Important events in history
on September 20 ^th

Events

2019
1. Roughly four million people, mostly students, demonstrate across the world to address climate change. Sixteen-year-old Greta Thunberg from Sweden leads the demonstration in New York City.
  1. September 2019 climate strikes
    
    The September 2019 climate strikes, also known as the Global Week for Future, were a series of international strikes and protests to demand action be taken to address climate change, which took place from 20–27 September 2019. The strikes' key dates were 20 September, which was three days before the United Nations Climate Summit, and 27 September. The protests took place across 4,500 locations in 150 countries. The event is a part of the school strike for climate movement, inspired by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg. The Guardian reported that roughly 6 million people participated in the events, whilst 350.org – a group that organised many of the protests – claim that 7.6 million people participated.
  2. Greta Thunberg
    
    Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist who is known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action for climate change mitigation.
2018
1. At least 161 people die after a ferry capsizes close to the pier on Ukara Island in Lake Victoria, Tanzania.
  1. Ukara Island
    
    Ukara is an island in Lake Victoria. Part of Tanzania, it is located 10 km north of Ukerewe Island, in the Ukerewe District, Mwanza Region. Also known as Bukara.
  2. Lake Victoria
    
    Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. With a surface area of approximately 59,947 km2 (23,146 sq mi), Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North America. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the world's ninth-largest continental lake, containing about 2,424 km3 (1.965×109 acre⋅ft) of water. Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa. The lake has an average depth of 40 m (130 ft) and a maximum depth of 80–84 m (262–276 ft). Its catchment area covers 169,858 km2 (65,583 sq mi). The lake has a shoreline of 7,142 km (4,438 mi) when digitized at the 1:25,000 level, with islands constituting 3.7% of this length.
  3. Tanzania
    
    Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. According to the United Nations, Tanzania has a population of 63.59 million, making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator.
2017
1. Hurricane Maria makes landfall in Puerto Rico as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, resulting in 2,975 deaths, US$90 billion in damage, and a major humanitarian crisis.
  1. Hurricane Maria
    
    Hurricane Maria was a deadly Category 5 hurricane that devastated the northeastern Caribbean in September 2017, particularly Dominica, Saint Croix, and Puerto Rico. It is regarded as the worst natural disaster in recorded history to affect those islands. The most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017, Maria was the thirteenth named storm, eighth consecutive hurricane, fourth major hurricane, second Category 5 hurricane, and deadliest storm of the extremely active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. Maria was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Mitch in 1998, and the tenth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record. Total monetary losses are estimated at upwards of $91.61 billion, mostly in Puerto Rico, ranking it as the third-costliest tropical cyclone on record.
  2. Saffir–Simpson scale
    
    The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) classifies hurricanes—which in the Western Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. This measuring system was formerly known as the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, or SSHS.
2011
1. The United States military ended its "don't ask, don't tell" policy, consequently allowing gay and lesbian people to serve openly.
  1. Don't ask, don't tell
    
    "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service of non-heterosexual people, instituted during the Clinton administration. The policy was issued under Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by Public Law 103–160, which was signed November 30, 1993. The policy prohibited people who "demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability".
  2. Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military
    
    In the past most lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) personnel had major restrictions placed on them in terms of service in the United States military. As of 2010 sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military varies greatly as the United States Armed Forces have become increasingly openly diverse in the regards of LGBTQ people and acceptance towards them.
2. The United States military ends its "don't ask, don't tell" policy, allowing gay men and women to serve openly for the first time.
  1. Don't ask, don't tell
    
    "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service of non-heterosexual people, instituted during the Clinton administration. The policy was issued under Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by Public Law 103–160, which was signed November 30, 1993. The policy prohibited people who "demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability".
2008
1. An explosive-laden truck detonated in front of the Marriott hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 54 people and injuring 266 others.
  1. Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
    
    The Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing occurred on the night of 20 September 2008, when a dumper truck filled with explosives was detonated in front of the Marriott Hotel in the Pakistani capital Islamabad, killing at least 54 people, injuring at least 266 and leaving a 60 ft wide, 20 ft deep crater outside the hotel. The majority of the casualties were Pakistanis; at least five foreign nationals were also killed and fifteen others reported injured. The attack occurred only hours after President Asif Ali Zardari made his first speech to the Pakistani parliament. The Marriott was the most prestigious hotel in the capital, and was located near government buildings, diplomatic missions, embassies and high commissions.
  2. Marriott International
    
    Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational company that operates, franchises, and licenses lodging including hotel, residential, and timeshare properties. It is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland. The company was founded by J. Willard Marriott and his wife Alice Marriott.
  3. Islamabad
    
    Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country's ninth-most populous city, with a population of over 1.2 million people, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned city in the 1960s, it replaced Rawalpindi as Pakistan's national capital. The city is notable for its high standards of living, safety, cleanliness, and abundant greenery.
2. A dump truck full of explosives detonates in front of the Marriott hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 54 people and injuring 266 others.
  1. Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
    
    The Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing occurred on the night of 20 September 2008, when a dumper truck filled with explosives was detonated in front of the Marriott Hotel in the Pakistani capital Islamabad, killing at least 54 people, injuring at least 266 and leaving a 60 ft wide, 20 ft deep crater outside the hotel. The majority of the casualties were Pakistanis; at least five foreign nationals were also killed and fifteen others reported injured. The attack occurred only hours after President Asif Ali Zardari made his first speech to the Pakistani parliament. The Marriott was the most prestigious hotel in the capital, and was located near government buildings, diplomatic missions, embassies and high commissions.
2007
1. Between 15,000 and 20,000 protesters march on Jena, Louisiana, United States, in support of six black youths who had been convicted of assaulting a white classmate.
  1. Jena Six
    
    The Jena Six were six black teenagers in Jena, Louisiana, convicted in the 2006 beating of Justin Barker, a white student at the local Jena High School, which they also attended. Barker was injured on December 4, 2006, by the members of the Jena Six, and received treatment at an emergency room. While the case was pending, it was often cited by some media commentators as an example of racial injustice in the United States. Some commentators believed that the defendants had been charged initially with too-serious offenses and had been treated unfairly.
2003
1. Civil unrest in the Maldives breaks out after a prisoner is killed by guards.
  1. 2003 Maldives civil unrest
    
    On Saturday September 20, 2003 civil unrest broke out in Malé, the capital city of the Maldives. This unrest was provoked by the death of Hassan Evan Naseem at Maafushi Prison - located on a separate inhabited island - and the subsequent shooting at the same prison, that killed 3 and injured 17 others.
2001
1. In an address to a joint session of Congress and the American people, U.S. President George W. Bush declares a "War on Terror".
  1. War on terror
    
    The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is an ongoing international counterterrorism military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks. The main targets of the campaign are militant Islamist and Salafi-Jihadist armed organisations such as Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and their international affiliates; which are waging military insurgencies to overthrow governments of various Muslim countries.
2000
1. The Real Irish Republican Army carried out a rocket-launcher attack on the MI6 headquarters in London, with no casualties and minimal damage recorded.
  1. Real Irish Republican Army
    
    The Real Irish Republican Army, or Real IRA (RIRA), is a dissident Irish republican paramilitary group that aims to bring about a United Ireland. It formed in 1997 following a split in the Provisional IRA by dissident members, who rejected the IRA's ceasefire that year. Like the Provisional IRA before it, the Real IRA sees itself as the only rightful successor to the original Irish Republican Army and styles itself as simply "the Irish Republican Army" in English or Óglaigh na hÉireann in Irish. It is an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland and designated as a proscribed terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and the United States.
  2. 2000 MI6 attack
    
    On Wednesday 20 September 2000, the Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) carried out an attack on MI6's SIS Building headquarters in Vauxhall, Lambeth, London. A Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank rocket, fired 300 metres away from MI6 headquarters, struck the building on the south side of the eighth floor, causing superficial damage. No fatalities or injuries were recorded.
  3. SIS Building
    
    The SIS Building or MI6 Building at Vauxhall Cross houses the headquarters of the Secret Intelligence Service, the United Kingdom's foreign intelligence agency. It is located at 85 Albert Embankment in Vauxhall, a south western part of central London, on the bank of the River Thames beside Vauxhall Bridge. The building has been the headquarters of the SIS since 1994.
2. The United Kingdom's MI6 Secret Intelligence Service building is attacked by individuals using a Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank missile.
  1. 2000 MI6 attack
    
    On Wednesday 20 September 2000, the Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA) carried out an attack on MI6's SIS Building headquarters in Vauxhall, Lambeth, London. A Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank rocket, fired 300 metres away from MI6 headquarters, struck the building on the south side of the eighth floor, causing superficial damage. No fatalities or injuries were recorded.
1990
1. South Ossetia declares its independence from Georgia.
  1. South Ossetia
    
    South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated population of just over 56,500 people (2022), who live in an area of 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), on the south side of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, with 33,000 living in the capital city, Tskhinvali. Only Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria recognise South Ossetia as a sovereign state. Although Georgia does not control South Ossetia, the Georgian government and the United Nations consider the territory part of Georgia.
1989
1. USAir Flight 5050 crashes into Bowery Bay during a rejected takeoff from LaGuardia Airport, killing two people.
  1. USAir Flight 5050
    
    USAir Flight 5050 was a passenger flight that crashed on takeoff from LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York. As the plane took off from LaGuardia's runway 31, the plane drifted to the left. After hearing a loud bang, the pilots attempted to abort the takeoff, but were unable to stop the plane short of the end of the runway. The plane continued past the end of the runway and plunged into Bowery Bay. Two passengers were killed.
  2. Bowery Bay
    
    Bowery Bay is a bay off the East River in New York City. It is located near the Steinway neighborhood of Queens and is bordered on the west by the Bowery Bay Water Pollution Control Plant and on the south and east by LaGuardia Airport.
  3. Rejected takeoff
    
    In aviation terminology, a rejected takeoff (RTO) or aborted takeoff is the situation in which it is decided to abort the takeoff of an airplane.
  4. LaGuardia Airport
    
    LaGuardia Airport is a civil airport in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York City. Covering 680 acres as of August 24, 2022, the facility was established in 1929 and began operating as a public airport in 1939. It is named after former New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia.
1984
1. The Cosby Show, which became one of three U.S. television shows to have the highest ratings five years in a row, premiered with its pilot episode.
  1. The Cosby Show
    
    The Cosby Show was an American television sitcom co-created by and starring Bill Cosby, which aired Thursday nights for eight seasons on NBC between September 20, 1984, until April 30, 1992. The show focuses on an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn, New York.
  2. Nielsen Media Research
    
    Nielsen Media Research (NMR) is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre, films, and newspapers. Headquartered in New York City, it is best known for the Nielsen ratings, an audience measurement system of television viewership that for years has been the deciding factor in canceling or renewing television shows by television networks. As of May 2012, it is part of Nielsen Holdings.
  3. Pilot (The Cosby Show)
    
    "Pilot" is the pilot and the first episode of the first season of the American sitcom The Cosby Show. "Pilot" originally aired in the United States on NBC on Thursday, September 20, 1984, at 8:00 PM ET. This episode debuted the week before the official start of the 1984–85 United States network television season. They only have 4 children in this episode. Denise, Theo, Vanessa & Rudy. Sondra, the first born, is introduced later in that season, Episode 4; she however, is not in the featured/mentioned in the intro. The confrontation with Theo in this episode is seen again in a flashback in the series finale "And So We Commence". The episode was directed by Jay Sandrich and written by Ed. Weinberger and Michael J. Leeson. The episode was a critical and commercial success, achieving both high ratings and positive critical feedback.
2. A suicide bomber in a car attacks the U.S. embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killing twenty-two people.
  1. 1984 United States embassy annex bombing in Beirut
    
    On September 20, 1984, the Shi'a Islamic militant group Hezbollah, with support and direction from the Islamic Republic of Iran, carried out a suicide car bombing targeting the U.S. embassy annex in East Beirut, Lebanon. The attack killed 24 people.
1982
1. NFL season: American football players in the National Football League begin a 57-day strike.
  1. 1982 NFL season
    
    The 1982 NFL season was the 63rd regular season of the National Football League. A 57-day-long players' strike reduced the 1982 season from a 16-game schedule per team to an abbreviated nine game schedule. Because of the shortened season, the NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; division standings were ignored for seeding. Eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8 based on their regular season records. Two teams qualified for the playoffs despite losing records. The season ended with Super Bowl XVII when the Washington Redskins defeated the Miami Dolphins 27–17 at the Rose Bowl stadium.
1979
1. A French-supported coup d'état in the Central African Empire overthrows Emperor Bokassa I.
  1. Operation Caban
    
    Operation Caban was a bloodless military operation by France in September 1979 to depose Emperor Bokassa I, reinstate the exiled former president David Dacko, and rename the Central African Empire back to Central African Republic.
1977
1. A series of celestial phenomena of disputed nature was observed in the western Soviet Union, Finland and Denmark.
  1. Petrozavodsk phenomenon
    
    The Petrozavodsk phenomenon was a series of celestial events of a disputed nature that occurred on 20 September 1977. The sightings were reported over a vast territory, from Copenhagen and Helsinki in the west to Vladivostok in the east. It is named after the city of Petrozavodsk in Russia, Soviet Union, where a glowing object was widely reported that showered the city with numerous rays.
2. Vietnam is admitted to the United Nations.
  1. Vietnam
    
    Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.
1973
1. Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs in straight sets at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, in an internationally televised tennis match dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes".
  1. Billie Jean King
    
    Billie Jean King is an American former world No. 1 tennis player. King won 39 major titles: 12 in singles, 16 in women's doubles, and 11 in mixed doubles. King was a member of the victorious United States team in seven Federation Cups and nine Wightman Cups. For three years, she was the U.S. captain in the Federation Cup.
  2. Bobby Riggs
    
    Robert Larimore Riggs was an American tennis champion who was the World No. 1 amateur in 1939 and World No. 1 professional in 1946 and 1947. He played his first professional tennis match on December 26, 1941.
  3. Tennis scoring system
    
    The tennis scoring system is a standard widespread method for scoring tennis matches, including pick-up games. Some tennis matches are played as part of a tournament, which may have various categories, such as singles and doubles. The great majority are organised as a single-elimination tournament, with competitors being eliminated after a single loss, and the overall winner being the last competitor without a loss. Optimally, such tournaments have a number of competitors equal to a power of two in order to fully fill out a single elimination bracket. In many professional and top-level amateur events, the brackets are seeded according to a recognised ranking system, in order to keep the best players in the field from facing each other until as late in the tournament as possible; additionally, if byes are necessary because of a less-than-full bracket, those byes in the first round are usually given to the highest-seeded competitors.
  4. Astrodome
    
    The NRG Astrodome, also known as the Houston Astrodome or simply the Astrodome, is the world's first multi-purpose, domed sports stadium, located in Houston, Texas. It was financed and assisted in development by Roy Hofheinz, mayor of Houston and known for pioneering modern stadiums. Construction on the stadium began in 1962, and it officially opened in 1965. It served as home to the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) from its opening until 1999, and the home to the Houston Oilers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1968 until 1996, and also the part-time home of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1971 until 1975. Additionally, the Astrodome was the primary venue of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo from 1966 until 2002. When opened, it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium and was nicknamed the "Eighth Wonder of the World".
  5. Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
    
    In tennis, "Battle of the Sexes" describes various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman, or a doubles match between two men and two women in one case. The term is most famously used for an internationally televised match in 1973 held at the Houston Astrodome between 55-year-old Bobby Riggs and 29-year-old Billie Jean King, which King won in three sets. The match was viewed by an estimated fifty million people in the United States and ninety million worldwide. King's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women's tennis.
2. Billie Jean King beats Bobby Riggs in the Battle of the Sexes tennis match at the Houston Astrodome.
  1. Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
    
    In tennis, "Battle of the Sexes" describes various exhibition matches played between a man and a woman, or a doubles match between two men and two women in one case. The term is most famously used for an internationally televised match in 1973 held at the Houston Astrodome between 55-year-old Bobby Riggs and 29-year-old Billie Jean King, which King won in three sets. The match was viewed by an estimated fifty million people in the United States and ninety million worldwide. King's win is considered a milestone in public acceptance of women's tennis.
3. Singer Jim Croce, songwriter and musician Maury Muehleisen and four others die when their light aircraft crashes on takeoff at Natchitoches Regional Airport in Louisiana.
  1. Jim Croce
    
    James Joseph Croce was an American folk and rock singer-songwriter. Between 1966 and 1973, he released five studio albums and numerous singles. During this period, Croce took a series of odd jobs to pay bills while he continued to write, record, and perform concerts. After he formed a partnership with songwriter and guitarist Maury Muehleisen, his fortunes turned in the early 1970s. His breakthrough came in 1972; his third album, You Don't Mess Around with Jim, produced three charting singles, including "Time in a Bottle", which reached No. 1 after his death. The follow-up album, Life and Times, included the song "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown", which was the only No. 1 hit he had during his lifetime.
  2. Maury Muehleisen
    
    Maurice T. Muehleisen was an American musician, songwriter, and artist best known for his studio work, live accompaniment, and impact on the music of Jim Croce. He died in the same plane crash that killed Croce.
1971
1. Hurricane Irene (satellite image pictured) moved into the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic, making it the first actively tracked tropical cyclone to do so.
  1. Hurricane Irene–Olivia
    
    Hurricane Irene–Olivia was the first actively tracked tropical cyclone to move into the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic basin. It originated as a tropical depression on September 11, 1971, in the tropical Atlantic. The cyclone tracked nearly due westward at a low latitude, passing through the southern Windward Islands and later over northern South America. In the southwest Caribbean Sea, it intensified to a tropical storm and later a hurricane. Irene made landfall on southeastern Nicaragua on September 19, and maintained its circulation as it crossed the low-lying terrain of the country. Restrengthening after reaching the Pacific, Irene was renamed Hurricane Olivia, which ultimately attained peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Olivia weakened significantly before moving ashore on the Baja California Peninsula on September 30; the next day it dissipated.
  2. List of Atlantic–Pacific crossover hurricanes
    
    An Atlantic–Pacific crossover hurricane is a tropical cyclone that develops in the Atlantic Ocean and moves into the Pacific Ocean, or vice versa. Since reliable records began in 1851, a total of twenty crossover tropical cyclones have been recorded. It is more common for the remnants of a North Atlantic hurricane to redevelop into a different storm in the Pacific; in such a scenario, they are not considered the same system.
  3. Tropical cyclone
    
    A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".
2. Having weakened after making landfall in Nicaragua the previous day, Hurricane Irene regains enough strength to be renamed Hurricane Olivia, making it the first known hurricane to cross from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific.
  1. Hurricane Irene–Olivia
    
    Hurricane Irene–Olivia was the first actively tracked tropical cyclone to move into the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic basin. It originated as a tropical depression on September 11, 1971, in the tropical Atlantic. The cyclone tracked nearly due westward at a low latitude, passing through the southern Windward Islands and later over northern South America. In the southwest Caribbean Sea, it intensified to a tropical storm and later a hurricane. Irene made landfall on southeastern Nicaragua on September 19, and maintained its circulation as it crossed the low-lying terrain of the country. Restrengthening after reaching the Pacific, Irene was renamed Hurricane Olivia, which ultimately attained peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Olivia weakened significantly before moving ashore on the Baja California Peninsula on September 30; the next day it dissipated.
1967
1. L. Ron Hubbard (pictured), the founder of Scientology, announced the story of Xenu in a taped lecture sent to all Scientologists.
  1. L. Ron Hubbard
    
    Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was an American author, primarily of science fiction and fantasy stories, who is best known for having founded the Church of Scientology. In 1950, Hubbard authored Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and established a series of organizations to promote Dianetics. In 1952, Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in bankruptcy proceedings, and he subsequently founded Scientology. Thereafter, Hubbard oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization.
  2. Scientology
    
    Scientology is a set of beliefs and practices invented by American author L. Ron Hubbard, and an associated movement. It has been variously defined as a cult, a business, or a new religious movement. The most recent published census data indicate that there were about 25,000 followers in the United States ; around 1,800 followers in England (2021); 1,400 in Canada (2021); and about 1,600 in Australia (2016). Hubbard initially developed a set of ideas that he called Dianetics, which he represented as a form of therapy. This he promoted through various publications, as well as through the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation that he established in 1950. The foundation went bankrupt, and Hubbard lost the rights to his book Dianetics in 1952. He then recharacterized the subject as a religion and renamed it Scientology, retaining the terminology, doctrines, and the practice of "auditing". By 1954 he had regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology.
  3. Xenu
    
    Xenu, also called Xemu, is a figure in the Church of Scientology's secret "Advanced Technology", a sacred and esoteric teaching. According to the "Technology", Xenu was the extraterrestrial ruler of a "Galactic Confederacy" who brought billions of his people to Earth in DC-8-like spacecraft 75 million years ago, stacked them around volcanoes, and killed them with hydrogen bombs. Official Scientology scriptures hold that the thetans of these aliens adhere to humans, causing spiritual harm.
2. The Cunard Liner Queen Elizabeth 2 is launched in Clydebank, Scotland.
  1. Queen Elizabeth 2
    
    Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) is a retired British ocean liner converted into a floating hotel. Originally built for the Cunard Line, the ship, named as the second ship named Queen Elizabeth, was operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from 1969 to 2008. She was then laid up until converted and since 18 April 2018 has been operating as a floating hotel in Dubai.
1965
1. Following the Battle of Burki, the Indian Army captures Dograi in during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
  1. Battle of Burki
    
    The Battle of Burki (Barki) was a battle fought by Indian infantry and Pakistani armour in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Barki is a village that lies south-east of Lahore near the border with Punjab,Just 11 km from the Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore, India and is connected to Lahore by the a bridge over the(BRB) Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian Canal. During the fighting, the relative strengths of the two sides were fairly even and Indian infantry clashed with Pakistani forces that were entrenched in pillboxes, dug-outs and slit trenches that had been carved into the canal banks. The Pakistanis were supported by a large number of tanks, as well as fighter jets. The battle resulted in an Indian victory.
1962
1. James Meredith, an African American, is temporarily barred from entering the University of Mississippi.
  1. James Meredith
    
    James Howard Meredith is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government. Inspired by President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutional rights and apply to the University of Mississippi. His goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration to enforce civil rights for African Americans.
1961
1. Greek general Konstantinos Dovas becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
  1. Konstantinos Dovas
    
    Konstantinos Dovas was a Greek general and interim Prime Minister.
1955
1. The Treaty on Relations between the USSR and the GDR is signed.
  1. Treaty on Relations between the USSR and the GDR
    
    The Treaty on Relations Between the USSR and GDR was a treaty between the Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic, commonly known as East Germany, signed on 20 September 1955. The treaty became the legal basis for the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, and its successor, the Western Group of Forces to maintain its presence in Germany following the end of the Soviet Occupation.
1946
1. The first Cannes Film Festival is held, having been delayed for seven years due to World War II.
  1. Cannes Film Festival
    
    The Cannes Festival, until 2003 called the International Film Festival and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. The festival was formally accredited by the FIAPF in 1951.
2. Six days after a referendum, King Christian X of Denmark annuls the declaration of independence of the Faroe Islands.
  1. 1946 Faroese independence referendum
    
    An independence referendum was held in the Faroe Islands, an autonomous territory of Denmark, on 14 September 1946. Although a narrow majority of valid votes were cast in favour of the proposal (50.7%), the number of invalid votes exceeded the winning margin. Although independence was declared by the Speaker of the Løgting on 18 September 1946, the declaration was not recognised by Denmark. Danish King Christian X dissolved the Løgting and called fresh elections, which were won by unionist parties. The islands were subsequently given a greater level of self-rule.
1944
1. Second World War: Allied forces captured San Marino from the German Army.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Allies of World War II
    
    The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.
  3. Battle of San Marino
    
    The Battle of San Marino was an engagement on 17–20 September 1944 during the Italian Campaign of the Second World War, in which German Army forces occupied the neutral Republic of San Marino, and were then attacked by Allied forces. It is also sometimes known as the Battle of Monte Pulito.
  4. German Army (1935–1945)
    
    The German Army was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the regular German Armed Forces, from 1935 until it effectively ceased to exist in 1945 and then was formally dissolved in August 1946. During World War II, a total of about 13.6 million soldiers served in the German Army. Army personnel were made up of volunteers and conscripts.
1943
1. World War II: Australian troops led by Gordon Grimsley King defeated Imperial Japanese forces at the Battle of Kaiapit in New Guinea.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Gordon Grimsley King
    
    Lieutenant Colonel Gordon Grimsley King, DSO was an officer of the Australian Army during the Second World War.
  3. Battle of Kaiapit
    
    The Battle of Kaiapit was an action fought in 1943 between Australian and Japanese forces in New Guinea during the Markham and Ramu Valley – Finisterre Range campaign of World War II. Following the landings at Nadzab and at Lae, the Allies attempted to exploit their success with an advance into the upper Markham Valley, starting with Kaiapit. The Japanese intended to use Kaiapit to threaten the Allied position at Nadzab, and to create a diversion to allow the Japanese garrison at Lae time to escape.
1942
1. The Holocaust in Ukraine: In the course of two days a German Einsatzgruppe murders at least 3,000 Jews in Letychiv.
  1. The Holocaust in Ukraine
    
    The Holocaust in Ukraine took place in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the General Government, the Crimean General Government and some areas which were located to the East of Reichskommissariat Ukraine, in the Transnistria Governorate and Northern Bukovina and Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II. The listed areas are currently parts of Ukraine. Between 1941 and 1944, more than a million Jews living in the Soviet Union, almost all from Ukraine and Belarus, were murdered by Nazi Germany's "Final Solution" extermination policies and with the help of local Ukrainian collaborators. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement, of which Ukraine was the largest part. The major massacres against Jews mainly occurred during the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the Red Army of the Soviet Union.
  2. Letychiv
    
    Letychiv is a town in the eastern part of Khmelnytskyi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. 51 km from Khmelnytskyi and 33 km from the railway station in Derazhnia. It was administrative center since Tsarist times, formerly in Podolia Province, although now it is administratively a part of Khmelnytskyi Raion. It hosts the administration of Letychiv Settlement Hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population according to the 2001 census was 11,081 inhabitants. Current population: 10,183 There are brickworks, dairy, plant of construction material in the town. The town is located between Khmelnitskyi and Vinnytsia, at the confluence of the Volk and the Southern Bug rivers.
1941
1. The Holocaust in Lithuania: Lithuanian Nazis and local police begin a mass execution of 403 Jews in Nemenčinė.
  1. The Holocaust in Lithuania
    
    The Holocaust in Lithuania resulted in the near total destruction of Lithuanian (Litvaks) and Polish Jews, living in Generalbezirk Litauen of Reichskommissariat Ostland within the Nazi-controlled Lithuanian SSR. Out of approximately 208,000–210,000 Jews, an estimated 190,000–195,000 were murdered before the end of World War II, most between June and December 1941. More than 95% of Lithuania's Jewish population was massacred over the three-year German occupation – a more complete destruction than befell any other country affected by the Holocaust. Historians attribute this to the massive collaboration in the genocide by the non-Jewish local paramilitaries, though the reasons for this collaboration are still debated. The Holocaust resulted in the largest-ever loss of life in so short a period of time in the history of Lithuania.
  2. Nemenčinė
    
    Nemenčinė (pronunciation is a city in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania, it is located about 20 kilometres north-east of Vilnius. Close to Nemenčinė forest was planted which forms a sentence Žalgiris 600 visible from the air.
1920
1. Irish War of Independence: British police officers known as Black and Tans went on a rampage in Balbriggan as revenge for the shooting of two officers.
  1. Irish War of Independence
    
    The Irish War of Independence or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British forces: the British Army, along with the quasi-military Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and its paramilitary forces the Auxiliaries and Ulster Special Constabulary (USC). It was part of the Irish revolutionary period.
  2. Black and Tans
    
    The Black and Tans were constables recruited into the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) as reinforcements during the Irish War of Independence. Recruitment began in Great Britain in January 1920 and about 10,000 men enlisted during the conflict. The vast majority were unemployed former British soldiers from Britain who had fought in the First World War. Some sources count a small number of Irishmen as 'Black and Tans'.
  3. Sack of Balbriggan
    
    The Sack of Balbriggan took place on the night of 20 September 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. Auxiliary members of the Royal Irish Constabulary known as Black and Tans went on a rampage in the small town of Balbriggan, County Dublin, burning more than fifty homes and businesses, looting, and killing two local men. Many locals were left jobless and homeless. The attack was claimed to be revenge for the killing of two police officers in Balbriggan by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). It was the first major 'reprisal' attack against an Irish town during the conflict. The sack of Balbriggan drew international attention, leading to heated debate in the British parliament and criticism of British government policy in Ireland.
  4. Balbriggan
    
    Balbriggan is a coastal town in Fingal, in the northern part of County Dublin, Ireland, approximately 34 km from Dublin City. The 2016 census population was 21,722 for Balbriggan and its environs.
2. Irish War of Independence: British police known as "Black and Tans" burn the town of Balbriggan and kill two local men in revenge for an IRA assassination.
  1. Irish War of Independence
    
    The Irish War of Independence or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British forces: the British Army, along with the quasi-military Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and its paramilitary forces the Auxiliaries and Ulster Special Constabulary (USC). It was part of the Irish revolutionary period.
  2. Black and Tans
    
    The Black and Tans were constables recruited into the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) as reinforcements during the Irish War of Independence. Recruitment began in Great Britain in January 1920 and about 10,000 men enlisted during the conflict. The vast majority were unemployed former British soldiers from Britain who had fought in the First World War. Some sources count a small number of Irishmen as 'Black and Tans'.
  3. Sack of Balbriggan
    
    The Sack of Balbriggan took place on the night of 20 September 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. Auxiliary members of the Royal Irish Constabulary known as Black and Tans went on a rampage in the small town of Balbriggan, County Dublin, burning more than fifty homes and businesses, looting, and killing two local men. Many locals were left jobless and homeless. The attack was claimed to be revenge for the killing of two police officers in Balbriggan by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). It was the first major 'reprisal' attack against an Irish town during the conflict. The sack of Balbriggan drew international attention, leading to heated debate in the British parliament and criticism of British government policy in Ireland.
  4. Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)
    
    The Irish Republican Army was an Irish republican revolutionary paramilitary organisation. The ancestor of many groups also known as the Irish Republican Army, and distinguished from them as the "Old IRA", it was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916. In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly, and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against the British occupation of Ireland in the 1919–1921 Irish War of Independence.
1911
1. The White Star Line's RMS Olympic collides with the British warship HMS Hawke.
  1. RMS Olympic
    
    RMS Olympic was a British ocean liner and the lead ship of the White Star Line's trio of Olympic-class liners. Olympic had a career spanning 24 years from 1911 to 1935, in contrast to her short-lived sister ships, Titanic and Britannic. This included service as a troopship during the First World War, which gained her the nickname Old Reliable. She returned to civilian service after the war, and served successfully as an ocean liner throughout the 1920s and into the first half of the 1930s, although increased competition, and the slump in trade during the Great Depression after 1930, made her operation increasingly unprofitable.
  2. HMS Hawke (1891)
    
    HMS Hawke, launched in 1891, was the seventh British warship to be named Hawke. She was an Edgar-class protected cruiser. In September 1911 the Hawke collided with the ocean liner RMS Olympic. The damage smashed the Hawke's bow and damaged the stern of the Olympic.
1893
1. Charles Duryea and his brother road-test the first American-made gasoline-powered automobile.
  1. Charles Duryea
    
    Charles Edgar Duryea was an American engineer. He was the engineer of the first-ever working American gasoline-powered car and co-founder of Duryea Motor Wagon Company. He was born near Canton, Illinois, a son of George Washington Duryea and Louisa Melvina Turner, and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but spent most of his life working in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was in Springfield that Charles and his brother, Frank, produced and road-tested America’s first gasoline-powered car.
1881
1. U.S. President Chester A. Arthur is sworn in upon the death of James A. Garfield the previous day.
  1. Chester A. Arthur
    
    Chester Alan Arthur was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Previously the 20th U.S. vice president, he succeeded to the presidency upon the death of President James A. Garfield in September 1881, two months after Garfield was shot by an assassin.
  2. James A. Garfield
    
    James Abram Garfield was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his death six months later—two months after he was shot by an assassin. A lawyer and Civil War general, he served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives and was the only sitting member of the House to be elected president. Before his candidacy for the White House, he had been elected to the U.S. Senate by the Ohio General Assembly—a position he declined when he became president-elect.
1871
1. Bishop John Coleridge Patteson, first bishop of Melanesia, is martyred on Nukapu, now in the Solomon Islands.
  1. John Patteson (bishop)
    
    John Coleridge Patteson was an English Anglican bishop, missionary to the South Sea Islands, and an accomplished linguist, learning 23 of the islands' more than 1,000 languages.
  2. Nukapu
    
    Nukapu is one of the islands of the nation of Solomon Islands. It is in the Reef Islands group in Temotu Province; the easternmost province of the Solomons. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 15 metres.
1870
1. The Bersaglieri corps enter Rome through the Porta Pia, and complete the unification of Italy.
  1. Capture of Rome
    
    The Capture of Rome on 20 September 1870 was the final event of the unification of Italy (Risorgimento), marking both the final defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX and the unification of the Italian Peninsula under the Kingdom of Italy.
1863
1. American Civil War: The Battle of Chickamauga, in northwestern Georgia, ends in a Confederate victory.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Battle of Chickamauga
    
    The Battle of Chickamauga, fought on September 19–20, 1863, between U.S. and Confederate forces in the American Civil War, marked the end of a Union offensive, the Chickamauga Campaign, in southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia. It was the first major battle of the war fought in Georgia, the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater, and involved the second-highest number of casualties after the Battle of Gettysburg.
1860
1. The future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom begins the first visit to North America by a Prince of Wales.
  1. Edward VII
    
    Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.
1857
1. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ends with the recapture of Delhi by troops loyal to the East India Company.
  1. Indian Rebellion of 1857
    
    The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi. It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859. Its name is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence.
1854
1. Crimean War: British and French troops defeat Russians at the Battle of Alma.
  1. Crimean War
    
    The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia.
  2. Battle of the Alma
    
    The Battle of the Alma was a battle in the Crimean War between an allied expeditionary force and Russian forces defending the Crimean Peninsula on 20 September 1854. The allies had made a surprise landing in Crimea on 14 September. The allied commanders, Maréchal Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud and Lord Raglan, then marched toward the strategically important port city of Sevastopol, 45 km (28 mi) away. Russian commander Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov rushed his available forces to the last natural defensive position before the city, the Alma Heights, south of the Alma River.
1835
1. The decade-long Ragamuffin War starts when rebels capture Porto Alegre in Brazil.
  1. Ragamuffin War
    
    The Ragamuffin War was a Republican uprising that began in southern Brazil, in the province of Rio Grande do Sul in 1835. The rebels were led by generals Bento Gonçalves da Silva and Antônio de Sousa Neto with the support of the Italian fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi. The war ended with an agreement between the two sides known as Green Poncho Treaty in 1845.
  2. Porto Alegre
    
    Porto Alegre is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Its population of 1,488,252 inhabitants (2020) makes it the twelfth most populous city in the country and the center of Brazil's fifth largest metropolitan area, with 4,405,760 inhabitants (2010). The city is the southernmost capital city of a Brazilian state.
1792
1. The French Army achieved its first major victory in the War of the First Coalition at the Battle of Valmy.
  1. French Army
    
    The French Army, officially known as the Land Army, is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed Forces.
  2. War of the First Coalition
    
    The War of the First Coalition was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it. They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement; each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred.
  3. Battle of Valmy
    
    The Battle of Valmy, also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution. The battle took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops commanded by the Duke of Brunswick attempted to march on Paris. Generals François Kellermann and Charles Dumouriez stopped the advance near the northern village of Valmy in Champagne-Ardenne.
2. French troops stop an allied invasion of France at the Battle of Valmy.
  1. Battle of Valmy
    
    The Battle of Valmy, also known as the Cannonade of Valmy, was the first major victory by the army of France during the Revolutionary Wars that followed the French Revolution. The battle took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops commanded by the Duke of Brunswick attempted to march on Paris. Generals François Kellermann and Charles Dumouriez stopped the advance near the northern village of Valmy in Champagne-Ardenne.
1737
1. The Walking Purchase concludes, which forces the cession of 1.2 million acres (4,860 km2) of Lenape-Delaware tribal land to the Pennsylvania Colony.
  1. Walking Purchase
    
    The Walking Purchase was a 1737 agreement between the Penn family, the original proprietors of the Province of Pennsylvania, later the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the Lenape native Indians. In the purchase, the Penn family and proprietors claimed a 1686 treaty with the Lenape ceded an area of 1,200,000 acres (4,860 km2) along the northern reaches of the Delaware River at the northeastern boundary between the Province of Pennsylvania and the West New Jersey area, east of the Province of New Jersey, and forced the Lenape to vacate it.
1697
1. The first of a series of treaties comprising the Peace of Ryswick was signed between France and the Grand Alliance, ending the Nine Years' War.
  1. Peace of Ryswick
    
    The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697. They ended the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance, which included England, Spain, Austria, and the Dutch Republic.
  2. Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
    
    The Grand Alliance was the anti-French coalition formed on 20 December 1689 between the Dutch Republic, England and the Holy Roman Empire. It was signed by the two leading opponents of France: William III, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and King of England, and Emperor Leopold, on behalf of the Archduchy of Austria.
  3. Nine Years' War
    
    The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy, Sweden and Portugal. Although not the first European war to spill over to Europe's overseas colonies, the events of the war spread to such far away places as the Americas, India, and West Africa. It is for this reason that it is sometimes considered the first world war. The conflict encompassed the Glorious Revolution in England, where William of Orange deposed the unpopular James VII and II and subsequently struggled against him for control of Scotland and Ireland, and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Native American allies.
2. The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France, England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic, ending the Nine Years' War.
  1. Peace of Ryswick
    
    The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697. They ended the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance, which included England, Spain, Austria, and the Dutch Republic.
1643
1. First English Civil War: The First Battle of Newbury was fought in Berkshire; Parliamentarian forces were allowed to pass Royalist troops to retreat the next morning.
  1. First English Civil War
    
    The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They include the Bishops' Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Second English Civil War, the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) and the 1649 to 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Historians estimate that between 15% to 20% of all adult males in England and Wales served in the military between 1639 to 1653, while around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes. This compares to a figure of 2.23% for World War I, which illustrates the impact of the conflict on society in general and the bitterness it engendered.
  2. First Battle of Newbury
    
    The First Battle of Newbury was a battle of the First English Civil War that was fought on 20 September 1643 between a Royalist army, under the personal command of King Charles, and a Parliamentarian force led by the Earl of Essex. Following a year of Royalist successes in which they took Banbury, Oxford and Reading without conflict before storming Bristol, the Parliamentarians were left without an effective army in the west of England. When Charles laid siege to Gloucester, Parliament was forced to muster a force under Essex with which to beat Charles' forces off. After a long march, Essex surprised the Royalists and forced them away from Gloucester before beginning a retreat to London. Charles rallied his forces and pursued Essex, overtaking the Parliamentarian army at Newbury and forcing them to march past the Royalist force to continue their retreat.
  3. Berkshire
    
    Berkshire is a historic county in South East England. One of the home counties, Berkshire was recognised by Queen Elizabeth II as the Royal County of Berkshire in 1957 because of the presence of Windsor Castle, and letters patent were issued in 1974. Berkshire is a county of historic origin, a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council. The county town is Reading.
  4. Roundhead
    
    Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundheads was to give to Parliament the supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom.
  5. Cavalier
    
    The term 'Cavalier' was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration. It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.
1602
1. The Spanish-held Dutch town of Grave capitulates to a besieging Dutch and English army under the command of Maurice of Orange.
  1. Grave, Netherlands
    
    Grave is a city and former municipality in the Dutch province of North Brabant. The former municipality had a population of 12,483 in 2019. Grave is a member of the Dutch Association of Fortified Cities.
  2. Siege of Grave (1602)
    
    The siege of Grave was a siege that took place between 18 July to 20 September 1602, as part of the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War. The Spanish-held city of Grave was besieged by a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange and Francis Vere respectively. After a siege of nearly two months the city surrendered when a Spanish relief army under Francisco de Mendoza was defeated just outside the city by the besiegers. The defeat was severe enough to cause a major mutiny in the Spanish army.
  3. Maurice, Prince of Orange
    
    Maurice of Orange was stadtholder of all the provinces of the Dutch Republic except for Friesland from 1585 at the earliest until his death in 1625. Before he became Prince of Orange upon the death of his eldest half-brother Philip William in 1618, he was known as Maurice of Nassau.
1586
1. A number of conspirators in the Babington Plot are hanged, drawn and quartered.
  1. Babington Plot
    
    The Babington Plot was a plan in 1586 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I, a Protestant, and put Mary, Queen of Scots, her Catholic cousin, on the English throne. It led to Mary's execution, a result of a letter sent by Mary in which she consented to the assassination of Elizabeth.
1519
1. Ferdinand Magellan sets sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with about 270 men on his expedition which ultimately culminates in the first circumnavigation of the globe.
  1. Ferdinand Magellan
    
    Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia.
1498
1. A tsunami caused by the Nankai earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in Kamakura, Japan.
  1. Tsunami
    
    A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are in turn generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event.
  2. 1498 Meiō earthquake
    
    The 1498 Meiō earthquake occurred off the coast of Nankaidō, Japan, at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498. It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6 Ms and triggered a large tsunami. The death toll associated with this event is uncertain, but between 5,000 and 41,000 casualties were reported. The tsunami caused by the Meiō Nankaidō earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in Kamakura, although the statue itself remained intact.
  3. Kōtoku-in
    
    Kōtoku-in (高徳院) is a Buddhist temple of the Jōdo-shū sect, in the city of Kamakura in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Its mountain name is Taiizan (大異山), and its common temple name is Shōjōsen-ji (清浄泉寺).
  4. Kamakura
    
    Kamakura is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
2. The Nankai tsunami washes away the building housing the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in; it has been located outside ever since.
  1. 1498 Meiō earthquake
    
    The 1498 Meiō earthquake occurred off the coast of Nankaidō, Japan, at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498. It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6 Ms and triggered a large tsunami. The death toll associated with this event is uncertain, but between 5,000 and 41,000 casualties were reported. The tsunami caused by the Meiō Nankaidō earthquake washed away the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in Kamakura, although the statue itself remained intact.
  2. Kōtoku-in
    
    Kōtoku-in (高徳院) is a Buddhist temple of the Jōdo-shū sect, in the city of Kamakura in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Its mountain name is Taiizan (大異山), and its common temple name is Shōjōsen-ji (清浄泉寺).
1378
1. Cardinal Robert of Geneva is elected as Pope Clement VII, beginning the Papal schism.
  1. Antipope Clement VII
    
    Robert of Geneva, elected to the papacy as Clement VII by the cardinals who opposed Pope Urban VI, was the first antipope residing in Avignon, France. His election led to the Western Schism.
  2. Western Schism
    
    The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Vatican Standoff, the Great Occidental Schism, or the Schism of 1378, was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon both claimed to be the true pope, and were joined by a third line of Pisan claimants in 1409. The schism was driven by personalities and political allegiances, with the Avignon papacy being closely associated with the French monarchy. These rival claims to the papal throne damaged the prestige of the office.
1260
1. The second of two major uprisings by the Old Prussians, a Baltic tribe, began against the Teutonic Knights.
  1. Prussian uprisings
    
    The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Old Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade. The crusading military order, supported by the Popes and Christian Europe, sought to conquer and convert the pagan Prussians. In the first ten years of the crusade, five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under the control of the less numerous Teutonic Knights. However, the Prussians rose against their conquerors on five occasions.
  2. Old Prussians
    
    Old Prussians, Baltic Prussians or simply Prussians were an indigenous tribe among the Baltic peoples that inhabited the region of Prussia, at the south-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east. The Old Prussians, who spoke an Indo-European language now known as Old Prussian and worshipped pre-Christian deities, lent their name, despite very few commonalities, to the later, predominantly Low German-speaking inhabitants of the region.
  3. Balts
    
    The Balts or Baltic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group of peoples who speak the Baltic languages of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages.
  4. Teutonic Order
    
    The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for the protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages.
2. The Great Prussian Uprising among the old Prussians begins against the Teutonic Knights.
  1. Prussian uprisings
    
    The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Old Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade. The crusading military order, supported by the Popes and Christian Europe, sought to conquer and convert the pagan Prussians. In the first ten years of the crusade, five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under the control of the less numerous Teutonic Knights. However, the Prussians rose against their conquerors on five occasions.
1187
1. Saladin begins the Siege of Jerusalem.
  1. Saladin
    
    Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadi, commonly known by the epithet Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from an ethnic Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant. At the height of his power, Ayyubid territorial control spanned Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen, the Maghreb, and Nubia.
  2. Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
    
    The siege of Jerusalem lasted from 20 September to 2 October 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin. Earlier that summer, Saladin had defeated the kingdom's army and conquered several cities. Balian was charged with organizing a defense. The city was full of refugees but had few soldiers. Despite this fact the defenders managed to repulse several attempts by Saladin's army to take the city by storm. Balian bargained with Saladin to buy safe passage for many, and the city was peacefully surrendered with limited bloodshed. Though Jerusalem fell, it was not the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as the capital shifted first to Tyre and later to Acre after the Third Crusade. Latin Christians responded in 1189 by launching the Third Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus, and Frederick Barbarossa separately. In Jerusalem, Saladin restored Muslim holy sites and generally showed tolerance towards Christians; he allowed Orthodox and Eastern Christian pilgrims to visit the holy sites freely -- though Frankish pilgrims were required to pay a fee for entry. The control of Christian affairs in the city was handed over to the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople.
1066
1. Harald III of Norway and his English ally Tostig Godwinson defeated the northern earls Edwin and Morcar at the Battle of Fulford near York.
  1. Harald Hardrada
    
    Harald Sigurdsson, also known as Harald of Norway and given the epithet Hardrada in the sagas, was King of Norway from 1046 to 1066. Additionally, he unsuccessfully claimed both the Danish throne until 1064 and the English throne in 1066. Before becoming king, Harald had spent around fifteen years in exile as a mercenary and military commander in Kievan Rus' and of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire.
  2. Tostig Godwinson
    
    Tostig Godwinson was an Anglo-Saxon Earl of Northumbria and brother of King Harold Godwinson. After being exiled by his brother, Tostig supported the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada's invasion of England, and was killed alongside Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066.
  3. Edwin, Earl of Mercia
    
    Edwin was the elder brother of Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, son of Ælfgār, Earl of Mercia and grandson of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. He succeeded to his father's title and responsibilities on Ælfgār's death in 1062. He appears as Earl Edwin in the Domesday Book.
  4. Morcar
    
    Morcar was the son of Ælfgār and brother of Ēadwine. He was the earl of Northumbria from 1065 to 1066, when he was replaced by William the Conqueror with Copsi.
  5. Battle of Fulford
    
    The Battle of Fulford was fought on the outskirts of the village of Fulford just south of York in England, on 20 September 1066, when King Harald III of Norway, also known as Harald Hardrada, and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar.
  6. York
    
    York is a cathedral city with Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. It is the historic county town of Yorkshire. The city has long-standing buildings and other structures, such as a minster, castle, and city walls. It is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the wider City of York district which covers an area larger than the city itself. The city centre which is an unparished area had a population of 117,724. While the district had a population of 210,618.
2. At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin.
  1. Battle of Fulford
    
    The Battle of Fulford was fought on the outskirts of the village of Fulford just south of York in England, on 20 September 1066, when King Harald III of Norway, also known as Harald Hardrada, and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar.
1058
1. Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland.
  1. Agnes of Poitou
    
    Agnes of Poitou, was the queen of Germany from 1043 and empress of the Holy Roman Empire from 1046 until 1056 as the wife of Emperor Henry III. From 1056 to 1061, she ruled the Holy Roman Empire as regent during the minority of their son Henry IV.
  2. Andrew I of Hungary
    
    Andrew I the White or the Catholic was King of Hungary from 1046 to 1060. He descended from a younger branch of the Árpád dynasty. After spending fifteen years in exile, he ascended the throne during an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians. He strengthened the position of Christianity in the Kingdom of Hungary and successfully defended its independence against the Holy Roman Empire.
  3. Burgenland
    
    Burgenland is the easternmost and least populous state of Austria. It consists of two statutory cities and seven rural districts, with a total of 171 municipalities. It is 166 km (103 mi) long from north to south but much narrower from west to east. The region is part of the Centrope Project.

Births & Deaths

2016
1. Curtis Hanson, American film director and screenwriter (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Curtis Hanson
    
    Curtis Lee Hanson was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. His directing work included the psychological thriller The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992), the neo-noir crime film L.A. Confidential (1997), the comedy Wonder Boys (2000), the hip-hop biopic 8 Mile (2002), the romantic comedy-drama In Her Shoes (2005), and the made-for-television docudrama Too Big to Fail (2011).
2. Peter Leo Gerety, American bishop (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Peter Leo Gerety
    
    Peter Leo Gerety was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Archbishop of Newark in New Jersey from 1974 to 1986, having previously served as Bishop of Portland in Maine from 1969 to 1974. Gerety was the oldest living Catholic bishop in the world at the time of his death at age 104.
2015
1. Mario Caiano, Italian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Mario Caiano
    
    Mario Caiano was an Italian film director, screenwriter, producer, art director and second unit director.
2. Jagmohan Dalmiya, Indian businessman (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Jagmohan Dalmiya
    
    Jagmohan Dalmiya was an Indian cricket administrator and businessman from the city of Kolkata. He was the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India as well as the Cricket Association of Bengal. He had also served as the President of the International Cricket Council.
3. Jack Larson, American actor (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Jack Larson
    
    Jack Edward Larson was an American actor, librettist, screenwriter and producer best known for his portrayal of photographer/cub reporter Jimmy Olsen on the television series Adventures of Superman.
2014
1. Anatoly Berezovoy, Russian colonel, pilot, and cosmonaut (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Anatoly Berezovoy
    
    Anatoly Nikolayevich Berezovoy was a Soviet cosmonaut.
2. Polly Bergen, American actress and singer (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Polly Bergen
    
    Polly Bergen was an American actress, singer, television host, writer and entrepreneur.
3. Takako Doi, Japanese scholar and politician (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Takako Doi
    
    Takako Doi was a prominent Japanese politician from 1980 until her retirement in 2005. She was the first female Lower House Speaker in Japan, the highest position a female politician has ever held in the country's modern history, as well as the country's first female Opposition Leader.
4. George Sluizer, French-Dutch director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1932) deaths
  1. George Sluizer
    
    George Sluizer was a Dutch-Jewish filmmaker whose credits included features as well as documentary films.
2013
1. James B. Vaught, American general (b. 1926) deaths
  1. James B. Vaught
    
    James Benjamin Vaught was a United States Army Lieutenant General who fought in the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. In South Korea he served as a company commander in the 24th Infantry Division and in 1967, in South Vietnam, on his first tour he served as the commanding officer of the 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry. He has also played a major role in numerous United States Special Forces operations. He was the overall commander of Operation Eagle Claw, the failed rescue mission of U.S. hostages in Iran in 1980.
2. Gilles Verlant, Belgian journalist and critic (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Gilles Verlant
    
    Gilles Verlant was a Belgian journalist, best known as a music critic and rock expert. He was also Serge Gainsbourg's friend and wrote his definitive biography. He died from falling down a set of stairs.
2012
1. Fortunato Baldelli, Italian cardinal (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Fortunato Baldelli
    
    Fortunato Baldelli was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who was appointed a cardinal in 2010 after a career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1966 to 2009 that included ten years as Apostolic Nuncio to France. He was also the Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary from 2009 to 2012.
2. Richard H. Cracroft, American author and academic (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Richard H. Cracroft
    
    Richard Holton Cracroft was an author and emeritus professor of English at Brigham Young University (BYU) where he held the title of Nan Osmond Grass Professor in English and spent time as head of BYU's English department and as dean of the College of Humanities. He directed BYU's American Studies Program (1989–1994), directed the Center for the Study of Christian Values in Literature and edited the seminal A Believing People anthology, a landmark in Mormon letters. His devotion to the field is most famously summed up in his Association for Mormon Letters presidential address "Attuning the Authentic Mormon Voice: Stemming the Sophic Tide in LDS Literature" and his long-running column "Book Nook" in BYU Magazine which demonstrated the breadth of Mormon literature to a wide audience.
3. Tereska Torrès, French soldier and author (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Tereska Torrès
    
    Tereska Torrès was a French writer known for the 1950 book Women's Barracks, the first "original paperback bestseller." In 2008 historians credited the republished book as the first pulp fiction book published in America to candidly address lesbian relationships, although Torrès did not agree with this analysis.
2011
1. Oscar Handlin, American historian and author (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Oscar Handlin
    
    Oscar Handlin (1915–2011) was an American historian. As a professor of history at Harvard University for over 50 years, he directed 80 PhD dissertations and helped promote social and ethnic history, virtually inventing the field of immigration history in the 1950s. Handlin won the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for History for The Uprooted (1951). Handlin's 1965 testimony before Congress was said to "have played an important role" in passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that abolished the discriminatory immigration quota system in the US.
2. Burhanuddin Rabbani, Afghan academic and politician, 10th President of Afghanistan (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Burhanuddin Rabbani
    
    Burhānuddīn Rabbānī was an Afghan politician and teacher who served as President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996.
  2. President of Afghanistan
    
    The president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was constitutionally the head of state and head of government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021) and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Armed Forces.
2010
1. Leonard Skinner, American soldier and educator (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Leonard Skinner
    
    Forby Leonard Skinner was an American high school gym teacher, basketball coach, and businessman from Jacksonville, Florida. He is known in popular culture as the eponym of the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd; Skinner was the band members' teacher.
2007
1. Johnny Gavin, Irish footballer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Johnny Gavin (footballer)
    
    John Thomas Gavin was an Irish footballer who spent most of his career in England. He played for Janesboro United, Limerick, Ireland, Norwich City, Watford, Tottenham Hotspur, Crystal Palace, Cambridge City, Newmarket Town and Fulbourn.
2006
1. Armin Jordan, Swiss conductor (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Armin Jordan
    
    Armin Jordan was a Swiss conductor known for his interpretations of French music, Mozart and Wagner.
2. Sven Nykvist, Swedish director, producer, and cinematographer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Sven Nykvist
    
    Sven Vilhem Nykvist was a Swedish cinematographer. He worked on over 120 films, but is known especially for his work with director Ingmar Bergman. He won Academy Awards for his work on two Bergman films, Cries and Whispers (1972) and Fanny and Alexander (1982), and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for The Unbearable Lightness of Being. He is also known for his collaborations with Woody Allen for Crimes and Misdemeanors, Another Woman, New York Stories, and Celebrity and Andrei Tarkovsky on The Sacrifice.
3. John W. Peterson, American pilot and songwriter (b. 1921) deaths
  1. John W. Peterson
    
    John Willard Peterson was a songwriter who had a major influence on evangelical Christian music in the 1950s through the 1970s. He wrote over 1000 songs, and 35 cantatas.
2005
1. Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian human rights activist, Holocaust survivor (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Simon Wiesenthal
    
    Simon Wiesenthal was a Jewish Austrian Holocaust survivor, Nazi hunter, and writer. He studied architecture and was living in Lwów at the outbreak of World War II. He survived the Janowska concentration camp, the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, a death march to Chemnitz, Buchenwald, and the Mauthausen concentration camp.
  2. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
2004
1. Brian Clough, English footballer and manager (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Brian Clough
    
    Brian Howard Clough was an English football player and manager, primarily known for his successes as a manager with Derby County and Nottingham Forest. He is one of four managers to have won the English league with two different clubs.
2. Townsend Hoopes, American soldier and historian (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Townsend Hoopes
    
    Townsend Walter Hoopes II was an American historian and government official, who reached the height of his career as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1967 to 1969.
2003
1. Simon Muzenda, Zimbabwean politician, 1st Vice-President of Zimbabwe (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Simon Muzenda
    
    Simon Vengai Muzenda was a Zimbabwean politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1980 to 1987 and as Vice-President of Zimbabwe from 1987 to 2003 under President Robert Mugabe.
  2. Vice-President of Zimbabwe
    
    The vice-president of Zimbabwe is the second highest political position obtainable in Zimbabwe. Currently there is a provision for two vice-presidents, who are appointed by the president of Zimbabwe. The vice-presidents are designated as "First" and "Second" in the Constitution of Zimbabwe; the designation reflects their position in the presidential order of succession.
2. Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn, Welsh lawyer and politician, Lord President of the Council (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn
    
    Gareth Wyn Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn,, was a Welsh barrister and Labour politician who was Leader of the House of Lords, Lord President of the Council and a member of the Cabinet from 2001 until his sudden death in 2003.
  2. Lord President of the Council
    
    The lord president of the Council is the presiding officer of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and the fourth of the Great Officers of State, ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Lord President usually attends and is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Privy Council, presenting business for the approval of the sovereign. In the modern era, the incumbent is by convention always a member of one of the Houses of Parliament, and the office is normally a Cabinet position.
2002
1. Sergei Bodrov Jr., Russian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Sergei Bodrov Jr.
    
    Sergei Sergeyevich Bodrov, also known as Sergei Bodrov Jr., was a Russian actor who had lead roles in the films Brother, Prisoner of the Mountains, East/West and Brother 2. He was the son of the Russian playwright, actor, director and producer Sergei Bodrov. He died in the Kolka–Karmadon rock ice slide at the end of the second day of shooting of his film The Messenger.
2000
1. Gherman Titov, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Gherman Titov
    
    Gherman Stepanovich Titov was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 6 August 1961, became the second human to orbit the Earth, aboard Vostok 2, preceded by Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1. He was the fourth person in space, counting suborbital voyages of US astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom. A month short of 26 years old at launch, he was the youngest person to fly in space until 2021 when Oliver Daemen flew on Blue Origin NS-16 at the age of 18. Since Daemen flew a suborbital mission, Titov remains the youngest man to fly in Earth orbit.
1999
1. Robert Lebel, Canadian businessman (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Robert Lebel (ice hockey)
    
    Robert Lebel or LeBel was a Canadian ice hockey administrator, who served as president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). Lebel founded a senior ice hockey league during World War II, and then became president of the Quebec Amateur Hockey Association (QAHA). He was a mayor of Chambly, Quebec, before joining the CAHA as an executive member and later its president. He was president of the IIHF during the early Cold War era, the last Canadian to lead the federation. He later founded the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League for junior ice hockey players. He received the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal, was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the IIHF Hall of Fame, three halls of fame in his native Quebec, and is the namesake of the Robert Lebel Trophy.
1996
1. Ioana Loredana Roșca, Romanian tennis player births
  1. Ioana Loredana Roșca
    
    Ioana Loredana Roșca is a Romanian tennis player.
2. Paul Erdős, Hungarian-Polish mathematician and academic (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Paul Erdős
    
    Paul Erdős was a Hungarian mathematician. He was one of the most prolific mathematicians and producers of mathematical conjectures of the 20th century. Erdős pursued and proposed problems in discrete mathematics, graph theory, number theory, mathematical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. Much of his work centered around discrete mathematics, cracking many previously unsolved problems in the field. He championed and contributed to Ramsey theory, which studies the conditions in which order necessarily appears. Overall, his work leaned towards solving previously open problems, rather than developing or exploring new areas of mathematics.
3. Reuben Kamanga, Zambian politician, 1st Vice-President of Zambia (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Reuben Kamanga
    
    Reuben Chitandika Kamanga was a Zambian freedom fighter, politician and statesman. He was educated at Munali Secondary School.
  2. Vice-President of Zambia
    
    The vice-president of Zambia is the second highest position in the executive branch of the Republic of Zambia. The vice-president was previously appointed by the president before the amendment of the Constitution in 2016. Under the amended Constitution, when the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice-president automatically assumes the presidency, unlike when the Constitution demanded holding of presidential by-election within 90 days. This is so because now every presidential candidate shall pick a vice-presidential running mate and the two will share the vote meaning voting for a president is an automatic vote for the vice-president.
4. Paul Weston, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Paul Weston
    
    Paul Weston was an American pianist, arranger, composer, and conductor who worked in music and television from the 1930s to the 1970s, pioneering mood music and becoming known as "the Father of Mood Music". His compositions include popular music songs such as "I Should Care", "Day by Day", and "Shrimp Boats". He also wrote classical pieces, including "Crescent City Suite" and religious music, authoring several hymns and masses.
1995
1. Laura Dekker, Dutch sailor births
  1. Laura Dekker
    
    Laura Dekker is a New Zealand-born Dutch sailor. In 2009, she announced her plan to become the youngest person to circumnavigate the globe single-handed. A Dutch court stepped in, owing to the objections of the local authorities, and prevented Laura from departing while under shared custody of both her parents. In July 2010, a Dutch family court ended this custody arrangement, and the record-breaking attempt finally began on 21 August 2010. Dekker successfully completed the solo circumnavigation in a 12.4-metre (40 ft) two-masted ketch named Guppy, arriving in Simpson Bay, Sint Maarten, 518 days later at the age of 16.
2. Rob Holding, English footballer births
  1. Rob Holding
    
    Robert Samuel Holding is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Premier League club Arsenal.
1994
1. Abioseh Nicol, Sierra Leonean physician, academic, and diplomat (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Davidson Nicol
    
    Davidson Sylvester Hector Willoughby Nicol or pen named Abioseh Nicol was a Sierra Leone Creole academic, diplomat, physician, writer and poet. He was able to secure degrees in the arts, science and commercial disciplines and he contributed to science, history, and literature. Nicol was the first African to graduate with first class honours from the University of Cambridge and he was also the first African elected as a fellow of a college of Cambridge University. Davidson Nicol also contributed to medical science when he was the first to analyse the breakdown of insulin in the human body, a discovery which was a breakthrough for the treatment of diabetes.
2. Jule Styne, American composer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Jule Styne
    
    Jule Styne was an English-American songwriter and composer best known for a series of Broadway musicals, including several famous frequently-revived shows that also became successful films: Gypsy, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, and Funny Girl.
1993
1. Julian Draxler, German footballer births
  1. Julian Draxler
    
    Julian Draxler is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Primeira Liga club Benfica, on loan from Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain, and the Germany national team. Draxler is known for his ability to use both feet, his speed, and the power of his shot.
2. Erich Hartmann, German soldier and pilot (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Erich Hartmann
    
    Erich Alfred Hartmann was a German fighter pilot during World War II and the most successful fighter ace in the history of aerial warfare. He flew 1,404 combat missions and participated in aerial combat on 825 separate occasions. He was credited with shooting down a total of 352 Allied aircraft: 345 Soviet and seven American while serving with the Luftwaffe. During the course of his career, Hartmann was forced to crash-land his fighter 16 times due either to mechanical failure or damage received from parts of enemy aircraft he had shot down; he was never shot down by direct enemy action.
1992
1. Michał Żyro, Polish footballer births
  1. Michał Żyro
    
    Michał Żyro is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Polish I liga side Wisła Kraków. Żyro has previously played for Legia Warsaw, Korona Kielce, Pogoń Szczecin, Stal Mielec, Piast Gliwice and Jagiellonia Białystok in Poland, as well as Wolverhampton Wanderers and Charlton Athletic in England.
1991
1. Isaac Cofie, Ghanaian footballer births
  1. Isaac Cofie
    
    Isaac Cofie is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sivasspor.
1990
1. Phillip Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Phillip Phillips
    
    Phillip LaDon Phillips Jr. is an American singer-songwriter who rose to fame after winning the eleventh season of American Idol on May 23, 2012. His coronation song, "Home", became the best-selling song in American Idol history.
2. John Tavares, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. John Tavares
    
    John Tavares is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre and captain of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected first overall by the New York Islanders in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft, where he spent nine seasons and served as captain for five seasons.
1988
1. Sergei Bobrovsky, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Sergei Bobrovsky
    
    Sergei Andreyevich Bobrovsky is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the NHL for the Philadelphia Flyers and Columbus Blue Jackets, with whom he became recognized as one of the NHL's top goaltenders. Nicknamed "Bob", Bobrovsky is a two-time Vezina Trophy winner, winning in the 2012–13 and 2016–17 seasons while a member of the Blue Jackets.
2. Khabib Nurmagomedov, Russian mixed martial artist births
  1. Khabib Nurmagomedov
    
    Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov is a Russian former professional mixed martial artist. He competed in the lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he was the longest-reigning UFC Lightweight Champion, having held the title from April 2018 to March 2021. With 29 wins and no losses, he retired with an undefeated record. Nurmagomedov is widely considered to be among the greatest mixed martial artists of all time, and was inducted into UFC Hall of Fame on June 30, 2022.
3. Ayano Ōmoto, Japanese singer and dancer births
  1. Ayano Ōmoto
    
    Ayano Ōmoto , nicknamed Nocchi , is a Japanese singer and dancer. She is known as one of the members of the Japanese electropop group Perfume.
4. Ryan Simpkins, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Ryan Simpkins (rugby league)
    
    Ryan Simpkins is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Penrith Panthers and Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League. He played as a lock, second-row and hooker.
1987
1. Gain, South Korean singer births
  1. Gain (singer)
    
    Son Ga-in, known mononymously as Gain, is a South Korean singer, actress and entertainer, best known as a member of the South Korean girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Having debuted with her home group earlier in 2006, Gain eventually made her solo debut in October 2010 with Step 2/4 to great commercial success, and has since released a total of six extended plays. In addition to her musical career, the singer also appeared in several native programs and series, most notably We Got Married and All My Love, where she co-starred alongside 2AM's Jo Kwon.
2. Jack Lawless, American drummer births
  1. Jack Lawless
    
    Jack Lawless is an American musician and singer. He is the drummer for the bands DNCE and Ocean Grove, as well as a live drummer for the Jonas Brothers. He grew up in Middletown Township, New Jersey, part of Monmouth County.
3. Tito Tebaldi, Italian rugby player births
  1. Tito Tebaldi
    
    Tito Tebaldi is an Italian rugby union player. He plays as scrum-half. He made his debut for Italy against Australia on 13 June 2009.
4. Michael Stewart, American playwright and composer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Michael Stewart (playwright)
    
    Michael Stewart was an American playwright and dramatist, librettist, lyricist, screenwriter and novelist.
1986
1. Hayato Fujita, Japanese wrestler births
  1. Hayato Fujita
    
    Hayato Fujita is a Japanese professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Fujita "Jr." Hayato (フジタ"Jr"ハヤト). Despite his small stature and physique for a professional wrestler, he is known for his toughness and hard shoot-style strikes.
2. Aldis Hodge, American actor births
  1. Aldis Hodge
    
    Aldis Alexander Basil Hodge is an American actor. Among his significant roles, he played Alec Hardison in the TNT series Leverage, MC Ren in the 2015 biopic Straight Outta Compton, Levi Jackson in the 2016 film Hidden Figures, Noah in the WGN America series Underground, Matthew in Girlfriends and Jim Brown in the 2020 film One Night in Miami.... He portrays Carter Hall / Hawkman in the DC Extended Universe, starting with Black Adam (2022).
3. İbrahim Kaş, Turkish footballer births
  1. İbrahim Kaş
    
    İbrahim Kaş is a Turkish footballer who plays as a central defender or right back.
4. Jason Nightingale, New Zealand rugby league player births
  1. Jason Nightingale
    
    Jason Nightingale is a former New Zealand international rugby league footballer who played as a winger and fullback for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL.
1985
1. Ian Desmond, American baseball player births
  1. Ian Desmond
    
    Ian Morgan Desmond is an American former professional baseball infielder and outfielder. He played 11 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals, Texas Rangers and Colorado Rockies. Desmond is a three-time Silver Slugger Award winner and a two-time MLB All-Star. While primarily a shortstop early in his career, Desmond began playing primarily left field, center field, and first base starting in 2016.
2. Mami Yamasaki, Japanese model and actress births
  1. Mami Yamasaki
    
    Mami Yamasaki is a Japanese gravure idol and actress. In addition to appearing in numerous photobooks, she has played roles in television, film, and stage productions, including Gogo Sentai Boukenger, Karate-Robo Zaborgar, the horror drama series Hitokowa, and the stage adaptation of Umimachi Diary.
1984
1. Brian Joubert, French figure skater births
  1. Brian Joubert
    
    Brian Joubert is a French figure skating coach and former competitor. He is the 2007 World champion, a three-time European champion, and the 2006–07 Grand Prix Final champion. On the domestic level, he is an eight-time French National champion.
2. Steve Goodman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Steve Goodman
    
    Steven Benjamin Goodman was an American folk and country singer-songwriter from Chicago. He wrote the song "City of New Orleans," which was recorded by Arlo Guthrie and many others including John Denver, The Highwaymen, and Judy Collins; in 1985, it received a Grammy award for best country song, as performed by Willie Nelson. Goodman had a small but dedicated group of fans for his albums and concerts during his lifetime. His most frequently sung song is the Chicago Cubs anthem, "Go Cubs Go". Goodman died of leukemia in September 1984.
1983
1. Freya Ross, Scottish runner births
  1. Freya Ross
    
    Freya Ross is a Scottish long-distance runner who competed in the Marathon at the London 2012 Olympics. She mainly competed in road races, but was also successful on the track competing in 5000 metres and 10,000 metres, as well as cross country running. Ross represented Scotland in the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres in the 2010 Commonwealth Games. in Delhi in October 2010. Some of her best road racing results were from 2009 and 2010 when she won the Great Ireland Run in 2010 and the Great Yorkshire Run in both 2009 and 2010 setting the course record in 2009. In February 2012, Freya won the Scottish Athletics National Cross Country for the sixth time in seven years.
2. Ángel Sánchez, Puerto Rican-American baseball player births
  1. Ángel Sánchez (infielder)
    
    Ángel Luis Sánchez is a Puerto Rican coach in Minor League Baseball, and a former professional baseball shortstop who played in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals, Boston Red Sox, Houston Astros and Chicago White Sox.
1982
1. Jason Bacashihua, American ice hockey player births
  1. Jason Bacashihua
    
    Jason Bacashihua is an American professional ice hockey goaltender who last played for Manchester Storm in the UK Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). He has played in the National Hockey League with the St. Louis Blues, various teams in the AHL and ECHL, HC 05 Banská Bystrica of the Slovak Extraliga, and High1 in Asia League Ice Hockey.
2. Aaron Burkart, German race car driver births
  1. Aaron Burkart
    
    Aaron Nikolai Burkart is a German rally driver. He is the 2010 Junior World Rally Champion.
3. Brian Fortuna, American dancer and choreographer births
  1. Brian Fortuna
    
    Brian Fortuna is an American professional ballroom dancer, choreographer and instructor.
4. Inna Osypenko-Radomska, Ukrainian-born sprint kayaker births
  1. Inna Osypenko-Radomska
    
    Inna Volodymyrivna Osypenko-Radomska is a Ukrainian-Azerbaijani sprint kayaker. Competing for Ukraine, she won four Olympic medals, including gold at the 2008 Olympics in K-1 500 m. She switched to Azerbaijan in 2014 and won a bronze medal at the 2016 Olympics.
5. Sexy Star, Mexican wrestler births
  1. Sexy Star
    
    Dulce Maria García Rivas is a Mexican luchadora enmascarada, or masked female professional wrestler, mixed martial artist and professional boxer who is better known by the ring name Sexy Star. She is best known for her work in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), where she is a three-time AAA Reina de Reinas Champion, while also being a former one-time AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champion. She previously wrestled under the name Dulce Poly and held both the FILL Women's Championship and the FILL Mixed Tag Team Championship under that name. She worked for Lucha Underground, where she was a former Lucha Underground Champion and Gift of the Gods Champion. She is the first woman to win the Lucha Underground Championship and, by extension, the first woman to hold a World Heavyweight Championship in a major wrestling promotion.
6. Athanasios Tsigas, Greek footballer births
  1. Athanasios Tsigas
    
    Thanasis Tsigas is a Greek former footballer, who played as a striker.
1981
1. Feliciano López, Spanish tennis player births
  1. Feliciano López
    
    Feliciano López Díaz-Guerra is a Spanish professional tennis player. He achieved his career-high singles ranking of world No. 12 in March 2015 and doubles ranking of world No. 9 in November 2016.In 2005, López was the first male Spanish tennis player to reach the quarterfinals of Wimbledon since 1972. He repeated the feat in 2008 and 2011. López defeated Tim Henman at the 2007 Wimbledon second round. Throughout his career, he has played in the most five-set matches that have gone beyond 6–6 in the post-tiebreak era, his longest fifth set being 16–14 at the 2009 Australian Open against Gilles Müller. He reached the quarterfinals of the 2015 US Open, and won his first Grand Slam title at the 2016 French Open when he won the men's doubles title with Marc López. In 2017 at the age of 35 López won the Aegon Championship at The Queen's Club, London, beating Marin Čilić in a third set tiebreak. He distinguished himself by winning his ATP titles, both in singles and doubles, on all surfaces, hard, grass and clay. During the 2018 Wimbledon Championships, López made his 66th consecutive Grand Slam main draw appearance, surpassing the previous record of 65 consecutive appearances held by Roger Federer. As of the 2022 Australian Open, his record stands at 79 consecutive Grand Slam appearances and 21 consecutive French Open appearances, also a record. López also holds the record for most losses on the ATP Tour, with 486. On 22 June 2021, he achieved 500 match wins at the 2021 Mallorca Championships, putting him No. 10 on the list of active players with over 500 match wins. On 13 July 2021 at the 2021 Hamburg European Open, he became the fifth player in the world to reach 10,000 aces on the most aces in career list. With his direct entry in the 2021 Indian Wells, he broke the record with his 139th participation in events in the Masters 1000 category.
2. David McMillan, American football player (d. 2013) births
  1. David McMillan (American football)
    
    David McMillan was a professional American and Canadian football defensive end. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the fifth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Kansas Jayhawks.
3. Ryan Tandy, Australian rugby league player (d. 2014) births
  1. Ryan Tandy
    
    Ryan Tandy was Ireland international rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He played as a prop in the National Rugby League for the St. George Illawarra Dragons, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Wests Tigers, Melbourne Storm, and the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, and in the Super League for Hull Kingston Rovers. He was banned from playing professional rugby league in Australia after being found guilty of spot-fixing during a match in 2010, and in 2014 died of a suspected drug overdose.
4. Jordan Tata, American baseball player births
  1. Jordan Tata
    
    Jordan Arthur Tata (TAY-ta) is a retired major league pitcher. Tata made his major league debut on April 6, 2006 against the Texas Rangers in a 10-6 win. For college he attended Sam Houston State. He is 6 feet 6 inches tall and weighs 220 pounds. Tata bats and throws right-handed.
1980
1. Vladimir Karpets, Russian cyclist births
  1. Vladimir Karpets
    
    Vladimir Alexandrovich Karpets is a Russian road bicycle racer, who last rode for UCI ProTeam Movistar Team. Karpets is most notable for winning the white jersey for best young rider in the 2004 Tour de France and his victories in the overall classifications of the Volta a Catalunya and the Tour de Suisse, both in 2007. Karpets is also a two-time Olympian.
1979
1. Ludvík Svoboda, Czech general and politician, 8th President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Ludvík Svoboda
    
    Ludvík Svoboda was a Czech general and politician. He fought in both World Wars, for which he was regarded as a national hero, and he later served as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1968 to 1975.
  2. List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
    
    The president of Czechoslovakia was the head of state of Czechoslovakia, from the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 until the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 1 January 1993.
1978
1. Jason Bay, Canadian-American baseball player births
  1. Jason Bay
    
    Jason Raymond Bay is a Canadian-American former professional baseball left fielder. Bay played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets and Seattle Mariners.
2. Patrizio Buanne, Austrian-Italian singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Patrizio Buanne
    
    Patrizio Franco Buanne is an Italian-Austrian baritone singer, songwriter, and producer.
3. Héctor Camacho Jr., Puerto Rican-American boxer births
  1. Héctor Camacho Jr.
    
    Héctor Machito Camacho Herrera Jr. is an American-born Puerto Rican professional boxer and published writer residing in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. He started boxing professionally at the age of 18 years old. He is the son of the late three-time world champion Héctor "Macho" Camacho and the nephew of Felix "Showtime" Camacho. In 2007, 2010, 2014, and 2016, he won the World Boxing Council (WBC) Caribbean Boxing Federation (CABOFE) Light Middleweight title. His mother was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
4. Dante Hall, American football player births
  1. Dante Hall
    
    Damieon Dante Hall is an American former football wide receiver and return specialist who played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He is nicknamed the "Human Joystick" and the "X-Factor". Hall was a fifth-round draft pick out of Texas A&M University by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 2000 NFL Draft. Hall played for the Chiefs for seven years before being traded to the St. Louis Rams on April 25, 2007, for the Rams' third and fifth-round picks in the 2007 NFL Draft. Hall was ranked the 10th greatest return specialist in NFL history on NFL Network's NFL Top 10 Return Aces.
5. Scott Minto, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Scott Minto (rugby league)
    
    Scott Minto is a former professional rugby league footballer who played on the wing in 14 games for the North Queensland Cowboys and 39 games for the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL.
1977
1. Chris Mooney, American journalist and academic births
  1. Chris Mooney (journalist)
    
    Christopher Cole Mooney is an American journalist and author of four books including The Republican War on Science (2005). Mooney's writing focuses on subjects such as climate change denialism and creationism in public schools, and he has been described as "one of the few journalists in the country who specialize in the now dangerous intersection of science and politics." In 2020 he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for a series of articles on global warming published in The Washington Post.
1976
1. Ainsley Earhardt, American political commentator births
  1. Ainsley Earhardt
    
    Ainsley Earhardt is an American conservative television news journalist and author. She is a co-host of Fox & Friends.
1975
1. Asia Argento, Italian actress births
  1. Asia Argento
    
    Asia Argento is an Italian actress and filmmaker. The daughter of filmmaker Dario Argento, she has had roles in several of her father's features and achieved mainstream success with appearances in XXX (2002), Land of the Dead (2005) and Marie Antoinette (2006). Her other notable acting credits include Queen Margot (1994), Let's Not Keep in Touch (1994), Traveling Companion (1996), Last Days (2005) and Islands (2011). Argento is the recipient of several accolades, including two David di Donatello awards for Best Actress and three Italian Golden Globes. Her directorial credits include The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things (2004) and Misunderstood (2014).
2. Joel Gertner, American wrestling announcer births
  1. Joel Gertner
    
    Joel Gertner is an American professional wrestling announcer, color commentator, and manager. He is best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling from 1995 to 2001.
3. Juan Pablo Montoya, Colombian race car driver births
  1. Juan Pablo Montoya
    
    Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán is a Colombian racing driver.
4. Jason Robinson, American saxophonist and composer births
  1. Jason Robinson (musician)
    
    Jason Robinson is an American jazz saxophonist and academic.
5. Saint-John Perse, French poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Saint-John Perse
    
    Alexis Leger, better known by his pseudonym Saint-John Perse, was a French poet-diplomat, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1960 "for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry." He was a major French diplomat from 1914 to 1940, after which he lived primarily in the United States until 1967.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1973
1. Ronald McKinnon, American football player births
  1. Ronald McKinnon
    
    Ronald McKinnon is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League. He was originally signed as an undrafted free agent by the Arizona Cardinals out of the University of North Alabama where he won three Division II National Championships. He was the winner of 1995 Harlon Hill Trophy. He played for the Cardinals from 1996-2004. He also played one season for the New Orleans Saints. In 2008, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
2. Jo Pavey, English runner births
  1. Jo Pavey
    
    Joanne Marie Pavey MBE is a British long-distance runner and a World, European and Commonwealth medallist. She won the 10,000 m gold medal at the 2014 European Championships in Zürich, ten months after giving birth to her second child, to become the oldest female European champion in history at the age of 40 years and 325 days. She is coached by her husband and manager Gavin Pavey, with whom she has two children.
3. Jim Croce, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Jim Croce
    
    James Joseph Croce was an American folk and rock singer-songwriter. Between 1966 and 1973, he released five studio albums and numerous singles. During this period, Croce took a series of odd jobs to pay bills while he continued to write, record, and perform concerts. After he formed a partnership with songwriter and guitarist Maury Muehleisen, his fortunes turned in the early 1970s. His breakthrough came in 1972; his third album, You Don't Mess Around with Jim, produced three charting singles, including "Time in a Bottle", which reached No. 1 after his death. The follow-up album, Life and Times, included the song "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown", which was the only No. 1 hit he had during his lifetime.
1972
1. Victor Ponta, Romanian jurist and politician, 63rd Prime Minister of Romania births
  1. Victor Ponta
    
    Victor Viorel Ponta is a Romanian jurist and politician, who served as Prime Minister of Romania between his appointment by President Traian Băsescu in May 2012 and his resignation in November 2015. A former member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and its leader from 2010 to 2015, he was also joint leader (2012–2014) of the then-governing Social Liberal Union (USL), an alliance with the National Liberal Party (PNL). Ponta was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Gorj County from 2004 to 2020. In the Emil Boc cabinet, he was Minister-Delegate for Relations with Parliament from 2008 to 2009.
  2. Prime Minister of Romania
    
    The prime minister of Romania, officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania, is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers, when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers. The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.
2. Pierre-Henri Simon, French historian and author (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Pierre-Henri Simon
    
    Pierre-Henri Simon was a French intellectual, literary historian, essayist, novelist, poet, and literary critic. He won the Prix Ève Delacroix in 1963
1971
1. Todd Blackadder, New Zealand rugby player and coach births
  1. Todd Blackadder
    
    Todd Blackadder is a retired New Zealand rugby union player and professional rugby coach. He captained the national team, the All Blacks 14 times playing a total of 25 games and 12 tests. Blackadder captained the Crusaders to three Super Rugby titles during his time with the franchise while also winning two NPC titles with Canterbury. Blackadder coached the Crusaders for 9 seasons, without winning a title.
2. Masashi Hamauzu, Japanese pianist and composer births
  1. Masashi Hamauzu
    
    Masashi Hamauzu is a Japanese composer, pianist, and lyricist. Hamauzu, who was employed at Square Enix from 1996 to 2010, was best known during that time for his work on the Final Fantasy and SaGa video game series. Born into a musical family in Germany, Hamauzu was raised in Japan. He became interested in music while in kindergarten, and took piano lessons from his parents.
3. Henrik Larsson, Swedish footballer and manager births
  1. Henrik Larsson
    
    Edward Henrik Larsson is a Swedish professional football coach and former player, formerly an assistant manager of Barcelona. Playing as a striker, Larsson began his career with Högaborgs BK. In 1992, he moved to Helsingborg IF where in his first season his partnership up front with Mats Magnusson helped the club win promotion to Allsvenskan after 24 seasons in the lower tiers. He moved to Feyenoord in November 1993, staying for four years before leaving in 1997. During his time in the Dutch Eredivisie, he won two KNVB Cups with Feyenoord. He also broke into the Swedish national football team, and helped them finish in third place at the 1994 World Cup.
4. Dominika Peczynski, Swedish singer and television host births
  1. Dominika Peczynski
    
    Dominika Peczynski is a Polish-Swedish singer, model and television host.
5. Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Giorgos Seferis
    
    Giorgos or George Seferis, the pen name of Georgios Seferiades, was a Greek poet and diplomat. He was one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate. He was a career diplomat in the Greek Foreign Service, culminating in his appointment as Ambassador to the UK, a post which he held from 1957 to 1962.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
6. James Westerfield, American actor (b. 1913) deaths
  1. James Westerfield
    
    James A. Westerfield was an American character actor of stage, film, and television.
1970
1. N'Bushe Wright, American actress and dancer births
  1. N'Bushe Wright
    
    N'Bushe Wright is an American actress and dancer. She attended and trained as a dancer at the Alvin Ailey Dance Center and the Martha Graham School of Dance. She is known mainly for her role as Dr. Karen Jenson in the 1998 feature film Blade.
2. Alexandros Othonaios, Greek general and politician, 126h Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Alexandros Othonaios
    
    Alexandros Othonaios was a distinguished Greek general, who became briefly the acting Prime Minister of Greece, heading an emergency government during an abortive coup in 1933.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
1969
1. Patrick Pentland, Irish-Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Patrick Pentland
    
    Patrick Pentland is an Irish rock guitarist member of the Canadian rock band Sloan. All four members of Sloan write, produce, and sing their own songs, but Pentland primarily plays lead guitar for most songs. He occasionally plays rhythm guitar, bass, keyboards in the studio, and occasionally plays drums live. Pentland is one of the band's two main singers, as he sings lead on at least a third of the band's songs, including many of their singles on their third to fifth albums, plus back-up/harmony vocals on most of their other songs.
2. Tim Rogers, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Tim Rogers (musician)
    
    Timothy Adrian Rogers, known professionally as Tim Rogers, is an Australian musician, actor and writer, best known as the frontman of Australian rock band You Am I. He has also recorded solo albums with backing bands. As of July 2013, Rogers has released 12 albums with You Am I and five solo albums.
3. Ben Shepherd, American musician and songwriter births
  1. Ben Shepherd
    
    Hunter Benedict Shepherd is an American musician, best known as the bassist of the rock band Soundgarden from 1990 to 2019. Shepherd has won two Grammy Awards as a member of Soundgarden.
4. Richard Witschge, Dutch footballer and coach births
  1. Richard Witschge
    
    Richard Peter Witschge is a Dutch former footballer who played as a midfielder. He was known for his technique and passing ability.
1968
1. Ijaz Ahmed, Pakistani cricketer and coach births
  1. Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)
    
    Ijaz Ahmed is a Pakistani cricket coach and former cricketer who played 60 Tests and 250 One Day Internationals for Pakistan over a period from 1986 to 2001.
2. Leah Pinsent, Canadian actress births
  1. Leah Pinsent
    
    Leah Pinsent is a Canadian television and film actress.
3. Darrell Russell, American race car driver (d. 2004) births
  1. Darrell Russell (dragster driver)
    
    Darrell J. Russell was an American National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) drag racer. He was the 2001 NHRA Rookie Of The Year. At the time, he was the third driver to win in his Professional class debut.
4. Philippa Forrester, English television and radio presenter, producer and author births
  1. Philippa Forrester
    
    Philippa Clare Ryan Forrester is a British television and radio presenter, producer and author.
1967
1. Roger Anderson, American wrestler births
  1. Death & Destruction
    
    Death & Destruction was a professional wrestling tag team composed of Frank "The Tank" Parker and "Ruthless" Roger Anderson. They competed in numerous regional and independent promotions throughout the Southern United States in the 1990s, and were arguably one of the region's top "heel" teams during this period.
2. Martin Harrison, American football player births
  1. Martin Harrison (American football)
    
    Martin Allen Harrison is a former American football defensive end who played ten seasons in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers, the Minnesota Vikings, and the Seattle Seahawks. He played college football for the University of Washington. Harrison attended Newport High School in Bellevue, Washington and was a multiple letter winner in both football and track and field. In 1983, when he was 15 years old, he placed sixth in the national AAU Junior Olympics in the decathlon.
3. Kristen Johnston, American actress births
  1. Kristen Johnston
    
    Kristen Angela Johnston is an American actress. Best known for her work on television sitcoms, she twice won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Sally Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun. She starred as divorce attorney Holly Franklin on The Exes, and as recovering addict Tammy Diffendorf on Mom. She has also appeared in such films as Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000), Ice Age (2002), Music and Lyrics (2007), and Bride Wars (2009).
4. Gunnar Nelson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Nelson (band)
    
    Nelson is an American rock band founded by singer/songwriters Matthew and Gunnar Nelson. The band achieved success during the early 1990s debut album After the Rain, that included "(Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection".
5. Matthew Nelson, American singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Nelson (band)
    
    Nelson is an American rock band founded by singer/songwriters Matthew and Gunnar Nelson. The band achieved success during the early 1990s debut album After the Rain, that included "(Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection".
1966
1. Nuno Bettencourt, Portuguese singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Nuno Bettencourt
    
    Nuno Duarte Gil Mendes Bettencourt is a Portuguese-American guitarist, singer-songwriter, record producer, and businessman. He became known as the lead guitarist of the Boston rock band Extreme. He has also recorded a solo album as well as having founded bands including Mourning Widows, Population 1, DramaGods, and The Satellite Party.
1965
1. Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen, Danish badminton player births
  1. Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen
    
    Poul-Erik Høyer Larsen is the current President of the Badminton World Federation and a retired Danish badminton player who won major international singles titles in the 1990s, and ranks among Denmark's badminton greats. In 2014, Høyer became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), he has been a board member of the Danish Olympic Committee since 2005.
1964
1. Randy Bradbury, American bass player births
  1. Randy Bradbury
    
    Randy Bradbury is the current bass guitar player for the Californian punk band Pennywise. He joined in October 1996 when founding bass player Jason Thirsk took a leave of absence to go to rehab for alcohol addiction. Randy was supposed to switch to rhythm guitar when Thirsk returned, but it never happened due to Thirsk's suicide in 1996. Randy played bass for early punk pioneers The Falling Idols, bass for the last Tender Fury album, as well as playing bass on the first two albums by One Hit Wonder before leaving to join Pennywise. He has a tattoo of Jack Bruce on his arm.
1963
1. Anil Dalpat, Pakistani cricketer births
  1. Anil Dalpat
    
    Anil Dalpat Sonavaria is the first Hindu ever to play Test cricket for Pakistan. After retirement from cricket, he migrated to Canada with his family where he started a business.
1962
1. Jim Al-Khalili, Iraqi-English physicist, author, and academic births
  1. Jim Al-Khalili
    
    Jameel Sadik "Jim" Al-Khalili is an Iraqi-British theoretical physicist, author and broadcaster. He is professor of theoretical physics and chair in the public engagement in science at the University of Surrey. He is a regular broadcaster and presenter of science programmes on BBC radio and television, and a frequent commentator about science in other British media.
1961
1. Lisa Bloom, American lawyer and journalist births
  1. Lisa Bloom
    
    Lisa Read Bloom is an American attorney known for advising Harvey Weinstein amid various sexual abuse allegations, and for representing women whose sexual harassment claims precipitated the firing of Bill O'Reilly from Fox News.
2. Caroline Flint, English politician, Minister of State for Europe births
  1. Caroline Flint
    
    Caroline Louise Flint is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Don Valley from 1997 to 2019. A member of the Labour Party, she attended the Cabinet of the United Kingdom as Minister for Housing and Planning in 2008 and Minister for Europe from 2008 to 2009.
  2. Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Europe
    
    The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Europe, formerly the Minister of State for Europe is a ministerial position within the Government of the United Kingdom, in charge of affairs with Europe. The Minister can also be responsible for government policy towards European security; defence and international security; the Falkland Islands; polar regions; migration; protocol; human resources; OSCE and Council of Europe; relations with Parliament; British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus; and FCO finance, knowledge and technology.
3. Erwin Koeman, Dutch retired football player and coach births
  1. Erwin Koeman
    
    Erwin Koeman is a Dutch retired professional football player and retired football manager.
1960
1. Lee Hall, English playwright and screenwriter births
  1. Lee Hall (playwright)
    
    Lee Hall is an English playwright, television writer, screenwriter, and lyricist. He is best known for writing the screenplay for the film Billy Elliot (2000) and the book and lyrics for its adaptation as a stage musical of the same name. In addition, he wrote the play The Pitmen Painters (2007), and the screenplay for the film Rocketman (2019).
2. Dave Hemingway, English singer-songwriter and drummer births
  1. Dave Hemingway
    
    Dave Hemingway is an English musician and songwriter, best known as a vocalist for the Hull-based band The Beautiful South until they disbanded in 2007. Previously he had been a member of The Housemartins.
3. Deborah Roberts, American journalist births
  1. Deborah Roberts
    
    Deborah Ann Roberts is an American television journalist for the ABC News division of the ABC broadcast television network.
1959
1. Joseph Alessi, American trombonist and educator births
  1. Joseph Alessi
    
    Joseph Norman Alessi is an American classical trombonist with the New York Philharmonic.
2. Joanna Domańska, Polish pianist and educator births
  1. Joanna Domańska
    
    Joanna Domańska is a Polish classical pianist and music teacher from Gliwice.
3. Meral Okay, Turkish actress, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2012) births
  1. Meral Okay
    
    Meral Okay was a Turkish actress, film producer and screenwriter.
1958
1. Arn Anderson, American wrestler and trainer births
  1. Arn Anderson
    
    Martin Anthony Lunde, better known by the ring name Arn Anderson, is an American professional wrestling road agent, author, and retired professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a manager. Although he is widely regarded as one of the finest tag team wrestlers in history, he also had a successful singles career and became a four-time NWA/WCW World Television Champion, which he often called his "world title".
1957
1. Alannah Currie, New Zealand singer-songwriter births
  1. Alannah Currie
    
    Alannah Joy Currie is a New Zealand artist based in London. She is a musician and activist, best known as a former member of the pop band Thompson Twins.
2. Michael Hurst, New Zealand actor and director births
  1. Michael Hurst
    
    Michael Eric Hurst ONZM is a British-born New Zealand actor, director and writer. He is known internationally for acting in the television programs Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and companion series Xena: Warrior Princess as Iolaus. Most recently, he is known for his role in directing the Starz series Spartacus: Blood and Sand and Ash vs Evil Dead.
3. Vladimir Tkatchenko, Ukrainian-Russian basketball player births
  1. Vladimir Tkachenko
    
    Vladimir Pyotrovich Tkachenko is a retired Soviet and Russian professional basketball player. Tkachenko won two Summer Olympic Games medals and three FIBA World Cup medals with the senior men's Soviet Union national basketball team. He was also named both the Euroscar and the Mr. Europa in 1979. His club career lasted 16 years. He became a FIBA Hall of Fame player in 2015.
4. Heino Kaski, Finnish pianist and composer (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Heino Kaski
    
    Heino Wilhelm Daniel Kaski was a Finnish composer, teacher and pianist.
5. Jean Sibelius, Finnish violinist and composer (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Jean Sibelius
    
    Jean Sibelius was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often credited with having helped Finland develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia.
1956
1. Jennifer Tour Chayes, American mathematician and computer scientist births
  1. Jennifer Tour Chayes
    
    Jennifer Tour Chayes is Associate Provost of the Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society and Dean of the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley. Before joining Berkeley, she was a Technical Fellow and Managing Director of Microsoft Research New England in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which she founded in 2008, and Microsoft Research New York City, which she founded in 2012.
2. Gary Cole, American actor births
  1. Gary Cole
    
    Gary Michael Cole is an American television, film and voice actor. Cole began his professional acting career on stage at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre Company in 1985. On television, he has had starring roles in the TV series Midnight Caller, American Gothic, The West Wing, Crusade, The Good Wife, The Good Fight, Veep, Chicago Fire, and Mixed-ish. In film, he has appeared in The Brady Bunch Movie, One Hour Photo, Office Space, Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story, Breach, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Pineapple Express, and In the Line of Fire. He is also known for voicing the title character on the Adult Swim series Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, Principal Shepherd on Family Guy, Mayor Fred Jones Sr. on Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, and James Timothy Possible on Kim Possible. As of season 19, Cole joined NCIS, taking over from Mark Harmon, who left the show, as FBI Special Agent, and new head of Gibbs' team, Alden Parker.
3. Steve Coleman, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader births
  1. Steve Coleman
    
    Steve Coleman is an American saxophonist, composer, bandleader and music theorist. In 2014, he was named a MacArthur Fellow.
4. John Harle, English saxophonist, composer, conductor, and producer births
  1. John Harle
    
    John Harle is an English saxophonist, composer, educator and record producer. He is an Ivor Novello Award winner and has been the recipient of two Royal Television Society awards.
1955
1. Betsy Brantley, American actress births
  1. Betsy Brantley
    
    Betsy Brantley is an American actress. She has appeared in numerous films, plays, and television shows since the early 1980s. Her breakout role was in the 1982 film Five Days One Summer with Sean Connery.
2. Johnny Kidd, English wrestler births
  1. Johnny Kidd (wrestler)
    
    John Lowing is a retired British professional wrestler best known under the ring name Johnny Kidd. Kidd was best known for his work during what was known as the Golden Era of British Wrestling.
3. José Rivero, Spanish golfer births
  1. José Rivero
    
    José Rivero is a Spanish professional golfer.
1954
1. Anne McIntosh, Scottish lawyer and politician births
  1. Anne McIntosh
    
    Anne Caroline Ballingall McIntosh, Baroness McIntosh of Pickering is a British politician who has been a life peer since 2015.
2. Henry Samueli, American businessman, co-founded Broadcom Corporation births
  1. Henry Samueli
    
    Henry Samueli is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist.
  2. Broadcom Corporation
    
    Broadcom Corporation is an American fabless semiconductor company that makes products for the wireless and broadband communication industry. It was acquired by Avago Technologies in 2016 and currently operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of the merged entity Broadcom Inc..
1953
1. Rocky Mattioli, Italian-Australian boxer births
  1. Rocky Mattioli
    
    Rocky Mattioli an Italian-born Australian former boxer at junior middleweight, and former world champion.
2. Steve Tom, American actor births
  1. Steve Tom
    
    Stephen Wilson Tom is an American actor best known for hosting the HBO comedy series Funny or Die Presents.
1951
1. Guy Lafleur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2022) births
  1. Guy Lafleur
    
    Guy Damien Lafleur, nicknamed "the Flower" and "Le Démon Blond", was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He was the first player in National Hockey League (NHL) history to score 50 goals in six consecutive seasons as well as 50 goals and 100 points in six consecutive seasons. Between 1971 and 1991, Lafleur played right wing for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and Quebec Nordiques in an NHL career spanning 17 seasons, and five Stanley Cup championships in 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979. Lafleur was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history in 2017, and was named to the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2022.
2. Javier Marías, Spanish journalist, author, and academic (d. 2022) births
  1. Javier Marías
    
    Javier Marías Franco was a Spanish author, translator, and columnist. Marías published fifteen novels, including A Heart So White and Tomorrow in the Battle Think on Me. In addition to his novels, he also published three collections of short stories and various essays. As one of Spain's most celebrated novelists, his books have been translated into forty-six languages and were sold close to nine million times internationally. He received several awards for his work, such as the Rómulo Gallegos Prize (1995), the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award (1997), the International Nonino Prize (2011), and the Austrian State Prize for European Literature (2011).
3. Greg Valentine, American wrestler births
  1. Greg Valentine
    
    Jonathan Anthony Wisniski is a retired American professional wrestler, better known as Greg "The Hammer" Valentine. He is the son of wrestler Johnny Valentine.
1950
1. Loredana Bertè, Italian singer births
  1. Loredana Bertè
    
    Loredana Bertè is an Italian singer and actress. In her long career she has worked with prominent Italian songwriters such as Pino Daniele, Ivano Fossati, Mario Lavezzi, Mango and Enrico Ruggeri, among others; her sister Mia Martini was also an acclaimed singer. She has experimented with different genres, from rock to reggae, from funk to pop. Bertè is known for the eccentric clothing she wears onstage for her performances.
1949
1. Mahesh Bhatt, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Mahesh Bhatt
    
    Mahesh Bhatt is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter known for his works in Hindi cinema. A stand-out film from his earlier period is Saaransh (1984), screened at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. It became India's official entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for that year. The 1986 film Naam was his first piece of commercial cinema. In 1987, he turned producer with the film Kabzaa under the banner, "Vishesh Films", with his brother Mukesh Bhatt.
1948
1. Rey Langit, Filipino journalist and radio host births
  1. Rey Langit
    
    Reynante Magat Langit is a Filipino journalist. He is a longtime columnist for Philippine newspapers Tempo, Balita, People's Tonight, and Pilipino Mirror. He is also the main anchorman for the nationally-aired program over AM radio station DZRJ 810 kHz in Mega Manila. He currently hosts two weekly public affairs television programs, Kasangga Mo Ang Langit and Biyaheng Langit, which airs every Saturday afternoon on RJ DigiTV.
2. Victoria Mallory, American singer and actress (d. 2014) births
  1. Victoria Mallory
    
    Victoria Mallory was an American singer and actress, best known for originating the role of Anne Egerman in the Broadway musical A Little Night Music. She was also an accomplished martial artist and model.
3. George R. R. Martin, American novelist and short story writer births
  1. George R. R. Martin
    
    George Raymond Richard Martin, also known as GRRM, is an American novelist, screenwriter, television producer and short story writer. He is the author of the series of epic fantasy novels A Song of Ice and Fire, which were adapted into the Emmy Award-winning HBO series Game of Thrones (2011–2019) and its prequel series House of the Dragon (2022–present). He also helped create the Wild Cards anthology series, and contributed worldbuilding for the 2022 video game Elden Ring.
4. Chuck Panozzo, American bass player births
  1. Chuck Panozzo
    
    Charles Salvatore Panozzo is an American musician best known as a co-founder of the rock band Styx. He is currently a part-time bass player in the band, sharing bass duties with Ricky Phillips. Panozzo suffers from HIV, which prevents him from full-time participation.
5. John Panozzo, American drummer (d. 1996) births
  1. John Panozzo
    
    John Anthony Panozzo was an American drummer best known for his work with rock band Styx.
1947
1. Mia Martini, Italian singer (d. 1995) births
  1. Mia Martini
    
    Mia Martini was an Italian singer, songwriter and musician. She is considered, by many experts, one of the most important and expressive female voices of Italian music, characterised by her interpretative intensity and her soulful performance.
2. Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, French journalist and author births
  1. Patrick Poivre d'Arvor
    
    Patrick Poivre d'Arvor is a French TV journalist and writer. He is a household name in France, and nicknamed "PPDA". With over 30 years and in excess of 4,500 editions of television news to his credit, he was one of the longest serving newsreaders in the world until he was fired in 2008. He presented his last newscast on TF1 on 10 July 2008. Since 2021, a total of 27 women have accused Patrick Poivre d'Aror of sexual assault or rape that would have allegedly happened during decades prior. Seventeen women filed a formal complaint. Among them, eight did so for alleged rape.
3. Fiorello H. La Guardia, American lawyer and politician, 99th Mayor of New York City (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Fiorello La Guardia
    
    Fiorello Henry La Guardia was an American attorney and politician who represented New York in the House of Representatives and served as the 99th Mayor of New York City from 1934 to 1945. Known for his irascible, energetic, and charismatic personality and diminutive, rotund stature, La Guardia is acclaimed as one of the greatest mayors in American history. A member of the Republican Party, La Guardia was frequently cross-endorsed by parties other than his own, including the Democratic Party, under New York's electoral fusion laws.
  2. Mayor of New York City
    
    The mayor of New York City, officially Mayor of the City of New York, is head of the executive branch of the government of New York City and the chief executive of New York City. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.
4. Jantina Tammes, Dutch biologist, geneticist, and academic (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Jantina Tammes
    
    Jantina "Tine" Tammes was a Dutch botanist and geneticist and the first professor of genetics in the Netherlands.
1946
1. Sant Rajinder Singh Ji Maharaj, Spiritual Master, Head of Science of Spirituality births
  1. Rajinder Singh (spiritual master)
    
    Rajinder Singh is the head of the international non-profit organization Science of Spirituality (SOS), known in India as the Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission. To his disciples he is known as Sant Rajinder Singh Ji Maharaj. Singh is internationally recognized for his work toward promoting inner and outer peace through spirituality and meditation on the inner Light and Sound.
  2. Science of Spirituality
    
    Science of Spirituality is a 501(c)(3) non‑profit organization founded in 1979. The spiritual head of Science of Spirituality is Rajinder Singh. He teaches meditation on the inner Light and Sound so people can experience for themselves the spiritual riches within. The international headquarters for Science of Spirituality (SOS), also known as Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission (SKRM), are based in Delhi, India, and the Western Headquarters in Lisle/Naperville, Illinois, in the United States.
2. Pete Coors, American businessman and politician births
  1. Pete Coors
    
    Peter Hanson Coors is an American businessman and politician. He formerly served as the chairman of the Molson Coors Brewing Company and chairman of MillerCoors.
3. Markandey Katju, Indian lawyer and judge births
  1. Markandey Katju
    
    Markandey Katju is an Indian jurist and former Supreme Court judge of India who served as chairman for the Press Council of India. He is the founder and patron of the Indian Reunification Association (IRA), an organisation that advocates for the peaceful reunification of what is now Pakistan and Bangladesh with India under a secular government.
1945
1. Augusto Tasso Fragoso, Brazilian politician, President of Brazil (b. 1869) deaths
  1. Augusto Tasso Fragoso
    
    General Augusto Tasso Fragoso, better known as Tasso Fragoso was a Brazilian soldier, judge of the Superior Military Tribunal and writer. During the Revolution of 1930 he was president of the Provisional Government Board of 1930, which ruled Brazil from 24 October to 3 November, between the deposition of President Washington Luis and the inauguration of Getúlio Vargas.
  2. President of Brazil
    
    The president of Brazil, officially the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces.
2. William Seabrook, American occultist, journalist, and explorer (b. 1884) deaths
  1. William Seabrook
    
    William Buehler Seabrook was an American occultist, explorer, traveler, journalist and writer, born in Westminster, Maryland. He began his career as a reporter and City Editor of the Augusta Chronicle in Georgia, worked at the New York Times, and later became a partner in an advertising agency in Atlanta. He is well known for his writing on, and engaging in, cannibalism.
3. Eduard Wirths, German physician (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Eduard Wirths
    
    Eduard Wirths was the chief SS doctor (SS-Standortarzt) at the Auschwitz concentration camp from September 1942 to January 1945. Thus, Wirths had formal responsibility for everything undertaken by the nearly twenty SS doctors who worked in the medical sections of Auschwitz between 1942 and 1945.
1944
1. Paul Madeley, English footballer (d. 2018) births
  1. Paul Madeley
    
    Paul Edward Madeley was an English footballer, who played for Leeds United and the England national team. During his career with Leeds, Madeley played in a variety of different playing positions which led to him being described as a Utility player. Madeley made more than 500 appearances for Leeds in the Football League and appeared in 24 internationals for England between 1971 and 1977.
1942
1. Rose Francine Rogombé, Gabonese lawyer and politician, President of Gabon (d. 2015) births
  1. Rose Francine Rogombé
    
    Rose Francine Rogombé was a Gabonese politician who was Acting President of Gabon from June 2009 to October 2009, following the death of long-time President Omar Bongo. She constitutionally succeeded Bongo due to her role as President of the Senate, a post to which she was elected in February 2009. She was a lawyer by profession and a member of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG). Rogombé was the first female head of state of Gabon. After her interim presidency, she returned to her post as President of the Senate.
  2. President of Gabon
    
    The president of Gabon is the head of state of Gabon. A total of three people have served as president since the post was formed in 1960.
1941
1. Dale Chihuly, American sculptor and educator births
  1. Dale Chihuly
    
    Dale Chihuly is an American glass artist and entrepreneur. He is best known in the field of blown glass, "moving it into the realm of large-scale sculpture".
2. Sammy McMillan, Irish footballer births
  1. Sammy McMillan
    
    Samuel Thomas McMillan is a Northern Irish ex-footballer who played as a left winger or centre forward for various Football League clubs in the 1960s and early 1970s, including Manchester United, Wrexham, Southend United and Stockport County.
1940
1. Tarō Asō, Japanese target shooter and politician, 92nd Prime Minister of Japan births
  1. Tarō Asō
    
    Tarō Asō is a Japanese politician serving as the Vice President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) since 2021. Asō previously served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2008 to 2009 and as Deputy Prime Minister of Japan and Minister of Finance from 2012 to 2021. He was the longest-serving Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in Japanese history, having previously served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2007 and as Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications from 2003 to 2005. He leads the Shikōkai faction within the LDP.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
2. William Finley, American actor (d. 2012) births
  1. William Finley (actor)
    
    William Franklin Finley was an American actor who appeared in the films Simon, Silent Rage, Phantom of the Paradise, Sisters and The Wedding Party.
3. Anna Pavord, Welsh-English journalist and author births
  1. Anna Pavord
    
    Anna Pavord is a British horticultural writer. She wrote for The Observer for over twenty years and for The independent for over thirty years - from its first to last print edition. Her book The Tulip: The Story of a Flower That Has Made Men Mad (1999) was listed as a The New York Times best seller.
1939
1. Paul Bruchési, Canadian archbishop (b. 1855) deaths
  1. Paul Bruchési
    
    Louis Joseph Napoléon Paul Bruchési was a Canadian prelate.
1938
1. Eric Gale, American guitarist and producer (d. 1994) births
  1. Eric Gale
    
    Eric Gale was an American jazz and R&B guitarist.
2. Jane Manning, English soprano and educator (d. 2021) births
  1. Jane Manning
    
    Jane Marian Manning OBE was an English concert and opera soprano, writer on music, and visiting professor at the Royal College of Music. A specialist in contemporary classical music, she was described by one critic as "the irrepressible, incomparable, unstoppable Ms. Manning – life and soul of British contemporary music".
1937
1. Birgitta Dahl, Swedish politician, Swedish Minister for the Environment births
  1. Birgitta Dahl
    
    Rut Birgitta Dahl is a Swedish former politician of the Social Democratic Party. Dahl was a Member of Parliament from 1969 to 2002. She served as Minister for Energy from 1982 to 1990, as Minister for the Environment from 1986 to 1991, and as Speaker of the Parliament from 1994 to 2002. She was the chairman of the Swedish section of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) between 2005 and 2011.
  2. Minister for the Environment (Sweden)
    
    The Minister for the Environment, formally cabinet minister and head of the Ministry for the Environment, was a member and minister of the Swedish Government and was appointed by the Prime Minister. The minister headed the Ministry for the Environment and was responsible for environmental issues and construction. The minister also had the overall responsibility for coordinating the government's work on sustainable development.
2. Garry Johnson, English general births
  1. Garry Johnson
    
    General Sir Garry Dene Johnson KCB OBE MC was Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Northern Europe.
3. Monica Zetterlund, Swedish actress and singer (d. 2005) births
  1. Monica Zetterlund
    
    Monica Zetterlund was a Swedish jazz singer and actress. Through her lifetime, she starred in over 10 Swedish film productions and recorded over 20 studio albums. She gained international fame through her collaborative album with Bill Evans, Waltz for Debby.
1936
1. Andrew Davies, Welsh author, screenwriter, and producer births
  1. Andrew Davies (writer)
    
    Andrew Wynford Davies is a Welsh writer of screenplays and novels, best known for House of Cards and A Very Peculiar Practice, and his adaptations of Vanity Fair, Pride and Prejudice, Middlemarch, Bleak House and War & Peace. He was made a BAFTA Fellow in 2002.
2. Salvador Reyes Monteón, Mexican footballer and manager (d. 2012) births
  1. Salvador Reyes Monteón
    
    Salvador Reyes Monteón was a Mexican professional footballer. He played for Guadalajara with 122 goals and 7 championships. Reyes won his first championship in 1957, from then on the club became unstoppable, winning six more titles. He was the last member from the club to win Campeon de Goleo until Omar Bravo won it on April 28, 2007 with 11 goals. It had been 45 years since a player from Guadalajara won the Campeon de Goleo.
1935
1. David Pegg, English footballer (d. 1958) births
  1. David Pegg
    
    David Pegg was an English footballer and one of the eight Manchester United players who died in the Munich air disaster on 6 February 1958.
2. Keith Roberts, English author and illustrator (d. 2000) births
  1. Keith Roberts
    
    Keith John Kingston Roberts was an English science fiction author. He began publishing with two stories in the September 1964 issue of Science Fantasy magazine, "Anita" and "Escapism".
3. Jim Taylor, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2018) births
  1. Jim Taylor (fullback)
    
    James Charles Taylor was an American professional football player who was a fullback in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons, with the Green Bay Packers from 1958 to 1966 and with the expansion New Orleans Saints in 1967. With the Packers, Taylor was invited to five straight Pro Bowls and won four NFL championships, as well as a victory in the first Super Bowl. He was recognized as the NFL Most Valuable Player after winning the rushing title in 1962, beating out Jim Brown. An aggressive player and fluent trash talker, Taylor developed several personal rivalries throughout his career, most notably with New York Giants linebacker Sam Huff. This confrontational attitude, combined with his tenacious running style, a penchant for contact, and ability to both withstand and deliver blows, earned him a reputation as one of the league's toughest players.
1934
1. Hamit Kaplan, Turkish World and Olympic champion sports wrestler (d. 1976) births
  1. Hamit Kaplan
    
    Hamit Kaplan was a Turkish World and Olympic champion sports wrestler of Circassian descent in the Heavyweight class. He won the gold, silver and bronze medal in men's freestyle wrestling at three consecutive Olympic Games in 1956, 1960 and 1964.
2. Sophia Loren, Italian actress births
  1. Sophia Loren
    
    Sofia Costanza Brigida Villani Scicolone, known professionally as Sophia Loren, is an Italian actress. She was named by the American Film Institute as one of the greatest female stars of Classical Hollywood cinema. As of 2022, she is one of the last surviving major stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema and is the only remaining living person on the AFI's list of the 25 greatest female stars, positioned at number 21.
3. David Marquand, Welsh academic and politician births
  1. David Marquand
    
    David Ian Marquand is a British academic and former Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP).
4. Jeff Morris, American actor (d. 2004) births
  1. Jeff Morris (actor)
    
    Jeff Morris was an American film and television actor. Among his roles was Bob, the owner of Bob's Country Bunker, in The Blues Brothers. He later reprised his role in Blues Brothers 2000.
5. Rajinder Puri, Indian cartoonist, journalist, and activist (d. 2015) births
  1. Rajinder Puri
    
    Rajinder Puri (1934–2015), was an Indian cartoonist, veteran columnist and political activist. He was on the staff of The Hindustan Times and The Statesman as a cartoonist and writer. Later, his column appeared in Outlook.
1933
1. Dennis Viollet, English footballer and manager (d. 1999) births
  1. Dennis Viollet
    
    Dennis Sydney Viollet was an English footballer who played for Manchester United and Stoke City as well as the England national team. He was famous as one of the Busby Babes and survived the Munich air disaster. After his retirement as player, he became a coach and spent most of his managerial career in the United States for various professional and school teams.
2. Annie Besant, English theosophist and activist (b. 1847) deaths
  1. Annie Besant
    
    Annie Besant was a British socialist, theosophist, freemason, women's rights activist, educationist, writer, orator, political party member and philanthropist.
1932
1. Francisco S. Carvajal, Mexican lawyer and politician, president 1914 (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Francisco S. Carvajal
    
    Francisco Sebastián Carvajal y Gual, sometimes spelled Carbajal was a Mexican lawyer and politician who served briefly as president in 1914. In his role as foreign minister, he succeeded Victoriano Huerta as president upon the latter's resignation.
1931
1. Cherd Songsri, Thai director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2006) births
  1. Cherd Songsri
    
    Cherd Songsri was a Thai film director, screenwriter and film producer. A maker of period films that sought to introduce international audiences to his vision of Thai culture, his best-known work is the 1977 romance film Plae Kao, which earned more box-office receipts than any Thai film before it. It won a prize at the 1981 Three Continents Festival in Nantes, France.
1930
1. Richard Montague, American mathematician and philosopher (d. 1971) births
  1. Richard Montague
    
    Richard Merritt Montague was an American mathematician and philosopher who made contributions to mathematical logic and the philosophy of language. He is known for proposing Montague grammar to formalize the semantics of natural language. As a student of Alfred Tarski, he also contributed early developments to axiomatic set theory (ZFC). For the latter half of his life, he was a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles until his early death, believed to be a homicide, at age 40.
2. Gombojab Tsybikov, Russian anthropologist and explorer (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Gombojab Tsybikov
    
    Gombojab Tsybikov, was a Russian explorer of Tibet from 1899 to 1902. Tsybikov specialized in ethnography, Buddhist Studies, and after 1917 was an important educator and statesman in Siberia and Mongolia.
1929
1. Anne Meara, American actress and playwright (d. 2015) births
  1. Anne Meara
    
    Anne Meara Stiller was an American actress and comedian. Along with her husband Jerry Stiller, she was one-half of the prominent 1960s comedy team Stiller and Meara. Their son is actor, director, and producer Ben Stiller. She was also featured on stage, on television, and in numerous films and later became a playwright. During her career, Meara was nominated for four Emmy Awards and a Tony Award, and she won a Writers Guild Award as a co-writer for the television movie The Other Woman.
2. Vittorio Taviani, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 2018) births
  1. Paolo and Vittorio Taviani
    
    Paolo Taviani and Vittorio Taviani, collectively referred to as the Taviani brothers, were Italian film directors and screenwriters who collaborated on film productions.
3. Joe Temperley, Scottish saxophonist and clarinet player (d. 2016) births
  1. Joe Temperley
    
    Joe Temperley was a Scottish jazz saxophonist. He performed with various instruments, but was most associated with the baritone saxophone, soprano saxophone, and bass clarinet.
1928
1. Alberto de Lacerda, Mozambican-Portuguese poet and radio host (d. 2007) births
  1. Alberto de Lacerda
    
    Carlos Alberto Portugal Correia de Lacerda was a Portuguese poet and BBC Radio Presenter.
2. Olga Ferri, Argentinian dancer and choreographer (d. 2012) births
  1. Olga Ferri
    
    Olga Ferri was an Argentine choreographer and ballet dancer. She joined the Ballet of the Teatro Colón at eighteen and was prima ballerina from 1949.
3. Donald Hall, American poet, editor, and critic (d. 2018) births
  1. Donald Hall
    
    Donald Andrew Hall Jr. was an American poet, writer, editor and literary critic. He was the author of over 50 books across several genres from children's literature, biography, memoir, essays, and including 22 volumes of verse. Hall was a graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy, Harvard, and Oxford. Early in his career, he became the first poetry editor of The Paris Review (1953–1961), the quarterly literary journal, and was noted for interviewing poets and other authors on their craft.
1927
1. Colette Bonheur, Canadian singer (d. 1966) births
  1. Colette Bonheur
    
    Colette Bonheur was a singer from Montreal, Quebec.
2. John Dankworth, English saxophonist, clarinet player, and composer (d. 2010) births
  1. John Dankworth
    
    Sir John Phillip William Dankworth, CBE, also known as Johnny Dankworth, was an English jazz composer, saxophonist, clarinettist and writer of film scores. With his wife, jazz singer Dame Cleo Laine, he was a music educator and also her music director.
3. Red Mitchell, American bassist, composer, and poet (d. 1992) births
  1. Red Mitchell
    
    Keith Moore "Red" Mitchell was an American jazz double-bassist, composer, lyricist, and poet.
4. Rachel Roberts, Welsh actress (d. 1980) births
  1. Rachel Roberts (actress)
    
    Rachel Roberts was a Welsh actress. She is best remembered for her screen performances as the older mistress of the central male character in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960) and This Sporting Life (1963). For both films, she won the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress. She was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for This Sporting Life. Her other notable film appearances included Murder on the Orient Express (1974), Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) and Yanks (1979).
5. George Nichols, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1864) deaths
  1. George Nichols (actor and director)
    
    George Nichols, sometimes credited in films as George O. Nicholls, was an American actor and film director. He is perhaps best remembered for his work at Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios.
1926
1. Libero Liberati, Italian motorcycle racer (d. 1962) births
  1. Libero Liberati
    
    Libero Liberati was an Italian motorcycle racer and the 1957 500cc Grand Prix World Champion.
1925
1. James Bernard, English composer and screenwriter (d. 2001) births
  1. James Bernard (composer)
    
    James Michael Bernard was a British film composer, particularly associated with horror films produced by Hammer Film Productions. Beginning with The Quatermass Xperiment, he scored such films as The Curse of Frankenstein and Dracula. He also occasionally scored non-Hammer films including Windom's Way (1957) and Torture Garden (1967).
2. Ananda Mahidol, King Rama VIII of Thailand (d. 1946) births
  1. Ananda Mahidol
    
    Ananda Mahidol, posthumous reigning title Phra Athamaramathibodin, was the eighth monarch of Siam (1935-1939) and Thailand (1939-1946) from the Chakri dynasty as Rama VIII. At the time he was recognised as king by the National Assembly in March 1935, he was a nine-year-old boy living in Switzerland. He returned to Thailand in December 1945, but six months later, in June 1946, he was found shot dead in his bed. Although at first thought to have been an accident, his death was ruled a murder by medical examiners, and three royal pages were later executed following very irregular trials. The mysterious circumstances surrounding his death have been the subject of much controversy.
  2. Thailand
    
    Thailand, historically known as Siam and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning 513,120 square kilometres (198,120 sq mi), with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the extremity of Myanmar. Thailand also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the southeast, and Indonesia and India to the southwest. Bangkok is the nation's capital and largest city.
1924
1. Gogi Grant, American singer (d. 2016) births
  1. Gogi Grant
    
    Myrtle Audrey Arinsberg, known professionally as Gogi Grant, was an American pop singer. She is best known for her No. 1 hit in 1956, "The Wayward Wind".
2. Albert Marre, American director, and producer (d. 2012) births
  1. Albert Marre
    
    Albert Marre was an American stage director and producer. He directed the stage musical Man of La Mancha in 1965, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Director of a Musical.
3. Jackie Paris, American singer and guitarist (d. 2004) births
  1. Jackie Paris
    
    'Carlo Jackie Paris was an American jazz singer and guitarist. He is best known for his recordings of "Skylark" and "'Round Midnight" from the late 1940s to the early 1950s.
1923
1. Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Indian actor and producer (d. 2014) births
  1. Akkineni Nageswara Rao
    
    Akkineni Nageswara Rao, widely known as ANR, was an Indian actor and producer, known for his works majorly in Telugu cinema. He starred in many landmark films in his seventy five-year career, and became one of the most prominent figures of Telugu cinema. Nageswara Rao received seven state Nandi Awards, and five Filmfare Awards South. He is a recipient of the Dada Saheb Phalke Award and Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of Art and Cinema.
2. Maurice Sauvé, Canadian economist, academic, and politician (d. 1992) births
  1. Maurice Sauvé
    
    Maurice Sauvé, was a Canadian economist, politician, cabinet minister, businessman, and husband of Jeanne Sauvé, 23rd Governor General of Canada.
1921
1. Chico Hamilton, American drummer, composer, and bandleader (d. 2013) births
  1. Chico Hamilton
    
    Foreststorn "Chico" Hamilton was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. He came to prominence as sideman for Lester Young, Gerry Mulligan, Count Basie, and Lena Horne. Hamilton became a bandleader, first with a quintet featuring the cello as a lead instrument, an unusual choice for a jazz band in the 1950s, and subsequently leading bands that performed cool jazz, post bop, and jazz fusion.
1920
1. Jay Ward, American animator, producer, and screenwriter, founded Jay Ward Productions (d. 1989) births
  1. Jay Ward
    
    Joseph Ward Cohen Jr., also known as Jay Ward, was an American creator and producer of animated TV cartoon shows. He produced animated series based on such characters as Crusader Rabbit, Rocky & Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, Peabody and Sherman, Hoppity Hooper, George of the Jungle, Tom Slick, and Super Chicken. His own company, Jay Ward Productions, designed the trademark characters for the Cap'n Crunch, Quisp, and Quake breakfast cereals and it made TV commercials for those products. Ward produced the non-animated series Fractured Flickers (1963) that featured comedic redubbing of silent films.
  2. Jay Ward Productions
    
    Jay Ward Productions, Inc. is an American animation studio based in Costa Mesa, California. It was founded in 1948 by American animator Jay Ward.
1917
1. Red Auerbach, American basketball player and coach (d. 2006) births
  1. Red Auerbach
    
    Arnold Jacob "Red" Auerbach was an American professional basketball coach and executive. He served as a head coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA), most notably with the Boston Celtics. He was also the head coach of the Washington Capitols and Tri-Cities Blackhawks. As a coach, Auerbach set NBA records with 938 wins and nine championships. After his coaching retirement in 1966, he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death. As general manager and team president of the Celtics, he won an additional seven NBA titles for a grand total of 16 in a span of 29 years and making him one of the most successful team officials in the history of North American professional sports.
2. Olga Dahl, Swedish genealogist (d. 2009) births
  1. Olga Dahl
    
    Olga Dahl was a Swedish genealogist.
3. Fernando Rey, Spanish actor (d. 1994) births
  1. Fernando Rey
    
    Fernando Casado Arambillet, best known as Fernando Rey, was a Spanish film, theatre, and television actor, who worked in both Europe and the United States. A suave, international actor best known for his roles in the films of surrealist director Luis Buñuel and as the drug lord Alain Charnier in The French Connection (1971) and French Connection II (1975), he appeared in more than 150 films over half a century.
4. Clarice Taylor, American actress (d. 2011) births
  1. Clarice Taylor
    
    Clarice Taylor was an American stage, film and television actress. She is best known for playing Cousin Emma on Sanford and Son and Anna Huxtable on The Cosby Show. and Mrs. Brooks in Five on the Black Hand Side (1973).
5. Obdulio Varela, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1996) births
  1. Obdulio Varela
    
    Obdulio Jacinto Muiños Varela was a Uruguayan football player. He was the captain of the Uruguayan national team that won the 1950 World Cup after beating Brazil in the decisive final round match popularly known as the Maracanazo. He was nicknamed "El Negro Jefe" because of his dark skin and the influence he had on the pitch, especially during the unlikely victory over Brazil. He was of African, Spanish and Greek ancestry. Commonly regarded as one of the greatest classic holding midfielders, Varela was adept in defence and was renowned for his tenacity and leadership. He is regarded as one of the greatest captains in football history, and "he remains one of the biggest sporting heroes in Uruguay".
1915
1. Malik Meraj Khalid, Pakistani politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2003) births
  1. Malik Meraj Khalid
    
    Malik Meraj Khalid, was a Pakistani advocate, left wing politician and Marxist philosopher who served as Caretaker prime minister of Pakistan from November 1996 until February 1997. He was noted as being one of the original philosophers and founding personalities of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
  2. Prime Minister of Pakistan
    
    The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of the House. Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".
1914
1. Kenneth More, English actor (d. 1982) births
  1. Kenneth More
    
    Kenneth Gilbert More, CBE was an English film and stage actor.
1913
1. Sidney Dillon Ripley, American ornithologist and academic (d. 2001) births
  1. Sidney Dillon Ripley
    
    Sidney Dillon Ripley II was an American ornithologist and wildlife conservationist. He served as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for 20 years, from 1964 to 1984, leading the institution through its period of greatest growth and expansion. For his leadership at the Smithsonian, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985.
1908
1. Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish violinist and composer (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Pablo de Sarasate
    
    Pablo Martín Melitón de Sarasate y Navascués, commonly known as Pablo de Sarasate, was a Spanish (Navarrese) violin virtuoso, composer and conductor of the Romantic period. His best known works include Zigeunerweisen, the Spanish Dances, and the Carmen Fantasy.
1906
1. Jean Dréville, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1997) births
  1. Jean Dréville
    
    Jean Dréville was a French film director. He directed more than 40 films between 1928 and 1969.
2. Vera Faddeeva, Russian mathematician (d. 1983) births
  1. Vera Faddeeva
    
    Vera Faddeeva was a Soviet mathematician. Faddeeva published some of the earliest work in the field of numerical linear algebra. Her 1950 work, Computational methods of linear algebra was widely acclaimed and she won a USSR State Prize for it. Between 1962 and 1975, she wrote many research papers with her husband, Dmitry Konstantinovich Faddeev. She is remembered as an important Russian mathematician, specializing in linear algebra, who worked in the 20th century.
3. Robert R. Hitt, American politician, 13th United States Assistant Secretary of State (b. 1834) deaths
  1. Robert R. Hitt
    
    Robert Roberts Hitt was an American diplomat and Republican politician from Illinois. He served briefly as assistant secretary of state in the short-lived administration of James A. Garfield but resigned alongside Secretary of State James G. Blaine after Garfield's assassination in 1881. He returned to Washington to represent Northwestern Illinois in the United States House of Representatives from 1882 to his death. After 1885, he was the senior Republican on the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, which he chaired from 1889 to 1891 and 1895 until his death in 1906.
  2. United States Assistant Secretary of State
    
    Assistant Secretary of State (A/S) is a title used for many executive positions in the United States Department of State, ranking below the under secretaries. A set of six assistant secretaries reporting to the under secretary for political affairs manage diplomatic missions within their designated geographic regions, plus one assistant secretary dealing with international organizations. Assistant secretaries usually manage individual bureaus of the Department of State. When the manager of a bureau or another agency holds a title other than assistant secretary, such as "director," it can be said to be of "assistant secretary equivalent rank." Assistant secretaries typically have a set of deputies, referred to as deputy assistant secretaries (DAS).
1902
1. Stevie Smith, English author and poet (d. 1971) births
  1. Stevie Smith
    
    Florence Margaret Smith, known as Stevie Smith, was an English poet and novelist. She won the Cholmondeley Award and was awarded the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry. A play, Stevie by Hugh Whitemore, based on her life, was adapted into a film starring Glenda Jackson.
1899
1. Leo Strauss, German-American political scientist, philosopher, and academic (d. 1973) births
  1. Leo Strauss
    
    Leo Strauss was a German-American political philosopher who specialized in classical political philosophy. Born in Germany to Jewish parents, Strauss later emigrated from Germany to the United States. He spent much of his career as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught several generations of students and published fifteen books.
1898
1. Theodor Fontane, German author and poet (b. 1819) deaths
  1. Theodor Fontane
    
    Theodor Fontane was a German novelist and poet, regarded by many as the most important 19th-century German-language realist author. He published the first of his novels, for which he is best known today, only at age 58 after a career as a journalist.
1895
1. Walter Dubislav, German logician and philosopher of science (d. 1937) births
  1. Walter Dubislav
    
    Walter Dubislav was a German logician and philosopher of science (Wissenschaftstheoretiker).
1893
1. Colin Fraser Barron, Scottish-Canadian sergeant, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1958) births
  1. Colin Fraser Barron
    
    Colin Fraser Barron was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was born at Boyndie, Banffshire, Scotland, a son of Margaret Walker Barron, a domestic servant. He was raised in a large household by his grandparents Joseph Barron & Mary Barron along with his brother Alexander Barron and many other half-siblings and aunts and uncles. He emigrated to Canada in 1910, and enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in 1914.
  2. Victoria Cross
    
    The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded by countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two-thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. The investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.
2. Hermann Lux, German footballer and manager (d. 1962) births
  1. Hermann Lux (footballer)
    
    Hermann Lux was a German footballer.
1891
1. Tomás Garrido Canabal, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1943) births
  1. Tomás Garrido Canabal
    
    Tomás Garrido Canabal was a Mexican politician, revolutionary and atheist activist. Garrido Canabal served governor of the state of Tabasco from 1920 to 1924 and from 1931 to 1934. He was noted for his anti-Catholicism, during his term he led persecutions against the Church in his state, killing many priests and laymen and driving the remainder underground.
1890
1. Linda Eenpalu, Estonian activist and politician (d. 1967) births
  1. Linda Eenpalu
    
    Linda Marie Eenpalu was an Estonian politician. She was a member of the National Constituent Assembly (1937) and a Member of the Second Chamber of the National Council (1938) and the first of her gender in both of these positions. She was a well-known women's rights activist. She was married to politician Kaarel Eenpalu, who was prime minister in 1938–1939.
1889
1. Oskar Kaplur, Estonian wrestler (d. 1962) births
  1. Oskar Kaplur
    
    Oskar Kaplur was a Russian wrestler. He competed for Russian Empire in the lightweight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
2. Charles Reidpath, American runner and general (d. 1975) births
  1. Charles Reidpath
    
    Charles Decker Reidpath was an American track and field sprinter and winner of two gold medals at the 1912 Summer Olympics, who later went on to have an outstanding military career.
1886
1. Charles Williams, English author, poet, and critic (d. 1945) births
  1. Charles Williams (British writer)
    
    Charles Walter Stansby Williams was a British poet, novelist, playwright, theologian, literary critic, and member of the Inklings, an informal literary discussion group associated with C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien at the University of Oxford.
1885
1. Enrico Mizzi, Maltese lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1950) births
  1. Enrico Mizzi
    
    Enrico Mizzi was a Maltese politician, leader of the Maltese Nationalist Party from 1926 and briefly Prime Minister of Malta in 1950.
  2. Prime Minister of Malta
    
    The prime minister of Malta is the head of government, which is the highest official of Malta. The Prime Minister chairs Cabinet meetings, and selects its ministers to serve in their respective portfolios. The Prime Minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the Parliament, as such they sit as Members of Parliament.
1884
1. Maxwell Perkins, American editor (d. 1947) births
  1. Maxwell Perkins
    
    William Maxwell Evarts "Max" Perkins was an American book editor, best remembered for discovering authors Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, and Thomas Wolfe.
2. Leopold Fitzinger, Austrian zoologist and author (b. 1802) deaths
  1. Leopold Fitzinger
    
    Leopold Joseph Franz Johann Fitzinger was an Austrian zoologist.
1880
1. Ildebrando Pizzetti, Italian composer, musicologist and critic (d. 1968) births
  1. Ildebrando Pizzetti
    
    Ildebrando Pizzetti was an Italian composer of classical music, musicologist, and music critic.
1878
1. Upton Sinclair, American novelist, critic, and essayist (d. 1968) births
  1. Upton Sinclair
    
    Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. was an American writer, muckraker, political activist and the 1934 Democratic Party nominee for governor of California who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943.
2. Francisco Lagos Cházaro, acting president of Mexico (d. 1932) births
  1. Francisco Lagos Cházaro
    
    Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagos Cházaro Mortero was the acting President of Mexico designated by the Convention of Aguascalientes from June 10, 1915 to October 10, 1915.
1876
1. Carleton Ellis, American inventor and chemist (d. 1941) births
  1. Carleton Ellis
    
    Carleton Ellis was an American inventor and a pioneer in the field of organic chemistry. He was involved in the development of margarine, polyester, anti-knock gasoline, paint and varnish remover, and holder of 753 patents. A native of Keene, New Hampshire, he was the valedictorian of his high school class, and later a graduate of MIT. He then set up the Ellis Laboratories in Montclair, New Jersey.
1875
1. Matthias Erzberger, German publicist and politician (d. 1921) births
  1. Matthias Erzberger
    
    Matthias Erzberger was a German writer and politician, the minister of Finance from 1919 to 1920.
1873
1. Sidney Olcott, Canadian-American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1949) births
  1. Sidney Olcott
    
    Sidney Olcott was a Canadian-born film producer, director, actor and screenwriter.
2. Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian race car driver (d. 1944) births
  1. Ferenc Szisz
    
    Ferenc Szisz, was a Hungarian race car driver and the winner of the first Grand Prix motor racing event on a Renault Grand Prix 90CV on 26 June, 1906.
1872
1. Maurice Gamelin, French general (d. 1958) births
  1. Maurice Gamelin
    
    Maurice Gustave Gamelin was an army general in the French Army. Gamelin is remembered for his disastrous command of the French military during the Battle of France in World War II and his steadfast defence of republican values.
1863
1. Jacob Grimm, German philologist and mythologist (b. 1785) deaths
  1. Jacob Grimm
    
    Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm, also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, and folklorist. He is known as the discoverer of Grimm's law of linguistics, the co-author of the monumental Deutsches Wörterbuch, the author of Deutsche Mythologie, and the editor of Grimms' Fairy Tales. He was the older brother of Wilhelm Grimm; together, they were the literary duo known as the Brothers Grimm.
1861
1. Herbert Putnam, American lawyer and publisher, 8th Librarian of Congress (d. 1955) births
  1. Herbert Putnam
    
    George Herbert Putnam was an American librarian. He was the eighth Librarian of Congress from 1899 to 1939. He implemented his vision of a universal collection with strengths in many languages, especially from Europe and Latin America.
  2. Librarian of Congress
    
    The Librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress, appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, for a term of ten years. In addition to overseeing the library, the Librarian of Congress appoints the U.S. poet laureate and awards the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song.
1855
1. José Trinidad Reyes, Honduran priest and educator (b. 1797) deaths
  1. José Trinidad Reyes
    
    The Father José Trinidad Reyes y Sevilla was a Honduran priest who founded the National Autonomous University of Honduras, formerly called "La Sociedad del Genio emprendedor y del buen gusto". He advocated against poverty, assisting the poor and insisting on their right to education on matters of faith, culture and science.
1853
1. Chulalongkorn, Siamese king (d. 1910) births
  1. Chulalongkorn
    
    Chulalongkorn was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang.
1852
1. Philander Chase, American bishop and educator, founded Kenyon College (b. 1775) deaths
  1. Philander Chase
    
    Philander Chase was an Episcopal Church bishop, educator, and pioneer of the United States western frontier, especially in Ohio and Illinois.
  2. Kenyon College
    
    Kenyon College is a private liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio. It was founded in 1824 by Philander Chase. Kenyon College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.
1851
1. Henry Arthur Jones, English playwright and critic (d. 1929) births
  1. Henry Arthur Jones
    
    Henry Arthur Jones was an English dramatist, who was first noted for his melodrama The Silver King (1882), and went on to write prolifically, often appearing to mirror Ibsen from the opposite (conservative) viewpoint. As a right-winger, he engaged in extensive debates with left-wing writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells.
1847
1. Susanna Rubinstein, Austrian psychologist (d. 1914) births
  1. Susanna Rubinstein
    
    Susanna or Susanne Rubinstein was an Austrian psychologist and the first woman to earn a doctorate from the University of Bern in Switzerland.
1845
1. Matvei Gedenschtrom, Russian explorer and public servant (b. 1780) deaths
  1. Matvei Gedenschtrom
    
    Matvei Matveyevich Gedenschtrom was a Russian explorer of Northern Siberia, writer, and public servant.
1844
1. William H. Illingworth, English-American photographer (d. 1893) births
  1. William H. Illingworth
    
    William H. Illingworth was an English born photographer from St. Paul, Minnesota who accompanied both Captain James L. Fisk's 1866 expedition to the Montana Territory and Lt. Colonel George Custer's 1874 U.S. military expedition into the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory.
1842
1. James Dewar, Scottish-English chemist and physicist (d. 1923) births
  1. James Dewar
    
    Sir James Dewar was a British chemist and physicist. He is best known for his invention of the vacuum flask, which he used in conjunction with research into the liquefaction of gases. He also studied atomic and molecular spectroscopy, working in these fields for more than 25 years.
1840
1. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Paraguayan lawyer and politician, Consul of Paraguay (b. 1766) deaths
  1. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
    
    José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco was a Paraguayan lawyer and politician, and the first dictator (1814–1840) of Paraguay following its 1811 independence from the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. His official title was "Supreme and Perpetual Dictator of Paraguay", but he was popularly known as El Supremo.
  2. President of Paraguay
    
    The president of Paraguay, officially known as the President of the Republic of Paraguay, is according to the Constitution of Paraguay the head of the executive branch of the Government of Paraguay, both head of state and head of government. His honorific title is Su Excelencia.
1839
1. Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, English admiral (b. 1769) deaths
  1. Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet
    
    Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, 1st Baronet, GCB was a British Royal Navy officer. He took part in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent in February 1797, the Battle of the Nile in August 1798 and the Battle of Copenhagen in April 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. He served as flag captain to Admiral Lord Nelson, and commanded HMS Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars. Nelson was shot as he paced the decks with Hardy, and as he lay dying, Nelson's famous remark of "Kiss me, Hardy" was directed at him. Hardy went on to become First Naval Lord in November 1830 and in that capacity refused to become a Member of Parliament and encouraged the introduction of steam warships.
1833
1. Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian soldier and journalist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918) births
  1. Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
    
    Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist, nationalist, revolutionary soldier and later a pacifist and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. He adopted the motto In varietate unitas! which later inspired Motto of the European Union.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1831
1. Kate Harrington, American poet and educator (d. 1917) births
  1. Kate Harrington (poet)
    
    Kate Harrington, born Rebecca Harrington Smith and later known as Rebecca Smith Pollard, was an American teacher, writer and poet.
1820
1. John F. Reynolds, American general (d. 1863) births
  1. John F. Reynolds
    
    John Fulton Reynolds was a career United States Army officer and a general in the American Civil War. One of the Union Army's most respected senior commanders, he played a key role in committing the Army of the Potomac to the Battle of Gettysburg and was killed at the start of the battle.
1819
1. Frederick Ellsworth Sickels, American inventor (d. 1895) births
  1. Frederick Ellsworth Sickels
    
    Frederick Ellsworth Sickels was an American inventor, best known for the invention of a cut-off valve for steam engines in 1841.
1815
1. Richard Dry, Australian politician, 7th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1869) births
  1. Richard Dry
    
    Sir Richard Dry, KCMG was an Australian politician, the son of United Irish convict, who was Premier of Tasmania from 24 November 1866 until 1 August 1869 when he died in office. Dry was the first Tasmanian-born premier, and the first Tasmanian to be knighted.
  2. Premier of Tasmania
    
    The premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the leader of the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly is invited by the governor of Tasmania to be premier and principal adviser.
2. Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist and scholar (b. 1725) deaths
  1. Nicolas Desmarest
    
    Nicolas Desmarest was a French geologist and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, in particular, the multi-volume Géographie-physique.
1803
1. Robert Emmet, Irish republican (b. 1780) deaths
  1. Robert Emmet
    
    Robert Emmet was an Irish Republican, orator and rebel leader. Following the suppression of the United Irish uprising in 1798, he sought to organise a renewed attempt to overthrow the British Crown and Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, and to establish a nationally representative government. Emmet entertained, but ultimately abandoned, hopes of immediate French assistance and of coordination with radical militants in Great Britain. In Ireland, many of the surviving veterans of '98 hesitated to lend their support, and his rising in Dublin in 1803 proved abortive.
  2. Irish republicanism
    
    Irish republicanism is the political movement for the unity and independence of Ireland under a republic. Irish republicans view British rule in any part of Ireland as inherently illegitimate.
1800
1. Benjamin Franklin White, American singer and composer (d. 1879) births
  1. Benjamin Franklin White
    
    Benjamin Franklin White was a shape note "singing master", and compiler of the shape note tunebook known as The Sacred Harp. He was born near Cross Keys in Union County, South Carolina, the twelfth child of Robert and Mildred White.
1793
1. Fletcher Christian, English lieutenant and mutineer (b. 1764) deaths
  1. Fletcher Christian
    
    Fletcher Christian was master's mate on board HMS Bounty during Lieutenant William Bligh's voyage to Tahiti during 1787–1789 for breadfruit plants. In the mutiny on the Bounty, Christian seized command of the ship from Bligh on 28 April 1789. Some of the mutineers were left on Tahiti, while Christian, eight other mutineers, six Tahitian men and eleven Tahitian women settled on isolated Pitcairn Island, and Bounty was burned. After the settlement was discovered in 1808, the sole surviving mutineer gave conflicting accounts of how Christian died.
1778
1. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, cartographer, and explorer (d. 1852) births
  1. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
    
    Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen was a Russian naval officer, cartographer and explorer, who ultimately rose to the rank of admiral. He participated in the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe, and subsequently became a leader of another circumnavigation expedition that discovered the continent of Antarctica. Like Otto von Kotzebue and Adam Johann von Krusenstern, Bellingshausen belonged to the cohort of prominent Baltic German navigators who helped Russia launch its naval expeditions.
1758
1. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haitian emperor (d. 1806) births
  1. Jean-Jacques Dessalines
    
    Jean-Jacques Dessalines was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution. Under Dessalines, Haiti became the first country in the Americas to permanently abolish slavery. Initially regarded as governor-general, Dessalines was later named Emperor of Haiti as Jacques I (1804–1806) by generals of the Haitian Revolution Army and ruled in that capacity until being assassinated in 1806. He has been referred to as the father of the nation of Haiti.
1746
1. Maurice, Count de Benyovszky, Slovak-Hungarian explorer (d. 1786) births
  1. Maurice Benyovszky
    
    Count Maurice Benyovszky de Benyó et Urbanó was a renowned military officer, adventurer, and writer from the Kingdom of Hungary, who described himself as both a Hungarian and a Pole. He is considered a national hero in Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia.
1685
1. Giuseppe Matteo Alberti, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1751) births
  1. Giuseppe Matteo Alberti
    
    Giuseppe Matteo Alberti was an Italian Baroque composer and violinist.
2. Mateo de Toro Zambrano, 1st Count of La Conquista, President of the First Government Junta of Chile (d. 1811) births
  1. Mateo de Toro Zambrano, 1st Count of La Conquista
    
    Field Marshal Mateo de Toro Zambrano y Ureta, frequently misnamed Mateo de Toro y Zambrano in many Chilean history publications, was Viscount of La Descubierta and later Count of La Conquista (1771) and Knight of the Spanish Order of Santiago. He was a Chilean creole and had a career as a soldier under the Spanish Empire after he amassed a fortune in commerce.
  2. Government Junta of Chile (1810)
    
    Government Assembly of the Kingdom of Chile, also known as the First Government Gathering, was the organization established to rule post-colonial Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte. It was the earliest step in the Chilean struggle for independence, and the anniversary of its establishment is celebrated as the national day of Chile.
1684
1. Kim Seok-ju, Korean scholar and politician (b. 1634) deaths
  1. Gim Seokju
    
    Gim Seokju was one of the Neo-Confucian scholars, politicians and writers of the Korean Joseon Kingdom. His nickname was Sigam, a courtesy name was Sabaek. He was a cousin of Queen Myunseong. He was Chief State Councillor of the Joseon Kingdom in 1680.
1643
1. Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for England (b. 1610) deaths
  1. Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland
    
    Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland PC was an English author and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642. He fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War and was killed in action at the First Battle of Newbury.
  2. Secretary of State (England)
    
    In the Kingdom of England, the title of Secretary of State came into being near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), the usual title before that having been King's Clerk, King's Secretary, or Principal Secretary.
1639
1. Johannes Meursius, Dutch historian and scholar (b. 1579) deaths
  1. Johannes Meursius
    
    Johannes Meursius was a Dutch classical scholar and antiquary.
1627
1. Jan Gruter, Dutch scholar and critic (b. 1560) deaths
  1. Jan Gruter
    
    Jan Gruter or Gruytère, Latinized as Janus Gruterus, was a Flemish-born philologist, scholar, and librarian.
1625
1. Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (b. 1555) deaths
  1. Heinrich Meibom (poet)
    
    Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet, was born at Barntrup in Westphalia.
1614
1. Martino Martini, Italian missionary, cartographer and historian (d. 1661) births
  1. Martino Martini
    
    Martino Martini, born and raised in Trento, was a Jesuit missionary. As cartographer and historian, he mainly worked on ancient Imperial China.
1608
1. Jean-Jacques Olier, French priest and mystic, founded the Society of Saint-Sulpice (d. 1657) births
  1. Jean-Jacques Olier
    
    Jean-Jacques Olier, S.S. was a French Catholic priest and the founder of the Sulpicians. He also helped to establish the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal, which organized the settlement of a new town called Ville-Marie in the colony of New France.
  2. Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice
    
    The Society of Priests of Saint-Sulpice, abbreviated PSS also known as the Sulpicians is a society of apostolic life of Pontifical Right for men, named after the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, where it was founded. The members of the Society add the nominal letters PSS after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. Typically, priests become members of the Society of the Priests of St. Sulpice only after ordination and some years of pastoral work. The purpose of the society is mainly the education of priests and to some extent parish work. As their main role is the education of those preparing to become priests, Sulpicians place great emphasis on the academic and spiritual formation of their own members, who commit themselves to undergoing lifelong development in these areas. The Society is divided into three provinces, operating in various countries: the Province of France, Canada, and the United States.
1599
1. Christian the Younger of Brunswick (d. 1623) births
  1. Christian the Younger of Brunswick
    
    Christian the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, a member of the House of Welf, titular Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt, was a German Protestant military leader during the early years of the Thirty Years' War, fighting against the forces of the Imperial House of Habsburg, Habsburg Spain, and the Catholic League.
1593
1. Gottfried Scheidt, German organist and composer (d. 1661) births
  1. Gottfried Scheidt
    
    Gottfried Scheidt was a German composer and organist.
1590
1. Lodovico Agostini, Italian priest, composer, and scholar (b. 1534) deaths
  1. Lodovico Agostini
    
    Lodovico Agostini was an Italian composer, singer, priest, and scholar of the late Renaissance. He was a close associate of the Ferrara Estense court, and one of the most skilled representatives of the progressive secular style which developed there at the end of the 16th century.
1586
1. Sir Anthony Babington, English Catholic conspirator (b. 1561) deaths
  1. Anthony Babington
    
    Anthony Babington was an English gentleman convicted of plotting the assassination of Elizabeth I of England and conspiring with the imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots, for which he was hanged, drawn and quartered. The "Babington Plot" and Mary's involvement in it were the basis of the treason charges against her which led to her execution. He was a member of the Babington family.
2. Chidiock Tichborne, English conspirator and poet (b. 1558) deaths
  1. Chidiock Tichborne
    
    Chidiock Tichborne, erroneously referred to as Charles, was an English conspirator and poet.
1565
1. Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b. 1515) deaths
  1. Cipriano de Rore
    
    Cipriano de Rore was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in Italy. Not only was he a central representative of the generation of Franco-Flemish composers after Josquin des Prez who went to live and work in Italy, but he was one of the most prominent composers of madrigals in the middle of the 16th century. His experimental, chromatic, and highly expressive style had a decisive influence on the subsequent development of that secular music form.
1537
1. Pavle Bakić, medieval Serb monarch; last Serb Despot deaths
  1. Pavle Bakić
    
    Pavle Bakić (Serbian: Павле Бакић, Hungarian: Bakics Pál; was the last titular Despot of Serbia. He was one of the most notable military commanders among Serbian nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary, and fought against the Ottoman Empire in several battles, most notably at the Battle of Mohács and the Battle of Vienna. He fell at the Battle of Gorjani.
  2. Serbian Despotate
    
    The Serbian Despotate was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is generally considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 60 years, experiencing a cultural and political renaissance before it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1459. Before its conquest the Despotate was a tributary state of the neighbouring Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Kingdom of Hungary, all of which considered it to be part of their sphere of influence.
1533
1. Veit Stoss, German sculptor (b. c. 1447) deaths
  1. Veit Stoss
    
    Veit Stoss was a leading German sculptor, mostly working with wood, whose career covered the transition between the late Gothic and the Northern Renaissance. His style emphasized pathos and emotion, helped by his virtuoso carving of billowing drapery; it has been called "late Gothic Baroque". He had a large workshop, and in addition to his own works there are a number by pupils. He is best known for the altarpiece in St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków, Poland.
1514
1. Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1590) births
  1. Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg
    
    Philipp IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg was from 1538 to 1590 the reigning Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg. Before his accession he had already conducted government business on behalf of his father, Count Philipp III. He was very interested in alchemy.
1504
1. Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1559) births
  1. Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg
    
    Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg was a Count of the Nassau-Weilburg. Among his major achievements were the introduction of the Reformation, the foundation of the Gymnasium Philippinum in Weilburg and the start of the construction of Schloss Weilburg.
1501
1. Agostino Barbarigo, Doge of Venice deaths
  1. Agostino Barbarigo
    
    Agostino Barbarigo was Doge of Venice from 1486 until his death in 1501.
2. Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, stepson of Edward IV of England (b. 1457) deaths
  1. Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset
    
    Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, 7th Baron Ferrers of Groby, was an English nobleman, courtier and the eldest son of Elizabeth Woodville and her first husband Sir John Grey of Groby. Her second marriage to King Edward IV made her Queen of England, thus elevating Grey's status at court and in the realm as the stepson of the King. Through his mother's assiduous endeavours, he made two materially advantageous marriages to wealthy heiresses, the King's niece Anne Holland and Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington. By the latter, he had 14 children.
  2. Edward IV of England
    
    Edward IV was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions between 1455 and 1487.
1492
1. Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (b. 1426) deaths
  1. Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick
    
    Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick was an important late medieval English noblewoman. She was the daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and his second wife Isabel le Despenser, a daughter of Thomas le Despenser and Constance of York. Anne Beauchamp was the mother of two famous daughters, Isabel Neville, the royal Duchess of Clarence, and Anne Neville, Queen consort of England as the spouse of King Richard III.
1486
1. Arthur, Prince of Wales (d. 1502) births
  1. Arthur, Prince of Wales
    
    Arthur, Prince of Wales, was the eldest son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He was Duke of Cornwall from birth, and he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1489. As the heir apparent of his father, Arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Edward IV, and his birth cemented the union between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
1460
1. Gilles Binchois, Flemish composer (b. 1400) deaths
  1. Gilles Binchois
    
    Gilles de Bins dit Binchois was a Franco-Flemish composer of early Renaissance music. A central figure of the Burgundian School, Binchois and his colleague Guillaume Du Fay were deeply influenced by the contenance angloise style of John Dunstaple. His efforts in consolidating a 'Burgundian tradition' would be important for the formation of the Franco-Flemish School. One of the three most famous composers of the early 15th century, Binchois is often ranked behind Du Fay and Dunstable by contemporary scholars, but his works were still widely cited, emulated and used as source material after his death.
1449
1. Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1500) births
  1. Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg
    
    Count Philipp I of Hanau-Münzenberg, nicknamed Philipp the Younger, was a son of Count Reinhard III of Hanau and Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach. He was the Count of Hanau from 1452 to 1458. The county was then divided between him and his uncle Philipp the Elder. Philipp the Younger received Hanau-Münzenberg and ruled there from 1458 until his death.
1440
1. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1371) deaths
  1. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
    
    Frederick was the last Burgrave of Nuremberg from 1397 to 1427, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from 1398, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1420, and Elector of Brandenburg from 1415 until his death. He became the first member of the House of Hohenzollern to rule the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
1384
1. Louis I, Duke of Anjou (b. 1339) deaths
  1. Louis I of Anjou
    
    Louis I, Duke of Anjou was a French prince, the second son of John II of France and Bonne of Bohemia. His career was markedly unsuccessful. Born at the Château de Vincennes, Louis was the first of the Angevin branch of the French royal house. His father appointed him Count of Anjou and Count of Maine in 1356, and then raised him to the title Duke of Anjou in 1360 and Duke of Touraine in 1370.
1328
1. Ibn Taymiyyah, Syrian theologian and scholar (b. 1263) deaths
  1. Ibn Taymiyyah
    
    Ibn Taymiyyah, birth name Taqī ad-Dīn ʾAḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī, was a Sunni ʿĀlim, muhaddith, judge, proto-Salafist theologian, and sometimes controversial thinker and political figure. He is known for his diplomatic involvement with the Ilkhanid ruler Ghazan Khan and for his involvement at the Battle of Marj al-Saffar which ended the Mongol invasions of the Levant. A member of the Hanbali school, Ibn Taymiyyah's iconoclastic views that condemned numerous folk practices associated with saint veneration and the visitation of tomb-shrines; made him unpopular with many scholars and rulers of the time, and he was imprisoned several times.
1266
1. Jan Prandota, Bishop of Kraków deaths
  1. Jan Prandota
    
    Jan Prandota was bishop of Kraków from 1242 to his death in 1266.
1246
1. Michael of Chernigov (b. 1185) deaths
  1. Michael of Chernigov
    
    Saint Michael of Chernigov or Mikhail Vsevolodovich was a Rus' prince. He was grand prince of Kiev, 1236–1240, 1240, 1241–1243); and he was also prince of Pereyaslavl (1206), of Novgorod-Seversk (1219–1226), of Chernigov, of Novgorod, and of Halych (1235–1236).
1241
1. Conrad II of Salzwedel, German nobleman and bishop deaths
  1. Conrad II of Salzwedel
    
    Conrad II of Salzwedel was a German nobleman. He was a Roman Catholic priest and was bishop of Cammin as Conrad III from 1233 until his death.
1190
1. Adelog of Hildesheim, German bishop deaths
  1. Adelog of Hildesheim
    
    Adelog von Dorstadt was Bishop of Hildesheim from 1171 until his death.
1161
1. Emperor Takakura of Japan (d. 1181) births
  1. Emperor Takakura
    
    Emperor Takakura was the 80th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1168 through 1180.
1085
1. Hermann II, Count Palatine of Lotharingia (b. 1049) deaths
  1. Hermann II, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
    
    Hermann II, Count Palatine of Lotharingia 1064–1085. He was count in the Ruhrgau and the Zulpichgau, as well as a count of Brabant.
917
1. Kyunyeo, Korean poet (d. 973) births
  1. Kyunyeo
    
    Gyunyeo or Kyun Yeo was a Korean Buddhist monk and poet. He came from the Hwangju Byeon clan. Among his works are "Songs of the Ten Vows Samantabhara." These songs are set out in 1075 in the biography The Life of Kuehne. This is the first extant collection of poetry in Korean. He played an important role in the spread of the Hwaeom school of Buddhism.
855
1. Gozbald, bishop of Würzburg deaths
  1. Gozbald
    
    Gozbald, in Latin Gozbaldus or Gauzbaldus, was the abbot of Niederaltaich from 830, and the bishop of Würzburg from 842, until his death. He also served as chorbishop of the diocese of Passau. On the basis of an entry in the confraternity book of Reichenau Abbey, the historian Gerd Althoff suggests that Gozbald belonged to the Hattonian family.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Agapitus (Western Christianity)
1. Pope Agapetus I
  
  Pope Agapetus I was the bishop of Rome from 13 May 535 to his death. His father, Gordianus, was a priest in Rome and he may have been related to two previous popes, Felix III and Gregory I.
2. Western Christianity
  
  Western Christianity is one of two sub-divisions of Christianity. Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the Old Catholic Church, Independent Catholicism and Restorationism.
Christian feast day: Eustace (Western Christianity)
1. Saint Eustace
  
  Saint Eustace is revered as a Christian martyr. According to legend, he was martyred in AD 118, at the command of emperor Hadrian. Eustace was a pagan Roman general, who converted to Christianity after he had a vision of the cross while hunting. He lost all his wealth, was separated from his wife and sons, and went into exile in Egypt. Called back to lead the Roman army by emperor Trajan, Eustace was happily reunited with his family and restored to high social standing, but after the death of Trajan, he and his family were martyred under Hadrian for refusing to sacrifice to pagan Roman gods.
Christian feast day: Evilasius
1. Saint Evilasius
  
  Martyr Evilasius was a pagan priest who tortured a 13-year-old girl who later became Saint Fausta. Realizing her courage, he himself converted to Christianity, an act punishable by death since the people of Cyzicus did not want even one of their people to convert to any religion other than their own.
Christian feast day: Fausta of Cyzicus
1. Fausta of Cyzicus
  
  Fausta of Cyzicus, also known as Saint Fausta, was a 4th-century girl from Cyzicus. At the age of 13, she was arrested, tortured, and executed for being a Christian.
Christian feast day: Glycerius of Milan
1. Glycerius (bishop of Milan)
  
  Glycerius was Archbishop of Milan from 436 to 438. He is honoured as a Saint in the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.
Christian feast day: Jean-Charles Cornay (one of Vietnamese Martyrs)
1. Jean-Charles Cornay
  
  Jean-Charles Cornay, was a French missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society who was martyred in Vietnam. He was executed in Ha Tay, Tonkin, now Vietnam, during the persecutions of Emperor Minh Mạng.
2. Vietnamese Martyrs
  
  The Vietnamese Martyrs, also known as the Martyrs of Annam, Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, Martyrs of Indochina, or Andrew Dung-Lac and Companions, are saints on the General Roman Calendar who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of Overseas Vietnamese worldwide gathered at the Vatican for the Celebration of the Canonization of 117 Vietnamese Martyrs, an event chaired by Monsignor Tran Van Hoai. Their memorial is on November 24.
Christian feast day: John Coleridge Patteson (commemoration, Anglicanism)
1. John Patteson (bishop)
  
  John Coleridge Patteson was an English Anglican bishop, missionary to the South Sea Islands, and an accomplished linguist, learning 23 of the islands' more than 1,000 languages.
2. Anglicanism
  
  Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.
Christian feast day: José Maria de Yermo y Parres
1. José Maria de Yermo y Parres
  
  José María de Yermo y Parres was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Servants of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and of the Poor. He dedicated his life to catering to the needs of the abandoned and used his order to take care of the poor's spiritual and material needs. He also was once a vowed member of the Congregation of the Mission due to his devotion to Saint Vincent de Paul but left it after experiencing a sudden vocational crisis.
Christian feast day: Korean Martyrs, including Andrew Kim Taegon and Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert
1. Korean Martyrs
  
  The Korean Martyrs were the victims of religious persecution against Catholics during the nineteenth century in Korea. Between 8,000–10,000 Korean Christians were killed during this period. 103 Catholics were canonized en masse in May 1984, including the first Korean Catholic priest, Andrew Kim Taegon, who was executed by sword in 1846.
2. Andrew Kim Taegon
  
  Andrew Kim Taegon, also referred to as Andrew Kim in English, was the first Korean-born Catholic priest and is the patron saint of Korean clergy.
3. Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert
  
  Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert, sometimes called Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert and affectionately known in Korea as Bishop Imbert Bum was a French missionary bishop in Asia. Most notable among the Koreans, he was appointed by Pope Gregory XVI in August 1836 when first Bishop Barthélemy Bruguière died in Manchuria.
Christian feast day: Theodore, Philippa and companions
1. Theodore, Philippa and companions
  
  Theodore, Philippa, and companions were martyrs, who suffered crucifixion during the reign of Elagabalus. Theodore of Perge was a Roman soldier, and Philippa was his mother. Their companions who suffered martyrdom with them, included Socrates, a fellow soldier, Dionysius, a former pagan priest who converted to Christianity, and Dioscorus.
Christian feast day: Vincent Madelgarius (Maelceadar)
1. Vincent Madelgarius
  
  Vincent Madelgarius, aka Maelceadar, Benedictine monk, died 677. His feast day is September 20.
Christian feast day: September 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. September 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  Sep. 19 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 21
Constitution Day (Nepal)
1. Public holidays in Nepal
  
  Public offices and most private businesses in Nepal operate six days a week and only close on Saturdays. International organizations have their own rules and are normally closed on Saturdays and Sundays. Government holidays for the upcoming year are published in Nepal Gazette. Nepal celebrates a number of religious and non-religious holidays. On most of these holidays, most government offices and private institutions are closed, although is not mandatory for privately owned businesses to close and international organizations may operate their own calendar.
Independence Day of South Ossetia (not fully recognized)
1. Independence Day (South Ossetia)
  
  The Independence Day or Republic Day is the main state holiday in the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia. This date is celebrated on September 20. It commemorates South Ossetia's declaration of independence from the Georgian SSR in 1990, and the country's recognition as a sovereign state by Russia in 2008.
2. South Ossetia
  
  South Ossetia, officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a partially recognised landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has an officially stated population of just over 56,500 people (2022), who live in an area of 3,900 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), on the south side of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, with 33,000 living in the capital city, Tskhinvali. Only Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria recognise South Ossetia as a sovereign state. Although Georgia does not control South Ossetia, the Georgian government and the United Nations consider the territory part of Georgia.
National Youth Day (Thailand)
1. Public holidays in Thailand
  
  Public holidays in Thailand are regulated by the government, and most are observed by both the public and private sectors. There are usually nineteen public holidays in a year, but more may be declared by the cabinet. Other observances, both official and non-official, local and international, are observed to varying degrees throughout the country.
Oil Workers' Day (Azerbaijan)
1. Public holidays in Azerbaijan
  
  There are several public holidays in Azerbaijan. Public holidays were regulated in the constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR for the first time on 19 May 1921. They are now regulated by the Constitution of Azerbaijan.
2. Azerbaijan
  
  Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
Universal Children's Day (Germany)
1. Children's Day
  
  Children's Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually in honor of children, whose date of observance varies by country. In 1925, International Children's Day was first proclaimed in Geneva during the World Conference on Child Welfare. Since 1950, it is celebrated on June 1 in most Communist and post-Communist countries. World Children's Day is celebrated on the 20th November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959. In some countries, it is Children's Week and not Children's Day.

Important events in history on September 20 th

Events

September 2019 climate strikes

Greta Thunberg

Ukara Island

Lake Victoria

Tanzania

Hurricane Maria

Saffir–Simpson scale

Don't ask, don't tell

Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military

Don't ask, don't tell

Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing

Marriott International

Islamabad

Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing

Jena Six

2003 Maldives civil unrest

War on terror

Real Irish Republican Army

2000 MI6 attack

SIS Building

2000 MI6 attack

South Ossetia

USAir Flight 5050

Bowery Bay

Rejected takeoff

LaGuardia Airport

The Cosby Show

Nielsen Media Research

Pilot (The Cosby Show)

1984 United States embassy annex bombing in Beirut

1982 NFL season

Operation Caban

Petrozavodsk phenomenon

Vietnam

Billie Jean King

Bobby Riggs

Tennis scoring system

Astrodome

Battle of the Sexes (tennis)

Battle of the Sexes (tennis)

Jim Croce

Maury Muehleisen

Hurricane Irene–Olivia

List of Atlantic–Pacific crossover hurricanes

Tropical cyclone

Hurricane Irene–Olivia

L. Ron Hubbard

Scientology

Xenu

Queen Elizabeth 2

Battle of Burki

James Meredith

Konstantinos Dovas

Treaty on Relations between the USSR and the GDR

Cannes Film Festival

1946 Faroese independence referendum

World War II

Allies of World War II

Battle of San Marino

German Army (1935–1945)

World War II

Gordon Grimsley King

Battle of Kaiapit

The Holocaust in Ukraine

Letychiv

The Holocaust in Lithuania

Nemenčinė

Irish War of Independence

Black and Tans

Sack of Balbriggan

Balbriggan

Irish War of Independence

Black and Tans

Sack of Balbriggan

Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)

RMS Olympic

HMS Hawke (1891)

Charles Duryea

Important events in history
on September 20 ^th