy, itself part of the Italian Campaign, during the Second World War.
  2. Armistice of Cassibile
    
    The Armistice of Cassibile was an armistice signed on 3 September 1943 and made public on 8 September between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies during World War II.
1942
1. The Holocaust: In possibly the first Jewish ghetto uprising, residents of the Łachwa Ghetto in occupied Poland, informed of the upcoming "liquidation" of the ghetto, unsuccessfully fought against their Nazi captors.
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Ghetto uprisings
    
    The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation. The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them. In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.
  3. Łachwa Ghetto
    
    Łachwa Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto in Western Belarus during World War II. Located in Łachwa, Poland. The ghetto was created with the aim of persecution and exploitation of the local Jews. The ghetto existed until September 1942. One of the first Jewish ghetto uprisings had happened there.
  4. Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
    
    The occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II (1939–1945) began with the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945. Throughout the entire course of the occupation, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR) both of which intended to eradicate Poland's culture and subjugate its people. In the summer-autumn of 1941, the lands which were annexed by the Soviets were overrun by Germany in the course of the initially successful German attack on the USSR. After a few years of fighting, the Red Army drove the German forces out of the USSR and crossed into Poland from the rest of Central and Eastern Europe.
2. World War II: In response to news of its coming liquidation, Dov Lopatyn leads an uprising in the Ghetto of Lakhva (present-day Belarus).
  1. Łachwa Ghetto
    
    Łachwa Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto in Western Belarus during World War II. Located in Łachwa, Poland. The ghetto was created with the aim of persecution and exploitation of the local Jews. The ghetto existed until September 1942. One of the first Jewish ghetto uprisings had happened there.
  2. Lakhva
    
    Lakhva is a small town in southern Belarus, with a population of approximately 2,100. Lakhva is considered to have been the location of one of the first, if not the first, Jewish ghetto uprisings of the Second World War.
  3. Belarus
    
    Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.4 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.
1941
1. The Holocaust: Karl Fritzsch, deputy camp commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, experiments with the use of Zyklon B in the gassing of Soviet POWs.
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Karl Fritzsch
    
    Karl Fritzsch was a German member of the Nazi secret police Schutzstaffel (SS) from 1933–1945. He was a deputy and acting commandant at the Auschwitz concentration camp. According to Rudolf Höss, Fritzsch first suggested using poisonous gas Zyklon B for the purpose of mass murder.
  3. Auschwitz concentration camp
    
    Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' final solution to the Jewish question.
  4. Zyklon B
    
    Zyklon B was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consisted of hydrogen cyanide, as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder approximately 1.1 million people in gas chambers installed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Majdanek, and other extermination camps.
1939
1. World War II: France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland, forming the Allied nations. The Viceroy of India also declares war, but without consulting the provincial legislatures.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. India in World War II
    
    During the Second World War (1939–1945), India was a part of the British Empire. India officially declared war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. India, as a part of the Allied Nations, sent over two and a half million soldiers to fight under British command against the Axis powers. India also provided the base for American operations in support of China in the China Burma India Theater.
2. World War II: The United Kingdom and France begin a naval blockade of Germany that lasts until the end of the war. This also marks the beginning of the Battle of the Atlantic.
  1. Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)
    
    The Blockade of Germany (1939–1945), also known as the Economic War, involved operations carried out during World War II by the British Empire and by France in order to restrict the supplies of minerals, fuel, metals, food and textiles needed by Nazi Germany – and later by Fascist Italy – in order to sustain their war efforts. The economic war consisted mainly of a naval blockade, which formed part of the wider Battle of the Atlantic, but also included the bombing of economically important targets and the preclusive buying of war materials from neutral countries in order to prevent their sale to the Axis powers.
  2. Battle of the Atlantic
    
    The Battle of the Atlantic, the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, ran from 1939 to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, covering a major part of the naval history of World War II. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. The campaign peaked from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943.
1936
1. The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America was founded in Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada.
  1. The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America
    
    The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA) is a professional association of carillonneurs in North America, dedicated to the advancement of the art, literature, and science of the carillon. It was founded in Ottawa, Canada, in 1936 by American and Canadian carillonneurs so that they could keep better contact and develop the musicality of the instrument. It publishes sheet music, two periodicals, and instrument design standards; holds an annual congress for members to share ideas and developments; administers music examinations for its members; and offers grants for various activities concerning the carillon.
  2. Parliament Hill
    
    Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings, and their architectural elements of national symbolic importance, is the home of the Parliament of Canada. Parliament Hill attracts approximately three million visitors each year. Law enforcement on Parliament Hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service (PPS).
  3. Ottawa
    
    Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2021, Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it the fourth-largest city and fourth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.
1935
1. On the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, British racing motorist Malcolm Campbell became the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph (480 km/h).
  1. Bonneville Salt Flats
    
    The Bonneville Salt Flats are a densely packed salt pan in Tooele County in northwestern Utah. A remnant of the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, it is the largest of many salt flats west of the Great Salt Lake. It is public land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and is known for land speed records at the Bonneville Speedway. Access to the Flats is open to the public.
  2. Utah
    
    Utah is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to its west by Nevada. Utah also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area; with a population over three million, it is the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population and includes the capital city, Salt Lake City; and Washington County in the southwest, with more than 180,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin.
  3. Malcolm Campbell
    
    Major Sir Malcolm Campbell was a British racing motorist and motoring journalist. He gained the world speed record on land and on water at various times, using vehicles called Blue Bird, including a 1921 Grand Prix Sunbeam. His son, Donald Campbell, carried on the family tradition by holding both land speed and water speed records.
2. Sir Malcolm Campbell reaches a speed of 304.331 miles per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, becoming the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph.
  1. Malcolm Campbell
    
    Major Sir Malcolm Campbell was a British racing motorist and motoring journalist. He gained the world speed record on land and on water at various times, using vehicles called Blue Bird, including a 1921 Grand Prix Sunbeam. His son, Donald Campbell, carried on the family tradition by holding both land speed and water speed records.
  2. Bonneville Salt Flats
    
    The Bonneville Salt Flats are a densely packed salt pan in Tooele County in northwestern Utah. A remnant of the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, it is the largest of many salt flats west of the Great Salt Lake. It is public land managed by the Bureau of Land Management and is known for land speed records at the Bonneville Speedway. Access to the Flats is open to the public.
  3. Utah
    
    Utah is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to its west by Nevada. Utah also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area; with a population over three million, it is the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population and includes the capital city, Salt Lake City; and Washington County in the southwest, with more than 180,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin.
  4. Car
    
    A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of cars say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods.
1933
1. Yevgeniy Abalakov is the first man to reach the highest point in the Soviet Union, Communism Peak (now called Ismoil Somoni Peak and situated in Tajikistan) (7495 m).
  1. Yevgeniy Abalakov
    
    Yevgeniy Mikhaylovich Abalakov was a Soviet mountaineer and sculptor.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Ismoil Somoni Peak
    
    Ismoil Somoni Peak is the highest mountain in Tajikistan. Because it was within the territory of the former Russian Empire and the former Soviet Union, it was the highest mountain in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union before Tajikistan became independent. The mountain is named after Ismail Samani, a ruler of the Samanid dynasty. It is located in the Pamir Range.
  4. Tajikistan
    
    Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It has an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi) and an estimated population of 9,749,625 people. Its capital and largest city is Dushanbe. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. It is separated narrowly from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. The traditional homelands of the Tajiks include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.
1925
1. USS Shenandoah, the United States' first American-built rigid airship, was destroyed in a squall line over Noble County, Ohio. Fourteen of her 42-man crew perished, including her commander, Zachary Lansdowne.
  1. USS Shenandoah (ZR-1)
    
    USS Shenandoah was the first of four United States Navy rigid airships. It was constructed during 1922–1923 at Lakehurst Naval Air Station, and first flew in September 1923. It developed the U.S. Navy's experience with rigid airships and made the first crossing of North America by airship. On the 57th flight, Shenandoah was destroyed in a squall line over Ohio in September 1925.
  2. Squall line
    
    A squall line, or more accurately a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS), is a line of thunderstorms, often forming along or ahead of a cold front. In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for cold front. Linear thunderstorm structures often contain heavy precipitation, hail, frequent lightning, strong straight-line winds, and occasionally tornadoes or waterspouts. Particularly strong straight-line winds can occur where the linear structure forms into the shape of a bow echo. Tornadoes can occur along waves within a line echo wave pattern (LEWP), where mesoscale low-pressure areas are present. Some bow echoes can grow to become derechos as they move swiftly across a large area. On the back edge of the rainband associated with mature squall lines, a wake low can be present, on very rare occasions associated with a heat burst.
  3. Noble County, Ohio
    
    Noble County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,115, making it the fourth-least populous county in Ohio. Its county seat is Caldwell. The county is named for Rep. Warren P. Noble of the Ohio House of Representatives, who was an early settler there.
  4. Zachary Lansdowne
    
    Lieutenant Commander Zachary Lansdowne, USN was a United States Navy officer and early Naval aviator who contributed to the development of the Navy's first lighter-than-air craft. He earned the Navy Cross for his participation in the first transoceanic airship flight while assigned to the British R34 in 1919. He later commanded the USS Shenandoah (ZR-1), which was the first rigid airship to complete a flight across North America. He was killed in the crash of the Shenandoah.
1916
1. World War I: Leefe Robinson destroys the German airship Schütte-Lanz SL 11 over Cuffley, north of London; the first German airship to be shot down on British soil.
  1. Leefe Robinson
    
    William Leefe Robinson VC was the first British pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain during the First World War. For this, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first person to be awarded the VC for action in the UK.
  2. Airship
    
    An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air.
  3. Schütte-Lanz SL 11
    
    The Schütte-Lanz SL 11 was a German military dirigible built in 1916 by Luftschiffbau Schütte-Lanz. It was the first German airship to be shot down while bombing England.
  4. Cuffley
    
    Cuffley is a village in the civil parish of Northaw and Cuffley, in the Welwyn Hatfield district of south-east Hertfordshire located between Cheshunt and Potters Bar. It has a population of just over 4,000 people. and is part of Broxbourne parliamentary constituency.
1914
1. William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months due to opposition to his rule.
  1. Wilhelm, Prince of Albania
    
    Prince Wilhelm of Wied, reigned briefly as sovereign of the Principality of Albania as Vilhelm I from 7 March to 3 September 1914, when he left for exile. His reign officially came to an end on 31 January 1925, when the country was declared an Albanian Republic.
2. French composer Albéric Magnard is killed defending his estate against invading German soldiers.
  1. Albéric Magnard
    
    Lucien Denis Gabriel Albéric Magnard was a French composer, sometimes referred to as a "French Bruckner", though there are significant differences between the two composers. Magnard became a national hero in 1914 when he refused to surrender his property to German invaders and died defending it.
3. World War I: Start of the Battle of Grand Couronné, a German assault against French positions on high ground near the city of Nancy.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Battle of Grand Couronné
    
    The Battle of Grand Couronné from 4 to 13 September 1914, took place in France after the Battle of the Frontiers, at the beginning of the First World War. After the German victories of Sarrebourg and Morhange, pursuit by the German 6th Army and the 7th Army, took four days to regain contact with the French and attack to break through French defences on the Moselle.
  3. Nancy, France
    
    Nancy is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle. It was the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, which was annexed by France under King Louis XV in 1766 and replaced by a province, with Nancy maintained as capital. Following its rise to prominence in the Age of Enlightenment, it was nicknamed the "capital of Eastern France" in the late 19th century. The metropolitan area of Nancy had a population of 511,257 inhabitants at the 2018 census, making it the 16th-largest functional urban area in France and Lorraine's largest. The population of the city of Nancy proper is 104,885.
1901
1. The flag of Australia flew for the first time from the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne.
  1. Flag of Australia
    
    The flag of Australia, also known as the Australian Blue Ensign, is based on the British Blue Ensign—a blue field with the Union Jack in the upper hoist quarter—augmented with a large white seven-pointed star and a representation of the Southern Cross constellation, made up of five white stars. Australia also has a number of other official flags representing its people and core functions of government.
  2. Royal Exhibition Building
    
    The Royal Exhibition Building is a World Heritage-listed building in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, built in 1879–1880 as part of the international exhibition movement, which presented over 50 exhibitions between 1851 and 1915 around the globe. The building sits on approximately 26 hectares, is 150 metres (490 ft) long and is surrounded by four city streets. It is at 9 Nicholson Street in the Carlton Gardens, flanked by Victoria, Carlton and Rathdowne Streets, at the north-eastern edge of the central business district. It was built to host the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880–81, and then hosted the even larger Centennial International Exhibition in 1888, and the formal opening of the first Parliament of Australia in 1901. The building is representative of the money and pride Victoria had in the 1870s. Throughout the 20th century smaller sections and wings of the building were subject to demolition and fire; however, the main building, known as the Great Hall, survived.
  3. Melbourne
    
    Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a 9,993 km2 (3,858 sq mi) metropolitan area known as Greater Melbourne, comprising an urban agglomeration of 31 local municipalities, although the name is also used specifically for the local municipality of City of Melbourne based around its central business area. The metropolis occupies much of the northern and eastern coastlines of Port Phillip Bay and spreads into the Mornington Peninsula, part of West Gippsland, as well as the hinterlands towards the Yarra Valley, the Dandenong and Macedon Ranges. It has a population over 5 million, mostly residing to the east side of the city centre, and its inhabitants are commonly referred to as "Melburnians".
1895
1. John Brallier becomes the first openly professional American football player, when he was paid US$10 by David Berry, to play for the Latrobe Athletic Association in a 12–0 win over the Jeanette Athletic Association.
  1. John Brallier
    
    John Kinport "Sal" Brallier was one of the first professional American football players. He was nationally acknowledged as the first openly paid professional football player when he was given $10 to play for the Latrobe Athletic Association for a game against the Jeanette Athletic Association in 1895.
  2. American football
    
    American football, also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with possession of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it, while the defense, the team without possession of the ball, aims to stop the offense's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays; if they fail, they turn over the football to the defense, but if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive. Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.
  3. Dave Berry (American football)
    
    David J. Berry was an American football manager during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the top promoter for the sport during that time period. He is credited with inventing the "all-star game concept" in 1898, and also helped to form one of the first organized football leagues in 1902.
  4. Latrobe Athletic Association
    
    The Latrobe Athletic Association was a professional football team located in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, from 1895 until 1909. A member of the unofficial Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit, the team is best known for being the first football club to play a full season while composed entirely of professional players. In 1895, team's quarterback, John Brallier, also became the first football player to openly turn professional, by accepting $10 and expenses to play for Latrobe against the Jeannette Athletic Club.
  5. Jeannette Athletic Club
    
    The Jeannette Athletic Club, also referred to as the Jeannette Indians, was an early football team, based in Jeannette, Pennsylvania from 1894 until around 1906. The team is best known for its role in the Latrobe Athletic Association's hiring of John Brallier, who became the first player to openly turn professional. This event occurred in 1895, a few days before Latrobe's game against Jeannette. Latrobe starting quarterback, Eddie Blair, due to a scheduling conflict could not play in the game. This led Latrobe manager, Dave Berry to hire Brallier to play against Jeannette for $10, plus expenses. Latrobe would go on to win that game 12-0.
1879
1. Siege of the British Residency in Kabul: British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari and 72 men of the Guides are massacred by Afghan troops while defending the British Residency in Kabul. Their heroism and loyalty became famous and revered throughout the British Empire.
  1. Siege of the British Residency in Kabul
    
    The siege of the British Residency in Kabul was a military engagement of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. The British resident, Sir Louis Cavagnari and his escort were massacred after an 8-hour siege by mutinous Afghan troops inside their Residency in Kabul. This event triggered the second phase of the war, during which an Anglo-Indian army invaded Afghanistan and captured Kabul.
  2. Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari
    
    Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari was an Italian-British military administrator.
  3. Corps of Guides (India)
    
    The Corps of Guides was a regiment of the British Indian Army made up of British officers and Indian enlisted soldiers to serve on the North West Frontier. As originally raised in 1846, The Guides consisted of infantry and cavalry. It evolved through the 20th century to become the Guides Cavalry and Guides Infantry. Once independence was granted to India and after the partition, The Guides were given over to Pakistan and became part of the Pakistan Army with all ranks including officers being recruited solely from Pakistan.
  4. Kabul
    
    Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province; it is administratively divided into 22 municipal districts. According to late 2022 estimates, the population of Kabul was 13.5 million people. In contemporary times, the city has served as Afghanistan's political, cultural, and economical centre, and rapid urbanisation has made Kabul the 75th-largest city in the world and the country's primate city.
  5. British Empire
    
    The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.
1878
1. The passenger steamship SS Princess Alice sank in the River Thames after colliding (pictured) with the collier Bywell Castle, killing more than 600 people.
  1. Sinking of SS Princess Alice
    
    SS Princess Alice, formerly PS Bute, was a British passenger paddle steamer that sank on 3 September 1878 after a collision with the collier SS Bywell Castle on the River Thames. Between 600 and 700 people died, all from Princess Alice, the greatest loss of life of any British inland waterway shipping accident. No passenger list or headcount was made, so the exact figure of those who died has never been known.
  2. River Thames
    
    The River Thames, known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn.
  3. Collier (ship)
    
    A collier is a bulk cargo ship designed or used to carry coal. Early evidence of coal being transported by sea includes use of coal in London in 1306. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, coal was shipped from the River Tyne to London and other destinations. Other ports also exported coal – for instance the Old Quay in Whitehaven harbour was built in 1634 for the loading of coal. London became highly reliant on the delivery of coal by sea – Samuel Pepys expressed concern in the winter of 1666–67 that war with the Dutch would prevent a fleet of 200 colliers getting through. In 1795, 4,395 cargoes of coal were delivered to London. By 1824, this number had risen to about 7,000; by 1839, it was over 9,000. The trade continued to the end of the twentieth century, with the last cargo of coal leaving the Port of Tyne in February, 2021.
  4. SS Bywell Castle (1869)
    
    Bywell Castle was a passenger and cargo ship that was built in 1869 by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company, Jarrow, Northumberland. She was involved in the Princess Alice Disaster in September 1878 in which more than 600 people died. She disappeared in February 1883 whilst on a voyage from Alexandria, Egypt to Hull, Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
2. Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle in the River Thames.
  1. Sinking of SS Princess Alice
    
    SS Princess Alice, formerly PS Bute, was a British passenger paddle steamer that sank on 3 September 1878 after a collision with the collier SS Bywell Castle on the River Thames. Between 600 and 700 people died, all from Princess Alice, the greatest loss of life of any British inland waterway shipping accident. No passenger list or headcount was made, so the exact figure of those who died has never been known.
  2. Bywell Castle
    
    Bywell Castle is situated in the village of Bywell overlooking the River Tyne, four miles east of Corbridge, Northumberland, England. It is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
  3. River Thames
    
    The River Thames, known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn.
1875
1. The first official game of polo is played in Argentina after being introduced by British ranchers.
  1. Polo
    
    Polo is a ball game played on horseback, a traditional field sport and one of the world's oldest known team sports. The game is played by two opposing teams with the objective of scoring using a long-handled wooden mallet to hit a small hard ball through the opposing team's goal. Each team has four mounted riders, and the game usually lasts one to two hours, divided into periods called chukkas or "chukkers".
  2. Argentina
    
    Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica.
1870
1. Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz begins, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory on October 23.
  1. Franco-Prussian War
    
    The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to reassert its dominant position in continental Europe, which appeared in question following the decisive Prussian victory over Austria in 1866. According to some historians, Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked the French into declaring war on Prussia in order to induce four independent southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt—to join the North German Confederation; other historians contend that Bismarck exploited the circumstances as they unfolded. All agree that Bismarck recognized the potential for new German alliances, given the situation as a whole.
  2. Siege of Metz (1870)
    
    The siege of Metz was a battle fought during the Franco-Prussian War from August 19 to October 27, 1870 and ended in a decisive Allied German victory.
  3. Kingdom of Prussia
    
    The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin.
1861
1. American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
  3. Leonidas Polk
    
    Lieutenant-General Leonidas Polk was a bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana and founder of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America, which separated from the Episcopal Church of the United States of America. He was a slaveholding planter in Maury County, Tennessee, and a second cousin of President James K. Polk. He resigned his ecclesiastical position to become a major-general in the Confederate States Army, when he was called "Sewanee's Fighting Bishop". His official portrait at the University of the South depicts him dressed as a bishop with his army uniform hanging nearby. He is often erroneously referred to as "Leonidas K. Polk," but he had no middle name and never signed any documents as such.
  4. Kentucky in the American Civil War
    
    Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War. It officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war, but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy, the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance. After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control. In the historiography of the Civil War, Kentucky is treated primarily as a border state, with special attention to the social divisions during the secession crisis, invasions and raids, internal violence, sporadic guerrilla warfare, federal-state relations, the ending of slavery, and the return of Confederate veterans.
  5. Union (American Civil War)
    
    During the American Civil War, the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States led by President Abraham Lincoln. It was opposed by the secessionist Confederate States of America (CSA), informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The Union is named after its declared goal of preserving the United States as a constitutional union. "Union" is used in the U.S. Constitution to refer to the founding formation of the people, and to the states in union. In the context of the Civil War, it has also often been used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government;" in this meaning, the Union consisted of 20 free states and five border states.
1855
1. American Indian Wars: In Nebraska, 700 soldiers under United States General William S. Harney avenge the Grattan massacre by attacking a Sioux village and killing 100 men, women and children.
  1. American Indian Wars
    
    The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes. These conflicts occurred in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the early 20th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for lands that the Indian tribes considered their own. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.
  2. Nebraska
    
    Nebraska is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state.
  3. William S. Harney
    
    William Selby Harney was a Tennessee-born cavalry officer in the US Army, who became known during the Indian Wars and the Mexican–American War for his brutality and ruthlessness. One of four general officers in the US Army at the beginning of the American Civil War, he was removed from overseeing the Department of the West because of his Southern sympathies early in the war, although he kept Missouri from joining the Confederacy. Under President Andrew Johnson, he served on the Indian Peace Commission, negotiating several treaties before spending his retirement partly in St. Louis and partly trading reminiscences with Jefferson Davis and Ulysses S. Grant in Mississippi.
  4. Grattan massacre
    
    The Grattan Massacre, also known as the Grattan Fight, was the opening engagement of the First Sioux War, fought between United States Army and Lakota Sioux warriors on August 19, 1854. It occurred east of Fort Laramie, Nebraska Territory, in present-day Goshen County, Wyoming.
  5. Sioux
    
    The Sioux or Oceti Sakowin are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The modern Sioux consist of two major divisions based on language divisions: the Dakota and Lakota; collectively they are known as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ. The term "Sioux" is an exonym created from a French transcription of the Ojibwe term "Nadouessioux", and can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation's many language dialects.
1843
1. King Otto of Greece is forced to grant a constitution following an uprising in Athens.
  1. Otto of Greece
    
    Otto was a Bavarian prince who ruled as King of Greece from the establishment of the monarchy on 27 May 1832, under the Convention of London, until he was deposed on 23 October 1862.
  2. Greek Constitution of 1844
    
    The first constitution of the Kingdom of Greece was the Greek Constitution of 1844. On 3 September 1843, the military garrison of Athens, with the help of citizens, rebelled and demanded from King Otto the concession of a Constitution.
  3. 3 September 1843 Revolution
    
    The 3 September 1843 Revolution, was an uprising by the Hellenic Army in Athens, supported by large sections of the people, against the autocratic rule of King Otto. The rebels, led by veterans of the Greek War of Independence, demanded the granting of a constitution and the departure of the Bavarian officials that dominated the government. The revolution succeeded, ushering the period of constitutional monarchy and universal suffrage in Greece.
1838
1. Future abolitionist Frederick Douglass escapes from slavery.
  1. Abolitionism in the United States
    
    In the United States, abolitionism, the movement that sought to end slavery in the country, was active from the late colonial era until the American Civil War, the end of which brought about the abolition of American slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
  2. Frederick Douglass
    
    Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, becoming famous for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings. Accordingly, he was described by abolitionists in his time as a living counterexample to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave. It was in response to this disbelief that Douglass wrote his first autobiography.
  3. Slavery
    
    Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave, who is someone forbidden to quit their service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as their property. Slavery typically involves the enslaved person being made to perform some form of work while also having their location or residence dictated by the enslaver. Many historical cases of enslavement occurred when the enslaved broke the law, became indebted, or suffered a military defeat; other forms of slavery were instituted along demographic lines such as race. The duration of a person's enslavement might be for life, or for a fixed period of time, after which freedom would be granted. Although most forms of slavery are explicitly involuntary and involve the coercion of the enslaved, there also exists voluntary slavery, entered into by the enslaved to pay a debt or obtain money because of poverty. In the course of human history, slavery was a typical feature of civilization, legal in most societies, but it is now outlawed in most countries of the world, except as a punishment for a crime.
1812
1. Twenty-four settlers are killed in the Pigeon Roost Massacre in Indiana.
  1. Pigeon Roost State Historic Site
    
    Pigeon Roost State Historic Site is located between Scottsburg and Henryville, Indiana, United States. A one-lane road off U.S. Route 31 takes the visitor to the site of a village where Native Americans massacred 24 settlers shortly after the War of 1812 began.
  2. Indiana
    
    Indiana is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th state on December 11, 1816. It is bordered by Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the south and southeast, and the Wabash River and Illinois to the west.
1798
1. The week long battle of St. George's Caye begins between Spain and Britain off the coast of Belize.
  1. Battle of St. George's Caye
    
    The Battle of St. George's Caye was a military engagement that lasted from 3 to 10 September 1798, off the coast of British Honduras. However, the name is typically reserved for the final battle that occurred on 10 September.
  2. Kingdom of Great Britain
    
    The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.
  3. Belize
    
    Belize is a Caribbean country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a water boundary with Honduras to the southeast. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) and a population of 397,621 (2020). Its mainland is about 290 km (180 mi) long and 110 km (68 mi) wide. It is the least populated and least densely populated country in Central America. Its population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second-highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is the namesake city of Belize City. Belize is often thought of as a Caribbean country in Central America because it has a history similar to that of English-speaking Caribbean nations. Indeed, Belize’s institutions and official language reflect its history as a British colony.
1783
1. American Revolutionary War: The war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris by the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain.
  1. Treaty of Paris (1783)
    
    The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War and overall state of conflict between the two countries. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States of America, on lines "exceedingly generous" to the latter. Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war.
  2. Kingdom of Great Britain
    
    The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.
1777
1. American Revolutionary War: The British Army and their Hessian allies defeated an American militia at the Battle of Cooch's Bridge.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. British Army
    
    The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. As of 2022, the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurkhas, and 28,330 volunteer reserve personnel.
  3. Hessian (soldier)
    
    Hessians were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. The term is an American synecdoche for all Germans who fought on the British side, since 65% came from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. Known for their discipline and martial prowess, around 30,000 Germans fought for the British during the war, comprising a quarter of British land forces.
  4. Militia (United States)
    
    The militia of the United States, as defined by the U.S. Congress, has changed over time. During colonial America, all able-bodied men of a certain age range were members of the militia, depending on each colony's rule. Individual towns formed local independent militias for their own defense. The year before the US Constitution was ratified, The Federalist Papers detailed the founders' paramount vision of the militia in 1787. The new Constitution empowered Congress to "organize, arm, and discipline" this national military force, leaving significant control in the hands of each state government.
  5. Battle of Cooch's Bridge
    
    The Battle of Cooch's Bridge, also known as the Battle of Iron Hill, was a battle fought on September 3, 1777, between the Continental Army and American militia and primarily German soldiers serving alongside the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. It was the only significant military action during the war on the soil of Delaware, and it took place about a week before the major Battle of Brandywine. Some traditions claim this as the first battle which saw the U.S. flag.
2. American Revolutionary War: During the Battle of Cooch's Bridge, the Flag of the United States is flown in battle for the first time.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Battle of Cooch's Bridge
    
    The Battle of Cooch's Bridge, also known as the Battle of Iron Hill, was a battle fought on September 3, 1777, between the Continental Army and American militia and primarily German soldiers serving alongside the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. It was the only significant military action during the war on the soil of Delaware, and it took place about a week before the major Battle of Brandywine. Some traditions claim this as the first battle which saw the U.S. flag.
  3. Flag of the United States
    
    The national flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag or the U.S. flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.
1666
1. The Royal Exchange burns down in the Great Fire of London.
  1. Royal Exchange, London
    
    The Royal Exchange in London was founded in the 16th century by the merchant Sir Thomas Gresham on the suggestion of his factor Richard Clough to act as a centre of commerce for the City of London. The site was provided by the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers, who still jointly own the freehold. The original foundation was ceremonially opened by Queen Elizabeth I who granted it its "royal" title. The current building is trapezoidal in floor plan and is flanked by Cornhill and Threadneedle Street, which converge at Bank junction in the heart of the city. It lies in the ward of Cornhill.
  2. Great Fire of London
    
    The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666, gutting the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall, while also extending past the wall to the west. The death toll is generally thought to have been relatively small, although some historians have challenged this belief.
1658
1. The death of Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England.
  1. Oliver Cromwell
    
    Oliver Cromwell was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and then as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, he ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death in September 1658. Cromwell nevertheless remains a deeply controversial figure in both Britain and Ireland, due to his use of the military to first acquire, then retain political power, and the brutality of his 1649 Irish campaign.
  2. Richard Cromwell
    
    Richard Cromwell was an English statesman who was the second and last Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and son of the first Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell.
  3. Lord Protector
    
    Lord Protector was a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It was sometimes used to refer to holders of other temporary posts; for example, a regent acting for the absent monarch.
1651
1. English Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell (pictured) won the Battle of Worcester, the final battle of the English Civil War.
  1. Roundhead
    
    Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundheads was to give to Parliament the supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom.
  2. Oliver Cromwell
    
    Oliver Cromwell was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and then as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, he ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death in September 1658. Cromwell nevertheless remains a deeply controversial figure in both Britain and Ireland, due to his use of the military to first acquire, then retain political power, and the brutality of his 1649 Irish campaign.
  3. Battle of Worcester
    
    The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 in and around the city of Worcester, England and was the last major battle of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. A Parliamentarian army of around 28,000 under Oliver Cromwell defeated a largely Scottish Royalist force of 16,000 led by Charles II of England.
  4. English Civil War
    
    The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
2. The Battle of Worcester is the last significant action in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
  1. Battle of Worcester
    
    The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 in and around the city of Worcester, England and was the last major battle of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. A Parliamentarian army of around 28,000 under Oliver Cromwell defeated a largely Scottish Royalist force of 16,000 led by Charles II of England.
1650
1. Under Oliver Cromwell, the English New Model Army ambushed a poorly prepared Scottish force at the Battle of Dunbar, the first battle of the Third English Civil War.
  1. Oliver Cromwell
    
    Oliver Cromwell was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and then as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, he ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death in September 1658. Cromwell nevertheless remains a deeply controversial figure in both Britain and Ireland, due to his use of the military to first acquire, then retain political power, and the brutality of his 1649 Irish campaign.
  2. New Model Army
    
    The New Model Army was a standing army formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians during the First English Civil War, then disbanded after the Stuart Restoration in 1660. It differed from other armies employed in the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms in that members were liable for service anywhere in the country, rather than being limited to a single area or garrison. To establish a professional officer corps, the army's leaders were prohibited from having seats in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. This was to encourage their separation from the political or religious factions among the Parliamentarians.
  3. Battle of Dunbar (1650)
    
    The Battle of Dunbar was fought between the English New Model Army, under Oliver Cromwell and a Scottish army commanded by David Leslie, on 3 September 1650 near Dunbar, Scotland. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the English. It was the first major battle of the 1650 invasion of Scotland, which was triggered by Scotland's acceptance of Charles II as king of Britain after the beheading of his father, Charles I on 30 January 1649.
  4. Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)
    
    The Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652), also known as the Third Civil War, was the final conflict in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between shifting alliances of religious and political factions in England, Scotland and Ireland.
2. Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War.
  1. Battle of Dunbar (1650)
    
    The Battle of Dunbar was fought between the English New Model Army, under Oliver Cromwell and a Scottish army commanded by David Leslie, on 3 September 1650 near Dunbar, Scotland. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the English. It was the first major battle of the 1650 invasion of Scotland, which was triggered by Scotland's acceptance of Charles II as king of Britain after the beheading of his father, Charles I on 30 January 1649.
1411
1. The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
  1. Treaty of Selymbria
    
    The Treaty of Selymbria was an agreement concluded on 3 September 1411 between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman prince Musa Çelebi, ruler of the European portion of the Ottoman Empire (Rumelia), at Selymbria. The treaty largely repeated previous agreements between Venice and Ottoman rulers, and recognized the possessions of the Republic in Greece and Albania.
  2. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
  3. Republic of Venice
    
    The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy that existed for 1100 years from AD 697 until AD 1797. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance. Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language, although publishing in (Florentine) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance.
1335
1. At the congress of Visegrád Charles I of Hungary mediates a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland.
  1. Charles I of Hungary
    
    Charles I, also known as Charles Robert was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death. He was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou and the only son of Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno. His father was the eldest son of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary. Mary laid claim to Hungary after her brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, died in 1290, but the Hungarian prelates and lords elected her cousin, Andrew III, king. Instead of abandoning her claim to Hungary, she transferred it to her son, Charles Martel, and after his death in 1295, to her grandson, Charles. On the other hand, her husband, Charles II of Naples, made their third son, Robert, heir to the Kingdom of Naples, thus disinheriting Charles.
  2. John of Bohemia
    
    John the Blind or John of Luxembourg, was the Count of Luxembourg from 1313 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland. He is well known for having died while fighting in the Battle of Crécy at age 50, after having been blind for a decade. In his home country of Luxembourg he is considered a national hero. Comparatively, in the Czech Republic, Jan Lucemburský is often recognized for his role as the father of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, one of the more significant Kings of Bohemia and one of the leading Holy Roman Emperors.
  3. Casimir III the Great
    
    Casimir III the Great reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, and fought to retain the title in the Galicia-Volhynia Wars. He was the last Polish king from the Piast dynasty.
1260
1. The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
  1. Mamluk
    
    Mamluk is a term most commonly referring to non-Arab, ethnically diverse slave-soldiers and freed slaves who were assigned military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab dynasties in the Muslim world.
  2. Mongols
    
    The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples. The Oirats in Western Mongolia as well as the Buryats and Kalmyks of Russia are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or subgroups of Mongols.
  3. Battle of Ain Jalut
    
    The Battle of Ain Jalut, also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley near what is known today as the Spring of Harod. The battle marked the height of the extent of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance was permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield.
  4. Palestine (region)
    
    Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia. It is usually considered to include Israel and the State of Palestine, though some definitions also include part of northwestern Jordan.
  5. Mongol Empire
    
    The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, attempted invasions of Southeast Asia and conquered the Iranian Plateau; and westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.
1189
1. Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster.
  1. Richard I of England
    
    Richard I was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubadour Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non, possibly from a reputation for terseness.
  2. Westminster Abbey
    
    Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and a burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have occurred in Westminster Abbey. Sixteen royal weddings have occurred at the abbey since 1100.
863
1. Arab–Byzantine wars: The Byzantine Empire decisively defeated the Emirate of Melitene at the Battle of Lalakaon, beginning the era of Byzantine ascendancy.
  1. Arab–Byzantine wars
    
    The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars between a number of Muslim Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. Conflict started during the initial Muslim conquests, under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs, in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.
  2. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople and not Rome, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity, instead of Roman Catholicism or Paganism.
  3. Malatya
    
    Malatya is a large city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Malatya Province. The city has been a human settlement for thousands of years.
  4. Battle of Lalakaon
    
    The Battle of Lalakaon, or Battle of Poson or Porson, was fought in 863 between the Byzantine Empire and an invading Arab army in Paphlagonia. The Byzantine army was led by Petronas, the uncle of Emperor Michael III, although Arab sources also mention the presence of the Emperor in person. The Arabs were led by the emir of Melitene (Malatya), Umar al-Aqta.
  5. Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty
    
    The Byzantine Empire underwent a revival during the reign of the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries, when it gained control over the Adriatic Sea, Southern Italy, and all of the territory of the Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria. The Macedonian dynasty was characterised by a cultural revival in spheres such as philosophy and the arts, and has been dubbed the "Golden Age" of Byzantium.
2. Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
  1. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople and not Rome, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity, instead of Roman Catholicism or Paganism.
  2. Battle of Lalakaon
    
    The Battle of Lalakaon, or Battle of Poson or Porson, was fought in 863 between the Byzantine Empire and an invading Arab army in Paphlagonia. The Byzantine army was led by Petronas, the uncle of Emperor Michael III, although Arab sources also mention the presence of the Emperor in person. The Arabs were led by the emir of Melitene (Malatya), Umar al-Aqta.
673
1. King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne.
  1. Wamba (king)
    
    Wamba was the king of the Visigoths from 672 to 680. During his reign, the Visigothic kingdom encompassed all of Hispania and part of southern Gaul known as Septimania.
  2. Visigoths
    
    The Visigoths were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is known as the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups, including a large group of Thervingi, who had moved into the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had played a major role in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths varied, with the two groups making treaties when convenient, and warring with one another when not. Under their first leader, Alaric I, the Visigoths invaded Italy and sacked Rome in August 410. Afterwards, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD.
  3. Hilderic of Nîmes
    
    Hilderic or Hilderuc was count of Nîmes during the reigns of Recceswinth and Wamba. Immediately upon the latter's accession in 672, Hilderic rebelled. Many oppressed Jews joined this rebellion. When Wamba sent the Duke Paul to end the hostilities, the latter became a rebel himself in Septimania. Hilderic's fate is unknown, though Wamba crushed the rebels, he let Paul live.
  4. Nîmes
    
    Nîmes is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of 148,561 (2019).
590
1. Consecration of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great).
  1. Pope Gregory I
    
    Pope Gregory I, commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregorian mission, to convert the then largely pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Gregory is also well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope. The epithet Saint Gregory the Dialogist has been attached to him in Eastern Christianity because of his Dialogues. English translations of Eastern texts sometimes list him as Gregory "Dialogos", or the Anglo-Latinate equivalent "Dialogus".
301
1. San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.
  1. San Marino
    
    San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is the fifth-smallest country in the world and a European microstate in Southern Europe enclaved by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino covers a land area of just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi), and has a population of 33,562.
  2. List of countries and dependencies by area
    
    This is a list of the world's countries and their dependent territories by land, water and total area, ranked by total area.
  3. Republic
    
    A republic is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term was used to imply a state with a democratic or representative constitution, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.
  4. Saint Marinus
    
    Saint Marinus was an Early Christian and the founder of a chapel and monastery in 301 from whose initial community the state of San Marino later grew.
-36
1. The Sicilian revolt against the Second Triumvirate of the Roman Republic ended when the fleet of Sextus Pompey, the rebel leader, was defeated at the Battle of Naulochus.
  1. Bellum Siculum
    
    The Bellum Siculum was an Ancient Roman civil war waged between 42 BC and 36 BC by the forces of the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey, the last surviving son of Pompey the Great and the last leader of the Optimate faction. The war consisted of mostly a number of naval engagements throughout the Mediterranean Sea and a land campaign primarily in Sicily that eventually ended in a victory for the Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey's death. The conflict is notable as the last stand of any organised opposition to the Triumvirate.
  2. Second Triumvirate
    
    The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created for Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on 27 November 43 BC with a term of five years; it was renewed in 37 BC for another five years before expiring in 32 BC. Constituted by the lex Titia, the triumvirs were given broad powers to make or repeal legislation, issue judicial punishments without due process or right of appeal, and appoint all other magistrates. The triumvirs also split the Roman world into three sets of provinces.
  3. Roman Republic
    
    The Roman Republic was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire, Rome's control rapidly expanded during this period—from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.
  4. Sextus Pompey
    
    Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, also known in English as Sextus Pompey, was a Roman military leader who, throughout his life, upheld the cause of his father, Pompey the Great, against Julius Caesar and his supporters during the last civil wars of the Roman Republic.
  5. Battle of Naulochus
    
    The naval Battle of Naulochus was fought on 3 September 36 BC between the fleets of Sextus Pompeius and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, off Naulochus, Sicily. The victory of Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, marked the end of the Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.
2. In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.
  1. Battle of Naulochus
    
    The naval Battle of Naulochus was fought on 3 September 36 BC between the fleets of Sextus Pompeius and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, off Naulochus, Sicily. The victory of Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, marked the end of the Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.
  2. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
    
    Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was a Roman general, statesman, and architect who was a close friend, son-in-law, and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus. He was responsible for the construction of some of the most notable buildings in history, including the original Pantheon, and is well known for his important military victories, notably the Battle of Actium in 31 BC against the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
  3. Admiral
    
    Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, or fleet admiral.
  4. Augustus
    
    Caesar Augustus, also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and Augustus is considered one of the greatest leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace, the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession.
  5. Sextus Pompey
    
    Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, also known in English as Sextus Pompey, was a Roman military leader who, throughout his life, upheld the cause of his father, Pompey the Great, against Julius Caesar and his supporters during the last civil wars of the Roman Republic.
  6. Pompey
    
    Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of Rome from republic to empire. He was a student of Roman general Sulla as well as the political ally, and later enemy, of Julius Caesar.
  7. Second Triumvirate
    
    The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created for Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on 27 November 43 BC with a term of five years; it was renewed in 37 BC for another five years before expiring in 32 BC. Constituted by the lex Titia, the triumvirs were given broad powers to make or repeal legislation, issue judicial punishments without due process or right of appeal, and appoint all other magistrates. The triumvirs also split the Roman world into three sets of provinces.

Births & Deaths

2017
1. Walter Becker, American musician, songwriter, and record producer (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Walter Becker
    
    Walter Carl Becker was an American musician, songwriter, and record producer. He was the co-founder, guitarist, bassist, and co-songwriter of the jazz rock band Steely Dan.
2. John Ashbery, American poet (b. 1927) deaths
  1. John Ashbery
    
    John Lawrence Ashbery was an American poet and art critic.
2015
1. Adrian Cadbury, English rower and businessman (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Adrian Cadbury
    
    Sir George Adrian Hayhurst Cadbury, was an English businessman who served as the chairman of Cadbury and Cadbury Schweppes for 24 years. He was also a British Olympic rower. Cadbury was a pioneer in raising the awareness and stimulating the debate on corporate governance and, via the Cadbury committee set up by the London Stock Exchange, produced the Cadbury Report, a code of best practice which served as a basis for reform of corporate governance around the world.
2. Judy Carne, English actress and comedian (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Judy Carne
    
    Joyce Audrey Botterill, known professionally as Judy Carne, was an English actress best remembered for the phrase "Sock it to me!" on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.
3. Carter Lay, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Carter Lay
    
    Jessy Chapman Carter Lay, was an American businessman, philanthropist, and an heir to part of the Frito-Lay family fortune. Herman Lay sold Frito-Lay to Pepsico in 1965. Lay, 44, a recovering heroin addict, had 2 children and avidly supported music education. Suffering from leukemia, he was found dead in his Los Angeles home according to the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office. Officials believe no foul play was involved.
4. Zhang Zhen, Chinese general and politician (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Zhang Zhen (general)
    
    Zhang Zhen was a general of the People's Liberation Army of China and a member of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party.
5. Chandra Bahadur Dangi, world record holder for shortest man (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Chandra Bahadur Dangi
    
    Chandra Bahadur Dangi was a Nepali man who was the shortest man in recorded history measuring 54.6 cm. Dangi was a primordial dwarf. He broke the record previously set by Gul Mohammed (1957–1997), whose height was 57 cm.
2014
1. Aarno Raninen, Finnish singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Aarno Raninen
    
    Aarno Raninen was a Finnish singer, songwriter and musician. His main instrument was piano but he has also mastered violin, cello and accordion.
2. A. P. Venkateswaran, Indian soldier and politician, 14th Foreign Secretary of India (b. 1930) deaths
  1. A. P. Venkateswaran
    
    Ayilam Panchapakesha Venkateswaran was an Indian diplomat, former Foreign Secretary of India and former Chairman of Asia Centre, Bangalore, rated by many as one of the most efficient foreign secretaries of India. The circumstances in which he resigned from the Indian Foreign Service made news at that time and drew widespread comments in the media.
  2. Foreign Secretary (India)
    
    The foreign secretary of India is the top diplomat of India and administrative head of the Ministry of External Affairs. This post is held by an Indian foreign service officer of the rank of secretary to the government of India. Vinay Mohan Kwatra is an Indian diplomat and currently serving as the Foreign Secretary of India from May 2022, succeeding Harsh Vardhan Shringla.
2013
1. Ralph M. Holman, American lawyer and judge (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Ralph M. Holman
    
    Ralph Milo Holman was an attorney and judge in the state of Oregon, United States. He was the 74th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. Previously he was a circuit court judge for Clackamas County, Oregon. His great uncle was United States Senator Rufus C. Holman.
2. Pedro Ferriz Santacruz, Mexican-American journalist (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Pedro Ferriz Santacruz
    
    Pedro Ferriz Santacruz, was a veteran radio and television presenter in Mexico.
3. José Ramón Larraz, Spanish director and screenwriter (b. 1929) deaths
  1. José Ramón Larraz
    
    José Ramón Larraz Gil was a Spanish director of exploitation and horror films such as the erotic and bloody Vampyres (1974).
4. Janet Lembke, American author and scholar (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Janet Lembke
    
    Janet Lembke, née Janet Nutt, was an American author, essayist, naturalist, translator and scholar.
5. Don Meineke, American basketball player (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Don Meineke
    
    Don "Monk" Meineke was an American professional basketball player.
6. Lewis Morley, Hong Kong-Australian photographer (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Lewis Morley
    
    Lewis Frederick Morley was a photographer.
2012
1. Griselda Blanco, Colombian drug lord (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Griselda Blanco
    
    Griselda Blanco Restrepo, known as the Black Widow, was a Colombian drug lady of the Medellín Cartel, and in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade and underworld, during the 1970s through the early 2000s. She was shot dead on September 3, 2012, at the age of 69.
2. Harold Dunaway, American race car driver and pilot (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Harold Dunaway
    
    Harold Glenn Dunaway was an American stock car and sprint car driver. He made one start in the NASCAR Grand National Series.
3. Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Michael Clarke Duncan
    
    Michael Clarke Duncan was an American actor. He was best known for his breakout role as John Coffey in The Green Mile (1999), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and other honors, and for playing Kingpin in Daredevil and Spider-Man: The New Animated Series. He also appeared in motion pictures such as Armageddon (1998), The Whole Nine Yards (2000), Planet of the Apes (2001), The Scorpion King (2002), Sin City (2005), and Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), as well as in the role of Leo Knox in the television series Bones (2011) and its spin-off The Finder (2012). He also had voice roles in films including Brother Bear (2003), Kung Fu Panda (2008), and Green Lantern (2011); he had the voice role of Benjamin King in the video game Saints Row (2006).
4. Siegfried Jamrowski, Russian-German soldier and pilot (b. 1917) deaths
  1. List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients (J)
    
    The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks, from a senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry. A total of 7,321 awards were made between its first presentation on 30 September 1939 and its last bestowal on 17 June 1945. This number is based on the acceptance by the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR). Presentations were made to members of the three military branches of the Wehrmacht—the Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy) and Luftwaffe —as well as the Waffen-SS, the Reich Labour Service and the Volkssturm. There were also 43 foreign recipients of the award.
5. Sun Myung Moon, Korean religious leader and businessman, founded the Unification Church (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Sun Myung Moon
    
    Sun Myung Moon was a Korean religious leader, also known for his business ventures and support for conservative political causes. A messiah claimant, he was the founder of the Unification movement, and of its widely noted "Blessing" or mass wedding ceremonies, and the author of its unique theology the Divine Principle. He was an anti-communist and an advocate for Korean reunification, for which he was recognized by the governments of both North and South Korea. Businesses he promoted included News World Communications, an international news media corporation known for its American subsidiary The Washington Times, and Tongil Group, a South Korean business group (chaebol), as well as other related organizations.
  2. Unification Church
    
    The Family Federation for World Peace and Unification, widely known as the Unification Church, is a new religious movement, whose members are called Unificationists, or "Moonies". It was officially founded on 1 May 1954 under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC) in Seoul, South Korea, by Sun Myung Moon (1920–2012). Moon and his wife Hak Ja Han were the leaders of the church and are honored by its members as their "True Parents."
6. Charlie Rose, American lawyer and politician (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Charlie Rose (politician)
    
    Charles Grandison Rose III was an American attorney and politician and who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for North Carolina's 7th congressional district from 1973 to 1997.
2010
1. Tanitoluwa Adewumi, Nigerian-American chess player births
  1. Tanitoluwa Adewumi
    
    Tanitoluwa Emmanuel Adewumi is a Nigerian-American chess player who currently holds the title of FIDE Master (FM). A chess prodigy, he won the 2019 K-3 New York State chess championship at the age of 8 after playing the game for only a year while living with his refugee family in a homeless shelter in Manhattan.
2. Noah Howard, American saxophonist (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Noah Howard
    
    Noah Howard was an American free jazz alto saxophonist.
3. Robert Schimmel, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Robert Schimmel
    
    Robert George Schimmel was an American stand-up comedian who was known for his blue comedy. While the extremely profane nature of his act limited his commercial appeal, he had a reputation as a "comic's comic" due to his relentless touring, comedy albums and frequent appearances on HBO and The Howard Stern Show. Schimmel is number 76 on the 2004 program Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time.
2008
1. Donald Blakeslee, American colonel and pilot (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Donald Blakeslee
    
    Donald James Matthew Blakeslee was an officer in the United States Air Force, whose aviation career began as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force flying Spitfire fighter aircraft during World War II. He then became a member of the Royal Air Force Eagle Squadrons, before transferring to the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. He flew more combat missions against the Luftwaffe than any other American fighter pilot, and by the end of the war was a flying ace credited with 15.5 aerial victories.
2007
1. Carter Albrecht, American keyboard player and guitarist (b. 1973) deaths
  1. Carter Albrecht
    
    Jeffrey Carter Albrecht was an American musician best known for his keyboard and guitar work in Edie Brickell & New Bohemians.
2. Syd Jackson, New Zealand trade union leader and activist (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Syd Jackson (Māori activist)
    
    Sydney Keepa Jackson was a prominent Māori activist, trade unionist and leader.
3. Jane Tomlinson, English runner (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Jane Tomlinson
    
    Jane Emily Tomlinson, was an amateur English athlete who raised £1.85 million for charity by completing a series of athletic challenges, despite suffering from terminal cancer.
4. Steve Fossett, American aviator (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Steve Fossett
    
    James Stephen Fossett was an American businessman and a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon and in a fixed-wing aircraft. He made his fortune in the financial services industry and held world records for five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo flight fixed-wing aircraft pilot.
2005
1. R. S. R. Fitter, English biologist and author (b. 1913) deaths
  1. R. S. R. Fitter
    
    Richard Sidney Richmond Fitter was a British naturalist and author. He was an expert on wildflowers and authored several guides for amateur naturalists.
2. William Rehnquist, American lawyer and jurist, 16th Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1924) deaths
  1. William Rehnquist
    
    William Hubbs Rehnquist was an American attorney and jurist who served on the U.S. Supreme Court for 33 years, first as an associate justice from 1972 to 1986 and then as the 16th chief justice from 1986 until his death in 2005. Considered a staunch conservative, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the states. Under this view of federalism, the Court, for the first time since the 1930s, struck down an act of Congress as exceeding its power under the Commerce Clause.
  2. Chief Justice of the United States
    
    The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint "Judges of the supreme Court", who serve until they resign, retire, are impeached and convicted, or die. The existence of a chief justice is explicit in Article One, Section 3, Clause 6 which states that the chief justice shall preside on the impeachment trial of the president.
2003
1. Alan Dugan, American soldier and poet (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Alan Dugan
    
    Alan Dugan was an American poet.
2. Rudolf Leiding, German businessman (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Rudolf Leiding
    
    Dr. Ing. h.c. Rudolf Leiding was the third post-war chairman of the Volkswagen automobile company, succeeding Kurt Lotz in 1971.
2002
1. Kenneth Hare, Canadian climatologist and academic (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Kenneth Hare
    
    Fredrick Kenneth Hare, was a Canadian climatologist and academic, who researched atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change, drought, and arid zone climates and was a strong advocate for preserving the natural environment.
2. W. Clement Stone, American businessman, philanthropist, and author (b. 1902) deaths
  1. W. Clement Stone
    
    William Clement Stone was an American businessman, philanthropist and New Thought self-help book author.
2001
1. Pauline Kael, American film critic and author (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Pauline Kael
    
    Pauline Kael was an American film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine from 1968 to 1991. Known for her "witty, biting, highly opinionated and sharply focused" reviews, Kael's opinions often ran contrary to those of her contemporaries.
2000
1. Brandon Williams, English footballer births
  1. Brandon Williams (footballer)
    
    Brandon Paul Brian Williams is an English professional footballer who plays as a full-back for Premier League club Manchester United. Although he mainly plays as a left-back, he has also been used as a right-back.
2. Edward Anhalt, American actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Edward Anhalt
    
    Edward Anhalt was an American screenwriter, producer, and documentary filmmaker. After working as a journalist and documentary filmmaker for Pathé and CBS-TV, he teamed with his wife Edna Anhalt, one of his five wives, during World War II to write pulp fiction.
1999
1. Emma Bailey, American auctioneer and author (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Emma Bailey
    
    Emma Bailey was an American auctioneer and author, credited with being the first American woman auctioneer. She held her first auction in Brattleboro, Vermont, on May 12, 1950 as a way to supplement her family's income. In 1952 she became the first woman admitted to the National Auctioneers Association. She continued auctioneering for nearly 20 years and wrote a book about her experiences, entitled Sold to the Lady in the Green Hat (1962), before retiring in the late 1960s.
1997
1. Andrew Austin, Irish cricketer births
  1. Andrew Austin (cricketer)
    
    Andrew Austin is an Irish cricketer. He made his first-class debut for North West Warriors in the 2017 Inter-Provincial Championship on 20 June 2017. Prior to his first-class debut, he was part of Ireland's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his List A debut for North West Warriors in the 2019 Inter-Provincial Cup on 24 April 2019.
2. Sulayman Bojang, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Sulayman Bojang
    
    Sulayman Bojang is a professional footballer who plays for Skeid. Born in Norway, he represents Gambia internationally.
3. Reniece Boyce, West Indian cricketer births
  1. Reniece Boyce
    
    Reniece Boyce is a Trinidadian cricketer who plays for Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados Royals as a right-handed wicket-keeper batter. In May 2017, she was named in the West Indies squad for the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup. She made her Women's One Day International (WODI) debut for the West Indies against South Africa in the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup on 2 July 2017.
4. Carter Kieboom, American baseball player births
  1. Carter Kieboom
    
    Carter Alswinn Kieboom is an American professional baseball third baseman for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball (MLB).
5. Petar Krstić, Macedonian footballer births
  1. Petar Krstić (footballer)
    
    Petar Krstić is a Macedonian football midfielder of Serbian descent, who plays for FK Radan Lebane.
6. Devin Singletary, American football player births
  1. Devin Singletary
    
    Devin Singletary, nicknamed "Motor", is an American football running back for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida Atlantic. As a sophomore in 2017, he led all Division I FBS players with 32 rushing touchdowns, 33 combined rushing and receiving touchdowns, and 198 points scored, and finished with 1,920 rushing yards.
7. Bernard Tekpetey, Ghanaian footballer births
  1. Bernard Tekpetey
    
    Bernard Tekpetey (born 3 September 1997 is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bulgarian First League club Ludogorets Razgrad.
8. Christopher Udeh, Nigerian footballer births
  1. Christopher Udeh
    
    Maduka Christopher Udeh is a Nigerian footballer who plays as centre-back for Norwegian club Øygarden.
1996
1. Joy, South Korean idol and actress births
  1. Joy (singer)
    
    Park Soo-young, known by the stage name Joy, is a South Korean singer, actress, and host. She debuted as a member of South Korean girl group Red Velvet in August 2014. In 2017, Joy debuted as an actress and has had starring roles in the television dramas The Liar and His Lover (2017), Tempted (2018), The One and Only (2021), and Once Upon a Small Town (2022).
  2. Korean idol
    
    An idol refers to a type of celebrity working in the field of K-pop in fandom culture in South Korea, either as a member of a group or as a solo act. K-pop idols are characterized by the highly manufactured star system that they are produced by and debuted under, as well as their tendency to represent a hybridized convergence of visuals, music, fashion, and dance. They usually work for a mainstream entertainment agency and have undergone extensive training in dance, vocals, and foreign language. Idols maintain a carefully curated public image and social media presence, and dedicate significant time and resources to building relationships with fans through concerts and meetups.
2. Adama Barro, Burkinabé footballer births
  1. Adama Barro
    
    Adama Barro is a Burkinabé international footballer who plays for Rahimo FC, as a midfielder.
3. Abrahm DeVine, American swimmer births
  1. Abrahm DeVine
    
    Abrahm David DeVine is an American swimmer from Seattle, Washington. He currently represents the LA Current which is part of the International Swimming League. His first international competition was in the men's 200 metre Individual Medley (IM) event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. In 2017, as a member of the U.S. FINA World Championships team he finished tenth in the 200 IM. In his junior season at Stanford he became a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) champion in the 400 IM, he was named the Pac-12 Conference Swimmer of the Year. In 2018, DeVine placed second in the 200 IM at U.S. Summer Nationals, which qualified him for the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships In Tokyo, Japan where he finished fifth.
4. Veronika Domjan, Slovenian athlete births
  1. Veronika Domjan
    
    Veronika Domjan is a Slovenian athlete specialising in the discus throw. She won the silver medal at the 2015 European Junior Championships.
5. William Eskelinen, Swedish footballer births
  1. William Eskelinen
    
    William Eskelinen is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for Örebro SK as a goalkeeper.
6. Dwayne Green, Dutch footballer births
  1. Dwayne Green
    
    Dwayne Pascal Green is a football player who plays as a left back. Born in the Netherlands, he represents Barbados internationally.
7. D. J. Hogg, American basketball player births
  1. D. J. Hogg
    
    Dennis "D. J." Hogg Jr. is an American professional basketball player for the Cairns Taipans of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played college basketball for the Texas A&M Aggies.
8. Nanda Kyaw, Burmese footballer births
  1. Nanda Kyaw
    
    Nanda Kyaw is a Burmese professional footballer who plays as a defender for Shan United F.C. and Myanmar national football team. He was the captain of Myanmar U-20 National Football Team played in 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Nanda Kyaw won 1st runner-up of 2013 MNL Youth League's Best Player Award.
9. Florian Maitre, French cyclist births
  1. Florian Maitre
    
    Florian Maitre is a French professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Team TotalEnergies. He rode in the men's team pursuit at the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.
10. Callum Moore, Australian footballer births
  1. Callum Moore (Australian footballer)
    
    Callum Moore is a professional Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League (AFL), including eight matches over a four-year tenure with Richmond and two matches over one season with Carlton. While at Richmond in 2019, he won a VFL premiership while playing reserves grade football.
11. Neilson Powless, American cyclist births
  1. Neilson Powless
    
    Neilson Powless is an American professional road racing cyclist who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam EF Education–EasyPost. Powless, who is Oneida, is the first US Native American to compete in the Tour de France.
12. Osgar O'Hoisin, Irish tennis player births
  1. Osgar O'Hoisin
    
    Osgar O'Hoisin is an Irish tennis player. He has a career high ATP singles ranking of 806 achieved on 29 July 2022, and a career high doubles ranking of 740 achieved on 1 July 2022.
13. Zhang Tingting, Chinese handball player births
  1. Zhang Tingting
    
    Zhang Tingting is a Chinese handball player for Anhui and the Chinese national team.
14. Brad Walsh, Australian footballer births
  1. Brad Walsh (footballer)
    
    Bradley Walsh is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
15. Yoane Wissa, French footballer births
  1. Yoane Wissa
    
    Yoane Wissa is a professional footballer who plays as a forward and winger for Premier League club Brentford. Born in France, he represents DR Congo at international level.
16. Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Australian painter (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Emily Kame Kngwarreye
    
    Emily Kame Kngwarreye was an Aboriginal Australian artist from the Utopia community in the Northern Territory. She is one of the most prominent and successful artists in the history of Australian art.
1995
1. Niklas Süle, German footballer births
  1. Niklas Süle
    
    Niklas Süle is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and the Germany national team.
2. Mary Adshead, English painter (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Mary Adshead
    
    Mary Adshead was an English painter, muralist, illustrator and designer.
1994
1. Francis Molo, New Zealand rugby league player births
  1. Francis Molo
    
    Francis Molo is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the St George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL. He has played for both the Cook Islands and Samoa at international level.
2. Glen Rea, English-Irish footballer births
  1. Glen Rea
    
    Glen Charles Rea is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or centre-back for EFL Championship club Luton Town. Born in England, he played for the Republic of Ireland U21 national team.
3. James Thomas Aubrey, Jr., American screenwriter and producer (b. 1918) deaths
  1. James T. Aubrey
    
    James Thomas Aubrey Jr. was an American television and film executive. As president of the CBS television network from 1959 to 1965, with his "smell for the blue-collar," he produced some of television's most enduring series on the air, including Gilligan's Island and The Beverly Hillbillies.
4. Billy Wright, English footballer and manager (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Billy Wright (footballer, born 1924)
    
    William Ambrose Wright CBE, was an English footballer who played as a centre half. He spent his entire club career at Wolverhampton Wanderers. The first footballer in the world to earn 100 international caps, Wright also holds the record for longest unbroken run in competitive international football. He also made a total of 105 appearances for England, captaining them a record 90 times, including during their campaigns at the 1950, 1954 and 1958 World Cup finals.
1993
1. Dominic Thiem, Austrian tennis player births
  1. Dominic Thiem
    
    Dominic Thiem is an Austrian professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 3 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals, which he first achieved in March 2020. He is the second-highest ranked Austrian player in history, behind former world No. 1 Thomas Muster. Thiem has won 17 ATP Tour singles titles, including a Grand Slam title at the 2020 US Open where he came back from two sets down to defeat Alexander Zverev in the final. With the win, Thiem became the first male player born in the 1990s to claim a major singles title, as well as the first Austrian to win the US Open singles title. He had previously reached three other major finals, finishing runner-up at the 2018 and 2019 French Opens to Rafael Nadal, and at the 2020 Australian Open to Novak Djokovic. Thiem was also runner-up at the 2019 and 2020 ATP Finals, where he lost to Stefanos Tsitsipas and Daniil Medvedev, respectively.As a junior, Thiem was ranked as high as world No. 2. He was runner-up at the 2011 French Open boys tournament, and won the 2011 Orange Bowl. As a professional, he broke into the top 100 for the first time in 2014. In 2015, he won his first ATP title at the 2015 Open de Nice Côte d'Azur in France. The next year he reached his first major semifinal at the 2016 French Open. In doing so, he first entered the top ten of the world rankings. He went on to reach his first Masters 1000 final in 2017 at the Madrid Open, before reaching his first major final the following year. Thiem won his maiden Masters 1000 title at the 2019 Indian Wells Masters, beating Roger Federer in the final.Thiem has some of the heaviest groundstrokes of the tour, consistently hitting big with both his forehand and single-handed backhand. Generally thought of as a baseliner, he has added more variety with the use of a sliced backhand and more netplay since adding coach Nicolás Massú to his team in March 2019. At 1.85 m, he possesses a serve reaching up to 145 miles per hour (233 km/h), which he often uses to set up effective one-two punches. Thiem won the 2020 Austrian Sportsman of the Year award, the fourth time a tennis player has won the award since its creation in 1949.
2. David Brown, English businessman (b. 1904) deaths
  1. David Brown (entrepreneur)
    
    Sir David Brown was an English industrialist, managing director of his grandfather's gear and machine tool business David Brown Limited and more recently David Brown Tractors, and one time owner of shipbuilders Vosper Thorneycroft and car manufacturers Aston Martin and Lagonda.
1992
1. August Alsina, American singer-songwriter births
  1. August Alsina
    
    August Anthony Alsina Jr. is an American singer from New Orleans, Louisiana, formerly signed to Def Jam Recordings. He released his first mixtape The Product in 2012, followed by The Product 2 and his debut extended play (EP) Downtown: Life Under the Gun in 2013, the latter released under The-Dream's Radio Killa Records and Def Jam Recordings. Alsina then his debut studio album Testimony in 2014, after garnering success from the Platinum-selling singles "I Luv This Shit" and "No Love". The album was followed up by This Thing Called Life in 2015. After leaving Def Jam and a long hiatus, he released the EP Forever and a Day in 2019. In 2020, Alsina released his third album, The Product III: State of Emergency—along with a five-part documentary series detailing his life experiences, family, and health, supported by a heavily publicized "entanglement" with actress Jada Pinkett Smith.
1991
1. Frank Capra, Italian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Frank Capra
    
    Frank Russell Capra was an Italian-born American film director, producer and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, his rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer to consider him the "American Dream personified".
1989
1. Gaetano Scirea, Italian footballer (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Gaetano Scirea
    
    Gaetano Scirea was an Italian professional footballer who is considered one of the greatest defenders of all time.
1988
1. Jérôme Boateng, Ghanaian-German footballer births
  1. Jérôme Boateng
    
    Jérôme Agyenim Boateng is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for French Ligue 1 club Lyon.
2. Hana Makhmalbaf, Iranian director and producer births
  1. Hana Makhmalbaf
    
    Hana Makhmalbaf is an Iranian filmmaker. She is the younger sister of filmmaker Samira Makhmalbaf and daughter of filmmakers Mohsen Makhmalbaf and fatemeh meshkini. She is known for her films, Joy of Madness (2003), Buddha Collapsed Out of Shame (2007) and Green Days (2009). Makhmalbaf won the Lina Mangiacapre Award at the Venice Film Festival in 2003 for Joy of Madness (2003). Joy of Madness also won the Special Jury Prize at Tokyo Filmex. Makhmalbaf's film Buddha Collapsed Out of Shame won various awards as well, such as the Paolo Ungari UNICEF Prize from the Rome Film Festival and the Peace Film Award at the Berlin International Film Festival.
3. Ferit Melen, Turkish civil servant and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Ferit Melen
    
    Ferit Sadi Melen was a Turkish civil servant, politician and Prime Minister of Turkey.
  2. List of prime ministers of Turkey
    
    The position of Prime Minister of Turkey was established in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. The prime minister was the head of the executive branch of the government along with the Cabinet. Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, the office of prime minister was abolished and the President became the head of the executive branch after the 2018 general election.
1987
1. Allie, Canadian wrestler births
  1. Allie (wrestler)
    
    Laura Dennis is a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by the ring names Allie and The Bunny. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW).
2. Modibo Maïga, Malian footballer births
  1. Modibo Maïga
    
    Modibo Maïga is a Malian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Hajer and the Mali national team. He has also played for Stade Malien, Raja Casablanca, Le Mans, Sochaux, West Ham United, Queens Park Rangers and Metz. A full international for Mali since 2007, he was part of their squads at the four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments, helping them to third place in the 2012 and 2013 editions.
3. Dawid Malan, English cricketer births
  1. Dawid Malan
    
    Dawid Johannes Malan is an English cricketer who plays internationally for England in all formats. In domestic cricket, he represents Yorkshire, having previously played for Middlesex, and has played in multiple Twenty20 leagues, including for Punjab Kings in the Indian Premier League.
4. James Neal, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. James Neal (ice hockey)
    
    James Neal is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He has previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Dallas Stars, Pittsburgh Penguins, Nashville Predators, Vegas Golden Knights, Calgary Flames, Edmonton Oilers and St. Louis Blues.
5. Morton Feldman, American composer and educator (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Morton Feldman
    
    Morton Feldman was an American composer. A major figure in 20th-century classical music, Feldman was a pioneer of indeterminate music, a development associated with the experimental New York School of composers also including John Cage, Christian Wolff, and Earle Brown. Feldman's works are characterized by notational innovations that he developed to create his characteristic sound: rhythms that seem to be free and floating, pitch shadings that seem softly unfocused, a generally quiet and slowly evolving music, and recurring asymmetric patterns. His later works, after 1977, also explore extremes of duration.
1986
1. Shaun White, American snowboarder, skateboarder, and guitarist births
  1. Shaun White
    
    Shaun Roger White is an American former professional snowboarder and skateboarder. He is a five-time Olympian and a three-time Olympic gold medalist in half-pipe snowboarding. He holds the world record for the most X Games gold medals and most Olympic gold medals by a snowboarder. He has also won 10 ESPY Awards throughout his career in various categories.
2. OMI, Jamaican singer births
  1. Omi (singer)
    
    Omar Samuel Pasley, better known by his stage name OMI, is a Jamaican singer. He is best known for "Cheerleader", a worldwide hit for him in a remixed version by German DJ Felix Jaehn. He is currently signed to Ultra Music, a part of Sony Music, and released his debut album Me 4 U in 2015.
1985
1. Scott Carson, English footballer births
  1. Scott Carson
    
    Scott Paul Carson is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Manchester City.
2. Kelvin Wilson, English footballer births
  1. Kelvin Wilson
    
    Kelvin James Wilson is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Ilkeston Town.
3. Johnny Marks, American songwriter (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Johnny Marks
    
    John David Marks was an American songwriter. He specialized in Christmas songs and wrote many holiday standards, including "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", "A Holly Jolly Christmas", "Silver and Gold", and "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". He is also credited with writing "Run Rudolph Run" but this is due to his trademark of the Rudolph character, rather than any input in the writing of the song.
1984
1. Garrett Hedlund, American actor births
  1. Garrett Hedlund
    
    Garrett John Hedlund is an American actor. His films include Troy (2004), Friday Night Lights (2004), Four Brothers (2005), Eragon (2006), Death Sentence (2007), Tron: Legacy (2010), Country Strong (2010), On the Road (2012), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), Unbroken (2014), Pan (2015), Mudbound (2017) and Triple Frontier (2019).
2. T. J. Perkins, Filipino-American wrestler births
  1. T. J. Perkins
    
    Theodore James Perkins is an American professional wrestler of Filipino descent, better known by the ring name T. J. Perkins currently signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling where he is a member of the United Empire stable and current IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champion. He also makes occasional appearances for Major League Wrestling. He is best known for his tenures in WWE and Impact Wrestling.
1983
1. Augusto Farfus, Brazilian race car driver births
  1. Augusto Farfus
    
    Augusto Farfus Jr. is a Brazilian professional racing driver, and BMW Motorsport works driver. He lives in Monaco.
2. Nicky Hunt, English footballer births
  1. Nicky Hunt
    
    Nicholas Brett Hunt is an English footballer who plays for and is first-team coach of Northern Premier League Premier Division club Ashton United. He is best known for his spell at Bolton Wanderers at the beginning of his career. Originally a right-back, he converted to centre-back in 2016 in order to extend his playing career.
3. Marcus McCauley, American football player births
  1. Marcus McCauley
    
    Marcus Xavier McCauley, Jr. is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State.
4. Valdas Vasylius, Lithuanian basketball player births
  1. Valdas Vasylius
    
    Valdas Vasylius is a Lithuanian basketball player. He played collegiately at Old Dominion University. He also represented the Lithuanian national basketball team at the 2007 Summer Universiade.
1982
1. Sarah Burke, Canadian skier (d. 2012) births
  1. Sarah Burke
    
    Sarah Jean Burke was a Canadian freestyle skier who was a pioneer of the superpipe event. She was a five-time Winter X Games gold medallist, and won the world championship in the halfpipe in 2005. She successfully lobbied the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to have the event added to the Olympic program for the 2014 Winter Olympics. She was considered a medal favourite in the event. Burke died following a training accident in Utah in 2012.
2. Andrew McMahon, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer births
  1. Andrew McMahon
    
    Andrew Ross McMahon is an American singer-songwriter. He was the vocalist, pianist and primary lyricist for the bands Something Corporate and main songwriter for Jack's Mannequin and performs solo both under his own name as well as his moniker, Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness. On April 30, 2013, he debuted his first solo work, an EP titled The Pop Underground, which was followed by his debut album Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness, released on October 14, 2014. His second album, Zombies on Broadway, was released on February 10, 2017. He released his third album, Upside Down Flowers, on November 16, 2018. His memoir, Three Pianos, was published by Princeton Architectural Press on October 26, 2021.
3. Kaori Natori, Japanese singer births
  1. Kaori Natori
    
    Kaori Natori is a Japanese singer under management of Stardust Music. She is signed to Chimera Energy, a label handled by Universal Music Japan.
4. Tiago Rannow, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Tiago Rannow
    
    Tiago da Silva Rannow known as Tiago or Tiago Rannow is a Brazilian footballer for Santa Cruz.
1981
1. Fearne Cotton, English television and radio presenter births
  1. Fearne Cotton
    
    Fearne Wood is an English broadcaster and author. She began her career in the late 1990s presenting various children's television shows for GMTV, CITV and CBBC. In 2007, Cotton presented The Xtra Factor, an ITV2 spin-off from the main show. She presented Top of the Pops from 2004 to 2021, and the Red Nose Day and Children in Need telethons. From 2008 to 2018, she was a team captain on the ITV2 comedy panel show Celebrity Juice.
2. Alec Waugh, English soldier and author (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Alec Waugh
    
    Alexander Raban Waugh was a British novelist, the elder brother of the better-known Evelyn Waugh, uncle of Auberon Waugh and son of Arthur Waugh, author, literary critic, and publisher. His first wife was Barbara Jacobs, his second wife was Joan Chirnside and his third wife was Virginia Sorenson, author of the Newbery Medal–winning Miracles on Maple Hill.
1980
1. B.G., American rapper and actor births
  1. B.G. (rapper)
    
    Christopher Noel Dorsey, better known by his stage name B.G., is an American rapper from New Orleans, Louisiana. He began his music career signing to Birdman's Cash Money Records in 1994 at the age of 13. Dorsey, alongside fellow rappers Lil Wayne, Juvenile and Turk, collectively formed the group, the Hot Boys in 1997. B.G. released several solo albums for Cash Money, including the platinum-selling Chopper City in the Ghetto in 1999. In 2001, he resigned from Cash Money Records and created his own label, Chopper City Records.
2. Daniel Bilos, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Daniel Bilos
    
    Daniel Rubén Biloš is an Argentine former professional footballer who played for clubs in Argentina, France and Mexico. He made three appearances scoring one goal for the Argentina national team.
3. Cindy Burger, Dutch footballer births
  1. Cindy Burger (footballer)
    
    Cindy Burger is a former Dutch international footballer.
4. Jason McCaslin, Canadian singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer births
  1. Jason McCaslin
    
    Jason "Cone" McCaslin is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer, serving as the bassist and backing vocalist of the band Sum 41.
5. Barbara O'Neil, American actress (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Barbara O'Neil
    
    Barbara O'Neil was an American film and stage actress. She appeared in the film Gone with the Wind (1939) and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in All This, and Heaven Too (1940).
6. Duncan Renaldo, Romanian-American actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Duncan Renaldo
    
    Renault Renaldo Duncan, better known as Duncan Renaldo, was a Romanian-born American actor best remembered for his portrayal of The Cisco Kid in films and on the 1950–1956 American TV series The Cisco Kid.
1979
1. Júlio César, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)
    
    Júlio César Soares de Espíndola, known as Júlio César, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
2. Tomo Miličević, Bosnian-American guitarist births
  1. Tomo Miličević
    
    Tomislav "Tomo" Miličević is a Bosnian-American musician and record producer. He was the lead guitarist of the rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars from 2003 to 2018. Born in Sarajevo but raised in the United States, Miličević moved to Troy, Michigan in the early 1980s, where he became active in the local heavy metal scene and played in a number of bands, co-founding Morphic. In 2003, he joined Thirty Seconds to Mars, with whom he achieved worldwide recognition in the mid-2000s after recording the band's second album A Beautiful Lie (2005). Its full-length follow-ups, This Is War (2009) and Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013), received further critical and commercial success.
1978
1. Terje Bakken, Norwegian singer-songwriter (d. 2004) births
  1. Terje Bakken
    
    Terje "Valfar" Bakken was the lead singer and founder of the Norwegian black metal band Windir. Windir was started as a one-man project, but it was expanded into a full band with the release of their third album, 1184. Valfar originally sang his lyrics in Sognamål, a dialect of Norwegian, but eventually switched to English in an attempt to appeal to a broader audience.
2. John Curtis, English footballer births
  1. John Curtis (footballer, born 1978)
    
    John Charles Keyworth Curtis is an English former professional footballer. He was a versatile defender who could play anywhere along the back four or as a defensive midfielder.
3. Michal Rozsíval, Czech ice hockey player births
  1. Michal Rozsíval
    
    Michal Rozsíval is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman. He last played for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He joined the team in 2012, previously playing for the Pittsburgh Penguins from 1999 until 2004, the New York Rangers from 2005 to 2011, and the Phoenix Coyotes in 2011–12. He is a two time Stanley Cup winner with the Blackhawks in 2013 and 2015.
4. Nick Wechsler, American actor births
  1. Nick Wechsler (actor)
    
    Samuel Nicholas Wechsler is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Kyle Valenti on The WB teen drama series Roswell, and as Jack Porter on the ABC primetime soap opera Revenge.
1977
1. Rui Marques, Angolan footballer births
  1. Rui Marques
    
    Rui Manuel Marques is an Angolan former football defender who was a first choice centre-back for the Angola national team. Born in Angola, Marques moved to Portugal as a child.
2. Olof Mellberg, Swedish footballer births
  1. Olof Mellberg
    
    Erik Olof Mellberg is a Swedish football manager and former professional player. During his career, Mellberg played as a defender, and is best known for his time at Aston Villa, as well as spells with Juventus and Greek side Olympiacos. Mellberg played for Sweden in the 2002 World Cup and 2006 World Cup, as well as the Euro 2000, Euro 2004, Euro 2008 and Euro 2012. A former captain of the national team, he scored 8 goals in 117 caps between 2000 and 2012.
3. Nate Robertson, American baseball player births
  1. Nate Robertson
    
    Nathan Daniel Robertson, is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Florida Marlins, Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies.
4. Gianni Vella, Maltese artist (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Gianni Vella
    
    Gianni Vella was a Maltese artist. After studying in Rome, he produced many religious works which can be found in many churches in the Maltese Islands, but he also produced some secular works including landscape paintings, cartoons and a stamp design.
1976
1. Valery V. Afanasyev, Russian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Valery V. Afanasyev
    
    Valery V. Afanasyev is a Russian ice hockey coach. During 1994–1996 he participated in the Russian hockеy championship under H. C. Izhorets, Saint Petersburg. He also participated in other hockеy league championships. He was a part of the 2005 Estonian hockеy championship winner team HC Stars of Tallinn.
2. Jevon Kearse, American football player births
  1. Jevon Kearse
    
    Jevon Kearse, nicknamed "the Freak", is a former American football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons during the late 1990s and 2000s. Kearse played college football for the University of Florida, where he received All-American honors and was named the SEC Defensive Player of the Year in 1998.
3. Raheem Morris, American football player and coach births
  1. Raheem Morris
    
    Raheem Morris is an American football coach who is the defensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as head coach for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 2009 to 2011 and interim head coach for the Atlanta Falcons in 2020. Morris also was an assistant coach for the Falcons, Washington Redskins, and the Buccaneers.
1975
1. Daniel Chan, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Daniel Chan
    
    Daniel Chan Hiu-tung is a popular Hong Kong singer, songwriter, and actor. He is most notable as one of the young talents in the 1990s music scene.
2. Cristobal Huet, French ice hockey player births
  1. Cristobal Huet
    
    Cristobal Huet is a French-Swiss former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently a goalie coach for Lausanne HC of the National League (NL).
3. Redfoo, American singer-songwriter, producer, and dancer births
  1. Redfoo
    
    Stefan Kendal Gordy, better known by his stage name Redfoo, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, dancer, record producer and DJ best known for being part of the musical duo LMFAO, and for their hit songs "Party Rock Anthem" and "Sexy and I Know It". Redfoo formed the duo with his half-nephew, Sky Blu, in 2006. They released two studio albums, "Party Rock" in 2009, and "Sorry for Party Rocking" in 2011, before going on an indefinite hiatus in 2012. He is the only son of Nancy Leiviska, and the youngest son of Berry Gordy Jr; the founder of Motown Record Corporation; his half-brother is recording artist Rockwell.
1974
1. Clare Kramer, American actress, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Clare Kramer
    
    Clare Elizabeth Kramer is an American actress best known for her starring role as Glory in the fifth season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and for her role as Courtney in Bring It On. She has hosted the podcast Take Five with Clare Kramer.
2. Rahul Sanghvi, Indian cricketer births
  1. Rahul Sanghvi
    
    Rahul Sanghvi pronunciation (help·info) is an Indian cricketer, specialising in left arm orthodox spin. He played for the Delhi state team. He played one Test match, which was the first Test between Australia and India in 2001 but was dropped after Australia claimed a 10 wicket victory. He played in 10 One Day Internationals. He has played first-class cricket for three teams: Delhi, North Zone and Railways.
3. Harry Partch, American composer and theorist (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Harry Partch
    
    Harry Partch was an American composer, music theorist, and creator of unique musical instruments. He composed using scales of unequal intervals in just intonation, and was one of the first 20th-century composers in the West to work systematically with microtonal scales, alongside Lou Harrison. He built custom-made instruments in these tunings on which to play his compositions, and described the method behind his theory and practice in his book Genesis of a Music (1947).
1973
1. Damon Stoudamire, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Damon Stoudamire
    
    Damon Lamon Stoudamire is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is currently an assistant coach for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA) The 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m), 171 lb (78 kg) point guard was selected with the 7th overall pick by the Toronto Raptors in the 1995 NBA draft and won the 1995–96 NBA Rookie of the Year Award. He played collegiately at the University of Arizona, and professionally for the Toronto Raptors, Portland Trail Blazers, Memphis Grizzlies and San Antonio Spurs.
1972
1. Christine Boudrias, Canadian speed skater births
  1. Christine Boudrias
    
    Christine-Isabel Boudrias is a Canadian short track speed skater who competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics and in the 1998 Winter Olympics.
2. Bob Evans, American wrestler and trainer births
  1. Bob Evans (wrestler)
    
    Robert Evans is an American professional wrestler and trainer, best known for his work in Ring of Honor (ROH). He also wrestles for various independent circuits.
3. Robbie O'Davis, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Robbie O'Davis
    
    Robbie O'Davis is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative fullback and occasional winger, he played his entire club career with the Newcastle Knights, winning the 1997 and 2001 Premierships with them.
4. Martin Straka, Czech ice hockey player births
  1. Martin Straka
    
    Martin Straka is a Czech former ice hockey center who most recently played for HC Plzeň 1929 of the Czech Extraliga. He is also the club's general manager and co-owner, having bought a 70% share of the team in 2009. Straka played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1992 until 2008 with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Ottawa Senators, New York Islanders, Florida Panthers, Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers.
1971
1. Kiran Desai, Indian-American author births
  1. Kiran Desai
    
    Kiran Desai is an Indian author. Her novel The Inheritance of Loss won the 2006 Man Booker Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award. In January 2015, The Economic Times listed her as one of 20 "most influential" global Indian women.
2. Glen Housman, Australian swimmer births
  1. Glen Housman
    
    Glen Clifford Housman is an Australian former distance freestyle swimmer of the 1980s and 1990s, who won the silver medal in the 1500-metre freestyle, swimming at the 1992 Summer Olympics. His career was overshadowed by fellow Australian Kieren Perkins, and was also marred by illness.
3. Chabeli Iglesias, Portuguese-Spanish journalist births
  1. Chabeli Iglesias
    
    María Isabel "Chábeli" Iglesias Preysler is a Spanish journalist and socialite. She is the daughter of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite Isabel Preysler, and the older sister of singers Julio Iglesias Jr. and Enrique Iglesias.
4. Paolo Montero, Uruguayan footballer and manager births
  1. Paolo Montero
    
    Rónald Paolo Montero Iglesias is a Uruguayan football manager and former player, who played as a central defender or left-back and is the manager of Primavera 1 team Juventus U19.
1970
1. Jeremy Glick, American businessman (d. 2001) births
  1. Jeremy Glick
    
    Jeremy Logan Glick was an American passenger on board United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked and crashed as part of the September 11 attacks. Aware of the earlier attacks at the World Trade Center, Glick and some of his fellow passengers attempted to foil the hijacking. During a struggle to reclaim the aircraft, it crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing all 33 passengers and seven crew members on board, along with the four hijackers.
2. George Lynch, American basketball player and manager births
  1. George Lynch (basketball)
    
    George DeWitt Lynch III is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1993 to 2005. He holds the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill basketball record for most career steals.
3. Gareth Southgate, English footballer and manager births
  1. Gareth Southgate
    
    Gareth Southgate is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a defender and midfielder. He has been the manager of the England national team since 2016.
4. Vasil Gendov, Bulgarian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Vasil Gendov
    
    Vasil Gendov was a Bulgarian film and stage actor, film director and screenwriter. Gendov wrote, directed and had a starring role as an actor in the first feature-length film released in Bulgaria; the 1915 silent film comedy Bulgaran is Gallant. Gendov also produced Bulgaria's first sound film The Slave's Revolt in 1933.
5. Vince Lombardi, American football player and coach (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Vince Lombardi
    
    Vincent Thomas Lombardi was an American football coach and executive in the National Football League (NFL). Lombardi is considered by many to be the greatest coach in football history, and he is recognized as one of the greatest coaches and leaders in the history of all American sports. He is best known as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960s, where he led the team to three straight and five total NFL Championships in seven years, in addition to winning the first two Super Bowls at the conclusion of the 1966 and 1967 NFL seasons.
6. Alan Wilson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Alan Wilson (musician)
    
    Alan Christie Wilson, nicknamed "Blind Owl", was an American musician, best known as the co-founder, leader, co-lead singer, and primary composer of the blues band Canned Heat. He sang and played harmonica and guitar with the group live and on recordings. Wilson was the lead singer for the group's two biggest U.S. hit singles: "On the Road Again" and "Going Up the Country".
1969
1. Noah Baumbach, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Noah Baumbach
    
    Noah Baumbach is an American film director, and screenwriter. He is known for making witty and intellectual comedies set in New York City and has often been compared to writer-directors such as Woody Allen and Whit Stillman. He's also known for his frequent creative collaborations with Greta Gerwig, Adam Driver, and Wes Anderson.
2. John Fugelsang, American comedian, actor, and talk show host births
  1. John Fugelsang
    
    John Joseph Fugelsang is an American actor, comedian, writer, television host, political commentator and television personality.
3. Robert Karlsson, Swedish golfer births
  1. Robert Karlsson
    
    Robert Karlsson is a Swedish professional golfer who has played on the European Tour and the PGA Tour, and now plays on the PGA Tour Champions.
4. Marianna Komlos, Canadian bodybuilder, model, and wrestler (d. 2004) births
  1. Marianna Komlos
    
    Marianna Komlos was a Canadian bodybuilder, fitness model and professional wrestling manager. She is perhaps best known for her stint in World Wrestling Federation in 1999 as Marianna and "Mrs. Cleavage", where she was the Manager and "mother" for a wrestler known as "Beaver Cleavage", a parody of the TV show Leave It To Beaver. Following the termination of the Beaver Cleavage gimmick in a scripted 'storm out' by Charles Warrington due to the absurdity of the gimmick, Marianna was portrayed as the girlfriend of Warrington, going by the name of 'Chaz'.
5. Matthew Offord, English journalist and politician births
  1. Matthew Offord
    
    Matthew James Offord is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hendon since 2010. He was previously a member of the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa Governing Council.
6. John Lester, American cricketer and soccer player (b. 1871) deaths
  1. John Lester
    
    John Ashby Lester was an American cricketer, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and a teacher. Lester was one of the Philadelphian cricketers who played from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I. His obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, described him as "one of the great figures in American cricket." During his career, he played in 53 matches for the Philadelphians, 47 of which are considered first class. From 1897 until his retirement in 1908, Lester led the batting averages in Philadelphia and captained all the international home matches.
1968
1. Grace Poe, Filipino educator and politician births
  1. Grace Poe
    
    Mary Grace Natividad Sonora Poe-Llamanzares is a Filipino politician, businesswoman, educator, and philanthropist serving as a senator since 2013. She was the chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) from 2010 to 2012.
1967
1. Chris Gatling, American basketball player births
  1. Chris Gatling
    
    Chris Raymond Gatling is an American former professional basketball player. Gatling played for many National Basketball Association (NBA) teams from 1991 to 2002. He played for the US national team in the 1990 FIBA World Championship, winning the bronze medal.
2. Luis Gonzalez, Cuban-American baseball player births
  1. Luis Gonzalez (outfielder, born 1967)
    
    Luis Emilio Gonzalez, nicknamed "Gonzo", is an American former baseball outfielder who played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for seven teams. Gonzalez spent his best years with the Arizona Diamondbacks and was one of the most popular players in the organization's history. His game-winning hit in Game 7 of the 2001 World Series against New York Yankees closer Mariano Rivera clinched the Diamondbacks' first and only World Series championship to date. Gonzalez was a five-time All-Star and won a Silver Slugger Award in 2001. In addition to good power, Gonzalez was known as an exceptional gap hitter. His 596 career doubles currently rank 19th on the all-time MLB list.
3. Francis Ouimet, American golfer and banker (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Francis Ouimet
    
    Francis DeSales Ouimet was an American amateur golfer who is frequently referred to as the "father of amateur golf" in the United States. He won the U.S. Open in 1913 and was the first non-Briton elected Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974.
1966
1. Steven Johnson Leyba, American painter and author births
  1. Steven Johnson Leyba
    
    Steven Johnson Leyba is an American artist, painter, fine art book maker, author, spoken word performance artist, and musician. Leyba is of Mescalero Apache, Navajo, Cherokee, Paiute, Menominee, Jewish ancestry. He has been called the father of “Sexpressionism” by art critic Carlo McCormick.
2. Vladimir Ryzhkov, Russian historian and politician births
  1. Vladimir Ryzhkov
    
    Vladimir Aleksandrovich Ryzhkov is a Russian historian and liberal politician, a former co-chair of People's Freedom Party (2006–2014) and former Russian State Duma member (1993–2007), First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma and the leader of parliamentary group Our Home – Russia. He is a candidate of historical sciences and a professor of the Higher School of Economics. Anchorman of a number of Echo of Moscow radio programs.
1965
1. Rachel Johnson, British journalist births
  1. Rachel Johnson
    
    Rachel Sabiha Johnson is a British journalist, television presenter, and author who has appeared frequently on political discussion panels, including The Pledge on Sky News and BBC One's debate programme, Question Time. In January 2018, she participated in the 21st series of Celebrity Big Brother and was evicted second. She was the lead candidate for Change UK for the South West England constituency in the 2019 European Parliament election.
2. Vaden Todd Lewis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Vaden Todd Lewis
    
    Vaden Danger Todd Lewis is an American musician best known as the vocalist and guitarist for Toadies, an alternative rock band from Fort Worth, Texas. Lewis was also the lead vocalist and guitarist for the Dallas-based Burden Brothers. In July 2017, Lewis opened The Loop Artist Rehearsal Studios in Fort Worth, TX.
3. Charlie Sheen, American actor and producer births
  1. Charlie Sheen
    
    Carlos Irwin Estévez, known professionally as Charlie Sheen, is an American actor. He has appeared in films such as Platoon (1986), Wall Street (1987), Young Guns (1988), The Rookie (1990), The Three Musketeers (1993), and The Arrival (1996). In the 2000s, when Sheen replaced Michael J. Fox as the star of ABC's Spin City, his portrayal of Charlie Crawford earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. He then starred as Charlie Harper on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men (2003–11), for which he received multiple Golden Globe and Primetime Emmy nominations, and as Dr. Charles "Charlie" Goodson on the FX series Anger Management (2012–14). In 2010, Sheen was the highest-paid actor on television, earning US$1.8 million per episode of Two and a Half Men.
1964
1. Adam Curry, American-Dutch businessman and television host, co-founded mevio births
  1. Adam Curry
    
    Adam Clark Curry is an American podcaster, announcer, Internet entrepreneur and media personality, known for his stint as a VJ on MTV and being one of the first celebrities to personally create and administer Web sites. Also known for co-hosting the No Agenda show, in the 2000s, he first became involved in podcasting, and has been called the 'Podfather' because of his efforts.
  2. Mevio
    
    Mevio Inc. was an American internet entertainment network, founded in San Francisco, California in October 2004 by Adam Curry and Ron Bloom.
2. Spike Feresten, American screenwriter and producer births
  1. Spike Feresten
    
    Spike Feresten is an American television writer, screenwriter, comedian and television personality, who is best known for his work on Seinfeld, writing for David Letterman, and hosting the late night Talkshow with Spike Feresten from 2006 to 2009 on Fox. He is the former host of Esquire Network's series Car Matchmaker with Spike Feresten. He currently hosts the podcast Spike's Car Radio with Paul Zuckerman. He was also a screenwriter for the 2007 animated film Bee Movie.
3. Junaid Jamshed, Pakistani singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2016) births
  1. Junaid Jamshed
    
    Junaid Jamshed Khan was a Pakistani singer-songwriter, television personality, fashion designer, actor, and preacher. After graduating with a degree in engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore, Jamshed briefly worked as a civilian contractor and engineer for the Pakistan Air Force before focusing on a musical career.
1963
1. Sam Adams, American politician, 51st Mayor of Portland births
  1. Sam Adams (Oregon politician)
    
    Samuel Francis Adams is an American politician and non-profit leader who is the former mayor of Portland, Oregon.
  2. List of mayors of Portland, Oregon
    
    This is a list of mayors of the city of Portland, Oregon. Under Portland's system of government, members of the City Council have many duties that are generally the domain of a mayor.
2. Mubarak Ghanim, Emirati footballer births
  1. Mubarak Ghanim
    
    Mubarak Ghanim Mubarak, , is a footballer from UAE, who played as a centre back for Al Khaleej Club in Sharjah, and the UAE national football team. He formed along with Khalil Ghanim, a hard defence line for the UAE team during their careers. His injury during the preparation for the 1990 FIFA World Cup had denied him from playing in the tournament.
3. Malcolm Gladwell, Canadian journalist, essayist, and critic births
  1. Malcolm Gladwell
    
    Malcolm Timothy Gladwell is an English-born Canadian journalist, author, and public speaker. He has been a staff writer for The New Yorker since 1996. He has published seven books: The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (2000); Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (2005); Outliers: The Story of Success (2008); What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures (2009), a collection of his journalism; David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants (2013); Talking To Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don't Know (2019) and The Bomber Mafia: A Dream, a Temptation, and the Longest Night of the Second World War (2021). His first five books were on The New York Times Best Seller list. He is also the host of the podcast Revisionist History and co-founder of the podcast company Pushkin Industries.
4. Louis MacNeice, Irish poet and playwright (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Louis MacNeice
    
    Frederick Louis MacNeice was an Irish poet and playwright, and a member of the Auden Group, which also included W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and Cecil Day-Lewis. MacNeice's body of work was widely appreciated by the public during his lifetime, due in part to his relaxed but socially and emotionally aware style. Never as overtly or simplistically political as some of his contemporaries, he expressed a humane opposition to totalitarianism as well as an acute awareness of his roots.
1962
1. David De Roure, English computer scientist and academic births
  1. David De Roure
    
    David Charles De Roure PhD FBCS FIMA CITP is a Professor of e-Research at the University of Oxford, where he is responsible for Digital Humanities in The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH), and is a Turing Fellow at The Alan Turing Institute. He was Director of the Oxford e-Research Centre (OeRC) from 2012-17. From 2009 to 2013 he held the post of National Strategic Director for e-Social Science. and was subsequently a Strategic Advisor to the UK Economic and Social Research Council in the area of new and emerging forms of data and realtime analytics. He is a supernumerary Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford. and Oxford Martin School Senior Alumni Fellow.
2. E. E. Cummings, American poet and playwright (b. 1894) deaths
  1. E. E. Cummings
    
    Edward Estlin Cummings, who was also known as E. E. Cummings, e. e. cummings and e e cummings, was an American poet, painter, essayist, author and playwright. He wrote approximately 2,900 poems, two autobiographical novels, four plays, and several essays. He is often regarded as one of the most important American poets of the 20th century. Cummings is associated with modernist free-form poetry. Much of his work has idiosyncratic syntax and uses lower-case spellings for poetic expression.
1961
1. Andy Griffiths, Australian author births
  1. Andy Griffiths (author)
    
    Andrew Noel Griffiths is an Australian children's book author and comedy writer and was educated at Yarra Valley Grammar School. He is most notable for his Just! series, which was adapted into an animated television series called What's with Andy?, his novel The Day My Bum Went Psycho, which was also adapted into a television series, and the Treehouse series, which has been adapted into several stage plays. Previously a vocalist with alternative rock bands Gothic Farmyard and Ivory Coast, in 1992 he turned to writing. He is well known for working with Terry Denton. Griffiths is noted as a supporter of children against what he views as "cotton wool" childhoods, and, along with Denton, was a noted supporter of the September 2019 climate strikes.
2. Robert E. Gross, American businessman (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Robert E. Gross (businessman)
    
    Robert Ellsworth Gross was an American businessman involved in the field of aviation. His first venture, the Viking Flying Boat Company, failed with the loss of the aircraft market brought on by the Great Depression.
1960
1. Nick Gibb, English accountant and politician births
  1. Nick Gibb
    
    Nicolas John Gibb is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Schools since October 2022, having previously held the office from 2010 to 2012 and again from 2015 to 2021. He has served at the Department for Education under Conservative Prime Ministers David Cameron, Theresa May, Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak. A member of the Conservative Party, Gibb has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bognor Regis and Littlehampton since 1997.
1957
1. Garth Ancier, American businessman births
  1. Garth Ancier
    
    Garth Ancier is an American television producer and media executive.
2. Earl Cureton, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Earl Cureton
    
    Earl Cureton is an American retired professional basketball player. His nickname was "The Twirl".
3. Steve Schirripa, American actor and producer births
  1. Steve Schirripa
    
    Steven Ralph Schirripa is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Bobby Baccalieri on The Sopranos, Leo Boykewich on The Secret Life of the American Teenager, and Detective Anthony Abetemarco on Blue Bloods. Schirripa is host of two Investigation Discovery series: Karma's A B*tch! and Nothing Personal. He is the voice of Roberto in the Open Season film series.
4. Sadhguru, Indian yogi, mystic births
  1. Sadhguru
    
    Sadhguru is the founder and head of the Isha Foundation, based in Coimbatore, India. The foundation, established in 1992, operates an ashram and yoga centre that carries out educational and spiritual activities. Sadhguru has been teaching yoga since 1982. He is the author of the New York Times bestsellers Inner Engineering: A Yogi's Guide to Joy and Karma: A Yogi's Guide to Crafting Your Destiny, and a frequent speaker at international forums.
1956
1. Jishu Dasgupta, Indian actor and director (d. 2012) births
  1. Jishu Dasgupta
    
    Jishu Dasgupta was an Indian Bengali television director and actor. After suffering from cancer for nine months, he died on 21 December 2012 in a hospital in Kolkata.
2. Pat McGeown, Irish republican activist (d. 1996) births
  1. Pat McGeown
    
    Pat "Beag" McGeown was a volunteer in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) who took part in the 1981 Irish hunger strike.
3. Stephen Woolley, English director and producer births
  1. Stephen Woolley
    
    Stephen Woolley is an English film producer and director, whose prolific career has spanned over three and a half decades, for which he was awarded the BAFTA award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in February 2019. As a producer he has been Oscar-nominated for The Crying Game (1992), and has also produced multi-Academy Award nominated films including Mona Lisa (1986), Little Voice (1998), Michael Collins (1996), The End of the Affair (1999), Interview with the Vampire (1994), and Carol (2016). He currently runs the production company Number 9 Films with his partner Elizabeth Karlsen.
1955
1. Steve Jones, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Steve Jones (musician)
    
    Stephen Philip Jones is an English guitarist, best known as a member of the rock band Sex Pistols. Following the split of the Sex Pistols, he formed the Professionals with former bandmate Paul Cook. He has released two solo albums, and worked with Johnny Thunders, Iggy Pop, Bob Dylan and Thin Lizzy. In 1995, he formed the short-lived supergroup Neurotic Outsiders with members of Guns N' Roses and Duran Duran. Jones was ranked #97 in Rolling Stone's 2015 list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
1954
1. Jaak Uudmäe, Estonian triple jumper and coach births
  1. Jaak Uudmäe
    
    Jaak Uudmäe is an Estonian former triple jumper and long jumper who competed for the Soviet Union. He was the gold medalist at the 1980 Summer Olympics. He set a personal best of 17.35 m in his Olympic victory – a mark which remains the Estonian record.
2. Marika Kotopouli, Greek actress (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Marika Kotopouli
    
    Marika Kotopouli was a Greek stage actress during the first half of the 20th century.
1953
1. Jean-Pierre Jeunet, French director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Jean-Pierre Jeunet
    
    Jean-Pierre Jeunet is a French film director, producer and screenwriter. His films combine fantasy, realism and science fiction to create idealized realities or to give relevance to mundane situations.
2. George Peponis, Greek-Australian rugby league player and physician births
  1. George Peponis
    
    George Peponis is a Greek Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. An Australia national and New South Wales state representative hooker, he played in the NSWRFL Premiership for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, with whom he won the 1980 Grand Final. He also captained the Bulldogs and New South Wales, and played in eight Test matches for Australia between 1978 and 1980, captaining the side on five consecutive occasions between 1979 and 1980.
1951
1. Denys Hobson, South African cricketer births
  1. Denys Hobson
    
    Denys Laurence Hobson is a former South African first-class cricketer. Hobson played as a right-handed batsman and legbreak bowler for Eastern Province and Western Province. His career lasted from 1970–71 to 1984–85.
1950
1. Doug Pinnick, American rock singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Doug Pinnick
    
    Douglas Theodore Pinnick, sometimes stylized as dUg Pinnick or simply dUg, is an American musician best known as the bass guitarist, co-lead vocalist, and songwriter for the hard rock and progressive metal band King's X. He has performed on 15 albums with King's X, and recorded four solo albums. Pinnick has also participated in numerous side projects, and has multiple guest appearances to his credit. He is recognized for his unique vocals, and heavily distorted bass tone. Pinnick often plays bass with a guitar pick, though he has also been seen using his fingers.
1949
1. José Pékerman, Argentinian footballer, coach, and manager births
  1. José Pékerman
    
    José Néstor Pékerman Krimen is an Argentine professional football coach and current manager of the Venezuela national team. As a youth level coach for Argentina, he won the FIFA World Youth Championship three times, and the U20 South American Youth Championship twice. He coached the Argentina national football team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup and became coach of the Colombian national team in 2012. He subsequently managed the Colombian national team during the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups where he led the team to their best result in 2014, their first World Cup qualification after 16 years of absence.
2. Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (d. 2004) births
  1. Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria
    
    Petros VII was the Greek Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa from 1997 to 2004. During his reign, Petros VII was credited with reviving the Greek Orthodox churches in Africa by increasing the churches' attendance of about 250,000 people.
1948
1. Don Brewer, American drummer and singer-songwriter births
  1. Don Brewer
    
    Donald George Brewer is an American drummer and singer. He is the longest serving and only remaining original member of rock band Grand Funk Railroad.
2. Lyudmila Karachkina, Ukrainian astronomer births
  1. Lyudmila Karachkina
    
    Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina is an astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.
3. Fotis Kouvelis, Greek lawyer and politician, Greek Minister of Justice births
  1. Fotis Kouvelis
    
    Fotis-Fanourios Kouvelis is a Greek lawyer and leftist politician.
  2. Ministry of Justice (Greece)
    
    The Ministry of Justice is the government department entrusted with the supervision of the legal and judicial system of Greece. The incumbent minister is Konstantinos Tsiaras of New Democracy.
4. Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Zambia (d. 2008) births
  1. Levy Mwanawasa
    
    Levy Patrick Mwanawasa was the third president of Zambia. He served as president from January 2002 until his death in August 2008. Mwanawasa is credited with having initiated a campaign to rid the corruption situation in Zambia during his term. Prior to Mwanawasa's election, he served as the fourth vice-president of Zambia from November 1991 to July 1994, whilst an elected Member of Parliament of Chifubu Constituency.
  2. President of Zambia
    
    The president of Zambia is the head of state and the head of government of Zambia. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964. Since 1991, when Kaunda left the presidency, the office has been held by seven others: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, Edgar Lungu and the current president Hakainde Hichilema, who won the 2021 presidential election. In addition, acting president Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata.
5. Edvard Beneš, Czech academic and politician, 2nd President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Edvard Beneš
    
    Edvard Beneš was a Czech politician and statesman who served as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938, and again from 1945 to 1948. He also led the Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1939 to 1945 during World War II.
  2. List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
    
    The president of Czechoslovakia was the head of state of Czechoslovakia, from the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 until the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 1 January 1993.
1947
1. Kjell Magne Bondevik, Norwegian minister and politician, 26th Prime Minister of Norway births
  1. Kjell Magne Bondevik
    
    Kjell Magne Bondevik is a Norwegian Lutheran minister and politician. As leader of the Christian Democratic Party, he served as the 33rd prime minister of Norway from 1997 to 2000, and from 2001 to 2005, making him, after Erna Solberg, Norway's longest serving non-Labour Party prime minister since World War II. Currently, Bondevik is president of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights.
  2. List of heads of government of Norway
    
    This is a list of heads of government of Norway. In the modern era, the head of government has the title prime minister. At various times in the past, the highest governmental title has included steward, viceroy and first minister
2. Michael Connarty, Scottish educator and politician births
  1. Michael Connarty
    
    Michael Connarty is a British Labour Party politician, who served as the Member of Parliament for Linlithgow and Falkirk East from 2005 until 2015, and Falkirk East (1992–2005).
3. Mario Draghi, Italian banker and economist births
  1. Mario Draghi
    
    Mario Draghi is an Italian economist, academic, banker and civil servant who served as prime minister of Italy from February 2021 to October 2022. Prior to his appointment as prime minister, he served as President of the European Central Bank (ECB) between 2011 and 2019. Draghi was also Chair of the Financial Stability Board between 2009 and 2011, and Governor of the Bank of Italy between 2006 and 2011.
4. Gérard Houllier, French footballer and coach (d. 2020) births
  1. Gérard Houllier
    
    Gérard Paul Francis Houllier was a French professional football manager and player. Clubs he managed include Paris Saint-Germain, Lens and Liverpool, where he won the FA Cup, League Cup, FA Charity Shield, UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2001. He then guided Lyon to two French titles, before announcing his resignation on 25 May 2007. He became manager of Aston Villa in September 2010. He also coached the France national team between 1992 and 1993. He assisted Aimé Jacquet in the 1998 FIFA World Cup, was part of UEFA's and FIFA's Technical Committee in the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cup finals, and technical director for the French Football Federation during the 2010 finals. In June 2011, he stepped down from club coaching, leaving his managerial role at Aston Villa, following frequent hospitalisation over heart problems.
5. Susan Milan, English flute player and composer births
  1. Susan Milan
    
    Susan Milan is an English professor of flute of the Royal College of Music, classical performer, recording artiste, composer, author and entrepreneur.
1945
1. George Biondo, American bass player and songwriter births
  1. George Biondo
    
    George Michael Biondo is a musicuan who served as bass guitarist of the Canadian rock band Steppenwolf from April 1970 to October 1976. Born in New York, Biondo has been based in Southern California throughout a career as a session musician and songwriter.
2. Peter Goddard, English physicist and mathematician births
  1. Peter Goddard (physicist)
    
    Peter Goddard is a British mathematical physicist who works in string theory and conformal field theory. Among his many contributions to these fields is the Goddard–Thorn theorem.
1944
1. Geoff Arnold, English cricketer and coach births
  1. Geoff Arnold
    
    Geoffrey Graham Arnold is an English cricketer who played 34 Test matches and 14 One Day Internationals for the England cricket team. His nickname of "Horse" was based on his initials of GG. He was a seam and swing bowler, who finished his first-class cricket career, which lasted from 1963 to 1982, with 1130 wickets at an average of 21.91. He played for Surrey and Sussex, winning the County Championship with the former county in 1971. He was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1972.
2. Ray Groom, Australian footballer, lawyer, and politician, 39th Premier of Tasmania births
  1. Ray Groom
    
    Raymond John Groom is an Australian lawyer and former sportsman and politician, representing the Liberal Party in the Federal Parliament 1975–84 and the Tasmanian Parliament 1986–2001. He was a Federal and state minister for a total of 13 years. He was Premier of Tasmania from 1992 to 1996 and also served as Deputy Premier and Attorney-General.
  2. Premier of Tasmania
    
    The premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the leader of the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly is invited by the governor of Tasmania to be premier and principal adviser.
3. John Lumsden, Irish physician, founded the St. John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland (b. 1869) deaths
  1. John Lumsden
    
    Sir John Lumsden KBE was an Irish physician. He was famous for his role as Chief Medical Officer of Guinness Brewery, during which time he founded both St James's Gate F.C. and the St John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland. During the Easter Rising of 1916, he was noted for treating anyone who was wounded, regardless of which side they fought for.
  2. St John Ambulance Ireland
    
    St John Ambulance Ireland (SJAI), previously known as the St John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland, is a charitable voluntary organisation in Ireland. For constitutional reasons it is not a full member association of the Venerable Order of Saint John and the international St. John Ambulance movement, but rather is classed as an "associated body". The organisation is dedicated to the teaching and practice of medical first aid. It is engaged in first aid training to the public, providing first aid and ambulance cover at public events, patient transport and community services.
1943
1. Valerie Perrine, American model and actress births
  1. Valerie Perrine
    
    Valerie Ritchie Perrine is an American actress. For her role as Honey Bruce in the 1974 film Lenny, she won the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles, the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other film appearances include Superman (1978), The Electric Horseman (1979), and Superman II (1980).
1942
1. Al Jardine, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Al Jardine
    
    Alan Charles Jardine is an American musician, singer, and songwriter who co-founded the Beach Boys. He is best known as the band's rhythm guitarist and for occasionally singing lead vocals on singles such as "Help Me, Rhonda" (1965), "Then I Kissed Her" (1965), "Cotton Fields" (1970), and "Come Go with Me" (1978). His song "Lady Lynda" was also a UK top 10 hit for the group in 1978. Other Beach Boys songs that feature Jardine on lead include "I Know There's an Answer" (1966), "Vegetables" (1967), and "From There to Back Again" (2012).
2. Will James, Canadian-American author and illustrator (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Will James (artist)
    
    William Roderick James was a Canadian-American artist and writer of the American West. He is known for writing Smoky the Cowhorse, for which he won the 1927 Newbery Medal, and numerous "cowboy" stories for adults and children. His artwork, which predominantly involved cowboy and rodeo scenes, followed "in the tradition of Charles Russell", and much of it was used to illustrate his books. In 1992, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.
3. Séraphine Louis, French painter (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Séraphine Louis
    
    Séraphine Louis, known as Séraphine de Senlis, was a French painter in the naïve style. Self-taught, she was inspired by her religious faith and by stained-glass church windows and other religious art. The intensity of her images, both in colour and replicative design, is sometimes interpreted as a reflection of her own psyche, walking a tightrope between ecstasy and mental illness.
1941
1. Sergei Dovlatov, Russian-American journalist and author (d. 1990) births
  1. Sergei Dovlatov
    
    Sergei Donatovich Dovlatov was a Soviet journalist and writer. Internationally, he is one of the most popular Russian writers of the late 20th century.
1940
1. Frank Duffy, English architect births
  1. Frank Duffy (architect)
    
    Francis Cuthbert Duffy is a British architect, a founder of DEGW, the international architectural and design practice best known for office design and workplace strategy and, more recently for advanced thinking on the programming of educational and arts facilities. Duffy is particularly noted for his work on the future of the office and the flexible use of space.
2. Pauline Collins, English actress births
  1. Pauline Collins
    
    Pauline Collins is a British actress who first came to prominence portraying Sarah Moffat in Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–1973) and its spin-off, Thomas & Sarah (1979). In 1992, she published her autobiography, titled Letter to Louise.
3. Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist and author (d. 2015) births
  1. Eduardo Galeano
    
    Eduardo Hughes Galeano was a Uruguayan journalist, writer and novelist considered, among other things, "global soccer's pre-eminent man of letters" and "a literary giant of the Latin American left".
4. Brian Lochore, New Zealand rugby player and coach (d. 2019) births
  1. Brian Lochore
    
    Sir Brian James Lochore was a New Zealand rugby union player and coach who represented and captained the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks. He played at number 8 and lock, as well as captaining the side 46 times. In 1999, Lochore was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.
1938
1. Liliane Ackermann, French microbiologist, community leader, writer, and lecturer (d. 2007) births
  1. Liliane Ackermann
    
    Liliane Aimée Ackermann (1938–2007) was a French microbiologist, Jewish Community pioneer, leader, writer, and lecturer.
2. Sarah Bradford, English historian and author births
  1. Sarah Bradford
    
    Sarah Mary Malet Bradford is an English author who is best known for her royal biographies.
3. Caryl Churchill, English-Canadian playwright births
  1. Caryl Churchill
    
    Caryl Lesley Churchill is a British playwright known for dramatising the abuses of power, for her use of non-naturalistic techniques, and for her exploration of sexual politics and feminist themes. Celebrated for works such as Cloud 9 (1979), Top Girls (1982), Serious Money (1987), Blue Heart (1997), Far Away (2000), and A Number (2002), she has been described as "one of Britain's greatest poets and innovators for the contemporary stage". In a 2011 dramatists' poll by The Village Voice, five out of the 20 polled writers listed Churchill as the greatest living playwright.
4. Richard MacCormac, English architect, founded MJP Architects (d. 2014) births
  1. Richard MacCormac
    
    Sir Richard Cornelius MacCormac CBE, PPRIBA, FRSA, RA, was a modernist English architect and the founder of MJP Architects.
  2. MJP Architects
    
    MJP Architects is an employee-owned British architectural practice established in 1972 by Sir Richard MacCormac, and based in Spitalfields, London. The practice officially changed its name from MacCormac Jamieson Prichard to MJP Architects in June 2008.
5. Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Ryōji Noyori
    
    Ryōji Noyori is a Japanese chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001, Noyori shared a half of the prize with William S. Knowles for the study of chirally catalyzed hydrogenations; the second half of the prize went to K. Barry Sharpless for his study in chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1936
1. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Tunisian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Tunisia (d. 2019) births
  1. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
    
    Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, commonly known as Ben Ali or Ezzine, was a Tunisian politician who served as the 2nd president of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011. In that year, during the Tunisian revolution, he fled to Saudi Arabia.
  2. President of Tunisia
    
    The president of Tunisia, officially the president of the Tunisian Republic, is the head of state of Tunisia. Tunisia is a presidential republic, whereby the president is the head of state and head of government. Under Article 77 of the Constitution of Tunisia, the president is also the commander-in-chief of the Tunisian Armed Forces. The incumbent president is Kais Saied who has held this position since 23 October 2019 following the death of Beji Caid Essebsi on 25 July 2019. 2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum turned Tunisia into a presidential republic, giving the president sweeping powers while largely limiting the role of the parliament.
2. Pilar Pallete, Peruvian-American actress births
  1. Pilar Pallete
    
    Pilar Pallete is a Peruvian actress and the widow of American actor John Wayne.
3. Nikita Balieff, Armenian-Russian puppeteer and director (b. 1876) deaths
  1. Nikita Balieff
    
    Nikita F. Balieff, was a Russian Armenian born vaudevillian, stage performer, writer, impresario, and director. He is best known as the creator and master of ceremonies of La Chauve-Souris theater group.
1935
1. Helmut Clasen, German-Canadian motorcycle racer births
  1. Helmut Clasen
    
    Helmut Clasen is an active motorcycle enduro competitor since 1957, called "Speedy" by family and friends alike.
1934
1. Freddie King, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1976) births
  1. Freddie King
    
    Freddie King was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He is considered one of the "Three Kings of the Blues Guitar". Mostly known for his soulful and powerful voice and distinctive guitar playing, King had a major influence on electric blues music and on many later blues guitarists.
1933
1. Basil Butcher, Guyanese cricketer (d. 2019) births
  1. Basil Butcher
    
    Basil Fitzherbert Butcher was a Guyanese cricketer who played for the West Indies cricket team. He was regarded as a reliable right-handed middle-order batsman in the star-studded West Indian batting line-up of the 1960s. Australian cricketer and media personality Richie Benaud regarded him as the most difficult of the West Indian batsmen to dismiss.
2. Tompall Glaser, American singer-songwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Tompall Glaser
    
    Thomas Paul "Tompall" Glaser was an American outlaw country music artist.
1932
1. Eileen Brennan, American actress and singer (d. 2013) births
  1. Eileen Brennan
    
    Eileen Brennan was an American actress. She made her film debut in the satire Divorce American Style (1967), followed by a supporting role in Peter Bogdanovich's The Last Picture Show (1971), which earned her a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.
1931
1. Dick Motta, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Dick Motta
    
    John Richard Motta is an American former basketball coach whose career in the National Basketball Association (NBA) spanned 25 years. Motta coached the Washington Bullets to the 1978 NBA Championship, and he won the 1971 NBA Coach of the Year Award with the Chicago Bulls. Motta is eighth all-time with 1,952 games as coach.
2. Guy Spitaels, Belgian academic and politician, 7th Minister-President of Wallonia (d. 2012) births
  1. Guy Spitaels
    
    Guy Gustave Arthur Ghislain Spitaels was a Belgian politician of the Socialist Party. He was the 7th Minister-President of Wallonia from 1992 to 1994 and president of his party for thirteen years, until he was succeeded by Philippe Busquin.
  2. Minister-President of Wallonia
    
    The minister-president of Wallonia is the head of the Government of Wallonia, the executive power of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium.
1930
1. Cherry Wilder, New Zealand author and poet (d. 2002) births
  1. Cherry Wilder
    
    Cherry Barbara Grimm, better known by the pseudonym Cherry Wilder, was a New Zealand science fiction and fantasy writer.
1929
1. Whitey Bulger, American organized crime boss (d. 2018) births
  1. Whitey Bulger
    
    James Joseph "Whitey" Bulger Jr. was an American organized crime boss who led the Winter Hill Gang in the Winter Hill neighborhood of Somerville, Massachusetts, a city directly northwest of Boston. On December 23, 1994, Bulger fled the Boston area and went into hiding after his former FBI handler, John Connolly, tipped him off about a pending RICO indictment against him. Bulger remained at large for sixteen years. After his 2011 arrest, federal prosecutors tried Bulger for nineteen murders based on grand jury testimony from Kevin Weeks and other former criminal associates.
  2. 2018
    
    2018 (MMXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2018th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 18th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2010s decade.
2. Carlo Clerici, Swiss cyclist (d. 2007) births
  1. Carlo Clerici
    
    Carlo Clerici was a Swiss professional road bicycle racer.
3. Steve Rickard, New Zealand-Australian wrestler, trainer, and promoter (d. 2015) births
  1. Steve Rickard
    
    Sydney Mervin "Merv" Batt, best known by his ring name Steve Rickard, was a New Zealand professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. As a wrestler, he traveled throughout the world during the 1960s and 1970s, often visiting countries where professional wrestling was unknown such as southeast Asia, and was one of the top competitors to come from New Zealand during that era. Rickard was a frequent opponent for many foreign wrestlers travelling overseas including NWA World Heavyweight Champions such as Jack Brisco, Dory Funk Jr., Harley Race and "The Nature Boy" Ric Flair. He also had high-profile matches with Karl Gotch, Killer Kowalski, The Destroyer, André the Giant, Abe Jacobs and King Kong as well.
4. Armand Vaillancourt, Canadian sculptor and painter births
  1. Armand Vaillancourt
    
    Armand J. R. Vaillancourt is a Canadian sculptor, painter and performance artist from Quebec. He is known for his public art fountain entitled Vaillancourt Fountain located in San Francisco. He lives in Montreal.
5. John Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey, English jurist and politician (b. 1840) deaths
  1. John Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey
    
    John Charles Bigham, 1st Viscount Mersey, was a British jurist and politician. After early success as a lawyer, and a less successful spell as a politician, he was appointed a judge, working in commercial law.
1928
1. Gaston Thorn, Luxembourg lawyer and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 2007) births
  1. Gaston Thorn
    
    Gaston Egmond Thorn was a Luxembourg politician who served in a number of high-profile positions, both domestically and internationally. Amongst the posts that he held were the 19th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1974–1979), President of the United Nations General Assembly (1975), and the seventh President of the European Commission (1981–1985).
  2. List of prime ministers of Luxembourg
    
    The prime minister of Luxembourg is the head of government of Luxembourg. The prime minister leads the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and appoints its ministers.
1926
1. Alison Lurie, American author and academic (d. 2020) births
  1. Alison Lurie
    
    Alison Stewart Lurie was an American novelist and academic. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her 1984 novel Foreign Affairs. Although better known as a novelist, she wrote many non-fiction books and articles, particularly on children's literature and the semiotics of dress.
2. Irene Papas, Greek actress (d. 2022) births
  1. Irene Papas
    
    Irene Papas or Irene Pappas was a Greek actress and singer who starred in over 70 films in a career spanning more than 50 years. She gained international recognition through such popular award-winning films as The Guns of Navarone (1961), Zorba the Greek (1964) and Z (1969). She was a powerful protagonist in films including The Trojan Women (1971) and Iphigenia (1977). She played the title roles in Antigone (1961) and Electra (1962). She had a fine singing voice, on display in the 1968 recording Songs of Theodorakis.
3. Uttam Kumar, Indian Bengali actor, director, producer, singer, composer and playback singer (d. 1980) births
  1. Uttam Kumar
    
    Uttam Kumar, popularly known as the Mahanayak, was an Indian actor, producer, director, script writer, composer, and singer who predominantly worked in Bengali cinema. Kumar was one of the most successful actors in Bengali cinema history.
1925
1. Anne Jackson, American actress (d. 2016) births
  1. Anne Jackson
    
    Anne Jackson was an American actress of stage, screen, and television. She was the wife of actor Eli Wallach, with whom she often co-starred. In 1956, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in Paddy Chayefsky's Middle of the Night. In 1963, she won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, The Typists and The Tiger.
2. Bengt Lindström, Swedish painter and sculptor (d. 2008) births
  1. Bengt Lindström
    
    Bengt Karl Erik Lindström was a Swedish artist. Lindström was one of Sweden's best known contemporary artists with a characteristic style of distinct colors, often including contorted faces. He had two children, Mariana and Alexandre. In 2003, Lindström became disabled due to a stroke and he became unable to paint. The year 2004 saw the release of a film about Bengt's life: "Lindström - Le Diable de la Couleur et de la Forme". On 29 January 2008, Lindström died at his home in Sundsvall, Sweden.
3. Hank Thompson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2007) births
  1. Hank Thompson (musician)
    
    Henry William Thompson was an American country music singer-songwriter and musician whose career spanned seven decades.
1924
1. Mary Grace Canfield, American actress (d. 2014) births
  1. Mary Grace Canfield
    
    Mary Grace Canfield was an American theatre, film and television actress.
1923
1. Glen Bell, American businessman, founded Taco Bell (d. 2010) births
  1. Glen Bell
    
    Glen William Bell Jr. was an American entrepreneur who founded the Taco Bell chain of restaurants.
  2. Taco Bell
    
    Taco Bell is an American-based chain of fast food restaurants founded in 1962 by Glen Bell (1923–2010) in Downey, California. Taco Bell is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc. The restaurants serve a variety of Mexican-inspired foods, including tacos, burritos, quesadillas, nachos, novelty and speciality items, and a variety of "value menu" items. As of 2018, Taco Bell serves over two billion customers each year, at 7,072 restaurants, more than 93 percent of which are owned and operated by independent franchisees and licensees.
2. Alice Gibson, Belizean chief librarian and educator (d. 2021) births
  1. Alice Gibson
    
    Alice Gibson was a chief librarian from Belize active in development of the country's library system. Beginning her career as a social worker, she became interested in fostering libraries throughout the country. She earned a degree from the British Library Service and founded libraries throughout the country. She worked at Pallotti High School in Belize City.
3. Fred Hawkins, American golfer (d. 2014) births
  1. Fred Hawkins
    
    Fred Hawkins was an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.
4. Mort Walker, American cartoonist (d. 2018) births
  1. Mort Walker
    
    Addison Morton Walker was an American comic strip writer, best known for creating the newspaper comic strips Beetle Bailey in 1950 and Hi and Lois in 1954. He signed Addison to some of his strips.
1921
1. John Aston Sr., English footballer (d. 2003) births
  1. John Aston Sr.
    
    John Aston was an English footballer.
2. Thurston Dart, English pianist, conductor, and musicologist (d. 1971) births
  1. Thurston Dart
    
    Robert Thurston ("Bob") Dart, was an English musicologist, conductor and keyboard player. Along with Nigel Fortune, Oliver Neighbour and Stanley Sadie he was one of Britain's leading musicologists of the post-World War II generation. From 1964 until his death he was King Edward Professor of Music at the University of London, based at King's College London.
3. Marguerite Higgins, American journalist and author (d. 1966) births
  1. Marguerite Higgins
    
    Marguerite Higgins Hall was an American reporter and war correspondent. Higgins covered World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, and in the process advanced the cause of equal access for female war correspondents. She had a long career with the New York Herald Tribune (1942–1963), and later, as a syndicated columnist for Newsday (1963–1965). She was the first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for Foreign Correspondence awarded in 1951 for her coverage of the Korean War.
1920
1. Tereska Torrès, French soldier and author (d. 2012) births
  1. Tereska Torrès
    
    Tereska Torrès was a French writer known for the 1950 book Women's Barracks, the first "original paperback bestseller." In 2008 historians credited the republished book as the first pulp fiction book published in America to candidly address lesbian relationships, although Torrès did not agree with this analysis.
1919
1. Phil Stern, American soldier and photographer (d. 2014) births
  1. Phil Stern
    
    Philip "Snapdragon" Stern was an American photographer noted for his iconic portraits of Hollywood stars, as well as his war photography while serving as a U.S. Army Ranger with "Darby's Rangers" during the North African and Italian campaigns in World War II.
1918
1. Helen Wagner, American actress (d. 2010) births
  1. Helen Wagner
    
    Helen Losee Wagner was an American actress.
1916
1. Eddie Stanky, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1999) births
  1. Eddie Stanky
    
    Edward Raymond Stanky (born Stankiewicz was an American professional baseball second baseman, shortstop, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball for the Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Dodgers, Boston Braves, New York Giants, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1943 and 1953. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1915
1. Knut Nystedt, Norwegian organist and composer (d. 2014) births
  1. Knut Nystedt
    
    Knut Nystedt was a Norwegian orchestral and choral composer.
2. Memphis Slim, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1988) births
  1. Memphis Slim
    
    John Len Chatman, known professionally as Memphis Slim, was an American blues pianist, singer, and composer. He led a series of bands that, reflecting the popular appeal of jump blues, included saxophones, bass, drums, and piano. A song he first cut in 1947, "Every Day I Have the Blues", has become a blues standard, recorded by many other artists. He made over 500 recordings.
1914
1. Dixy Lee Ray, American biologist and politician, 17th Governor of Washington (d. 1994) births
  1. Dixy Lee Ray
    
    Dixy Lee Ray was an American politician who served as the 17th governor of Washington from 1977 to 1981. Variously described as idiosyncratic and "ridiculously smart," she was the state's first female governor and was in office during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. She was a supporter of atomic energy.
  2. List of governors of Washington
    
    The governor of Washington is the head of government of Washington and commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The officeholder has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Washington Legislature and line-item veto power to cancel specific provisions in spending bills. The Washington governor may also convene the legislature on "extraordinary occasions".
2. Albéric Magnard, French composer and educator (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Albéric Magnard
    
    Lucien Denis Gabriel Albéric Magnard was a French composer, sometimes referred to as a "French Bruckner", though there are significant differences between the two composers. Magnard became a national hero in 1914 when he refused to surrender his property to German invaders and died defending it.
1913
1. Alan Ladd, American actor and producer (d. 1964) births
  1. Alan Ladd
    
    Alan Walbridge Ladd was an American actor and film producer. Ladd found success in film in the 1940s and early 1950s, particularly in Westerns, such as Shane (1953), and in films noir. He was often paired with Veronica Lake in films noir, such as This Gun for Hire (1942), The Glass Key (1942), and The Blue Dahlia (1946). Ladd also appeared in ten films with William Bendix; both actors coincidentally died in 1964.
1911
1. Bernard Mammes, American cyclist and sergeant (d. 2000) births
  1. Bernard Mammes
    
    Bernard Mammes was an American cyclist. Born in Manhattan, Mammes moved with his family to Rockaway Park, Queens around 1920. His father owned an ice cream parlor, where Mammes worked as a youth.
1910
1. Kitty Carlisle, American actress, singer, socialite, and game show panelist (d. 2007) births
  1. Kitty Carlisle
    
    Kitty Carlisle Hart was an American actress, singer, and spokeswoman for the arts. She was the leading lady of the Marx Brothers movie A Night at the Opera (1935) and was a regular panelist on the television game show To Tell the Truth (1956-1978). She served 20 years on the New York State Council on the Arts.
2. Franz Jáchym, Austrian Roman Catholic archbishop (d.1984) births
  1. Franz Jáchym
    
    Franz Jáchym was an Austrian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Coadjutor Bishop of Vienna from 1950–83, and as Titular Archbishop of Maronea. He graduated from the University of Vienna. After ordination, his served in a parish and the diocesan chancery before being appointed coadjutor bishop in 1950. Consecrated in May 1950 by Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, he served in that office until his retirement in 1983.
3. Maurice Papon, French civil servant (d. 2007) births
  1. Maurice Papon
    
    Maurice Papon was a French civil servant who led the police in major prefectures from the 1930s to the 1960s, before he became a Gaullist politician. When he was secretary general for the police in Bordeaux during World War II, he participated in the deportation of more than 1,600 Jews. He is also known for his activities in the Algerian War (1954–1962), during which he tortured insurgent prisoners as prefect of the Constantinois department, and ordered, as prefect of the Paris police, the deadly repression of a pro-National Liberation Front (FLN) demonstration against a curfew that he had "advised."
1908
1. Lev Pontryagin, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 1988) births
  1. Lev Pontryagin
    
    Lev Semenovich Pontryagin was a Soviet mathematician. He was born in Moscow and lost his eyesight completely due to an unsuccessful eye surgery after a primus stove explosion when he was 14. Despite his blindness he was able to become one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, partially with the help of his mother Tatyana Andreevna who read mathematical books and papers to him. He made major discoveries in a number of fields of mathematics, including optimal control, algebraic topology and differential topology.
1907
1. Loren Eiseley, American anthropologist, philosopher, and author (d. 1977) births
  1. Loren Eiseley
    
    Loren Eiseley was an American anthropologist, educator, philosopher, and natural science writer, who taught and published books from the 1950s through the 1970s. He received many honorary degrees and was a fellow of multiple professional societies. At his death, he was Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and History of Science at the University of Pennsylvania.
1906
1. Mihály Kolossa, Hungarian author and poet (b. 1846) deaths
  1. Mihály Kolossa
    
    Mihály Kolossa was a Slovene ploughman and writer in Hungary.
1905
1. Carl David Anderson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991) births
  1. Carl David Anderson
    
    Carl David Anderson was an American physicist. He is best known for his discovery of the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon in 1936.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. John Mills, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1972) births
  1. John Mills (New Zealand cricketer)
    
    John Ernest Mills, known as Jackie Mills, was a New Zealand cricketer who played in seven Test matches between 1930 and 1933.
1901
1. Eduard van Beinum, Dutch violinist, pianist, and conductor (d. 1959) births
  1. Eduard van Beinum
    
    Eduard Alexander van Beinum was a Dutch conductor.
2. Evelyn Abbott, English classical scholar (b. 1843) deaths
  1. Evelyn Abbott
    
    Evelyn Abbott was an English classical scholar, born at Epperstone, Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he excelled both academically and in sports, winning the Gaisford Prize for Greek Verse in 1864, but after a fall in 1866 his legs became paralysed. He managed to graduate in spite of his handicap, and was elected fellow of Balliol in 1874. His best-known work is his History of Greece in three volumes (1888–1900), where he presents a sceptical view of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Among his other works are Elements of Greek Accidence (1874), and translations of several German books on ancient history, language and philosophy. He was the founding editor of the Heroes of the Nations book series. Abbott died at Knotsford Lodge, Great Malvern, in 1901, and was buried at Redlands Cemetery, near Cardiff.
1900
1. Percy Chapman, English cricketer (d. 1961) births
  1. Percy Chapman
    
    Arthur Percy Frank Chapman was an English cricketer who captained the England cricket team between 1926 and 1931. A left-handed batsman, he played 26 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 17 of those games. Chapman was appointed captain for the final, decisive Test of the 1926 series against Australia; under his captaincy, England defeated Australia to win the Ashes for the first time since 1912. An amateur cricketer, Chapman played Minor Counties cricket for Berkshire and first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Kent. Never a reliable batsman, Chapman nevertheless had a respectable batting record. He could score runs very quickly and was popular with spectators. As a fielder, contemporaries rated him extremely highly. Although opinions were divided on his tactical ability as a captain, most critics accepted he was an inspirational leader.
2. Urho Kekkonen, Finnish journalist, lawyer, and politician, 8th President of Finland (d. 1986) births
  1. Urho Kekkonen
    
    Urho Kaleva Kekkonen, often referred to by his initials UKK, was a Finnish politician who served as the eighth and longest-serving president of Finland from 1956 to 1982. He also served as prime minister, and held various other cabinet positions. He was the third and most recent president from the Agrarian League/Centre Party. Head of state for nearly 26 years, he dominated Finnish politics for 31 years overall. Holding a large amount of power, he won his later elections with little opposition and has often been classified as an autocrat. Nevertheless, he remains a respected figure.
  2. President of Finland
    
    The president of the Republic of Finland is the head of state of Finland. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the Finnish Government and the president, with the latter possessing only residual powers. The president is directly elected by universal suffrage for a term of six years. Since 1994, no president may be elected for more than two consecutive terms. The president must be a natural-born Finnish citizen. The presidential office was established in the Constitution Act of 1919. The incumbent president is Sauli Niinistö. He was elected for the first time in 2012 and was re-elected in 2018.
1899
1. Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian virologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) births
  1. Macfarlane Burnet
    
    Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet,, usually known as Macfarlane or Mac Burnet, was an Australian virologist known for his contributions to immunology. He won a Nobel Prize in 1960 for predicting acquired immune tolerance and he developed the theory of clonal selection.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1897
1. Sally Benson, American author and screenwriter (d. 1972) births
  1. Sally Benson
    
    Sally Benson was an American writer of short stories and screenwriter. She is best known for her humorous tales of modern youth collected in Junior Miss and her semi-autobiographical stories collected in Meet Me in St. Louis.
1893
1. James Harrison, Scottish-Australian engineer, journalist, and politician (b. 1816) deaths
  1. James Harrison (engineer)
    
    James Harrison was a Scottish Victorian newspaper printer, journalist, politician, and pioneer in the field of mechanical refrigeration.
1887
1. Frank Christian, American trumpet player (d. 1973) births
  1. Frank Christian (trumpeter)
    
    Frank Joseph Christian was an early jazz trumpeter.
1886
1. William W. Snow, American lawyer and politician (b. 1812) deaths
  1. William W. Snow
    
    William W. Snow was a United States representative from New York.
1883
1. Ivan Turgenev, Russian author and playwright (b. 1818) deaths
  1. Ivan Turgenev
    
    Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; Russian: Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́нев, IPA: [ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf]; 9 November 1818 – 3 September 1883 was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West.
1882
1. Johnny Douglas, English cricketer and boxer (d. 1930) births
  1. Johnny Douglas
    
    John William Henry Tyler Douglas was an English cricketer who was active in the early decades of the twentieth century. Douglas was an all-rounder who played for Essex County Cricket Club from 1901 to 1928 and captained the county from 1911 to 1928. He also played for England and captained the England team both before and after the First World War with markedly different success. As well as playing cricket, Douglas was a notable amateur boxer who won the middleweight gold medal at the 1908 Olympic Games.
1878
1. Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers, English tennis player (d. 1960) births
  1. Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers
    
    Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a British tennis player. She won seven Wimbledon Women's Singles titles and a gold medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
1877
1. Adolphe Thiers, French historian and politician, 2nd President of France (b. 1797) deaths
  1. Adolphe Thiers
    
    Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France and first President of the French Third Republic.
  2. President of France
    
    The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic.
1875
1. Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian-German engineer and businessman, founded Porsche (d. 1951) births
  1. Ferdinand Porsche
    
    Ferdinand Porsche was an Austrian-German automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche AG. He is best known for creating the first gasoline–electric hybrid vehicle (Lohner–Porsche), the Volkswagen Beetle, the Auto Union racing car, the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, several other important developments and Porsche automobiles.
  2. Porsche
    
    Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche, is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans, headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The company is owned by Volkswagen AG, a controlling stake of which is owned by Porsche Automobil Holding SE. Porsche's current lineup includes the 718 Boxster/Cayman, 911 (992), Panamera, Macan, Cayenne and Taycan.
1869
1. Fritz Pregl, Slovenian chemist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930) births
  1. Fritz Pregl
    
    Fritz Pregl, was a Slovenian-Austrian chemist and physician from a mixed Slovene-German-speaking background. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1923 for making important contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis, one of which was the improvement of the combustion train technique for elemental analysis.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1866
1. Konstantin Flavitsky, Russian painter (b. 1830) deaths
  1. Konstantin Flavitsky
    
    Konstantin Dmitriyevich Flavitsky was a Russian painter.
1857
1. John McLoughlin, Canadian-American businessman (b. 1784) deaths
  1. John McLoughlin
    
    John McLoughlin, baptized Jean-Baptiste McLoughlin, was a French-Canadian, later American, Chief Factor and Superintendent of the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver from 1824 to 1845. He was later known as the "Father of Oregon" for his role in assisting the American cause in the Oregon Country. In the late 1840s, his general store in Oregon City was famous as the last stop on the Oregon Trail.
1856
1. Louis Sullivan, American architect and educator, designed the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building (d. 1924) births
  1. Louis Sullivan
    
    Louis Henry Sullivan was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He was an influential architect of the Chicago School, a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture". The phrase "form follows function" is attributed to him, although he credited the concept to ancient Roman architect Vitruvius. In 1944, Sullivan was the second architect to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal.
  2. Sullivan Center
    
    The Sullivan Center, formerly known as the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building or Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Store, is a commercial building at 1 South State Street at the corner of East Madison Street in Chicago, Illinois. Louis Sullivan designed it for the retail firm Schlesinger & Mayer in 1899 and later expanded it before H.G. Selfridge & Co. purchased the structure in 1904. That firm occupied the structure for only a matter of weeks before it sold the building to Otto Young, who then leased it to Carson Pirie Scott for $7,000 per month, which occupied the building for more than a century until 2006. Subsequent additions were completed by Daniel Burnham in 1906 and Holabird & Root in 1961.
1854
1. Charles Tatham, American fencer (d. 1939) births
  1. Charles Tatham (fencer)
    
    Charles T. Tatham was an American fencer who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in New York City and worked for his father's lead manufacturing company in Philadelphia. In 1891, Tatham was one of the founders of the AFLA/USFA.
1851
1. Olga Constantinovna of Russia, Queen consort of the Hellenes (d. 1926) births
  1. Olga Constantinovna of Russia
    
    Olga Constantinovna of Russia was queen consort of Greece as the wife of King George I. She was briefly the regent of Greece in 1920.
1849
1. Sarah Orne Jewett, American novelist, short story writer and poet (d. 1909) births
  1. Sarah Orne Jewett
    
    Theodora Sarah Orne Jewett was an American novelist, short story writer and poet, best known for her local color works set along or near the southern coast of Maine. Jewett is recognized as an important practitioner of American literary regionalism.
1841
1. Tom Emmett, English cricketer (d. 1904) births
  1. Tom Emmett
    
    Thomas Emmett was an English cricket bowler in the late 1860s, the 1870s and the early 1880s.
1840
1. Jacob Christian Fabricius, Danish composer (d. 1919) births
  1. Jacob Christian Fabricius
    
    Jacob Christian Fabricius was a Danish councilor, musician, composer and music organizer. Fabricius founded numerous musical societies and institutions during his lifetime. One of the most popular of such societies was Samfund til Udgivelse af dansk musik, founded in 1871. His career as a composer centered to a large extent on songs, choir and piano works. His works found success in Germany and France.
1820
1. George Hearst, American businessman and politician (d. 1891) births
  1. George Hearst
    
    George Hearst was an American businessman, miner, and politician. After growing up on a small farm in Missouri, he founded many mining operations, and is known for developing and expanding the Homestake Mine in the late 1870s in the Black Hills of South Dakota. In 1879, he listed it on the New York Stock Exchange and went on to other pursuits. The mine operated continuously, producing gold until 2001.
1814
1. James Joseph Sylvester, English mathematician and academic (d. 1897) births
  1. James Joseph Sylvester
    
    James Joseph Sylvester was an English mathematician. He made fundamental contributions to matrix theory, invariant theory, number theory, partition theory, and combinatorics. He played a leadership role in American mathematics in the later half of the 19th century as a professor at the Johns Hopkins University and as founder of the American Journal of Mathematics. At his death, he was a professor at Oxford University.
1811
1. John Humphrey Noyes, American activist, founded the Oneida Community (d. 1886) births
  1. John Humphrey Noyes
    
    John Humphrey Noyes was an American preacher, radical religious philosopher, and utopian socialist. He founded the Putney, Oneida and Wallingford Communities, and is credited with coining the term "complex marriage".
  2. Oneida Community
    
    The Oneida Community was a perfectionist religious communal society founded by John Humphrey Noyes and his followers in 1848 near Oneida, New York. The community believed that Jesus had already returned in AD 70, making it possible for them to bring about Jesus's millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world, not just in Heaven. The Oneida Community practiced communalism, group marriage, male sexual continence, and mutual criticism.
1810
1. Paul Kane, Irish-Canadian painter (d. 1871) births
  1. Paul Kane
    
    Paul Kane was an Irish-born Canadian painter, famous for his paintings of First Nations peoples in the Canadian West and other Native Americans in the Columbia District.
1808
1. John Montgomery, American merchant and politician (b. 1722) deaths
  1. John Montgomery (Continental Congress)
    
    John Montgomery was an Irish-American merchant from Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress for Pennsylvania from 1782 until 1784. Montgomery was one of the founders of Dickinson College, serving as a trustee from 1783 until his death in 1808. He died at home in Carlisle.
1803
1. Prudence Crandall, American educator (d. 1890) births
  1. Prudence Crandall
    
    Prudence Crandall was an American schoolteacher and activist. She ran the first school for black girls in the United States, located in Canterbury, Connecticut.
1781
1. Eugène de Beauharnais, French general and politician (d. 1824) births
  1. Eugène de Beauharnais
    
    Eugène Rose de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg was a French nobleman, statesman, and military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
1766
1. Archibald Bower, Scottish historian and author (b. 1686) deaths
  1. Archibald Bower
    
    Archibald Bower was a Scottish historian, now noted for his complicated and varying religious faith, and the accounts he gave of it, now considered by scholars to lack credibility.
1729
1. Jean Hardouin, French historian and scholar (b. 1646) deaths
  1. Jean Hardouin
    
    Jean Hardouin, was a French classical scholar. He is most known for his theory that most texts from Antiquity were forgeries.
1724
1. Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, Irish-English general and politician, 21st Governor General of Canada (d. 1808) births
  1. Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
    
    Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, known between 1776 and 1786 as Sir Guy Carleton, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and administrator. He twice served as Governor of the Province of Quebec, from 1768 to 1778, concurrently serving as Governor General of British North America in that time, and again from 1785 to 1795. The title Baron Dorchester was created on 21 August 1786.
  2. List of governors general of Canada
    
    The following is a list of the governors and governors general of Canada. Though the present-day office of the Governor General of Canada is legislatively covered under the Constitution Act, 1867 and legally constituted by the Letters Patent, 1947, the institution is, along with the institution of the Crown it represents, the oldest continuous and uniquely Canadian institution in Canada, having existed in an unbroken line since the appointment of Samuel de Champlain in 1627.
1720
1. Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, French general and diplomat (b. 1648) deaths
  1. Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway
    
    Henri de Massue, 2nd Marquis de Ruvigny, Earl of Galway, was a French Huguenot soldier and diplomat who was influential in the English service in the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession.
1710
1. Abraham Trembley, Swiss biologist and zoologist (d. 1784) births
  1. Abraham Trembley
    
    Abraham Trembley was a Genevan naturalist. He is best known for being the first to study freshwater polyps or hydra and for being among the first to develop experimental zoology. His mastery of experimental method has led some historians of science to credit him as the "father of biology".
1704
1. Joseph de Jussieu, French explorer, geographer, and mathematician, (d. 1779) births
  1. Joseph de Jussieu
    
    Joseph de Jussieu, was a French botanist and explorer, member of the Jussieu family. He introduced the common garden heliotrope to European gardeners.
1695
1. Pietro Antonio Locatelli, Italian violin player and composer (d. 1764) births
  1. Pietro Locatelli
    
    Pietro Antonio Locatelli was an Italian Baroque composer and violinist.
1693
1. Charles Radclyffe, English captain and politician (d. 1746) births
  1. Charles Radclyffe
    
    Charles Radclyffe, titular 5th Earl of Derwentwater, was one of the few English participants in the Risings of 1715 and 1745.
1675
1. Paul Dudley, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1751) births
  1. Paul Dudley (jurist)
    
    Paul Dudley FRS, Attorney-General of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, was the son of colonial governor Joseph Dudley and grandson of one of the colony's founders, Thomas Dudley.
1658
1. Oliver Cromwell, English general and politician (b. 1599) deaths
  1. Oliver Cromwell
    
    Oliver Cromwell was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and then as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, he ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death in September 1658. Cromwell nevertheless remains a deeply controversial figure in both Britain and Ireland, due to his use of the military to first acquire, then retain political power, and the brutality of his 1649 Irish campaign.
1653
1. Claudius Salmasius, French scholar and author (b. 1588) deaths
  1. Claudius Salmasius
    
    Claude Saumaise, also known by the Latin name Claudius Salmasius, was a French classical scholar.
1634
1. Edward Coke, English lawyer, judge, and politician, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (b. 1552) deaths
  1. Edward Coke
    
    Sir Edward Coke was an English barrister, judge, and politician who is considered the greatest jurist of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras.
  2. Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
    
    The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the Head of the Judiciary of England and Wales and the President of the Courts of England and Wales.
1609
1. Jean Richardot, Belgian diplomat (b. 1540) deaths
  1. Jean Richardot
    
    Jean Grusset dict Richardot, knight was a statesman and diplomat from the Franche-Comté, who held high political office during the Dutch Revolt and played an important role in restoring Habsburg rule in the Southern Netherlands.
1592
1. Robert Greene, English author and playwright (b. 1558) deaths
  1. Robert Greene (dramatist)
    
    Robert Greene (1558–1592) was an English author popular in his day, and now best known for a posthumous pamphlet attributed to him, Greene's Groats-Worth of Witte, bought with a million of Repentance, widely believed to contain an attack on William Shakespeare. Robert Greene was a popular Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer known for his negative critiques of his colleagues. He is said to have been born in Norwich. He attended Cambridge where he received a BA in 1580, and an M.A. in 1583 before moving to London, where he arguably became the first professional author in England. Greene was prolific and published in many genres including romances, plays and autobiography.
1568
1. Adriano Banchieri, Italian organist and composer (d. 1634) births
  1. Adriano Banchieri
    
    Adriano Banchieri was an Italian composer, music theorist, organist and poet of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He founded the Accademia dei Floridi in Bologna.
1467
1. Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1434) deaths
  1. Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress
    
    Eleanor of Portugal was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire. A Portuguese infanta (princess), daughter of King Edward of Portugal and his wife Eleanor of Aragon, she was the consort of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III and the mother of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I.
1420
1. Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (b. 1340) deaths
  1. Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany
    
    Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany was a member of the Scottish royal family who served as regent to three Scottish monarchs. A ruthless politician, Albany was widely regarded as having caused the murder of his nephew, the Duke of Rothesay, and brother to the future King James I of Scotland. James was held in captivity in England for eighteen years, during which time Albany served as regent in Scotland, king in all but name. He died in 1420 and was succeeded by his son, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, who was executed for treason when James returned to Scotland in 1425, almost causing the complete ruin of the Albany Stewarts.
1402
1. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Italian son of Galeazzo II Visconti (b. 1351) deaths
  1. Gian Galeazzo Visconti
    
    Gian Galeazzo Visconti, was the first duke of Milan (1395) and ruled the late-medieval city just before the dawn of the Renaissance. He also ruled Lombard jointly with his uncle Bernabò. He was the founding patron of the Certosa di Pavia, completing the Visconti Castle at Pavia begun by his father and furthering work on the Duomo of Milan. He captured a large territory of Northern Italy and the Po valley. He threatened war with France in relation to the transfer of Genoa to French control as well as issues with his beloved daughter Valentina. When he died of fever in the castello of Melegnano, his children fought with each other and fragmented the territories that he had ruled.
  2. Galeazzo II Visconti
    
    Galeazzo II Visconti was a member of the Visconti dynasty and a ruler of Milan, Italy. His most notable military campaigns were against Pope Gregory XI, around 1367. These battles fought between the papacy and the Visconti family ultimately ended in a peace treaty. Politically active, he expanded the power of his family, where the Visconti first became hereditary rulers of Milan starting from 1349. He is remembered in conjunction with his patronage of intellectuals and writers, from his sponsorship of Petrarch to the founding of the University of Pavia in 1361. Galeazzo II Visconti, and his brother Bernabò, is credited with the institution of the Quaresima Torture Protocol, a vicious means of torture.
1400
1. John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (b. c. 1352) deaths
  1. John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter
    
    John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, KG, of Dartington Hall in Devon, was a half-brother of King Richard II (1377–1399), to whom he remained strongly loyal. He is primarily remembered for being suspected of assisting in the downfall of King Richard's uncle Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (1355–1397) and then for conspiring against King Richard's first cousin and eventual deposer, Henry Bolingbroke, later King Henry IV (1399–1413).
1354
1. Joanikije II, Serbian patriarch and saint deaths
  1. Joanikije II
    
    Joanikije II was the Serbian Archbishop (1338–1346) and first Serbian Patriarch (1346–1354). He was elected Serbian Archbishop on January 3, 1338. Prior to his election, he served as a logotet, royal chancellor, to the Kingdom of Serbia. He was elevated to Patriarch on Palm Sunday, April 6, 1346, done in order for Joanikije to crown King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan as Emperor on Easter of 1346 with the approval of the Patriarch of Trnovo, Archbishop of Ohrid, and community of Mount Athos. Joanikije continued a tradition of church building, and built, among others, two churches in the Holy Land: the Church of St. Elias on Mount Carmel and the Church of St. Nicholas on Mount Tabor. Joanikije died on September 3, 1354, which is his feast day. He was buried in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć.
1313
1. Anna of Bohemia (b. 1290) deaths
  1. Anne of Bohemia (1290–1313)
    
    Anne of Bohemia was the eldest surviving daughter of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Poland and his first wife Judith of Habsburg. Her siblings included Elizabeth of Bohemia and Wenceslaus III of Bohemia.
1301
1. Alberto I della Scala, Lord of Verona deaths
  1. Alberto I della Scala
    
    Alberto I della Scala was lord of Verona from 1277, a member of the Scaliger family.
1189
1. Jacob of Orléans, French Jewish scholar deaths
  1. Jacob of Orléans
    
    Jacob of Orléans was a noted Jewish scholar. Jacob was a tosafist in Orléans, France, who studied under Rabbenu Tam. He remained in Orléans until at least 1171, leaving at a later date to go to London, most likely to become a teacher. Jacob was killed during the antisemitic riots that swept through London during the coronation of King Richard I.
1120
1. Gerard Thom (The Blessed Gerard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1040) deaths
  1. Blessed Gerard
    
    Blessed Gerard, first known as Gérard de Martigues, was a lay brother in the Benedictine Order who was appointed as rector of the hospice in Jerusalem at Muristan in 1080. In the wake of the success of the First Crusade in 1099, he became the founder of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, also known as the Knights Hospitaller, an organization that received papal recognition in 1113. As such, he was the first Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
  2. Knights Hospitaller
    
    The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller, was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headquartered in the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1291, on the island of Rhodes from 1310 until 1522, in Malta from 1530 until 1798 and at Saint Petersburg from 1799 until 1801. Today several organizations continue the Hospitaller tradition, specifically the mutually recognized orders of St. John, which are the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John, the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John, the Order of Saint John in the Netherlands, and the Order of Saint John in Sweden.
1034
1. Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan (d. 1073) births
  1. Emperor Go-Sanjō
    
    Emperor Go-Sanjō was the 71st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
931
1. Uda, emperor of Japan (b. 867) deaths
  1. Emperor Uda
    
    Emperor Uda was the 59th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
863
1. Umar al-Aqta, Arab emir deaths
  1. Umar al-Aqta
    
    ʿUmar ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Marwān, ʿAmr ibn ʿUbaydallāh ibn Marwān, or simply Umar al-Aqta surnamed al-Aqtaʾ, "the one-handed", and found as Amer or Ambros in Byzantine sources, was the semi-independent Arab emir of Malatya (Melitene) from the 830s until his death in the Battle of Lalakaon on 3 September 863. During this time, he was one of the greatest threats to the Byzantine Empire on its eastern frontier, and became a prominent figure in later Arabic and Turkish epic literature.
618
1. Xue Ju, emperor of Qin deaths
  1. Xue Ju
    
    Xue Ju (薛舉), formally Emperor Wu, was the founding emperor of a short-lived state of Qin at the end of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty, whose state was eventually destroyed by the Tang Dynasty. He rose against Sui rule in 617 and soon controlled modern eastern Gansu, but while he had some successes against Tang forces, was not able to push toward the Tang capital Chang'an before dying of illness in 618. His son Xue Rengao inherited his throne, but was soon defeated and killed by the Tang general Li Shimin, ending the state that Xue Ju established.
264
1. Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor (b. 235) deaths
  1. Sun Xiu
    
    Sun Xiu, courtesy name Zilie, formally known as Emperor Jing of Wu, was the third emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Mansuetus of Toul
1. Mansuetus (bishop of Toul)
  
  Saint Mansuetus was the first Bishop of Toul.
Christian feast day: Marinus
1. Saint Marinus
  
  Saint Marinus was an Early Christian and the founder of a chapel and monastery in 301 from whose initial community the state of San Marino later grew.
Christian feast day: Pope Gregory I
1. Pope Gregory I
  
  Pope Gregory I, commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregorian mission, to convert the then largely pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Gregory is also well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope. The epithet Saint Gregory the Dialogist has been attached to him in Eastern Christianity because of his Dialogues. English translations of Eastern texts sometimes list him as Gregory "Dialogos", or the Anglo-Latinate equivalent "Dialogus".
Christian feast day: Remaclus
1. Remaclus
  
  Saint Remaclus was a Benedictine missionary bishop.
Christian feast day: Prudence Crandall (Episcopal Church (USA))
1. Prudence Crandall
  
  Prudence Crandall was an American schoolteacher and activist. She ran the first school for black girls in the United States, located in Canterbury, Connecticut.
2. Episcopal Church (United States)
  
  The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.
Christian feast day: September 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. September 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  Sep. 2 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 4
China's victory over Japan commemoration related observances: Armed Forces Day (Republic of China)
1. Armed Forces Day
  
  Many nations around the world observe some kind of Armed Forces Day to honor their military forces. This day is not to be confused with Veterans Day or Memorial Day.
China's victory over Japan commemoration related observances: V-J Day (People's Republic of China)
1. Victory over Japan Day
  
  Victory over Japan Day is the day on which Imperial Japan surrendered in World War II, in effect bringing the war to an end. The term has been applied to both of the days on which the initial announcement of Japan's surrender was made – 15 August 1945, in Japan, and because of time zone differences, 14 August 1945 – as well as to 2 September 1945, when the surrender document was signed, officially ending World War II.
2. China
  
  China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.
Feast of San Marino and the Republic, celebrates the foundation of the Republic of San Marino in 301.
1. San Marino
  
  San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is the fifth-smallest country in the world and a European microstate in Southern Europe enclaved by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino covers a land area of just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi), and has a population of 33,562.
Flag Day (Australia)
1. Flag Day (Australia)
  
  Australian National Flag Day has been celebrated in Australia since 3 September 1996. It commemorates the day in 1901 on which the Australian National Flag was first flown. Since 2008, the same day has also been commemorated as Merchant Navy Day, which allows the Australian Red Ensign to be flown on land on the occasion.
Independence Day, celebrates the second independence of Qatar from the United Kingdom in 1971.
1. List of national independence days
  
  An independence day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state, or more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Many countries commemorate their independence from a colonial empire.
2. Qatar
  
  Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. The capital is Doha, home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants, and the land area is mostly made up of flat, low-lying desert.
Levy Mwanawasa Day (Zambia)
1. Levy Mwanawasa
  
  Levy Patrick Mwanawasa was the third president of Zambia. He served as president from January 2002 until his death in August 2008. Mwanawasa is credited with having initiated a campaign to rid the corruption situation in Zambia during his term. Prior to Mwanawasa's election, he served as the fourth vice-president of Zambia from November 1991 to July 1994, whilst an elected Member of Parliament of Chifubu Constituency.
2. Zambia
  
  Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most central point. Its neighbours are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The nation's population of around 19.5 million is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country.
Memorial Day (Tunisia)
1. Public holidays in Tunisia
  
  This is a list of holidays in Tunisia.January 1: New Year's Day March 20: Independence Day April 9: Martyrs' Day May 1: Labour Day July 25: Republic Day August 13: Women's Day October 15: Evacuation Day December 17: Revolution Day Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Islamic New Year Mawlid
Merchant Navy Remembrance Day (Canada)
1. Canadian Merchant Navy
  
  Canada, like several other Commonwealth nations, created the Canadian Merchant Navy in a large-scale effort during World War II. 184 ships are involved in merchant shipping activity in the Canadian shipping industry.
2. Canada
  
  Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest binational land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Merchant Navy Day (United Kingdom)
1. Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)
  
  The Merchant Navy is the maritime register of the United Kingdom and comprises the seagoing commercial interests of UK-registered ships and their crews. Merchant Navy vessels fly the Red Ensign and are regulated by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). King George V bestowed the title of "Merchant Navy" on the British merchant shipping fleets following their service in the First World War; a number of other nations have since adopted the title. Previously it had been known as the Mercantile Marine or Merchant Service, although the term "Merchant Navy" was already informally used from the 19th century.
2. United Kingdom
  
  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
National Welsh Rarebit Day (United States)
1. List of food days
  
  This is a list of food days by country. Many countries have designated specific days as celebrations, commemorations, or acknowledgments of certain types of food and drink.
2. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
Tokehega Day (Tokelau, New Zealand)
1. Public holidays in Tokelau
  
  Public holidays in Tokelau are described in the Interpretation Rules 2003 as "Sunday, Christmas Day, Boxing Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Tokehega Day, and any day declared by a village to be a public holiday". Although some New Zealand public holidays, such as Waitangi Day and ANZAC Day are celebrated in Tokelau, these are not official holidays.
2. Tokelau
  
  Tokelau is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists of three tropical coral atolls: Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo. They have a combined land area of 10 km2 (4 sq mi). The capital rotates yearly among the three atolls. In addition to these three, Swains Island, which forms part of the same archipelago, is the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute; it is currently administered by the United States as part of American Samoa. Tokelau lies north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands, and northwest of the Cook Islands.
3. New Zealand
  
  New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island and the South Island —and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country by area, covering 268,021 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi). New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland.

Important events in history on September 3 rd

Events

North Korea

2017 North Korean nuclear test

China

List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions

Paris Agreement

Dubai International Airport

UPS Airlines Flight 6

Nad Al Sheba

Beslan school siege

The Troubles

Ulster loyalism

Holy Cross dispute

Ardoyne

Belfast

Belfast

Ulster loyalism

Holy Cross dispute

Primary school

Vietnam Airlines

Vietnam Airlines Flight 815

Tupolev Tu-134

Phnom Penh

Hamlet chicken processing plant fire

Food processing

Hamlet, North Carolina

Varig Flight 254

Amazon rainforest

São José do Xingu

1987 Burundian coup d'état

Jean-Baptiste Bagaza

Pierre Buyoya

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

Bill of rights

United Nations

Rhodesian Bush War

Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army

Vickers Viscount

Air Rhodesia Flight 825

9K32 Strela-2

Viking program

Viking 2

Utopia Planitia

Mars

Qatar

Dagen H

People's Liberation Army

Taiwan

Kinmen

First Taiwan Strait Crisis

Giuseppe Farina

List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

1950 Italian Grand Prix

Victory over Japan Day

Diary

Anne Frank

Westerbork transit camp

Auschwitz concentration camp

Operation Baytown

Armistice of Cassibile

The Holocaust

Ghetto uprisings

Łachwa Ghetto

Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)

Łachwa Ghetto

Lakhva

Belarus

The Holocaust

Karl Fritzsch

Auschwitz concentration camp

Zyklon B

World War II

India in World War II

Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)

Battle of the Atlantic

The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America

Parliament Hill

Ottawa

Bonneville Salt Flats

Important events in history
on September 3 ^rd