Important events in history
on September 16 ^th

Events

2021
1. A 6.0 Mw  earthquake strikes Lu County, Sichuan, China, killing three and injuring more than 88.
  1. 2021 Luxian earthquake
    
    The 2021 Luxian earthquake was a damaging seismic event occurring in the early hours of September 16 at 04:33 China Standard Time. The surface wave magnitude (Ms ) 6.0 or moment magnitude (Mw ) 5.4 earthquake struck at a shallow depth of 7.5 km and severe shaking in an area of 4,000 square kilometers was assigned a maximum intensity of VIII on the China seismic intensity scale. Three people were killed and 146 injured when the earthquake struck Lu County, Luzhou, Sichuan Province. At least 36,800 buildings were affected, 7,800 of them seriously damaged or completely destroyed, causing about a quarter of a billion dollars worth of damage.
2019
1. Five months before the COVID-19 stock market crash, an overnight spike in lending rates in the United States prompts the Federal Reserve to conduct operations in the repo market.
  1. 2020 stock market crash
    
    On 20 February 2020, stock markets across the world suddenly crashed after growing instability due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It ended on 7 April 2020.
  2. Federal Reserve
    
    The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States of America. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises. Over the years, events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System.
  3. Repurchase agreement
    
    A repurchase agreement, also known as a repo, RP, or sale and repurchase agreement, is a form of short-term borrowing, mainly in government securities. The dealer sells the underlying security to investors and, by agreement between the two parties, buys them back shortly afterwards, usually the following day, at a slightly higher price.
2015
1. A 8.3 Mw  earthquake strikes the Chilean city of Illapel, killing 15 people, injuring at least 34, leaving at least six missing, and causing extensive damage. One person also dies in Argentina.
  1. 2015 Illapel earthquake
    
    The 2015 Illapel earthquake occurred 46 km (29 mi) offshore from Illapel on September 16 at 19:54:32 Chile Standard Time (22:54:32 UTC), with a moment magnitude of 8.3–8.4. The initial quake lasted between three and five minutes; it was followed by several aftershocks greater than magnitude six and two that exceeded 7.0 moment magnitude. The Chilean government reported 15 deaths, 6 missing and thousands of people affected. In Buenos Aires, Argentina, a man died from a stroke while he was evacuating a building.
  2. Illapel
    
    Illapel is a Chilean city, which is the capital of the Choapa Province, Coquimbo Region. It lies along the Illapel River and marks the country's narrowest point along a parallel (94 km). It is located to the east of Los Vilos.
2014
1. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launches its Kobani offensive against Syrian–Kurdish forces.
  1. Siege of Kobanî
    
    The siege of Kobanî was launched by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on 13 September 2014, in order to capture the Kobanî Canton and its main city of Kobanî in northern Syria, in the de facto autonomous region of Rojava.
2013
1. A lone gunman fatally shot twelve people and injured three others at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command in Washington, D.C.
  1. Washington Navy Yard shooting
    
    The Washington Navy Yard shooting occurred on September 16, 2013, when 34-year-old Aaron Alexis fatally shot 12 people and injured three others in a mass shooting at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) inside the Washington Navy Yard in southeast Washington, D.C. The attack took place in the Navy Yard's Building 197; it began around 8:16 a.m. EDT and ended when police killed Alexis around 9:25 a.m. It was the second-deadliest mass murder on a U.S. military base, behind the 2009 Fort Hood shooting.
  2. Naval Sea Systems Command
    
    The Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) is the largest of the United States Navy's five "systems commands," or materiel organizations. From a physical perspective, NAVSEA has four shipyards for shipbuilding, conversion, and repair, ten "warfare centers", the NAVSEA headquarters, located at the Washington Navy Yard, in Washington D.C., and other locations in 15 states and 3 overseas continents.
2. A gunman kills twelve people at the Washington Navy Yard.
  1. Washington Navy Yard shooting
    
    The Washington Navy Yard shooting occurred on September 16, 2013, when 34-year-old Aaron Alexis fatally shot 12 people and injured three others in a mass shooting at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) inside the Washington Navy Yard in southeast Washington, D.C. The attack took place in the Navy Yard's Building 197; it began around 8:16 a.m. EDT and ended when police killed Alexis around 9:25 a.m. It was the second-deadliest mass murder on a U.S. military base, behind the 2009 Fort Hood shooting.
2007
1. Seventeen Iraqi civilians were shot and killed by Academi guards in Baghdad.
  1. Nisour Square massacre
    
    The Nisour Square massacre occurred on September 16, 2007, when employees of Blackwater Security Consulting, a private military company contracted by the US government to provide security services in Iraq, shot at Iraqi civilians, killing 17 and injuring 20 in Nisour Square, Baghdad, while escorting a U.S. embassy convoy. The killings outraged Iraqis and strained relations between Iraq and the United States. In 2014, four Blackwater employees were tried and convicted in U.S. federal court; one of murder, and the other three of manslaughter and firearms charges; all four convicted were pardoned by President Donald Trump in December 2020.
  2. Baghdad
    
    Baghdad is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. In 762 CE, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".
2. One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 carrying 130 crew and passengers crashes in Thailand, killing 90 people.
  1. One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269
    
    One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 (OG269) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Bangkok to Phuket, Thailand. On 16 September 2007, about 15:41 ICT, the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating the flight crashed into an embankment beside runway 27 at Phuket International Airport (HKT) bursting into flames upon impact during an attempted go-around after an aborted landing, killing 90 of the 130 persons on board. It is the third deadliest aviation incident to occur in Thailand.
3. Security guards working for Blackwater Worldwide shoot and kill 17 Iraqis in Nisour Square, Baghdad.
  1. Nisour Square massacre
    
    The Nisour Square massacre occurred on September 16, 2007, when employees of Blackwater Security Consulting, a private military company contracted by the US government to provide security services in Iraq, shot at Iraqi civilians, killing 17 and injuring 20 in Nisour Square, Baghdad, while escorting a U.S. embassy convoy. The killings outraged Iraqis and strained relations between Iraq and the United States. In 2014, four Blackwater employees were tried and convicted in U.S. federal court; one of murder, and the other three of manslaughter and firearms charges; all four convicted were pardoned by President Donald Trump in December 2020.
2005
1. The Camorra organized crime boss Paolo Di Lauro is arrested in Naples, Italy.
  1. Camorra
    
    The Camorra is an Italian Mafia-type criminal organization and criminal society originating in the region of Campania. It is one of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy, dating to the 17th century. The Camorra's organizational structure is divided into individual groups also called "clans". Every capo or "boss" is the head of a clan, in which there may be tens or hundreds of affiliates, depending on the clan's power and structure. Consequently, as Camorra clans act independently, they are more prone to feuding among themselves. The Camorra's main businesses are drug trafficking, racketeering, counterfeiting, and money laundering. It is also not unusual for Camorra clans to infiltrate the politics of their respective areas.
  2. Paolo Di Lauro
    
    Paolo Di Lauro is an Italian crime boss, leader of the Di Lauro Clan, a Camorra crime organization. He is also known as Ciruzzo 'o milionario among other aliases. In 2002 he was included in the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy and was captured in September 2005.
2004
1. Hurricane Ivan makes landfall in Gulf Shores, Alabama as a Category 3 hurricane.
  1. Hurricane Ivan
    
    Hurricane Ivan was a large, long-lived, Cape Verde hurricane that caused widespread damage in the Caribbean and United States. The cyclone was the ninth named storm, the sixth hurricane and the fourth major hurricane of the active 2004 Atlantic hurricane season.
  2. Saffir–Simpson scale
    
    The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) classifies hurricanes—which in the Western Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. This measuring system was formerly known as the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, or SSHS.
1994
1. The British government lifts the broadcasting ban imposed against members of Sinn Féin and Irish paramilitary groups in 1988.
  1. 1988–1994 British broadcasting voice restrictions
    
    From October 1988 to September 1994 the British government banned broadcasts of the voices of representatives from Sinn Féin and several Irish republican and loyalist groups on television and radio in the United Kingdom (UK). The restrictions, announced by the Home Secretary, Douglas Hurd, on 19 October 1988, covered eleven organisations based in Northern Ireland. The ban followed a heightened period of violence in the course of the Troubles, and reflected the UK government's belief in a need to prevent Sinn Féin from using the media for political advantage.
1992
1. The British pound was forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism on Black Wednesday, and suffered a major devaluation.
  1. Pound sterling
    
    Sterling is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound is the main unit of sterling, and the word "pound" is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling.
  2. European Exchange Rate Mechanism
    
    The European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) is a system introduced by the European Economic Community on 1 January 1999 alongside the introduction of a single currency, the euro as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe.
  3. Black Wednesday
    
    Black Wednesday occurred on 16 September 1992 when the UK Government was forced to withdraw sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), after a failed attempt to keep its exchange rate above the lower limit required for the ERM participation. At that time, the United Kingdom held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
  4. Devaluation
    
    In macroeconomics and modern monetary policy, a devaluation is an official lowering of the value of a country's currency within a fixed exchange-rate system, in which a monetary authority formally sets a lower exchange rate of the national currency in relation to a foreign reference currency or currency basket. The opposite of devaluation, a change in the exchange rate making the domestic currency more expensive, is called a revaluation. A monetary authority maintains a fixed value of its currency by being ready to buy or sell foreign currency with the domestic currency at a stated rate; a devaluation is an indication that the monetary authority will buy and sell foreign currency at a lower rate.
2. The trial of the deposed Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega ends in the United States with a 40-year sentence for drug trafficking and money laundering.
  1. Manuel Noriega
    
    Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno was a Panamanian dictator, politician and military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989. An authoritarian ruler who amassed a personal fortune through drug trafficking operations, he had long standing ties to United States intelligence agencies before the U.S. invasion of Panama removed him from power.
3. Black Wednesday: The British pound is forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism by currency speculators and is forced to devalue against the German mark.
  1. Black Wednesday
    
    Black Wednesday occurred on 16 September 1992 when the UK Government was forced to withdraw sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), after a failed attempt to keep its exchange rate above the lower limit required for the ERM participation. At that time, the United Kingdom held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
  2. European Exchange Rate Mechanism
    
    The European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) is a system introduced by the European Economic Community on 1 January 1999 alongside the introduction of a single currency, the euro as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe.
1990
1. Construction of the Northern Xinjiang railway was completed between Ürümqi South and Alashankou, linking the railway lines of China and Kazakhstan, and adding a sizeable portion to the Eurasian Land Bridge.
  1. Northern Xinjiang railway
    
    The Northern Xinjiang railway or Beijiang railway is a railway in Xinjiang, China, between Ürümqi, the regional capital of Xinjiang, and Alashankou on the border with Kazakhstan. The railway is 460 km (290 mi) in length and runs along the northern slope of the Tian Shan mountain range, connecting all major cities and towns of the southern Junggar Basin, including Changji, Hutubi, Manas, Shihezi, Kuytun, Wusu, Bortala (Bole), Jinghe and Alashankou. The line extends the Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway west from Ürümqi to the Turkestan–Siberia railway on the Kazakh border and forms a section of the Trans-Eurasian Railway from Rotterdam to Lianyungang. The line was opened in 1992. It was partially funded by the government loan of the Soviet Union.
  2. Ürümqi South railway station
    
    Ürümqi South railway station is a railway station of the Lanzhou–Xinjiang, Northern Xinjiang and the Second Ürümqi–Jinghe railways. The station is located in Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. The name of the station was Ürümqi railway station from 1962 until September 1, 2014. This name is now assigned to the newly built high-speed railway station of the Lanzhou–Ürümqi High-Speed Railway.
  3. Alashankou railway station
    
    Alashankou railway station, also known as Alataw Pass railway station, is a railway station in Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
  4. Eurasian Land Bridge
    
    The Eurasian Land Bridge, sometimes called the New Silk Road, is the rail transport route for moving freight and passengers overland between Pacific seaports in the Russian Far East and China and seaports in Europe. The route, a transcontinental railroad and rail land bridge, currently comprises the Trans-Siberian Railway, which runs through Russia and is sometimes called the Northern East-West Corridor, and the New Eurasian Land Bridge or Second Eurasian Continental Bridge, running through China and Kazakhstan. As of November 2007, about one percent of the $600 billion in goods shipped from Asia to Europe each year were delivered by inland transport routes.
2. The railroad between the People's Republic of China and Kazakhstan is completed at Dostyk, adding a sizable link to the concept of the Eurasian Land Bridge.
  1. Dostyk
    
    Dostyk or Druzhba is a small town in Kazakhstan's Almaty Region, on the border with Xinjiang, China. It is a port of entry from China. The rail portion serves as an important link in the Eurasian Land Bridge. It is situated in the Dzungarian Gate, a historically significant mountain pass.
  2. Eurasian Land Bridge
    
    The Eurasian Land Bridge, sometimes called the New Silk Road, is the rail transport route for moving freight and passengers overland between Pacific seaports in the Russian Far East and China and seaports in Europe. The route, a transcontinental railroad and rail land bridge, currently comprises the Trans-Siberian Railway, which runs through Russia and is sometimes called the Northern East-West Corridor, and the New Eurasian Land Bridge or Second Eurasian Continental Bridge, running through China and Kazakhstan. As of November 2007, about one percent of the $600 billion in goods shipped from Asia to Europe each year were delivered by inland transport routes.
1987
1. The Montreal Protocol is signed to protect the ozone layer from depletion.
  1. Montreal Protocol
    
    The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali) As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol". In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so. In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.
  2. Ozone depletion
    
    Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.
1982
1. A Lebanese militia under the direct command of Elie Hobeika carried out a massacre in the Palestinian refugee camp of Sabra and Shatila, killing at least 460 civilians.
  1. Elie Hobeika
    
    Elie Hobeika was a Lebanese militia commander in the Lebanese Forces militia during the Lebanese Civil War and one of Bashir Gemayel's close confidants. After the murder of Gemayel, he gained notoriety for his involvement in the Sabra and Shatila massacre. He became president of the Lebanese Forces political party until he was ousted in 1986. He then founded the Promise Party and was elected to serve two terms in the Parliament of Lebanon. In January 2002, he was assassinated by a car bomb at his house in Beirut, shortly before he was to testify about the Sabra and Shatila massacre in a Belgian court.
  2. Palestinians
    
    Palestinians or Palestinian people, also referred to as Palestinian Arabs, are an ethnonational group descending from peoples who have inhabited the region of Palestine over the millennia, and who are today culturally and linguistically Arab.
  3. Sabra and Shatila massacre
    
    The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the killing of between 460 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, by the militia of the Lebanese Forces, a Maronite Christian Lebanese right-wing party, under the command of Elie Hobeika, in the Sabra neighborhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon. President Bachir Gemayel had been assassinated two days earlier and the Phalangists sought revenge. From approximately 18:00 on 16 September to 08:00 on 18 September 1982, a widespread massacre was carried out by the militia, while the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) had the camp surrounded. The militia had been ordered by the IDF to clear Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) fighters out of Sabra and Shatila, as part of the IDF's maneuvering into West Beirut. As the massacre unfolded, the IDF received reports of atrocities but did not take any action to prevent or stop the massacre.
2. Lebanon War: The Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon takes place.
  1. 1982 Lebanon War
    
    The 1982 Lebanon War, dubbed Operation Peace for Galilee by the Israeli government, later known in Israel as the Lebanon War or the First Lebanon War, and known in Lebanon as "the invasion", began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon, after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The military operation was launched after gunmen from Abu Nidal's organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed Abu Nidal's enemy, the PLO, for the incident, and used the incident as a casus belli for the invasion.
  2. Sabra and Shatila massacre
    
    The Sabra and Shatila massacre was the killing of between 460 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, by the militia of the Lebanese Forces, a Maronite Christian Lebanese right-wing party, under the command of Elie Hobeika, in the Sabra neighborhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon. President Bachir Gemayel had been assassinated two days earlier and the Phalangists sought revenge. From approximately 18:00 on 16 September to 08:00 on 18 September 1982, a widespread massacre was carried out by the militia, while the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) had the camp surrounded. The militia had been ordered by the IDF to clear Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) fighters out of Sabra and Shatila, as part of the IDF's maneuvering into West Beirut. As the massacre unfolded, the IDF received reports of atrocities but did not take any action to prevent or stop the massacre.
1979
1. Eight people escaped from East Germany to West Germany in a home-made hot air balloon.
  1. East German balloon escape
    
    In the East German balloon escape in 1979, two families, with eight members in total, escaped the Eastern Bloc country of East Germany by crossing the border to West Germany in a homemade hot air balloon. The escape happened at approximately 2:00 a.m. on 16 September 1979. The plot to accomplish this was carried out over a period of one and a half years, including an unsuccessful attempt, three different balloons, and various modifications until the successful escape occurred. One failed crossing alerted the government to the plot, but the police were not able to identify the suspects before their flight to the west.
  2. East Germany
    
    East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic, was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state was a part of the Eastern Bloc in the Cold War. Commonly described as a communist state, it described itself as a socialist "workers' and peasants' state". Its territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II—the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement, bounded on the east by the Oder–Neisse line. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it and West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR.
  3. West Germany
    
    West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 October 1990. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation/Trizone held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. The FRG's provisional capital was the city of Bonn, and the Cold War era country is retrospectively designated as the Bonn Republic.
  4. Hot air balloon
    
    A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket, which carries passengers and a source of heat, in most cases an open flame caused by burning liquid propane. The heated air inside the envelope makes it buoyant, since it has a lower density than the colder air outside the envelope. As with all aircraft, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the atmosphere. The envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom, since the air inside the envelope is at about the same pressure as the surrounding air. In modern sport balloons the envelope is generally made from nylon fabric, and the inlet of the balloon is made from a fire-resistant material such as Nomex. Modern balloons have been made in many shapes, such as rocket ships and the shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape is used for most non-commercial and many commercial applications.
2. Eight people escape from East Germany to the west in a homemade hot air balloon.
  1. East German balloon escape
    
    In the East German balloon escape in 1979, two families, with eight members in total, escaped the Eastern Bloc country of East Germany by crossing the border to West Germany in a homemade hot air balloon. The escape happened at approximately 2:00 a.m. on 16 September 1979. The plot to accomplish this was carried out over a period of one and a half years, including an unsuccessful attempt, three different balloons, and various modifications until the successful escape occurred. One failed crossing alerted the government to the plot, but the police were not able to identify the suspects before their flight to the west.
1978
1. The 7.4 Mw  Tabas earthquake affects the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people are killed.
  1. 1978 Tabas earthquake
    
    The 1978 Tabas earthquake occurred on September 16 at 19:05:55 local time in central Iran. The shock measured 7.4 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX+ (Violent). The death toll was in the range of 15,000–25,000, with severe damage occurring in the town of Tabas.
  2. Tabas
    
    Tabas, formerly known as Golshan, is the capital city of Tabas County in South Khorasan Province of Iran. At the 2011 census, its population was 35,150, in 9,903 families.
  3. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
    
    The Modified Mercalli intensity scale, developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales. While shaking is caused by the seismic energy released by an earthquake, earthquakes differ in how much of their energy is radiated as seismic waves. Deeper earthquakes also have less interaction with the surface, and their energy is spread out across a larger volume. Shaking intensity is localized, generally diminishing with distance from the earthquake's epicenter, but can be amplified in sedimentary basins and certain kinds of unconsolidated soils.
1976
1. Armenian champion swimmer Shavarsh Karapetyan saves 20 people from a trolleybus that had fallen into a Yerevan reservoir.
  1. Shavarsh Karapetyan
    
    Shavarsh Vladimiri (Vladimirovich) Karapetyan is a retired Armenian finswimmer, best known for saving the lives of 20 people in a 1976 incident in Yerevan.
  2. Yerevan
    
    Yerevan is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country, as its primate city. It has been the capital since 1918, the fourteenth in the history of Armenia and the seventh located in or around the Ararat Plain. The city also serves as the seat of the Araratian Pontifical Diocese, which is the largest diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church and one of the oldest dioceses in the world.
1975
1. The prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-31 (example pictured), one of the fastest combat jets in the world, made its maiden flight.
  1. Mikoyan MiG-31
    
    The Mikoyan MiG-31 is a supersonic interceptor aircraft that was developed for use by the Soviet Air Forces. The aircraft was designed by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG-25 "Foxbat"; the MiG-31 is based on and shares design elements with the MiG-25. The MiG-31 is among the fastest combat jets in the world. It continues to be operated by the Russian Air Force and the Kazakh Air Force following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until 2030 or beyond; that was confirmed in 2020 when an announcement was made to extend the service lifetime from 2,500 to 3,500 hours on the existing airframes.
2. Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia.
  1. Papua New Guinea
    
    Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia. Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. Although government estimates have placed the country's population at 9.4 million, a report conducted in December 2022 suggests the true population is close to 17 million. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of 462,840 km2 (178,700 sq mi).
3. Cape Verde, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations.
  1. Cape Verde
    
    Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 sq mi). These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres west of Cap-Vert, the westernmost point of continental Africa. The Cape Verde islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.
  2. Mozambique
    
    Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.
  3. São Tomé and Príncipe
    
    São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a Portuguese-speaking island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, about 150 km (93.21 mi) apart and about 250 and 225 km off the north-western coast of Gabon. With a population of 201,800, São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest and second-least populous African sovereign state after Seychelles.
4. The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-31 interceptor makes its maiden flight.
  1. Mikoyan MiG-31
    
    The Mikoyan MiG-31 is a supersonic interceptor aircraft that was developed for use by the Soviet Air Forces. The aircraft was designed by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG-25 "Foxbat"; the MiG-31 is based on and shares design elements with the MiG-25. The MiG-31 is among the fastest combat jets in the world. It continues to be operated by the Russian Air Force and the Kazakh Air Force following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until 2030 or beyond; that was confirmed in 2020 when an announcement was made to extend the service lifetime from 2,500 to 3,500 hours on the existing airframes.
1970
1. King Hussein of Jordan declares war against the Palestine Liberation Organization, the conflict came to be known as Black September.
  1. Hussein of Jordan
    
    Hussein bin Talal was King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death in 1999. As a member of the Hashemite dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, Hussein was a 40th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad.
  2. Jordan
    
    Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the northeast, Syria to the north, and the Palestinian West Bank, Israel, and the Dead Sea to the west. It has a 26 km (16 mi) coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the southwest. The Gulf of Aqaba separates Jordan from Egypt. Amman is Jordan's capital and largest city, as well as its economic, political, and cultural centre.
  3. Palestine Liberation Organization
    
    The Palestine Liberation Organization is a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, in opposition to the State of Israel. In 1993, alongside the Oslo I Accord, the PLO's aspiration for Arab statehood was revised to be specifically for the Palestinian territories under an Israeli occupation since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War. It is headquartered in the city of Al-Bireh in the West Bank, and is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by over 100 countries that it has diplomatic relations with. As the official recognized government of the de jure State of Palestine, it has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations (UN) since 1974. Due to its militant activities, including acts of violence primarily aimed at Israeli civilians, the PLO was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987, although a later presidential waiver has permitted American contact with the organization since 1988. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted Resolution 242 of the United Nations Security Council, and rejected "violence and terrorism". In response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as a legitimate authority representing the Palestinian people. However, despite its participation in the Oslo Accords, the PLO continued to employ tactics of violence in the following years, particularly during the Second Intifada of 2000–2005. On 29 October 2018, the Palestinian Central Council suspended the Palestinian recognition of Israel, and subsequently halted all forms of security and economic cooperation with it.
  4. Black September
    
    Black September, also known as the Jordanian Civil War, was a conflict fought in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan between the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF), under the leadership of King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, primarily between 16 and 27 September 1970, with certain aspects of the conflict continuing until 17 July 1971.
1966
1. The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City with the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera Antony and Cleopatra.
  1. Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)
    
    The Metropolitan Opera House is an opera house located on Broadway at Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Part of Lincoln Center, the theater was designed by Wallace K. Harrison. It opened in 1966, replacing the original 1883 Metropolitan Opera House at Broadway and 39th Street. With a seating capacity of approximately 3,850, the house is the largest repertory opera house in the world. Home to the Metropolitan Opera Company, the facility also hosts the American Ballet Theatre in the summer months.
  2. Antony and Cleopatra (opera)
    
    Antony and Cleopatra, Op. 40, is an opera in three acts by American composer Samuel Barber. The libretto was prepared by Franco Zeffirelli. It was based on the play Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare and made use of Shakespeare's language exclusively.
1963
1. Malaysia is formed from the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. However, Singapore is soon expelled from this new country.
  1. Malaysia
    
    Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, largest city and the seat of the legislative branch of the federal government. The nearby planned capital of Putrajaya is the administrative capital, which represents the seat of both the executive branch and the judicial branch of the federal government. With a population of over 32 million, Malaysia is the world's 45th-most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia is in Tanjung Piai. In the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries, home to numerous endemic species.
  2. Federation of Malaya
    
    The Federation of Malaya was a federation of what previously had been British Malaya comprising eleven states that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957, and in 1963, Malaysia was formed when the federation united with the Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak Crown Colonies.
  3. Colony of Singapore
    
    Singapore was a British colony for 144 years, apart from a period of occupation under the Japanese Empire from 1942 to 1945 during the Pacific War.
  4. Crown Colony of North Borneo
    
    The Crown Colony of North Borneo was a British Crown colony on the island of Borneo established in 1946 shortly after the dissolution of the British Military Administration. The Crown Colony of Labuan joined the new Crown Colony during its formation. It was succeeded as the state of Sabah through the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
  5. Sabah
    
    Sabah is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory of Labuan is an island just off Sabah's west coast. Kota Kinabalu is the state capital city, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. The 2020 census recorded a population of 3,418,785 in the state. It has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests, abundant with animal and plant species. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which forms part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River, the second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah. The highest point of Sabah, Mount Kinabalu is also the highest point of Malaysia.
  6. Crown Colony of Sarawak
    
    The Crown Colony of Sarawak was a British Crown colony on the island of Borneo, established in 1946, shortly after the dissolution of the British Military Administration. It was succeeded as the state of Sarawak through the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
1961
1. Typhoon Nancy, which possibly had the strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, made landfall in Muroto, Japan.
  1. Typhoon Nancy (1961)
    
    Super Typhoon Nancy, also known as the 2nd Muroto Typhoon , was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone of the 1961 Pacific typhoon season and one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record. The system possibly had the strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, with 345 km/h winds, tied with Hurricane Patricia of 2015. Nancy caused extensive damage, as well as at least 202 deaths and nearly 5,000 injuries in Japan and elsewhere, in September 1961.
  2. Tropical cyclone
    
    A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".
  3. Muroto, Kōchi
    
    Muroto is a city located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2022, the city had an estimated population of 12,121 in 7079 households and a population density of 49 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 248.18 square kilometres (95.82 sq mi).
2. The U.S. National Hurricane Research Project sought to weaken Hurricane Esther by seeding it with silver iodide, leading to the establishment of Project Stormfury.
  1. National Hurricane Research Project
    
    The National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) was initiated in 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in response to the devastating 1954 hurricane season, which saw hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel bring destruction and flooding to New England and the Mid-Atlantic States. Robert Simpson, a Weather Bureau meteorologist who had participated in Air Force hurricane reconnaissance flights as an observer, was appointed as the first director of NHRP and organized the Research Operations Base at Morrison Air Force Base in West Palm Beach, FL in 1956.
  2. Hurricane Esther
    
    Hurricane Esther was the first large tropical cyclone to be discovered by satellite imagery. The fifth tropical cyclone, named storm, and hurricane of the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season, Esther developed from an area of disturbed weather hundreds of miles west-southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands on September 10. Moving northwestward, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Esther on September 11, before reaching hurricane intensity on the following day. Early on September 13, Esther curved westward and deepened into a major hurricane. The storm remained a Category 3 hurricane for about four days and gradually moved in a west-northwestward direction. Late on September 17, Esther strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) on September 18. The storm curved north-northeastward on September 19, while offshore of North Carolina. Esther began to weaken while approaching New England and fell to Category 3 intensity on September 21. The storm turned eastward early on the following day, and rapidly weakened to a tropical storm.
  3. Cloud seeding
    
    Cloud seeding is a type of weather modification that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud. Its effectiveness is debated; some studies have suggested that it is "difficult to show clearly that cloud seeding has a very large effect." The usual objective is to increase precipitation, either for its own sake or to prevent precipitation from occurring in days afterward.
  4. Silver iodide
    
    Silver iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula AgI. The compound is a bright yellow solid, but samples almost always contain impurities of metallic silver that give a gray coloration. The silver contamination arises because AgI is highly photosensitive. This property is exploited in silver-based photography. Silver iodide is also used as an antiseptic and in cloud seeding.
  5. Project Stormfury
    
    Project Stormfury was an attempt to weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft into them and seeding with silver iodide. The project was run by the United States Government from 1962 to 1983. The hypothesis was that the silver iodide would cause supercooled water in the storm to freeze, disrupting the inner structure of the hurricane, and this led to seeding several Atlantic hurricanes. However, it was later shown that this hypothesis was incorrect. It was determined that most hurricanes do not contain enough supercooled water for cloud seeding to be effective. Additionally, researchers found that unseeded hurricanes often undergo the same structural changes that were expected from seeded hurricanes. This finding called Stormfury's successes into question, as the changes reported now had a natural explanation.
3. The United States National Hurricane Research Project drops eight cylinders of silver iodide into the eyewall of Hurricane Esther. Wind speed reduces by 10%, giving rise to Project Stormfury.
  1. Hurricane Esther
    
    Hurricane Esther was the first large tropical cyclone to be discovered by satellite imagery. The fifth tropical cyclone, named storm, and hurricane of the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season, Esther developed from an area of disturbed weather hundreds of miles west-southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands on September 10. Moving northwestward, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Esther on September 11, before reaching hurricane intensity on the following day. Early on September 13, Esther curved westward and deepened into a major hurricane. The storm remained a Category 3 hurricane for about four days and gradually moved in a west-northwestward direction. Late on September 17, Esther strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane with sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) on September 18. The storm curved north-northeastward on September 19, while offshore of North Carolina. Esther began to weaken while approaching New England and fell to Category 3 intensity on September 21. The storm turned eastward early on the following day, and rapidly weakened to a tropical storm.
  2. Project Stormfury
    
    Project Stormfury was an attempt to weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft into them and seeding with silver iodide. The project was run by the United States Government from 1962 to 1983. The hypothesis was that the silver iodide would cause supercooled water in the storm to freeze, disrupting the inner structure of the hurricane, and this led to seeding several Atlantic hurricanes. However, it was later shown that this hypothesis was incorrect. It was determined that most hurricanes do not contain enough supercooled water for cloud seeding to be effective. Additionally, researchers found that unseeded hurricanes often undergo the same structural changes that were expected from seeded hurricanes. This finding called Stormfury's successes into question, as the changes reported now had a natural explanation.
4. Typhoon Nancy, with possibly the strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, makes landfall in Osaka, Japan, killing 173 people.
  1. Typhoon Nancy (1961)
    
    Super Typhoon Nancy, also known as the 2nd Muroto Typhoon , was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone of the 1961 Pacific typhoon season and one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record. The system possibly had the strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, with 345 km/h winds, tied with Hurricane Patricia of 2015. Nancy caused extensive damage, as well as at least 202 deaths and nearly 5,000 injuries in Japan and elsewhere, in September 1961.
  2. Osaka
    
    Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of 2.7 million in the 2020 census, it is also the largest component of the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area, which is the second-largest metropolitan area in Japan and the 10th largest urban area in the world with more than 19 million inhabitants.
5. Pakistan establishes its Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission with Abdus Salam as its head.
  1. Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
    
    The Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) is the executive and national space agency of Pakistan. It is headquartered at the capital city of Islamabad in the northern part of Pakistan with additional facilities at the University of Punjab in Lahore.
  2. Abdus Salam
    
    Mohammad Abdus Salam was a Punjabi Pakistani theoretical physicist and a Nobel Prize laureate. He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for his contribution to the electroweak unification theory. He was the first Pakistani and the first from an Islamic country to receive a Nobel Prize in science and the second from an Islamic country to receive any Nobel Prize, after Anwar Sadat of Egypt.
1959
1. The first successful photocopier, the Xerox 914, is introduced in a demonstration on live television from New York City.
  1. Xerox 914
    
    The Xerox 914 was the first successful commercial plain paper copier. Introduced in 1959 by the Haloid/Xerox company. It revolutionized the document-copying industry. The culmination of inventor Chester Carlson's work on the xerographic process, the 914 was fast and economical. The copier was introduced to the public on September 16, 1959, in a demonstration at the Sherry-Netherland Hotel in New York, shown on live television.
1956
1. TCN-9 Sydney is the first Australian television station to commence regular broadcasts.
  1. TCN
    
    TCN is the flagship television station of the Nine Network in Australia. The station is currently located at 1 Denison Street, North Sydney. The licence, issued to a company named Television Corporation Ltd headed by Sir Frank Packer, was one of the first four licences to be issued for commercial television stations in Australia. TCN-9 is the home of the NRL coverage and national-level Nine News bulletins.
1955
1. The military coup to unseat President Juan Perón of Argentina is launched at midnight.
  1. Juan Perón
    
    Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine Army general and politician. After serving in several government positions, including Minister of Labour and Vice President of a military dictatorship, he was elected President of Argentina three times, serving from June 1946 to September 1955, when he was overthrown by the Revolución Libertadora, and then from October 1973 until his death in July 1974.
2. A Soviet Zulu-class submarine becomes the first to launch a ballistic missile.
  1. Zulu-class submarine
    
    The Soviet Navy's Project 611 were one of the first Soviet post-war attack submarines. They were roughly as capable as the American GUPPY fleet-boat conversions. They were a contemporary of the Whiskey-class submarines and shared a similar sonar arrangement. Like most conventional submarines designed 1946-1960, their design was influenced by the German Type XXI U-boat of the World War II era.
  2. R-11 Zemlya
    
    The R-11 Zemlya, GRAU index 8A61 was a Soviet tactical ballistic missile. It is also known by its NATO reporting name SS-1b Scud-A. It was the first of several similar Soviet missiles to be given the reporting name Scud. Variant R-11M was accepted into service, with GRAU index 9K51.
1953
1. American Airlines Flight 723 crashes in Colonie, New York, killing 28 people.
  1. American Airlines Flight 723
    
    American Airlines Flight 723 was a scheduled American Airlines flight from Boston Airport in Massachusetts, to Chicago Midway Airport in Illinois. On September 16, 1953, a Convair 240 propliner flying this route crashed while attempting to land at Albany Airport in upstate New York, killing all 28 people on board.
  2. Colonie, New York
    
    Colonie is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. It is the most-populous suburb of Albany, and is the third-largest town in area in Albany County, occupying approximately 11% of the county. Several hamlets exist within the town. As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 85,590.
1945
1. World War II: The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong comes to an end.
  1. Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
    
    The Imperial Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941. The surrender occurred after 18 days of fierce fighting against the overwhelming Japanese forces that had invaded the territory. The occupation lasted for three years and eight months until Japan surrendered at the end of the Second World War. The length of this period later became a metonym of the occupation.
1943
1. World War II: The German Tenth Army reports that it can no longer contain the Allied bridgehead around Salerno.
  1. 10th Army (Wehrmacht)
    
    The 10th Army was a World War II field army of Wehrmacht (Germany).
  2. Operation Avalanche
    
    Operation Avalanche was the codename for the Allied landings near the port of Salerno, executed on 9 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II. The Italians withdrew from the war the day before the invasion, but the Allies landed in an area defended by German troops. Planned under the name Top Hat, it was supported by the deception plan Operation Boardman.
1940
1. Second World War: Italian forces captured the town of Sidi Barrani, but their invasion of Egypt progressed no further.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Sidi Barrani
    
    Sidi Barrani is a town in Egypt, near the Mediterranean Sea, about 95 km (59 mi) east of the Egypt–Libya border, and around 240 km (150 mi) from Tobruk, Libya.
  3. Italian invasion of Egypt
    
    The Italian invasion of Egypt was an offensive in the Second World War, against British, Commonwealth and Free French forces in the Kingdom of Egypt. The invasion by the Italian 10th Army ended border skirmishing on the frontier and began the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) proper. The Italian strategy was to advance from Libya along the Egyptian coast to seize the Suez Canal. After numerous delays, the scope of the offensive was reduced to an advance as far as Sidi Barrani and the engagement of any British forces in the area.
2. World War II: Italian troops conquer Sidi Barrani.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Italian invasion of Egypt
    
    The Italian invasion of Egypt was an offensive in the Second World War, against British, Commonwealth and Free French forces in the Kingdom of Egypt. The invasion by the Italian 10th Army ended border skirmishing on the frontier and began the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) proper. The Italian strategy was to advance from Libya along the Egyptian coast to seize the Suez Canal. After numerous delays, the scope of the offensive was reduced to an advance as far as Sidi Barrani and the engagement of any British forces in the area.
1920
1. A bomb in a horse-drawn wagon exploded in front of 23 Wall Street in New York City, killing 38 people and injuring several hundred others.
  1. Wall Street bombing
    
    The Wall Street bombing occurred at 12:01 pm on Thursday, September 16, 1920, in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The blast killed thirty people immediately, and another ten died later of wounds sustained in the blast. There were 143 seriously injured, and the total number of injured was in the hundreds.
  2. 23 Wall Street
    
    23 Wall Street is an office building in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, at the southeast corner of Wall Street and Broad Street. Trowbridge & Livingston designed the four-story building in the neoclassical style. Constructed between 1913 and 1914, it was originally the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co. Since the late 2000s, it has been in a state of disuse.
2. The Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan building in New York City killing 38 and injuring 400.
  1. Wall Street bombing
    
    The Wall Street bombing occurred at 12:01 pm on Thursday, September 16, 1920, in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The blast killed thirty people immediately, and another ten died later of wounds sustained in the blast. There were 143 seriously injured, and the total number of injured was in the hundreds.
1914
1. World War I: The Siege of Przemyśl (present-day Poland) begins.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Siege of Przemyśl
    
    The siege of Przemyśl was the longest siege in Europe during the First World War. The siege was a crushing defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Army by the Russian Army. Przemyśl was a fortress-town and stronghold on the River San in what is now southeastern Poland. The investment of Przemyśl began on 16 September 1914 and was briefly suspended on 11 October, due to an Austro-Hungarian offensive. The siege resumed again on 9 November and the Austro-Hungarian garrison surrendered on 22 March 1915, after holding out for a total of 133 days.
1908
1. The General Motors Corporation is founded.
  1. General Motors
    
    The General Motors Company (GM) is an American multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It is the largest automaker in the United States and was the largest in the world for 77 years before losing the top spot to Toyota in 2008.
1893
1. Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma.
  1. Land Run of 1893
    
    The Land Run of 1893, also known as the Cherokee Outlet Opening or the Cherokee Strip Land Run, marked the opening to settlement of the Cherokee Outlet in the Oklahoma Territory's fourth and largest land run. It was part of what would later become the U.S. state of Oklahoma in 1907.
  2. Cherokee Outlet
    
    The Cherokee Outlet, or Cherokee Strip, was located in what is now the state of Oklahoma in the United States. It was a 60-mile-wide (97 km) parcel of land south of the Oklahoma-Kansas border between 96 and 100°W. The Cherokee Outlet was created in 1836. The United States forced the Cherokee Nation of Indians to cede to the United States all lands east of the Mississippi River in exchange for a reservation and an "outlet" in Indian Territory. At the time of its creation, the Cherokee Outlet was about 225 miles (360 km) long. The cities of Enid, Woodward, Ponca City, and Perry were later founded within the boundaries of what had been the Cherokee Outlet.
  3. Oklahoma
    
    Oklahoma is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. Partially in the western extreme of the Upland South, it is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
1880
1. The Cornell Daily Sun prints its first issue in Ithaca, New York.
  1. The Cornell Daily Sun
    
    The Cornell Daily Sun is an independent daily newspaper published in Ithaca, New York by students at Cornell University and hired employees.
  2. Ithaca, New York
    
    Ithaca is a city in the Finger Lakes region of New York, United States. Situated on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, Ithaca is the seat of Tompkins County and the largest community in the Ithaca metropolitan statistical area. It is named after the Greek island of Ithaca.
1863
1. Robert College, in Istanbul, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
  1. Robert College
    
    The American Robert College of Istanbul, often shortened to Robert, or RC, is a highly selective, independent, co-educational high school in Turkey. The school is situated in a 65-acre (26 ha) wooded campus on the European side of Istanbul in the Beşiktaş district, with the historic Arnavutköy neighborhood to the east and the upscale Ulus neighborhood to the west. Founded in 1863, Robert College is the oldest continuously operating American school outside the United States.
  2. Istanbul
    
    Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is the largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, cultural and historic hub. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, lying in both Europe and Asia, and has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. Istanbul is the most populous European city, and the world's 15th-largest city.
  3. Christopher Robert
    
    Christopher Rhinelander Robert was an American philanthropist from New York City, who founded Robert College in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1863, arguably the oldest American school outside the United States.
1822
1. French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, in a "note" read to the Academy of Sciences, reported a direct refraction experiment verifying David Brewster's hypothesis that photoelasticity (as we now call it) is stress-induced birefringence.
  1. Augustin-Jean Fresnel
    
    Augustin-Jean Fresnel was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century. He is perhaps better known for inventing the catadioptric (reflective/refractive) Fresnel lens and for pioneering the use of "stepped" lenses to extend the visibility of lighthouses, saving countless lives at sea. The simpler dioptric stepped lens, first proposed by Count Buffon and independently reinvented by Fresnel, is used in screen magnifiers and in condenser lenses for overhead projectors.
  2. French Academy of Sciences
    
    The French Academy of Sciences is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest Academies of Sciences.
  3. David Brewster
    
    Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA Scot FSSA MICE was a British scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in physical optics, mostly concerned with the study of the polarization of light and including the discovery of Brewster's angle. He studied the birefringence of crystals under compression and discovered photoelasticity, thereby creating the field of optical mineralogy. For this work, William Whewell dubbed him the "father of modern experimental optics" and "the Johannes Kepler of optics."
  4. Photoelasticity
    
    Photoelasticity describes changes in the optical properties of a material under mechanical deformation. It is a property of all dielectric media and is often used to experimentally determine the stress distribution in a material, where it gives a picture of stress distributions around discontinuities in materials. Photoelastic experiments are an important tool for determining critical stress points in a material, and are used for determining stress concentration in irregular geometries.
  5. Birefringence
    
    Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent. The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with non-cubic crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress.
2. French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, in a "note" read to the Academy of Sciences, reports a direct refraction experiment verifying David Brewster's hypothesis that photoelasticity (as it is now known) is stress-induced birefringence.
  1. Augustin-Jean Fresnel
    
    Augustin-Jean Fresnel was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century. He is perhaps better known for inventing the catadioptric (reflective/refractive) Fresnel lens and for pioneering the use of "stepped" lenses to extend the visibility of lighthouses, saving countless lives at sea. The simpler dioptric stepped lens, first proposed by Count Buffon and independently reinvented by Fresnel, is used in screen magnifiers and in condenser lenses for overhead projectors.
  2. French Academy of Sciences
    
    The French Academy of Sciences is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest Academies of Sciences.
  3. David Brewster
    
    Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA Scot FSSA MICE was a British scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in physical optics, mostly concerned with the study of the polarization of light and including the discovery of Brewster's angle. He studied the birefringence of crystals under compression and discovered photoelasticity, thereby creating the field of optical mineralogy. For this work, William Whewell dubbed him the "father of modern experimental optics" and "the Johannes Kepler of optics."
  4. Photoelasticity
    
    Photoelasticity describes changes in the optical properties of a material under mechanical deformation. It is a property of all dielectric media and is often used to experimentally determine the stress distribution in a material, where it gives a picture of stress distributions around discontinuities in materials. Photoelastic experiments are an important tool for determining critical stress points in a material, and are used for determining stress concentration in irregular geometries.
  5. Birefringence
    
    Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent. The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with non-cubic crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress.
1810
1. With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo begins Mexico's fight for independence from Spain.
  1. Cry of Dolores
    
    The Cry of Dolores occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence. The Cry of Dolores is most commonly known by the locals as "El Grito de Independencia".
  2. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
    
    Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor , more commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or Miguel Hidalgo, was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican War of Independence and recognized as the Father of the Nation.
  3. Mexican War of Independence
    
    The Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional struggles that occurred within the same period, and can be considered a revolutionary civil war.
1779
1. American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah begins.
  1. Siege of Savannah
    
    The siege of Savannah or the Second Battle of Savannah was an encounter of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) in 1779. The year before, the city of Savannah, Georgia, had been captured by a British expeditionary corps under Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell. The siege itself consisted of a joint Franco-American attempt to retake Savannah, from September 16 to October 18, 1779. On October 9 a major assault against the British siege works failed. During the attack, Polish nobleman Count Casimir Pulaski, leading the combined cavalry forces on the American side, was mortally wounded. With the failure of the joint attack, the siege was abandoned, and the British remained in control of Savannah until July 1782, near the end of the war.
1776
1. American Revolutionary War: American colonists defeated British troops at the Battle of Harlem Heights (depicted) on the island of Manhattan.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Battle of Harlem Heights
    
    The Battle of Harlem Heights was fought during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The action took place on September 16, 1776, in what is now the Morningside Heights area and east into the future Harlem neighborhoods of northwestern Manhattan Island in what is now part of New York City.
  3. Manhattan
    
    Manhattan, known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Located near the southern tip of New York State, Manhattan is based in the Eastern Time Zone and constitutes both the geographical and demographic center of the Northeast megalopolis and the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. Over 58 million people live within 250 miles of Manhattan, which serves as New York City’s economic and administrative center, cultural identifier, and the city’s historical birthplace. Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world, is considered a safe haven for global real estate investors, and hosts the United Nations headquarters. New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, centered in Manhattan.
2. American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Battle of Harlem Heights
    
    The Battle of Harlem Heights was fought during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The action took place on September 16, 1776, in what is now the Morningside Heights area and east into the future Harlem neighborhoods of northwestern Manhattan Island in what is now part of New York City.
1732
1. In Campo Maior, Portugal, a storm hits the Armory and a violent explosion ensues, killing two-thirds of its inhabitants.
  1. Campo Maior, Portugal
    
    Campo Maior is a municipality in the Portalegre District, Alentejo Region, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 8,456, in an area of 247.20 square kilometres (95.44 sq mi). It is bordered by Spain on the North and East, by Elvas Municipality on the Southeast, and by Arronches Municipality on the West.
1701
1. James Francis Edward Stuart, sometimes called the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland.
  1. James Francis Edward Stuart
    
    James Francis Edward Stuart, nicknamed the Old Pretender by Whigs, was the son of King James II and VII of England, Scotland and Ireland, and his second wife, Mary of Modena. He was Prince of Wales from July 1688 until, just months after his birth, his Catholic father was deposed and exiled in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James II's Protestant elder daughter Mary II and her husband William III became co-monarchs. The Bill of Rights 1689 and Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Catholics such as James from the English and British thrones.
  2. Jacobitism
    
    Jacobitism was a political movement that supported the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. The name derives from the first name of James II and VII, which in Latin translates as Jacobus. When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England argued that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II, and her husband William III. In April, the Scottish Convention held that he "forfeited" the throne of Scotland by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.
1620
1. A determined band of 35 religious dissenters – Pilgrims set sail for Virginia from Plymouth, England in the Mayflower, jubilant at the prospect of practicing their unorthodox brand of worship in the New World.
  1. Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
    
    The Pilgrims, also known as the Pilgrim Fathers, were the English settlers who came to North America on the Mayflower and established the Plymouth Colony in what is today Plymouth, Massachusetts, named after the final departure port of Plymouth, Devon. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownists, or Separatist Puritans, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands.
  2. Mayflower
    
    Mayflower was an English ship that transported a group of English families, known today as the Pilgrims, from England to the New World in 1620. After a grueling 10 weeks at sea, Mayflower, with 102 passengers and a crew of about 30, reached America, dropping anchor near the tip of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on November 21 [O.S. November 11], 1620.
1400
1. Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers.
  1. Owain Glyndŵr
    
    Owain ap Gruffydd, commonly known as Owain Glyndŵr or Glyn Dŵr, was a Welsh leader, soldier and military commander who led a 15 year long Welsh War of Independence with the aim of ending English rule in Wales during the Late Middle Ages. He was also an educated lawyer, he formed the first Welsh Parliament, and was the last native-born Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales.
  2. Prince of Wales
    
    Prince of Wales is a title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. Before Edward I's conquest in the 13th century, it was used by the rulers of independent Wales.
681
1. Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council.
  1. Pope Honorius I
    
    Pope Honorius I was the bishop of Rome from 27 October 625 to his death. He was active in spreading Christianity among Anglo-Saxons and attempted to convince the Celts to calculate Easter in the Roman fashion. He is chiefly remembered for his correspondence with Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople over the latter's monothelite teachings. Honorius was posthumously anathematized, initially for subscribing to monothelitism, and later only for failing to end it. The anathema against Honorius I became one of the central arguments against the doctrine of papal infallibility.
  2. Excommunication
    
    Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose of the institutional act is to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular, those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.
  3. Third Council of Constantinople
    
    The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council by the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches, as well by certain other Western Churches, met in 680–681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills.

Births & Deaths

2021
1. Jane Powell, American actress (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Jane Powell
    
    Jane Powell was an American actress, singer, and dancer who first appeared in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musicals in the 1940s and 50s. With her soprano voice and girl-next-door image, Powell appeared in films, television and on the stage. She was notable for her performances in A Date with Judy (1948), Royal Wedding (1951), Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), and Hit the Deck (1955).
2. Clive Sinclair, English entrepreneur and inventor (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Clive Sinclair
    
    Sir Clive Marles Sinclair was an English entrepreneur and inventor, best known for being a pioneer in the computing industry, and also as the founder of several companies that developed consumer electronics in the 1970s and early 1980s.
2020
1. Maxim Martsinkevich, Russian social activist and media personality (b. 1984) deaths
  1. Maxim Martsinkevich
    
    Maxim Sergeyevich Martsinkevich, better known as Tesak, was a Russian neo-Nazi activist, media personality, vlogger, and the leader and co-founder of the Restruct movement which manifested in post-Soviet countries.
2019
1. H. S. Dillon, Indonesian politician and human rights defender (b. 1945) deaths
  1. H. S. Dillon
    
    Harbrinderjit Singh Dillon was an Indonesian Sikh who occupied a variety of positions in Indonesian political life, including assistant to the Minister of Agriculture, and Commissioner of the National Commission on Human Rights). His positions included executive director of Partnership Governance Reform in Indonesia. He was an outspoken critic of corruption in Indonesia.
2018
1. James Burdette Thayer, American brigadier general (b. 1920) deaths
  1. James B. Thayer
    
    James Burdette Thayer was an American brigadier general who served on active duty during World War II. On May 4, 1945, Thayer and his platoon discovered and liberated 15,000 people held at a concentration camp near Wels, Austria. Following the war, he continued his service in the United States Army Reserve. In his civilian life, Thayer founded a successful business supply company in Beaverton, Oregon. He was later appointed Oregon's civilian aide to the Secretary of the Army and then re-activated as commander of the Oregon State Defense Force. The Oregon Military Museum at Camp Withycombe is named in his honor.
2017
1. Marcelo Rezende, Brazilian journalist (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Marcelo Rezende
    
    Marcelo Luiz Rezende Fernandes was a Brazilian journalist and television presenter.
2. Arjan Singh, Marshal of the Indian Air Force (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Arjan Singh
    
    Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh, DFC was a senior air officer of the Indian Air Force. He served as the 3rd Chief of the Air Staff from 1964 to 1969, leading the Air Force through the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was the first and only officer of the Indian Air Force (IAF) to be promoted to five-star rank as Marshal of the Indian Air Force, equal to the army rank of Field Marshal.
2016
1. Edward Albee, American director and playwright (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Edward Albee
    
    Edward Franklin Albee III was an American playwright known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), A Delicate Balance (1966), and Three Tall Women (1994). Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified and named the Theater of the Absurd. Three of his plays won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and two of his other works won the Tony Award for Best Play.
2. Gabriele Amorth, Italian priest and exorcist (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Gabriele Amorth
    
    Gabriele Amorth was an Italian Catholic priest and exorcist of the Diocese of Rome who performed tens of thousands of exorcisms over his sixty plus years as a priest. As the appointed exorcist for the diocese of Rome, Amorth was the Chief Exorcist of the Vatican.
3. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Italian economist and politician, 10th President of Italy and 49th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
    
    Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was an Italian politician and banker who was the prime minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and the president of Italy from 1999 to 2006.
  2. President of Italy
    
    The president of Italy, officially denoted as president of the Italian Republic is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity, and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Italian Armed Forces and chairs the High Council of the Judiciary. A president's term of office lasts for seven years. The incumbent president is former constitutional judge Sergio Mattarella, who was elected on 31 January 2015, and re-elected on 29 January 2022.
  3. Prime Minister of Italy
    
    The prime minister, officially the president of the Council of Ministers, of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office.
4. W. P. Kinsella, American novelist (b. 1935) deaths
  1. W. P. Kinsella
    
    William Patrick "W. P." Kinsella was a Canadian novelist and short story writer, known for his novel Shoeless Joe (1982), which was adapted into the movie Field of Dreams in 1989. His work often concerned baseball, First Nations people, and Canadian culture.
5. António Mascarenhas Monteiro, Cabo Verdean politician, 2nd President of Cape Verde (b. 1944) deaths
  1. António Mascarenhas Monteiro
    
    António Manuel Mascarenhas Gomes Monteiro was the first democratically elected President of Cape Verde from 22 March 1991 to 22 March 2001.
  2. List of presidents of Cape Verde
    
    This article lists the presidents of Cape Verde, an island country in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa, since the establishment of the office of president in 1975. Aristides Pereira was the first person to hold the office, taking effect on 8 July 1975. The incumbent is José Maria Neves, having taken office on 9 November 2021.
6. Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, French-born American businessman (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Gérard Louis-Dreyfus
    
    Gérard C. Louis-Dreyfus, also known as William, was a French-American businessman. His net worth was estimated at $3.4 billion by Forbes in 2006. He was the chairman of Louis Dreyfus Energy Services and the great grandson of Léopold Louis-Dreyfus, founder of Louis Dreyfus Group. He is the father of actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus.
2015
1. Guy Béart, Egyptian-French singer-songwriter (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Guy Béart
    
    Guy Béhart-Hasson, known as Guy Béart, was a French singer and songwriter.
2. Julio Brady, Virgin Islander lawyer, judge, and politician, 5th Lieutenant Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Julio Brady
    
    Julio A. Brady was an American Virgin Islander judge, politician and attorney. Brady served as the Lieutenant Governor of the United States Virgin Islands from 1983 to 1987 during the second term of former Governor Juan Francisco Luis. Prior to his death, Brady served as a U.S. Virgin Islands Superior Court judge since 2006.
  2. Lieutenant Governor of the United States Virgin Islands
    
    The following is a list of lieutenant governors of the United States Virgin Islands.
3. Kurt Oppelt, Austrian figure skater and coach (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Kurt Oppelt
    
    Kurt Oppelt was an Austrian figure skater who is best known for his career in pair skating. With Sissy Schwarz, he is the 1956 Olympic champion, the 1956 World champion, the 1956 European champion, and a five-time Austrian national champion (1952–56).
4. Allan Wright, English captain and pilot (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Allan Wright
    
    Group Captain Allan Richard Wright, was a Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter pilot and flying ace of the Second World War. Wright scored 11 kills, three shared kills, five probable kills and seven damaged against the German Luftwaffe, and was one of the last surviving airmen called The Few who served in the Battle of Britain.
2013
1. Scott Adams, American football player (b. 1966) deaths
  1. Scott Adams (American football)
    
    Scott Alexander Adams was a professional American football player who played guard for a six-season career, in-which he played for the Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Atlanta Falcons.
2. Ratiba El-Hefny, Egyptian soprano and director (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Ratiba El-Hefny
    
    Ratiba Hefny was an Egyptian and an international Opera singer (Soprano) who has performed in more than 500 opera performances. She was the dean of the Higher Institute of Arabic Music in Cairo. She became the director of the Cairo Opera House in 1988.
3. Patsy Swayze, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Patsy Swayze
    
    Yvonne Helen "Patsy" Swayze was an American film choreographer, dancer, and dance instructor, and the mother of actor Patrick Swayze. Her credits include choreography for Urban Cowboy, Liar's Moon and Hope Floats.
2012
1. Roman Kroitor, Canadian director and producer, co-founded IMAX (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Roman Kroitor
    
    Roman Kroitor was a Canadian filmmaker who was known as an early practitioner of cinéma vérité, as co-founder of IMAX, and as creator of the Sandde hand-drawn stereoscopic animation system. He was also the original inspiration for the Force, popularized in the Star Wars series.
  2. IMAX
    
    IMAX is a proprietary system of high-resolution cameras, film formats, film projectors, and theaters known for having very large screens with a tall aspect ratio and steep stadium seating.
2. Julien J. LeBourgeois, American admiral (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Julien J. LeBourgeois
    
    Julien Johnson LeBourgeois was a vice admiral of the United States Navy. His career included service in World War II, the Cold War, and the Vietnam War, duty aboard and command of cruisers and destroyers, various planning and staff assignments, and a tour as President of the Naval War College.
3. Friedrich Zimmermann, German lawyer and politician, German Federal Minister of the Interior (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Friedrich Zimmermann
    
    Friedrich Zimmermann was a German politician and a member of the Christian Social Union (CSU). From 1982 to 1989, he was the federal minister of interior. From 1989 to 1991 he held the position of federal minister for transport.
  2. Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community
    
    The Federal Ministry of the Interior and for Community, abbreviated BMI, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its main office is in Berlin, with a secondary seat in Bonn. The current minister of the Interior and Community is Nancy Faeser. It is comparable to the British Home Office or a combination of the US Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice, because both manage several law enforcement agencies.
2011
1. Willie "Big Eyes" Smith, American singer-songwriter, harmonica player, and drummer (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Willie "Big Eyes" Smith
    
    Willie Lee "Big Eyes" Smith was an American electric blues vocalist, harmonica player, and drummer. He was best known for several stints with the Muddy Waters band beginning in the early 1960s.
2. Enamul Haque Chowdhury, Bangladeshi politician (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Enamul Haque Chowdhury
    
    Enamul Haque Chowdhury (1948–2011) was a politician in Sylhet District of Bangladesh who was a Jatiya party leader and Member of Parliament from Sylhet-2.
2010
1. George N. Parks, American educator and bandleader (b. 1953) deaths
  1. George N. Parks
    
    George N. Parks was the director of the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band at University of Massachusetts Amherst from 1977 until 2010. He also led the George N. Parks Drum Major Academy, a summer workshop program for high school drum majors that he founded in 1978.
2. Jim Towers, English footballer (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Jim Towers
    
    Edwin James Towers was an English professional footballer, best remembered for his time as a centre forward in the Football League with Brentford. He is the club's all-time leading goalscorer and in 2013 was voted the club's greatest ever player.
2009
1. Myles Brand, American philosopher and academic (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Myles Brand
    
    Myles Neil Brand was a philosopher and university administrator who served as the 14th president of the University of Oregon, the 16th president of Indiana University, and the fourth president of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) of the United States.
2. Ernst Märzendorfer, Austrian conductor (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Ernst Märzendorfer
    
    Ernst Märzendorfer was an Austrian conductor.
3. Mary Travers, American singer-songwriter (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Mary Travers
    
    Mary Allin Travers was an American singer-songwriter who was known for being in the famous 1960s folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary, along with Peter Yarrow and Paul Stookey. Travers grew up amid the burgeoning folk scene in New York City's Greenwich Village, and she released five solo albums. She sang in the contralto range.
2008
1. Norman Whitfield, American songwriter and producer (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Norman Whitfield
    
    Norman Jesse Whitfield was an American songwriter and producer, who worked with Berry Gordy's Motown labels during the 1960s. He has been credited as one of the creators of the Motown Sound and of the late-1960s subgenre of psychedelic soul.
2007
1. Robert Jordan, American engineer and author (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Robert Jordan
    
    James Oliver Rigney Jr., better known by his pen name Robert Jordan, was an American author of epic fantasy. He is known best for his series The Wheel of Time which comprises 14 books and a prequel novel. He is one of several writers to have written original Conan the Barbarian novels; his are considered some of the best of the non-Robert E. Howard efforts by fans. Jordan also published historical fiction using the pseudonym Reagan O'Neal, a western as Jackson O'Reilly, and dance criticism as Chang Lung. Jordan claimed to have ghostwritten an "international thriller" that is still believed to have been written by someone else.
2006
1. Floyd Curry, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Floyd Curry
    
    Floyd James "Busher" Curry was a Canadian ice hockey right winger.
2. Zsuzsa Körmöczy, Hungarian tennis player and coach (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Zsuzsa Körmöczy
    
    Zsuzsa Körmöczy was a female tennis player from Hungary. She reached a career high of World No. 2 in women's tennis, and won the 1958 French Open at the age of 34.
2005
1. Harry Freedman, Canadian horn player, composer, and educator (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Harry Freedman
    
    Harry Freedman , was a Canadian composer, English hornist, and music educator of Polish birth. He wrote a significant amount of symphonic works, including the scores to films such as The Bloody Brood (1959), Isabel (1968), The Act of the Heart (1970), The Pyx (1973) and The Courage of Kavik the Wolf Dog (1980), and composed a substantial amount of chamber music. He also composed music for six ballets, an opera, some incidental music for the theatre, and a few vocal art songs and choral works. He was awarded a Juno Award in 1996 for his symphonic work Touchings, which was recorded by the Esprit Orchestra on the Nexus label. He won the 1998 composition prize at the International Rostrum of Composers for Borealis, a symphonic work co-commissioned by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Soundstreams Canada, and CBC Radio. In 2002 the Canadian Music Centre released a commercial recording dedicated to his music, Canadian Composers Portraits: Harry Freedman.
2. Gordon Gould, American physicist and academic, invented the laser (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Gordon Gould
    
    Gordon Gould was an American physicist who is sometimes credited with the invention of the laser and the optical amplifier.. Gould is best known for his thirty-year fight with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to obtain patents for the laser and related technologies. He also fought with laser manufacturers in court battles to enforce the patents he subsequently did obtain.
  2. Laser
    
    A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
2004
1. Michael Donaghy, American-English poet and author (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Michael Donaghy
    
    Michael Donaghy was a New York City poet and musician, who lived in London from 1985.
2003
1. Sheb Wooley, American singer-songwriter (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Sheb Wooley
    
    Shelby Fredrick "Sheb" Wooley was an American singer, songwriter, actor and comedian. He recorded a series of novelty songs including the 1958 hit rock and roll comedy single "The Purple People Eater" and under the name Ben Colder the country hit "Almost Persuaded No. 2". As an actor, he portrayed Cletus Summers, the principal of Hickory High School & assistant coach in the 1986 film Hoosiers; Ben Miller, brother of Frank Miller in the film High Noon; Travis Cobb in The Outlaw Josey Wales, and also had a co-starring role as scout Pete Nolan in the television series Rawhide. Wooley is also credited as the voice actor who provided the Wilhelm scream and all of the other stock sound effects for Thomas J. Valentino's Major Records during the 1940s.
2002
1. James Gregory, American actor (b. 1911) deaths
  1. James Gregory (actor)
    
    James Gregory was an American character actor known for his deep, gravelly voice and playing brash roles such as Schaffer in Al Capone (1959), the McCarthy-like Sen. John Iselin in The Manchurian Candidate (1962), the audacious General Ursus in Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), and crusty Inspector Frank Luger in the television sitcom Barney Miller (1975–1982).
2001
1. Samuel Z. Arkoff, American producer (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Samuel Z. Arkoff
    
    Samuel Zachary Arkoff was an American producer of B movies.
1996
1. McGeorge Bundy, American intelligence officer and diplomat, 6th United States National Security Advisor (b. 1919) deaths
  1. McGeorge Bundy
    
    McGeorge "Mac" Bundy was an American academic who served as the U.S. National Security Advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 through 1966. He was president of the Ford Foundation from 1966 through 1979. Despite his career as a foreign-policy intellectual, educator, and philanthropist, he is best remembered as one of the chief architects of the United States' escalation of the Vietnam War during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
  2. National Security Advisor (United States)
    
    The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor (NSA), is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President, based at the West Wing of the White House. The National Security Advisor serves as the principal advisor to the President of the United States on all national security issues. The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President and does not require confirmation by the United States Senate. An appointment of a three- or four-star General to the role requires Senate confirmation to maintain that rank in the new position. The National Security Advisor participates in meetings of the National Security Council (NSC) and usually chairs meetings of the Principals Committee of the NSC with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense. The NSA also sits on the Homeland Security Council (HSC).The National Security Advisor is supported by NSC staff who produce classified research and briefings for the National Security Advisor to review and present, either to the National Security Council or directly to the President.
2. Gene Nelson, American actor, dancer, and director (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Gene Nelson
    
    Gene Nelson was an American actor, dancer, screenwriter, and director.
1994
1. Mitchell Moses, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Mitchell Moses
    
    Mitchell Moses is a Lebanon international rugby league footballer who plays as a halfback for the Parramatta Eels in the NRL.
1993
1. Sam Byram, English footballer births
  1. Sam Byram
    
    Samuel Mark Byram is an English professional footballer who plays as a right back for EFL Championship club Norwich City.
2. František Jílek, Czech conductor (b. 1913) deaths
  1. František Jílek
    
    František Jílek was a Czech conductor, known especially for his interpretation of Leoš Janáček's works.
3. Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian poet and activist (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Oodgeroo Noonuccal
    
    Oodgeroo Noonuccal ( UUD-gə-roo NOO-nə-kəl; born Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska, later Kath Walker was an Aboriginal Australian political activist, artist and educator, who campaigned for Aboriginal rights. Noonuccal was best known for her poetry, and was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse.
1992
1. Vytenis Čižauskas, Lithuanian basketball player births
  1. Vytenis Čižauskas
    
    Vytenis Čižauskas is a Lithuanian professional basketball player for Boulazac Basket Dordogne of the LNB Pro B. He plays the point guard position.
2. Nick Jonas, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Nick Jonas
    
    Nicholas Jerry Jonas is an American singer, songwriter and actor. Jonas began acting on Broadway at the age of seven, and released his debut single in 2002; this caught the attention of Columbia Records, where Jonas formed a band with his older brothers, Kevin and Joe, known as the Jonas Brothers. The group released their debut studio album, It's About Time, through the Columbia label in 2006. After leaving Columbia Records and signing with Hollywood Records, the group released their self-titled second studio album in 2007, which became their breakthrough record. The band became prominent figures on the Disney Channel during this time, gaining a large following through the network, and appeared in the widely successful musical television film Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010), as well as two of their own series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).
3. Jake Roche, English singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Jake Roche
    
    Jake Peter Roche is an English singer and actor. He is known as the lead vocalist of the band Rixton, charting at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart with "Me and My Broken Heart". In 2010, he appeared in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale, portraying the role of Isaac Nuttall.
4. Millicent Fenwick, American journalist and politician (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Millicent Fenwick
    
    Millicent Vernon Hammond Fenwick was an American fashion editor, politician and diplomat. A four-term Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey, she entered politics late in life and was renowned for her energy and colorful enthusiasm. She was regarded as a moderate and progressive within her party and was outspoken in favor of civil rights and the women's movement.
1991
1. Diāna Bukājeva, Latvian tennis player births
  1. Diāna Bukājeva
    
    Diāna Bukājeva is a former Latvian tennis player.
2. Alexandra Paul, Canadian figure skater births
  1. Alexandra Paul (figure skater)
    
    Alexandra Jane Paul is a Canadian former competitive ice dancer. She teamed up with partner Mitchell Islam in 2009. They are the 2010 World Junior silver medalists, 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalists, and three-time Canadian national bronze medalists. They competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics. They were married in September 2021.
3. Kyle Smith, English motorcycle racer births
  1. Kyle Smith (motorcyclist)
    
    Kyle David Smith is a British motorcycle racer. He competed in the British Supersport Championship aboard a Triumph 765 cc until a crash caused a broken pelvis in September 2021.
4. Olga Spessivtseva, Russian-American ballerina (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Olga Spessivtseva
    
    Olga Alexandrovna Spessivtseva was a Russian ballerina whose stage career spanned from 1913 to 1939.
1989
1. Lancelot Bravado, American wrestler births
  1. Bravado Brothers
    
    The Bravado Brothers were an American professional wrestling tag team consisting of real-life brothers Harlem Bravado and Lancelot Bravado. The duo have worked for several independent promotions, including Ring of Honor, Chikara, and Full Impact Pro, and have also appeared in Japan for Pro Wrestling Noah.
2. Braden Holtby, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Braden Holtby
    
    Braden Holtby is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently under contract with the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He previously played for the Washington Capitals and Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected in the fourth round, 93rd overall, of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the Capitals, with whom he spent the first ten seasons of his career.
3. José Salomón Rondón, Venezuelan footballer births
  1. Salomón Rondón
    
    José Salomón Rondón Giménez is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Everton and the Venezuela national team.
4. Dustin Tokarski, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Dustin Tokarski
    
    Dustin Michael Tokarski is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was born in Humboldt, Saskatchewan, but grew up in neighbouring Watson, which he considers his hometown.
1988
1. Teddy Geiger, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress births
  1. Teddy Geiger
    
    Teresa Geiger also known by her stage name Teddy Geiger, is an American artist, songwriter and record producer.
1987
1. Merve Boluğur, Turkish actress births
  1. Merve Boluğur
    
    Merve Boluğur is a Turkish actress and model. She is well known for her roles in fantasy series Acemi Cadı, Küçük Sırlar, Kuzey Güney and historical series Muhteşem Yüzyıl.
2. Kyle Lafferty, Irish footballer births
  1. Kyle Lafferty
    
    Kyle Joseph George Lafferty is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock and the Northern Ireland national team.
3. Louis Ngwat-Mahop, Cameroonian footballer births
  1. Louis Ngwat-Mahop
    
    Louis Clément Ngwat-Mahop is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays for the Junior team of Austrian side SC Rheindorf Altach and in addition, he is responsible for the integration of foreign and young players for the first team of the club. He plays as a forward or a right winger.
4. Burry Stander, South African cyclist (d. 2013) births
  1. Burry Stander
    
    Burry Willie Stander was a South African mountain biker, the UCI Mountain Bike World Cup under-23 men's cross-country 2009 world champion.
5. Travis Wall, American dancer and choreographer births
  1. Travis Wall
    
    Travis Michael Wall is an American dancer, instructor, and choreographer specializing in contemporary and jazz dance styles. He rose to international attention in 2006 as a competitor on the second season of the Fox television show So You Think You Can Dance. As of 2009, he was a choreographer for the show earning Emmy nominations every year from 2011 to 2019; and winning twice. In 2012, he starred in the Oxygen reality show All The Right Moves, where he, Teddy Forance, Nick Lazzarini and Kyle Robinson launched their own dance company called Shaping Sound.
6. Christopher Soames, English soldier and politician, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Christopher Soames
    
    Arthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.
  2. Governor of Southern Rhodesia
    
    The Governor of Southern Rhodesia was the representative of the British monarch in the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1923 to 1980. The Governor was appointed by The Crown and acted as the local head of state, receiving instructions from the British Government.
1986
1. Gordon Beckham, American baseball player births
  1. Gordon Beckham
    
    James Gordon Beckham III is an American former professional baseball infielder who serves as a fill-in sportscaster for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Atlanta Braves, San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners, and Detroit Tigers.
2. Kyla Pratt, American actress and singer births
  1. Kyla Pratt
    
    Kyla Amore Pratt is an American actress. She provided the voice of Penny Proud in the first animated series for Disney Channel called The Proud Family, and Breanna Latrice Barnes in UPN's One on One. After playing the daughter of Eddie Murphy's character in the films Dr. Dolittle and Dr. Dolittle 2, Pratt became the main character in the remake series of the franchise such as Dr. Dolittle 3, Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief, and Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts. Pratt has also been in the films Fat Albert, Hotel for Dogs, and The Proud Family Movie. She also appeared in the series Let's Stay Together. She is currently a part of VH1's Black Ink Crew: Compton and the cast of Call Me Kat on Fox and is reprising the role of Penny in The Proud Family revival The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder on Disney+.
1985
1. Max Minghella, English actor births
  1. Max Minghella
    
    Max Giorgio Choa Minghella is an English actor, film producer, director, and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in the films Syriana (2005), Art School Confidential (2006), Elvis and Anabelle (2007), The Social Network (2010), The Ides of March (2011), The Internship (2013), Horns (2013), and Spiral (2021), as well as his role as Nick Blaine in the television series The Handmaid's Tale (2017–present), which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in 2021.
1984
1. Sabrina Bryan, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress births
  1. Sabrina Bryan
    
    Reba Sabrina Hinojos, known professionally as Sabrina Bryan, is an American dancer, choreographer, actress and singer. She was best known as a member of the girl group The Cheetah Girls, and starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie of the same name and its sequels, The Cheetah Girls 2 and The Cheetah Girls: One World. Before she appeared on television, Bryan was a dancer, and trained at Hart Academy of Dance, located in La Habra, California.
2. Serginho Catarinense, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Serginho Catarinense
    
    Sérgio Roberto de Braga Filho known as Serginho is a Brazilian footballer.
3. Katie Melua, Georgian-English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Katie Melua
    
    Ketevan "Katie" Melua is a Georgian and British singer and songwriter. She was born in Kutaisi and raised in Belfast and London. Under the management of composer Mike Batt, she is signed to the small Dramatico record label. She made her musical debut in 2003 and within three years, she was the United Kingdom's best-selling female artist as well as Europe's highest selling European female artist.
4. Louis Réard, French engineer and fashion designer, created the bikini (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Louis Réard
    
    Louis Réard was a French automobile engineer and clothing designer who introduced the modern two-piece bikini in July 1946. He opened a bikini shop and ran it for the next 40 years.
  2. Bikini
    
    A bikini is a two-piece swimsuit primarily worn by women that features two triangles of fabric on top that cover the breasts, and two triangles of fabric on the bottom: the front covering the pelvis but exposing the navel, and the back covering the buttocks. The size of the top and bottom can vary, from bikinis that offer full coverage of the breasts, pelvis, and buttocks, to more revealing designs with a thong or G-string bottom that covers only the mons pubis, but exposes the buttocks, and a top that covers only the areolae.
5. Richard Brautigan, American novelist, poet, and short story writer (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Richard Brautigan
    
    Richard Gary Brautigan was an American novelist, poet, and short story writer. A prolific writer, he wrote throughout his life and published ten novels, two collections of short stories, and four books of poetry. Brautigan's work has been published both in the United States and internationally throughout Europe, Japan, and China. He is best known for his novels Trout Fishing in America (1967), In Watermelon Sugar (1968), and The Abortion: An Historical Romance 1966 (1971).
1983
1. John Afoa, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. John Afoa
    
    Ioane Fitu "John" Afoa is a New Zealand professional rugby union player. His position of choice is at prop. Afoa currently plays for Vannes in France's Pro D2.
2. Katerine Avgoustakis, Belgian singer and pianist births
  1. Katerine Avgoustakis
    
    Katerine Avgoustakis is a Greek-Belgian singer. She was the winner of the 2005 Star Academy show.
3. Jennifer Blake, Canadian wrestler births
  1. Jennifer Blake (wrestler)
    
    Jennifer Ykema is a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by her ring name Jennifer Blake, and is often referred to by her nickname "Girl Dynamite". She is best known for her work in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide in Mexico and Shimmer Women Athletes in the United States.
4. Kirsty Coventry, Zimbabwean swimmer births
  1. Kirsty Coventry
    
    Kirsty Leigh Coventry Seward is a Zimbabwean swimmer and politician currently serving as the Minister of Youth, Sport, Arts and Recreation in the Cabinet of Zimbabwe since September 2018. A former Olympic swimmer and world record holder, she is the most decorated Olympian from Africa. She is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and was elected the Chairperson of the IOC Athletes' Commission, the body that represents all Olympic athletes worldwide in early 2018.
5. Brandon Moss, American baseball player births
  1. Brandon Moss
    
    Brandon Douglas Moss is an American former professional baseball outfielder / first baseman / designated hitter (DH). He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies, Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Cardinals, and Kansas City Royals.
6. Legedu Naanee, American football player births
  1. Legedu Naanee
    
    Legedu A. Naanee is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Boise State University Broncos. Naanee has also played for the Carolina Panthers and the Miami Dolphins.
1982
1. Leon Knight, English footballer births
  1. Leon Knight
    
    Leon Leroy Knight is an English footballer who plays as a striker. A journeyman player, he has played for fifteen different clubs spanning five countries; England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Greece.
2. Michele Rizzo, Italian rugby player births
  1. Michele Rizzo
    
    Michele Rizzo is a retired Italian former rugby union player. His preferred position was prop but he can also play as a hooker. Rizzo last played for Petrarca, the club where he spent most of his career and where he made his debut in Serie A1 halfway through the 2000–01 season in a match against Viadana. He spent four years between 2014–2018 in England playing 38 times for Leicester Tigers.
3. Fiete Sykora, German footballer births
  1. Fiete Sykora
    
    Fiete Sykora is a retired German footballer who played as a striker.
4. Ryan Thomson, Scottish footballer births
  1. Ryan Thomson (footballer, born 1982)
    
    Ryan Thomson is a former professional Scottish footballer.
1981
1. Fan Bingbing, Chinese actress, singer, and producer births
  1. Fan Bingbing
    
    Fan Bingbing is a Chinese actress. From 2013 to 2017, she was included as the highest-paid celebrity in the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list after ranking in the top 10 every year since 2006. She appeared on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in 2017.
2. Alexis Bledel, American actress births
  1. Alexis Bledel
    
    Kimberly Alexis Bledel is an American actress and model. She is known for her role as Rory Gilmore on the television series Gilmore Girls (2000–2007), and Emily Malek in The Handmaid's Tale (2017–2021). Bledel also had a recurring role in Mad Men in 2012 and reprised her role as Rory Gilmore in the Netflix reunion miniseries Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (2016).
3. LaVerne Jones-Ferrette, Virgin Islander sprinter births
  1. LaVerne Jones-Ferrette
    
    LaVerne Janet Jones-Ferrette is a sprinter from the United States Virgin Islands who specializes in the 100 and 200 meters. She represented her country at the Summer Olympics in 2004, 2008 and 2012. She won the silver medal over 60 meters at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships in a time of 6.97 seconds; a subsequent drug test revealed a banned substance in her system and she was stripped of her medal.
1980
1. Patrik Štefan, Czech ice hockey player births
  1. Patrik Štefan
    
    Patrik Štefan is a Czech former professional ice hockey player who was drafted first overall by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft.
2. Kenny van Weeghel, Dutch wheelchair racer births
  1. Kenny van Weeghel
    
    Kenny van Weeghel is a Paralympic athlete from the Netherlands competing in the 100, 200 and 400 m T54 class wheelchair racing. He participated in the Paralympic games six times already and he has won 6 Paralympic medals among which two golden ones.
3. Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist and philosopher (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Jean Piaget
    
    Jean William Fritz Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".
1979
1. Fanny, French singer births
  1. Fanny (singer)
    
    Fanny Biascamano, known as Fanny, is a French singer.
2. Bobby Korecky, American baseball player births
  1. Bobby Korecky
    
    Robert John Korecky is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Toronto Blue Jays.
1978
1. Dan Dickau, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Dan Dickau
    
    Daniel David Dickau is an American former professional basketball player who currently works as an on-air broadcaster for ESPN, the Pac-12 Network, CBS Sports Network and Westwood One. He is also a co-host of the Dickau and Slim Show on Spokane's 700 ESPN with Sean "Slim" Widmer.
2. Claudia Marx, German runner births
  1. Claudia Marx
    
    Claudia Marx is a German athlete. She runs in the 400 metres and the 400 metres hurdles. She also competes in the German team in the 4 × 400 metres relay. She won the 400 metres at the German Athletics Championships in 2003 and 2004 and in the National Indoor Championships in 2005. She is 1.72 metres tall and weighs 59 kg. She currently studies sport sciences at the Humboldt University of Berlin. she came 4th in 400m hurdles.
3. Sensei, Mexican wrestler births
  1. Sensei (wrestler)
    
    Sensei is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler, currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He previously worked for International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) as Fantasy where he won several titles. Sensei's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans.
4. Brian Sims, American lawyer, politician, and LGBT activist births
  1. Brian Sims
    
    Brian Kendall Sims is an American politician, activist and attorney. A Democrat, he has been a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 182nd district since 2012. Sims is also a lawyer and advocate for LGBT civil rights. Sims is the first openly-gay elected state legislator in Pennsylvania history. He won re-election on November 6, 2018. He was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania in 2022, finishing in second place behind Austin Davis with 25% of the vote.
1977
1. Gregory Ball, American captain and politician births
  1. Greg Ball (politician)
    
    Gregory R. Ball is a former American politician from 2006 to 2014, former active duty U.S. Air Force officer and member of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. He is a resident of Fredericksburg, Texas.
2. Musiq Soulchild, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Musiq Soulchild
    
    Taalib Hassan Johnson, better known by the stage name Musiq Soulchild or simply Musiq is an American singer and songwriter whose style blends R&B, funk, blues, jazz, and gospel influences fused with hip hop. Soulchild has released several successful studio albums that went platinum in the United States. He is regarded as one of the best R&B male singers of the 21st century.
3. Marc Bolan, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Marc Bolan
    
    Marc Bolan was an English guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was a pioneer of the glam rock movement in the early 1970s with his band T. Rex. Bolan was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020 as a member of T. Rex.
4. Maria Callas, Greek operatic soprano (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Maria Callas
    
    Maria Callas was an American-born Greek soprano who was one of the most renowned and influential opera singers of the 20th century. Many critics praised her bel canto technique, wide-ranging voice and dramatic interpretations. Her repertoire ranged from classical opera seria to the bel canto operas of Donizetti, Bellini and Rossini and, further, to the works of Verdi and Puccini; and, in her early career, to the music dramas of Wagner. Her musical and dramatic talents led to her being hailed as La Divina.
1976
1. Elīna Garanča, Latvian soprano births
  1. Elīna Garanča
    
    Elīna Garanča is a Latvian mezzo-soprano. She began to study singing in her hometown of Riga in 1996 and continued her studies in Vienna and in the United States. By 1999 she had won first place in a significant competition in Finland and had begun a career in Europe. Worldwide engagements followed her 2003 Salzburg Festival appearances.
2. Tina Barrett, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress births
  1. Tina Barrett
    
    Tina Ann Barrett is an English singer and actress. Her major breakthrough came in 1999 when she became a member of the pop group, S Club 7. She has been a member of spin-off group S Club Allstars since 2014. She is also a former member of the girl group Mis-Teeq, though she never appeared on any of their recordings.
3. Greg Buckner, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Greg Buckner
    
    Gregory Derayle Buckner is an American former professional basketball player who is the associate head coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He had previously served as an assistant coach for the Memphis Grizzlies.
4. Bertha Lutz, Brazilian feminist and scientist (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Bertha Lutz
    
    Bertha Maria Júlia Lutz was a Brazilian zoologist, politician, and diplomat. Lutz became a leading figure in both the Pan American feminist movement and human rights movement. She was instrumental in gaining women's suffrage in Brazil and represented her country at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, signing her name to the United Nations Charter. In addition to her political work, she was a naturalist at the National Museum of Brazil, specializing in poison dart frogs. She has four frog species and two lizard species named after her.
1975
1. Jason Leffler, American race car driver (d. 2013) births
  1. Jason Leffler
    
    Jason Charles Leffler was an American professional open-wheel and stock car racing driver. Leffler began racing in the open-wheel ranks, competing in the 2000 Indianapolis 500 before moving to primarily NASCAR competition. He died from injuries sustained in a 410 sprint car race at Bridgeport Speedway in Bridgeport, New Jersey.
2. Shannon Noll, Australian singer-songwriter births
  1. Shannon Noll
    
    Shannon Noll is an Australian singer-songwriter who first came to prominence as runner-up of the first season of Australian Idol in 2003, which led to him being signed to Sony BMG. He has released five top ten albums, including two number-one multi-platinum sellers. Noll's first ten singles all peaked inside the ARIA top ten, including three that reached number one. He is the only Australian male artist in Australian chart history to have ten consecutive top ten singles. Noll's debut single "What About Me?" was certified 4× platinum and became the highest selling single of 2004 in Australia.
1974
1. Loona, Dutch singer-songwriter and dancer births
  1. Loona (singer)
    
    Loona, is a Dutch pop singer and dancer.
2. Monique Brumby, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Monique Brumby
    
    Monique Brumby is an Australian Indie pop/rock singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer. Her debut single, "Fool for You", peaked into the top 40 in the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) ARIA Singles Charts, and provided an ARIA Award for Best New Talent at the ARIA Music Awards of 1996. Her single, "Mary", won an ARIA Music Awards of 1997 for ARIA Award for Best Female Artist.
3. Joaquin Castro, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Joaquin Castro
    
    Joaquin Castro is an American lawyer and Democratic politician who has represented Texas's 20th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2013. The district includes just over half of his native San Antonio, as well as some of its nearby suburbs. From 2003 to 2013, Castro represented the 125th district in the Texas House of Representatives. While in the state legislature, he served as vice-chair of the Higher Education Committee and was a member of the Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee. He also previously served on other committees, such as County Affairs, Border & International Affairs, and Juvenile Justice & Family Issues.
4. Julian Castro, American lawyer and politician, 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development births
  1. Julian Castro
    
    Julián Castro is an American lawyer and politician from San Antonio. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the youngest member of President Obama's cabinet, serving as the 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 2014 to 2017. Castro served as the mayor of his native San Antonio, Texas from 2009 until he joined Barack Obama's cabinet in 2014.
  2. United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
    
    The United States secretary of housing and urban development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, a member of the president's Cabinet, and thirteenth in the presidential line of succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development on September 9, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson's signing of into law. The department's mission is "to increase homeownership, support community development and increase access to affordable housing free from discrimination."
1973
1. George Corrie, English footballer births
  1. George Corrie (footballer)
    
    George Corrie is an English footballer, born in Workington, who played for ten years as a midfielder for American USL Second Division side Wilmington Hammerheads, of which he was the captain. He joined the Hammerheads in 1999 after six seasons with Conference North team Workington A.F.C.
2. Camiel Eurlings, Dutch businessman and member of the International Olympic Committee births
  1. Camiel Eurlings
    
    Camiel Martinus Petrus Stephanus Eurlings is a Dutch politician and businessman. A member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), he served as Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management from 2007 to 2010. He is a Member of the supervisory board of Nordica (airline).
  2. International Olympic Committee
    
    The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the form of an association under the Swiss Civil Code. Founded by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is the authority responsible for organising the modern Olympic Games.
3. Justin Haythe, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Justin Haythe
    
    Justin Haythe is an American novelist, short story writer, and screenwriter. He is best known for his book The Honeymoon, and the screenplay for the film Revolutionary Road, directed by Sam Mendes.
4. Alexander Vinokourov, Kazakh cyclist and manager births
  1. Alexander Vinokourov
    
    Alexander Nikolayevich Vinokourov is a Kazakhstani former professional road bicycle racer and the current general manager of UCI WorldTeam Astana Qazaqstan Team. He is of Russian origin. As a competitor, his achievements include two bronze medals at the World Championships, four stage wins in the Tour de France, four in the Vuelta a España plus the overall title in 2006, two Liège–Bastogne–Liège monuments, one Amstel Gold Race, and the gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics Men's Road Race. Vinokourov is a past national champion of Kazakhstan, and a dual-medalist at the Summer Olympics. In 2007, he received a two-year ban from cycling for blood doping. In 2019, he was accused of race fixing by prosecutors in Liège but was later cleared of the charges.
5. Víctor Jara, Chilean singer-songwriter, teacher and theatre director (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Víctor Jara
    
    Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez was a Chilean teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and Communist political activist. He developed Chilean theater by directing a broad array of works, ranging from locally produced plays to world classics, as well as the experimental work of playwrights such as Ann Jellicoe. He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva canción chilena movement. This led to an uprising of new sounds in popular music during the administration of President Salvador Allende.
1972
1. Mark Bruener, American football player births
  1. Mark Bruener
    
    Mark Frederick Bruener is a former American football tight end of the National Football League, and a current college scout for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers 27th overall in the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Washington.
2. Mike Doyle, American actor and producer births
  1. Mike Doyle (actor)
    
    Michael Doyle is an American actor. He is mainly known for his role on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Ryan O'Halloran.
3. Alessandro Nunziati, Italian singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Alessandro Nunziati
    
    Alessandro Nunziati, better known by his stage name Lord Vampyr, is an Italian musician, record producer and writer, famous for being the former vocalist of the gothic metal band Theatres des Vampires, as well as one of its founding members.
1971
1. Joel Heyman, American actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Joel Heyman
    
    Joel Pearce Heyman is an American actor, best known for voicing Michael J. Caboose in the Rooster Teeth web series Red vs. Blue from 2003 until 2020. He co-founded Rooster Teeth with Burnie Burns, Matt Hullum, Geoff Ramsey and Gus Sorola and has appeared in their other projects, including The Strangerhood, The Gauntlet (2012) and RWBY (2013–2020).
2. Charlie Jacobs, American businessman births
  1. Charlie Jacobs
    
    Charles Marvin Jacobs is the chief executive officer of Delaware North's Boston Holdings, including the Boston Bruins. In 2009, Sports Business Journal named Jacobs to their "Forty Under 40" list. Jacobs is involved with multiple philanthropic organizations, including the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Boston Children's Hospital, and the Boston Bruins Foundation, the latter of which he serves as President.
3. Amy Poehler, American actress, comedian, and producer births
  1. Amy Poehler
    
    Amy Poehler is an American comedian, actress, writer, producer, and director. After studying improv at Chicago's Second City and ImprovOlympic in the early 1990s, Poehler co-founded the improvisational-comedy troupe Upright Citizens Brigade. The group moved to New York City in 1996, where their act became a half-hour sketch-comedy series on Comedy Central in 1998. Along with other members of the comedy group, Poehler is a founder of the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre.
4. Richard Slinger, American wrestler births
  1. Richard Slinger
    
    Richard Aslinger is a retired American professional wrestler, known by his ring name Richard Slinger. Slinger was a long-time mainstay of All Japan Pro Wrestling and later Pro Wrestling Noah, where he was one of two gaijin heels to compete in the promotion. He is also one of several Noah wrestlers to be featured in the Japanese video game King of Colosseum II.
5. Shawntel Smith, American beauty pageant contestant births
  1. Shawntel Smith
    
    Shawntel Smith Wuerch is an American beauty pageant contestant, who was Miss America in 1996. She was born in Muldrow, Oklahoma. She attended Oklahoma City University.
1970
1. Mark Schultz, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Mark Schultz (musician)
    
    Mark Mitchell Schultz is an American contemporary Christian music artist. He has been nominated for numerous Dove Awards, winning his first at the 2006 Dove Awards when the CD/DVD Mark Schultz Live: A Night of Stories & Songs was named Long Form Music Video of the Year.
1969
1. Justine Frischmann, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Justine Frischmann
    
    Justine Elinor Frischmann is an English artist and retired musician. She was the lead singer of the Britpop band Elastica after forming Suede, before retiring from the music industry and pursuing a career as a painter.
2. Janno Gibbs, Filipino singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Janno Gibbs
    
    Janno Ronaldo Ilagan Gibbs is a singer-songwriter, actor, and comedian in the Philippines. He was a regular host of GMA Network television shows SOP Rules, Nuts Entertainment, Eat Bulaga!, Kakasa Ka Ba Sa Grade 5?, Power of 10, Party Pilipinas and Sunday All Stars.
1968
1. Marc Anthony, American singer-songwriter, actor, and producer births
  1. Marc Anthony
    
    Marco Antonio Muñiz Rivera, known professionally as Marc Anthony, is an American singer, songwriter, and actor. He is the top selling tropical salsa artist of all time. A three-time Grammy Award and six-time Latin Grammy Award winner, he has sold more than 12 million albums worldwide. Known for his Latin salsa numbers and ballads, Anthony has won numerous awards and his achievements have been honored through various recognitions. He was the recipient of the 2009 Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) Lifetime Achievement Award. He also received the "2009 CHCI Chair's Lifetime Achievement Award" on September 16, 2009. He holds the Guinness World Record for best-selling tropical/salsa artist and the most number-one albums on the Billboard Tropical Albums year-end charts. He is also the artist with the most number one songs on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart with 32 songs.
2. Walt Becker, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Walt Becker
    
    Walter William Becker is an American filmmaker and novelist, whose directorial credits include the films Van Wilder, Wild Hogs and Old Dogs.
3. Tommy Keane, Irish footballer (d. 2012) births
  1. Tommy Keane
    
    Tommy Keane was an Irish professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
1967
1. Hiroya Oku, Japanese author and illustrator births
  1. Hiroya Oku
    
    Hiroya Oku is a Japanese manga artist, who is the creator of Gantz, Gigant, Hen and Inuyashiki, the first two of which have been serialized in Weekly Young Jump. Originally influenced by Katsuhiro Otomo and Ryoichi Ikegami, his manga often contain explicit violence, sexual depictions, and matters that are considered taboo by the public, and he is known as a pioneer in the use of digital processing for manga backgrounds.
2. Damon Thayer, Kentucky State Senate Majority Leader births
  1. Damon Thayer
    
    Damon Thayer is an American politician. He is a Republican member of the Kentucky Senate, representing the 17th District.
1966
1. John Bel Edwards, American attorney and politician births
  1. John Bel Edwards
    
    John Bel Edwards is an American politician and attorney serving as the 56th governor of Louisiana since 2016. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the Democratic leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives for two terms.
2. Wil McCarthy, American author and playwright births
  1. Wil McCarthy
    
    Wil McCarthy is an American science fiction novelist, president and co-founder of RavenBrick, and the science columnist for Syfy. He currently resides in Colorado. Rich Man's Sky won the 2022 Prometheus Award.
3. Kevin Young, American hurdler births
  1. Kevin Young (hurdler)
    
    Kevin C. Young is a former American athlete. He was the winner of the 400 metres hurdles at the 1992 Summer Olympics. In the final of this event he set a world record and Olympic record of 46.78 seconds, the first time 47 seconds was broken, and a world record that stood for nearly 29 years until it was broken by Karsten Warholm on July 1, 2021.
1965
1. Katy Kurtzman, American actress and producer births
  1. Katy Kurtzman
    
    Katy Kurtzman is an American actress and modelist.
2. Karl-Heinz Riedle, German footballer and manager births
  1. Karl-Heinz Riedle
    
    Karl-Heinz Riedle is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker.
3. Stephen Shareaux, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Stephen Shareaux
    
    Stephen Shareaux is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He is best known as lead vocalist for the hard rock band Kik Tracee. He is a solo artist as well as lead vocalist and co-founder of alternative rock band Zen From Mars which includes members of Bang Tango, Enuff Z'Nuff, Flipp, and Fear Factory.
4. Ahn Eak-tai, North Korean composer and conductor (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Ahn Eak-tai
    
    Ahn Eak-tai was a South Korean classical composer and conductor. He conducted numerous major orchestras across Europe, including the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Rome Philharmonic Orchestra. Ahn composed "Aegukga", a song best known as the national anthem of South Korea, Korean Dance, Nongae, and the Symphonic Fantasy Korea. His unpublished works, some of which have been discovered recently, include Poema Synfonic 'Mallorca, Lo Pi Formentor, and The Death of Emperor Gojong.
5. Fred Quimby, American animator and producer (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Fred Quimby
    
    Frederick Clinton Quimby was an American animation producer and journalist best known for producing the Tom and Jerry cartoon series, for which he won seven Academy Awards for Best Animated Short Films. He was the film sales executive in charge of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio, which included Tex Avery, Droopy, Butch Dog, Barney Bear, Michael Lah and multiple one-shot cartoons, as well as William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, the creators of Tom and Jerry.
1964
1. Mary Coustas, Australian actress and screenwriter births
  1. Mary Coustas
    
    Mary Coustas is an Australian actress, comedian and television personality and writer. Originally from Melbourne, Coustas often performs as the character "Effie", a stereotypical second-generation Greek Australian prone to malapropisms. She completed a Bachelor of Arts at Deakin University in Melbourne, majoring in performing arts and sub-majoring in journalism.
2. Rossy de Palma, Spanish-French model and actress births
  1. Rossy de Palma
    
    Rosa Elena García Echave, known professionally as Rossy de Palma, is a Spanish actress and model. She is well known for her roles in films by Pedro Almodóvar such as Law of Desire, Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, Kika, The Flower of My Secret, Julieta, and Parallel Mothers.
3. Dave Sabo, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Dave Sabo
    
    David Michael Sabo, nicknamed "The Snake", is an American musician best known as one of the guitarists of heavy metal band Skid Row.
4. Molly Shannon, American actress, comedian and producer births
  1. Molly Shannon
    
    Molly Helen Shannon is an American actress and comedian who was a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1995 to 2001. In 2017, she won the Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film Other People.
1963
1. Richard Marx, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Richard Marx
    
    Richard Noel Marx is an American adult contemporary and pop rock singer-songwriter. He has sold over 30 million albums worldwide.
1962
1. Seth, Canadian author and illustrator births
  1. Seth (cartoonist)
    
    Gregory Gallant, better known by his pen name Seth, is a Canadian cartoonist. He is best known for his series Palookaville and his mock-autobiographical graphic novel It's a Good Life, If You Don't Weaken (1996).
1961
1. Bilinda Butcher, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Bilinda Butcher
    
    Bilinda Jayne Butcher is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as a vocalist and guitarist of the shoegaze band My Bloody Valentine.
2. Philip Lafon, Canadian wrestler births
  1. Phil Lafon
    
    Philippe Lafon is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation as Phil Lafon and with All Japan Pro Wrestling and Extreme Championship Wrestling under the ring name Dan Kroffat.
3. Annamária Szalai, Hungarian journalist, economist, and politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Annamária Szalai
    
    Annamária Szalai was a Hungarian journalist, politician, Member of Parliament (MP) for Zala County, Fidesz (1998–2004). She became a member of the National Radio and Television Commission (ORTT) in 2004, and as a result resigned from her parliamentary seat. Szalai served as President of the National Media and Infocommunications Authority (NMHH) from 2010 until her death.
4. Hasan Polatkan, Turkish politician, 15th Turkish Minister of Finance (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Hasan Polatkan
    
    Hasan Polatkan was a Turkish politician and Minister of Labor and Finance, who was executed by hanging after the coup d'état in 1960 along with two other cabinet members.
  2. List of Finance Ministers of Turkey
    
    The Minister of Finance of Turkey is the head of the Ministry of Treasury and Finance and a member of the Cabinet of Turkey.
5. Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, Turkish diplomat and politician, 21st Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Fatin Rüştü Zorlu
    
    Fatin Rüştü Zorlu was a Turkish diplomat and politician. He was executed by hanging after the coup d'état in 1960 along with two other politicians.
  2. List of deputy prime ministers of Turkey
    
    This is a chronological list of deputy prime ministers of governments of the Republic of Turkey. Deputy Prime Minister was an office under the prime ministry between 1946 and 2018. Not all cabinets had the post of deputy prime minister. The political party of the deputy prime minister is affixed to his name when it differed from the prime minister's party as it was the case in coalition governments. Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey abolished together with the Prime Ministry's in 2018.
1960
1. Graham Haynes, American trumpet player and composer births
  1. Graham Haynes
    
    Graham Haynes is an American cornetist, trumpeter and composer. The son of jazz drummer Roy Haynes, Graham is known for his work in nu jazz, fusing jazz with elements of hip hop and electronic music.
2. Mike Mignola, American author and illustrator births
  1. Mike Mignola
    
    Mike Mignola is an American comics artist and writer best known for creating Hellboy for Dark Horse Comics, part of a shared universe of titles including B.P.R.D., Abe Sapien, Lobster Johnson, Witchfinder and various spinoffs. He has also created other supernatural and paranormal themed titles for Dark Horse including Baltimore, Joe Golem and The Amazing Screw-On Head.
1959
1. Peter Keleghan, Canadian actor and screenwriter births
  1. Peter Keleghan
    
    Peter Keleghan is a Canadian actor and writer, perhaps best known for portraying Ben Bellow in the comedy series 18 to Life, Clark Claxton Sr. in the comedy series Billable Hours and Ranger Gord in The Red Green Show. Currently has a recurring role on Murdoch Mysteries as government agent/spy, Terrence Meyers.
2. Tim Raines, American baseball player, coach, and manager births
  1. Tim Raines
    
    Timothy Raines Sr., nicknamed "Rock", is an American professional baseball coach and former player. He played as a left fielder in Major League Baseball for six teams from 1979 to 2002 and was best known for his 13 seasons with the Montreal Expos. A seven-time All-Star, four-time stolen base champion, and National League batting champion, Raines is regarded as one of the best leadoff hitters and baserunners in baseball history. In 2013, Raines began working in the Toronto Blue Jays organization as a roving outfield and baserunning instructor. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2017.
3. Dave Richardson, South African cricketer, manager, and lawyer births
  1. Dave Richardson (South African cricketer)
    
    David John Richardson is a South African former cricketer and the former CEO of the International Cricket Council.
4. Victory Tischler-Blue, American bass player, director, and producer births
  1. Victory Tischler-Blue
    
    Victory Tischler-Blue is an American film producer, director, writer, musician and photographer. She was born and raised in Newport Beach, California. Tischler-Blue began working in the entertainment industry at age 17, using the name Vicki Blue as the bassist in the American all-girl teenage rock band The Runaways. After the demise of the band, she was cast as Cindy by director Rob Reiner in This Is Spinal Tap. Her film Edgeplay was based on her tenure in The Runaways.
1958
1. Orel Hershiser, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Orel Hershiser
    
    Orel Leonard Hershiser IV is an American former baseball pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1983 to 2000. He later became a pitching coach for the Texas Rangers from 2002 to 2005 and a broadcast color analyst for the Dodgers. He is also a professional poker player.
2. Neville Southall, Welsh footballer and manager births
  1. Neville Southall
    
    Neville Southall is a Welsh former international footballer. He has been described as one of the best goalkeepers of his generation and won the FWA Footballer of the Year award in 1985.
3. Jennifer Tilly, American actress and poker player births
  1. Jennifer Tilly
    
    Jennifer Tilly is an American–Canadian actress and poker player. Known for her distinctive voice and comedic timing, she has been nominated for an Academy Award, two MTV Movie Awards and three Saturn Awards.
1957
1. D. C. Drake, American wrestler births
  1. D. C. Drake
    
    Don Clyde Drake is an American addictions counselor, retired professional wrestler and former promoter. He is best known for his appearances on the northeastern independent circuit under the ring name D. C. Drake.
2. Clara Furse, English businesswoman births
  1. Clara Furse
    
    Dame Clara Hedwig Frances Furse DBE was the Chief Executive of the London Stock Exchange between January 2001 and May 2009, and was the first woman to occupy the position. In 2005, she was ranked 19th in Fortune magazine's most powerful women in business list. In 2007, Furse was listed among Time's 100 most influential people in the world.
3. Norman Lamb, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Norman Lamb
    
    Sir Norman Peter Lamb is a British politician and solicitor. He was the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for North Norfolk from 2001 to 2019, and was the chair of the Science and Technology Select Committee from 2017 to 2019.
4. David McCreery, Northern Irish footballer and manager births
  1. David McCreery
    
    David McCreery is a Northern Irish former international footballer who played professionally for Newcastle United and many other clubs during his long career.
5. Anca Parghel, Romanian singer and pianist (d. 2008) births
  1. Anca Parghel
    
    Anca Parghel was a Romanian jazz singer, composer, arranger, pianist, choir conductor, and music teacher. As a jazz vocalist, she excelled in scat, vocal percussion, and improvisation. Her voice had a four octave range, this being one of the reasons she was compared to Yma Sumac in the Romanian music press. She had an exceptional ability to interpret songs in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese.
1956
1. Maggie Atkinson, English educator and civil servant births
  1. Maggie Atkinson
    
    Margaret Elizabeth Atkinson is an English educator and the former Children's Commissioner for England. After a career in teaching, she moved into public service administration, initially in education, but later in Children Services. Her appointment and tenure as Children's Commissioner was notable for a series of controversies.
2. David Copperfield, American magician and actor births
  1. David Copperfield (illusionist)
    
    David Seth Kotkin, known professionally as David Copperfield, is an American magic man, described by Forbes as the most commercially successful magician in history.
3. Ross Greenberg, American journalist and antivirus pioneer (d. 2017) births
  1. Ross Greenberg
    
    Ross Matthew Greenberg was an American software developer, noted for creating one of the first antivirus software products. He also worked in journalism, and was a founding member of the Internet Press Guild.
4. Dave Schulthise, American bass player (d. 2004) births
  1. Dave Schulthise
    
    David Schulthise, also known as Dave Blood, was the bass guitarist for the punk band The Dead Milkmen. Schulthise was born in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. He helped form the band in 1983 along with fellow pseudonymous musicians Joe Jack Talcum, Dean Clean, and Rodney Anonymous. Prior to this he was a Ph.D. candidate in economics at Purdue University.
5. Kazuharu Sonoda, Japanese wrestler (d. 1987) births
  1. Kazuharu Sonoda
    
    Kazuharu Sonoda also known under the ring names Haru Sonoda and Magic Dragon , was a Japanese professional wrestler. He was a former NWA Western States Tag Team Champion, NWA/WWC North American Tag Team Champion with Mitsu Ishikawa and the WCCW All Asia Tag Team Championship with the Great Kabuki in 1982.
1955
1. Ron Brewer, American basketball player births
  1. Ron Brewer
    
    Ronald Charles Brewer is a retired American professional basketball player. A 6'4" guard from the University of Arkansas, he was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round of the 1978 NBA draft.
2. Robin Yount, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Robin Yount
    
    Robin R. Yount, nicknamed "the Kid", and "Rockin' Robin", is an American former professional baseball player. He spent his entire 20-year career in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and center fielder for the Milwaukee Brewers (1974–93).
3. Leo Amery, Indian-English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Leo Amery
    
    Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery,, also known as L. S. Amery, was a British Conservative Party politician and journalist. During his career, he was known for his interest in military preparedness, British India and the British Empire and for his opposition to appeasement. After his retirement and death, he was perhaps best known for the remarks he made in the House of Commons on 7 May 1940 during the Norway Debate.
  2. Secretary of State for the Colonies
    
    The secretary of state for the colonies or colonial secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdom's various colonial dependencies.
1954
1. Sanjoy Bandopadhyay, Indian sitar player and composer births
  1. Sanjoy Bandopadhyay
    
    Sanjoy Bandopadhyay is a Bengali Hindustani classical sitar player. He is primarily a disciple of Radhika Mohan Maitra and Bimalendu Mukherjee. His performance is a unique synthesis of Senia-Shahjehanpur, Rampur-Senia and Etawah gharana.
  2. Sitar
    
    The sitar is a plucked stringed instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent, used in Hindustani classical music. The instrument was invented in medieval India, flourished in the 18th century, and arrived at its present form in 19th-century India. Khusrau Khan, an 18th century figure of Mughal Empire has been identified by modern scholarship as the originator of Sitar. According to most historians he developed sitar from setar, an Iranian instrument of Abbasid or Safavid origin. Another view supported by a minority of scholars is that Khusrau Khan developed it from Veena.
2. Earl Klugh, American guitarist and composer births
  1. Earl Klugh
    
    Earl Klugh is an American acoustic guitarist and composer. He has won one Grammy award and thirteen nominations. Klugh was awarded the “1977” Best Recording Award For Performance and Sound” for his album “Finger Painting” by “Swing Journal” a Japanese jazz magazine.
3. William McKeen, American author and academic births
  1. William McKeen
    
    William McKeen is an American author and educator. He is professor and chairman of the Department of Journalism at Boston University.
4. Colin Newman, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer births
  1. Colin Newman
    
    Colin John Newman is an English musician, record producer and record label owner. He is best known as the primary vocalist and songwriter for the post-punk band Wire.
5. Frank Reed, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014) births
  1. Frank Reed (singer)
    
    Frank Kevin "Tchallah" Reed was an American singer-songwriter. Reed was best known as the first replacement lead singer for the American vocal group The Chi-Lites. He replaced original lead singer and songwriter Eugene Record in 1988 after The Chi-Lites heyday.
6. Roger Woolley, Australian cricketer births
  1. Roger Woolley
    
    Roger Douglas Woolley is a former Australian cricketer who played in two Test matches and four One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 1983 and 1984. He was a middle-order batsman, and later a wicket-keeper. He was a member of the Tasmanian side that won their first domestic title in the 1978/79 Gillette Cup.
1953
1. Kurt Fuller, American character actor births
  1. Kurt Fuller
    
    Kurt Fuller is an American character actor. He has appeared in a number of television, film, and stage projects. He is best known for his roles in the films No Holds Barred and Ghostbusters II, Wayne's World (1992), and Scary Movie (2000), as well as for playing Coroner Woody Strode in the television series Psych (2009–2014) and Zachariah in Supernatural (2009–2019).
2. Alan Barton, English singer and guitarist (d. 1995) births
  1. Alan Barton
    
    Alan Leslie Barton was a British singer and member of the hit-making duo Black Lace. Their hits included "Agadoo", "Superman" and their United Kingdom Eurovision Song Contest 1979 seventh-place finisher "Mary Ann" in Jerusalem.
3. Nancy Huston, Canadian-American author and translator births
  1. Nancy Huston
    
    Nancy Louise Huston, OC is a Canadian-born novelist and essayist who writes primarily in French and translates her own works into English.
4. Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown, English journalist and politician, 2nd Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations births
  1. Mark Malloch Brown
    
    George Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown is a British diplomat, communications consultant, journalist and former politician serving as president of Open Society Foundations since 2021, having previously served as Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations under Kofi Annan from April to December 2006. A former member of the Labour Party, he served as Minister of State for Africa and the United Nations in the Brown government from 2007 to 2009.
  2. Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations
    
    The deputy secretary-general of the United Nations is the deputy to the secretary-general of the United Nations. The office was created to handle many of the administrative responsibilities of the secretary-general, help manage Secretariat operations, and ensure coherence of activities and programs. The post was formally established by the General Assembly at the end of 1997.
5. Jerry Pate, American golfer and sportscaster births
  1. Jerry Pate
    
    Jerome Kendrick Pate is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour Champions, formerly on the PGA Tour. As a 22-year-old rookie, he won the U.S. Open in 1976.
6. Manuel Pellegrini, Chilean footballer and manager births
  1. Manuel Pellegrini
    
    Manuel Lúis Pellegrini Ripamonti is a Chilean professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Real Betis. As a coach, he has managed teams in Spain, England, Argentina, Chile, China and Ecuador. Pellegrini has won national leagues in four countries.
7. Eric Vail, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Eric Vail
    
    Eric Vail is a Canadian former ice hockey player who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Atlanta Flames, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings. He won the Calder Memorial Trophy in 1975 as the NHL's rookie of the year and played in the 1977 NHL All-Star Game. Also in 1977, Vail played with Team Canada at the World Ice Hockey Championship. At the time of his 1981 trade to Detroit, Vail was the Flames' franchise leader in goal scoring.
1952
1. Tony Cunningham, English educator and politician births
  1. Tony Cunningham
    
    Sir Thomas Anthony Cunningham is a British politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Workington from 2001 to 2015. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Cumbria and Lancashire North from 1994 to 1999.
2. Česlovas Laurinavičius, Lithuanian historian births
  1. Česlovas Laurinavičius
    
    Česlovas Laurinavičius is a Lithuanian historian and politologist, In 2003, he was the recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania. Since 2001, he has served as the head of the Department of the 20th Century History at the Lithuanian Institute of History.
3. Karen Muir, South African swimmer and physician (d. 2013) births
  1. Karen Muir
    
    Karen Muir was a South African competitive swimmer. Born and raised in Kimberley, she attended the Diamantveld High School, where she matriculated in 1970.
4. Mickey Rourke, American boxer and actor births
  1. Mickey Rourke
    
    Philip Andre "Mickey" Rourke Jr. is an American actor and former boxer who has appeared primarily as a leading man in drama, action, and thriller films.
1951
1. Vince Bell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Vince Bell
    
    Vince Bell is a Texas singer-songwriter who has appeared on the PBS television program Austin City Limits along with NPR broadcasts such as Mountain Stage, World Cafe and Morning Edition. His songs have been performed and recorded by Little Feat, Lyle Lovett and Nanci Griffith.
2. Andy Irvine, Scottish rugby player and coach births
  1. Andy Irvine (rugby union)
    
    Andrew Robertson Irvine is a former president of the Scottish Rugby Union (SRU), and a former Scottish international rugby player. He earned fifty one Scotland caps, captaining the team on fifteen occasions, and scored 250 points for Scotland. He went on three British Lions tours.
1950
1. David Bellamy, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. The Bellamy Brothers
    
    The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy and Homer Howard Bellamy, from Dade City, Florida. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit "Let Your Love Flow" in 1976, a number one single on the Billboard Hot 100.
2. Henry Louis Gates Jr., American historian, scholar, and journalist births
  1. Henry Louis Gates Jr.
    
    Henry Louis "Skip" Gates Jr. is an American literary critic, professor, historian, and filmmaker, who serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University. He is a Trustee of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. He rediscovered the earliest African-American novels, long forgotten, and has published extensively on appreciating African-American literature as part of the Western canon.
3. Loyd Grossman, American-English singer, guitarist, and television host births
  1. Loyd Grossman
    
    Loyd Daniel Gilman Grossman is an American-British author, broadcaster and cultural campaigner who has mainly worked in the United Kingdom. He is well known for presenting the BBC programme MasterChef from 1990 to 2000 and for being the co-presenter, with David Frost, of the BBC and ITV panel show Through the Keyhole from 1987 until 2003, visiting homes of many UK and US celebrities.
4. Pedro de Cordoba, American actor (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Pedro de Cordoba
    
    Pedro de Cordoba was an American actor.
1949
1. Ed Begley Jr., American actor and environmental activist births
  1. Ed Begley Jr.
    
    Edward James Begley Jr. is an American actor and environmental activist. Begley has appeared in hundreds of films, television shows, and stage performances. He played Dr. Victor Ehrlich on the television series St. Elsewhere (1982–1988). The role earned him six consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations and a Golden Globe Award nomination. He also co-hosted, along with wife Rachelle Carson, the green living reality show titled Living with Ed (2007–2010).
1948
1. Ron Blair, American bass player births
  1. Ron Blair
    
    Ronald Edward Blair is an American musician notable for being the bassist for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. He was originally the band's bassist from 1976 to 1981. In 2002, he returned to the group after a 20-year hiatus, replacing his own replacement, the late Howie Epstein.
2. Rosemary Casals, American tennis player and sportscaster births
  1. Rosemary Casals
    
    Rosemary "Rosie" Casals is an American former professional tennis player.
3. Julia Donaldson, English author and playwright births
  1. Julia Donaldson
    
    Julia Donaldson is an English writer and playwright, and the 2011–2013 Children's Laureate. She is best known for her popular rhyming stories for children, especially those illustrated by Axel Scheffler, which include The Gruffalo, Room on the Broom and Stick Man. She originally wrote songs for children's television but has concentrated on writing books since the words of one of her songs, "A Squash and a Squeeze", were made into a children's book in 1993. Of her 184 published works, 64 are widely available in bookshops. The remaining 120 are intended for school use and include her Songbirds phonic reading scheme, which is part of the Oxford University Press's Oxford Reading Tree.
4. Kenney Jones, English drummer births
  1. Kenney Jones
    
    Kenneth Thomas "Kenney" Jones is an English drummer best known for his work in the groups Small Faces, Faces, and the Who. Jones was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012 as a member of Small Faces/Faces.
5. Susan Ruttan, American actress births
  1. Susan Ruttan
    
    Susan Diane Ruttan is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Roxanne Melman on L.A. Law (1986–1993), for which she was nominated four times for a Primetime Emmy Award.
1947
1. Dusty Hughes, English director and playwright births
  1. Dusty Hughes (playwright)
    
    Dusty Hughes is an English playwright, director and television screenwriter. In the early 1970s he was Theatre Editor of Time Out and helped to establish that magazine’s theatre coverage as an alternative voice. He then joined the Bush Theatre as Artistic Director and helped develop it as a venue for new writing and directed new plays by Snoo Wilson, Kurt Vonnegut, Howard Barker, Ron Hutchinson and Ken Campbell.
1946
1. Sonny LeMaire, American country music singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Sonny LeMaire
    
    Alfred William "Sonny" LeMaire is an American country music artist. LeMaire is best known as being the bass guitarist of the band Exile, a role that he first held in 1977. After lead singer J. P. Pennington quit the band in 1989, LeMaire alternated with Paul Martin on lead vocals, including the singles "Nobody's Talking" and "Yet". Following Exile's initial 1993 disbanding, LeMaire played bass for Burnin' Daylight in the mid-nineties, reuniting permanently with his "Kiss You All Over" bandmates in 2008.
2. Mike Reynolds, Australian lawyer and politician births
  1. Mike Reynolds (politician)
    
    Michael Reynolds, CBE, AM is an Australian politician. He was a Labor member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1998 to 2009, representing the district of Townsville. He served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 2006 to 2009.
3. Camilo Sesto, Spanish singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2019) births
  1. Camilo Sesto
    
    Camilo Blanes Cortés, known professionally as Camilo Sesto "El Rey del Amor", was a Spanish singer, songwriter and music producer. There are various sales figures for him, ranging from 70 to 200 million records sold, and the singer himself claimed to have sold more than 175 million records. However, his official sales would represent around than 2.8 million copies worldwide, including nearly 900,000 certified.
4. James Hopwood Jeans, English physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (b. 1877) deaths
  1. James Jeans
    
    Sir James Hopwood Jeans was an English physicist, astronomer and mathematician.
1945
1. John McCormack, Irish tenor and actor (b. 1884) deaths
  1. John McCormack (tenor)
    
    Papal Count John Francis McCormack, KSG, KSS, KHS, was an Irish tenor celebrated for his performances of the operatic and popular song repertoires, and renowned for his diction and breath control. He was also a Papal Count. He became a naturalised American citizen before returning to live in Ireland.
1944
1. Linda Kaye Henning, American actress births
  1. Linda Kaye Henning
    
    Linda Kaye Henning is an American actress and singer most notable for starring in the 1960s sitcom Petticoat Junction.
2. Betty Kelly, American soul/R&B singer births
  1. Betty Kelly
    
    Betty Kelly is an American singer most noted as being a member of the popular Motown singing group Martha and the Vandellas.
3. Gustav Bauer, German journalist and politician, 11th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Gustav Bauer
    
    Gustav Adolf Bauer was a German Social Democratic Party leader and the chancellor of Germany from June 1919 to March 1920. He served as head of government for nine months. Prior to becoming head of government, Bauer had been Minister of Labour in the first democratically elected German cabinet. After his cabinet was brought down by the Kapp Putsch in March 1920, Bauer served as vice-chancellor, Minister of the Treasury, and Minister of Transportation in other cabinets of the Weimar Republic from May 1920 to November 1922. In 1924 and 1925 he was involved in the Barmat scandal.
  2. Chancellor of Germany
    
    The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the federal president and without debate.
1943
1. Wang Houjun, Chinese footballer and manager (d. 2012) births
  1. Wang Houjun
    
    Wang Houjun was a Chinese international football player and coach.
2. James Alan McPherson, American short story writer and essayist (d. 2016) births
  1. James Alan McPherson
    
    James Alan McPherson was an American essayist and short-story writer. He was the first African-American writer to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and was included among the first group of artists who received a MacArthur Fellowship. At the time of his death, McPherson was a professor emeritus of fiction at the Iowa Writers' Workshop.
1942
1. Bernie Calvert, English bass player and keyboard player births
  1. Bernie Calvert
    
    Bernard Bamford Calvert is an English musician who played bass guitar and keyboards with The Hollies from 1966 until 1981.
2. Susan L. Graham, American computer scientist and academic births
  1. Susan L. Graham
    
    Susan Lois Graham is an American computer scientist. Graham is the Pehong Chen Distinguished Professor Emerita in the Computer Science Division of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley.
1941
1. Joe Butler, American singer, autoharp player, and drummer births
  1. Joe Butler
    
    Joseph Campbell Butler is an American drummer and stage actor. He was a founding member of The Lovin' Spoonful, who had seven top 10 hits between 1965 and 1966.
  2. Autoharp
    
    An autoharp or chord zither is a string instrument belonging to the zither family. It uses a series of bars individually configured to mute all strings other than those needed for the intended chord. The term autoharp was once a trademark of the Oscar Schmidt company, but has become a generic designation for all such instruments, regardless of manufacturer.
2. Richard Perle, American political scientist and politician births
  1. Richard Perle
    
    Richard Norman Perle is an American political advisor who served as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs under President Ronald Reagan. He began his political career as a senior staff member to Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson on the Senate Armed Services Committee in the 1970s. He served on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004 where he served as chairman from 2001 to 2003 under the Bush Administration before resigning due to conflict of interests.
1940
1. Hamiet Bluiett, American jazz saxophonist and composer (d. 2018) births
  1. Hamiet Bluiett
    
    Hamiet Bluiett was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and composer. His primary instrument was the baritone saxophone, and he was considered one of the finest players of this instrument. A member of the World Saxophone Quartet, he also played the bass saxophone, E-flat alto clarinet, E-flat contra-alto clarinet, and wooden flute.
2. Butch Buchholz, American tennis player births
  1. Butch Buchholz
    
    Earl Henry "Butch" Buchholz, Jr. is a former professional tennis player from the United States who was one of the game's top players in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
3. Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington, English-Scottish politician, 8th Governor of Queensland (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington
    
    Charles Wallace Alexander Napier Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington,, was a British politician and colonial administrator who served as Governor of Queensland from 1896 to 1901, and Governor of Bombay from 1903 to 1907.
  2. Governor of Queensland
    
    The governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the monarch of Australia. In an analogous way to the governor-general of Australia at the national level, the governor performs constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level. In particular the governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the premier of Queensland and all other ministers in the cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state parliament.
1939
1. Breyten Breytenbach, South African-French poet and painter births
  1. Breyten Breytenbach
    
    Breyten Breytenbach is a South African writer, poet and painter known for his opposition to apartheid, and consequent imprisonment by the South African government. He is informally considered as the national poet laureate by Afrikaans-speaking South Africans. He also holds French citizenship.
2. Bill McGill, American basketball player (d. 2014) births
  1. Bill McGill
    
    Bill "The Hill" McGill was an American basketball player best known for inventing the jump hook. McGill was the No. 1 overall pick of the 1962 NBA draft out of the University of Utah, with whom he led the NCAA in scoring with 38.8 points per game in the 1961–1962 season.
1937
1. Aleksandr Medved, Russian wrestler births
  1. Aleksandr Medved
    
    Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Medved is a Ukrainian-born Soviet Belarusian retired freestyle wrestler who competed for the Soviet Union and was named "one of the greatest wrestlers in history" by FILA, the sport's governing body. Between 1962 and 1972 he won three Olympic gold medals, seven world and three European titles. He served as the Olympic flag bearer for the Soviet Union in 1972, for Belarus in 2004 and recited the Judge's Oath at the Opening Ceremony of the 1980 Olympics.
2. Vince Naimoli, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2019) births
  1. Vince Naimoli
    
    Vincent Joseph Naimoli was an American businessman, and the first owner of the Major League Baseball team the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.
1936
1. Jean-Baptiste Charcot, French physician and explorer (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Jean-Baptiste Charcot
    
    Jean-Baptiste-Étienne-Auguste Charcot, born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, was a French scientist, medical doctor and polar scientist. His father was the neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893).
1935
1. Carl Andre, American sculptor births
  1. Carl Andre
    
    Carl Andre is an American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear and grid format sculptures and for the suspected murder of contemporary and wife, Ana Mendieta. His sculptures range from large public artworks, to large interior works exhibited on the floor, to small intimate works.
2. Billy Boy Arnold, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Billy Boy Arnold
    
    William "Billy Boy" Arnold is an American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. Arnold is a self-taught harmonica player and has worked with blues legends such as Bo Diddley, Johnny Shines, Otis Rush. Earl Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters and others.
3. Jules Bass, American director, producer, composer, and author (d. 2022) births
  1. Jules Bass
    
    Julius Bass was an American director, producer, lyricist, composer, and author. Until 1960, he worked at a New York advertising agency, and then co-founded a film production company Videocraft International, later named Rankin/Bass Productions, with his friend, Arthur Rankin Jr. He joined ASCAP in 1963 and collaborated with Edward Thomas and James Polack at their music firm and as a songwriting team primarily with Maury Laws at Rankin/Bass.
4. Lilia Cuntapay, Filipino actress (d. 2016) births
  1. Lilia Cuntapay
    
    Lilia B. Cuntapay was a Filipina actress and former teacher. She is popularly recognized as the "Queen of Philippine Horror Movies" for her subsequent appearances in horror movies and exceptional contributions to Philippine film industry.
5. Bob Kiley, American-English businessman (d. 2016) births
  1. Bob Kiley
    
    Robert R. Kiley was an American public transit planner and supervisor, with a reputation of being able to save transit systems experiencing serious problems. From 2001 to 2006 he was the initial Commissioner of Transport for London, the public organisation empowered with running and maintaining London's public transport network.
6. Esther Vilar, Argentinian-German author and playwright births
  1. Esther Vilar
    
    Esther Margareta Vilar is an Argentine-German writer. She trained and practised as a medical doctor before establishing herself as an author. She is best known for her 1971 book The Manipulated Man and its various follow-ups, which argue that, contrary to common feminist and women's rights rhetoric, women in industrialized cultures are not oppressed, but rather exploit a well-established system of manipulating men.
1934
1. Elgin Baylor, American basketball player and coach (d. 2021) births
  1. Elgin Baylor
    
    Elgin Gay Baylor was an American professional basketball player, coach, and executive. He played 14 seasons as a forward in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers. Baylor was a gifted shooter, a strong rebounder, and an accomplished passer, who was best known for his trademark hanging jump shot. The No. 1 draft pick in 1958, NBA Rookie of the Year in 1959, 11-time NBA All-Star, and a 10-time member of the All-NBA first team, Baylor is regarded as one of the game's all-time greatest players. In 1977, Baylor was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1996, Baylor was named as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. In October 2021, Baylor was again honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA's 75th Anniversary Team.
2. George Chakiris, American actor, singer, and dancer births
  1. George Chakiris
    
    George Chakiris is an American actor. He is best known for his appearance in the 1961 film version of West Side Story as Bernardo Nunez, the leader of the Sharks gang, for which he won both the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.
3. Ronnie Drew, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2008) births
  1. Ronnie Drew
    
    Joseph Ronald Drew was an Irish singer, folk musician and actor who achieved international fame during a fifty-year career recording with The Dubliners.
1933
1. Steve Shirley, German-English businesswoman and philanthropist, founded Xansa births
  1. Steve Shirley
    
    Dame Vera Stephanie "Steve" Shirley is an information technology pioneer, businesswoman and philanthropist.
  2. Xansa
    
    Xansa plc, trading as Xansa, was a British outsourcing and technology company, and was quoted on the London Stock Exchange until 17 October 2007 when the purchase of Xansa by Steria was completed and the company was delisted. Its headquarters were in Reading, Berkshire, England, and it had a major presence in India. In the 2007 financial year the company had a turnover of UK£379.7 million.
2. George Gore, American baseball player and manager (b. 1857) deaths
  1. George Gore
    
    George F. Gore, nicknamed "Piano Legs", was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball who played for 14 seasons, eight for the Chicago White Stockings, five for the New York Giants, one for the St. Louis Browns (1892) of the National League (NL), and the New York Giants of the Players' League (1890).
1932
1. Micky Stewart, English cricketer and coach births
  1. Micky Stewart
    
    Michael James Stewart is an English former cricketer, coach and administrator. A right-handed batsman, Stewart's international career was hampered by illness that curtailed his first overseas tour – serving as vice-captain in India in 1963–64 – and he made only eight Test appearances in all, scoring two half-centuries. His domestic career for Surrey spanned eighteen years, in which he scored over 26,000 first-class runs with forty-nine centuries. He made a century on debut for his county, against Pakistan, and went on to break the then-world record number of catches in a match in 1957 with his strong fielding. He captained Surrey between 1963 and 1972, winning the County Championship in 1971. After retiring, he became a manager at the club and later for England until 1992. He then worked for the ECB until 1997.
2. Millicent Lilian "Peg" Entwistle, British stage and screen actress (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Peg Entwistle
    
    Millicent Lilian "Peg" Entwistle was a British stage and screen actress. She began her stage career in 1925, appearing in several Broadway productions. She appeared in only one film, Thirteen Women, which was released posthumously.
3. Ronald Ross, Indian-English physician and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Ronald Ross
    
    Sir Ronald Ross was a British medical doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on the transmission of malaria, becoming the first British Nobel laureate, and the first born outside Europe. His discovery of the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of a mosquito in 1897 proved that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes, and laid the foundation for the method of combating the disease.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1931
1. K. D. Arulpragasam, Sri Lankan zoologist and academic (d. 2003) births
  1. K. D. Arulpragasam
    
    Professor Kandiah David Arulpragasam was a Sri Lankan Tamil academic. He was the first vice-chancellor of Eastern University, Sri Lanka.
2. Little Willie Littlefield, American-Dutch singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2013) births
  1. Little Willie Littlefield
    
    Willie Littlefield, Jr., billed as Little Willie Littlefield, was an American R&B and boogie-woogie pianist and singer whose early recordings "formed a vital link between boogie-woogie and rock and roll". Littlefield was regarded as a teenage wonder and overnight sensation when in 1949, at the age of 18, he popularized the triplet piano style on his Modern Records debut single, "It's Midnight". He also recorded the first version of the song "Kansas City", in 1952.
3. Omar Mukhtar, Libyan theorist and educator (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Omar al-Mukhtar
    
    Omar al-Mukhṭār Muḥammad bin Farḥāṭ al-Manifī, called The Lion of the Desert, known among the colonial Italians as Matari of the Mnifa, was the leader of native resistance in Cyrenaica under the Senussids, against the Italian colonization of Libya. A teacher-turned-general, Omar was also a prominent figure of the Senussi movement, and he is considered the national hero of Libya and a symbol of resistance in the Arab and Islamic worlds. Beginning in 1911, he organised and, for nearly twenty years, led the Libyan resistance movement against the Italian colonial empire during the First and Second Italo-Senussi Wars. After many attempts, the Italian Armed Forces managed to capture Al-Mukhtar near Slonta and hanged him in 1931 after he refused to surrender.
1930
1. Anne Francis, American actress (d. 2011) births
  1. Anne Francis
    
    Anne Francis was an American actress known for her ground-breaking roles in the science-fiction film Forbidden Planet (1956) and the television action-drama series Honey West (1965–1966). Forbidden Planet marked a first in color, big-budget, science-fiction-themed motion pictures. Nine years later, Francis challenged female stereotypes in Honey West, in which she played a perky blonde private investigator who was as quick with body slams as witty one-liners. She earned a Golden Globe Award and Emmy Award nomination for her performance.
1929
1. Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar, last sultan of Zanzibar births
  1. Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar
    
    Sultan Sir Jamshid bin Abdullah Al Said, GCMG, is a Zanzibari royal who was the last reigning Sultan of Zanzibar before being deposed in the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution.
2. Stan Stephens, Canadian-American politician, 20th Governor of Montana (d. 2021) births
  1. Stan Stephens
    
    Stanley Graham Stephens was a Canadian-American politician, journalist, and broadcaster who served as the 20th Governor of Montana from 1989 until 1993.
  2. List of governors of Montana
    
    The governor of Montana is the head of government of Montana and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Montana State Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and to grant pardons and reprieves.
1928
1. Rex Trailer, American television host, actor, and singer (d. 2013) births
  1. Rex Trailer
    
    Rex Trailer was a Boston-based regional television personality, broadcast pioneer, cowboy and Country and Western recording artist. He is best known as the host of the children's television show Boomtown which initially ran from 1956 through 1974.
2. Lady Gwen Thompson, English author and educator (d. 1986) births
  1. Lady Gwen Thompson
    
    Lady Gwen Thompson was the pseudonym of Phyllis Thompson, author and teacher of traditionalist initiatory witchcraft through her own organisation, the New England Covens of Traditionalist Witches.
3. Patricia Wald, American judge (d. 2019) births
  1. Patricia Wald
    
    Patricia Ann McGowan Wald was an American judge who served as the Chief United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and as a judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. She was the first woman to be appointed to the D.C. Circuit and the first to serve as Chief Judge of that court. She served as a member of the American Bar Association's International Criminal Court Project and on the Council of the American Law Institute.
1927
1. Peter Falk, American actor (d. 2011) births
  1. Peter Falk
    
    Peter Michael Falk was an American film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Lieutenant Columbo in the long-running television series Columbo, for which he won four Primetime Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award (1973).
2. Jack Kelly, American actor and politician (d. 1992) births
  1. Jack Kelly (actor)
    
    John Augustus Kelly Jr., known professionally as Jack Kelly, was an American film and television actor most noted for the role of Bart Maverick in the television series Maverick, which ran on ABC from 1957 to 1962.
3. Sadako Ogata, Japanese academic and diplomat, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2019) births
  1. Sadako Ogata
    
    Sadako Ogata, née Nakamura , was a Japanese academic, diplomat, author, administrator, and professor emerita at the Roman Catholic Sophia University. She was widely known as the head of the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) from 1991 to 2000, as well as in her capacities as Chair of the UNICEF Executive Board from 1978 to 1979 and as President of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) from 2003 to 2012. She also served as Advisor of the Executive Committee of the Japan Model United Nations (JMUN).
  2. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    
    The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with over 17,300 staff working in 135 countries.
1926
1. Eric Gross, Austrian-Australian pianist and composer (d. 2011) births
  1. Eric Gross
    
    Eric Gross AM was an Austrian-Australian pianist, composer and teacher.
2. John Knowles, American novelist (d. 2001) births
  1. John Knowles
    
    John Knowles was an American novelist best known for A Separate Peace (1959).
3. Roger McKee, American baseball player (d. 2014) births
  1. Roger McKee
    
    Roger Hornsby McKee was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1943 through 1944 for the Philadelphia Phillies. As a 16-year-old rookie in 1943, he was the youngest player to appear in a National League game that season. McKee was one of many ballplayers who appeared in the Major Leagues only during World War II. He made his major league debut on August 18, 1943, in a home doubleheader against the St. Louis Cardinals at Shibe Park. The best game of his short career, however, came on October 3, 1943, the last day of the season, when he started the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field and pitched a complete game, winning 11–3. The losing pitcher was Cookie Cuccurullo, who was making his major league debut. Then, at 17, McKee became the youngest pitcher in the 20th century to throw a nine-inning complete-game victory on the final day of the regular season, a feat no one has accomplished since. McKee made his last pitching appearance for the Phillies on September 26, 1944. Overall, he posted a 1–0 record and a 5.87 earned run average in five games, allowing 10 runs on 14 hits and six walks, while striking out one in 151⁄3 innings of work. He later switched to outfield and spent nine seasons in the minor Leagues spanning 1944–57, collecting a batting average of .287 and 115 home runs in 1,173 games. In 2014, McKee died in his hometown of Shelby, North Carolina, 15 days short before of his 88th birthday.
4. Robert H. Schuller, American pastor and author (d. 2015) births
  1. Robert Schuller
    
    Robert Harold Schuller was an American Christian televangelist, pastor, motivational speaker, and author. In his five decades of television, Schuller was principally known for the weekly Hour of Power television program, which he began hosting in 1970 until his retirement in 2010. His grandson, Bobby Schuller, carries on the Hour of Power now airing for over fifty years. Schuller began broadcasting the program from the Neutra Sanctuary, with the encouragement of longtime friend Billy Graham after Schuller visited him in 1969. He was also the founder of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where the Hour of Power program was later broadcast.
1925
1. Charlie Byrd, American singer and guitarist (d. 1999) births
  1. Charlie Byrd
    
    Charlie Lee Byrd was an American jazz guitarist. Byrd was best known for his association with Brazilian music, especially bossa nova. In 1962, he collaborated with Stan Getz on the album Jazz Samba, a recording which brought bossa nova into the mainstream of North American music.
2. Charles Haughey, Irish accountant, lawyer, and politician, 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2006) births
  1. Charles Haughey
    
    Charles James Haughey was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach on three occasions – 1979 to 1981, March to December 1982 and 1987 to 1992. He was also Minister for the Gaeltacht from 1987 to 1992, Leader of the Opposition from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1987, Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1979 to 1992, Minister for Social Welfare and for Health from 1977 to 1979, Minister for Finance from 1966 to 1970, Minister for Agriculture from 1964 to 1966, Minister for Justice from 1961 to 1964 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice from 1959 to 1961. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1957 to 1992.
  2. Taoiseach
    
    The Taoiseach is the head of government of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.
3. B.B. King, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2015) births
  1. B.B. King
    
    Riley B. King, known professionally as B.B. King, was an American blues singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. He introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending, shimmering vibrato and staccato picking that influenced many later blues electric guitar players. AllMusic recognized King as "the single most important electric guitarist of the last half of the 20th century".
4. Leo Fall, Czech-Austrian composer (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Leo Fall
    
    Leopold Fall was an Austrian Kapellmeister and composer of operettas.
5. Alexander Friedmann, Russian physicist and mathematician (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Alexander Friedmann
    
    Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann was a Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his pioneering theory that the universe was expanding, governed by a set of equations he developed now known as the Friedmann equations.
1924
1. Lauren Bacall, American actress (d. 2014) births
  1. Lauren Bacall
    
    Lauren Bacall was an American actress. She was named the 20th-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema by the American Film Institute and received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2009 in recognition of her contribution to the Golden Age of motion pictures. She was known for her alluring, sultry presence and her distinctive, husky voice. Bacall was one of the last surviving major stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema.
1923
1. Lee Kuan Yew, Singaporean lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2015) births
  1. Lee Kuan Yew
    
    Lee Kuan Yew, born Harry Lee Kuan Yew, often referred to by his initials LKY, was a Singaporean lawyer and statesman who served as Prime Minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and Secretary-General of the People's Action Party between 1954 and 1992. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tanjong Pagar from 1955 until his death in 2015. Lee is widely recognised as the nation's founding father.
  2. Prime Minister of Singapore
    
    The prime minister of Singapore is the head of government of the Republic of Singapore. The president appoints the prime minister, a Member of Parliament (MP) who in their opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of the majority of MPs. The incumbent prime minister is Lee Hsien Loong, who took office on 12 August 2004.
1922
1. Guy Hamilton, French-English director and screenwriter (d. 2016) births
  1. Guy Hamilton
    
    Mervyn Ian Guy Hamilton, DSC was an English film director. He directed 22 films from the 1950s to the 1980s, including four James Bond films.
2. Janis Paige, American actress and singer births
  1. Janis Paige
    
    Janis Paige is an American retired actress and singer. Born in Tacoma, Washington, she began singing in local amateur shows at the age of five. After high school, she moved to Los Angeles, where she became a singer at the Hollywood Canteen during World War II, as well as posing as a pin-up model. This would lead to a film contract with Warner Bros., although she would later leave the studio to pursue live theatre work, appearing in a number of Broadway shows. She would continue to alternate between film and theatre work for much of her career. Beginning in the mid-fifties, she would also make numerous television appearances, as well as starring in her own sitcom It's Always Jan. With a career spanning over 60 years, she is one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood.
1921
1. Ursula Franklin, German-Canadian metallurgist (d. 2016) births
  1. Ursula Franklin
    
    Ursula Martius Franklin was a German-Canadian metallurgist, research physicist, author, and educator who taught at the University of Toronto for more than 40 years. She was the author of The Real World of Technology, which is based on her 1989 Massey Lectures; The Ursula Franklin Reader: Pacifism as a Map, a collection of her papers, interviews, and talks; and Ursula Franklin Speaks: Thoughts and Afterthoughts, containing 22 of her speeches and five interviews between 1986 and 2012. Franklin was a practising Quaker and actively worked on behalf of pacifist and feminist causes. She wrote and spoke extensively about the futility of war and the connection between peace and social justice. Franklin received numerous honours and awards, including the Governor General's Award in Commemoration of the Persons Case for promoting the equality of girls and women in Canada and the Pearson Medal of Peace for her work in advancing human rights. In 2012, she was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame. A Toronto high school, Ursula Franklin Academy, as well as Ursula Franklin Street on the University of Toronto campus, have been named in her honor.
  2. Metallurgy
    
    Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the science and the technology of metals; that is, the way in which science is applied to the production of metals, and the engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and manufacturers. Metallurgy is distinct from the craft of metalworking. Metalworking relies on metallurgy in a similar manner to how medicine relies on medical science for technical advancement. A specialist practitioner of metallurgy is known as a metallurgist.
2. Jon Hendricks, American singer-songwriter (d. 2017) births
  1. Jon Hendricks
    
    John Carl Hendricks, known professionally as Jon Hendricks, was an American jazz lyricist and singer. He is one of the originators of vocalese, which adds lyrics to existing instrumental songs and replaces many instruments with vocalists, such as the big-band arrangements of Duke Ellington and Count Basie. He is considered one of the best practitioners of scat singing, which involves vocal jazz soloing. Jazz critic and historian Leonard Feather called him the "Poet Laureate of Jazz", while Time dubbed him the "James Joyce of Jive". Al Jarreau called him "pound-for-pound the best jazz singer on the planet—maybe that's ever been".
3. Korla Pandit, American pianist and composer (d. 1998) births
  1. Korla Pandit
    
    Korla Pandit, born John Roland Redd, was an American musician, composer, pianist, and organist. After moving to California in the late 1940s and getting involved in show business, Redd became known as "Korla Pandit", a French-Indian musician from New Delhi, India. However, Redd was actually a light-skinned African-American man from Missouri who passed as Indian. A pathbreaking musical performer in the early days of television, Redd is known for Korla Pandit's Adventures In Music; the show was the first all-music program on television. He also performed live and on radio and made various film appearances, becoming known as the "Godfather of Exotica". Redd maintained the Korla Pandit persona—both in public and in private—until the end of his life.
1920
1. Staryl C. Austin, American air force general (d. 2015) births
  1. Staryl C. Austin
    
    Staryl Chester Austin, Jr. was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He was a P-47 pilot during World War II. He later joined the Oregon Air National Guard. Austin commanded the 142nd Fighter Group and was Assistant Adjutant General of Oregon. After leaving military service, he served as the director of the Oregon Department of Veterans' Affairs. He is a member of the Oregon Aviation Hall of Honor.
2. Sheila Quinn, English nurse and educator (d. 2016) births
  1. Sheila Quinn
    
    Dame Sheila Margaret Imelda Quinn, DBE, FRCN, RGN, RM, RNT, was a British nurse and fellow of the Royal College of Nursing. She was president of the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) from 1982 to 1986. She was awarded an RCN Fellowship (FRCN) in 1978.
3. Art Sansom, American cartoonist (d. 1991) births
  1. Art Sansom
    
    Arthur Baldwin Sansom Jr., better known as Art Sansom, was an American comic strip cartoonist who created the long-running comic strip The Born Loser.

Important events in history on September 16 th

Events

2021 Luxian earthquake

2020 stock market crash

Federal Reserve

Repurchase agreement

2015 Illapel earthquake

Illapel

Siege of Kobanî

Washington Navy Yard shooting

Naval Sea Systems Command

Washington Navy Yard shooting

Nisour Square massacre

Baghdad

One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269

Nisour Square massacre

Camorra

Paolo Di Lauro

Hurricane Ivan

Saffir–Simpson scale

1988–1994 British broadcasting voice restrictions

Pound sterling

European Exchange Rate Mechanism

Black Wednesday

Devaluation

Manuel Noriega

Black Wednesday

European Exchange Rate Mechanism

Northern Xinjiang railway

Ürümqi South railway station

Alashankou railway station

Eurasian Land Bridge

Dostyk

Eurasian Land Bridge

Montreal Protocol

Ozone depletion

Elie Hobeika

Palestinians

Sabra and Shatila massacre

1982 Lebanon War

Sabra and Shatila massacre

East German balloon escape

East Germany

West Germany

Hot air balloon

East German balloon escape

1978 Tabas earthquake

Tabas

Modified Mercalli intensity scale

Shavarsh Karapetyan

Yerevan

Mikoyan MiG-31

Papua New Guinea

Cape Verde

Mozambique

São Tomé and Príncipe

Mikoyan MiG-31

Hussein of Jordan

Jordan

Palestine Liberation Organization

Black September

Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)

Antony and Cleopatra (opera)

Malaysia

Federation of Malaya

Colony of Singapore

Crown Colony of North Borneo

Sabah

Crown Colony of Sarawak

Typhoon Nancy (1961)

Tropical cyclone

Muroto, Kōchi

National Hurricane Research Project

Hurricane Esther

Cloud seeding

Silver iodide

Project Stormfury

Hurricane Esther

Project Stormfury

Typhoon Nancy (1961)

Important events in history
on September 16 ^th