Important events in history
on September 2 ^nd

Events

2019
1. Hurricane Dorian, a category 5 hurricane, devastates the Bahamas, killing at least five.
  1. Hurricane Dorian
    
    Hurricane Dorian was an extremely powerful and catastrophic Category 5 Atlantic hurricane, which became the most intense tropical cyclone on record to strike the Bahamas, and tied for strongest landfall in the Atlantic basin. It is also regarded as the worst natural disaster in the Bahamas' recorded history. It was also one of the most powerful hurricanes recorded in the Atlantic Ocean in terms of 1-minute sustained winds, with those winds peaking at 185 mph (295 km/h). In addition, Dorian surpassed Hurricane Irma of 2017 to become the most powerful Atlantic hurricane on record outside of the Caribbean Sea. Dorian was the fourth named storm, second hurricane, the first major hurricane, and the first Category 5 hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. Dorian struck the Abaco Islands on September 1 with maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), tying with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for the highest wind speeds of an Atlantic hurricane ever recorded at landfall. Dorian went on to strike Grand Bahama at similar intensity, stalling just north of the territory with unrelenting winds for at least 24 hours. The resultant damage to these islands was catastrophic; most structures were flattened or swept to sea, and at least 70,000 people were left homeless. After it ravaged through the Bahamas, Dorian proceeded along the coasts of the Southeastern United States and Atlantic Canada, leaving behind considerable damage and economic losses in those regions.
  2. Saffir–Simpson scale
    
    The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) classifies hurricanes—which in the Western Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. This measuring system was formerly known as the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, or SSHS.
  3. The Bahamas
    
    The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.
2013
1. The Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens at 10:15 PM at a cost of $6.4 billion, after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake damaged the old span.
  1. Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
    
    The eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge was a construction project to replace a seismically unsound portion of the Bay Bridge with a new self-anchored suspension bridge (SAS) and a pair of viaducts. The bridge is in the U.S. state of California and crosses the San Francisco Bay between Yerba Buena Island and Oakland. The span replacement took place between 2002 and 2013, and is the most expensive public works project in California history, with a final price tag of $6.5 billion, a 2,500% cost overrun from the original estimate of $250 million. Originally scheduled to open in 2007, several problems delayed the opening until September 2, 2013. With a width of 258.33 ft (78.74 m), comprising 10 general-purpose lanes, it is the world's widest bridge according to Guinness World Records.
  2. 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
    
    The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on California's Central Coast on October 17 at 5:04 p.m. local time. The shock was centered in The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park in Santa Cruz County, approximately 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Santa Cruz on a section of the San Andreas Fault System and was named for the nearby Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains. With an Mw magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), the shock was responsible for 63 deaths and 3,757 injuries. The Loma Prieta segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been relatively inactive since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake until two moderate foreshocks occurred in June 1988 and again in August 1989.
2011
1. Bad weather caused a Chilean Air Force aircraft to crash into the Pacific Ocean, killing all 21 people on board.
  1. Chilean Air Force
    
    The Chilean Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea de Chile is the Air force of Chile and branch of the Chilean military.
  2. 2011 Chilean Air Force C-212 crash
    
    On 2 September 2011, a CASA C-212 Aviocar military transport of the Chilean Air Force on a flight from Santiago to Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile, crashed into the sea while manoeuvring to land. All 21 passengers and crew on board were killed.
2010
1. Israel-Palestinian conflict: the 2010 Israeli-Palestinian peace talks are launched by the United States.
  1. Israeli–Palestinian conflict
    
    The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is one of the world's most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. Various attempts have been made to resolve the conflict as part of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, alongside other efforts to resolve the broader Arab–Israeli conflict. Public declarations of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine, including the First Zionist Congress of 1897 and the Balfour Declaration of 1917, created early tensions in the region. Following World War I, the Mandate for Palestine included a binding obligation for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". Tensions grew into open sectarian conflict between Jews and Arabs. The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was never implemented and provoked the 1947–1949 Palestine War. The current Israeli-Palestinian status quo began following Israeli military occupation of the Palestinian territories in the 1967 Six-Day War.
  2. 2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
    
    Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority took place throughout 2010 as part of the peace process, between United States President Barack Obama, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas. The ultimate aim of the direct negotiations is reaching an official "final status settlement" to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by implementing a two-state solution, with Israel remaining a Jewish state, and the establishment of a state for the Palestinian people.
2009
1. The Andhra Pradesh, India helicopter crash occurred near Rudrakonda Hill, 40 nautical miles (74 km) from Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. Fatalities included Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, the Chief Minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
  1. 2009 Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash
    
    The 2009 Andhra Pradesh helicopter crash occurred on 2 September 2009 near Rudrakonda Hill, 40 nautical miles (74 km) from Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. The helicopter was a Bell 430 helicopter owned by the Andhra Pradesh Government, and registered VT-APG. Fatalities included Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, the Chief Minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
  2. Kurnool
    
    Kurnool is a city in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It formerly served as the capital of Andhra State (1953–1956). The city is often referred to as "The Gateway of Rayalaseema".Kurnool is also known as The City of Gem Stones. It also serves as the district headquarters of its Kurnool district. As of 2011 census, it is the fifth most populous city in the state with a population of 484,327. It is located on the banks of the Tungabhadra river. Although the area has been inhabited for thousands of years, modern Kurnool was founded in the 16th century CE with the construction of the Konda Reddy Fort.
  3. Andhra Pradesh
    
    Andhra Pradesh is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi) and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km (605 mi). Andhra State was the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953. On 1 November 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State to form United Andhra Pradesh. ln 2014 these merged areas of Hyderabad State are bifurcated from United Andhra Pradesh to form new state Telangana. Present form of Andhra similar to Andhra state.but some mandalas like Bhadrachalam still with Telangana. Visakhapatnam, Guntur, Kurnool is People Capital of Andhra Pradesh.
  4. India
    
    India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
  5. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy
    
    Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy, popularly known as YSR, was the 14th chief minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, serving from 2004 to 2009.
2008
1. Google launches its Google Chrome web browser.
  1. Google
    
    Google LLC is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and consumer electronics. It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" and one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the area of artificial intelligence. Its parent company Alphabet is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.
  2. Google Chrome
    
    Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, built with free software components from Apple WebKit and Mozilla Firefox. Versions were later released for Linux, macOS, iOS, and also for Android, where it is the default browser. The browser is also the main component of ChromeOS, where it serves as the platform for web applications.
1998
1. Swissair Flight 111 crashes near Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia; all 229 people onboard are killed.
  1. Swissair Flight 111
    
    Swissair Flight 111 was a scheduled international passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, United States, to Cointrin Airport in Geneva, Switzerland. This flight was also a codeshare flight with Delta Air Lines. On 2 September 1998, the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 performing this flight, registration HB-IWF, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Halifax Stanfield International Airport at the entrance to St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia. The crash site was 8 kilometers from shore, roughly equidistant from the small fishing and tourist communities of Peggy's Cove and Bayswater. All 229 passengers and crew on board the MD-11 were killed, making the crash the deadliest McDonnell Douglas MD-11 accident in history.
  2. Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia
    
    Peggy's Cove is a small rural community located on the eastern shore of St. Margarets Bay in the Halifax Regional Municipality, which is the site of Peggys Cove Lighthouse.
2. The UN's International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide.
  1. United Nations
    
    The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.
  2. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
    
    The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to judge people responsible for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals at a cost of $1.3 billion.
  3. Jean-Paul Akayesu
    
    Jean-Paul Akayesu is a former teacher, school inspector, and Republican Democratic Movement (MDR) politician from Rwanda, convicted of genocide for his role in inciting the Rwandan genocide.
  4. Mayor
    
    In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated. Depending on the system chosen, a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government, may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power, or may play a solely ceremonial role. A mayor's duties and responsibilities may be to appoint and oversee municipal managers and employees, provide basic governmental services to constituents, and execute the laws and ordinances passed by a municipal governing body. Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public, or selection by an elected governing council or board.
  5. Rwanda
    
    Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of a thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the southeast, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 (10,169 sq mi) of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African country; among countries larger than 10,000 km2, it is the fifth most densely populated country in the world. One million people live in the capital and largest city Kigali.
  6. Genocide
    
    Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people—usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group—in whole or in part. Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944, combining the Greek word γένος with the Latin suffix -caedo.
1992
1. An earthquake registering 7.7 Mw off the coast of Nicaragua became the first tsunami earthquake to be captured on modern broadband seismic networks.
  1. 1992 Nicaragua earthquake
    
    The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake occurred off the coast of Nicaragua at 6:16 p.m. on 1 September. Some damage was also reported in Costa Rica. At least 116 people were killed and several more were injured. The earthquake was caused by movement on a convergent plate boundary. It created a tsunami disproportionately large for its surface wave magnitude.
  2. Moment magnitude scale
    
    The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.
  3. Tsunami earthquake
    
    In seismology, a tsunami earthquake is an earthquake which triggers a tsunami of significantly greater magnitude, as measured by shorter-period seismic waves. The term was introduced by Japanese seismologist Hiroo Kanamori in 1972. Such events are a result of relatively slow rupture velocities. They are particularly dangerous as a large tsunami may arrive at a coastline with little or no warning.
2. The 7.7 Mw  Nicaragua earthquake affected the west coast of Nicaragua. With a .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}Ms–Mw disparity of half a unit, this tsunami earthquake triggered a tsunami that caused most of the damage and casualties, with at least 116 killed. Typical runup heights were 3–8 meters (9.8–26.2 ft).
  1. 1992 Nicaragua earthquake
    
    The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake occurred off the coast of Nicaragua at 6:16 p.m. on 1 September. Some damage was also reported in Costa Rica. At least 116 people were killed and several more were injured. The earthquake was caused by movement on a convergent plate boundary. It created a tsunami disproportionately large for its surface wave magnitude.
  2. Seismic magnitude scales
    
    Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.
  3. Tsunami earthquake
    
    In seismology, a tsunami earthquake is an earthquake which triggers a tsunami of significantly greater magnitude, as measured by shorter-period seismic waves. The term was introduced by Japanese seismologist Hiroo Kanamori in 1972. Such events are a result of relatively slow rupture velocities. They are particularly dangerous as a large tsunami may arrive at a coastline with little or no warning.
1990
1. Transnistria is unilaterally proclaimed a Soviet republic; the Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev declares the decision null and void.
  1. Transnistria
    
    Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester river and the Moldovan–Ukrainian border, as well as some land on the other side of the river's bank. Its capital and largest city is Tiraspol. Transnistria has been recognised only by three other unrecognised or partially recognised breakaway states: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia. Transnistria is officially designated by the Republic of Moldova as the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester or as Stînga Nistrului. The Council of Europe considers the territory to be under military occupation by Russia.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
    
    The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was a body of state power in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The presidium was elected by joint session of both houses of the Supreme Soviet to act on its behalf while the Supreme Soviet was not in session. By the 1936 and 1977 Soviet Constitution, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet served as the collective head of state of the USSR. In all its activities, the Presidium was accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
  4. Mikhail Gorbachev
    
    Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was a Soviet politician who served as the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the only President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically, Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s.
1987
1. In Moscow, the trial begins for 19-year-old pilot Mathias Rust, who flew his Cessna airplane into Red Square in May.
  1. Mathias Rust
    
    Mathias Rust is a German aviator known for his flight that ended with a landing near Red Square in Moscow on 28 May 1987. A teenage amateur pilot, he flew from Helsinki, Finland, to Moscow, being tracked several times by Soviet Air Defence Forces and civilian air traffic controllers, as well as Soviet Air Force interceptor aircraft. The Soviet fighters did not receive permission to shoot him down, and his aeroplane was mistaken for a friendly aircraft several times. He landed on Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge, next to Red Square near the Kremlin in the capital of the Soviet Union.
  2. Cessna
    
    Cessna is an American brand of general aviation aircraft owned by Textron Aviation since 2014, headquartered in Wichita, Kansas. Originally, it was a brand of the Cessna Aircraft Company, an American general aviation aircraft manufacturing corporation also headquartered in Wichita. The company produced small, piston-powered aircraft, as well as business jets. For much of the mid-to-late 20th century, Cessna was one of the highest-volume and most diverse producers of general aviation aircraft in the world. It was founded in 1927 by Clyde Cessna and Victor Roos and was purchased by General Dynamics in 1985, then by Textron, Inc. in 1992. In March 2014, when Textron purchased the Beechcraft and Hawker Aircraft corporations, Cessna ceased operations as a subsidiary company and joined the others as one of the three distinct brands produced by Textron Aviation.
  3. Red Square
    
    Red Square is one of the oldest and largest squares in Moscow, the capital of Russia. Owing to its historical significance and the adjacent historical buildings, it is regarded as one of the most famous squares in Europe and the world. It is located in Moscow's historic centre, in the eastern walls of the Kremlin. It is the city landmark of Moscow, with iconic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral, Lenin's Mausoleum and the GUM. In addition, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.
1985
1. Hurricane Elena, an unpredictable and damaging tropical cyclone that affected eastern and central portions of the United States Gulf Coast, made landfall near Biloxi, Mississippi, as a Category 3 major hurricane.
  1. Hurricane Elena
    
    Hurricane Elena was a tropical cyclone that affected eastern and central portions of the United States Gulf Coast in late August and early September 1985. Threatening popular tourist destinations during Labor Day weekend, Elena repeatedly deviated from its forecast path, triggering evacuations of unprecedented extent. The hurricane wrought havoc to property and the environment between southwestern Florida and eastern Louisiana, though lesser effects were felt well beyond those areas. Elena developed on August 28 near Cuba, and after traveling lengthwise across the island with little impact, it entered the Gulf of Mexico and continued to strengthen. Initially projected to strike the central Gulf Coast, the hurricane unexpectedly veered toward the east on August 30, then stalled just 50 mi (80 km) west of Cedar Key, Florida. Despite predictions that Elena would continue eastward across Florida, the cyclone remained nearly stationary for about 48 hours, causing damage all along the eastern gulf with high winds and waves, before slowly moving northwest and ultimately making landfall near Biloxi, Mississippi, on September 2 as a Category 3 major hurricane. The storm quickly weakened upon moving ashore and dissipated on September 4.
  2. Tropical cyclone
    
    A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".
  3. Gulf Coast of the United States
    
    The Gulf Coast of the United States, also known as the Gulf South, is the coastline along the Southern United States where they meet the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, and these are known as the Gulf States.
  4. Landfall
    
    Landfall is the event of a storm moving over land after being over water. More broadly, and in relation to human travel, it refers to 'the first land that is reached or seen at the end of a journey across the sea or through the air, or the fact of arriving there.
  5. Biloxi, Mississippi
    
    Biloxi is a city in and one of two county seats of Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. The 2010 United States Census recorded the population as 44,054 and in 2019 the estimated population was 46,212. The area's first European settlers were French colonists.
  6. Saffir–Simpson scale
    
    The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) classifies hurricanes—which in the Western Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. This measuring system was formerly known as the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, or SSHS.
2. Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil politicians and former MPs M. Alalasundaram and V. Dharmalingam are shot dead.
  1. Sri Lankan Civil War
    
    The Sri Lankan Civil War was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, there was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Velupillai Prabhakaran-led Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north-east of the island, due to the continuous discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese dominated Sri Lankan Government.
  2. M. Alalasundaram
    
    Arumugam Murugesu Alalasundaram was a Sri Lankan Tamil teacher, politician and Member of Parliament.
  3. V. Dharmalingam
    
    Visvanathan Dharmalingam was a Sri Lankan Tamil politician and Member of Parliament.
1984
1. Seven people are shot and killed and 12 wounded in the Milperra massacre, a shootout between the rival motorcycle gangs Bandidos and Comancheros in Sydney, Australia.
  1. Milperra massacre
    
    The Milperra Massacre, Milperra bikie shoot-out or Father's Day Massacre was a gunfight between rival motorcycle gang members on 2 September 1984, in Milperra, a south-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. The gunfight had its roots in the rivalry that developed after a group of Comancheros broke away and formed the first Bandidos Motorcycle Club chapter in Australia. Seven people were killed and twenty-eight injured and the event was a catalyst for significant changes to gun laws in New South Wales.
  2. Gang
    
    A gang is a group or society of associates, friends or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior.
  3. Bandidos Motorcycle Club
    
    The Bandidos Motorcycle Club, also known as the Bandido Nation, is an outlaw motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. Formed in San Leon, Texas in 1966, the Bandidos MC is estimated to have between 2,000 and 2,500 members and 303 chapters, located in 22 countries, making it the second-largest motorcycle club in the world behind the Hells Angels.
  4. Comanchero Motorcycle Club
    
    The Comanchero Motorcycle Club is an outlaw motorcycle gang in Australia. The Comancheros are participants in the United Motorcycle Council of NSW, which convened a conference in 2009 to address legislation aimed against the "bikie" clubs, their poor public image in the wake of several violent clashes and ongoing biker wars, and defusing deadly feuds such as the Comancheros' battles with the Hells Angels. The sincerity of these efforts to defend the battered image of the clubs has been met with skepticism.
1970
1. NASA announces the cancellation of two Apollo missions to the Moon, Apollo 15 (the designation is re-used by a later mission), and Apollo 19.
  1. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  2. Canceled Apollo missions
    
    Several planned missions of the Apollo crewed Moon landing program of the 1960s and 1970s were canceled for a variety of reasons, including changes in technical direction, the Apollo 1 fire, hardware delays, and budget limitations. After the landing by Apollo 12, Apollo 20, which would have been the final crewed mission to the Moon, was canceled to allow Skylab to launch as a "dry workshop". The next two missions, Apollos 18 and 19, were later canceled after the Apollo 13 incident and further budget cuts. Two Skylab missions also ended up being canceled. Two complete Saturn Vs remained unused and were put on display in the United States.
  3. Apollo program
    
    The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo.
  4. Apollo 15
    
    Apollo 15 was the ninth crewed mission in the United States' Apollo program and the fourth to land on the Moon. It was the first J mission, with a longer stay on the Moon and a greater focus on science than earlier landings. Apollo 15 saw the first use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
1968
1. Operation OAU begins during the Nigerian Civil War.
  1. Operation OAU
    
    Operation OAU was a battle between Nigerian 3 Marine Commando Division (3MCDO) and Biafran 12 Division in modern day south-eastern Nigeria. Operation OAU was an intermittent battle that may have resulted in over 25,000 deaths on both sides. Although the Biafran soldiers were outnumbered, they were able to retain control of Umuahia and eventually recapture the cities of Owerri and Aba.
  2. Nigerian Civil War
    
    The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian–Biafran War or the Biafran War, was a civil war fought between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. Nigeria was led by General Yakubu Gowon, while Biafra was led by Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu. Biafra represented the nationalist aspirations of the Igbo ethnic group, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the federal government dominated by the interests of the Muslim Hausa-Fulanis of Northern Nigeria. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded the United Kingdom's formal decolonization of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup, and anti-Igbo pogroms in Northern Nigeria. Control over the lucrative oil production in the Niger Delta also played a vital strategic role.
1963
1. CBS Evening News becomes U.S. network television's first half-hour weeknight news broadcast, when the show is lengthened from 15 to 30 minutes.
  1. CBS Evening News
    
    The CBS Evening News is the flagship evening television news program of CBS News, the news division of the CBS television network in the United States. The CBS Evening News is a daily evening broadcast featuring news reports, feature stories and interviews by CBS News correspondents and reporters covering events around the world. The program has been broadcast since July 1, 1941, under the original title CBS Television News, eventually adopting its current title in 1963.
1960
1. The first election of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile. The Tibetan community observes this date as Democracy Day.
  1. Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
    
    The Tibetan Parliament in Exile (TPiE), officially the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration, is the unicameral and highest legislative organ of the Central Tibetan Administration, the government-in-exile of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It was established and is based in Dharamshala, India. The creation of this democratically elected body has been one of the major changes that the 14th Dalai Lama brought about in his efforts to introduce a democratic system of administration.
1958
1. A USAF RC-130 is shot down by fighters over Armenia when it strays into Soviet airspace while conducting a sigint mission. All crew members are killed.
  1. Lockheed RC-130 Hercules
    
    The Lockheed RC-130 Hercules were variants of the C-130 Hercules, designed for photographic or electronic reconnaissance missions.
  2. 1958 C-130 shootdown incident
    
    The 1958 C-130 shootdown incident was the shooting down of an American Lockheed C-130A-II-LM reconnaissance aircraft which had intruded into Soviet airspace during a reconnaissance mission along the Turkish-Armenian border.
  3. Signals intelligence
    
    Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people or from electronic signals not directly used in communication. Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management. As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence in turn involves the use of cryptanalysis to decipher the messages. Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information again.
1957
1. South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm began an official visit to Australia, the first by a foreign incumbent head of state to the country.
  1. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  2. Ngo Dinh Diem
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.
  3. Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia
    
    The Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia from 2 to 9 September 1957 was an official visit by the first president of the Republic of Vietnam. It was part of a year of travelling for Diệm, who made official visits to the United States and other anti-communist countries. As with his American trip, Diệm was warmly and lavishly received during the height of the Cold War, garnering bipartisan praise from both the Liberal Party of Australia of Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the opposition Australian Labor Party (ALP).
  4. Head of state
    
    A head of state is the public persona who officially embodies a state in its unity and legitimacy. Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government and more.
2. President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam becomes the first foreign head of state to make a state visit to Australia.
  1. Ngo Dinh Diem
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.
  2. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  3. Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia
    
    The Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia from 2 to 9 September 1957 was an official visit by the first president of the Republic of Vietnam. It was part of a year of travelling for Diệm, who made official visits to the United States and other anti-communist countries. As with his American trip, Diệm was warmly and lavishly received during the height of the Cold War, garnering bipartisan praise from both the Liberal Party of Australia of Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the opposition Australian Labor Party (ALP).
1946
1. The Interim Government of India is formed, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru as vice president with the powers of a Prime Minister.
  1. Interim Government of India
    
    The Interim Government of India, also known as the Provisional Government of India, formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly of India, had the task of assisting the transition of British India to independence. It remained in place until 15 August 1947, the date of the independence of India, and the creation of Pakistan.
  2. Jawaharlal Nehru
    
    Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat and author who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence in 1947, he served as the country's prime minister for 16 years. Nehru promoted parliamentary democracy, secularism, and science and technology during the 1950s, powerfully influencing India's arc as a modern nation. In international affairs, he steered India clear of the two blocs of the Cold War. A well-regarded author, his books written in prison, such as Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1929), An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery of India (1946), have been read around the world. During his lifetime, the honorific Pandit was commonly applied before his name in India.
1945
1. On the deck of the U.S. Navy battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay, representatives from the Empire of Japan and the Allied powers signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender (pictured), formally ending World War II.
  1. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  2. USS Missouri (BB-63)
    
    USS Missouri (BB-63) is an Iowa-class battleship built for the United States Navy (USN) in the 1940s and is currently a museum ship. Completed in 1944, she is the last battleship commissioned by the United States. The ship was assigned to the Pacific Theater during World War II, where she participated in the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and shelled the Japanese home islands. Her quarterdeck was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan, which ended World War II. She has been called the most historic battleship in the world.
  3. Tokyo Bay
    
    Tokyo Bay is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous and largest industrialized area in Japan.
  4. Empire of Japan
    
    The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent formation of modern Japan. It encompassed the Japanese archipelago and several colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories.
  5. Allies of World War II
    
    The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.
  6. Japanese Instrument of Surrender
    
    The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of hostilities in World War II. It was signed by representatives from the Empire of Japan and from the Allied nations: the United States of America, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Dominion of New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945.
  7. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
2. World War II: The Japanese Instrument of Surrender is signed by Japan and the major warring powers aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
  1. Japanese Instrument of Surrender
    
    The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that formalized the surrender of the Empire of Japan, marking the end of hostilities in World War II. It was signed by representatives from the Empire of Japan and from the Allied nations: the United States of America, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Dominion of New Zealand. The signing took place on the deck of USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945.
  2. USS Missouri (BB-63)
    
    USS Missouri (BB-63) is an Iowa-class battleship built for the United States Navy (USN) in the 1940s and is currently a museum ship. Completed in 1944, she is the last battleship commissioned by the United States. The ship was assigned to the Pacific Theater during World War II, where she participated in the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and shelled the Japanese home islands. Her quarterdeck was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan, which ended World War II. She has been called the most historic battleship in the world.
  3. Tokyo Bay
    
    Tokyo Bay is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous and largest industrialized area in Japan.
3. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam after the end of the Nguyễn dynasty.
  1. Ho Chi Minh
    
    Hồ Chí Minh, commonly known as Bác Hồ, also known as Hồ Chủ tịch, Người cha già của dân tộc and by other aliases, was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman. He served as Prime Minister of Vietnam from 1945 to 1955 and as President from 1945 until his death in 1969. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, he served as Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam.
  2. Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
    
    The Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was written by Hồ Chí Minh, and announced in public at the Ba Đình flower garden in Hanoi on September 2, 1945. It led to the independence of North Vietnam.
  3. North Vietnam
    
    North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a socialist state supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976 and was recognized in 1954. Both the North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese states ceased to exist when they unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
  4. Nguyễn dynasty
    
    The Nguyễn dynasty was the last Vietnamese dynasty, which ruled the unified Vietnamese state largely independently from 1802 to 1883. During its existence, the empire expanded into modern-day southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos through a continuation of the centuries-long Nam tiến and Siamese–Vietnamese wars. After 1883, the Nguyễn emperors ruled nominally as heads of state of the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin until the final months of WWII; they later nominally ruled over the Empire of Vietnam until the August Revolution.
1944
1. The last execution of a Finn in Finland takes place when soldier Olavi Laiho is executed by shooting in Oulu.
  1. Finland
    
    Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
  2. Olavi Laiho
    
    Mauno Olavi Laiho was the last Finn to be executed in Finland.
  3. Oulu
    
    Oulu is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after: Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere and Vantaa, and the fourth largest urban area in the country after Helsinki, Tampere and Turku. Oulu's neighbouring municipalities are: Hailuoto, Ii, Kempele, Liminka, Lumijoki, Muhos, Pudasjärvi, Tyrnävä and Utajärvi.
1939
1. World War II: Following the start of the invasion of Poland the previous day, the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) is annexed by Nazi Germany.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Invasion of Poland
    
    The invasion of Poland was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign or 1939 defensive war and known in Germany as the Poland campaign.
  3. Free City of Danzig
    
    The Free City of Danzig was a city-state under the protection of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas.
  4. Gdańsk
    
    Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland. With a population of 470,621, Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is Poland's principal seaport and the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
  5. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
1935
1. The Labor Day Hurricane, the most intense hurricane to strike the United States, makes landfall at Long Key, Florida, killing at least 400.
  1. 1935 Labor Day hurricane
    
    The Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 was the most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall on record by pressure, with winds of up to 185 mph (297 km/h). The fourth tropical cyclone, third tropical storm, second hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season, the Labor Day hurricane was one of four Category 5 hurricanes on record to strike the contiguous United States, along with Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Hurricane Camille in 1969, and Hurricane Michael in 2018. In addition, it was the third most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of barometric pressure, only behind Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005.
  2. Long Key
    
    Long Key is an island in the middle Florida Keys. Long Key was called Cayo Víbora by early Spanish explorers, a reference to the shape of the island, which resembles a snake with its jaws open, rather than to its denizens. The city of Layton is located on Long Key. The 965-acre (3.9 km2) state park (3.9 km²) was dedicated October 1, 1969.
1912
1. Arthur Rose Eldred became the first person to attain the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America.
  1. Arthur Rose Eldred
    
    Arthur Rose Eldred was an American agricultural and railroad industry executive, civic leader, and the first Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). As a 16-year-old candidate for the highest rank bestowed by the BSA, he was personally interviewed by a panel composed of the youth organization's founders, including Ernest Thompson Seton and Daniel Carter Beard. Eldred was awarded the coveted distinction of Eagle Scout on September 2, 1912, becoming the first of more than two million boys in the U.S. since then to earn Scouting's most vaunted rank. Eldred also received the Bronze Honor Medal for lifesaving, and was the first of four generations of Eagle Scouts in his family.
  2. Eagle Scout
    
    Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process. The Eagle Scout rank has been earned by over 2.5 million youth.
  3. Boy Scouts of America
    
    The Boy Scouts of America is one of the largest scouting organizations and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 1.2 million youth participants. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, about 110 million Americans have participated in BSA programs. BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922.
2. Arthur Rose Eldred is awarded the first Eagle Scout award of the Boy Scouts of America.
  1. Arthur Rose Eldred
    
    Arthur Rose Eldred was an American agricultural and railroad industry executive, civic leader, and the first Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). As a 16-year-old candidate for the highest rank bestowed by the BSA, he was personally interviewed by a panel composed of the youth organization's founders, including Ernest Thompson Seton and Daniel Carter Beard. Eldred was awarded the coveted distinction of Eagle Scout on September 2, 1912, becoming the first of more than two million boys in the U.S. since then to earn Scouting's most vaunted rank. Eldred also received the Bronze Honor Medal for lifesaving, and was the first of four generations of Eagle Scouts in his family.
  2. Eagle Scout
    
    Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process. The Eagle Scout rank has been earned by over 2.5 million youth.
  3. Boy Scouts of America
    
    The Boy Scouts of America is one of the largest scouting organizations and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 1.2 million youth participants. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, about 110 million Americans have participated in BSA programs. BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922.
1901
1. U.S. vice president Theodore Roosevelt first publicly used the phrase "speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair, describing his philosophy of negotiating peacefully while simultaneously threatening to use military force.
  1. Theodore Roosevelt
    
    Theodore Roosevelt Jr., often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice president under President William McKinley from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. Assuming the presidency after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.
  2. Big stick ideology
    
    Big stick ideology, big stick diplomacy, or big stick policy refers to President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy, "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far". Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis". As practiced by Roosevelt, big stick diplomacy had five components. First, it was essential to possess serious military capability that would force the adversary to pay close attention. At the time that meant a world-class navy; Roosevelt never had a large army at his disposal. The other qualities were to act justly toward other nations, never to bluff, to strike only when prepared to strike hard, and to be willing to allow the adversary to save face in defeat.
  3. Minnesota State Fair
    
    The Minnesota State Fair is the state fair of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Also known by its slogan, "The Great Minnesota Get-Together", it is the largest state fair in the United States by average daily attendance and the second-largest state fair in the United States by total attendance, trailing only the State Fair of Texas, which generally runs twice as long as the Minnesota State Fair. The state fairgrounds, adjacent the Saint Paul campus of the University of Minnesota, are in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, midway between the state's capital city of Saint Paul and the adjacent city of Roseville, near the Como Park and Saint Anthony Park neighborhoods of Saint Paul. Residents of the state and region come to the fair to be entertained, exhibit their best livestock, show off their abilities in a variety of fields including art and cooking, learn about new products and services, and eat many different types of food—often on a stick. The Minnesota State Fair was named the best state fair in the United States in 2015 by readers of USA Today.
2. Vice President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.
  1. Theodore Roosevelt
    
    Theodore Roosevelt Jr., often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice president under President William McKinley from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. Assuming the presidency after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.
  2. Big stick ideology
    
    Big stick ideology, big stick diplomacy, or big stick policy refers to President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy, "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far". Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis". As practiced by Roosevelt, big stick diplomacy had five components. First, it was essential to possess serious military capability that would force the adversary to pay close attention. At the time that meant a world-class navy; Roosevelt never had a large army at his disposal. The other qualities were to act justly toward other nations, never to bluff, to strike only when prepared to strike hard, and to be willing to allow the adversary to save face in defeat.
  3. Minnesota State Fair
    
    The Minnesota State Fair is the state fair of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Also known by its slogan, "The Great Minnesota Get-Together", it is the largest state fair in the United States by average daily attendance and the second-largest state fair in the United States by total attendance, trailing only the State Fair of Texas, which generally runs twice as long as the Minnesota State Fair. The state fairgrounds, adjacent the Saint Paul campus of the University of Minnesota, are in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, midway between the state's capital city of Saint Paul and the adjacent city of Roseville, near the Como Park and Saint Anthony Park neighborhoods of Saint Paul. Residents of the state and region come to the fair to be entertained, exhibit their best livestock, show off their abilities in a variety of fields including art and cooking, learn about new products and services, and eat many different types of food—often on a stick. The Minnesota State Fair was named the best state fair in the United States in 2015 by readers of USA Today.
1898
1. Battle of Omdurman: British and Egyptian troops defeat Sudanese tribesmen and establish British dominance in Sudan.
  1. Battle of Omdurman
    
    The Battle of Omdurman was fought during the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan between a British–Egyptian expeditionary force commanded by British Commander-in-Chief (sirdar) major general Horatio Herbert Kitchener and a Sudanese army of the Mahdist Islamic State, led by Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. The battle took place on 2 September 1898, at Kerreri, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of Omdurman in Sudan.
  2. Sudan
    
    Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in East Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Egypt to the north, Eritrea to the northeast, Ethiopia to the southeast, Libya to the northwest, South Sudan to the south and the Red Sea. It has a population of 45.70 million people as of 2022 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country by area, and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011, since which both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital is Khartoum and its most populated city is Omdurman.
1885
1. White miners in Rock Springs, Wyoming, attacked Chinese-American immigrants, killing at least 28 Chinese miners and causing approximately $150,000 in property damage.
  1. Rock Springs, Wyoming
    
    Rock Springs is a city in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 23,036 at the 2010 census, making it the fifth most populated city in the state of Wyoming, and the most populous city in Sweetwater County. Rock Springs is the principal city of the Rock Springs micropolitan statistical area, which has a population of 37,975. Rock Springs is known as the Home of 56 Nationalities because of the influx of immigrants from all over the world who came to work in the coal mines that supplied the fuel to power the steam engines of the Union Pacific Railroad. The city's rich cultural heritage is celebrated each summer on International Day, a festival where the foods, costumes, and traditions of residents' ancestors are recreated and enjoyed at Bunning Park in downtown Rock Springs.
  2. Rock Springs massacre
    
    The Rock Springs massacre, also known as the Rock Springs riot, occurred on September 2, 1885, in the present-day United States city of Rock Springs in Sweetwater County, Wyoming. The riot, and resulting massacre of immigrant Chinese miners by white immigrant miners, was the result of racial prejudice toward the Chinese miners, who were perceived to be taking jobs from the white miners. The Union Pacific Coal Department found it economically beneficial to give preference in hiring to Chinese miners, who were willing to work for lower wages than their white counterparts, angering the white miners. When the rioting ended, at least 28 Chinese miners were dead and 15 were injured. Rioters burned 78 Chinese homes, resulting in approximately US$150,000 in property damage.
2. Rock Springs massacre: In Rock Springs, Wyoming, 150 white miners, who are struggling to unionize so they could strike for better wages and work conditions, attack their Chinese fellow workers killing 28, wounding 15 and forcing several hundred more out of town.
  1. Rock Springs massacre
    
    The Rock Springs massacre, also known as the Rock Springs riot, occurred on September 2, 1885, in the present-day United States city of Rock Springs in Sweetwater County, Wyoming. The riot, and resulting massacre of immigrant Chinese miners by white immigrant miners, was the result of racial prejudice toward the Chinese miners, who were perceived to be taking jobs from the white miners. The Union Pacific Coal Department found it economically beneficial to give preference in hiring to Chinese miners, who were willing to work for lower wages than their white counterparts, angering the white miners. When the rioting ended, at least 28 Chinese miners were dead and 15 were injured. Rioters burned 78 Chinese homes, resulting in approximately US$150,000 in property damage.
  2. Rock Springs, Wyoming
    
    Rock Springs is a city in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 23,036 at the 2010 census, making it the fifth most populated city in the state of Wyoming, and the most populous city in Sweetwater County. Rock Springs is the principal city of the Rock Springs micropolitan statistical area, which has a population of 37,975. Rock Springs is known as the Home of 56 Nationalities because of the influx of immigrants from all over the world who came to work in the coal mines that supplied the fuel to power the steam engines of the Union Pacific Railroad. The city's rich cultural heritage is celebrated each summer on International Day, a festival where the foods, costumes, and traditions of residents' ancestors are recreated and enjoyed at Bunning Park in downtown Rock Springs.
  3. Overseas Chinese
    
    Overseas Chinese refers to people of Chinese birth or ethnicity who reside outside Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese.
1870
1. Franco-Prussian War: Prussian forces captured Napoleon III at the Battle of Sedan, which led to the collapse of the Second French Empire within days.
  1. Franco-Prussian War
    
    The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to reassert its dominant position in continental Europe, which appeared in question following the decisive Prussian victory over Austria in 1866. According to some historians, Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked the French into declaring war on Prussia in order to induce four independent southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt—to join the North German Confederation; other historians contend that Bismarck exploited the circumstances as they unfolded. All agree that Bismarck recognized the potential for new German alliances, given the situation as a whole.
  2. Kingdom of Prussia
    
    The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin.
  3. Napoleon III
    
    Napoleon III was the first President of France from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew of Napoleon I, he was the last monarch to rule over France. Elected to the presidency of the Second Republic in 1848, he seized power by force in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be reelected; he later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French. He founded the Second Empire, reigning until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies at the Battle of Sedan in 1870. Napoleon III was a popular monarch who oversaw the modernization of the French economy and filled Paris with new boulevards and parks. He expanded the French overseas empire, made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, and engaged in the Second Italian War of Independence as well as the disastrous Franco-Prussian War, during which he personally commanded his soldiers and was captured.
  4. Battle of Sedan
    
    The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870. Resulting in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and over a hundred thousand troops, it effectively decided the war in favour of Prussia and its allies, though fighting continued under a new French government.
  5. Second French Empire
    
    The Second French Empire, was the 18-year Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third Republic of France.
2. Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan: Prussian forces take Napoleon III of France and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner.
  1. Franco-Prussian War
    
    The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to reassert its dominant position in continental Europe, which appeared in question following the decisive Prussian victory over Austria in 1866. According to some historians, Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked the French into declaring war on Prussia in order to induce four independent southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt—to join the North German Confederation; other historians contend that Bismarck exploited the circumstances as they unfolded. All agree that Bismarck recognized the potential for new German alliances, given the situation as a whole.
  2. Battle of Sedan
    
    The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870. Resulting in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and over a hundred thousand troops, it effectively decided the war in favour of Prussia and its allies, though fighting continued under a new French government.
  3. Prussia
    
    Prussia was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and de jure by an Allied decree in 1947. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the Prussian Army. Prussia, with its capital at Königsberg and then, when it became the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, Berlin, decisively shaped the history of Germany.
  4. Napoleon III
    
    Napoleon III was the first President of France from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew of Napoleon I, he was the last monarch to rule over France. Elected to the presidency of the Second Republic in 1848, he seized power by force in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be reelected; he later proclaimed himself Emperor of the French. He founded the Second Empire, reigning until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies at the Battle of Sedan in 1870. Napoleon III was a popular monarch who oversaw the modernization of the French economy and filled Paris with new boulevards and parks. He expanded the French overseas empire, made the French merchant navy the second largest in the world, and engaged in the Second Italian War of Independence as well as the disastrous Franco-Prussian War, during which he personally commanded his soldiers and was captured.
1867
1. Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, marries Masako Ichijō, thereafter known as Empress Shōken.
  1. Emperor Meiji
    
    Emperor Meiji , also called Meiji the Great or Meiji the Holy Emperor , was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession. Reigning from 13 February 1867 to his death, he was the first monarch of the Empire of Japan and presided over the Meiji era. He was the figurehead of the Meiji Restoration, a series of rapid changes that witnessed Japan's transformation from an isolationist, feudal state to an industrialized world power.
  2. Empress Shōken
    
    Empress Dowager Shōken , born Masako Ichijō , was the wife and adviser of Emperor Meiji of Japan. She is also known under the technically more correct name Empress Shōken . She was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross Society, whose charity work was known throughout the First Sino-Japanese War.
1864
1. American Civil War: Union forces enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders flee the city, ending the Atlanta Campaign.
  1. Atlanta
    
    Atlanta is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia, but its territory falls in both Fulton and DeKalb counties. With a population of 498,715 living within the city limits, it is the eighth most populous city in the Southeast and 38th most populous city in the United States according to the 2020 U.S. census. It is the core of the much larger Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to more than 6.1 million people, making it the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains at an elevation of just over 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level, it features unique topography that includes rolling hills, lush greenery, and the most dense urban tree coverage of any major city in the United States.
  2. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
  3. Atlanta campaign
    
    The Atlanta campaign was a series of battles fought in the Western Theater of the American Civil War throughout northwest Georgia and the area around Atlanta during the summer of 1864. Union Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the vicinity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, beginning in May 1864, opposed by the Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston.
1862
1. American Civil War: United States President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. George B. McClellan
    
    George Brinton McClellan was an American soldier, Civil War Union general, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician who served as the 24th governor of New Jersey. A graduate of West Point, McClellan served with distinction during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), and later left the Army to serve as an executive and engineer on railroads until the outbreak of the American Civil War (1861–1865). Early in the conflict, McClellan was appointed to the rank of major general and played an important role in raising a well-trained and disciplined army, which would become the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater; he served a brief period as Commanding General of the United States Army of the Union Army.
  3. John Pope (military officer)
    
    John Pope was a career United States Army officer and Union general in the American Civil War. He had a brief stint in the Western Theater, but he is best known for his defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the East.
  4. Second Battle of Bull Run
    
    The Second Battle of Bull Run or Battle of Second Manassas was fought August 28–30, 1862, in Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War. It was the culmination of the Northern Virginia Campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run fought on July 21, 1861 on the same ground.
1859
1. The Carrington Event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record.
  1. Carrington Event
    
    The Carrington Event was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history, peaking from 1 to 2 September 1859 during solar cycle 10. It created strong auroral displays that were reported globally and caused sparking and even fires in multiple telegraph stations. The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun colliding with Earth's magnetosphere.
1856
1. The Tianjing incident takes place in Nanjing, China.
  1. Tianjing incident
    
    The Tianjing Incident occurred during the late Qing Dynasty from September 2 to October 1856. This was a major political internal conflict within the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom which took place in its capital city Tianjing. A few key leaders of the Taiping Rebellion were killed: the East King Yang Xiuqing, the North King Wei Changhui and the Yan King Qin Rigang. More than 27,000 other opposition rivals including soldiers perished in the conflict as well. The Tianjing Incident was said to be one of the factors which led to the eventual failure of the Taiping Rebellion, as well as the turning point in its fate.
  2. Nanjing
    
    Nanjing, alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the third largest city in the East China region. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi), and a total recorded population of 9,314,685 as of 2020.
1807
1. Napoleonic Wars: The British Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon.
  1. Battle of Copenhagen (1807)
    
    The Second Battle of Copenhagen was a British bombardment of the Danish capital, Copenhagen, in order to capture or destroy the Dano-Norwegian fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. The incident led to the outbreak of the Anglo-Russian War of 1807, which ended with the Treaty of Örebro in 1812.
1806
1. A massive landslide destroys the town of Goldau, Switzerland, killing 457.
  1. Goldau
    
    Goldau is a town in the community of Arth, canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. It lies between the Rigi and Rossberg mountains, and between lakes Zug and Lauerz. Well known attractions include the Natur- und Tierpark Goldau and the Arth-Goldau valley station of the Arth-Rigi Bahn connecting to the Rigi mountain.
1792
1. French Revolution: Due to an overwhelming fear that foreign armies would attack Paris and prisoners would revolt, revolutionaries began the summary execution of more than a thousand prisoners.
  1. French Revolution
    
    The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.
  2. September Massacres
    
    The September Massacres were a series of killings of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792, from Sunday, 2 September until Thursday, 6 September, during the French Revolution. Between 1,176 and 1,614 people, were killed by fédérés, guardsmen, and sans-culottes, with the support of gendarmes responsible for guarding the tribunals and prisons, the Cordeliers, the Committee of Surveillance of the Commune, and the revolutionary sections of Paris.
2. During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.
  1. September Massacres
    
    The September Massacres were a series of killings of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792, from Sunday, 2 September until Thursday, 6 September, during the French Revolution. Between 1,176 and 1,614 people, were killed by fédérés, guardsmen, and sans-culottes, with the support of gendarmes responsible for guarding the tribunals and prisons, the Cordeliers, the Committee of Surveillance of the Commune, and the revolutionary sections of Paris.
1789
1. The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.
  1. United States Department of the Treasury
    
    The Department of the Treasury (USDT) is the national treasury and finance department of the federal government of the United States, where it serves as an executive department. The department oversees the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the U.S. Mint. These two agencies are responsible for printing all paper currency and coins, while the treasury executes its circulation in the domestic fiscal system. The USDT collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service; manages U.S. government debt instruments; licenses and supervises banks and thrift institutions; and advises the legislative and executive branches on matters of fiscal policy. The department is administered by the secretary of the treasury, who is a member of the Cabinet. The treasurer of the United States has limited statutory duties, but advises the Secretary on various matters such as coinage and currency production. Signatures of both officials appear on all Federal Reserve notes.
1752
1. Great Britain, along with its overseas possessions, adopts the Gregorian calendar.
  1. Kingdom of Great Britain
    
    The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.
  2. British Empire
    
    The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.
  3. Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
    
    The adoption of the Gregorian Calendar was an event in the modern history of most cultures and societies, marking a change from their traditional dating system to the modern dating system, the Gregorian calendar, that is widely used around the world today. Some states adopted the new calendar from 1582, some did not do so before the early twentieth century, and others did so at various dates between; however a number continue to use a different civil calendar. For many the new style calendar is only used for civil purposes and the old style calendar remains used in religious contexts. Today, the Gregorian calendar is the world's most widely used civil calendar. During – and for some time after – the change between systems, it has been common to use the terms Old Style and New Style when giving dates, to indicate which calendar was used to reckon them.
1666
1. A large fire began in London's Pudding Lane and burned for five days (depicted), destroying St Paul's Cathedral and the homes of 70,000 of the city's 80,000 inhabitants.
  1. Great Fire of London
    
    The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666, gutting the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall, while also extending past the wall to the west. The death toll is generally thought to have been relatively small, although some historians have challenged this belief.
  2. Pudding Lane
    
    Pudding Lane is a small street in London, widely known as the location of Thomas Farriner's bakery, where the Great Fire of London started in 1666. It runs between Eastcheap and Thames Street in the historic City of London, and intersects Monument Street, the site of Christopher Wren's Monument to the Great Fire.
  3. Old St Paul's Cathedral
    
    Old St Paul's Cathedral was the cathedral of the City of London that, until the Great Fire of 1666, stood on the site of the present St Paul's Cathedral. Built from 1087 to 1314 and dedicated to Saint Paul, the cathedral was perhaps the fourth church at Ludgate Hill.
2. The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral.
  1. Great Fire of London
    
    The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666, gutting the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall, while also extending past the wall to the west. The death toll is generally thought to have been relatively small, although some historians have challenged this belief.
  2. Old St Paul's Cathedral
    
    Old St Paul's Cathedral was the cathedral of the City of London that, until the Great Fire of 1666, stood on the site of the present St Paul's Cathedral. Built from 1087 to 1314 and dedicated to Saint Paul, the cathedral was perhaps the fourth church at Ludgate Hill.
1649
1. The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
  1. Castro, Lazio
    
    Castro was an ancient city on the west side of Lake Bolsena in the present-day comune of Ischia di Castro, northern Lazio, Italy. It was destroyed at the conclusion of the Wars of Castro in the 17th century.
  2. Pope Innocent X
    
    Pope Innocent X, born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 September 1644 to his death in January 1655.
  3. Wars of Castro
    
    The Wars of Castro were a series of conflicts during the mid-17th century revolving around the ancient city of Castro, which eventually resulted in the city's destruction on 2 September 1649. The conflict was a result of a power struggle between the papacy – represented by members of two deeply entrenched Roman families and their popes, the Barberini and Pope Urban VIII and the Pamphili and Pope Innocent X – and the Farnese dukes of Parma, who controlled Castro and its surrounding territories as the Duchy of Castro.
1561
1. Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh, a spectacular civic celebration for the Queen of Scotland, marred by religious controversy.
  1. Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh
    
    On 19 August 1561, the 18-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots returned to Scotland from France. On 2 September the town of Edinburgh organised a celebration of royal entry for her.
1192
1. The Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Richard I of England and Saladin, leading to the end of the Third Crusade.
  1. Treaty of Jaffa (1192)
    
    The Treaty of Jaffa, more seldom referred to as the Treaty of Ramla or the treaty of 1192, was a truce agreed to during the Crusades. It was signed on 1 or 2 September 1192 A.D. between the Muslim ruler Saladin and Richard the Lionheart, King of England, shortly after the July–August 1192 Battle of Jaffa. The treaty, negotiated with the help of Balian of Ibelin, guaranteed a three-year truce between the two armies. This treaty ended the Third Crusade.
  2. Richard I of England
    
    Richard I was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubadour Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non, possibly from a reputation for terseness.
  3. Saladin
    
    Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadi, commonly known by the epithet Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from an ethnic Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant. At the height of his power, Ayyubid territorial control spanned Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen, the Maghreb, and Nubia.
  4. Third Crusade
    
    The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by three European monarchs of Western Christianity to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. For this reason, the Third Crusade is also known as the Kings' Crusade.
-31
1. Final War of the Roman Republic: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
  1. War of Actium
    
    The War of Actium was the last civil war of the Roman Republic, fought between Mark Antony and Octavian. In 32 BC, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war on the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Her lover and ally Mark Antony, who was Octavian's rival, gave his support for her cause. Forty-percent of the Roman Senate, together with both consuls, left Rome to join the war on Antony's side. After a decisive victory for Octavian at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra and Antony withdrew to Alexandria, where Octavian besieged the city until both Antony and Cleopatra were forced to commit suicide.
  2. Battle of Actium
    
    The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between a maritime fleet of Octavian led by Marcus Agrippa and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII Philopator. The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC in the Ionian Sea, near the former Roman colony of Actium, Greece, and was the climax of over a decade of rivalry between Octavian and Antony.
  3. Augustus
    
    Caesar Augustus, also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and Augustus is considered one of the greatest leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace, the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession.
  4. Mark Antony
    
    Marcus Antonius, commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman Empire.
  5. Cleopatra
    
    Cleopatra VII Philopator was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the second to last Hellenistic state and the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander. Her native language was Koine Greek, and she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language.
-44
1. Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
  1. Pharaoh
    
    Pharaoh is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BC. However, regardless of gender, "king" was the term used most frequently by the ancient Egyptians for their monarchs through the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom. The term "pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until a possible reference to Merneptah, c. 1210 BC during the Nineteenth Dynasty, nor consistently used until the decline and instability that began with the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty.
  2. Cleopatra
    
    Cleopatra VII Philopator was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the second to last Hellenistic state and the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander. Her native language was Koine Greek, and she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language.
  3. Egypt
    
    Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world.
  4. Caesarion
    
    Ptolemy XV Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, was the last pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, reigning with his mother Cleopatra from 2 September 44 BC until her death by 12 August 30 BC, then as sole ruler until his death was ordered by Octavian.
2. Cicero launches the first of his Philippicae (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them over the following months.
  1. Cicero
    
    Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.
  2. Philippicae
    
    The Philippics are a series of 14 speeches composed by Cicero in 44 and 43 BC, condemning Mark Antony. Cicero likened these speeches to those of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedon; both Demosthenes’s and Cicero's speeches became known as Philippics. Cicero's Second Philippic is styled after Demosthenes' De Corona.
  3. Mark Antony
    
    Marcus Antonius, commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the autocratic Roman Empire.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Frank Drake, American radio astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Frank Drake
    
    Frank Donald Drake was an American astrophysicist and astrobiologist.
2. T. V. Sankaranarayanan, Indian Carnatic vocalist (b. 1945) deaths
  1. T. V. Sankaranarayanan
    
    T. V. Sankaranarayanan, was an Indian Carnatic vocalist, known for his music that stems from the style of his guru and maternal-uncle, Madurai Mani Iyer. TVS was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 2003.
2021
1. Siddharth Shukla, Indian TV and film actor (b. 1980) deaths
  1. Sidharth Shukla
    
    Sidharth Shukla was an Indian actor, host and model who appeared in Hindi television and films. He was known for his roles in Balika Vadhu, Broken But Beautiful 3 and Dil Se Dil Tak. He emerged as the winner of reality shows Bigg Boss 13 and Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7. He hosted Savdhaan India and India's Got Talent. He won the World's Best Model title in December 2005 beating 40 other participants from across Asia, Latin America, and Europe. He made his acting debut with a lead role in the 2008 show Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na. In 2014, Shukla made his Bollywood debut in a supporting role in Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania.
2. Mikis Theodorakis, Greek composer (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Mikis Theodorakis
    
    Michail "Mikis" Theodorakis was a Greek composer and lyricist credited with over 1,000 works.
2018
1. Claire Wineland, American activist and author (b. 1997) deaths
  1. Claire Wineland
    
    Claire Lucia Wineland was an American activist, author, TEDx Speaker and a social media personality. Through her non-profit organization, Claire's Place Foundation, she provided support to children and families affected by cystic fibrosis (CF). She died from a blood clot one week after receiving a double lung transplant at the age of 21.
2016
1. Jerry Heller, American music manager (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Jerry Heller
    
    Gerald Elliot Heller was an American music manager and businessman. He was best known for his management of West Coast rap and gangsta rap pioneers N.W.A and Eazy-E. He rose to prominence in the 1960s and 1970s representing Journey, Marvin Gaye, Van Morrison, War, Eric Burdon, Crosby Stills & Nash, Ike & Tina Turner, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Otis Redding, the Who, REO Speedwagon, Black Sabbath, Humble Pie, Styx, the Grass Roots, and the Standells, among many others.
2. Islam Karimov, Uzbek politician, 1st President of Uzbekistan (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Islam Karimov
    
    Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov was the leader of Uzbekistan and its predecessor state, the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, from 1989 until his death in 2016. He was the last First Secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan from 1989 to 1991, when the party was reconstituted as the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (PDP); he led the PDP until 1996. He was the President of the Uzbek SSR from 24 March 1990 until he declared the independence of Uzbekistan on 1 September 1991.
  2. President of Uzbekistan
    
    The president of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the head of state and executive authority in Uzbekistan. The office of President was established in 1991, replacing the position of Chairperson of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, which had existed since 1925. The president is directly elected for a term of five years, by citizens of Uzbekistan who have reached 18 years of age.
2015
1. Ephraim Engleman, American rheumatologist, author, and academic (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Ephraim Engleman
    
    Ephraim Engleman was an American rheumatologist and a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. He had a major national and international impact on rheumatology during more than six decades, and wrote more than one hundred scientific and medical papers.
2014
1. Peter Carter, Nigerian-English diplomat, British Ambassador to Estonia (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Peter Carter (diplomat)
    
    Peter Leslie Carter was a British diplomat who served as the British Deputy High Commissioner to Nigeria from 2012 until his death in 2014. He was previously Her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of Estonia from 2007 until 2012.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Estonia
    
    The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Estonia is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Republic of Estonia, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Tallinn. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of Estonia.
2. F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, American lawyer and politician, 20th District Attorney of Philadelphia (b. 1930) deaths
  1. F. Emmett Fitzpatrick
    
    F. Emmett Fitzpatrick Jr. was an American politician, attorney and professor. A noted criminal defense attorney, he served as the District Attorney of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between 1974 and 1978.
  2. District Attorney of Philadelphia
    
    The office of the District Attorney of Philadelphia is the largest prosecutor's office in the state of Pennsylvania and oversees a jurisdiction that includes more than 1.5 million citizens of both the city and county of Philadelphia. The current District Attorney of Philadelphia is Larry Krasner. The district attorney represents the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the City & County of Philadelphia in all criminal and other prosecutions.
3. Norman Gordon, South African cricketer (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Norman Gordon
    
    Norman Gordon was a South African cricketer who played in five Test matches during the 1938–39 South African cricket season.
4. Helena Rakoczy, Polish gymnast (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Helena Rakoczy
    
    Helena Rakoczy was a Polish artistic gymnast. She is a 1956 Olympic bronze medalist with the Polish team, as well as 4-time World champion and a 7-time World Championships medalist. She was born in Kraków, Poland.
5. Goolam Essaji Vahanvati, Indian lawyer and politician, 13th Attorney General of India (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Goolam Essaji Vahanvati
    
    Goolamhussein Essaji Vahanvati was an Indian senior counsel who served as the 11th Attorney General for India. His first term in office began in June 2009 and was for three years.
  2. Attorney-General for India
    
    The Attorney General for India is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, and is its chief advocate in the courts. They are appointed by the President of India at the instance of the Union Cabinet under Article 76(1) of the Constitution and hold office during the pleasure of the President. They must be a person qualified to be appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Hence, they must have been a judge of a high court for five years or an advocate of a high court for ten years, or an eminent jurist in the opinion of the President.
2013
1. Valérie Benguigui, French actress and director (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Valérie Benguigui
    
    Valérie Benguigui was a French actress and theater director. Born in Oran, Algeria, she took acting courses at the Cours Florent and the National Chaillot Theatre School. Her first film role was in Francis Huster's On a volé Charlie Spencer (1986).
2. Terry Clawson, English rugby player and coach (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Terry Clawson
    
    Terence "Terry" A. Clawson was an English World Cup winning professional rugby league footballer who played from the 1950s through to the 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain between 1962 and 1974, and was part of the 1972 Rugby League World Cup winning squad. He also played for Yorkshire, and at club level for Featherstone Rovers (captain), Bradford Northern, Leeds, Hull Kingston Rovers, Oldham, York, Wakefield Trinity, Hull FC and South Newcastle, as a goal-kicking prop or second-row, i.e. number 8 or 10, or, 11 or 12. He coached at club level for South Newcastle and Featherstone Rovers.
3. Ronald Coase, English-American economist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Ronald Coase
    
    Ronald Harry Coase was a British economist and author. Coase received a bachelor of commerce degree (1932) and a PhD from the London School of Economics, where he was a member of the faculty until 1951. He was the Clifton R. Musser Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School, where he arrived in 1964 and remained for the rest of his life. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1991.
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
4. David Jacobs, English radio and television host (b. 1926) deaths
  1. David Jacobs (broadcaster)
    
    David Lewis Jacobs, CBE was a British broadcaster perhaps best known as presenter of the BBC Television 1960s peak-time show Juke Box Jury, and as chairman of the long-running BBC Radio 4 topical forum Any Questions? Earlier radio work included small acting parts: over the years he played himself or presenter characters in film, television and radio productions. Jacobs finally stepped down as a BBC Radio 2 presenter shortly before his death in August 2013, his career having spanned more than 65 years.
5. Frederik Pohl, American author and publisher (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Frederik Pohl
    
    Frederik George Pohl Jr. was an American science-fiction writer, editor, and fan, with a career spanning nearly 75 years—from his first published work, the 1937 poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna", to the 2011 novel All the Lives He Led.
6. Paul Scoon, Grenadian politician, 2nd Governor-General of Grenada (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Paul Scoon
    
    Sir Paul Godwin Scoon was a Grenadian politician who served as Governor-General of Grenada from 1978 to 1992. His tenure is notable for its hectic events related to the rise and fall of the People's Revolutionary Government, as well as his personal involvement and support of the invasion of Grenada.
  2. Governor-General of Grenada
    
    The governor-general of Grenada is the vice-regal representative of the Grenadian monarch, currently King Charles III, in Grenada. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister of Grenada. The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers, judges, and ambassadors; giving royal assent to legislation passed by the Grenadian Parliament; and issuing writs for election.
2012
1. Mark Abrahamian, American guitarist (b. 1966) deaths
  1. Starship (band)
    
    Starship is an American rock band from San Francisco, California. Initially a continuation of Jefferson Starship, it underwent a change in musical direction, the subsequent loss of personnel, and a lawsuit settlement that led to a name change. Starship's 1985 album, Knee Deep in the Hoopla, was certified platinum by the RIAA, and included two singles that went to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart: "We Built This City" and "Sara". Their follow up album, No Protection, released in 1987, was certified gold and featured the band's third number one single, "Nothing's Gonna Stop Us Now". After a short hiatus in the early 1990s, the band reformed in 1992 as "Starship featuring Mickey Thomas" and resumed touring.
2. Jack Boucher, American photographer and director (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Jack Boucher
    
    Jack E. Boucher was an American photographer for the National Park Service for more than 40 years beginning in 1958. He served as the Chief Photographer for the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS). In 1966 he left the Park Service for two years to supervise New Jersey's State Historic Preservation program, including the State's roadside marker program, 18 historic museum houses, several lighthouses, and two historic villages. Offered his old job back by the Park Service/HABS in 1970, he left New Jersey to return to NPS/HABS and the highly specialized job of large format photographic architectural documentation. His work took him to 49 States, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. April 2008 was the fiftieth anniversary of his employment with the National Park Service's "HABS" program. He traveled with 900 pounds of photographic equipment.
3. John C. Marshall, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1941) deaths
  1. John C. Marshall (musician)
    
    John C. Marshall was a British guitarist, vocalist and songwriter in the jazz and blues vein. He was born in London, England.
4. Emmanuel Nunes, Portuguese-French composer and educator (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Emmanuel Nunes
    
    Emmanuel Nunes was a Portuguese composer who lived and worked in Paris from 1964.
2011
1. Roberto Bruce, Chilean journalist (b. 1979) deaths
  1. Roberto Bruce
    
    Roberto Andrés Bruce Pruzzo was a Chilean television journalist, mainly known for his work on Televisión Nacional de Chile's breakfast programme Buenos Días a Todos. Bruce also worked as host of Dónde La Viste in the same TV channel.
2. Felipe Camiroaga, Chilean television presenter (b. 1966) deaths
  1. Felipe Camiroaga
    
    Felipe Humberto Camiroaga Fernández was a Chilean television presenter, actor and comedian, one of the most popular in his country.
2009
1. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Indian politician, 14th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy
    
    Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy, popularly known as YSR, was the 14th chief minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, serving from 2004 to 2009.
  2. List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh
    
    The chief minister of Andhra Pradesh is the chief executive of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. In accordance with the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
2008
1. Bill Melendez, Mexican-American animator, director, producer, and voice actor (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Bill Melendez
    
    José Cuauhtémoc "Bill" Melendez was an American character animator, voice actor, film director and producer. Melendez is known for working on the Peanuts animated specials. Before Peanuts, he previously worked as an animator for Walt Disney Productions, Warner Bros. Cartoons, and UPA. Melendez provided the voices of Snoopy and Woodstock in the latter as well.
2. Alan Waddell, Australian walker deaths
  1. Alan Waddell
    
    Alan Mossman Waddell was an Australian walker who received national and international media attention for walking every street in over 280 suburbs in Sydney.
2007
1. Franz-Benno Delonge, German game designer, created TransAmerica (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Franz-Benno Delonge
    
    Franz-Benno Delonge was a designer of German-style board games. He has been nominated for multiple best game awards, including Spiel des Jahres and International Gamers Awards. TransAmerica won the Mensa best mind game award for 2003. He died of cancer on 2 September 2007.
  2. TransAmerica (board game)
    
    TransAmerica is a railroad board game centered on the construction of railroad track in the United States. The game was created by Franz-Benno Delonge and developed by Team Annaberg. It is published in the United States by Rio Grande Games. In 2003 it was a Mensa Select recipient, and was nominated for the 2002 Spiel des Jahres award.
2. Max McNab, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Max McNab
    
    Maxwell Douglas McNab was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach, and National Hockey League (NHL) general manager. He played in the NHL with the Detroit Red Wings between 1947 and 1951, winning the Stanley Cup with them in 1950. The rest of his playing career, which lasted from 1945 to 1959, was spent in various minor leagues.
2006
1. Bob Mathias, American decathlete and politician (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Bob Mathias
    
    Robert Bruce Mathias was an American decathlete, two-time Olympic gold medalist in the event, a United States Marine Corps officer, actor and United States Congressman representing the state of California for four terms from 1967 to 1975.
2. Willi Ninja, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1961) deaths
  1. Willi Ninja
    
    William Roscoe Leake, better known as Willi Ninja, was an American dancer and choreographer best known for his appearance in the documentary film Paris Is Burning.
3. Dewey Redman, American saxophonist (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Dewey Redman
    
    Walter Dewey Redman was an American saxophonist who performed free jazz as a bandleader and with Ornette Coleman and Keith Jarrett.
2005
1. Bob Denver, American actor (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Bob Denver
    
    Robert Osbourne Denver was an American comedic actor who portrayed Gilligan on the 1964–1967 television series Gilligan's Island, and beatnik Maynard G. Krebs on the 1959–1963 series The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis.
2004
1. Joan Oró, Catalan biochemist and academic (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Joan Oró
    
    Joan Oró i Florensa was a Spanish biochemist, whose research has been of importance in understanding the origin of life. He participated in several NASA missions, including Apollo mission to the Moon and the Viking lander. He received the Oparin Medal, awarded by the International Astrobiology Society for his contributions to the field of origins of life.
2002
1. Dick Reynolds, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Dick Reynolds
    
    Richard Sylvannus Reynolds was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
2001
1. Christiaan Barnard, South African surgeon and academic (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Christiaan Barnard
    
    Christiaan Neethling Barnard was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation. On 3 December 1967, Barnard transplanted the heart of accident-victim Denise Darvall into the chest of 54-year-old Louis Washkansky, with Washkansky regaining full consciousness and being able to talk easily with his wife, before dying eighteen days later of pneumonia, largely brought on by the anti-rejection drugs that suppressed his immune system. Barnard had told Mr. and Mrs. Washkansky that the operation had an 80% chance of success, an assessment which has been criticised as misleading. Barnard's second transplant patient, Philip Blaiberg, whose operation was performed at the beginning of 1968, lived for a year and a half and was able to go home from the hospital.
2. Troy Donahue, American actor (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Troy Donahue
    
    Troy Donahue was an American film and television actor and singer. He was a popular sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s.
2000
1. Elvera Sanchez, American dancer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Elvera Sanchez
    
    Elvera "Baby" Sanchez Davis was an American dancer and the mother of Sammy Davis Jr.
2. Curt Siodmak, German-American author and screenwriter (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Curt Siodmak
    
    Curt Siodmak was a German-American novelist and screenwriter. He is known for his work in the horror and science fiction film genres, with such films as The Wolf Man and Donovan's Brain. He was the younger brother of noir director Robert Siodmak.
1998
1. Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Jackie Blanchflower
    
    John Blanchflower was a Northern Irish footballer. He graduated from Manchester United's youth system and played for the club on 117 occasions, winning two league titles, before his career was cut short due to injuries sustained in the Munich air disaster. He was also capped 12 times at senior level by Northern Ireland.
2. Allen Drury, American journalist and author (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Allen Drury
    
    Allen Stuart Drury was an American novelist. During World War II, he was a reporter in the Senate, closely observing Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, among others. He would convert these experiences into his first novel Advise and Consent, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1960. Long afterwards, it was still being praised as ‘the definitive Washington tale’. His diaries from this period were published as A Senate Journal 1943–45.
1997
1. Rudolf Bing, Austrian-American manager (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Rudolf Bing
    
    Sir Rudolf Bing, KBE was an Austrian-born British opera impresario who worked in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, most notably being General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1950 to 1972. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1946 and was knighted in 1971, although he spent decades living in the United States, where he died.
2. Viktor Frankl, Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Viktor Frankl
    
    Viktor Emil Frankl was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded logotherapy, a school of psychotherapy that describes a search for a life's meaning as the central human motivational force. Logotherapy is part of existential and humanistic psychology theories.
1996
1. Paddy Clift, Zimbabwean cricketer (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Paddy Clift
    
    Patrick Bernard Clift was a Zimbabwean first class cricketer for Leicestershire County Cricket Club, who was educated at St. George's College, Harare. He was a right-armed medium bowler and right-handed batsman. Clift died in South Africa after a battle with bone marrow cancer, in the same year that Leicestershire won the County Championship.
1995
1. İbrahim Demir, Turkish footballer births
  1. İbrahim Demir
    
    İbrahim Demir is a Turkish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serik Belediyespor.
2. Deimantas Petravičius, Lithuanian footballer births
  1. Deimantas Petravičius
    
    Deimantas Petravičius is a Lithuanian footballer, who plays as a winger and is currently playing for Águilas FC, having previously played for Nottingham Forest, Stevenage (on loan), Zaglebie Lubin, Motherwell, Falkirk, Okzhetpes and Queen of the South.
3. Willy Adames, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Willy Adames
    
    Willy Rafael Luna Adames is a Dominican professional baseball shortstop for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut with the Tampa Bay Rays in 2018, and played for the Rays until 2021.
1994
1. Kishen Velani, English cricketer births
  1. Kishen Velani
    
    Kishen Shailesh Velani is an English cricketer who most recently played for Essex in first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who bowls right arm medium pace. Velani has previously played for the Wanstead and Snaresbrook cricket clubs. In November 2013 he was dropped from the England under-19 squad due to a lack of fitness two months prior to the World Cup.
1993
1. Tom Anderson, English footballer births
  1. Tom Anderson (footballer)
    
    Thomas Robert Anderson is an English footballer who plays as a defender for EFL League Two club Doncaster Rovers.
2. Zaza Nadiradze, Georgian sprint canoeist births
  1. Zaza Nadiradze
    
    Zaza Nadiradze is a Georgian sprint canoeist. He competed in the men's C-1 200 metres event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
3. Robert Rooba, Estonian ice hockey player births
  1. Robert Rooba
    
    Robert Rooba is an Estonian professional ice hockey left winger who currently plays for JYP of the Liiga.
1992
1. Xenia Knoll, Swiss tennis player births
  1. Xenia Knoll
    
    Xenia Knoll is a Swiss tennis player.
2. Nenad Lukić, Serbian footballer births
  1. Nenad Lukić (footballer, born 1992)
    
    Nenad Lukić is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Hungarian club Budapest Honvéd.
3. Alberto Masi, Italian footballer births
  1. Alberto Masi
    
    Alberto Masi is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie C Group A club Pro Vercelli.
4. Barbara McClintock, American geneticist and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Barbara McClintock
    
    Barbara McClintock was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There she started her career as the leader of the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing-over during meiosis—a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recognized as among the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1991
1. Gyasi Zardes, American footballer births
  1. Gyasi Zardes
    
    Gyasi A. Zardes is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward for the Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer and the United States national team.
2. Alfonso García Robles, Mexican politician and diplomat, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Alfonso García Robles
    
    Alfonso García Robles was a Mexican diplomat and politician who, in conjunction with Sweden's Alva Myrdal, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1990
1. Marcus Ericsson, Swedish race car driver births
  1. Marcus Ericsson
    
    Marcus Thorbjörn Ericsson is a Swedish professional racing driver. He competes in the NTT IndyCar Series, driving the No. 8 Honda for Chip Ganassi Racing and is the 2022 Indianapolis 500 winner. Ericsson previously competed in Formula One between 2014 and 2018.
2. Shayla Worley, American gymnast births
  1. Shayla Worley
    
    Shayla Worley is an American artistic gymnast. She was a member of the gold-medal-winning American team at the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. She trained for most of her athletic career at Orlando Metro Gymnastics, where she was coached by Jeff Wood and Christi Barineau. From 2009 to 2013, she competed at the University of Georgia, the 10-time NCAA champion in gymnastics.
3. Robert Holmes à Court, South African-Australian businessman and lawyer (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Robert Holmes à Court
    
    Michael Robert Hamilton Holmes à Court was a South African-born Australian businessman who became Australia's first billionaire, before dying suddenly of a heart attack in 1990 at the age of 53.
1989
1. Marcus Morris, American basketball player births
  1. Marcus Morris Sr.
    
    Marcus Thomas Morris Sr. is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The forward played college basketball at Kansas before being drafted 14th overall by the Houston Rockets in the 2011 NBA draft. He has also played for the Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Boston Celtics, and New York Knicks.
2. Zedd, Russian-German record producer, DJ, multi-instrumentalist and songwriter births
  1. Zedd
    
    Anton Zaslavski, known professionally as Zedd, is a Russian-born German DJ, record producer, and songwriter.
3. Markieff Morris, American basketball player births
  1. Markieff Morris
    
    Markieff Morris is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Kansas Jayhawks before being drafted 13th overall in the 2011 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. He won an NBA championship with the Los Angeles Lakers in 2020.
4. Alexandre Pato, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Alexandre Pato
    
    Alexandre Rodrigues da Silva, commonly known as Alexandre Pato or just Pato, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a striker.
1988
1. Ibrahim Šehić, Bosnian footballer births
  1. Ibrahim Šehić
    
    Ibrahim Šehić is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Süper Lig club Konyaspor and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.
2. Keisuke Kato, Japanese actor and singer births
  1. Keisuke Katō
    
    Keisuke Katō is a Japanese actor. He is best known for his roles as Kousuke Kitamura (Ivory) in TV Tokyo's drama Happy Boys and Keisuke Nago/Kamen Rider Ixa in TV Asahi's tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Kiva. Also, he is one of PureBoys, though on March 21, 2008 he announced his graduation from the group alongside colleagues Yukihiro Takiguchi and Masei Nakayama. This graduation was made official on March 31, 2008; the "graduation ceremony" was on March 28, 2008 during the PureBoys' weekly school-themed internet broadcast show. He graduated from Nihon University. In 2016, he launched his apparel brand "StarLean". On March 31, 2017, he left the talent agency Box Corporation to retire from the entertainment business, but from 2018, he is affiliated with the talent agency G-Star.Pro.
3. Javi Martínez, Spanish footballer births
  1. Javi Martínez
    
    Javier "Javi" Martínez Aginaga is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or central defender for Qatar Stars League club Qatar SC.
4. Ishant Sharma, Indian cricketer births
  1. Ishant Sharma
    
    Ishant Sharma is an Indian cricketer who has represented India in Tests, ODIs and T20Is. He is a 6 ft 4 in tall right-arm fast-medium bowler. At the age of 18, Sharma was called to join the Indian squad for the tour of South Africa in 2006–07. However, after receiving the call and organising travel arrangements, he was deselected. In reference to his height and lean physique in his Under-19 days, the bowler was nicknamed Lambu. In 2011, he became the fifth youngest player to take 100 Test wickets. Against South Africa in 2013, Ishant Sharma became the fifth quickest Indian to grab 100 ODI wickets. While being a "rhythm" bowler, he still is considered one of the fastest Indian bowlers having bowled in excess of 150 km/h on several occasions in international cricket as well as the IPL, his fastest being 152.2 km/h bowled to Ricky Ponting on Boxing Day Test in 2011. In 2020, Indian government has awarded him the Arjuna Award to recognize his outstanding achievement in cricket.
5. Ishmeet Singh, Indian singer (d. 2008) births
  1. Ishmeet Singh
    
    Ishmeet Singh was a winning singer on the STAR Plus show Amul STAR Voice of India. Hailing from Model town, Ludhiana of Punjab, Ishmeet won the Star Plus show in 2007 and also participated in another reality show called Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar. His first album was a religious Gurbani album called Satgur Tumre Kaaj Savaare.
1987
1. Scott Moir, Canadian ice dancer births
  1. Scott Moir
    
    Scott Patrick Moir OLY is a Canadian retired ice dancer and coach. With ice dance partner Tessa Virtue, he is the 2010 and 2018 Olympic champion, the 2014 Olympic silver medalist, a three-time World champion, a three-time Four Continents champion, the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final champion, an eight-time Canadian national champion, the 2006 World Junior champion and the 2006 Junior Grand Prix champion. Moir and Virtue are also the 2018 Olympic gold medalists in the team event and the 2014 Olympic silver medalists in the team event. Upon winning their third Olympic gold medal, they became the most decorated Canadian ice dance team of all time and the most decorated Olympic figure skaters of all time. Widely regarded as one of the greatest ice dance teams of all time, they are the only ice dancers in history to achieve a Super Slam, having won all major international competitions in their senior and junior careers. Virtue and Moir are holders of the world record score for the now-defunct original dance.
2. Brian Clay, Australian rugby league player (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Brian Clay
    
    Brian Joseph 'Poppa' Clay was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He was a five-eighth with the St. George Dragons during their 11-year consecutive premiership winning run from 1956 to 1966. He was a representative in the Australian national team in 1957 and from 1959 to 1960 earning five Test caps plus three World Cup appearances. He is considered one of the nation's finest footballers of the 20th century.
1986
1. Gélson Fernandes, Swiss footballer births
  1. Gelson Fernandes
    
    Gelson da Conceição Tavares Fernandes is a Swiss former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
2. Kyle Hines, American basketball player births
  1. Kyle Hines
    
    Kyle Terrel Hines is an American professional basketball player for Olimpia Milano of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) and the EuroLeague. He plays at the power forward and center positions.
1985
1. Keith Galloway, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Keith Galloway
    
    Keith Galloway is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a prop in the 2000s and 2010s.
2. M. Alalasundaram, Sri Lankan Tamil teacher and politician deaths
  1. M. Alalasundaram
    
    Arumugam Murugesu Alalasundaram was a Sri Lankan Tamil teacher, politician and Member of Parliament.
3. Abe Lenstra, Dutch footballer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Abe Lenstra
    
    Abe Minderts Lenstra was a Dutch footballer and national football icon in the 1950s who played as a forward. He is regarded as one of the greatest players ever to hail from the Netherlands. He was also a Frisian legend, most notably with the club where he made his name as a football player, Heerenveen.
4. V. Dharmalingam, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. 1918) deaths
  1. V. Dharmalingam
    
    Visvanathan Dharmalingam was a Sri Lankan Tamil politician and Member of Parliament.
5. Jay Youngblood, American wrestler (b. 1955) deaths
  1. Jay Youngblood
    
    Steven Nicolas Romero was an American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Jay Youngblood. He wrestled in the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions in a tag team with Ricky Steamboat. In addition, he wrestled with Championship Wrestling from Florida, Pacific Northwest Wrestling, NWA All-Star Wrestling and the American Wrestling Association.
1984
1. Jack Peñate, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Jack Peñate
    
    Jack Peñate is an English singer, songwriter, and musician.
2. Manos Katrakis, Greek actor (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Manos Katrakis
    
    Emmanuel "Manos" Katrakis was a Greek actor of theater and film.
1983
1. Rich Boy, American rapper and producer births
  1. Rich Boy
    
    Marece Benjamin Richards, better known by his stage name Rich Boy, is an American rapper from Mobile, Alabama. He is best known for the hit single "Throw Some D's" released in August 2006. It was the lead single for his eponymous debut album, released a year later in March under Polow da Don's Zone 4 and Interscope Records.
2. Mark Foster, English rugby player births
  1. Mark Foster (rugby union)
    
    Mark Foster was a rugby union footballer who played at wing or centre for Jersey.
3. Feri Cansel, Turkish-Cypriot actress (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Feri Cansel
    
    Feriha "Feri" Cansel was a Turkish Cypriot actress.
1982
1. Joey Barton, English footballer births
  1. Joey Barton
    
    Joseph Anthony Barton is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He made 269 appearances in the Premier League, including 130 for Manchester City. He is currently the manager of League One side Bristol Rovers.
2. Jason Hammel, American baseball player births
  1. Jason Hammel
    
    Jason Aaron Hammel is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays, Colorado Rockies, Baltimore Orioles, Oakland Athletics, Chicago Cubs, and Kansas City Royals.
3. Mark Phillips, English footballer births
  1. Mark Phillips (footballer)
    
    Mark Ian Phillips is a retired professional footballer who played in the Football League for Southend United, Millwall, Brentford, Darlington and AFC Wimbledon as a defender.
1981
1. Fariborz Kamkari, Iranian director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Fariborz Kamkari
    
    Fariborz Kamkari(Persian: فریبرز کامکاری) is a Kurdish Iranian film director and producer.
2. Jennifer Hopkins, American tennis player births
  1. Jennifer Hopkins
    
    Jennifer Dent is an American former professional tennis player.
3. Chris Tremlett, English cricketer births
  1. Chris Tremlett
    
    Christopher Timothy Tremlett is a former English cricketer who played international cricket for England and domestically for Hampshire and Surrey. He was a 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall fast-medium bowler able to extract bounce on most surfaces. Tremlett started his playing career with Hampshire in 2000 and was awarded his county cap in 2004. He made his One Day International debut in 2005, and two years later played his first Test. Tremlett played three Tests in 2007 before injury interrupted.
1980
1. Dany Sabourin, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Dany Sabourin
    
    Dany Sabourin is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former goaltender.
2. Danny Shittu, Nigerian footballer births
  1. Danny Shittu
    
    Daniel Olusola Shittu is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a centre back. He made 346 appearances in the Premier League and Football League, including 190 for Queens Park Rangers.
3. Hiroki Yoshimoto, Japanese race car driver births
  1. Hiroki Yoshimoto
    
    Hiroki Yoshimoto is a Japanese race car driver. He raced in the 2005 GP2 Series for the BCN Competicion team, alongside the Venezuelan E. J. Viso. For 2006 he was initially teamed with the more experienced Timo Glock of Germany. In addition to his racing, he is also the vocalist for Japanese rock band doa under the name Daiki Yoshimoto .
1979
1. Tomer Ben Yosef, Israeli footballer births
  1. Tomer Ben Yosef
    
    Tomer Ben Yosef is an Israeli football player who plays as a central defender.
2. Brian Westbrook, American football player births
  1. Brian Westbrook
    
    Brian Collins Westbrook is a former American football running back who played for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2002 NFL Draft after playing college football for Villanova University. Following an eight-year career with the Eagles, in which he earned two Pro Bowl selections in 2004 and 2007, Westbrook signed with the San Francisco 49ers, for whom he played in 2010. Westbrook is also currently the Director of Player Engagement for the XFL
3. Otto P. Weyland, American general (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Otto P. Weyland
    
    Otto Paul Weyland was a United States Air Force general and the post-World War II Commander of Far East Air Forces during the Korean War and of Tactical Air Command.
1978
1. Fred G. Meyer, American businessman, founded Fred Meyer (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Fred G. Meyer
    
    Fred G. Meyer was an American businessman who founded the Oregon-based Fred Meyer store chain, which had 63 stores in 4 western states at the time of his death. He was known for successfully introducing several innovative marketing concepts.
  2. Fred Meyer
    
    Fred Meyer is an American chain of hypermarket superstores founded in 1922 in Portland, Oregon, USA, by Fred G. Meyer. The stores are found in the northwest U.S., within the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska. The company merged with Kroger in 1998, though the stores are still branded Fred Meyer. The chain was one of the first in the United States to promote one-stop shopping, eventually combining a complete grocery supermarket with a drugstore, bank, clothing, jewelry, home decor, home improvement, garden, electronics, restaurant, shoes, sporting goods and toys. The western region of Kroger corporation is headquartered in Portland.
1977
1. Frédéric Kanouté, Malian footballer births
  1. Frédéric Kanouté
    
    Frédéric Oumar Kanouté is a former professional footballer who played as a striker for several top-tier clubs in Europe, enjoying his greatest success with La Liga side Sevilla. Kanouté was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year, the first player born outside Africa to win the award.
2. Stephen Dunne, American actor (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Stephen Dunne (actor)
    
    Francis Michael Dunne was an American actor, radio personality and disc jockey. He was active on television and in films from 1945–73, and was also credited as Steve Dunn, Michael Dunne, Stephan Dunne, and Steve Dunne.
1976
1. Syleena Johnson, American R&B and soul singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Syleena Johnson
    
    Syleena Johnson is an American singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter from Chicago, Illinois.
2. Aziz Zakari, Ghanaian sprinter births
  1. Aziz Zakari
    
    Abdul Aziz Zakari is a Ghanaian athlete specializing in the 100 metres. He was born in Accra, Ghana.
3. Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and playwright (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Stanisław Grochowiak
    
    Stanisław Antoni Grochowiak, pen-name "Kain" was a Polish poet and dramatist. His is often classified as a representative of turpism, because of his interest in the physical, ugly and brutal, but he also exhibits strong tendencies toward formal, rhymed poetry, reaching on many occasions the ornamental grace of a baroque style. Grochowiak was born in Leszno and died, aged 42, in Warsaw.
1975
1. Jill Janus, American singer (d. 2018) births
  1. Jill Janus
    
    Jill Janus was an American singer who was the lead vocalist of heavy metal bands Huntress, The Starbreakers and Chelsea Girls.
2. MC Chris, American rapper, actor, and screenwriter births
  1. MC Chris
    
    Christopher Ward, better known as MC Chris, is an American rapper, voice actor, improvisational comedian and writer. Associated with the genre of nerdcore, he is known for the high pitch of his voice and the combination of his "geek" heritage with the "gangster" image associated with many hip hop artists. He has released ten albums, five EPs, one re-release and a tenth anniversary edition of his recordings with the Lee Majors.
3. Mabel Vernon, American activist (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Mabel Vernon
    
    Mabel Vernon was an American suffragist, pacifist, and a national leader in the United States suffrage movement. She was a Quaker and a member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Vernon was inspired by the methods used by the Women's Social and Political Union in Britain. Vernon was one of the principal members of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage (CUWS) alongside Olympia Brown, Inez Milholland, Crystal Eastman, Lucy Burns, and Alice Paul, and helped to organize the Silent Sentinels protests that involved daily picketing of Woodrow Wilson's White House.
1973
1. Matthew Dunn, Australian swimmer births
  1. Matthew Dunn
    
    Matthew Stephen Dunn is an Australian former freestyle and medley swimmer who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1992.
2. Jason Blake, American ice hockey player births
  1. Jason Blake (ice hockey)
    
    Jason Wayne Blake is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL).
3. Indika de Saram, Sri Lankan cricketer births
  1. Indika de Saram
    
    Samantha Indika de Saram is a former Sri Lankan cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler who usually occupies the position of wicketkeeper. He is a past student of St. Thomas' College, Matara.
4. Sudeep, Indian actor, filmmaker and television presenter births
  1. Sudeepa
    
    Sudeep Sanjeev, known mononymously as Sudeepa, is an Indian actor, director, producer, screenwriter, television presenter and singer, who primarily works in Kannada language films, in addition to appearances in Hindi, Telugu and Tamil language films. He is one of the highest paid actors of Kannada Cinema and is one of the first Kannada actors to be listed in the Forbes' top 100 celebrities of India since 2013. He has received several awards including four Filmfare Awards South.
5. Carl Dudley, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Carl Dudley
    
    Carl Ward Dudley (1910–1973) was an American film director and producer. He was best known for directing and producing short travelogues.
6. J. R. R. Tolkien, English novelist, short story writer, poet, and philologist (b. 1892) deaths
  1. J. R. R. Tolkien
    
    John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
1972
1. Robert Coles, English golfer births
  1. Robert Coles (golfer)
    
    Robert Coles is an English professional golfer who currently plays on the European Tour.
1971
1. Kjetil André Aamodt, Norwegian skier births
  1. Kjetil André Aamodt
    
    Kjetil André Aamodt is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway, a champion in the Olympics, World Championships, and World Cup. He is one of the most successful alpine ski racers from Norway.
2. Pawan Kalyan, Indian actor politician births
  1. Pawan Kalyan
    
    Pawan Kalyan is an Indian actor, filmmaker, philanthropist, and politician. His films are predominantly in Telugu cinema. Kalyan is the younger brother of actor-ex.politician Chiranjeevi, and made his debut in the 1996 film Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi. He starred in Tholi Prema in 1998, which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu that year.
3. Tommy Maddox, American football player and coach births
  1. Tommy Maddox
    
    Thomas Alfred Maddox is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons, most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He also played one season each for the New Jersey Red Dogs of the Arena Football League (AFL) and the Los Angeles Xtreme of the XFL. In the XFL, Maddox became the league's sole MVP while leading the Xtreme to victory in its only championship.
4. César Sánchez, Spanish footballer births
  1. César Sánchez
    
    César Sánchez Domínguez, sometimes known as simply César, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
5. Tom Steels, Belgian cyclist births
  1. Tom Steels
    
    Tom Steels is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer, specialising in sprint finishes and one-day races. He was one of the top sprinters in the peloton.
6. Katt Williams, American comedian and actor births
  1. Katt Williams
    
    Micah "Katt" Williams is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He played Money Mike in Friday After Next, had a stint on Wild 'n Out, portrayed Bobby Shaw in My Wife and Kids, provided the voice of A Pimp Named Slickback in The Boondocks and Seamus in Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore, and portrayed Lord Have Mercy in Norbit. In 2008, he voiced himself in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV.
7. Robert Mensah, Ghanaian footballer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Robert Mensah
    
    Robert Mensah was a Ghanaian footballer who played as a goalkeeper. As a player, he was best known for his exploits at Asante Kotoko F.C. where he won the African Clubs Cup in 1970. He was also a runner-up with the Ghana squad for the 1968 African Cup of Nations and represented Ghana at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
1969
1. K-Ci, American R&B singer-songwriter births
  1. K-Ci
    
    Cedric Renard Hailey, known professionally as K-Ci, is an American singer, songwriter and member of K-Ci & JoJo and Jodeci.
2. Stéphane Matteau, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Stéphane Matteau
    
    Stéphane Matteau is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played over 800 regular-season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted in the second round, 25th overall, by the Calgary Flames in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft.
3. Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese politician, 1st President of Vietnam (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Ho Chi Minh
    
    Hồ Chí Minh, commonly known as Bác Hồ, also known as Hồ Chủ tịch, Người cha già của dân tộc and by other aliases, was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman. He served as Prime Minister of Vietnam from 1945 to 1955 and as President from 1945 until his death in 1969. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, he served as Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam.
  2. President of Vietnam
    
    The president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the head of state of Vietnam, elected by the Vietnam National Assembly from delegates of the National Assembly. Since Vietnam is a single-party state, the president is generally considered to hold the second highest position in the political system, formally after the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. In addition, the president appoints the head of government, the Prime Minister. As head of state, the President represents Vietnam both domestically and internationally, and maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country.
1968
1. Cynthia Watros, American actress births
  1. Cynthia Watros
    
    Cynthia Michele Watros is an American actress recognized for her roles in both daytime and primetime television. In 1994, she was cast in the regular role of Annie Dutton on Guiding Light, which earned her the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998. In 2002, she was cast as Kellie on The Drew Carey Show and in 2005 joined the cast of Lost as Libby Smith. Since 2019, Watros has portrayed the role of Nina Reeves on ABC's General Hospital.
1967
1. Frank Fontsere, American drummer and songwriter births
  1. Frank Fontsere
    
    Frank Fontsere is an American drummer from Marietta, Georgia. He is known mostly for his work in rap metal group Stuck Mojo (1996–2000) and heavy metal group Fozzy. He has also been a member of Agent Cooper, The Duke (2005), Soundevice (2006), Love Said No (2007) and Primer 55 (2007). He is famous for using drum triggers on his albums and for every live performance.
2. Andreas Möller, German footballer and manager births
  1. Andreas Möller
    
    Andreas Möller is a German former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He is the head of the youth department at Eintracht Frankfurt.
1966
1. Dino Cazares, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Dino Cazares
    
    Dino Cazares is an American musician, known for being the guitarist and one of the co-founders of industrial metal band Fear Factory. He is also the co-founder of the metal bands Divine Heresy, Asesino, and Brujeria. Cazares popularized the use of digital amp modelling processors, as well as the use of seven and eight-string guitars in metal music.
2. Massimo Cuttitta, Italian rugby player and coach births
  1. Massimo Cuttitta
    
    Massimo Cuttitta was an Italian professional rugby union player and coach. He used to play as a prop. He was the twin brother of Marcello Cuttitta.
3. Salma Hayek, Mexican-American actress, director, and producer births
  1. Salma Hayek
    
    Salma Hayek Pinault is a Mexican and American actress and film producer. She began her career in Mexico with starring roles in the telenovela Teresa (1989–1991) as well as the romantic drama El Callejón de los Milagros (1995), for which she received an Ariel Award nomination. She soon established herself in Hollywood with appearances in films such as Desperado (1995), From Dusk till Dawn (1996), Wild Wild West (1999), and Dogma (1999).
4. Olivier Panis, French racing driver births
  1. Olivier Panis
    
    Olivier Panis is a French former racing driver. Panis raced in Formula One for ten seasons, earning his first and only win at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix for the Ligier team.
5. Tuc Watkins, American actor births
  1. Tuc Watkins
    
    Charles Curtis "Tuc" Watkins III is an American actor, known for his roles as David Vickers on One Life to Live, Mr. Burns in The Mummy, Bob Hunter on Desperate Housewives, Congressman Roger Harris on Black Monday, Hank in The Boys in the Band, Troy on The Other Two, and Colin McKenna on Uncoupled.
1965
1. Lennox Lewis, English-Canadian boxer births
  1. Lennox Lewis
    
    Lennox Claudius Lewis is a boxing commentator and former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 2003. He is a three-time world heavyweight champion, a two-time lineal champion, and the last heavyweight to hold the undisputed championship. Holding dual British and Canadian citizenship, Lewis represented Canada as an amateur at the 1984 and 1988 Olympics; in the latter, he won a gold medal in the super-heavyweight division after defeating Riddick Bowe in the final.
2. Partho Sen-Gupta, Indian director and screenwriter births
  1. Partho Sen-Gupta
    
    Partho Sen-Gupta is an independent film director and screenwriter. He is a French citizen, of Indian origin. He has a post-graduate in Film Direction from FEMIS.
3. Johannes Bobrowski, German poet and author (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Johannes Bobrowski
    
    Johannes Bobrowski was a German lyric poet, narrative writer, adaptor and essayist.
1964
1. Andrea Illy, Italian businessman births
  1. Andrea Illy
    
    Andrea Illy is an Italian businessman. He is the Chairman of illycaffè S.p.A., a family coffee business founded in Trieste in 1933. He has additionally been Chairman of Altagamma since 2013.
2. Keanu Reeves, Canadian actor, singer, and producer births
  1. Keanu Reeves
    
    Keanu Charles Reeves is a Canadian actor. Born in Beirut and raised in Toronto, Reeves began acting in theatre productions and in television films before making his feature film debut in Youngblood (1986). He had his breakthrough role in the science fiction comedy Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989), and he reprised his role in its sequels. He gained praise for playing a hustler in the independent drama My Own Private Idaho (1991) and established himself as an action hero with leading roles in Point Break (1991) and Speed (1994).
3. Glenn Albert Black, American archaeologist and scholar (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Glenn Albert Black
    
    Glenn Albert Black was an American archaeologist, author, and part-time university lecturer who was among the first professional archaeologists to study prehistoric sites in Indiana continuously. Black, a pioneer and innovator in developing archaeology field research techniques, is best known for his excavation of Angel Mounds, a Mississippian community near present-day Evansville, Indiana, that he brought to national attention. Angel Mounds was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964. Black was largely self-taught and began serious work on archaeological sites in Indiana in the 1930s, before there were many training opportunities in archaeology in the United States. He is considered to have been the first full-time professional archaeologist focusing on Indiana's ancient history, and the only professional archaeologist in the state until the 1960s. During his thirty-five-year career as an archaeologist in Indiana, Black also worked as a part-time lecturer at Indiana University Bloomington from 1944 to 1960 and conducted a field school at the Angel site during the summer months.
4. Alvin C. York, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Alvin York
    
    Alvin Cullum York, also known as Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated United States Army soldiers of World War I. He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, gathering 35 machine guns, killing at least 25 enemy soldiers and capturing 132 prisoners. York's Medal of Honor action occurred during the United States-led portion of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, which was intended to breach the Hindenburg line and force the Germans to surrender. He earned decorations from several allied countries during WWI, including France, Italy and Montenegro.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1963
1. Sam Mitchell, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Sam Mitchell (basketball)
    
    Samuel E. Mitchell Jr. is an American former professional basketball player and coach. Playing at small forward, Mitchell's 18-year professional basketball career spanned three decades, and was most notable for his ten seasons with the Minnesota Timberwolves (NBA), whom he also coached as an interim for the 2015-16 season. Mitchell coached for the Toronto Raptors 2004 to 2008 as well, winning Coach of the Year Award in 2007.
1962
1. Alonso Lujambio, Mexican academic and politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Alonso Lujambio
    
    Alonso José Ricardo Lujambio Irazábal was a Mexican academic and politician who served as Secretary of Public Education in the cabinet of President Felipe Calderón.
2. Prachya Pinkaew, Thai director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Prachya Pinkaew
    
    Prachya Pinkaew is a Thai film director, film producer and screenwriter. His films include Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior and Tom-Yum-Goong, both martial arts films starring Tony Jaa.
3. Keir Starmer, English lawyer and politician, Leader of the Labour Party births
  1. Keir Starmer
    
    Sir Keir Rodney Starmer is a British politician and barrister who has served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party since 2020. He has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Holborn and St Pancras since 2015. He was previously Director of Public Prosecutions from 2008 to 2013. Ideologically, Starmer has been described as being on the soft left within the Labour Party.
  2. Leader of the Labour Party (UK)
    
    The leader of the Labour Party is the highest position within the United Kingdom's Labour Party. The current holder of the position is Keir Starmer, who was elected to the position on 4 April 2020, following his victory in the party's leadership election.
4. Tracy Smothers, American wrestler (d. 2020) births
  1. Tracy Smothers
    
    Tracy Stanton Smothers was an American professional wrestler, best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation, and Extreme Championship Wrestling.
5. William Wilkerson, American publisher and businessman (b. 1890) deaths
  1. William R. Wilkerson
    
    William Richard "Billy" Wilkerson was the founder of The Hollywood Reporter, a real estate developer in Las Vegas and owner of such nightclubs as Ciro's. His series of columns known as "Billy's List" helped to initiate the red scare that led to the Hollywood blacklist.
1961
1. Carlos Valderrama, Colombian footballer and manager births
  1. Carlos Valderrama
    
    Carlos Alberto Valderrama Palacio, also known as El Pibe, is a Colombian former professional footballer and sports commentator for Fútbol de Primera, who played as an attacking midfielder. A creative playmaker, he is regarded as one of the best Colombian footballers of all time, and by some as Colombia's greatest player ever. His distinctive hairstyle, as well as his precise passing and technical skills made him one of South America's most recognisable footballers in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He won the South American Footballer of the Year award in 1987 and 1993, and in 1999, he was also named one of the top 100 players of the 20th century by World Soccer. In 2004, he was included in the FIFA 100, a list of the 125 "greatest living footballers" chosen by Pelé to celebrate the 100th anniversary of FIFA.
2. Ron Wasserman, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Ron Wasserman
    
    Ronald Aaron Wasserman, also known as Aaron Waters and The Mighty Raw, is an American musician who composed the original theme song for Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and numerous original songs he also recorded for the franchise. He is also a member of the band Fisher.
3. Eugenio Derbez, Mexican actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Eugenio Derbez
    
    Eugenio González Derbez is a Mexican actor and comedian. He has appeared in many films and television series including The Book of Life,The Angry Birds Movie 2 and The Secret Life of Pets.
1960
1. Eric Dickerson, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Eric Dickerson
    
    Eric Demetric Dickerson is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons. Dickerson played college football for the Mustangs of Southern Methodist University and was recognized as an All-American. He was selected in the first round of the 1983 NFL Draft and played professionally for the Los Angeles Rams, Indianapolis Colts, Los Angeles Raiders, and Atlanta Falcons of the NFL. During his NFL career, he rushed for over 13,000 yards. He holds the NFL's single-season rushing record with 2,105 yards, set in 1984. Dickerson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1999 and, in 2019, was named to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest running backs of all time. He wore prescription goggles throughout his career due to myopia.
2. Kristin Halvorsen, Norwegian politician, Norwegian Minister of Finance births
  1. Kristin Halvorsen
    
    Kristin Halvorsen is a Norwegian politician of the Socialist Left Party. She served as Minister of Finance from 2005 to 2009 and as Minister of Education from 2009 to 2013. She also served as the party's leader from 1997 to 2012 and a member of parliament representing Oslo, from 1989 to 2013.
  2. Minister of Finance (Norway)
    
    The Minister of Finance is a councilor of state and chief of the Ministry of Finance. The position is since October 2021 held by Trygve Slagsvold Vedum of the Centre Party who is a member of Støre's Cabinet.
3. Rex Hudler, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Rex Hudler
    
    Rex Allen Hudler is an American former Major League Baseball utility player and color commentator for the Kansas City Royals. He played a total of 14 seasons after being a first round draft pick of the New York Yankees in 1978.
1959
1. Drungo Hazewood, American baseball player (d. 2013) births
  1. Drungo Hazewood
    
    Drungo LaRue Hazewood was an outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Baltimore Orioles in 1980. He spent the majority of his career in the minor leagues, playing for the Class AA Charlotte O's in the 1980s.
2. Guy Laliberté, Canadian businessman, philanthropist, and poker player, founded Cirque du Soleil births
  1. Guy Laliberté
    
    Guy Laliberté, is a Canadian billionaire businessman, and poker player. Along with Gilles Ste-Croix, he is the co-founder of Cirque du Soleil. In January 2018, Laliberté was ranked by Forbes as the 11th wealthiest Canadian.
  2. Cirque du Soleil
    
    Cirque du Soleil is a Canadian entertainment company and the largest contemporary circus producer in the world. Located in the inner-city area of Saint-Michel, it was founded in Baie-Saint-Paul on 16 June 1984 by former street performers Guy Laliberté and Gilles Ste-Croix.
1958
1. Lynne Kosky, Australian social worker and politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Lynne Kosky
    
    Lynne Janice Kosky was an Australian politician and senior minister in the Government of Victoria. She represented the electoral district of Altona in the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Labor Party from 1996 to 2010 and held key ministerial posts from 1999 through to her retirement from politics, including the key education and public transport portfolios.
1957
1. Tony Alva, American skateboarder and bass player births
  1. Tony Alva
    
    Tony Alva is an American skateboarder, entrepreneur, and musician. He was a pioneer of vertical skateboarding and one of the original members of the Zephyr Competition Skateboarding Team, also known as the Z-Boys. The Transworld Skateboarding Magazine ranked him eighth in its list of the "30 Most Influential skateboarders" of all time.
2. Steve Porcaro, American keyboard player and songwriter births
  1. Steve Porcaro
    
    Steven Maxwell Porcaro is an American keyboardist, songwriter, and film composer, known as one of the founding members of the rock band Toto and the last surviving Porcaro brother ; as the songwriter of "Human Nature" by Michael Jackson and songs by Toto; and as the composer of the TV series Justified. He has won three Grammys, including Record of the Year for "Rosanna" and Album of the Year for Toto IV, and three nominations.
1956
1. Mario Tremblay, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Mario Tremblay
    
    Joseph Daniel Mario Tremblay is a former professional ice hockey player and former coach in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was honoured by his hometown of Alma, which named its local arena "Le Centre Mario-Tremblay". Since 1981, Tremblay has owned the sports bar in his hometown called "Bar-Restaurant chez Mario Tremblay".
1954
1. Billi Gordon, American neuroscientist, author, and actor. (d. 2018) births
  1. Billi Gordon
    
    Wilbert Anthony Gordon Jr., better known as Billi Gordon, was an American author, television writer, neuroscientist, actor and model,
2. Gai Waterhouse, Scottish-Australian horse trainer and businesswoman births
  1. Gai Waterhouse
    
    Gabriel Marie "Gai" Waterhouse is an Australian horse trainer and businesswoman. The daughter of Tommy J. Smith, a leading trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses, Waterhouse was born and raised in Sydney. After graduating from the University of New South Wales, she worked as an actor for a time, appearing in both Australian and English television series. Having worked under her father for a period of 15 years, Waterhouse was granted an Australian Jockey Club (AJC) licence in 1992, and trained her first Group One (G1) winner later that year.
3. Franz Leopold Neumann, German lawyer and political scientist (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Franz Neumann (political scientist)
    
    Franz Leopold Neumann was a German political activist, Western Marxist theorist and labor lawyer, who became a political scientist in exile and is best known for his theoretical analyses of National Socialism. He studied in Germany and the United Kingdom, and spent the last phase of his career in the United States, where he worked for the Office of Strategic Services from 1943 to 1945. During the Second World War, Neumann spied for the Soviet Union under the code-name "Ruff". Together with Ernst Fraenkel and Arnold Bergstraesser, Neumann is considered to be among the founders of modern political science in the Federal Republic of Germany.
1953
1. Maurice Colclough, English rugby player (d. 2006) births
  1. Maurice Colclough
    
    Maurice John Colclough was an England international rugby union player. He was selected for the 1980 British Lions tour to South Africa and the 1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand, playing in all four internationals each tour. He was a member of the England team that won the Grand Slam in 1980. At the time he played club rugby for Angoulême; he also played for Wasps RFC and Swansea RFC.
2. Ahmad Shah Massoud, Afghan commander and politician, Afghan Minister of Defense (d. 2001) births
  1. Ahmad Shah Massoud
    
    Ahmad Shah Massoud was an Afghan politician and military commander. He was a powerful guerrilla commander during the resistance against the Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. In the 1990s, he led the government's military wing against rival militias; after the Taliban takeover, he was the leading opposition commander against their regime until his assassination in 2001.
  2. Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)
    
    The Ministry of Defense is the cabinet ministry of Afghanistan responsible for overseeing the military of Afghanistan. The ministry's headquarters is located in Kabul.
3. John Zorn, American saxophonist, composer, and producer births
  1. John Zorn
    
    John Zorn is an American composer, conductor, saxophonist, arranger and producer who "deliberately resists category". Zorn's avant-garde and experimental approaches to composition and improvisation are inclusive of jazz, rock, hardcore, classical, contemporary, surf, metal, soundtrack, ambient, and world music.
4. Hendrik Offerhaus, Dutch rower (b. 1875) deaths
  1. Hendrik Offerhaus
    
    Hendrik Karel Offerhaus was a Dutch doctor and rower who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Dutch boat Minerva Amsterdam, which finished third in the eight event.
5. Jonathan M. Wainwright, American general, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)
    
    Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV was a career American army officer and the Commander of Allied forces in the Philippines at the time Japan surrendered to the United States, during World War II. Wainwright was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his courageous leadership during the fall of the Philippines.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1952
1. Jimmy Connors, American tennis player, coach, and sportscaster births
  1. Jimmy Connors
    
    James Scott Connors is an American former world No. 1 tennis player. He held the top Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) ranking for a then-record 160 consecutive weeks from 1974 to 1977 and a career total of 268 weeks. By virtue of his long and prolific career, Connors still holds three prominent Open Era men's singles records: 109 titles, 1,557 matches played, and 1,274 match wins. His titles include eight major singles titles, three year-end championships, and 17 Grand Prix Super Series titles. In 1974, he became the second man in the Open Era to win three major titles in a calendar year, and was not permitted to participate in the fourth, the French Open. Connors finished year end number one in the ATP rankings from 1974 to 1978. In 1982, he won both Wimbledon and the US Open and was ATP Player of the Year and ITF World Champion. He retired in 1996 at the age of 43.
2. Mihhail Lotman, Estonian linguist, scholar, and politician births
  1. Mihhail Lotman
    
    Mihhail Lotman is an Estonian literature researcher and politician, son of Juri Lotman and Zara Mints.
1951
1. Jim DeMint, American politician births
  1. Jim DeMint
    
    James Warren DeMint is an American political advocate, businessman, author, and retired politician who served as a United States Senator from South Carolina and as president of the Heritage Foundation. DeMint is a member of the Republican Party and a leading figure in the Tea Party movement; he is also the founder of the Senate Conservatives Fund.
2. Mark Harmon, American actor and producer births
  1. Mark Harmon
    
    Thomas Mark Harmon is an American actor. He is most famous for playing the lead role of Leroy Jethro Gibbs in NCIS. He also appeared in a wide variety of roles since the early 1970s. Initially a college football player, he was named "Sexiest Man Alive" by People magazine in 1986, due largely to his role as Dr. Robert Caldwell on St. Elsewhere, a role notable for being one of the first TV characters that had HIV. After spending the majority of the 1990s as a character actor, he played Secret Service special agent Simon Donovan in a four-episode story arc in The West Wing in 2002, receiving an Emmy Award nomination for the role.
3. Mik Kaminski, English musician, rock violinist births
  1. Mik Kaminski
    
    Michael Kaminski is an English musician. He is best known for playing violin in the rock band Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) between 1973 and 1979 and touring from 1981 to 1986, as well as being a member of Electric Light Orchestra Part II from 1991 until its end 2000 and The Orchestra from 2000–present.
1950
1. Rosanna DeSoto, American actress births
  1. Rosanna DeSoto
    
    Rosanna DeSoto is an American actress who has performed in films and television. She is best known for her roles in Stand and Deliver, for which she won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female, and in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country as Azetbur, the daughter of Klingon Chancellor Gorkon.
2. Michael Rother, German guitarist, keyboard player, and songwriter births
  1. Michael Rother
    
    Michael Rother is a German experimental musician, best known for being a founding member of the influential bands Neu! and Harmonia, and an early member of the band Kraftwerk.
1949
1. Moira Stuart, British broadcaster births
  1. Moira Stuart
    
    Moira Clare Ruby Stuart, is a British presenter and broadcaster. She was the first female newsreader of Caribbean heritage to appear on British national television, having worked on BBC News since 1981.
2. Hans-Hermann Hoppe, American economist and philosopher births
  1. Hans-Hermann Hoppe
    
    Hans-Hermann Hoppe is a German-American economist of the Austrian School, philosopher and political theorist. He is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Senior Fellow of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, and the founder and president of the Property and Freedom Society.
1948
1. Nate Archibald, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Nate Archibald
    
    Nathaniel "Tiny" Archibald is an American retired professional basketball player. He spent 14 years playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA), most notably with the Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City–Omaha Kings and Boston Celtics. In 1991, he was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
2. Terry Bradshaw, American football player, sportscaster, and actor births
  1. Terry Bradshaw
    
    Terry Paxton Bradshaw is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League (NFL). Since 1994, he has been a television sports analyst and co-host of Fox NFL Sunday. Bradshaw is also an actor and recording artist, having participated in several television shows and films, most notably co-starring in the movie Failure to Launch, and releasing several country music albums. He played for 14 seasons with Pittsburgh, won four Super Bowl titles in a six-year period, becoming the first quarterback to win three and four Super Bowls, and led the Steelers to eight AFC Central championships. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989, his first year of eligibility. Bradshaw was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996.
3. Christa McAuliffe, American educator and astronaut (d. 1986) births
  1. Christa McAuliffe
    
    Sharon Christa McAuliffe was an American teacher and astronaut from Concord, New Hampshire, who was killed on the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-51-L where she was serving as a payload specialist.
4. Sylvanus Morley, American archaeologist and spy (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Sylvanus Morley
    
    Sylvanus Griswold Morley was an American archaeologist and epigrapher who studied the pre-Columbian Maya civilization in the early 20th century. Morley led extensive excavations of the Maya site of Chichen Itza on behalf of the Carnegie Institution and published several large compilations and treatises on Maya hieroglyphic writing. He also wrote popular accounts on the Maya for a general audience.
1947
1. Louis Michel, Belgian educator and politician, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs births
  1. Louis Michel
    
    Louis Michel is a Belgian politician. He served in the government of Belgium as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1999 to 2004 and was European Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid from 2004 to 2009. From 2009 to 2019, he was a Member of the European Parliament. Michel is a prominent member of the French-speaking liberal party, the Mouvement Réformateur. He is the father of Charles Michel, the previous Prime Minister of Belgium and current President of the European Council.
  2. List of foreign ministers of Belgium
    
    The following is a list of those who have served as foreign ministers of Belgium.
2. Jim Richards, New Zealand racing driver births
  1. Jim Richards (racing driver)
    
    Jim Richards is a New Zealand racing driver who won numerous championships in his home country and in Australia. While now retired from professional racing, Richards continues to compete in the Touring Car Masters series.
1946
1. Luis Ávalos, Cuban-American actor (d. 2014) births
  1. Luis Ávalos
    
    Luis Ávalos was a Cuban character actor. He made numerous film and television appearances, most notably in the 1971–1977 children's television show The Electric Company.
2. Mary Goudie, Baroness Goudie, English humanitarian and politician births
  1. Mary Goudie, Baroness Goudie
    
    Mary Teresa Goudie, Baroness Goudie is a Labour member of House of Lords of the United Kingdom. In 1998, she was made a life peer as Baroness Goudie, of Roundwood in the London Borough of Brent. She is on the board of Vital Voices and is involved in promoting gender equity with both the G8 and G20.
3. Marty Grebb, American keyboardist, guitarist, saxophonist, and music producer/arranger (d. 2020) births
  1. Marty Grebb
    
    Martin Joseph Grebb was an American keyboardist, guitarist, and saxophonist. A member of The Buckinghams in the late 1960s, Grebb was also a record producer and an arranger, who worked with musicians including Peter Cetera, Bill Payne, Bonnie Raitt, Eric Clapton, Etta James, and Leon Russell.
4. Billy Preston, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor (d. 2006) births
  1. Billy Preston
    
    William Everett Preston was an American keyboardist, singer and songwriter whose work encompassed R&B, rock, soul, funk, and gospel. Preston was a top session keyboardist in the 1960s, during which he backed artists such as Little Richard, Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, the Everly Brothers, Reverend James Cleveland, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. He gained attention as a solo artist with hit singles such as "That's the Way God Planned It", the Grammy-winning "Outa-Space", "Will It Go Round in Circles", "Space Race", "Nothing from Nothing", and "With You I'm Born Again". Additionally, Preston co-wrote "You Are So Beautiful", which became a #5 hit for Joe Cocker.
5. Walt Simonson, American author and illustrator births
  1. Walt Simonson
    
    Walter Simonson is an American comic book writer and artist, best known for a run on Marvel Comics' Thor from 1983 to 1987, during which he created the character Beta Ray Bill. He is also known for the creator-owned work Star Slammers, which he inaugurated in 1972 as a Rhode Island School of Design thesis. He has also worked on other Marvel titles such as X-Factor and Fantastic Four, on DC Comics books including Detective Comics, Manhunter, Metal Men and Orion, and on licensed properties such as Star Wars, Alien, Battlestar Galactica and Robocop vs. Terminator.
6. Dan White, American assassin and politician (d. 1985) births
  1. Dan White
    
    Daniel James White was an American politician who assassinated San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, on Monday, November 27, 1978, at City Hall. White was convicted of manslaughter for the deaths of Milk and Moscone. White served five years of a seven-year prison sentence. Less than two years after his release, he returned to San Francisco, and later died by suicide.
1945
1. Mason Phelps, American golfer (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Mason Phelps
    
    Mason Elliott Phelps was an American golfer who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. In 1904, Phelps was part of the American team which won the gold medal. He finished 15th in this competition. In the individual competition, he finished sixth in the qualification and was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the match play.
1944
1. Janet Simpson, English sprinter (d. 2010) births
  1. Janet Simpson
    
    Janet Mary Simpson was a British athlete who competed in sprint events and the 400 metres.
2. Bella Rosenfeld, Russian-American model and author (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Bella Rosenfeld
    
    Bella Rosenfeld Chagall was a Jewish Belarusian writer and the first wife of painter Marc Chagall. She was the subject of many of Chagall's paintings including Bella au col blanc in 1917, and appears posthumously in Bouquet près de la fenêtre, painted in 1959-1960.
1943
1. Rosalind Ashford, American singer births
  1. Rosalind Ashford
    
    Rosalind "Roz" Ashford-Holmes is an American soprano R&B and soul singer, known for her work as an original member of the Motown singing group Martha and the Vandellas.
2. Glen Sather, Canadian ice hockey player and manager births
  1. Glen Sather
    
    Glen Cameron “Slats” Sather is a Canadian ice hockey player, coach and executive. He is the current senior advisor and alternate governor of the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was the Rangers' general manager until stepping down on July 1, 2015, and then served as their president until April 4, 2019.
3. Joe Simon, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2021) births
  1. Joe Simon (musician)
    
    Joe Simon was an American soul and R&B musician. He began as a gospel artist singing with the Golden West Singers in the Bay Area in California. A consistent presence on the US charts between 1964 and 1981, Simon charted 51 U.S. Pop and R&B chart hits between 1964 and 1981, including eight times in the US top forty, thirty-eight times in the top 40 of the US R&B charts, and 13 chart hits in Canada. His biggest hits included three number one entries on the US Billboard R&B chart: "The Chokin' Kind" (1969), "Power of Love" (1972), and "Get Down, Get Down " (1975). In 2021, he was one of the 60 nominees for the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame.
4. Marsden Hartley, American painter and poet (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Marsden Hartley
    
    Marsden Hartley was an American Modernist painter, poet, and essayist. Hartley developed his painting abilities by observing Cubist artists in Paris and Berlin.
1942
1. James Juvenal, American rower (b. 1874) deaths
  1. James Juvenal
    
    James Benner Juvenal was an American rower, born in Philadelphia, who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics and in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
1941
1. Jyrki Otila, Finnish economist and politician (d. 2003) births
  1. Jyrki Otila
    
    Jyrki Ilari Otila was a Finnish quiz show judge and a member of the European Parliament.
2. Sadhana Shivdasani, Indian actress (d. 2015) births
  1. Sadhana Shivdasani
    
    Sadhana Shivdasani, known mononymously as Sadhana, was an Indian actress active between 1960 and 1981. Popularly known as "The Mystery Girl" for playing mysterious women in films directed by Raj Khosla, Shivdasani ranked among the highest-paid actresses in the country from mid-1960s to early 1970s.
3. John Thompson, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2020) births
  1. John Thompson (basketball)
    
    John Robert Thompson Jr. was an American college basketball coach for the Georgetown Hoyas men's team. He became the first African-American head coach to win a major collegiate championship in basketball when he led the Hoyas to the NCAA Division I national championship in 1984. Thompson was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame.
4. Lloyd Seay, American race car driver (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Lloyd Seay
    
    Carl D. "Lightning" Lloyd Seay was an early stock car racing driver from Georgia. NASCAR founder Bill France Sr. described Seay as the "best pure race driver I ever saw". He was shot to death by his cousin Woodrow Anderson over a moonshine operation. His last name was pronounced as "See".
1938
1. Leonard Appleyard, English diplomat, British Ambassador to China (d. 2020) births
  1. Leonard Appleyard
    
    Sir Leonard Vincent Appleyard was a British diplomat.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China
    
    The British Ambassador to China is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the People's Republic of China, and in charge of the UK's diplomatic mission in China. The ambassador's official title is His Brittanic Majesty's Ambassador to the People's Republic of China
2. Jimmy Clanton, American pop singer-songwriter births
  1. Jimmy Clanton
    
    Jimmy Clanton is an American singer who became known as the "swamp pop R&B teenage idol". His band recorded a hit song "Just a Dream" which Clanton had written in 1958 for the Ace Records label. It reached number four on the Billboard chart and sold a million copies. Clanton performed on Dick Clark's American Bandstand and toured with popular artists like Fats Domino, Jerry Lee Lewis and the Platters.
3. Ernie Sigley, Australian television host (d. 2021) births
  1. Ernie Sigley
    
    Ernest William Sigley was an Australian television host, comedian, variety performer, radio presenter and singer. Known as a pioneer of radio and television in Australian, he was often styled as a "little Aussie battler" with a larrikin sense of humour.
1937
1. Len Carlson, Canadian voice actor (d. 2006) births
  1. Len Carlson
    
    Len Carlson was a Canadian voice actor who has voiced various characters on many animated television series from the 1960s onward, an occasional live-action TV actor, and a Kraft Canada TV pitchman during the 1970s and 1980s. He was a native of Edmonton and a former professional athlete.
2. Peter Ueberroth, American businessman births
  1. Peter Ueberroth
    
    Peter Victor Ueberroth is an American sports and business executive known for his involvement in the Olympics and in Major League Baseball. A Los Angeles-based businessman, he was the chairman of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee which brought the games to Los Angeles in 1984. Ueberroth was named 1984's Time Man of the Year for his success in organizing the Olympic games.
3. Pierre de Coubertin, French historian and educator, founded the International Olympic Committee (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Pierre de Coubertin
    
    Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin was a French educator and historian, founder of the International Olympic Committee, and its second president. He is known as the father of the modern Olympic Games. He was particularly active in promoting the introduction of sport in French schools.
  2. International Olympic Committee
    
    The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss Civil Code. Founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern Olympic Games.
1936
1. Andrew Grove, Hungarian-American businessman, engineer, and author (d. 2016) births
  1. Andrew Grove
    
    Andrew Stephen Grove was a Hungarian-American businessman and engineer who served as the third CEO of Intel Corporation. He escaped from Communist-controlled Hungary at the age of 20 and moved to the United States, where he finished his education. He was the third employee and eventual third CEO of Intel, transforming the company into the world's largest semiconductor company.
2. Károly Krajczár, Hungarian-Slovene author and educator (d. 2018) births
  1. Károly Krajczár
    
    Károly Krajczár was a Hungarian Slovene teacher and writer. He was born in Apátistvánfalva. He wrote Slovene textbooks and collected ethnological objects.
1935
1. D. Wayne Lukas, American horse trainer births
  1. D. Wayne Lukas
    
    Darrell Wayne Lukas is an American horse trainer and a U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee. He has won twenty Breeders' Cup races, received five Eclipse Awards for his accomplishments, and his horses have won 25 year-end Eclipse Awards. He was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2007.
1934
1. Hilla Becher, German conceptual photographer (d. 2015) births
  1. Hilla Becher
    
    Hilla Becher was a German conceptual photographer. Becher was well known for her industrial photographs, or typologies, with longtime collaborator and husband, Bernd Becher. Her career spanned more than 50 years and included photographs from the United States, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Italy.
2. Sam Gooden, American soul singer (d. 2022) births
  1. Sam Gooden
    
    Samuel Gooden was an American soul singer. He was best known for being an original member of the successful 1991 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame-inducted R&B group The Impressions, from its beginnings as The Roosters in the 1950s.
3. Chuck McCann, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2018) births
  1. Chuck McCann
    
    Charles John Thomas McCann was an American actor, comedian, puppeteer, commercial presenter and television host. He was best known for his work in presenting children's television programming and animation, as well as his own program The Chuck McCann Show and he also recorded comedy parody style albums.
4. Grady Nutt, American comedian, minister, and author (d. 1982) births
  1. Grady Nutt
    
    Grady Lee Nutt was a Southern Baptist minister, humorist, television personality, and author. He was an uncle to performer Joey Lauren Adams. His humor revolved around rural Southern Protestantism and earned him the title of "The Prime Minister of Humor".
5. James Allan, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1860) deaths
  1. James Allan (rugby union)
    
    James Allan was a New Zealand rugby union player who played eight games for the All Blacks, the New Zealand national rugby union team, and was nicknamed the Taieri Giant. Allan played in the first match contested by the New Zealand team, and the New Zealand Rugby Union regard him as the first ever All Black.
6. Russ Columbo, American singer, violinist, and actor (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Russ Columbo
    
    Ruggiero Eugenio di Rodolfo Colombo, known as Russ Columbo, was an American baritone, songwriter, violinist and actor. He is famous for romantic ballads such as his signature tune "You Call It Madness, But I Call It Love" and his own compositions "Prisoner of Love" and "Too Beautiful For Words".
7. Alcide Nunez, American clarinet player (Original Dixieland Jass Band) (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Alcide Nunez
    
    Alcide Patrick Nunez, also known as Yellow Nunez and Al Nunez, was an American jazz clarinetist. He was one of the first musicians of New Orleans to make audio recordings.
  2. Original Dixieland Jass Band
    
    The Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) was a Dixieland jazz band that made the first jazz recordings in early 1917. Their "Livery Stable Blues" became the first jazz record ever issued. The group composed and recorded many jazz standards, the most famous being "Tiger Rag". In late 1917, the spelling of the band's name was changed to Original Dixieland Jazz Band.
1933
1. Ed Conlin, American basketball player and coach (d. 2012) births
  1. Ed Conlin
    
    Edward James Conlin was an American basketball player and coach.
2. Mathieu Kérékou, Beninese soldier and politician, President of Benin (d. 2015) births
  1. Mathieu Kérékou
    
    Mathieu Kérékou was a Beninese politician who served as President of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and again from 1996 to 2006.
  2. President of Benin
    
    The president of Benin is both head of state and head of government in Benin. The Cabinet of Benin is under the authority of the President, and serves to advise and help formulate strategies. It also liaises with ministries and other government institutions.
1932
1. Walter Davis, Jr., American pianist (d. 1990) births
  1. Walter Davis Jr.
    
    Walter Davis Jr. was an American bebop and hard bop pianist.
2. Arnold Greenberg, American businessman, co-founded Snapple (d. 2012) births
  1. Arnold Greenberg (Snapple)
    
    Arnold Shepard Greenberg was an American businessman who co-founded Snapple, a brand of tea and juice drinks, in the 1970s with Leonard Marsh, his former high school classmate, and Hyman Golden, who was Marsh's brother-in-law. Greenberg later became the vice president and chief operating officer of the Snapple Corporation and retired after the 1994 acquisition of the brand to Quaker Oats.
  2. Snapple
    
    Snapple is a brand of tea and juice drinks which is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper and based in Plano, Texas, United States. The company, which was originally known as Unadulterated Food Products, was founded in 1972. The brand achieved some fame due to various pop-culture references including television shows.
1931
1. Clifford Jordan, American saxophonist (d. 1993) births
  1. Clifford Jordan
    
    Clifford Laconia Jordan was an American jazz tenor saxophone player. While in Chicago, he performed with Max Roach, Sonny Stitt, and some rhythm and blues groups. He moved to New York City in 1957, after which he recorded three albums for Blue Note. He recorded with Horace Silver, J.J. Johnson, and Kenny Dorham, among others. He was part of the Charles Mingus Sextet, with Eric Dolphy, during its 1964 European tour.
2. Alan K. Simpson, American politician, senator of Wyoming births
  1. Alan Simpson (American politician)
    
    Alan Kooi Simpson is an American politician and member of the Republican Party, who represented Wyoming in the United States Senate (1979–97). He also served as co-chair of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform with Democratic Party co-chair Erskine Bowles of North Carolina.
1929
1. Hal Ashby, American actor, director, and producer (d. 1988) births
  1. Hal Ashby
    
    William Hal Ashby was an American film director and editor associated with the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking.
2. Beulah Bewley, English physician and academic (d. 2018) births
  1. Beulah Bewley
    
    Dame Beulah Rosemary Bewley was a British public health physician and past-president of the Medical Women's Federation on the General Medical Council.
3. Rex Hartwig, Australian tennis player births
  1. Rex Hartwig
    
    Rex Noel Hartwig is an Australian former tennis player.
4. Victor Spinetti, Welsh actor and director (d. 2012) births
  1. Victor Spinetti
    
    Vittorio Giorgio Andre "Victor" Spinetti was a Welsh actor, author, poet, and raconteur. He appeared in dozens of films and stage plays throughout his 50-year career, including the three 1960s Beatles films A Hard Day's Night, Help!, and Magical Mystery Tour.
1928
1. Jim Jordan, Canadian educator and politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Jim Jordan (Canadian politician)
    
    Jim Jordan was a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 1997. His career had been in education as a teacher and administrator.
2. Horace Silver, American pianist and composer (d. 2014) births
  1. Horace Silver
    
    Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silver was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger, particularly in the hard bop style that he helped pioneer in the 1950s.
3. Mel Stuart, American director and producer (d. 2012) births
  1. Mel Stuart
    
    Mel Stuart was an American film director and producer who often worked with producer David L. Wolper, at whose production firm he worked for 17 years, before going freelance.
1927
1. Milo Hamilton, American sportscaster (d. 2015) births
  1. Milo Hamilton
    
    Leland Milo Hamilton was an American sportscaster, best known for calling play-by-play for seven different Major League Baseball teams from 1953 to 2015. He received the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1992.
2. Francis Matthews, English actor (d. 2014) births
  1. Francis Matthews (actor)
    
    Francis Matthews was an English actor, best known for playing Paul Temple in the BBC television series of the same name and for voicing Captain Scarlet in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons.
3. Umegatani Tōtarō II, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 20th Yokozuna (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Umegatani Tōtarō II
    
    Umegatani Tōtarō II was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture. He was the sport's 20th yokozuna. Umegatani had a great rivalry with fellow yokozuna Hitachiyama Taniemon. Their era was known as the Ume-Hitachi Era and it brought sumo to heights of popularity never before seen in the Meiji period.
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
1925
1. Hugo Montenegro, American composer and conductor (d. 1981) births
  1. Hugo Montenegro
    
    Hugo Mario Montenegro was an American orchestra leader and composer of film soundtracks. His best-known work is interpretations of the music from Spaghetti Westerns, especially his cover version of Ennio Morricone's main theme from the 1966 film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. He composed the score for the 1969 Western Charro!, which starred Elvis Presley.
1924
1. Daniel arap Moi, Kenyan educator and politician, 2nd President of Kenya (d. 2020) births
  1. Daniel arap Moi
    
    Daniel Toroitich arap Moi was a Kenyan politician who served as the second president of Kenya from 1978 to 2002. He was the country's longest-serving president. Moi previously served as the third vice president of Kenya from 1967 to 1978 under President Jomo Kenyatta, becoming president following the latter's death.
  2. President of Kenya
    
    The president of the Republic of Kenya is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Kenya. The President is also the head of the executive branch of the Government of Kenya and is the commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces.
1923
1. René Thom, French mathematician, biologist, and academic (d. 2002) births
  1. René Thom
    
    René Frédéric Thom was a French mathematician, who received the Fields Medal in 1958.
2. Ramón Valdés, Mexican actor and comedian (d. 1988) births
  1. Ramón Valdés
    
    Ramón Antonio Esteban Gómez Valdés y Castillo was a Mexican actor and comedian. He is best remembered for his portrayal of Don Ramón. He is also recognized as one of Mexico's best comedians.
1922
1. Arthur Ashkin, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020) births
  1. Arthur Ashkin
    
    Arthur Ashkin was an American scientist and Nobel laureate who worked at Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies. Ashkin has been considered by many as the father of optical tweezers, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 at age 96, becoming the oldest Nobel Laureate until 2019 when John B. Goodenough was awarded at 97. He resided in Rumson, New Jersey.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. Leigh Kamman, American radio host (d. 2014) births
  1. Leigh Kamman
    
    Leigh Kamman was an American radio host who focused on bringing jazz music to the airwaves during his career, which spanned more than six decades.
3. Henry Lawson, Australian poet and author (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Henry Lawson
    
    Henry Archibald Hertzberg Lawson was an Australian writer and bush poet. Along with his contemporary Banjo Paterson, Lawson is among the best-known Australian poets and fiction writers of the colonial period and is often called Australia's "greatest short story writer".
1921
1. Henry Austin Dobson, English poet and critic (b. 1840) deaths
  1. Henry Austin Dobson
    
    Henry Austin Dobson, commonly Austin Dobson, was an English poet and essayist.
1919
1. Marge Champion, American actress, dancer, and choreographer (d. 2020) births
  1. Marge Champion
    
    Marjorie Celeste Champion was an American dancer and actress. At fourteen, she was hired as a dance model for Walt Disney Studios animated films. Later, she performed as an actress and dancer in film musicals, and in 1957 had a television show based on song and dance. She also did creative choreography for liturgy, and served as a dialogue and movement coach for the 1978 TV miniseries, The Awakening Land, set in the late 18th century in the Ohio Valley.
2. Lance Macklin, English racing driver and businessman (d. 2002) births
  1. Lance Macklin
    
    Lance Noel Macklin was a British racing driver from England. He participated in 15 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1952. He was infamously involved in the 1955 Le Mans disaster, starting the initial chain reaction.
1918
1. Allen Drury, American journalist and author (d. 1998) births
  1. Allen Drury
    
    Allen Stuart Drury was an American novelist. During World War II, he was a reporter in the Senate, closely observing Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, among others. He would convert these experiences into his first novel Advise and Consent, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1960. Long afterwards, it was still being praised as ‘the definitive Washington tale’. His diaries from this period were published as A Senate Journal 1943–45.
2. John Forrest, Australian politician, 1st Premier of Western Australia (b. 1847) deaths
  1. John Forrest
    
    Sir John Forrest was an Australian explorer and politician. He was the first premier of Western Australia (1890–1901) and a long-serving cabinet minister in federal politics.
  2. Premier of Western Australia
    
    The premier of Western Australia is the head of government of the state of Western Australia. The role of premier at a state level is similar to the role of the prime minister of Australia at a federal level. The premier leads the executive branch of the Government of Western Australia and is accountable to the Parliament of Western Australia. The premier is appointed by the governor of Western Australia. By convention, the governor appoints as premier whoever has the support of the majority of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. In practice, this means that the premier is the leader of the political party or group of parties with a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. Since Western Australia achieved self-governance in 1890, there have been 31 premiers. Mark McGowan is the current premier, having been appointed to the position on 17 March 2017.
1917
1. Laurindo Almeida, Brazilian-American guitarist and composer (d. 1995) births
  1. Laurindo Almeida
    
    Laurindo Almeida was a Brazilian guitarist and composer in classical, jazz, and Latin music. He and Bud Shank were pioneers in the creation of bossa nova. Almeida was the first guitarist to receive Grammy Awards for both classical and jazz performances. His discography encompasses more than a hundred recordings over five decades.
2. Cleveland Amory, American author and critic (d. 1997) births
  1. Cleveland Amory
    
    Cleveland Amory was an American author, reporter, television critic, commentator and animal rights activist. He originally was known for writing a series of popular books poking fun at the pretensions and customs of society, starting with The Proper Bostonians in 1947. From the 1950s through the 1990s, he had a long career as a reporter and writer for national magazines and as a television and radio commentator. In the late 1980s and 1990s, he was best known for his bestselling books about his adopted cat, Polar Bear, starting with The Cat Who Came for Christmas (1987). Amory devoted much of his life to promoting animal rights, particularly protection of animals from hunting and vivisection; the executive director of the Humane Society of the United States described Amory as "the founding father of the modern animal protection movement."
1916
1. Ömer Lütfi Akad, Turkish director and screenwriter (d. 2011) births
  1. Lütfi Ömer Akad
    
    Lütfi Ömer Akad was a Turkish film director, screenwriter, academician. Who directed movies from 1948 to 1990. In 1949, he debuted as a film director with Vurun Kahpeye an adaptation of Halide Edip Adıvar's book of the same title. He became one of the pioneers of the period in the "Director Generation". His 1970s trilogy comprising The Bride, The Wedding and The Sacrifice, is considered his masterpiece. Afterwards, he withdrew from movie making instead directing adaptations for TV.
1915
1. Benjamin Aaron, American lawyer and scholar (d. 2007) births
  1. Benjamin Aaron
    
    Benjamin Aaron was an American attorney, labor law scholar and civil servant. He is known for his work as an arbitrator and mediator, and for helping to advance the development of the field of comparative labor law in the United States.
1913
1. Israel Gelfand, Russian-American mathematician and biologist (d. 2009) births
  1. Israel Gelfand
    
    Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, also written Israïl Moyseyovich Gel'fand, or Izrail M. Gelfand was a prominent Soviet-American mathematician. He made significant contributions to many branches of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and functional analysis. The recipient of many awards, including the Order of Lenin and the first Wolf Prize, he was a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society and professor at Moscow State University and, after immigrating to the United States shortly before his 76th birthday, at Rutgers University. Gelfand is also a 1994 MacArthur Fellow.
2. Bill Shankly, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 1981) births
  1. Bill Shankly
    
    William Shankly was a Scottish football player and manager, who is best known for his time as manager of Liverpool. Shankly brought success to Liverpool, gaining promotion to the First Division and winning three League Championships and the UEFA Cup. He laid foundations on which his successors Bob Paisley and Joe Fagan were able to build by winning seven league titles and four European Cups in the ten seasons after Shankly retired in 1974. A charismatic, iconic figure at the club, his oratory stirred the emotions of the fanbase. In 2019, 60 years after Shankly arrived at Liverpool, Tony Evans of The Independent wrote, “Shankly created the idea of Liverpool, transforming the football club by emphasising the importance of the Kop and making supporters feel like participants.”
1912
1. Ernest Bromley, Australian cricketer (d. 1967) births
  1. Ernest Bromley (cricketer)
    
    Ernest Harvey Bromley was an Australian cricketer who played in two Test matches, one in 1933 and the other in 1934.
1911
1. Romare Bearden, American painter and author (d. 1988) births
  1. Romare Bearden
    
    Romare Bearden was an American artist, author, and songwriter. He worked with many types of media including cartoons, oils, and collages. Born in Charlotte, North Carolina, Bearden grew up in New York City and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and graduated from New York University in 1935.
2. William F. Harrah, American businessman, founded Harrah's Entertainment (d. 1978) births
  1. William F. Harrah
    
    William Fisk Harrah was an American businessman and the founder of Harrah's Hotel and Casinos, now part of Caesars Entertainment.
  2. Harrah's Entertainment
    
    Harrah's Entertainment was an American casino and hotel company founded in Reno, Nevada, and based in Paradise, Nevada, that operated over 50 properties and seven golf courses under several brands. In 2013, it was the fourth-largest gaming company in the world, with annual revenues of $8.6 billion. It was acquired in 2020 by Eldorado Resorts, which then changed its own name to Caesars Entertainment.
3. Lill Tschudi, Swiss artist (d. 2004) births
  1. Lill Tschudi
    
    Lill Tschudi was a Swiss artist associated with the Grosvenor School of Modern Art.
1910
1. Paul Saagpakk, Estonian linguist, lexicographer, and academic (d. 1996) births
  1. Paul Saagpakk
    
    Paul Saagpakk was an Estonian linguist who compiled a standard reference dictionary of the Estonian language, a work that renders 500,000 Estonian expressions into English.
2. Donald Watson, English activist, founded the Vegan Society (d. 2005) births
  1. Donald Watson
    
    Donald Watson was an English animal rights advocate who co-founded The Vegan Society.
3. Henri Rousseau, French painter (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Henri Rousseau
    
    Henri Julien Félix Rousseau was a French post-impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner. He was also known as Le Douanier, a humorous description of his occupation as a toll and tax collector. He started painting seriously in his early forties; by age 49, he retired from his job to work on his art full-time.
1908
1. Ruth Bancroft, American landscape and garden designer (d. 2017) births
  1. Ruth Bancroft
    
    Ruth Bancroft was the creator of the Ruth Bancroft Garden in Walnut Creek, California.
1907
1. Pertev Naili Boratav, Turkish author and educator (d. 1998) births
  1. Pertev Naili Boratav
    
    Pertev Naili Boratav, born Mustafa Pertev was a Turkish folklorist and researcher of folk literature. He has been characterized as 'the founding father of Turkish folkloristics during the Republic'.
1904
1. August Jakobson, Estonian author and politician (d. 1963) births
  1. August Jakobson
    
    August Jakobson was an Estonian writer and politician. He was one of the few Estonian playwright among his contemporaries whose plays were untouched by Soviet censorship and reached other Soviet states. He has been described as the leading Stalinist in Soviet Estonian drama. In the 1960s his work was described as "ideologically militant".
1901
1. Andreas Embirikos, Greek psychoanalyst and poet (d. 1975) births
  1. Andreas Embirikos
    
    Andreas Embirikos was a Greek surrealist poet and one of the first Greek psychoanalysts.
2. Adolph Rupp, American basketball player and coach (d. 1977) births
  1. Adolph Rupp
    
    Adolph Frederick Rupp was an American college basketball coach. He is ranked seventh in total victories by a men's NCAA Division I college coach, winning 876 games in 41 years of coaching at the University of Kentucky. Rupp is also second among all men's college coaches in all-time winning percentage (.822), trailing only Mark Few. Rupp was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on April 13, 1969.
1898
1. Wilford Woodruff, American religious leader, 4th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1807) deaths
  1. Wilford Woodruff
    
    Wilford Woodruff Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the fourth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1889 until his death. He ended the public practice of plural marriage among the members of the LDS Church in 1890.
  2. President of the Church (LDS Church)
    
    The President of the Church is the highest office of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was the office held by Joseph Smith, the church's founder. The church's president is its leader and the head of the First Presidency, its highest governing body. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a "prophet, seer, and revelator" and refer to him as "the Prophet", a title that was originally given to Smith. When the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title "President". Russell M. Nelson has been the president since January 14, 2018.
1897
1. Fazlollah Zahedi, Iranian general and statesman, 36th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1963) births
  1. Fazlollah Zahedi
    
    Fazlollah Zahedi was an Iranian lieutenant general and statesman who replaced the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh through a coup d'état supported by the United States and the United Kingdom.
  2. Prime Minister of Iran
    
    The Prime Minister of Iran was a political post that had existed in Iran (Persia) during much of the 20th century. It began in 1906 during the Qajar dynasty and into the start of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1923 and into the 1979 Iranian Revolution before being abolished in 1989.
1894
1. Joseph Roth, Austrian journalist and author (d. 1939) births
  1. Joseph Roth
    
    Moses Joseph Roth was an Austrian journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga Radetzky March (1932), about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, his novel of Jewish life Job (1930) and his seminal essay "Juden auf Wanderschaft", a fragmented account of the Jewish migrations from eastern to western Europe in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution. In the 21st century, publications in English of Radetzky March and of collections of his journalism from Berlin and Paris created a revival of interest in Roth.
1892
1. Dezső Kertész, Hungarian actor and film director (d. 1965) births
  1. Dezső Kertész
    
    Dezsö Kertész was a Hungarian film actor and director.
1885
1. Giuseppe Bonavia, Maltese architect (b. 1821) deaths
  1. Giuseppe Bonavia
    
    Giuseppe Bonavia was a Maltese draughtsman and architect who was mainly active in the second half of the 19th century. Born in Valletta, he was initially a clerk of works with the Royal Engineers, before becoming the Head of the Civil Service Works Department.
1884
1. Frank Laubach, American missionary and mystic (d. 1970) births
  1. Frank Laubach
    
    Frank Charles Laubach, from Benton, Pennsylvania was a Congregational Christian missionary educated at Union Theological Seminary and Columbia University, and a mystic known as "The Apostle to the Illiterates." In 1915, while working among Muslims at a remote location in the Philippines, he developed the "Each One Teach One" literacy program. It has been used to teach about 60 million people to read in their own language. He was deeply concerned about poverty, injustice and illiteracy, and considered them barriers to peace in the world.
1883
1. Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria (d. 1963) births
  1. Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria
    
    Archduchess Elisabeth Marie Henriette Stephanie Gisela of Austria was the only child of Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, and Princess Stéphanie of Belgium. Her father was the son and heir apparent of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, and her mother was a daughter of King Leopold II of Belgium. She was known to her family as "Erzsi", a diminutive of her name in Hungarian. Later nicknamed The Red Archduchess, she was famous for becoming a socialist and a member of the Austrian Social Democratic Party.
1878
1. Herman, Estonian-Finnish archbishop (d. 1961) births
  1. Herman (Aav)
    
    Herman Aav was an Estonian Orthodox bishop who served from 1925 to 1960 as archbishop of the Finnish Orthodox Church. He was also a composer and author whose works have been published both in Estonia and Finland, some of them under pen name "H. Lumilill".
2. Werner von Blomberg, German field marshal (d. 1946) births
  1. Werner von Blomberg
    
    Werner Eduard Fritz von Blomberg was a German General Staff officer and the first Minister of War in Adolf Hitler's government. After serving on the Western Front in World War I, Blomberg was appointed chief of the Truppenamt during the Weimar Republic. Following the Nazis' rise to power, he was named Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the German Armed Forces. In this capacity, Blomberg played a central role in Germany's military build-up during the years leading to World War II. However, by 20 January 1938, he was forced to resign after his rivals, Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, presented Hitler with evidence that his wife had posed in the past for pornographic photos.
1877
1. Frederick Soddy, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1956) births
  1. Frederick Soddy
    
    Frederick Soddy FRS was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes". Soddy was a polymath who mastered chemistry, nuclear physics, statistical mechanics, finance and economics.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
2. Konstantinos Kanaris, Greek admiral and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1793) deaths
  1. Konstantinos Kanaris
    
    Konstantinos Kanaris, also anglicised as Constantine Kanaris or Canaris, was a Greek admiral, Prime Minister, and a hero of the Greek War of Independence.
  2. List of prime ministers of Greece
    
    This is a list of the heads of government of the modern Greek state, from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day. Although various official and semi-official appellations were used during the early decades of independent statehood, the title of prime minister has been the formal designation of the office at least since 1843. On dates, Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923. All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style.
1873
1. Lily Poulett-Harris, Australian cricketer and educator (d. 1897) births
  1. Lily Poulett-Harris
    
    Lily Poulett-Harris was an Australian sportswoman and educationalist, notable for being the founder and captain of the first Women's cricket team in Australia. Poulett-Harris continued to play until forced to retire due to ill health from the tuberculosis that was eventually to claim her life.
1872
1. N. F. S. Grundtvig, Danish pastor, philosopher, and author (b. 1783) deaths
  1. N. F. S. Grundtvig
    
    Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig, most often referred to as N. F. S. Grundtvig, was a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician. He was one of the most influential people in Danish history, as his philosophy gave rise to a new form of nationalism in the last half of the 19th century. It was steeped in the national literature and supported by deep spirituality.
1866
1. Charles Vintcent, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1943) births
  1. Charles Vintcent
    
    Charles Henry Vintcent was a South African cricketer who played in three Test matches from 1889 to 1892.
1865
1. Simeón Ola, Filipino general and politician (d. 1952) births
  1. Simeón Ola
    
    Simeón Ola y Arboleda is a hero of the Philippine Revolution and was the last general of the Philippines to surrender to the American forces after the Philippine–American War.
2. William Rowan Hamilton, Irish physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (b. 1805) deaths
  1. William Rowan Hamilton
    
    Sir William Rowan Hamilton LL.D, DCL, MRIA, FRAS was an Irish mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was the Andrews Professor of Astronomy at Trinity College Dublin, and Royal Astronomer of Ireland, living at Dunsink Observatory.
1856
1. John Bowser, English-Australian politician, 26th Premier of Victoria (d. 1936) births
  1. John Bowser
    
    Sir John Bowser, Australian politician, was the 26th Premier of Victoria. He was born in London, the son of an army officer, and arrived in Melbourne as a child with his family. He grew up at Bacchus Marsh and when he left school got a job with the Bacchus Marsh Express. As a young man he went to Scotland and worked on newspapers while studying at University of Edinburgh. Returning to Australia, he settled in Wangaratta, where he farmed and managed the Wangaratta Chronicle, which he eventually bought.
  2. Premier of Victoria
    
    The premier of Victoria is the head of government in the Australian state of Victoria. The premier is appointed by the governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly.
1853
1. Wilhelm Ostwald, Latvian-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1932) births
  1. Wilhelm Ostwald
    
    Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher. Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrhenius. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1852
1. Paul Bourget, French author and critic (d. 1935) births
  1. Paul Bourget
    
    Paul Charles Joseph Bourget was a French poet, novelist and critic. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times.
1850
1. Eugene Field, American author and poet (d. 1895) births
  1. Eugene Field
    
    Eugene Field Sr. was an American writer, best known for his children's poetry and humorous essays. He was known as the "poet of childhood".
2. Albert Spalding, American baseball player, manager, and businessman, co-founded the Spalding Sporting Goods Company (d. 1915) births
  1. Albert Spalding
    
    Albert Goodwill Spalding was an American pitcher, manager, and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company. He was born and raised in Byron, Illinois yet graduated from Rockford Central High School in Rockford, Illinois. He played major league baseball between 1871 and 1878. Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove.
  2. Spalding (company)
    
    Spalding is an American sports equipment manufacturing company founded by Albert Spalding in Chicago, in 1876, although it is now headquartered in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Spalding currently primarily focuses on basketball, mainly producing balls but also commercializing hoops, rims, nets and ball pump needles. Softballs are commercialized through its subsidiary Dudley Sports.
3. Woldemar Voigt, German physicist and academic (d. 1919) births
  1. Woldemar Voigt
    
    Woldemar Voigt was a German physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. Voigt eventually went on to head the Mathematical Physics Department at Göttingen and was succeeded in 1914 by Peter Debye, who took charge of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute. In 1921, Debye was succeeded by Max Born.
1839
1. Henry George, American economist and author (d. 1897) births
  1. Henry George
    
    Henry George was an American political economist and journalist. His writing was immensely popular in 19th-century America and sparked several reform movements of the Progressive Era. He inspired the economic philosophy known as Georgism, the belief that people should own the value they produce themselves, but that the economic value of land should belong equally to all members of society. George famously argued that a single tax on land values would create a more productive and just society.
1838
1. Bhaktivinoda Thakur, Indian guru and philosopher (d. 1914) births
  1. Bhaktivinoda Thakur
    
    Bhaktivinoda Thakur, born Kedarnath Datta, was a Hindu philosopher, guru and spiritual reformer of Gaudiya Vaishnavism who effected its resurgence in India in late 19th and early 20th century and was hailed by contemporary scholars as the most influential Gaudiya Vaishnava leader of his time. He is also credited, along with his son Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, with pioneering the propagation of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in the West and its eventual global spread.
2. Liliʻuokalani of Hawaii (d. 1917) births
  1. Liliʻuokalani
    
    Liliʻuokalani was the only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893. The composer of "Aloha ʻOe" and numerous other works, she wrote her autobiography Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queen during her imprisonment following the overthrow.
1834
1. Thomas Telford, Scottish engineer and architect, designed the Menai Suspension Bridge (b. 1757) deaths
  1. Thomas Telford
    
    Thomas Telford FRS, FRSE, was a Scottish civil engineer. After establishing himself as an engineer of road and canal projects in Shropshire, he designed numerous infrastructure projects in his native Scotland, as well as harbours and tunnels. Such was his reputation as a prolific designer of highways and related bridges, he was dubbed The Colossus of Roads, and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century, he was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a post he held for 14 years until his death.
  2. Menai Suspension Bridge
    
    The Menai Suspension Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Menai Strait between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales. Designed by Thomas Telford and completed in 1826, it was the world's first major suspension bridge. The bridge still carries road traffic and is a Grade I listed structure.
1832
1. Franz Xaver von Zach, Hungarian-French astronomer and academic (b. 1754) deaths
  1. Franz Xaver von Zach
    
    Baron Franz Xaver von Zach was a Hungarian astronomer born at Pest, Hungary.
1830
1. William P. Frye, American lawyer and politician (d. 1911) births
  1. William P. Frye
    
    William Pierce Frye was an American politician from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, Frye spent most of his political career as a legislator, serving in the Maine House of Representatives and then U.S. House of Representatives, before being elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served for 30 years before dying in office. Frye was a member of the Frye political family, and was the grandfather of Wallace H. White Jr., and the son of John March Frye. He was also a prominent member of the Peucinian Society tradition.
1820
1. Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (d. 1900) births
  1. Lucretia Peabody Hale
    
    Lucretia Peabody Hale was an American journalist and author.
2. Jiaqing Emperor of China (b. 1760) deaths
  1. Jiaqing Emperor
    
    The Jiaqing Emperor, also known by his temple name Emperor Renzong of Qing, born Yongyan, was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1796 to 1820. He was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen, the corrupt Manchu favorite of his father, and attempted to restore order within the Qing Empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into China.
1814
1. Ernst Curtius, German archaeologist and historian (d. 1896) births
  1. Ernst Curtius
    
    Ernst Curtius was a German archaeologist, historian and museum director.
1813
1. Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (b. 1763) deaths
  1. Jean Victor Marie Moreau
    
    Jean Victor Marie Moreau was a French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte to power, but later became a rival and was banished to the United States.
1810
1. Lysander Button, American engineer (d. 1898) births
  1. Lysander Button
    
    Lysander Button was the inventor of many of the early improvements made on hand and steam fire engines. Many of those improvements made their way to the modern fire engines of today.
2. William Seymour Tyler, American historian and educator (d. 1897) births
  1. William Seymour Tyler
    
    William Seymour Tyler was the Amherst College, Massachusetts, historian during his tenure as professor of Latin, Greek, and Greek literature from 1832-1893.
1805
1. Esteban Echeverría, Argentinian poet and author (d. 1851) births
  1. Esteban Echeverría
    
    José Esteban Antonio Echeverría was an Argentine poet, fiction writer, cultural promoter, and liberal activist who played a significant role in the development of Argentine literature, not only through his own writings but also through his organizational efforts. He was one of Latin America's most important Romantic authors. Echeverría's romantic liberalism was influenced by both the democratic nationalism of Giuseppe Mazzini and the utopian socialist doctrines of Henri de Saint-Simon.
1790
1. Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, German historian and theologian (b. 1701) deaths
  1. Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim
    
    Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim was a German historian and theologian. He is remembered as Febronius, the pseudonym under which he wrote his 1763 treatise On the State of the Church and the Legitimate Power of the Roman Pontiff and which gave rise to febronianism.
1778
1. Louis Bonaparte, French-Dutch king (d. 1846) births
  1. Louis Bonaparte
    
    Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was a younger brother of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. He was a monarch in his own right from 1806 to 1810, ruling over the Kingdom of Holland. In that capacity he was known as Louis I.
1768
1. Antoine Deparcieux, French mathematician and theorist (b. 1703) deaths
  1. Antoine Deparcieux
    
    Antoine Deparcieux was a French mathematician. He was born at Clessous in the Portes, department of Gard. He attended the school of Saint Florent for 10 years while working on his family farm. In 1725, his desire for learning took him to Lyon, where he studied at a Jesuit school for five years. Then, in 1730, he went to Paris to increase his knowledge of mathematics and physics. He made a living by manufacturing sundials.
1765
1. Henry Bouquet, Swiss-English colonel (b. 1719) deaths
  1. Henry Bouquet
    
    Henry Bouquet was a Swiss mercenary who rose to prominence in British service during the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War. He is best known for his victory over a Native American force at the Battle of Bushy Run, lifting the siege of Fort Pitt during Pontiac's War. During the conflict Bouquet gained lasting infamy in an exchange of letters with his commanding officer, Jeffery Amherst, who suggested a form of biological warfare in the use of blankets infected with smallpox which were to be distributed to Native Americans. Despite this indictment historians have praised Bouquet for leading British forces in several demanding campaigns on the Western Frontier in which they "protected and rescued" settlers from increasingly frequent attacks.
1764
1. Nathaniel Bliss, English astronomer and mathematician (b. 1700) deaths
  1. Nathaniel Bliss
    
    Nathaniel Bliss was an English astronomer of the 18th century, serving as Britain's fourth Astronomer Royal between 1762 and 1764.
1753
1. Marie Joséphine of Savoy (d. 1810) births
  1. Marie Joséphine of Savoy
    
    Marie Joséphine of Savoy was a princess of France and countess of Provence by marriage to the future King Louis XVIII of France. She was regarded by Bourbon Royalist Legitimists as the titular queen of France' when her husband assumed the title of king in 1795 upon the death of his nephew, the titular King Louis XVII of France, until her death. She was never practically queen, as she died before her husband actually became king in 1814.
1690
1. Philip William, Elector Palatine, German Count Palatine of Neuburg (b. 1615) deaths
  1. Philip William, Elector Palatine
    
    Philip William of Neuburg, Elector Palatine was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1653 to 1690, Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1679 and Elector of the Palatinate from 1685 to 1690. He was the son of Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg and Magdalene of Bavaria.
1688
1. Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet, English businessman and politician, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1631) deaths
  1. Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet
    
    Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet was an English banker, goldsmith and Lord Mayor of London.
  2. Lord Mayor of London
    
    The Lord Mayor of London is the mayor of the City of London and the leader of the City of London Corporation. Within the City, the Lord Mayor is accorded precedence over all individuals except the sovereign and retains various traditional powers, rights, and privileges, including the title and style The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London.
1680
1. Per Brahe the Younger, Swedish soldier and politician, Lord High Steward of Sweden (b. 1602) deaths
  1. Per Brahe the Younger
    
    Count Per Brahe the Younger was a Swedish soldier, statesman, and author. He served as Privy Councillor from 1630, Lord High Steward from 1640, as well as Governor-General of Finland in 1637–1640 and 1648–1654.
  2. Lord High Steward of Sweden
    
    The Lord High Steward or Lord High Justiciar was a highly prominent member of the Swedish Privy Council from the 13th century until 1809, excluding periods when the office was out of use.
1675
1. William Somervile, English poet and author (d. 1742) births
  1. William Somervile
    
    William Somervile or Somerville was an English poet who wrote in many genres and is especially remembered for "The Chace", in which he pioneered an early English georgic.
1661
1. Georg Böhm, German organist and composer (d. 1733) births
  1. Georg Böhm
    
    Georg Böhm was a German Baroque organist and composer. He is notable for his development of the chorale partita and for his influence on the young J. S. Bach.
1651
1. Kosem Sultan, Ottoman Valide sultan and regent (b.1589) deaths
  1. Kösem Sultan
    
    Kösem Sultan, also known as Mahpeyker Sultan, was the chief consort and legal wife of the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I, valide sultan as the mother of sultans Murad IV and Ibrahim, and büyük ("elder") valide sultan as the grandmother of Sultan Mehmed IV. She became one of the most powerful and influential women in Ottoman history, as well as a prominent and controversial figure during the period known as the Sultanate of Women.
1606
1. Karel van Mander, Dutch painter and poet (b. 1548) deaths
  1. Karel van Mander
    
    Karel van Mander (I) or Carel van Mander I was a Flemish painter, poet, art historian and art theoretician, who established himself in the Dutch Republic in the latter part of his life. He is mainly remembered as a biographer of Early Netherlandish painters and Northern Renaissance artists in his Schilder-boeck. As an artist and art theoretician he played a significant role in the spread and development of Northern Mannerism in the Dutch Republic.
1548
1. Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (d. 1616) births
  1. Vincenzo Scamozzi
    
    Vincenzo Scamozzi was an Italian architect and a writer on architecture, active mainly in Vicenza and Republic of Venice area in the second half of the 16th century. He was perhaps the most important figure there between Andrea Palladio, whose unfinished projects he inherited at Palladio's death in 1580, and Baldassarre Longhena, Scamozzi's only pupil.
1540
1. Dawit II of Ethiopia (b. 1501) deaths
  1. Dawit II
    
    Dawit II, also known by the macaronic name Wanag Segad, better known by his birth name Lebna Dengel, was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1508 to 1540, whose political center and palace was in Shewa.
1531
1. Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595) births
  1. Francesco Cattani da Diacceto (1531–1595)
    
    Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, often referred to as Francesco Cattani da Diacceto il Giovane in order to distinguish him from his grandfather, the philosopher Francesco di Zanobi Cattani da Diacceto (1466–1522), was Bishop of Fiesole and author of several works including an Essamerone ("Hexameron") and a translation into vernacular Florentine Italian of the Hexaëmeron and De Officiis Clericorum of Saint Ambrose.
1516
1. Francis I, Duke of Nevers (d. 1561) births
  1. François I, Duke of Nevers
    
    François I de Cleves, was a French Prince étranger and military commander during the Italian Wars. He was the first duke of Nevers, his county being elevated to a duchy in 1539. In deference to the large amount of land he held in Champagne, and further lands he was set to inherit there from his mother on her death he was made governor of Champagne in 1545.
1397
1. Francesco Landini, Italian composer deaths
  1. Francesco Landini
    
    Francesco Landini was an Italian composer, poet, organist, singer and instrument maker who was a central figure of the Trecento style in late Medieval music. One of the most revered composers of the second half of the 14th century, he was by far the most famous composer in Italy.
1274
1. Prince Munetaka, Japanese shōgun (b. 1242) deaths
  1. Prince Munetaka
    
    Prince Munetaka was the sixth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan who reigned from 1252 to 1266.
1251
1. Francis of Fabriano, Italian writer (d. 1322) births
  1. Francis of Fabriano
    
    Francesco da Fabriano - born Francesco Venimbeni - was an Italian Roman Catholic professed member from the Order of Friars Minor. He was a noted writer on various theological and biblical matters and was known for his great breadth of theological knowledge that characterized his religious life.
1243
1. Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, 6th Earl of Hertford, English politician (d. 1295) births
  1. Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
    
    Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester was a powerful English noble. He was also known as "Red" Gilbert de Clare or "The Red Earl", probably because of his hair colour or fiery temper in battle. He held the Lordship of Glamorgan which was one of the most powerful and wealthy of the Welsh Marcher Lordships as well as over 200 English manors.
1083
1. King Munjong of Goryeo (b. 1019) deaths
  1. Munjong of Goryeo
    
    Munjong of Goryeo was the 11th monarch of the Goryeo Dynasty, who ruled Korea from 1046 to 1083.
1031
1. Saint Emeric of Hungary (b. 1000) deaths
  1. Saint Emeric of Hungary
    
    Emeric, also Emericus, Emerick, Emery, Emory, and venerated as Saint Emeric was the son of King Stephen I of Hungary and Giselle of Bavaria.
1022
1. Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, king of Mide and High King of Ireland deaths
  1. Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
    
    Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, also called Máel Sechnaill Mór or Máel Sechnaill II, was a King of Mide and High King of Ireland. His great victory at the Battle of Tara against Olaf Cuaran in 980 resulted in Gaelic Irish control of the Kingdom of Dublin.
  2. List of kings of Meath
    
    In medieval Ireland, the Kings of Mide were of the Clann Cholmáin, a branch of the Uí Néill. Several were High Kings of Ireland. After the collapse of the kingdom in the 12th century its dynasty, the Ua Mael Sechlainn or Ó Melaghlins, were forced west and settled on the east bank of the Shannon. Bearers of the name were still noted as among the Gaelic nobility until as late as the 1690s, though they had lost any real power long before.
  3. High King of Ireland
    
    High King of Ireland was a royal title in Gaelic Ireland held by those who had, or who are claimed to have had, lordship over all of Ireland. The title was held by historical kings and later sometimes assigned anachronously or to legendary figures.
595
1. John IV of Constantinople deaths
  1. John IV of Constantinople
    
    John IV, also known as John Nesteutes, was the 33rd bishop or Patriarch of Constantinople. He was the first to assume the title Ecumenical Patriarch. He is regarded as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church which holds a feast on September 2.
459
1. Simeon Stylites, Byzantine saint (b. 390) deaths
  1. Simeon Stylites
    
    Simeon Stylites or Symeon the Stylite was a Syrian Christian ascetic, who achieved notability by living 37 years on a small platform on top of a pillar near Aleppo. Several other stylites later followed his model. Simeon is venerated as a saint by the Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholic Churches. He is known formally as Simeon Stylites the Elder to distinguish him from Simeon Stylites the Younger, Simeon Stylites III, and Symeon Stylites of Lesbos.
421
1. Constantius III, Roman emperor deaths
  1. Constantius III
    
    Constantius III was briefly Western Roman emperor of the West in 421. He earned his position as Emperor due to his capability as a general under Honorius, achieving the rank of magister militum by 411. That same year, he suppressed the revolt of Constantine III, a Roman general who had declared himself emperor. Constantius then went on to lead campaigns against various barbarian groups in Hispania and Gaul, recovering much of both for the Western Roman Empire. Constantius married Honorius's sister Galla Placidia in 417, a sign of his ascendant status, and was proclaimed co-emperor by Honorius on 8 February 421. He reigned for seven months before dying on 2 September 421.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Acepsimas of Hnaita and companions (Syriac Orthodox Church)
1. Acepsimas of Hnaita
  
  Acepsimas of Hnaita was a bishop, martyr and saint.
2. Syriac Orthodox Church
  
  The Syriac Orthodox Church, officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, and informally as the Jacobite Church, is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch. The bishop of Antioch, known as the patriarch, heads the church, claiming apostolic succession through Saint Peter in the c. 1st century, according to sacred tradition. The church upholds Miaphysite doctrine in Christology, and employs the Divine Liturgy of Saint James, associated with James, the brother of Jesus. Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church.
Christian feast day: Agricola of Avignon
1. Agricola of Avignon
  
  Saint Agricola of Avignon was a bishop of Avignon. According to tradition, Agricola ("farmer") was the son of Saint Magnus, also a bishop of the city.
Christian feast day: Antoninus of Pamiers
1. Antoninus of Pamiers
  
  Saint Antoninus of Pamiers was an early Christian missionary and martyr, called the "Apostle of the Rouergue". His life is dated to the first, second, fourth, and fifth century by various sources since he is often confused with various other venerated Antonini. Today he is revered as the patron saint of Pamiers, Palencia, and Medina del Campo. His historicity and exact identity are in doubt.
Christian feast day: Brocard
1. Saint Brocard
  
  Brocard is said to have been one of the first leaders of hermits at Mount Carmel, and was perhaps the leader of the community on the death of Berthold of Calabria around 1195. Various details of his life are legendary.
Christian feast day: Castor of Apt
1. Castor of Apt
  
  Saint Castor of Apt was a bishop of Apt, in Gaul.
Christian feast day: Diomedes
1. Diomedes of Tarsus
  
  Saint Diomedes of Tarsus (Diomede) is venerated as a Greek Christian saint and martyr, one of the Holy Unmercenaries.
Christian feast day: Eleazar
1. Eleazar
  
  Eleazar or Elʽazar was a priest in the Hebrew Bible, the second High Priest, succeeding his father Aaron after he died. He was a nephew of Moses.
Christian feast day: Hieu
1. Hieu
  
  Hieu was a 7th-century Irish abbess who worked in Northumbria. She was foundress of abbeys at Hartlepool and Healaugh in Yorkshire England. Hieu was also the first of the saintly recluses of Northumbria, and the first known woman to rule a double monastery.
Christian feast day: Ingrid of Sweden
1. Saint Ingrid of Skänninge
  
  Saint Ingrid of Skänninge was a Swedish abbess venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. She founded Skänninge Abbey, a nunnery belonging to the Dominicans, in 1272. Her feast day is on September 2.
Christian feast day: Justus of Lyon
1. Justus of Lyon
  
  Justus of Lyon was the 13th Bishop of Lyon. He succeeded Verissimus in the mid-4th century. He is venerated as a saint by both the Catholic and the Orthodox Church, with a feast day on 2 September. Around 350, Justus was made Bishop of Lyon. As bishop of the capital of Gaul, he was among the participants of the Council of Valencia of 374 regarding religious discipline of the clergy and the faithful. He later became a hermit.
Christian feast day: Margaret of Louvain
1. Margaret of Louvain
  
  Margaret of Louvain was a servant murdered by thieves. She is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church; her shrine is in St. Peter's Church in Louvain.
Christian feast day: Maxima of Rome
1. Maxima of Rome
  
  Maxima of Rome was a slave and friend of Saint Ansanus of Siena. She was martyred by being beaten to death in the persecutions of Diocletian, circa 304. Locally recognized as saint, her feast day is September 2.
Christian feast day: Nonnosus
1. Nonnosus
  
  Saint Nonnosus, also Nonosius, was a prior at the San Silvestre monastery on Monte Soratte north of Rome and later a monk at Suppentonia, near Civita Castellana. He was a contemporary of Saint Benedict of Nursia. Alban Butler has written that “so little information has survived about Nonnosus that he is not especially interesting in himself.” His name does not appear in any ancient martyrology.
Christian feast day: William of Roskilde
1. William of Roskilde
  
  William of Roskilde was a Danish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the Bishop of Roskilde in Denmark from about 1060 to 1073 or 1074.
Christian feast day: September 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. September 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  Sep. 1 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 3
Democracy Day (Tibet)
1. Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
  
  The Tibetan Parliament in Exile (TPiE), officially the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration, is the unicameral and highest legislative organ of the Central Tibetan Administration, the government-in-exile of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It was established and is based in Dharamshala, India. The creation of this democratically elected body has been one of the major changes that the 14th Dalai Lama brought about in his efforts to introduce a democratic system of administration.
2. Tibet
  
  Tibet is a region in East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi). It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa and Lhoba peoples and now also considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui settlers. Since 1951, the entire plateau has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China, a major portion in the Tibet Autonomous Region, and other portions in the Qinghai and Sichuan provinces.
Independence Day (Transnistria, unrecognized)
1. List of national independence days
  
  An independence day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state, or more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Many countries commemorate their independence from a colonial empire.
2. Transnistria
  
  Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester river and the Moldovan–Ukrainian border, as well as some land on the other side of the river's bank. Its capital and largest city is Tiraspol. Transnistria has been recognised only by three other unrecognised or partially recognised breakaway states: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia. Transnistria is officially designated by the Republic of Moldova as the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester or as Stînga Nistrului. The Council of Europe considers the territory to be under military occupation by Russia.
Independence Day (Artsakh, unrecognized)
1. List of national independence days
  
  An independence day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state, or more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Many countries commemorate their independence from a colonial empire.
2. Republic of Artsakh
  
  Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, is a breakaway state in the South Caucasus whose territory is internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. Artsakh controls a part of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, including the capital of Stepanakert. It is an enclave within Azerbaijan. Its only overland access route to Armenia is via the 5 km (3.1 mi) wide Lachin corridor which is under the control of Russian peacekeepers.
National Blueberry Popsicle Day (United States)
1. List of food days
  
  This is a list of food days by country. Many countries have designated specific days as celebrations, commemorations, or acknowledgments of certain types of food and drink.
2. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
National Day, celebrates the independence of Vietnam from Japan and France in 1945
1. National Day (Vietnam)
  
  National Day is a national holiday in Vietnam observed on 2 September, commemorating President Hồ Chí Minh reading the Declarations of independence of Vietnam at Ba Đình Square in Hanoi on 2 September 1945. It is the country's National Day.
2. Vietnam
  
  Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.
Victory over Japan Day (United States)
1. Victory over Japan Day
  
  Victory over Japan Day is the day on which Imperial Japan surrendered in World War II, in effect bringing the war to an end. The term has been applied to both of the days on which the initial announcement of Japan's surrender was made – 15 August 1945, in Japan, and because of time zone differences, 14 August 1945 – as well as to 2 September 1945, when the surrender document was signed, officially ending World War II.
2. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.

Important events in history on September 2 nd

Events

Hurricane Dorian

Saffir–Simpson scale

The Bahamas

Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge

1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

Chilean Air Force

2011 Chilean Air Force C-212 crash

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks

2009 Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash

Kurnool

Andhra Pradesh

India

Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy

Google

Google Chrome

Swissair Flight 111

Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia

United Nations

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

Jean-Paul Akayesu

Mayor

Rwanda

Genocide

1992 Nicaragua earthquake

Moment magnitude scale

Tsunami earthquake

1992 Nicaragua earthquake

Seismic magnitude scales

Tsunami earthquake

Transnistria

Soviet Union

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mathias Rust

Cessna

Red Square

Hurricane Elena

Tropical cyclone

Gulf Coast of the United States

Landfall

Biloxi, Mississippi

Saffir–Simpson scale

Sri Lankan Civil War

M. Alalasundaram

V. Dharmalingam

Milperra massacre

Gang

Bandidos Motorcycle Club

Comanchero Motorcycle Club

NASA

Canceled Apollo missions

Apollo program

Apollo 15

Operation OAU

Nigerian Civil War

CBS Evening News

Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration

Lockheed RC-130 Hercules

1958 C-130 shootdown incident

Signals intelligence

South Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia

Head of state

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia

Interim Government of India

Jawaharlal Nehru

United States Navy

USS Missouri (BB-63)

Tokyo Bay

Empire of Japan

Allies of World War II

Japanese Instrument of Surrender

World War II

Japanese Instrument of Surrender

Important events in history
on September 2 ^nd