Important events in history
on September 1 ^st

Events

2019
1. Hurricane Dorian, the most powerful Atlantic hurricane on record outside the tropics, made landfall in the Bahamas at Category 5 intensity.
  1. Hurricane Dorian
    
    Hurricane Dorian was an extremely powerful and catastrophic Category 5 Atlantic hurricane, which became the most intense tropical cyclone on record to strike the Bahamas, and tied for strongest landfall in the Atlantic basin. It is also regarded as the worst natural disaster in the Bahamas' recorded history. It was also one of the most powerful hurricanes recorded in the Atlantic Ocean in terms of 1-minute sustained winds, with those winds peaking at 185 mph (295 km/h). In addition, Dorian surpassed Hurricane Irma of 2017 to become the most powerful Atlantic hurricane on record outside of the Caribbean Sea. Dorian was the fourth named storm, second hurricane, the first major hurricane, and the first Category 5 hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. Dorian struck the Abaco Islands on September 1 with maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), tying with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for the highest wind speeds of an Atlantic hurricane ever recorded at landfall. Dorian went on to strike Grand Bahama at similar intensity, stalling just north of the territory with unrelenting winds for at least 24 hours. The resultant damage to these islands was catastrophic; most structures were flattened or swept to sea, and at least 70,000 people were left homeless. After it ravaged through the Bahamas, Dorian proceeded along the coasts of the Southeastern United States and Atlantic Canada, leaving behind considerable damage and economic losses in those regions.
  2. Atlantic hurricane
    
    An Atlantic hurricane, also known as tropical storm or simply hurricane, is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, primarily between the months of June and November. A hurricane differs from a cyclone or typhoon only on the basis of location. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the South Pacific Ocean or Indian Ocean.
  3. Tropics
    
    The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at 23°26′10.7″ (or 23.43631°) N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at 23°26′10.7″ (or 23.43631°) S. The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone.
  4. Saffir–Simpson scale
    
    The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS) classifies hurricanes—which in the Western Hemisphere are tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. This measuring system was formerly known as the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, or SSHS.
2008
1. Iraq War: The United States Armed Forces transfers control of Anbar Province to the Iraqi Armed Forces.
  1. Iraq War
    
    The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011 that began with the invasion of Iraq by the United States–led coalition that overthrew the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. US troops were officially withdrawn in 2011. The United States became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, and the insurgency and many dimensions of the armed conflict continue today. The invasion occurred as part of the George W. Bush administration's War on terror following the September 11 attacks, despite no connection between Iraq and the attacks.
  2. United States Armed Forces
    
    The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), both federal executive departments, acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out. All six armed services are among the eight uniformed services of the United States.
  3. Al Anbar Governorate
    
    Al Anbar Governorate, or Anbar Province, is the largest governorate in Iraq by area. Encompassing much of the country's western territory, it shares borders with Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The population is mostly Sunni Muslims. The provincial capital is Ramadi; other important cities include Fallujah and Al-Qa'im.
  4. Iraqi Armed Forces
    
    The Iraqi Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Iraq. They consist of the Iraqi Army, the Iraqi Air Force, and the Iraqi Navy. Along with these three primary service branches, there exists the Iraqi Special Operations Forces. The President of Iraq acts as the supreme commander of the military as outlined by the national constitution.
2004
1. The Beslan school siege begins when armed terrorists take schoolchildren and school staff hostage in North Ossetia, Russia; by the end of the siege, three days later, more than 385 people are dead (including hostages, other civilians, security personnel and terrorists).
  1. Beslan school siege
    
    The Beslan school siege was a terrorist attack that started on 1 September 2004, lasted three days, involved the imprisonment of more than 1,100 people as hostages and ended with the deaths of 333 people, 186 of them children, as well as 31 of the attackers. It is considered to be the deadliest school shooting in history.
  2. North Ossetia–Alania
    
    The Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. Its population according to the 2010 Census was 712,980. The republic's capital city is the city of Vladikavkaz, located on the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains.
2000
1. Speakers' Corner, a free speech area in Hong Lim Park in Singapore, was launched.
  1. Speakers' Corner, Singapore
    
    The Speakers' Corner in Singapore is an area located within Hong Lim Park at the Downtown Core district, whereby Singaporeans may demonstrate, hold exhibitions and performances, as well as being able to engage freely in political open-air public speeches, debates and discussions. It is based upon the premise of its namesake, Speakers' Corner, which was first launched at Hyde Park, London and has since been established in many other countries with a political system of representative democracy.
  2. Freedom of speech
    
    Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction. The right to freedom of expression has been recognised as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law by the United Nations. Many countries have constitutional law that protects free speech. Terms like free speech, freedom of speech, and freedom of expression are used interchangeably in political discourse. However, in a legal sense, the freedom of expression includes any activity of seeking, receiving, and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.
  3. Hong Lim Park
    
    Hong Lim Park, formerly known as Hong Lim Green and Dunman's Green, is a 0.94-hectare (2.3-acre) heritage park in the Downtown Core district of Singapore located next to the Parkroyal Collection Pickering hotel and Clarke Quay station.
1983
1. A Soviet jet interceptor shot down the civilian Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near the island of Sakhalin in the north Pacific, killing all 246 passengers and 23 crew on board.
  1. Interceptor aircraft
    
    An interceptor aircraft, or simply interceptor, is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically for the defensive interception role against an attacking enemy aircraft, particularly bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. Aircraft that are capable of being or are employed as both ‘standard’ air superiority fighters and as interceptors are sometimes known as fighter-interceptors. There are two general classes of interceptor: light fighters, designed for high performance over short range; and heavy fighters, which are intended to operate over longer ranges, in contested airspace and adverse meteorological conditions. While the second type was exemplified historically by specialized night fighter and all-weather interceptor designs, the integration of mid-air refueling, satellite navigation, on-board radar and beyond visual range (BVR) missile systems since the 1960s has allowed most frontline fighter designs to fill the roles once reserved for specialised night/all-weather fighters.
  2. Korean Air Lines Flight 007
    
    Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (KE007/KAL007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alaska. On 1 September 1983, the flight was shot down by a Soviet Sukhoi Su-15 interceptor. The Boeing 747 airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul, but owing to a navigational mistake made by the crew, the airliner drifted from its original planned route and flew through Soviet prohibited airspace around the time of a U.S. aerial reconnaissance mission. The Soviet Air Forces treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. spy plane, and destroyed it with air-to-air missiles, after firing warning shots which were probably not seen by the KAL pilots. The Korean airliner eventually crashed in the sea near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a United States representative. The Soviet Union found the wreckage under the sea two weeks later on September 15 and found the flight recorders in October, but this information was kept secret until 1992.
  3. Sakhalin
    
    Sakhalin is the largest island of Russia. It is north of the Japanese archipelago, and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin is situated in the Pacific Ocean, sandwiched between the Sea of Okhotsk to the east and the Sea of Japan to the west. It is located just off Khabarovsk Krai, and is north of Hokkaido in Japan. The island has a population of roughly 500,000, the majority of which are Russians. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs, who are now present in very small numbers.
2. Cold War: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down by a Soviet Union jet fighter when the commercial aircraft enters Soviet airspace, killing all 269 on board, including Congressman Lawrence McDonald.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Korean Air Lines Flight 007
    
    Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (KE007/KAL007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alaska. On 1 September 1983, the flight was shot down by a Soviet Sukhoi Su-15 interceptor. The Boeing 747 airliner was en route from Anchorage to Seoul, but owing to a navigational mistake made by the crew, the airliner drifted from its original planned route and flew through Soviet prohibited airspace around the time of a U.S. aerial reconnaissance mission. The Soviet Air Forces treated the unidentified aircraft as an intruding U.S. spy plane, and destroyed it with air-to-air missiles, after firing warning shots which were probably not seen by the KAL pilots. The Korean airliner eventually crashed in the sea near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a United States representative. The Soviet Union found the wreckage under the sea two weeks later on September 15 and found the flight recorders in October, but this information was kept secret until 1992.
  3. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  4. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  5. Larry McDonald
    
    Lawrence Patton McDonald was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors.
1982
1. The United States Air Force Space Command is founded.
  1. Space Operations Command
    
    Space Operations Command (SpOC) is the United States Space Force's space operations, cyber operations, and intelligence field command. It is headquartered at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado and serves as the U.S. Space Force's service component to United States Space Command. Space Operations Command consists of Space Operations Command West, its mission deltas, and garrison commands.
1974
1. The SR-71 Blackbird sets (and holds) the record for flying from New York to London in the time of one hour, 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds at a speed of 1,435.587 miles per hour (2,310.353 km/h).
  1. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
    
    The Lockheed SR-71 "Blackbird" is a long-range, high-altitude, Mach 3+ strategic reconnaissance aircraft developed and manufactured by the American aerospace company Lockheed Corporation. It was operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) and NASA.
1973
1. A 76-hour multinational rescue effort in the Irish Sea resulted in the deepest sub rescue in history (pictured).
  1. Irish Sea
    
    The Irish Sea is an extensive body of water that separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel.
  2. Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman
    
    The rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman occurred between 29 August and 1 September 1973 after their Vickers Oceanics small submersible Pisces III was trapped on the seabed at a depth of 1,575 ft (480 m), 150 mi (240 km) off Ireland in the Celtic Sea. The 76-hour multinational rescue effort resulted in the deepest sub rescue in history.
2. A 76-hour multinational rescue effort in the Celtic Sea resulted in the Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman.
  1. Celtic Sea
    
    The Celtic Sea is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the southern coast of Ireland bounded to the east by Saint George's Channel; other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany. The southern and western boundaries are delimited by the continental shelf, which drops away sharply. The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea.
  2. Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman
    
    The rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman occurred between 29 August and 1 September 1973 after their Vickers Oceanics small submersible Pisces III was trapped on the seabed at a depth of 1,575 ft (480 m), 150 mi (240 km) off Ireland in the Celtic Sea. The 76-hour multinational rescue effort resulted in the deepest sub rescue in history.
1972
1. In a match widely publicized as a Cold War confrontation, American chess grandmaster Bobby Fischer became the 11th World Chess Champion with his victory over Russian Boris Spassky.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Grandmaster (chess)
    
    Grandmaster (GM) is a title awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. Once achieved, the title is held for life, though exceptionally it has been revoked for cheating.
  3. Bobby Fischer
    
    Robert James Fischer was an American chess grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion. A chess prodigy, he won his first of a record eight US Championships at the age of 14. In 1964, he won with an 11–0 score, the only perfect score in the history of the tournament. Qualifying for the 1972 World Championship, Fischer swept matches with Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen by 6–0 scores. After another qualifying match against Tigran Petrosian, Fischer won the title match against Boris Spassky of the USSR, in Reykjavík, Iceland. Publicized as a Cold War confrontation between the US and USSR, the match attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since.
  4. World Chess Championship
    
    The World Chess Championship is played to determine the world champion in chess. The current world champion is Magnus Carlsen of Norway, who has held the title since 2013.
  5. World Chess Championship 1972
    
    The World Chess Championship 1972 was a match for the World Chess Championship between challenger Bobby Fischer of the United States and defending champion Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union. The match took place in the Laugardalshöll arena in Reykjavík, Iceland, and has been dubbed the Match of the Century. Fischer became the first American born in the United States to win the world title, and the second American overall. Fischer's win also ended, for a short time, 24 years of Soviet domination of the World Championship.
  6. Boris Spassky
    
    Boris Vasilievich Spassky is a Russian chess grandmaster who was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from 1969 to 1972. Spassky played three world championship matches: he lost to Tigran Petrosian in 1966; defeated Petrosian in 1969 to become world champion; then lost to Bobby Fischer in a famous match in 1972.
1969
1. Muammar Gaddafi (pictured) led a coup d'état to overthrow King Idris of Libya.
  1. Muammar Gaddafi
    
    Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the de facto leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, first as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.
  2. 1969 Libyan coup d'état
    
    The 1969 Libyan coup d'état, also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or the 1 September Revolution, was carried out by the Free Unionist Officers Movement, a group of military officers led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, which led to the overthrow of King Idris I.
  3. Idris of Libya
    
    Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi was a Libyan political and religious leader who was King of Libya from 24 December 1951 until his overthrow on 1 September 1969. He ruled over the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, after which the country became known as simply the Kingdom of Libya. Idris had served as Emir of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania from the 1920s until 1951. He was the chief of the Senussi Muslim order.
2. A coup in Libya brings Muammar Gaddafi to power.
  1. 1969 Libyan coup d'état
    
    The 1969 Libyan coup d'état, also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or the 1 September Revolution, was carried out by the Free Unionist Officers Movement, a group of military officers led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, which led to the overthrow of King Idris I.
  2. Libya
    
    Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west, and Tunisia to the northwest. Libya is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 700,000 square miles, it is the fourth-largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and the 16th-largest in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya and contains over three million of Libya's seven million people.
  3. Muammar Gaddafi
    
    Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the de facto leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, first as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.
1967
1. At an Arab League summit, eight nations issued the Khartoum Resolution, declaring that there would be "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, [and] no negotiations with it".
  1. 1967 Arab League summit
    
    The 1967 Arab League summit was held on August 29 in Khartoum as the fourth Arab League Summit in the aftermath of the Arab defeat by Israel in the Six-Day War, and is famous for its Khartoum Resolution known as "The Three No's"; No peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with Israel. The summit also resolved that the "oil-rich Arab states" give financial aid to the states who lost the war and to "help them rebuild their military forces." The final communique of the meeting "underscored the Palestinians' right to regain the whole of Palestine—that is, to destroy the State of Israel." The outcome of this summit influenced Israeli foreign policy for decades.
  2. Khartoum Resolution
    
    The Khartoum Resolution of 1 September 1967 was issued at the conclusion of the 1967 Arab League summit, which was convened in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, in the wake of the Six-Day War. The resolution is famous for containing what became known as the "Three Nos": "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it...."
2. Six-Day War: The Khartoum Resolution is issued at the Arab Summit, and eight countries adopt the "three 'no's against Israel".
  1. Six-Day War
    
    The Six-Day War or June War, also known as the 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states from 5 to 10 June 1967.
  2. Khartoum Resolution
    
    The Khartoum Resolution of 1 September 1967 was issued at the conclusion of the 1967 Arab League summit, which was convened in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, in the wake of the Six-Day War. The resolution is famous for containing what became known as the "Three Nos": "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it...."
1966
1. Rioting erupted in Dayton, Ohio, resulting in one death and the mobilization of the Ohio National Guard.
  1. 1966 Dayton race riot
    
    The 1966 Dayton race riot was a period of civil unrest in Dayton, Ohio, United States. The riot occurred on September 1 and lasted about 24 hours, ending after the Ohio National Guard had been mobilized. It was the largest race riot in Dayton's history and one of several to occur during the 1960s.
  2. Dayton, Ohio
    
    Dayton is the sixth-largest city in the state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater Dayton was estimated to be at 814,049 residents. The Combined Statistical Area (CSA) was 1,086,512. This makes Dayton the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Ohio and 73rd in the United States. Dayton is within Ohio's Miami Valley region, 50 miles (80 km) north of the Greater Cincinnati area.
  3. Ohio National Guard
    
    The Ohio National Guard comprises the Ohio Army National Guard and the Ohio Air National Guard. The commander-in-chief of the Ohio Army National Guard is the governor of the U.S. state of Ohio. If the Ohio Army National Guard is called to federal service, then the President of the United States becomes the commander-in-chief. The military commander of all forces in the State of Ohio is the Adjutant General, Major General John C. Harris, Jr. is responsible for the command of 17,000 members, preparedness and readiness, installation management, and budget of the Ohio National Guard. The current Assistant Adjutant General for Army, with responsibility for overseeing the Ohio Army National Guard training and operations, is Brigadier General Thomas E. Moore II. The current Assistant Adjutant General for Air is Major General James R. Camp with responsibility for overseeing the Ohio Air National Guard.
1961
1. TWA Flight 529 crashed shortly after takeoff from Midway Airport in Chicago, killing all 78 people on board. At the time, it was the deadliest single plane disaster in U.S. history.
  1. TWA Flight 529
    
    TWA Flight 529 was a Lockheed Constellation L-049 propliner, registration N86511, operating as a scheduled passenger service from Boston, Massachusetts to San Francisco, California. On September 1, 1961, at 02:05 CDT, the flight crashed shortly after takeoff from Midway Airport in Chicago, killing all 73 passengers and five crew on board; it was at the time the deadliest single plane disaster in U.S. history.
  2. Midway International Airport
    
    Chicago Midway International Airport, typically referred to as Midway Airport, Chicago Midway, or simply Midway, is a major commercial airport on the Southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, located approximately 12 miles (19 km) from the Loop business district. Established in 1927, Midway served as Chicago's primary airport until the opening of O'Hare International Airport in 1955. Today, Midway is one of the busiest airports in the nation and the second-busiest airport both in the Chicago metropolitan area and the state of Illinois, serving 20,844,860 passengers in 2019.
1952
1. Ernest Hemingway's novel The Old Man and the Sea, which later won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, was first published.
  1. Ernest Hemingway
    
    Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two nonfiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three nonfiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.
  2. The Old Man and the Sea
    
    The Old Man and the Sea is a novella written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Cayo Blanco (Cuba), and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction written by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba.
  3. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
    
    The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year.
1939
1. German forces attacked multiple locations in Poland, including Wieluń and Westerplatte, starting World War II in Europe.
  1. Invasion of Poland
    
    The invasion of Poland was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign or 1939 defensive war and known in Germany as the Poland campaign.
  2. Bombing of Wieluń
    
    The bombing of Wieluń is considered by many to be the first major act of World War II, and the September Campaign. After Luftwaffe air units moved into Polish airspace in the early morning of 1 September, they reached the town of Wieluń by 04:40–45 hours. Around this time, the first strikes on the town were conducted, with a total of 46,000 kg bombs being dropped on civilian targets for 9 consecutive hours. Elsewhere, the Battle of Westerplatte and Danzig skirmishes began around the same time, starting the well-coordinated Invasion of Poland.
  3. Battle of Westerplatte
    
    The Battle of Westerplatte was the first battle of the German invasion of Poland, marking the start of World War II in Europe. It occurred on the Westerplatte peninsula in the harbour of the Free City of Danzig.
  4. European theatre of World War II
    
    The European theatre of World War II was one of the two main theatres of combat during World War II. It saw heavy fighting across Europe for almost six years, starting with Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and ending with the Western Allies conquering most of Western Europe, the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 but the fighting on the Eastern front continued until 11 May during the Prague offensive and the end of the Battle of Odzak on 25 May. The Allied powers fought the Axis powers on two major fronts as well as in a strategic bombing offensive and in the adjoining Mediterranean and Middle East theatre.
2. German forces began an invasion of Poland, including attacks at Wieluń and at Westerplatte, starting World War II in Europe.
  1. Invasion of Poland
    
    The invasion of Poland was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign or 1939 defensive war and known in Germany as the Poland campaign.
  2. Bombing of Wieluń
    
    The bombing of Wieluń is considered by many to be the first major act of World War II, and the September Campaign. After Luftwaffe air units moved into Polish airspace in the early morning of 1 September, they reached the town of Wieluń by 04:40–45 hours. Around this time, the first strikes on the town were conducted, with a total of 46,000 kg bombs being dropped on civilian targets for 9 consecutive hours. Elsewhere, the Battle of Westerplatte and Danzig skirmishes began around the same time, starting the well-coordinated Invasion of Poland.
  3. Battle of Westerplatte
    
    The Battle of Westerplatte was the first battle of the German invasion of Poland, marking the start of World War II in Europe. It occurred on the Westerplatte peninsula in the harbour of the Free City of Danzig.
  4. European theatre of World War II
    
    The European theatre of World War II was one of the two main theatres of combat during World War II. It saw heavy fighting across Europe for almost six years, starting with Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and ending with the Western Allies conquering most of Western Europe, the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 but the fighting on the Eastern front continued until 11 May during the Prague offensive and the end of the Battle of Odzak on 25 May. The Allied powers fought the Axis powers on two major fronts as well as in a strategic bombing offensive and in the adjoining Mediterranean and Middle East theatre.
3. World War II: Nazi Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, beginning the European phase of World War II.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
  3. Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
    
    The (First) Slovak Republic, otherwise known as the Slovak State, was a partially-recognized client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 7 May 1945. The Slovak part of Czechoslovakia declared independence with German support one day before the German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia. The Slovak Republic controlled the majority of the territory of present-day Slovakia but without its current southern parts, which were ceded by Czechoslovakia to Hungary in 1938. It was the first time in history that Slovakia had been a formally independent state.
  4. Invasion of Poland
    
    The invasion of Poland was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign or 1939 defensive war and known in Germany as the Poland campaign.
  5. Second Polish Republic
    
    The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established in 1918, in the aftermath of the First World War. The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War.
1937
1. The first group of around 172,000 Koreans were deported by Soviet authorities from the Russian Far East to the Kazakh and Uzbek SSRs; around 10 to 25 percent died.
  1. Koryo-saram
    
    Koryo-saram is the name which ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. The term is composed of two Korean words: "Koryo", a historical name for Korea, and "saram", meaning "person" or "people".
  2. Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
    
    The deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union was the forced transfer of nearly 172,000 Soviet Koreans (Koryo-saram) from the Russian Far East to unpopulated areas of the Kazakh SSR and the Uzbek SSR in 1937 by the NKVD on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Molotov. 124 trains were used to resettle them 6,400 km to Central Asia. The reason was to stem "the infiltration of Japanese espionage into the Far Eastern Krai", as Koreans were at the time subjects of the Empire of Japan, which was the Soviet Union's rival. However, some historians regard it as part of Stalin's policy of "frontier cleansing". Estimates based on population statistics suggest that between 16,500 and 50,000 deported Koreans died from starvation, exposure, and difficulties adapting to their new environment in exile.
  3. Russian Far East
    
    The Russian Far East is a region in Northeast Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent; and is administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District, which is located between Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. The area's largest city is Khabarovsk, followed by Vladivostok. The region shares land borders with the countries of Mongolia, China, and North Korea to its south, as well as maritime boundaries with Japan to its southeast, and with the United States along the Bering Strait to its northeast. The Russian Far East is often considered as a part of Siberia.
  4. Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
    
    The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991 in northern Central Asia. It was created on 5 December 1936 from the Kazakh ASSR, an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR.
  5. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
    
    Uzbekistan is the common English name for the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and later, the Republic of Uzbekistan, that refers to the period of Uzbekistan from 1924 to 1991 as one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party, the legal political party, from 1925 until 1990. From 1990 to 1991, it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation. Sometimes, that period is also referred to as Soviet Uzbekistan.
1923
1. The Great Kantō earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing about 105,000 people.
  1. 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
    
    The Great Kantō earthquake struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Extensive firestorms and even a fire whirl added to the death toll. Civil unrest after the disaster has been documented.
  2. Yokohama
    
    Yokohama is the second-largest city in Japan by population and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area along the Keihin Industrial Zone.
1914
1. The passenger pigeon, which once numbered in the billions, became extinct when the last individual died in captivity
  1. Passenger pigeon
    
    The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon is an extinct species of pigeon that was endemic to North America. Its common name is derived from the French word passager, meaning "passing by", due to the migratory habits of the species. The scientific name also refers to its migratory characteristics. The morphologically similar mourning dove was long thought to be its closest relative, and the two were at times confused, but genetic analysis has shown that the genus Patagioenas is more closely related to it than the Zenaida doves.
  2. Martha (passenger pigeon)
    
    Martha was the last known living passenger pigeon ; she was named "Martha" in honor of the first First Lady Martha Washington.
1902
1. The first science fiction film, titled A Trip to the Moon and based on From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne, was released in France.
  1. Science fiction film
    
    Science fiction is a film genre that uses speculative, fictional science-based depictions of phenomena that are not fully accepted by mainstream science, such as extraterrestrial lifeforms, spacecraft, robots, cyborgs, interstellar travel, time travel, or other technologies. Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition.
  2. A Trip to the Moon
    
    A Trip to the Moon is a 1902 French adventure short film directed by Georges Méliès. Inspired by a wide variety of sources, including Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon and its 1870 sequel Around the Moon, the film follows a group of astronomers who travel to the Moon in a cannon-propelled capsule, explore the Moon's surface, escape from an underground group of Selenites, and return to Earth with a captive Selenite. Its ensemble cast of French theatrical performers is led by Méliès himself as the main character Professor Barbenfouillis. The film features the overtly theatrical style for which Méliès became famous.
  3. From the Earth to the Moon
    
    From the Earth to the Moon: A Direct Route in 97 Hours, 20 Minutes is an 1865 novel by Jules Verne. It tells the story of the Baltimore Gun Club, a post-American Civil War society of weapons enthusiasts, and their attempts to build an enormous Columbiad space gun and launch three people—the Gun Club's president, his Philadelphian armor-making rival, and a French poet—in a projectile with the goal of a Moon landing. Five years later, Verne wrote a sequel called Around the Moon.
  4. Jules Verne
    
    Jules Gabriel Verne was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the Voyages extraordinaires, a series of bestselling adventure novels including Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1872). His novels, always well documented, are generally set in the second half of the 19th century, taking into account the technological advances of the time.
1897
1. The Tremont Street Subway in Boston opens, becoming the first underground rapid transit system in North America.
  1. Tremont Street subway
    
    The Tremont Street subway in Boston's MBTA subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third oldest still in use worldwide to exclusively use electric traction, opening on September 1, 1897. It was originally built, under the supervision of Howard A. Carson as chief engineer, to get streetcar lines off the traffic-clogged streets, instead of as a true rapid transit line. It now forms the central part of the Green Line, connecting Boylston Street to Park Street and Government Center stations.
  2. Rapid transit
    
    Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be called a subway, tube, or underground. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles, and which is often grade-separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.
1894
1. Over 400 people die in the Great Hinckley Fire, a forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota.
  1. Great Hinckley Fire
    
    The Great Hinckley Fire was a conflagration in the pine forests of the U.S. state of Minnesota in September 1894, which burned an area of at least 200,000 acres, including the town of Hinckley. The official death count was 418; the actual number of fatalities was likely higher. Other sources put the death toll at 476.
  2. Wildfire
    
    A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation starting in rural and urban areas. Some forest ecosystems in their natural state depend on wildfire. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a bushfire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire. Wildfires are distinct from beneficial uses of fire, called controlled burns, though controlled burns can turn into wildfires.
  3. Hinckley, Minnesota
    
    Hinckley is a city in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, located at the junction of Interstate 35 and Minnesota State Highway 48. The population was 1,800 at the 2010 census.
1880
1. The army of Mohammad Ayub Khan is routed by the British at the Battle of Kandahar, ending the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
  1. Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)
    
    Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan also known as The Victor of Maiwand or The Afghan Prince Charlie was, for a while, the governor of Herat Province in the Emirate of Afghanistan. He was Emir of Afghanistan from 12 October, 1879 to 31 May, 1880. He also led the Afghan troops during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and defeated the British Indian Army at the Battle of Maiwand. Following his defeat at the Battle of Kandahar, Ayub Khan was deposed and exiled to British India. However, Ayub Khan fled to Persia. After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj and traveled to British India in 1888, where he lived until his death in 1914 in Lahore, Punjab. He was buried in Peshawar and had eleven wives, fifteen sons, and ten daughters. Two of his grandsons, Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi and Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan, served as brigadiers in the Pakistan Army.
  2. Battle of Kandahar (1880)
    
    The Battle of Kandahar, 1 September 1880, was the last major conflict of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. The battle in southern Afghanistan was fought between the British forces under command of General Roberts and the Afghan forces led by Ayub Khan. It ended with a decisive British victory, having inflicted nearly 3,000 casualties in total on the routed Afghans.
  3. Second Anglo-Afghan War
    
    The Second Anglo-Afghan War was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. The war was part of the Great Game between the British and Russian empires.
1878
1. Emma Nutt becomes the world's first female telephone operator when she is recruited by Alexander Graham Bell to the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company.
  1. Emma Nutt
    
    Emma Nutt became the world's first female telephone operator on September 1, 1878, when she started working for the Edwin Holmes Telephone Despatch [sic] Company in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
  2. Alexander Graham Bell
    
    Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.
1873
1. Cetshwayo ascends to the throne as king of the Zulu nation following the death of his father Mpande.
  1. Cetshwayo
    
    King Cetshwayo kaMpande was the king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1873 to 1879 and its Commander in Chief during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. His name has been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo. Cetshwayo consistently opposed the war and sought fruitlessly to make peace with the British, and was defeated and exiled following the Zulu defeat in the war. He was later allowed to return to Zululand, where he died in 1884.
  2. Zulu Kingdom
    
    The Zulu Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.
  3. Mpande
    
    Mpande kaSenzangakhona was monarch of the Zulu Kingdom from 1840 to 1872. He was a half-brother of Sigujana, Shaka and Dingane, who preceded him as Zulu kings. He came to power after he had overthrown Dingane in 1840.
1870
1. Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Sedan is fought, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory.
  1. Franco-Prussian War
    
    The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to reassert its dominant position in continental Europe, which appeared in question following the decisive Prussian victory over Austria in 1866. According to some historians, Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked the French into declaring war on Prussia in order to induce four independent southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt—to join the North German Confederation; other historians contend that Bismarck exploited the circumstances as they unfolded. All agree that Bismarck recognized the potential for new German alliances, given the situation as a whole.
  2. Battle of Sedan
    
    The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870. Resulting in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and over a hundred thousand troops, it effectively decided the war in favour of Prussia and its allies, though fighting continued under a new French government.
  3. Kingdom of Prussia
    
    The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin.
1864
1. American Civil War: The Confederate Army General John Bell Hood orders the evacuation of Atlanta, ending a four-month siege by General William Tecumseh Sherman.
  1. Confederate States Army
    
    The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861–1865), fighting against the United States forces in order to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the institution of slavery. On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican–American War. He had also been a United States senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina, where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by a small U.S. Army garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.
  2. John Bell Hood
    
    John Bell Hood was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Although brave, Hood's impetuosity led to high losses among his troops as he moved up in rank. Bruce Catton wrote that "the decision to replace Johnston with Hood was probably the single largest mistake that either government made during the war." Hood's education at the United States Military Academy led to a career as a junior officer in the infantry and cavalry of the antebellum U.S. Army in California and Texas. At the start of the Civil War, he offered his services to his adopted state of Texas. He achieved his reputation for aggressive leadership as a brigade commander in the army of Robert E. Lee during the Seven Days Battles in 1862, after which he was promoted to division command. He led a division under James Longstreet in the campaigns of 1862–63. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he was severely wounded, rendering his left arm useless for the rest of his life. Transferred with many of Longstreet's troops to the Western Theater, Hood led a massive assault into a gap in the Union line at the Battle of Chickamauga, but was wounded again, requiring the amputation of his right leg.
  3. Atlanta
    
    Atlanta is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia, but its territory falls in both Fulton and DeKalb counties. With a population of 498,715 living within the city limits, it is the eighth most populous city in the Southeast and 38th most populous city in the United States according to the 2020 U.S. census. It is the core of the much larger Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to more than 6.1 million people, making it the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains at an elevation of just over 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level, it features unique topography that includes rolling hills, lush greenery, and the most dense urban tree coverage of any major city in the United States.
  4. Siege
    
    A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from Latin: sedere, lit. 'to sit'. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for negotiation between combatants is common, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage diplomacy. The art of conducting and resisting sieges is called siege warfare, siegecraft, or poliorcetics.
  5. William Tecumseh Sherman
    
    William Tecumseh Sherman was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865), achieving recognition for his command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the scorched-earth policies that he implemented against the Confederate States. British military theorist and historian B. H. Liddell Hart declared that Sherman was "the first modern general".
1862
1. American Civil War: Confederate forces attacked retreating troops of the Union Army during a rainstorm in Chantilly, Virginia, but the battle ended inconclusively.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Confederate States Army
    
    The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861–1865), fighting against the United States forces in order to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold the institution of slavery. On February 28, 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president, Jefferson Davis. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican–American War. He had also been a United States senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina, where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by a small U.S. Army garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.
  3. Battle of Chantilly
    
    The Battle of Chantilly took place on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia, as the concluding battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps of the Army of Northern Virginia attempted to cut off the line of retreat of the Union Army of Virginia following the Second Battle of Bull Run but was attacked by two Union divisions. During the ensuing battle, Union division commanders Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny were both killed, but the Union attack halted Jackson's advance.
  4. Union Army
    
    During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also known as the Federal Army and the Northern Army, referring to the United States Army, was the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. It proved essential to the preservation of the United States as a working, viable republic.
  5. Chantilly, Virginia
    
    Chantilly is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Fairfax County, Virginia. The population was 23,039 at the 2010 census. Chantilly is named after an early-19th-century mansion and farm, which in turn took the name of an 18th-century plantation that was located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The name "Chantilly" originated in France with the Château de Chantilly, about 28 miles north of Paris.
2. American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly: Confederate Army troops defeat a group of retreating Union Army troops in Chantilly, Virginia.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Battle of Chantilly
    
    The Battle of Chantilly took place on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia, as the concluding battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's corps of the Army of Northern Virginia attempted to cut off the line of retreat of the Union Army of Virginia following the Second Battle of Bull Run but was attacked by two Union divisions. During the ensuing battle, Union division commanders Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny were both killed, but the Union attack halted Jackson's advance.
  3. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
  4. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  5. Chantilly, Virginia
    
    Chantilly is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Fairfax County, Virginia. The population was 23,039 at the 2010 census. Chantilly is named after an early-19th-century mansion and farm, which in turn took the name of an 18th-century plantation that was located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. The name "Chantilly" originated in France with the Château de Chantilly, about 28 miles north of Paris.
1859
1. A powerful solar flare caused a coronal mass ejection that struck Earth a few hours later, generating the most intense geomagnetic storm ever recorded and causing bright aurorae visible in the middle latitudes.
  1. Carrington Event
    
    The Carrington Event was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history, peaking from 1 to 2 September 1859 during solar cycle 10. It created strong auroral displays that were reported globally and caused sparking and even fires in multiple telegraph stations. The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun colliding with Earth's magnetosphere.
  2. Coronal mass ejection
    
    A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant release of plasma and accompanying magnetic field from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established.
  3. Geomagnetic storm
    
    A geomagnetic storm, also known as a magnetic storm, is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field.
  4. Aurora
    
    An aurora, also commonly known as the polar lights, is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions. Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant lights that appear as curtains, rays, spirals, or dynamic flickers covering the entire sky.
  5. Middle latitudes
    
    The middle latitudes are a spatial region on Earth located between the Tropic of Cancer to the Arctic Circle (66°33'39"), and Tropic of Capricorn (-23°26'22") to the Antarctic Circle (-66°33'39"). They include Earth's subtropical and temperate zones, which lie between the two tropics and the polar circles. Weather fronts and extratropical cyclones are usually found in this area, as well as occasional tropical cyclones or subtropical cyclones, which have traveled from their areas of formation closer to the Equator.
1838
1. Saint Andrew's Scots School, the oldest school of British origin in South America, is established.
  1. St. Andrew's Scots School
    
    The Saint Andrew's Scots School, also referred to as Saint Andrew's, is an Argentine bilingual school in Olivos, Vicente López Partido, Buenos Aires Province.
1836
1. Narcissa Whitman, one of the first English-speaking white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, Washington.
  1. Narcissa Whitman
    
    Narcissa Prentiss Whitman was an American missionary in the Oregon Country of what would become the state of Washington. On their way to found the Protestant Whitman Mission in 1836 with her husband, Marcus, near modern-day Walla Walla, Washington, she and Eliza Hart Spalding became the first documented European-American women to cross the Rocky Mountains.
  2. Rocky Mountains
    
    The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch 3,000 mi (4,800 km) in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico in the southwestern United States. Depending on differing definitions between Canada and the United States, its northern terminus is located either in northern British Columbia's Terminal Range south of the Liard River and east of the Trench, or in the northeastern foothills of the Brooks Range/British Mountains that face the Beaufort Sea coasts between the Canning River and the Firth River across the Alaska-Yukon border. Its southernmost point is near the Albuquerque area adjacent to the Rio Grande rift and north of the Sandia–Manzano Mountain Range. Being the easternmost portion of the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are distinct from the tectonically younger Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, which both lie farther to its west.
  3. Walla Walla, Washington
    
    Walla Walla is a city in Walla Walla County, Washington, where it is the largest city and county seat. It had a population of 34,060 at the 2020 census, estimated to have decreased to 33,927 as of 2021. The population of the city and its two suburbs, the town of College Place and unincorporated Walla Walla East, is about 45,000.
1831
1. The Order of St. Gregory the Great is established by Pope Gregory XVI of the Vatican State to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a Roman Catholic.
  1. Order of St. Gregory the Great
    
    The Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great was established on 1 September 1831, by Pope Gregory XVI, seven months after his election as Pope.
  2. Pope Gregory XVI
    
    Pope Gregory XVI was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in 1 June 1846. He had adopted the name Mauro upon entering the religious order of the Camaldolese.
  3. Vatican City
    
    Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is an independent city-state, microstate and enclave within Rome, Italy. Also known as The Vatican, the state became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of 49 hectares and a 2019 population of about 453, it is the smallest state in the world both by area and population. As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere. The Vatican is also a metonym for the Holy See.
  4. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
1804
1. German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding discovered one of the largest main-belt asteroids, naming it Juno after the Roman goddess.
  1. Karl Ludwig Harding
    
    Karl Ludwig Harding was a German astronomer, who discovered 3 Juno, the third asteroid of the main-belt in 1804. The lunar crater Harding and the asteroid 2003 Harding are named in his honor.
  2. Asteroid belt
    
    The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes, but much smaller than planets, called asteroids or minor planets. This asteroid belt is also called the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids.
  3. 3 Juno
    
    3 Juno is a large asteroid in the asteroid belt. Juno was the third asteroid discovered, in 1804, by German astronomer Karl Harding. It is one of the twenty largest asteroids and one of the two largest stony (S-type) asteroids, along with 15 Eunomia. It is estimated to contain 1% of the total mass of the asteroid belt.
  4. Juno (mythology)
    
    Juno was an ancient Roman goddess, the protector and special counsellor of the state. She was equated to Hera, queen of the gods in Greek mythology. A daughter of Saturn, she was the sister and wife of Jupiter and the mother of Mars, Vulcan, Bellona and Juventas. Like Hera, her sacred animal was the peacock. Her Etruscan counterpart was Uni, and she was said to also watch over the women of Rome. As the patron goddess of Rome and the Roman Empire, Juno was called Regina ("Queen") and was a member of the Capitoline Triad, centered on the Capitoline Hill in Rome, and also including Jupiter, and Minerva, goddess of wisdom.
2. Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the Main Belt, is discovered by the German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding.
  1. 3 Juno
    
    3 Juno is a large asteroid in the asteroid belt. Juno was the third asteroid discovered, in 1804, by German astronomer Karl Harding. It is one of the twenty largest asteroids and one of the two largest stony (S-type) asteroids, along with 15 Eunomia. It is estimated to contain 1% of the total mass of the asteroid belt.
  2. Asteroid
    
    An asteroid is a minor planet of the inner Solar System. Sizes and shapes of asteroids vary significantly, ranging from 1-meter rocks to a dwarf planet almost 1000 km in diameter; they are rocky, metallic or icy bodies with no atmosphere.
  3. Asteroid belt
    
    The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, located roughly between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It contains a great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes, but much smaller than planets, called asteroids or minor planets. This asteroid belt is also called the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids.
  4. Karl Ludwig Harding
    
    Karl Ludwig Harding was a German astronomer, who discovered 3 Juno, the third asteroid of the main-belt in 1804. The lunar crater Harding and the asteroid 2003 Harding are named in his honor.
1774
1. Under orders from Governor Thomas Gage, British soldiers removed gunpowder from a magazine in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which caused Patriots to prepare for war.
  1. Thomas Gage
    
    General Thomas Gage was a British Army general officer and colonial official best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as British commander-in-chief in the early days of the American Revolution.
  2. Gunpowder magazine
    
    A gunpowder magazine is a magazine (building) designed to store the explosive gunpowder in wooden barrels for safety. Gunpowder, until superseded, was a universal explosive used in the military and for civil engineering: both applications required storage magazines. Most magazines were purely functional and tended to be in remote and secure locations. They are the successor to the earlier powder towers and powder houses.
  3. Province of Massachusetts Bay
    
    The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in British America which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692, and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor. Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697.
  4. Patriot (American Revolution)
    
    Patriots, also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs, were the colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution, and declared the United States of America an independent nation in July 1776. Their decision was based on the political philosophy of republicanism—as expressed by such spokesmen as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine. They were opposed by the Loyalists, who supported continued British rule.
  5. Powder Alarm
    
    The Powder Alarm was a major popular reaction to the removal of gunpowder from a magazine near Boston by British soldiers under orders from General Thomas Gage, royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, on September 1, 1774. In response to this action, amid rumors that blood had been shed, alarm spread through the countryside to Connecticut and beyond, and American Patriots sprang into action, fearing that war was at hand. Thousands of militiamen began streaming toward Boston and Cambridge, and mob action forced Loyalists and some government officials to flee to the protection of the British Army.
2. Massachusetts Bay colonists rise up in the bloodless Powder Alarm.
  1. Province of Massachusetts Bay
    
    The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in British America which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692, and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor. Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697.
  2. Powder Alarm
    
    The Powder Alarm was a major popular reaction to the removal of gunpowder from a magazine near Boston by British soldiers under orders from General Thomas Gage, royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, on September 1, 1774. In response to this action, amid rumors that blood had been shed, alarm spread through the countryside to Connecticut and beyond, and American Patriots sprang into action, fearing that war was at hand. Thousands of militiamen began streaming toward Boston and Cambridge, and mob action forced Loyalists and some government officials to flee to the protection of the British Army.
1772
1. The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California.
  1. Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
    
    Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is a Spanish mission founded September 1, 1772 by Father Junípero Serra in San Luis Obispo, California. Named after Saint Louis of Anjou, the bishop of Toulouse, the mission is the namesake of San Luis Obispo. The mission offers public tours of the church and grounds.
  2. San Luis Obispo, California
    
    San Luis Obispo is a city and county seat of San Luis Obispo County, in the U.S. state of California. Located on the Central Coast of California, San Luis Obispo is roughly halfway between the San Francisco Bay Area in the north and Greater Los Angeles in the south. The population was 47,063 at the 2020 census.
1763
1. Catherine II of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow.
  1. Catherine the Great
    
    Catherine II, most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power following the overthrow of her husband, Peter III. Under her long reign, inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment, Russia experienced a renaissance of culture and sciences, which led to many new cities, universities, and theaters being founded; along with large-scale immigration from the rest of Europe, and the recognition of Russia as one of the great powers of Europe.
  2. Ivan Betskoy
    
    Ivan Ivanovich Betskoi or Betskoy was an educational reformer in the Russian Empire who served as Catherine II's advisor on education and President of the Imperial Academy of Arts for thirty years (1764–94). Perhaps the crowning achievement of his long career was the establishment of Russia's first unified system of public education.
  3. Moscow Orphanage
    
    The Moscow Orphanage or Foundling Home was an ambitious project conceived by Catherine the Great and Ivan Betskoy, in the early 1760s. This idealistic experiment of the Age of Enlightenment was intended to manufacture "ideal citizens" for the Russian state by bringing up thousands of abandoned children to a very high standard of refinement, cultivation, and professional qualifications. Despite more than adequate staffing and financing, the Orphanage was plagued by high infant mortality and ultimately failed as a social institution.
1715
1. At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV.
  1. Louis XV
    
    Louis XV, known as Louis the Beloved, was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached maturity on 15 February 1723, the kingdom was ruled by his grand-uncle Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, as Regent of France. Cardinal Fleury was chief minister from 1726 until his death in 1743, at which time the king took sole control of the kingdom.
1645
1. English Civil War. Scottish Covenanter forces abandon their month-long Siege of Hereford, a Cavalier stronghold, on news of Royalist victories in Scotland.
  1. English Civil War
    
    The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
  2. Kingdom of Scotland
    
    The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert the Bruce it fought a successful War of Independence and remained an independent state throughout the late Middle Ages. Following the annexation of the Hebrides and the Northern Isles from the Kingdom of Norway in 1266 and 1472 respectively, and the final capture of the Royal Burgh of Berwick by the Kingdom of England in 1482, the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern-day Scotland, bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union. In 1707, during the reign of Queen Anne, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union.
  3. Covenanters
    
    Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. The name is derived from Covenant, a biblical term for a bond or agreement with God.
  4. Siege of Hereford
    
    The siege of Hereford took place in 1645 during the English Civil War when the city of Hereford and its English Royalist garrison was besieged by a Scottish Covenanter army under the command of the Earl of Leven. The Covenanters were allied to the English Parliamentarian cause and moved to take the Royalist stronghold in the wake of their victory at the Battle of Naseby. After a month-long siege the approach of Royalist reinforcements and news of Montrose's victories against the Coventanters in Scotland forced Leven to abandon the siege and retreat. However, in December of the same year the city was taken in a surprise attack by Colonel John Birch and remained in Parliamentarian hands for the remainder of the conflict.
  5. Cavalier
    
    The term 'Cavalier' was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration. It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.
1644
1. Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause.
  1. Battle of Tippermuir
    
    The Battle of Tippermuir was the first battle James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose, fought for King Charles I in the Scottish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the battle, Montrose's Royalist forces routed an army of the Covenanter-dominated Scottish government under John Wemyss, Lord Elcho. The government side took heavy losses.
  2. James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose
    
    James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose was a Scottish nobleman, poet and soldier, lord lieutenant and later viceroy and captain general of Scotland. Montrose initially joined the Covenanters in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but subsequently supported King Charles I as the English Civil War developed. From 1644 to 1646, and again in 1650, he fought in the civil war in Scotland on behalf of the King. He is referred to as the Great Montrose.
  3. John Wemyss, 1st Earl of Wemyss
    
    John Wemyss, 1st Earl of Wemyss (1586–1649) was a Scottish politician.
  4. Covenanters
    
    Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. The name is derived from Covenant, a biblical term for a bond or agreement with God.
  5. Cavalier
    
    The term 'Cavalier' was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration. It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.
1604
1. The Guru Granth Sahib, the religious text of Sikhism, was installed in the Golden Temple.
  1. Guru Granth Sahib
    
    The Guru Granth Sahib is the central holy religious scripture of Sikhism, regarded by Sikhs as the final, sovereign and eternal Guru following the lineage of the ten human gurus of the religion. The Adi Granth, its first rendition, was compiled by the fifth guru, Guru Arjan (1564–1606). Its compilation was completed on 29 August 1604 and first installed inside Golden Temple in Amritsar on 1 September 1604. Baba Buddha was appointed the first Granthi of the Golden Temple. Shortly afterwards Guru Hargobind added Ramkali Ki Vaar. Later, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh guru, added hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur to the Adi Granth and affirmed the text as his successor. This second rendition became known as the Guru Granth Sahib and is also sometimes referred to as the Adi Granth.
  2. Sikhism
    
    Sikhism, also known as Sikhi or Sikh Dharma, is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, around the end of the 15th century CE. It is the most recently founded major organized faith and stands at fifth-largest worldwide, with about 25–30 million adherents as of the early 21st century.
  3. Golden Temple
    
    The Golden Temple is a gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. It is the preeminent spiritual site of Sikhism. It is one of the holiest sites in Sikhism, alongside the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur in Kartarpur, and Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib.
2. Adi Granth, now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs, is first installed at Harmandir Sahib.
  1. Guru Granth Sahib
    
    The Guru Granth Sahib is the central holy religious scripture of Sikhism, regarded by Sikhs as the final, sovereign and eternal Guru following the lineage of the ten human gurus of the religion. The Adi Granth, its first rendition, was compiled by the fifth guru, Guru Arjan (1564–1606). Its compilation was completed on 29 August 1604 and first installed inside Golden Temple in Amritsar on 1 September 1604. Baba Buddha was appointed the first Granthi of the Golden Temple. Shortly afterwards Guru Hargobind added Ramkali Ki Vaar. Later, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh guru, added hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur to the Adi Granth and affirmed the text as his successor. This second rendition became known as the Guru Granth Sahib and is also sometimes referred to as the Adi Granth.
  2. Sikhs
    
    Sikhs are people who adhere to Sikhism (Sikhi), a monotheistic religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak. The term Sikh has its origin in the word śiṣya (शिष्य), meaning 'disciple' or 'student'.
  3. Golden Temple
    
    The Golden Temple is a gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. It is the preeminent spiritual site of Sikhism. It is one of the holiest sites in Sikhism, alongside the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur in Kartarpur, and Gurdwara Janam Asthan in Nankana Sahib.
1532
1. Lady Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.
  1. Anne Boleyn
    
    Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and of her execution by beheading for treason and other charges made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead, she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon.
  2. Marquess of Pembroke
    
    Marquess of Pembroke was a title in the Peerage of England created by King Henry VIII for his future spouse Anne Boleyn.
  3. Engagement
    
    An engagement or betrothal is the period of time between the declaration of acceptance of a marriage proposal and the marriage itself. During this period, a couple is said to be fiancés, betrothed, intended, affianced, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. Future brides and grooms may be called fiancée (feminine) or fiancé (masculine), the betrothed, a wife-to-be or husband-to-be, respectively. The duration of the courtship varies vastly, and is largely dependent on cultural norms or upon the agreement of the parties involved.
  4. Henry VIII
    
    Henry VIII was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy" as he invested heavily in the navy and increased its size from a few to more than 50 ships, and established the Navy Board.
1529
1. The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by natives.
  1. Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)
    
    Sancti Spiritu was a fortification established in 1527 near the Paraná River by the explorer Sebastian Cabot. It was the first European settlement in the territory of modern Argentina and was destroyed by Amerindians two years later.
  2. Argentina
    
    Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica.
1449
1. Tumu Crisis: The Mongols capture the Emperor of China.
  1. Tumu Crisis
    
    The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress, also known as the Tumu Crisis, or the Jisi Incident, was a frontier conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Oirat ruler of the Northern Yuan, Esen, captured the Emperor Yingzong of Ming on September 1, 1449.
  2. Mongol Empire
    
    The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, attempted invasions of Southeast Asia and conquered the Iranian Plateau; and westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.
  3. Emperor of China
    
    Huangdi, translated into English as Emperor, was the superlative title held by monarchs of China who ruled various imperial regimes in Chinese history. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was considered the Son of Heaven and the autocrat of all under Heaven. Under the Han dynasty, Confucianism replaced Legalism as the official political theory and succession in most cases theoretically followed agnatic primogeniture. The lineage of emperors descended from a paternal family line constituted a dynasty.
1420
1. A 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan.
  1. 1420 Caldera earthquake
    
    The 1420 Caldera earthquake shook the southern portion of Atacama Desert on September 1 and caused tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and the towns of Japan. The earthquake is thought to have had a size of 8.8–9.4 Mw. Historical records of the tsunami exist for the Japanese harbours of Kawarago and Aiga where confused residents saw the water recede in the morning of September 1, without any sign of an earthquake. In Chile, rockfalls occurred along the coast as well, producing blocks of up to 40 tons that are now found inland. This is also consistent with the identification of a possible tsunami deposit in Mejillones Bay that has been dated to the range 1409 to 1449. Deposits found by coring of recent sediments in wetland near Tongoy Bay have also been linked to the 1420 tsunami.
  2. Atacama Region
    
    The Atacama Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It comprises three provinces: Chañaral, Copiapó and Huasco. It is bordered to the north by Antofagasta, to the south by Coquimbo, to east with Provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan of Argentina, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. The regional capital Copiapó is located at 806 km (501 mi) north of the country's capital of Santiago. The region occupies the southern portion of the Atacama Desert, the rest of the desert is mainly distributed among the other regions of Norte Grande.
  3. Tsunami
    
    A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are in turn generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event.
  4. Hawaii
    
    Hawaii is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state geographically located within the tropics.
1355
1. King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki.
  1. Tvrtko I of Bosnia
    
    Stephen Tvrtko I was the first king of Bosnia. A member of the House of Kotromanić, he succeeded his uncle Stephen II as Ban of Bosnia in 1353. As he was a minor at the time, Tvrtko's father, Vladislav, briefly ruled as regent, followed by Tvrtko's mother, Jelena. Early in his personal rule, Tvrtko quarreled with his country's Roman Catholic clergy, but later enjoyed cordial relations with all the religious communities in his realm. After initial difficulties – the loss of large parts of Bosnia to his overlord, King Louis I of Hungary, and being briefly deposed by his magnates – Tvrtko's power grew considerably. He conquered some remnants of the neighbouring Serbian Empire in 1373, after the death of its last ruler and his distant relative, Uroš the Weak. In 1377, he had himself crowned king of Bosnia and of Serbia, claiming to be the heir of Serbia's extinct Nemanjić dynasty.
  2. Old town of Visoki
    
    The Old town of Visoki was a medieval royal castle town built during the 14th century on the top of the hill overlooking town of Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first mention of the town was on 1 September 1355, in the charter "in castro nosto Visoka vocatum" written by Tvrtko I of Bosnia while he was a young ban. The town was presumably abandoned before 1503, as it is not mentioned in the Turkish-Hungarian treaty from the mentioned year. In 1626, Đorđić mentioned Visoki among abandoned towns.
1173
1. The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancona by the forces of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
  1. Stamira
    
    Stamira was, according to a long-standing tradition, a heroic self-sacrificing woman who saved the city of Ancona during the 1173 siege by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Her memory was later taken up prominently by Italian nationalism.
  2. Ancona
    
    Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 as of 2015. Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco.
  3. Frederick Barbarossa
    
    Frederick Barbarossa, also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. Two years later, the term sacrum ("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which means "Emperor Redbeard" in English. The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career.
1145
1. The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated.
  1. Lund Cathedral
    
    Lund Cathedral is a cathedral of the Lutheran Church of Sweden in Lund, Scania, Sweden. It is the seat of the Bishop of Lund and the main church of the Diocese of Lund. It was built as the Catholic cathedral of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, dedicated to Saint Lawrence. It is one of the oldest stone buildings still in use in Sweden.
  2. Episcopal see
    
    An episcopal see is, in a practical use of the phrase, the area of a bishop's ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
  3. Nordic countries
    
    The Nordic countries are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden; the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland; and the autonomous region of Åland.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Barbara Ehrenreich, American writer and journalist (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Barbara Ehrenreich
    
    Barbara Ehrenreich was an American author and political activist. During the 1980s and early 1990s, she was a prominent figure in the Democratic Socialists of America. She was a widely read and award-winning columnist and essayist and the author of 21 books. Ehrenreich was best known for her 2001 book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, a memoir of her three-month experiment surviving on a series of minimum wage jobs. She was a recipient of a Lannan Literary Award.
2. Yang Yongsong, Chinese major general (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Yang Yongsong
    
    Yang Yongsong was a Chinese military officer, who was a founding major general in the People's Liberation Army. Born in Baihou in Dabu County, Guangdong, he joined the Communist Youth League of China and served in the Red Army from 1931. Yang fought in the fifth counter-encirclement campaign during the Chinese Civil War and was a participant in the Long March. He was present at the 1937 Battle of Pingxingguan and Battle of Xinkou during the Second Sino-Japanese War and was a representative at the 1945 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. After the war, he was promoted to major-general as one of the "founding generals" in 1955. He was the last surviving general appointed in that year.
  2. Major general
    
    Major general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of a lieutenant general outranking a major general, whereas a major outranks a lieutenant.
2020
1. Erick Morillo, American disc jockey and music producer (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Erick Morillo
    
    Erick Morillo was a Colombian-American disc jockey, music producer, and record label owner. Having produced under a number of pseudonyms, including Ministers de la Funk, The Dronez, RAW, Smooth Touch, RBM, Deep Soul, Club Ultimate, and Li'l Mo Ying Yang, Morillo was best known for his international work in house music, in particular for the label Strictly Rhythm, and the 1993 hit "I Like to Move It", which he produced under the pseudonym Reel 2 Real, and which was featured in commercials, movies, and ringtones. His label Subliminal Records produced the number-one Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit "Fun" by Da Mob, and won the Muzik magazine "Remixer of the Year" award in 1999. Subliminal also brought attention to artists like Eddie Thoneick, Carl Kennedy, and DJ DLG. He was a three-time winner of DJ Awards "Best House DJ" in 1998, 2001, and 2003 and a three-time winner of "Best International DJ" in 2002, 2006, and 2009 receiving a total of 15 nominations in all from 1998 to 2010.
2018
1. Randy Weston, American jazz pianist and composer (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Randy Weston
    
    Randolph Edward "Randy" Weston was an American jazz pianist and composer whose creativity was inspired by his ancestral African connection.
2015
1. Gurgen Dalibaltayan, Armenian general (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Gurgen Dalibaltayan
    
    Gurgen Harutyun Dalibaltayan was an Armenian military commander. He was the Chief of General Staff of Armenian Armed Forces during the 1992 Battle of Shusha, a battle to capture the city from Azerbaijan. He is credited with devising a strategy to assault the strongly fortified town of Shusha using diversionary attacks against adjacent villages to draw out the defenders of the town while the commander of troops, Arkady Ter-Tatevosyan, encircled the town and cut off reinforcements. His strategy is generally considered impossible, or at least implausible, as he was originally outnumbered. General military tactics suggest a force of three times the defender's size to successfully storm and win.
2. Dean Jones, American actor and singer (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Dean Jones (actor)
    
    Dean Carroll Jones was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Agent Zeke Kelso in That Darn Cat! (1965), Jim Douglas in The Love Bug (1968) and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977) and Dr. Herman Varnick in Beethoven (1992). He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance as Albert Dooley in The Million Dollar Duck (1971). In 1995, he was inducted as a Disney Legends award winner for his film work.
3. Richard G. Hewlett, American historian and author (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Richard G. Hewlett
    
    Richard Greening Hewlett was an American public historian best known for his work as the Chief Historian of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
4. Ben Kuroki, American sergeant and pilot (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ben Kuroki
    
    Ben Kuroki was the only American of Japanese descent in the United States Army Air Forces to serve in combat operations in the Pacific theater of World War II. He flew a total of 58 combat missions over Europe, North Africa, and Japan during World War II.
2014
1. Ahmed Abdi Godane, Somali militant leader (b. 1977) deaths
  1. Ahmed Abdi Godane
    
    Ahmed Abdi Godane, also known as Mukhtar Abu Zubair, was the Emir (leader) of Al-Shabaab, an Islamist group based in Somalia with ties to Al Qaeda. Godane, who received training and fought in Afghanistan, was designated by the United States as a terrorist. He succeeded Mukhtar Robow who had held the position for several months after Aden Ayro's death. He was killed in a U.S. drone strike on 1 September 2014 in southern Somalia.
2. Roger McKee, American baseball player (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Roger McKee
    
    Roger Hornsby McKee was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1943 through 1944 for the Philadelphia Phillies. As a 16-year-old rookie in 1943, he was the youngest player to appear in a National League game that season. McKee was one of many ballplayers who appeared in the Major Leagues only during World War II. He made his major league debut on August 18, 1943, in a home doubleheader against the St. Louis Cardinals at Shibe Park. The best game of his short career, however, came on October 3, 1943, the last day of the season, when he started the second game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field and pitched a complete game, winning 11–3. The losing pitcher was Cookie Cuccurullo, who was making his major league debut. Then, at 17, McKee became the youngest pitcher in the 20th century to throw a nine-inning complete-game victory on the final day of the regular season, a feat no one has accomplished since. McKee made his last pitching appearance for the Phillies on September 26, 1944. Overall, he posted a 1–0 record and a 5.87 earned run average in five games, allowing 10 runs on 14 hits and six walks, while striking out one in 151⁄3 innings of work. He later switched to outfield and spent nine seasons in the minor Leagues spanning 1944–57, collecting a batting average of .287 and 115 home runs in 1,173 games. In 2014, McKee died in his hometown of Shelby, North Carolina, 15 days short before of his 88th birthday.
3. Joseph Shivers, American chemist and academic, developed spandex (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Joseph Shivers
    
    Joseph Clois Shivers Jr. was an American textile chemist who was based in West Chester, Pennsylvania, best known for his role in the structural development of Spandex, a thermoplastic elastomer, in the 1950s, while employed at DuPont.
  2. Spandex
    
    Spandex, Lycra, or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. It is a polyether-polyurea copolymer that was invented in 1958 by chemist Joseph Shivers at DuPont's Benger Laboratory in Waynesboro, Virginia, US.
2013
1. Ignacio Eizaguirre, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Ignacio Eizaguirre
    
    Ignacio Eizaguirre Arregui was a Spanish footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
2. Gordon Steege, Australian soldier (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Gordon Steege
    
    Air Commodore Gordon Henry Steege, DSO, DFC was a senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). He became a fighter ace in World War II, credited with eight aerial victories. Joining the RAAF in July 1937, Steege first saw action with No. 3 Squadron in the Middle East, where he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross after shooting down three German aircraft in a single sortie. He rose to command No. 450 Squadron in the Desert Air Force, before being posted to the South West Pacific, where he led Nos. 73 and 81 Wings. He earned the Distinguished Service Order for his "outstanding leadership", and finished the war a temporary group captain.
3. Margaret Mary Vojtko, American linguist and academic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Margaret Mary Vojtko
    
    Margaret Mary Vojtko was an American adjunct professor of French at Duquesne University. Her death caused controversy at Duquesne and prompted conversations about unions and the role of adjunct faculty at American universities.
4. Ken Wallis, English commander and pilot (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Ken Wallis
    
    Wing Commander Kenneth Horatio Wallis was a British aviator, engineer, and inventor. During the Second World War, Wallis served in the Royal Air Force and flew 28 bomber missions over Germany; after the war, he moved on to research and development, before retiring in 1964. He later became one of the leading exponents of autogyros and earned 34 world records, still holding eight of them at the time of his death in 2013.
2012
1. Sean Bergin, South African saxophonist, flute player, and composer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Sean Bergin
    
    Sean Bergin was an avant-garde jazz saxophonist and flautist from South Africa.
2. Hal David, American songwriter and composer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Hal David
    
    Harold Lane David was an American lyricist. He grew up in New York City. He was best known for his collaborations with composer Burt Bacharach and his association with Dionne Warwick.
3. Smarck Michel, Haitian businessman and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Haiti (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Smarck Michel
    
    Georges Jean-Jacques Smarck Michel or Smarck Michel was appointed prime minister of Haiti on October 27, 1994, occupying the post from November 8, 1994 to October 16, 1995. Smarck was President Aristide's third prime minister, and the first to be named after the President's return from exile.
  2. Prime Minister of Haiti
    
    The prime minister of Haiti is the head of government of Haiti. The office was created under the 1987 Constitution; previously, all executive power was held by the president or head of state, who appointed and chaired the Council of Ministers. The current prime minister of Haiti is Ariel Henry, who was sworn into office on 20 July 2021.
4. William Petzäll, Swedish politician (b. 1988) deaths
  1. William Petzäll
    
    William Nils Erich Petzäll was a Swedish politician, former member of the Sweden Democrats and Chairman of the Sweden Democratic Youth. At the 2010 Swedish general election he was elected to be the parliamentary representative for Dalarna County.
5. Arnaldo Putzu, Italian illustrator (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Arnaldo Putzu
    
    Arnaldo Putzu was an Italian artist renowned for his film posters for Italian and British films, such as Get Carter and the Carry On films.
2010
1. Wakanohana Kanji I, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 45th Yokozuna (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Wakanohana Kanji I
    
    Wakanohana Kanji I was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler. He was the sport's 45th yokozuna. He was a popular wrestler and was nicknamed the "Devil of the Dohyō" due to his great fighting spirit and endurance.
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
2008
1. Thomas J. Bata, Czech-Canadian businessman (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Thomas J. Bata
    
    Tomáš Jan Baťa,, also known as Thomas Bata Jr. and Tomáš Baťa ml., was a Czech-Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He ran the Bata Shoe Company from the 1940s until the 1980s.
2. Jerry Reed, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Jerry Reed
    
    Jerry Reed Hubbard was an American country singer, guitarist, composer, and songwriter as well as an actor who appeared in more than a dozen films. His signature songs included "Guitar Man", "U.S. Male", "A Thing Called Love", "Alabama Wild Man", "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot, You're Hot", "Ko-Ko Joe", "Lord, Mr. Ford", "East Bound and Down", "The Bird", and "She Got the Goldmine ".
2007
1. Roy McKenzie, New Zealand horse racer and philanthropist (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Roy McKenzie
    
    Sir Roy Allan McKenzie was a New Zealand horse breeder and racer, and was well known for his philanthropy.
2006
1. György Faludy, Hungarian author and poet (b. 1910) deaths
  1. György Faludy
    
    György Faludy, sometimes anglicized as George Faludy, was a Hungarian poet, writer and translator.
2. Warren Mitofsky, American journalist (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Warren Mitofsky
    
    Warren J. Mitofsky was an American political pollster.
3. Bob O'Connor, American businessman and politician, 57th Mayor of Pittsburgh (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Bob O'Connor (mayor)
    
    Robert E. O'Connor Jr. was an American politician who was the Mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from January 3, 2006, until his death.
  2. List of mayors of Pittsburgh
    
    The mayor of Pittsburgh is the chief executive of the government of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, as stipulated by the Charter of the City of Pittsburgh. This article is a listing of past mayors of Pittsburgh.
4. Kyffin Williams, Welsh painter and educator (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Kyffin Williams
    
    Sir John Kyffin Williams, was a Welsh landscape painter who lived at Pwllfanogl, Llanfairpwll, on the Island of Anglesey. Williams is widely regarded as the defining artist of Wales during the 20th century.
2005
1. R. L. Burnside, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1926) deaths
  1. R. L. Burnside
    
    R. L. Burnside was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. He played music for much of his life but received little recognition before the early 1990s. In the latter half of that decade, Burnside recorded and toured with Jon Spencer, garnering crossover appeal and introducing his music to a new fan base in the punk and garage rock scenes.
2004
1. Ahmed Kuftaro, Syrian religious leader, Grand Mufti of Syria (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Ahmed Kuftaro
    
    Ahmed Kuftaro or Ahmad Kaftaru was the Grand Mufti of Syria, the highest officially appointed Sunni Muslim representative of the Fatwa-Administration in the Syrian Ministry of Auqaf in Syria. Kaftaro was a Sunni Muslim of the Naqshbandi Sufi order.
  2. Grand Mufti
    
    The Grand Mufti is the head of regional muftis, Islamic jurisconsults, of a state. The office originated in the early modern era in the Ottoman empire and has been later adopted in a number of modern countries.
2. Alastair Morton, South African businessman (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Alastair Morton
    
    Sir Robert Alastair Newton Morton was Chief Executive of Eurotunnel and Chairman of the Strategic Rail Authority, industrialist and the last chairman of the British Railways Board.
2003
1. An Yu-jin, South Korean singer and actress births
  1. An Yu-jin
    
    An Yu-jin, better known mononymously as Yujin, is a South Korean singer. She is the leader of the South Korean girl group Ive under Starship Entertainment. Yujin rose to prominence after finishing fifth on Mnet's girl group survival show Produce 48, which made her debut as a member of the girl group Iz*One, active from 2018 to 2021.
2. Rand Brooks, American actor and producer (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Rand Brooks
    
    Arlington Rand Brooks Jr. was an American film and television actor.
3. Terry Frost, English painter and academic (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Terry Frost
    
    Sir Terence Ernest Manitou Frost RA was a British abstract artist, who worked in Newlyn, Cornwall. Frost was renowned for his use of the Cornish light, colour and shape to start a new art movement in England. He became a leading exponent of abstract art and a recognised figure of the British art establishment.
2002
1. Diane Parry, French tennis player births
  1. Diane Parry
    
    Diane Parry is a French professional tennis player. On 24 October 2022, she peaked at No. 58 in the WTA singles rankings. In 2019, she became the junior world No. 1.
1999
1. W. Richard Stevens, Zambian computer scientist and author (b. 1951) deaths
  1. W. Richard Stevens
    
    William Richard (Rich) Stevens was a Northern Rhodesia-born American author of computer science books, in particular books on UNIX and TCP/IP.
1998
1. Józef Krupiński, Polish poet and author (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Józef Krupiński
    
    Józef Krupiński was a Polish poet. He spent the last days of his life in Orzesze, Poland. Prizewinner of the Edward Stachura Award and member of the Association of Polish Writers in Katowice.
2. Cary Middlecoff, American golfer and sportscaster (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Cary Middlecoff
    
    Emmett Cary Middlecoff was an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour from 1947 to 1961. His 39 Tour wins place him tied for tenth all-time, and he won three major championships. Middlecoff graduated as a dentist, but gave up his practice at age 26 to become a full-time Tour golfer.
3. Osman F. Seden, Turkish director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Osman F. Seden
    
    Osman Fahir Seden, usually credited as Osman F. Seden, was a Turkish film director, screenwriter and film producer.
1997
1. Jeon Jungkook, South Korean singer, songwriter and record producer births
  1. Jungkook
    
    Jeon Jung-kook, known mononymously as Jungkook, is a South Korean singer. He is the youngest member and vocalist of the South Korean boy band BTS.
2. Joan Mir, Spanish motorcycle racer births
  1. Joan Mir
    
    Joan Mir Mayrata is a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer riding for the Repsol Honda Team, who is best known for winning the 2020 MotoGP World Championship with Suzuki. He is the fourth Spanish rider to win the premier class title after Àlex Crivillé, Jorge Lorenzo and Marc Márquez, and the second Mallorcan after Lorenzo. Mir has also won the 2017 Moto3 World Championship title with Leopard Racing.
3. Zoltán Czibor, Hungarian footballer (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Zoltán Czibor
    
    Zoltán Czibor was a Hungarian footballer who played for several Hungarian clubs, including Ferencváros and Budapest Honvéd, and the Hungary national team before joining CF Barcelona. Czibor played as a left-winger or striker and was notable for having a powerful shot, good pace and excellent ball control. During the 1950s he was part of the Magical Magyars, reaching the World Cup final with them in 1954. After the 1956 Hungarian Revolution he moved to Spain where he became a prominent member of the successful FC Barcelona team of the late 1950s. After three seasons at Barcelona, he joined their local rivals Español for the 1961–62 season. After brief spells at FC Basel, Austria Wien and Primo Hamilton FC, he retired as a professional footballer and returned to Hungary. He died there in 1997, aged 68.
1996
1. Zendaya, American actress and singer births
  1. Zendaya
    
    Zendaya Maree Stoermer Coleman is an American actress and singer. She has received various accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Awards. Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world on its annual list in 2022.
1994
1. Anna Smolina, Russian tennis player births
  1. Anna Smolina
    
    Anna Arkadyevna Smolina is a Russian tennis player.
2. Carlos Sainz Jr., Spanish Formula One driver births
  1. Carlos Sainz Jr.
    
    Carlos Sainz Vázquez de Castro, otherwise known as Carlos Sainz Jr. or simply Carlos Sainz, is a Spanish racing driver currently competing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He is the son of Carlos Sainz Sr., a double World Rally Champion.
1993
1. Mario Lemina, Gabonese footballer births
  1. Mario Lemina
    
    Mario René Junior Lemina is a Gabonese professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Ligue 1 club Nice.
1992
1. Cristiano Biraghi, Italian footballer births
  1. Cristiano Biraghi
    
    Cristiano Biraghi is an Italian footballer who plays as a left back for Serie A club Fiorentina and the Italy national team.
2. Kirani James, Grenadian sprinter births
  1. Kirani James
    
    Kirani James is a Grenadian professional sprinter who specializes in the 200 and 400 metres. He won the 400 m at the World Championships in 2011 and the 2012 London Olympics. In the 400 metres James also won the silver medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics and bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, thus becoming the first man to earn three medals in the centennial history of the event. He is Grenada's first and only Olympic medalist.
3. Woo Hye-lim, South Korean singer-songwriter births
  1. Woo Hye-rim
    
    Woo Hye-rim, known professionally as Hyerim or Lim, is a South Korean singer, rapper, and songwriter known for her work as a former member of South Korean girl group Wonder Girls.
1991
1. Rhys Bennett, English footballer births
  1. Rhys Bennett
    
    Rhys Gordon Bennett is an English professional footballer who last played for EFL League One side Morecambe. He primarily plays as a central defender, although he has also been deployed in defensive midfield, and as a full-back.
2. Otl Aicher, German graphic designer and typographer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Otl Aicher
    
    Otto "Otl" Aicher was a German graphic designer and typographer. Aicher co-founded and taught at the influential Ulm School of Design. He is known for having led the design team of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, and for overseeing the creation of its prominently used system of pictograms. Aicher also developed the Rotis typeface.
1990
1. Stanislav Tecl, Czech footballer births
  1. Stanislav Tecl
    
    Stanislav Tecl is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a forward for Slavia Prague in the Fortuna Liga.
2. Edwin O. Reischauer, American scholar and diplomat (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Edwin O. Reischauer
    
    Edwin Oldfather Reischauer was an American diplomat, educator, and professor at Harvard University. Born in Tokyo to American educational missionaries, he became a leading scholar of the history and culture of Japan and East Asia. Together with George M. McCune, a scholar of Korea, in 1939 he developed the McCune–Reischauer romanization of the Korean language.
1989
1. Astrid Besser, Italian tennis player births
  1. Astrid Besser
    
    Astrid Besser is an Italian tennis player of German and Venezuelan descent.
2. Jefferson Montero, Ecuadorian footballer births
  1. Jefferson Montero
    
    Jefferson Antonio Montero Vite is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Ecuadorian Serie A club 9 de Octubre F.C.. He has represented the Ecuador national team at senior international level.
3. A. Bartlett Giamatti, American businessman and academic (b. 1938) deaths
  1. A. Bartlett Giamatti
    
    Angelo Bartlett Giamatti was an American professor of English Renaissance literature, the president of Yale University, and the seventh Commissioner of Major League Baseball.
4. Kazimierz Deyna, Polish footballer (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Kazimierz Deyna
    
    Kazimierz Deyna was a Polish professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder in the playmaker role and was one of the most highly regarded players of his generation, due to his excellent vision.
5. Tadeusz Sendzimir, Polish-American engineer (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Tadeusz Sendzimir
    
    Tadeusz Sendzimir of Ostoja coat of arms was a Polish engineer and inventor of international renown with 120 patents in mining and metallurgy, 73 of which were awarded to him in the United States.
1988
1. Simona de Silvestro, Swiss racing driver births
  1. Simona de Silvestro
    
    Simona de Silvestro is a Swiss-Italian racing driver, who is currently employed by Porsche as a factory driver. She has previously driven for Amlin Andretti in the 2015/16 season of the FIA Formula E Championship as well as several years competing in the IndyCar Series. Her nicknames are the "Iron Maiden" and "Swiss Miss".
2. Chanel West Coast, American rapper-songwriter and model births
  1. Chanel West Coast
    
    Chelsea Chanel Dudley, better known by her stage name Chanel West Coast, is an American television personality, rapper, and singer.
3. Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Luis Walter Alvarez
    
    Luis Walter Alvarez was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrogen bubble chamber. In 2007 the American Journal of Physics commented, "Luis Alvarez was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century."
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1987
1. Leonel Suárez, Cuban decathlete births
  1. Leonel Suárez
    
    Leonel Suárez Fajardo is a decathlete from Cuba. He was bronze medalist in the event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, 2008 Summer Olympics and silver medalist at the 2009 World Championships. He won a third consecutive global medal at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, taking bronze.
2. Mats Zuccarello, Norwegian ice hockey player births
  1. Mats Zuccarello
    
    Mats André Zuccarello Aasen is a Norwegian professional ice hockey winger for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the New York Rangers and Dallas Stars.
1986
1. Anthony Allen, English rugby player births
  1. Anthony Allen (rugby union)
    
    Anthony Allen is a former England international rugby union player and coach. He played for Premiership Rugby club Gloucester 91 times between 2005 and 2009 then 126 times for Leicester Tigers as a centre before his retirement due to injury in 2015. He was a Premiership champion in 2010 and 2013, where he was named man of the match in the final.
2. Gaël Monfils, French tennis player births
  1. Gaël Monfils
    
    Gaël Sébastien Monfils is a French professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 6 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), which he achieved in November 2016. His career highlights include reaching two major semifinals at the 2008 French Open and 2016 US Open, and three ATP Masters 1000 finals – two at the Paris Masters in 2009 and 2010, and the other at the 2016 Monte-Carlo Masters. Monfils was named the ATP Newcomer of the Year in 2005. He has won eleven ATP Tour singles titles and been runner-up twenty-two times, and has reached at least one ATP Tour singles final every year since 2005.
3. Stella Mwangi, Kenyan-Norwegian singer-songwriter births
  1. Stella Mwangi
    
    Stella Nyambura Mwangi is a Kenyan-Norwegian singer, rapper and songwriter. Much of her music concerns the situation in her home country Kenya, and discrimination her family had to endure after moving to Norway in 1991. Her work has been used in films such as American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile and Save the Last Dance 2, and also in TV-series such as CSI: NY and Scrubs. In Norway, she won the Melodi Grand Prix 2011, and in that same year represented Norway at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany.
4. Murray Hamilton, American actor (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Murray Hamilton
    
    Murray Hamilton was an American stage, screen, and television character actor who appeared in such films as Anatomy of a Murder, The Hustler, The Graduate, Jaws and The Amityville Horror.
1985
1. Larsen Jensen, American swimmer births
  1. Larsen Jensen
    
    Larsen Alan Jensen is an American former competition swimmer and a two-time Olympic medalist.
2. Stefan Bellof, German racing driver (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Stefan Bellof
    
    Stefan Bellof was a West German racing driver. Bellof was the winner of the Drivers' Championship in the 1984 FIA World Endurance Championship, driving for the factory Rothmans Porsche team. His lap record on the Nordschleife configuration at the Nürburgring, set while qualifying for the 1000 km race in 1983, stood for 35 years, when it was beaten by Timo Bernhard in 2018. He also competed with the Tyrrell Formula One team during 1984 and 1985. Bellof was killed in an accident during the 1985 1000 km of Spa, a round of the World Endurance Championship.
1984
1. Ludwig Göransson, Swedish film composer births
  1. Ludwig Göransson
    
    Ludwig Emil Tomas Göransson is a Swedish composer, conductor and record producer. He has scored films such as Fruitvale Station, the Rocky franchise entries Creed and Creed II, Venom, and Tenet. He also composed the current fanfares for Warner Bros. Pictures and the new Star Wars brand logo. For his work on the 2018 superhero film Black Panther, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. He further scored the second Black Panther film, 2022's Wakanda Forever.
2. László Köteles, Hungarian footballer births
  1. László Köteles
    
    László Köteles is a Hungarian former football goalkeeper.
3. Nick Noble, American football player births
  1. Nick Noble (soccer)
    
    Nicholas Noble is a retired American soccer player.
4. Rod Pelley, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Rod Pelley
    
    Rod Pelley is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. After his collegiate career, Pelley signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Devils, and was with the organization from 2006 to 2011. He was traded to the Anaheim Ducks on December 12, 2011.
5. Joe Trohman, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer births
  1. Joe Trohman
    
    Joseph Mark Trohman is an American musician, singer, and record producer. He is best known as the lead guitarist and backing vocalist of the American rock band Fall Out Boy, as well as the lead guitarist for heavy metal supergroup the Damned Things. Fall Out Boy began in 2001 as Trohman and Pete Wentz's side project from the hardcore punk scene they were involved with, and the band has scored four number one albums on the US Billboard 200, as well as numerous platinum and multi platinum singles in the US and abroad.
6. Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset, Duchess of Parma (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset
    
    Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset was the titular Duchess of Parma and Piacenza and was also Carlist Queen of Spain as the consort of Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne.
  2. 1898
    
    1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1898th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 898th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1898, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
1983
1. Iñaki Lejarreta, Spanish cyclist (d. 2012) births
  1. Iñaki Lejarreta
    
    Iñaki Lejarreta Errasti was a Spanish mountain biker. He was a junior world champion in 2001, and national mountain bike champion in 2007. He competed in the cross-country cycling at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and was professionally part of the Orbea cycling team. In 2012, Lejarreta was killed in a crash while training when his cycle was struck by a car. He was 29.
2. José Antonio Reyes, Spanish footballer (d. 2019) births
  1. José Antonio Reyes
    
    José Antonio Reyes Calderón was a Spanish professional footballer who played mainly as a left winger and also as a forward.
3. Jeff Woywitka, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Jeff Woywitka
    
    Jeffrey Woywitka is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the St. Louis Blues, Dallas Stars, and New York Rangers.
4. Henry M. Jackson, American lawyer and politician (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Henry M. Jackson
    
    Henry Martin "Scoop" Jackson was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. representative (1941–1953) and U.S. senator (1953–1983) from the state of Washington. A Cold War liberal and anti-Communist Democrat, Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while also supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions.
5. Larry McDonald, American physician and politician (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Larry McDonald
    
    Lawrence Patton McDonald was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors.
1982
1. Jeffrey Buttle, Canadian figure skater births
  1. Jeffrey Buttle
    
    Jeffrey "Jeff" Buttle is a Canadian figure skater and choreographer. He is the 2006 Winter Olympics bronze medalist, the 2008 World champion, the 2002 and 2004 Four Continents champion and the 2005–2007 Canadian champion. On March 22, 2008, Buttle became the first Canadian man since Elvis Stojko in 1997 to win the World Title. He announced his retirement from competitive skating on September 10, 2008.
2. Paul Dumbrell, Australian racing driver births
  1. Paul Dumbrell
    
    Paul Dumbrell is an Australian business executive and retired racing driver.
3. Ryan Gomes, American basketball player births
  1. Ryan Gomes
    
    Ryan Anthony Gomes is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Cold Hearts of Overtime Elite (OTE). He was named a First Team All-American power forward at Providence College before being selected with the 50th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics.
4. Haskell Curry, American mathematician and academic (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Haskell Curry
    
    Haskell Brooks Curry was an American mathematician and logician. Curry is best known for his work in combinatory logic. While the initial concept of combinatory logic was based on a single paper by Moses Schönfinkel, Curry did much of the development. Curry is also known for Curry's paradox and the Curry–Howard correspondence. There are three programming languages named after him, Haskell, Brook and Curry, as well as the concept of currying, a technique used for transforming functions in mathematics and computer science.
5. Władysław Gomułka, Polish activist and politician (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Władysław Gomułka
    
    Władysław Gomułka was a Polish communist politician. He was the de facto leader of post-war Poland from 1947 until 1948. Following the Polish October he became leader again from 1956 to 1970. Gomułka was initially very popular for his reforms; his seeking a "Polish way to socialism"; and giving rise to the period known as "Polish thaw". During the 1960s, however, he became more rigid and authoritarian—afraid of destabilizing the system, he was not inclined to introduce or permit changes. In the 1960s he supported the persecution of the Catholic Church, intellectuals and the anti-communist opposition.
1981
1. Clinton Portis, American football player births
  1. Clinton Portis
    
    Clinton Earl Portis is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2002 NFL Draft. Portis was best known for being the starting running back for the Washington Redskins for seven seasons, in which he gained an average of 81.2 yards rushing per game, for which a select panel of celebrities included him as one of the 80 Greatest Redskins.
2. Adam Quick, Australian basketball player births
  1. Adam Quick
    
    Adam Quick is an Australian professional basketball player, formally of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL).
3. Ann Harding, American actress (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Ann Harding
    
    Ann Harding was an American theatre, motion picture, radio, and television actress. A regular player on Broadway and in regional theater in the 1920s, in the 1930s Harding was one of the first actresses to gain fame in the new medium of "talking pictures," and she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1931 for her work in Holiday.
4. Albert Speer, German architect and author (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Albert Speer
    
    Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer was a German architect who served as the Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of World War II. A close ally of Adolf Hitler, he was convicted at the Nuremberg trials and sentenced to 20 years in prison.
1980
1. Sammy Adjei, Ghanaian footballer births
  1. Sammy Adjei
    
    Samuel Adjei is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
2. Chris Riggott, English footballer births
  1. Chris Riggott
    
    Christopher Mark Riggott is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender. He began his career at Derby County, before moving to Middlesbrough, with whom he won the League Cup in 2004. He also had spells with Stoke City, Cardiff City and Burton Albion and represented England nine times at under-21 level.
1978
1. Max Vieri, Australian-Italian footballer births
  1. Max Vieri
    
    Massimiliano Vieri is an Italian Australian former football (soccer) player who played as a striker. He is in charge as assistant youth coach for Fiorentina Under-18.
1977
1. David Albelda, Spanish footballer births
  1. David Albelda
    
    David Albelda Aliqués is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, currently a manager.
2. Raffaele Giammaria, Italian racing driver births
  1. Raffaele Giammaria
    
    Raffaele Giammaria is an Italian racing car driver.
3. Arsalan Iftikhar, American lawyer and author births
  1. Arsalan Iftikhar
    
    Arsalan Iftikhar is an American human rights lawyer, global media commentator and author of the book SCAPEGOATS: How Islamophobia Helps Our Enemies & Threatens Our Freedoms which President Jimmy Carter called “an important book that shows Islamophobia must be addressed urgently.”
4. Aaron Schobel, American football player births
  1. Aaron Schobel
    
    Aaron Ross Schobel is a former American football defensive end for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). Schobel played college football for Texas Christian University (TCU). He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft, and he played his entire nine-season career for the Bills. Schobel is notable for recording more sacks of New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady than any other NFL player.
5. Ethel Waters, American singer and actress (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Ethel Waters
    
    Ethel Waters was an American singer and actress. Waters frequently performed jazz, swing, and pop music on the Broadway stage and in concerts. She began her career in the 1920s singing blues. Her notable recordings include "Dinah", "Stormy Weather", "Taking a Chance on Love", "Heat Wave", "Supper Time", "Am I Blue?", "Cabin in the Sky", "I'm Coming Virginia", and her version of "His Eye Is on the Sparrow". Waters was the second African American to be nominated for an Academy Award, the first African American to star on her own television show, and the first African-American woman to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award.
1976
1. Babydaddy, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Babydaddy
    
    Scott Hoffman, known by his stage name Babydaddy, is an American musician and the Ivor Novello Award-winning multi-instrumentalist, backing vocalist and composer for the U.S. glam rock band Scissor Sisters. He is the brother of comedian and musician Ben Hoffman.
2. Marcos Ambrose, Australian racing driver births
  1. Marcos Ambrose
    
    Marcos Ambrose is an Australian former racing driver and current Garry Rogers Motorsport competition director. He won the Australian V8 Supercar series' championship in 2003 and 2004.
3. Clare Connor, English cricketer births
  1. Clare Connor
    
    Clare Joanne Connor is an English former cricketer who batted right-handed and bowled slow left arm spin. She is the current president of Marylebone Cricket Club. She made her England One Day International debut in 1995 and played her first Test match that winter. She achieved a hat-trick against India in 1999 and captained England from 2000 until her retirement from international cricket in 2006.
4. Érik Morales, Mexican boxer births
  1. Erik Morales
    
    Erik Isaac Morales Elvira is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1993 to 2012. He is the first Mexico-born boxer in history to win world titles in four different weight classes, having held the WBC super bantamweight title from 1997 to 2000, the WBC featherweight twice between 2001 and 2003, the unified WBC and IBF super featherweight titles in 2004, and the WBC light welterweight title from 2011 to 2012.
5. Sebastián Rozental, Chilean footballer births
  1. Sebastián Rozental
    
    Sebastián Rozental Igualt is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as a attacking midfielder or striker. At club level, Rozental played for Universidad Católica, Colo-Colo (2001), and Unión Española (2003–04) in his native Chile, Rangers (1997–2000) in Scotland, where he became the first player from South America to play for the club, Independiente (2001) in Argentina, Grasshoppers (2003–04) in Switzerland, and Puerto Rico Islanders in the USL First Division (2005).
1975
1. Natalie Bassingthwaighte, Australian singer-songwriter births
  1. Natalie Bassingthwaighte
    
    Natalie Bassingthwaighte is an Australian recording artist, actress, and television personality. Born and raised in Wollongong, New South Wales, she began her career in musical theatre. She later pursued an acting career in 1998 with guest appearances in television shows. Bassingthwaighte rose to prominence in 2003 on the Australian soap opera Neighbours for her role as Izzy Hoyland, which earned her three Logie Award nominations.
2. James Innes, English entrepreneur and author births
  1. James Innes (author)
    
    James Alexander Seymour Innes is a British entrepreneur, author of several best-selling career help books and founder of the James Innes Group.
3. Nomy Lamm, American singer-songwriter and activist births
  1. Nomy Lamm
    
    Naomi Elizabeth "Nomy" Lamm is an American singer-songwriter and political activist. Lamm has described herself as a "bad ass, fat ass, Jew, dyke amputee." Her left foot was amputated at age three, to be fitted with a leg prosthesis, to treat a bone growth disorder. This trauma influenced Lamm's later work concerning body image. She is also known for her activism on the issue of fat acceptance.
4. Cuttino Mobley, American basketball player births
  1. Cuttino Mobley
    
    Cuttino Rashawn Mobley is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association from 1998 to 2008. He played college basketball for the Rhode Island Rams, earning conference player of the year honors in the Atlantic 10 in 1998. Mobley was selected in the second round of the 1998 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. He has played in the 3x3 basketball in the Big3.
5. Scott Speedman, English-Canadian actor births
  1. Scott Speedman
    
    Robert Scott Speedman is a British-Canadian actor. He is best known for portraying Ben Covington in the coming-of-age drama television series Felicity, Lycan–Vampire hybrid Michael Corvin in the gothic horror–action Underworld films, and Barry "Baz" Blackwell in the TNT crime drama series Animal Kingdom. His other film work includes Duets, Dark Blue, XXX: State of the Union, The Strangers, Barney's Version, The Vow, and Crimes of the Future. In 2021, he returned to Grey's Anatomy as a main character following a guest role in season 14 as Dr. Nick Marsh.
1974
1. Burn Gorman, American-born English actor and musician births
  1. Burn Gorman
    
    Burn Hugh Winchester Gorman is an English actor and musician. He is known for his roles as Owen Harper in the BBC series Torchwood (2006–2008), Phillip Stryver in The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Karl Tanner in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2013–2014), Hermann Gottlieb in Pacific Rim (2013) and its sequel Pacific Rim: Uprising (2018) and Major Edmund Hewlett in the AMC series Turn: Washington's Spies (2014). Gorman portrayed 'The Marshal' in the first season of the Amazon drama The Man in the High Castle.
2. Jason Taylor, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Jason Taylor (American football)
    
    Jason Paul Taylor is an American former football defensive end and outside linebacker who spent the majority of his career with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). Over the course of his 15-year career, Taylor played for the Dolphins in three stints, and also played a season each for the Washington Redskins (2008) and New York Jets (2010). Taylor has the fourth most forced fumbles of all time with 46. He is seventh on the all-time career sack list with 139.5 sacks and is the all-time leader in fumble return touchdowns with six, and interceptions returned for touchdowns by a defensive lineman with three, while his 246 fumble return yards are the fourth-highest total in NFL history. With nine career touchdowns scored, he is also the all-time leader in that category for defensive linemen. He officially announced his retirement on December 28, 2011.
3. Yutaka Yamamoto, Japanese director and producer, founder of Ordet Animation Studio births
  1. Yutaka Yamamoto
    
    Yutaka Yamamoto is a Japanese anime director from Osaka Prefecture. He is known for his incendiary behavior on Twitter and for being fired from Kyoto Animation and Ordet, the latter of which he helped co-found.
  2. Ordet (studio)
    
    Ordet Co., Ltd. is a Japanese animation studio, founded in 2007 by ex-Kyoto Animation director Yutaka Yamamoto and other staff. The company's name, “Ordet,” means “the word” in Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. The company initially served as a subcontractor before producing their first fully solo work, an OVA episode of Black Rock Shooter, which aired in the spring of 2010. This was followed up with an 8-episode series that aired on noitamina from February 2, 2012, to March 22, 2012. In 2011, with studios Sanzigen and Trigger, Ordet joined the Ultra Super Pictures joint holding company.
4. Jhonen Vasquez, American writer, director, cartoonist and comic illustrator births
  1. Jhonen Vasquez
    
    Jhonen C. Vasquez is an American cartoonist, animator, screenwriter, music video director, and voice actor. He is best known for creating the comic book Johnny the Homicidal Maniac—along with its spin-off comics Squee!, Fillerbunny, and I Feel Sick—and the Nickelodeon animated series Invader Zim.
5. Gerd Neggo, Estonian dancer, dance teacher, and choreographer (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Gerd Neggo
    
    Gerd Neggo was an Estonian dancer, dance teacher and choreographer. She studied the musical response methods of É. Jaques-Dalcroze, trained under Rudolf von Laban in Hamburg, Germany, and in 1924 established her own dance studio at Tallinn, Estonia, and promoted modern dance and mime based on classical ballet. During the Soviet occupation of Estonia, she and her husband Paul Olak migrated to Sweden. Her contributions to the cultural heritage of Estonia, as the founder of modern dance and mime in her country, is recognised via a scholarship, awarded annually since 2011.
1973
1. J.D. Fortune, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. J.D. Fortune
    
    Jason Dean Bennison, better known by his stage name J.D. Fortune, is a Canadian singer and songwriter best known for his six year tenure as the frontman of the Australian rock band INXS. He received worldwide recognition and fame after winning the first season of CBS reality television series Rock Star: INXS; in 2005, replacing its late lead singer Michael Hutchence before parting ways in August 2011 to work on his solo career.
2. Rieko Miura, Japanese singer and actress births
  1. Rieko Miura
    
    Rieko Miura is a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and former member of the band CoCo. She was born in Nakano, Tokyo. Her solo debut was on 14 September 1991.
3. Simon Shaw, English rugby player births
  1. Simon Shaw
    
    Simon Dalton Shaw MBE is a former English rugby union player who played as a lock. He played for Bristol, London Wasps and Toulon. He won 71 caps for England between 1996 and 2011, and 2 for the British & Irish Lions, with whom he toured 3 times.
4. Zach Thomas, American football player births
  1. Zach Thomas
    
    Zachary Michael Thomas is an American former professional football player who was a middle linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played college football for Texas Tech University, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 1996 NFL Draft, and played for the Dolphins his first 12 seasons in the NFL, before playing his 13th and final season with the Dallas Cowboys.
5. Ram Kapoor, Indian actor births
  1. Ram Kapoor
    
    Ram Kapoor is an Indian actor who works in films and television serials. He gained popularity portraying Jai Walia in the television series Kasamh Se and the character of Ram Kapoor in Bade Achhe Lagte Hain. He played triple role Mamaji Kunwar Amar Nath Singh (KANS), Johnny and Balbir in the Bollywood film Humshakals and hosted the reality show Rakhi Ka Swayamwar, based loosely on The Bachelorette.
1971
1. Joe Enochs, American soccer player and manager births
  1. Joe Enochs
    
    Joseph Andrew Enochs is an American former professional soccer player who spent the majority of his career at German club VfL Osnabrück and is the current manager of FSV Zwickau. He began his professional career with the San Francisco United All Blacks before moving to Germany to sign with FC St. Pauli. He never played for the first team and moved to Osnabrück in 1996. Enochs earned one cap with the United States national team in 2001.
2. Yoshitaka Hirota, Japanese bass player and composer births
  1. Yoshitaka Hirota
    
    Yoshitaka Hirota is a Japanese video game composer and bass guitarist. His most notable works include the soundtracks to the Shadow Hearts series. Hirota was previously a sound effects programmer having worked on various Square titles. His first work as a video game composer was for the 1999 Nintendo 64 game Bomberman 64: The Second Attack.
3. Hakan Şükür, Turkish footballer and politician births
  1. Hakan Şükür
    
    Hakan Şükür is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a striker. Nicknamed the "Bull of the Bosphorus" and Kral (king), he spent the majority of his professional career with Galatasaray, being a three-time Gol Kralı, representing the club in three different spells and winning a total of 14 major titles.
4. Alan Brown, English soldier (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Alan Brown (British Army officer)
    
    Brigadier Alan Ward Brown was a British Army tank officer of the Second World War.
1970
1. David Fairleigh, Australian rugby league player, coach and sportscaster births
  1. David Fairleigh
    
    David Fairleigh is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer and current assistant coach for the North Queensland Cowboys in the National Rugby League (NRL). An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative forward, he played the majority of his club football in Australia for the North Sydney Bears, winning 1994's Rothmans Medal. This was followed by a season at the Newcastle Knights, and another in England at St. Helens, with whom he won the 2001 Challenge Cup Final before retiring. Since retiring in 2001 he has spent the last 19 years coaching in the NRL mainly as an Assistant Coach. Teams he has worked at include the Newcastle Knights, Parramatta Eels, New Zealand Warriors, Penrith Panthers and the Nth Queensland Cowboys.
2. Hwang Jung-min, South Korean actor births
  1. Hwang Jung-min
    
    Hwang Jung-min is a South Korean actor. He is one of the highest-grossing actors in South Korea, and has starred in several box office hits such as Ode to My Father (2014), Veteran (2015), The Himalayas (2015), A Violent Prosecutor (2015) and The Wailing (2016). Hwang is the third actor in South Korea to be part of the "100 Million Viewer Club" in Chungmuro.
3. Padma Lakshmi, Indian-American actress and author births
  1. Padma Lakshmi
    
    Padma Parvati Lakshmi is an Indian-born American author, activist, actress, model, philanthropist, and television host. She has hosted the cooking competition program Top Chef on Bravo continuously since season 2 (2006). For her work, she received a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Reality Host in 2009 and 2020 through 2022. She is also the creator, host, and executive producer of the critically-acclaimed docuseries Taste the Nation with Padma Lakshmi, which premiered in June 2020 on Hulu and explores the food and culture of immigrant and indigenous communities across America. In 2022, Taste the Nation: Holiday Edition won a James Beard Foundation Award in the Visual Media - Long Form category.
4. François Mauriac, French novelist, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885) deaths
  1. François Mauriac
    
    François Charles Mauriac was a French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, and journalist, a member of the Académie française, and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1952). He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1958. He was a lifelong Catholic.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1969
1. Henning Berg, Norwegian footballer and manager births
  1. Henning Berg
    
    Henning Stille Berg is a Norwegian football manager and former player, who is the current manager of Cypriot First Division club Pafos FC.
2. Drew Pearson, American journalist and author (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Drew Pearson (journalist)
    
    Andrew Russell Pearson was one of the best-known American columnists of his day, noted for his syndicated newspaper column "Washington Merry-Go-Round". He also had a program on NBC Radio titled Drew Pearson Comments. He often attacked conservative politicians, such as Joe McCarthy and Ronald Reagan.
1968
1. Mohamed Atta, Egyptian terrorist (d. 2001) births
  1. Mohamed Atta
    
    Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta was an Egyptian hijacker and the ringleader of the September 11 attacks in 2001 in which four United States airliners were commandeered with the intention of destroying specific civilian, military, and governmental targets. He was the hijacker-pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 which he crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the coordinated attacks. At 33 years of age, he was the oldest of the 19 hijackers who took part in the attacks. Atta was directly responsible for the deaths of more than 1,600 people during the attacks.
1967
1. Steve Pemberton, English actor, screenwriter and director births
  1. Steve Pemberton
    
    Steven James Pemberton is a British actor, comedian, director and writer. He is best known as a member of The League of Gentlemen with Reece Shearsmith, Mark Gatiss, and Jeremy Dyson. Pemberton and Shearsmith also co-wrote and starred in the black comedy Psychoville and the anthology series Inside No. 9. His other television credits include Doctor Who, Benidorm, Blackpool, Shameless, Whitechapel, Happy Valley and Mapp and Lucia.
2. David Whissell, Canadian engineer and politician births
  1. David Whissell
    
    David Whissell, BEng is a Canadian politician, businessman, engineer and former Quebec cabinet minister.
3. Siegfried Sassoon, English soldier and writer (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Siegfried Sassoon
    
    Siegfried Loraine Sassoon was an English war poet, writer, and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front, he became one of the leading poets of the First World War. His poetry both described the horrors of the trenches and satirised the patriotic pretensions of those who, in Sassoon's view, were responsible for a jingoism-fuelled war. Sassoon became a focal point for dissent within the armed forces when he made a lone protest against the continuation of the war in his "Soldier's Declaration" of 1917, culminating in his admission to a military psychiatric hospital; this resulted in his forming a friendship with Wilfred Owen, who was greatly influenced by him. Sassoon later won acclaim for his prose work, notably his three-volume fictionalised autobiography, collectively known as the "Sherston trilogy".
1966
1. Tim Hardaway, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Tim Hardaway
    
    Timothy Duane Hardaway Sr. is an American former professional basketball player. Hardaway played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Golden State Warriors, Miami Heat, Dallas Mavericks, Denver Nuggets and Indiana Pacers. He was a five-time NBA All-Star and All-NBA Team selection. Hardaway won a gold medal with the United States national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He was known for his crossover dribble which was dubbed the "UTEP two-step" by television analysts.
2. Ken Levine, American video game designer, co-founded Irrational Games births
  1. Ken Levine (game developer)
    
    Kenneth M. Levine is an American game developer. He is the creative director and co-founder of Ghost Story Games. He led the creation of the BioShock series, and is also known for his work on Thief: The Dark Project and System Shock 2. Levine was named one of the "Storytellers of the Decade" by Game Informer and was the 1UP Network's 2007 person of the year. He received the inaugural Golden Joystick "Lifetime Achievement Award" for his work.
  2. Irrational Games
    
    Irrational Games was an American video game developer founded in 1997 by three former employees of Looking Glass Studios: Ken Levine, Jonathan Chey, and Robert Fermier. Take-Two Interactive acquired the studio in 2006. The studio was known for its games System Shock 2, Freedom Force, SWAT 4, and most notably, two of the games in the BioShock series. In 2014, following the release of BioShock Infinite, Levine opted to significantly restructure the studio from around 90 to 15 employees and focus more on narrative games. In February 2017, the studio announced that it had been rebranded as Ghost Story Games and considered a fresh start from the original Irrational name, though still operating at the same business subsidiary under Take-Two.
1965
1. Craig McLachlan, Australian actor and singer births
  1. Craig McLachlan
    
    Craig Dougall McLachlan is an Australian actor, musician, singer and composer. He has been involved in film, television, the music industry and music theatre for over 30 years. He is best known for appearing in the soap operas Neighbours and Home and Away and the BBC One spy drama Bugs. He has portrayed the title character in The Doctor Blake Mysteries, for which he was nominated for the Logie Award for Most Popular Actor; he has previously won the award in this category three times.
2. Tibor Simon, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 2002) births
  1. Tibor Simon
    
    Tibor Simon was a Hungarian football player and manager.
1964
1. Brian Bellows, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Brian Bellows
    
    Brian Edward Bellows is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played nearly 1,200 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Minnesota North Stars, Montreal Canadiens, Tampa Bay Lightning, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and the Washington Capitals. He was a member of the 1993 Stanley Cup-winning Montreal Canadiens.
2. Holly Golightly, American author and illustrator births
  1. Holly Golightly (comics)
    
    Holly Golightly is a comics artist and writer. She was formerly known as Fauve and has also worked under the name Holly G!
3. Dave O'Higgins, English jazz saxophonist births
  1. Dave O'Higgins
    
    Dave O'Higgins is an English jazz saxophonist, composer, arranger, educator and latterly recording engineer and producer.
4. Charlie Robison, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Charlie Robison
    
    Charles Fitzgerald Robison is a retired American country music singer-songwriter. His brother, Bruce Robison, and his sister, Robyn Ludwick, are also singer-songwriters.
1963
1. Stephen Kernahan, Australian footballer births
  1. Stephen Kernahan
    
    Stephen Scott Kernahan is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) and for the Glenelg Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He also played 16 State of Origin games for South Australia and gained selection as an All-Australian five times. He later served for six years as president of the Carlton Football Club.
1962
1. Tony Cascarino, English-Irish footballer births
  1. Tony Cascarino
    
    Anthony Guy Cascarino is a former professional footballer who played as a striker for various British and French clubs and internationally for the Republic of Ireland national team, with whom he competed in UEFA Euro 1988 and two World Cups in 1990 and 1994.
2. Ruud Gullit, Dutch footballer and manager births
  1. Ruud Gullit
    
    Ruud Gullit is a Dutch footballer and subsequent manager who played professionally in the 1980s and 1990s as a defender, midfielder or forward. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. He captained the Netherlands national team that was victorious at UEFA Euro 1988 and was also a member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and Euro 1992.
1961
1. Pete DeCoursey, American journalist (d. 2014) births
  1. Pete DeCoursey
    
    Peter L. DeCoursey was an American news reporter of political topics in Pennsylvania. He worked in or covered Pennsylvania politics for nearly three decades, serving most recently as bureau chief for the online news service Capitolwire.com.
2. Jeremy Farrar, British academic and educator; director of the Wellcome Trust births
  1. Jeremy Farrar
    
    Sir Jeremy James Farrar is a British medical researcher and director of the Wellcome Trust since 2013. He was previously a professor of tropical medicine at the University of Oxford.
  2. Wellcome Trust
    
    The Wellcome Trust is a charitable foundation focused on health research based in London, in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1936 with legacies from the pharmaceutical magnate Henry Wellcome to fund research to improve human and animal health. The aim of the Trust is to "support science to solve the urgent health challenges facing everyone." It had a financial endowment of £29.1 billion in 2020, making it the fourth wealthiest charitable foundation in the world. In 2012, the Wellcome Trust was described by the Financial Times as the United Kingdom's largest provider of non-governmental funding for scientific research, and one of the largest providers in the world. According to their annual report, the Wellcome Trust spent GBP £1.1Bn on charitable activities across their 2019/2020 financial year. According to the OECD, the Wellcome Trust's financing for 2019 development increased by 22% to US$327 million.
3. Christopher Ferguson, American captain, pilot and astronaut births
  1. Christopher Ferguson
    
    Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
4. Boney James, American saxophonist, composer and producer births
  1. Boney James
    
    Boney James is an American saxophonist, songwriter, record producer and recording artist.
1960
1. Ralf Außem, German footballer and manager births
  1. Ralf Aussem
    
    Ralf Außem is a former German footballer and currently youth team manager of 1. FC Köln.
2. Karl Mecklenburg, American football player births
  1. Karl Mecklenburg
    
    Karl Bernard Mecklenburg, nicknamed "The Albino Rhino", is a former football linebacker for the Denver Broncos in the National Football League.
1959
1. Mike Duxbury, English footballer births
  1. Mike Duxbury
    
    Michael Duxbury is a former footballer who won 10 caps for England. At club level, he played in the Football League for Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers and Bradford City, and in the Hong Kong First Division League for Golden.
1957
1. Alexandra Aikhenvald, Australian linguist[better source needed] births
  1. Alexandra Aikhenvald
    
    Alexandra Yurievna "Sasha" Aikhenvald (Eichenwald) is a Russian Australian linguist specialising in linguistic typology and the Arawak language family of the Brazilian Amazon basin. She is a professor at the James Cook University.
  2. Wikipedia:Verifiability
2. Gloria Estefan, Cuban-American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Gloria Estefan
    
    Gloria Estefan is a Cuban-American singer, actress, and businesswoman. Estefan is a seven-time Grammy Award winner, a Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient, and has been named one of the Top 100 greatest artists of all time by both VH1 and Billboard. Estefan's record sales exceed 75 million worldwide, making her the second best selling female latin artist in history and one of the best-selling female singers of all-time.
3. Duško Ivanović, Montenegrin basketball player and coach births
  1. Duško Ivanović
    
    Duško Ivanović is a Montenegrin professional basketball coach and former player who currently serves as head coach for Crvena zvezda of the Adriatic League and the EuroLeague.
1956
1. Vinnie Johnson, American basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Vinnie Johnson
    
    Vincent Johnson, is an American former professional basketball player and a key player as sixth man for the Detroit Pistons during the team's National Basketball Association (NBA) championships of 1989 and 1990. He was nicknamed "the Microwave" in the NBA for his ability to score quickly off the bench.
2. Bernie Wagenblast, American publisher, founder of Transportation Communications Newsletter births
  1. Bernie Wagenblast
    
    Bernie Wagenblast is a transportation journalist and voice-over artist. He is the founder and editor of the Transportation Communications Newsletter. The newsletter originated as a discussion group in June 1998, evolving into its current format shortly thereafter. He also edits The AASHTO Daily Transportation Update, published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and hosts AASHTO's ETAP Podcast and the ITE Talks Transportation podcast for the Institute of Transportation Engineers.
  2. Transportation Communications Newsletter
    
    Transportation Communications Newsletter is an electronic newsletter published Monday through Friday via Yahoo Groups and Google Groups. It has ISSN 1529-1057.
1955
1. Bruce Foxton, English singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Bruce Foxton
    
    Bruce Douglas Foxton is an English singer, songwriter and musician.
1954
1. Dave Lumley, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Dave Lumley
    
    David Earl Lumley is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Lumley was selected in both the twelfth round of the 1974 NHL amateur draft by the Montreal Canadiens and in the eighth round of the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft, by the Vancouver Blazers. Electing to pursue an NHL career, Lumley eventually played parts of nine seasons with the Canadiens, Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers, winning the Stanley Cup on two occasions 1984 and 1985 with the Edmonton Oilers.
1953
1. Don Blackman, American singer-songwriter, pianist and producer (d. 2013) births
  1. Don Blackman
    
    Don (Donald) Blackman was an American jazz-funk pianist, singer, and songwriter. He performed with Parliament-Funkadelic; Earth, Wind and Fire; Louis Hayes; and Nicolas Dietz.
1952
1. Michael Massee, American actor (d. 2016) births
  1. Michael Massee
    
    Michael Groo Massee was an American actor. Active on screen during a three decade career, he frequently portrayed villainous characters. His film roles include Funboy in the dark fantasy The Crow (1994), Newton in the horror anthology Tales from the Hood (1995), Andy in the neo-noir Lost Highway (1997), and the Gentleman in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and its 2014 sequel. Massee also voiced Bruce Banner in the first two entries of Marvel Animated Features in 2006. On television, he played Ira Gaines on the first season of the Fox action drama 24 (2001–2002), Isaiah Haden on the NBC fantasy mystery Revelations (2005), Dyson Frost on the ABC science fiction drama FlashForward (2009–2010), and Charles Hoyt on the first two seasons of the TNT police procedural Rizzoli & Isles (2010–2013).
2. Manuel Piñero, Spanish golfer births
  1. Manuel Piñero
    
    Manuel Piñero Sánchez is a Spanish professional golfer.
1951
1. David Bairstow, English cricketer and sportscaster (d. 1998) births
  1. David Bairstow
    
    David Leslie Bairstow was an English cricketer, who played for Yorkshire and England as a wicket-keeper. He also played football for his hometown club Bradford City. He is the father of England international cricketer Jonny Bairstow.
2. Nellie McClung, Canadian author and suffragist (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Nellie McClung
    
    Nellie Letitia McClung was a Canadian author, politician, and social activist, who is regarded as one of Canada's most prominent suffragists. She began her career in writing with the 1908 book Sowing Seeds in Danny, and would eventually publish sixteen books, including two autobiographies. She played a leading role in the women's suffrage movement in Canada, helping to grant women the vote in Alberta and Manitoba in 1916. McClung was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 1921, where she served until 1926.
1950
1. Mikhail Fradkov, Russian politician, 36th Prime Minister of Russia births
  1. Mikhail Fradkov
    
    Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov is a Russian politician who served as Prime Minister of Russia from 2004 to 2007. An Independent, he was the longest serving director of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service from 2007 to 2016. Since 4 January 2017, Fradkov has been Director of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies.
  2. Prime Minister of Russia
    
    The chairman of the government of the Russian Federation, also informally known as the prime minister, is the nominal head of government of Russia. Although the post dates back to 1905, its current form was established on 12 December 1993 following the introduction of a new constitution.
2. Phillip Fulmer, American football player and coach births
  1. Phillip Fulmer
    
    Phillip Edward Fulmer Sr. is a former American football player, coach, and athletic director at the University of Tennessee. He served as head coach of the Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1992 to 2008, compiling a 152–52 record. He is best known for coaching the Volunteers in the first BCS National Championship Game in 1998, defeating the Florida State Seminoles. Fulmer was the Volunteers' 20th head football coach.
3. Phil McGraw, American psychologist, author and talk show host births
  1. Phil McGraw
    
    Phillip Calvin McGraw, better known as Dr. Phil, is an American television personality and author best known for hosting the talk show Dr. Phil. He holds a doctorate in clinical psychology, though he ceased renewing his license to practice psychology in 2006.
1949
1. Garry Maddox, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Garry Maddox
    
    Garry Lee Maddox is an American former professional baseball player and business entrepreneur. He played in Major League Baseball as a center fielder from 1972 to 1986. Maddox began his career with the San Francisco Giants but, rose to prominence with the Philadelphia Phillies where his impressive defensive play earned him eight consecutive Gold Glove Awards and, where he was a member of the 1980 World Series winning team.
2. Alasdair McDonnell, Irish physician and politician births
  1. Alasdair McDonnell
    
    Alasdair McDonnell is an Irish politician who is a member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), and was its leader from 2011 to 2015. He was the Member of Parliament for Belfast South from 2005 to 2017 and also a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Belfast South from 1998 to 2015.
1948
1. Greg Errico, American drummer and producer births
  1. Greg Errico
    
    Greg Errico is an American musician and record producer, best known as the drummer for the popular and influential psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone.
2. Józef Życiński, Polish archbishop and philosopher (d. 2011) births
  1. Józef Życiński
    
    Józef Mirosław Życiński was a Polish philosopher, publicist, the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lublin and a Professor of the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Rome, Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow and Catholic University of Lublin.
3. Russ Kunkel, American drummer and producer births
  1. Russ Kunkel
    
    Russell Kunkel is an American drummer who has worked as a session musician with many popular artists, including Jackson Browne, Joni Mitchell, Jimmy Buffett, Harry Chapin, Rita Coolidge, Neil Diamond, Bob Dylan, Dan Fogelberg, Glenn Frey, Art Garfunkel, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Carole King, Lyle Lovett, Reba McEntire, Stevie Nicks, Linda Ronstadt, Bob Seger, Carly Simon, Stephen Stills, James Taylor, Joe Walsh, Steve Winwood, Neil Young, and Warren Zevon. He was the studio and touring drummer for Crosby & Nash in the 1970s, and has played on all four of their studio albums.
1947
1. Al Green, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Al Green (politician)
    
    Alexander N. Green is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative from Texas's 9th congressional district since 2005. A member of the Democratic Party, Green served as the justice of the peace of Harris County, Texas from 1977 to 2004. The 9th district includes most of southwestern Houston and part of Fort Bend County, including most of Missouri City.
2. P. A. Sangma, Indian lawyer and politician, 11th Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d. 2016) births
  1. P. A. Sangma
    
    Purno Agitok Sangma was an Indian politician who served as the Chief Minister of Meghalaya from 1988 to 1990 and Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 1998. He was the candidate for the 2012 Indian presidential election, supported by BJP and AIADMK, however he lost to Congress politician Shri Pranab Mukherjee. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, posthumously in 2017 in the field of Public Affairs and was the first recipient of Padma Vibhushan from Meghalaya.
  2. Speaker of the Lok Sabha
    
    The speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer and the highest authority of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected generally in the first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the speaker chosen from sitting members of the Lok Sabha.
3. Frederick Russell Burnham, American soldier and adventurer (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Frederick Russell Burnham
    
    Frederick Russell Burnham DSO was an American scout and world-traveling adventurer. He is known for his service to the British South Africa Company and to the British Army in colonial Africa, and for teaching woodcraft to Robert Baden-Powell in Rhodesia. He helped inspire the founding of the international Scouting Movement.
1946
1. Barry Gibb, Manx-English singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Barry Gibb
    
    Sir Barry Alan Crompton Gibb is a British musician, singer-songwriter and record producer. He rose to worldwide fame as a member of the Bee Gees, one of the most commercially successful groups in the history of popular music. With his younger brothers, fraternal twins Robin and Maurice Gibb, he formed a songwriting partnership beginning in 1955. He has lived in Britain, Australia, and the United States, holding dual UK–US citizenship, the latter since 2009.
2. Shalom Hanoch, Israeli rock singer, lyricist and composer births
  1. Shalom Hanoch
    
    Shalom Hanoch is an Israeli rock singer, lyricist and composer.
3. Roh Moo-hyun, South Korean soldier and politician, 9th President of South Korea (d. 2009) births
  1. Roh Moo-hyun
    
    Roh Moo-hyun was a South Korean politician and lawyer who served as the ninth president of South Korea between 2003 and 2008.
  2. List of presidents of South Korea
    
    The president of the Republic of Korea serves as the chief executive of the government of the Republic of Korea and the commander in chief of the South Korean Armed Forces.
1945
1. Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi, Yemeni general and politician, 2nd President of Yemen births
  1. Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
    
    Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi is a Yemeni politician and former field marshal of the Yemeni Armed Forces who served as the president of Yemen from 2012 until 2022, when he stepped down and transferred executive authority to the Presidential Leadership Council, with Rashad al-Alimi as its chairman. He was the vice president to Ali Abdullah Saleh from 1994 to 2012.
  2. President of Yemen
    
    The president of the Republic of Yemen is the head of state of Yemen. Under the Constitution of Yemen, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and head of the executive branch of the Yemeni government.
1944
1. Archie Bell, American soul singer-songwriter and musician births
  1. Archie Bell (singer)
    
    Archie Lee Bell is an American solo singer and former lead singer of Archie Bell & the Drells.
2. Leonard Slatkin, American conductor and composer births
  1. Leonard Slatkin
    
    Leonard Edward Slatkin is an American conductor, author and composer.
1943
1. Charles Atangana, Cameroonian ruler (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Charles Atangana
    
    Charles Atangana, also known by his birth name, Ntsama, and his German name, Karl, was the paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane ethnic groups during much of the colonial period in Cameroon. Although from an unremarkable background, Atangana's loyalty and friendship with colonial priests and administrators secured him successively more prominent posts in the colonial government. He proved himself an intelligent and diplomatic administrator and an eager collaborator, and he was eventually named paramount chief of two Beti-Pahuin subgroups, the Ewondo and Bane peoples. His loyalty and acquiescence to the German Empire was unquestioning, and he even accompanied the Germans on their escape from Africa in World War I.
1942
1. C. J. Cherryh, American author and educator births
  1. C. J. Cherryh
    
    Carolyn Janice Cherry, better known by the pen name C. J. Cherryh, is an American writer of speculative fiction. She has written more than 80 books since the mid-1970s, including the Hugo Award-winning novels Downbelow Station (1981) and Cyteen (1988), both set in her Alliance–Union universe, and her Foreigner series. She is known for worldbuilding, depicting fictional realms with great realism supported by vast research in history, language, psychology, and archeology.
1940
1. Yaşar Büyükanıt, Turkish general (d. 2019) births
  1. Yaşar Büyükanıt
    
    General Mehmet Yaşar Büyükanıt was the 25th Chief of the Turkish General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, from 28 August 2006 to 28 August 2008.
2. Annie Ernaux, French author, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Annie Ernaux
    
    Annie Thérèse Blanche Ernaux is a French writer, professor of literature and Nobel laureate. Her literary work, mostly autobiographical, maintains close links with sociology. Ernaux was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory".
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1939
1. Lily Tomlin, American actress, comedian, screenwriter and producer births
  1. Lily Tomlin
    
    Mary Jean "Lily" Tomlin is an American actress, comedian, writer, singer, and producer. She started her career as a stand-up comedian as well as performing off-Broadway during the 1960s. Her breakout role was on the variety show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In from 1969 until 1973. She starred as Frankie Bergstein on the Netflix series Grace and Frankie, which debuted in 2015 and earned her nominations for four Primetime Emmy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.
1938
1. Alan Dershowitz, American lawyer and author births
  1. Alan Dershowitz
    
    Alan Morton Dershowitz is an American lawyer and former law professor known for his work in U.S. constitutional law and American criminal law. From 1964 to 2013, he taught at Harvard Law School, where he was appointed the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law in 1993. Dershowitz is a regular media contributor, political commentator, and legal analyst.
2. Per Kirkeby, Danish painter, sculptor and poet (d. 2018) births
  1. Per Kirkeby
    
    Per Kirkeby was a Danish painter, poet, film maker and sculptor.
1936
1. Valery Legasov, Soviet inorganic chemist, chief of the commission investigating the Chernobyl disaster (d. 1988) births
  1. Valery Legasov
    
    Valery Alekseyevich Legasov was a Soviet and Russian inorganic chemist and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. He is now mainly remembered for his work in containment of the Chernobyl disaster and presenting the investigation findings to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna.
1935
1. Nicholas Garland, English cartoonist births
  1. Nicholas Garland
    
    Nicholas Withycombe Garland OBE is a British political cartoonist.
2. Seiji Ozawa, Japanese conductor and director births
  1. Seiji Ozawa
    
    Seiji Ozawa is a Japanese conductor known for his advocacy of modern composers and for his work with the San Francisco Symphony, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Vienna State Opera and the Boston Symphony Orchestra where he served as music director for 29 years. He is the recipient of numerous international awards.
3. Guy Rodgers, American basketball player (d. 2001) births
  1. Guy Rodgers
    
    Guy William Rodgers was an American professional basketball player born in Philadelphia. He spent twelve years (1958–1970) in the NBA, and was one of the league's best playmakers in the early to mid-1960s. Rodgers led the NBA in assists twice, and placed second six times. Rodgers was inducted into Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2014.
1933
1. Marshall Lytle, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Marshall Lytle
    
    Marshall Edward Lytle was an American rock and roll bassist, best known for his work with the groups Bill Haley & His Comets and The Jodimars in the 1950s. He played upright slap bass on the iconic 1950s rock and roll records "Crazy Man, Crazy", "Shake, Rattle and Roll", and "Rock Around the Clock".
2. Ann Richards, American educator and politician, 45th Governor of Texas (d. 2006) births
  1. Ann Richards
    
    Dorothy Ann Richards was an American politician who served as the 45th governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995. A Democrat, she first came to national attention as the Texas State Treasurer, when she gave the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards was the second female governor of Texas, and was frequently noted in the media for her outspoken feminism and her one-liners.
  2. Governor of Texas
    
    The governor of Texas heads the state government of Texas. The governor is the leader of the executive and legislative branch of the state government and is the commander in chief of the Texas Military. The current governor is Greg Abbott, who took office in 2015.
3. T. Thirunavukarasu, Sri Lankan politician (d. 1982) births
  1. T. Thirunavukarasu
    
    Thamodarampillai Thirunavukarasu was a Sri Lankan Tamil politician and Member of Parliament.
4. Conway Twitty, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1993) births
  1. Conway Twitty
    
    Harold Lloyd Jenkins, better known by his stage name Conway Twitty, was an American singer and songwriter. Initially a part of the 1950s rockabilly scene, Twitty was best known as a country music performer. From 1971 to 1976, Twitty received a string of Country Music Association awards for duets with Loretta Lynn. He was inducted into both the Country Music and Rockabilly Halls of Fame.
1932
1. Derog Gioura, Nauruan politician, 23rd President of Nauru (d. 2008) births
  1. Derog Gioura
    
    Derog Gioura was a Nauruan political figure. He was President of the Republic of Nauru (acting) in 2003.
  2. President of Nauru
    
    The president of Nauru is elected by Parliament from among its members, and is both the head of state and the head of government of Nauru. Nauru's unicameral Parliament has 19 members, with an electoral term of 3 years. Political parties only play a minor role in Nauru politics, and there have often been periods of instability in the Presidential office. Shifting allegiances among a small number of individuals can lead to frequent changes in the makeup of the government of the day, including the presidential position itself.
1931
1. Abdul Haq Ansari, Indian theologian and scholar (d. 2012) births
  1. Abdul Haq Ansari
    
    Muhammad Abdul Haq Ansari was an Islamic scholar from India. He was the Amir (president) of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH) from 2003 to 2007. He was the member of Central Advisory Council of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind. He was also the Chancellor of Al Jamia Al Islamia, Shantapuram, Kerala. His book Sufism and Shariah is a synthesis of Sufi and Shariah thought, especially a Tatbiq of Shaikh Ahmed Sir Hindi and Shah Waliullah's thought. It grew out of his in-depth engagement with kalam, tasawwuf and fiqh in Islamic history. His other major contributions are a book on Mishkawah's philosophy and an English translation of Ibn Taymiyyah's fatwas with an introduction. He also wrote 'Learning the Language of Quran' it is one of the best English guides for the beginners learning to read the Qur'an. In New Delhi he established the Islami Academy, aimed at training graduates from secular educational background in Islamic Sciences based on the madrasa curriculum.
2. Beano Cook, American journalist and sportscaster (d. 2012) births
  1. Beano Cook
    
    Carroll Hoff "Beano" Cook was an American television personality who worked for ESPN. He was a college football historian and commentator. He received his B.A. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1954.
3. Cecil Parkinson, English accountant and politician, Secretary of State for Transport (d. 2016) births
  1. Cecil Parkinson
    
    Cecil Edward Parkinson, Baron Parkinson, was a British Conservative Party politician and cabinet minister. A chartered accountant by training, he entered Parliament in November 1970, and was appointed a minister in Margaret Thatcher's first government in May 1979. He successfully managed the Conservative Party's 1983 election campaign, and was rewarded with an appointment as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, but was forced to resign after revelations that his former secretary, Sara Keays, was pregnant with his child, whom she later bore and named Flora Keays. Flora was born with severe cerebral palsy.
  2. Secretary of State for Transport
    
    The Secretary of State for Transport, also referred to as the transport secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the policies of the Department for Transport. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 16th in the ministerial ranking.
4. Boxcar Willie, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1999) births
  1. Boxcar Willie
    
    Lecil Travis Martin, whose stage name was Boxcar Willie, was an American country music singer-songwriter, who sang in the "old-time hobo" music style, complete with dirty face, overalls, and a floppy hat. "Boxcar Willie" was originally a character in a ballad he wrote, but he later adopted it as his own stage name. His early musical career was parallel to service as an enlisted United States Air Force Flight Engineer.
1930
1. Turgut Özakman, Turkish lawyer and civil servant (d. 2013) births
  1. Turgut Özakman
    
    Turgut Özakman was a Turkish lawyer, a civil servant, a dramaturge and a writer.
2. Dick Raaymakers, Dutch composer and theorist (d. 2013) births
  1. Dick Raaijmakers
    
    Dick Raaijmakers, also known as Dick Raaymakers or Kid Baltan, was a Dutch composer, theater maker and theorist. He is considered a pioneer in the field of electronic music and tape music, but has also produced numerous musical theater pieces and theoretical publications.
3. Charles Correa, Indian architect (d. 2015) births
  1. Charles Correa
    
    Charles Mark Correa was an Indian architect and urban planner. Credited with the creation of modern architecture in post-Independent India, he was celebrated for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor and for his use of traditional methods and materials.
4. Peeter Põld, Estonian scientist and politician, 1st Estonian Minister of Education (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Peeter Põld
    
    Peeter Siegfried Nikolaus Põld was an Estonian pedagogic scientist, school director and politician, and the first Estonian Minister of Education. He was born in Puru, Kreis Wierland, Governorate of Estonia. As curator of the University of Tartu (1918–1925), he oversaw the university's transition to the Estonian language in the newly independent country.
  2. Minister of Education and Research (Estonia)
    
    The Minister of Education and Research is the senior minister at the Ministry of Education and Research in the Estonian Government. The Minister is responsible for administration and development of Estonian educational system as well as for administration and funding of research and development activities on national level.
1929
1. Mava Lee Thomas, American baseball player (d. 2013) births
  1. Mava Lee Thomas
    
    Mava Lee Thomas [′′Tommie′′] was an infielder and catcher who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed.
2. Maurice Vachon, Canadian wrestler (d. 2013) births
  1. Maurice Vachon
    
    Joseph Maurice Régis Vachon was a Canadian professional wrestler, best known by his ring name Mad Dog Vachon. He was the older brother of wrestlers Paul and Vivian Vachon, and the uncle of wrestler Luna Vachon.
1927
1. Soshana Afroyim, Austrian painter (d. 2015) births
  1. Soshana Afroyim
    
    Soshana Afroyim was an Austrian painter of the Modernism period. Soshana was a full-time artist and traveled frequently, exhibiting her work internationally. During her journeys, she portrayed many well known personalities and her art developed in different directions. Her early period artwork was largely naturalistic in nature, showing landscapes and portraits. Later her style developed towards abstract art, strongly influenced by Asian calligraphy.
2. Wyatt Cooper, American author and screenwriter (d. 1978) births
  1. Wyatt Emory Cooper
    
    Wyatt Emory Cooper was an American author, screenwriter, and actor. He was the fourth husband of Vanderbilt heiress and socialite Gloria Vanderbilt and the father of CNN anchor Anderson Cooper. As an actor, he was usually billed as Wyatt Cooper.
1926
1. Abdur Rahman Biswas, Bangladeshi banker and politician, 10th President of Bangladesh (d. 2017) births
  1. Abdur Rahman Biswas
    
    Abdur Rahman Biswas was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the President of Bangladesh from 1991 to 1996. Biswas represented Pakistan at the United Nations General Assembly prior to the independence of Bangladesh.
  2. President of Bangladesh
    
    The president of Bangladesh officially the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the head of state of Bangladesh and commander-in-chief of the Bangladesh Armed Forces.
2. Gene Colan, American illustrator (d. 2011) births
  1. Gene Colan
    
    Eugene Jules Colan was an American comic book artist best known for his work for Marvel Comics, where his signature titles include the superhero series Daredevil, the cult-hit satiric series Howard the Duck, and The Tomb of Dracula, considered one of comics' classic horror series. He co-created the Falcon, the first African-American superhero in mainstream comics; Carol Danvers, who would become Ms. Marvel and Captain Marvel; and the non-costumed, supernatural vampire hunter Blade.
3. Russell Jones, Australian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2012) births
  1. Russell Jones (ice hockey)
    
    Russell Anderson Jones was an Australian ice hockey player. Jones was a member of the Australian national team during the 1960 Winter Olympics and also competed in the 1962 World Ice Hockey Championships.
1925
1. Arvonne Fraser, American activist (d. 2018) births
  1. Arvonne Fraser
    
    Arvonne Skelton Fraser was an American women's rights advocate and political campaigner. She held the position of Senior Fellow at the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, and from 1993–1994 was the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. She also managed the political campaigns of her husband Donald M. Fraser during his career, from 1954 to 1979.
2. Art Pepper, American saxophonist, clarinet player and composer (d. 1982) births
  1. Art Pepper
    
    Arthur Edward Pepper Jr. was an American alto saxophonist and very occasional tenor saxophonist and clarinetist. Active in West Coast jazz, Pepper came to prominence in Stan Kenton's big band. He was known for his emotionally charged performances and several stylistic shifts throughout his career, and was described by critic Scott Yanow as having "attained his goal of becoming the world's great altoist" at the time of his death.
1924
1. Hal Douglas, American voice actor (d. 2014) births
  1. Hal Douglas
    
    Harold Douglas was an American voice actor best known for performing thousands of voice-overs for movie trailers, television commercials, and stage plays over the course of a six-decade career.
1923
1. Rocky Marciano, American boxer (d. 1969) births
  1. Rocky Marciano
    
    Rocco Francis Marchegiano, better known as Rocky Marciano, was an American professional boxer who competed from 1947 to 1955, and held the world heavyweight title from 1952 to 1956. He is the only heavyweight champion to have finished his career undefeated. His six title defenses were against Jersey Joe Walcott, Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell and Archie Moore.
2. Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian businessman and art collector (d. 2006) births
  1. Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet
    
    Kenneth Roy Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet, known in Canada as Ken Thomson, was a Canadian/British businessman and art collector. At the time of his death, he was listed by Forbes as the richest person in Canada and the ninth richest person in the world, with a net worth of approximately US $19.6 billion.
1922
1. Yvonne De Carlo, Canadian-American actress and singer (d. 2007) births
  1. Yvonne De Carlo
    
    Margaret Yvonne Middleton, known professionally as Yvonne De Carlo, was a Canadian-American actress, dancer and singer. She became a Hollywood film star in the 1940s and 50s, made several recordings, and later acted on television and stage.
2. Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2000) births
  1. Vittorio Gassman
    
    Vittorio Gassman, popularly known as Il Mattatore, was an Italian actor, director and screenwriter.
3. Samu Pecz, Hungarian architect and academic (b. 1854) deaths
  1. Samu Pecz
    
    Samu Pecz was a Hungarian architect and academic.
1921
1. Willem Frederik Hermans, Dutch author, poet and playwright (d. 1995) births
  1. Willem Frederik Hermans
    
    Willem Frederik Hermans was a Dutch author of poetry, novels, short stories, plays, as well as book-length studies, essays, and literary criticism. His most famous works are The House of Refuge, The Darkroom of Damocles, and Beyond Sleep.
1920
1. Liz Carpenter, American journalist, author and activist (d. 2010) births
  1. Liz Carpenter
    
    Mary Elizabeth Sutherland Carpenter was a writer, feminist, reporter, media advisor, speechwriter, political humorist, and public relations expert. As the first woman executive assistant to Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson from 1961 to 1963, and then as press secretary for First Lady Lady Bird Johnson from 1963 to 1969, Carpenter was a prominent member of the Johnson White House and also a close personal friend of the Johnsons.
2. Eduardo J. Corso, Uruguayan lawyer and journalist (d. 2012) births
  1. Eduardo J. Corso
    
    Jesús Eduardo Corso Crispino, popularly known as Eduardo J. Corso was a Uruguayan lawyer, agricultural journalist and writer. Articles he wrote were published in magazines and newspapers such as El País and Marcha, and he was a conservative. According to El País, Corso was known for his "brutal" use of language, which earned him some friends and enemies.
3. Richard Farnsworth, American actor and stuntman (d. 2000) births
  1. Richard Farnsworth
    
    Richard William Farnsworth was an American actor and stuntman. He was twice nominated for an Academy Award: in 1978 for Best Supporting Actor for Comes a Horseman, and in 2000 for Best Actor in The Straight Story, making him the oldest nominee for the award at the time. Farnsworth was also known for his performances in The Grey Fox (1982), for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, as well as Anne of Green Gables (1985); Sylvester (1985), and Misery (1990).
1919
1. Ossie Dawson, South African cricketer (d. 2008) births
  1. Ossie Dawson
    
    Oswald Charles Dawson was a South African cricketer who played in 9 Test matches, all against England, in the 1947 and 1948-49 series.
2. Hilda Hänchen, German physicist and academic (d. 2013) births
  1. Hilda Hänchen
    
    Hilda Hänchen was a German physicist.
1916
1. Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (d. 2014) births
  1. Dorothy Cheney
    
    Dorothy "Dodo" May Sutton Bundy Cheney was an American tennis player from her youth into her 90s. In 1938, Bundy was the first American to win the women's singles title at the Australian National Championships, defeating Dorothy Stevenson in the final.
1914
1. John H. Adams, American jockey (d. 1995) births
  1. John H. Adams (jockey)
    
    John H. Adams was an American National Champion Thoroughbred racing jockey who was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1965.
1913
1. Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter and illustrator (d. 1979) births
  1. Ludwig Merwart
    
    Ludwig Merwart was an influential Austrian painter and graphic artist. He is an important representative of Tachism and was a major force in graphic arts and prints, especially after World War II. His work belongs to the most significant and interesting contributions to graphic arts in Austria to this day.
1909
1. E. Herbert Norman, Canadian historian and diplomat (d. 1957) births
  1. E. Herbert Norman
    
    Egerton Herbert Norman was a Canadian diplomat and historian. Born in Japan to missionary parents, he became an historian of modern Japan before joining the Canadian foreign service. His most influential book was Japan's Emergence as a Modern State (1940) where he argued that persisting feudal class relations were responsible for government oppression at home and the imperialistic expansion that led to World War II in Asia. During the Red Scare of the 1950s Norman was accused of being a communist or even a spy, though investigations found no corroboration and he was defended by Canadian authorities. He committed suicide in 1957.
1908
1. Amir Elahi, Pakistani cricketer (d. 1980) births
  1. Amir Elahi
    
    Amir Elahi pronunciation (help·info) was one of the fifteen cricketers who have played Test cricket for more than one country. This honor was given to him because he had earlier played Tests for India against Australia in 1947. He played 6 Tests in his career in which he participated in 5 Tests for Pakistan. He also played against India. In the first series for Pakistan, when he played in his last Test at Calcutta, he was 44 years old. After starting bowling as a medium pacer, he became a leg-spin bowler.
2. Lou Kenton, English social activist (d. 2012) births
  1. Lou Kenton
    
    Lou Kenton was an English proofreader who served as a medical courier and ambulance driver with the International Brigade and was its oldest surviving member at the time of his death.
1907
1. Gil Puyat, Filipino businessman and politician (d. 1981) births
  1. Gil Puyat
    
    Gil Juco Puyat Sr. was a Filipino politician and businessman who served as a Senator of the Philippines from 1951 until 1972, when President Ferdinand Marcos shut Congress down and declared Martial Law, and as Senate President from 1967 to 1972.
1906
1. Joaquín Balaguer, Dominican lawyer and politician, 49th President of the Dominican Republic (d. 2002) births
  1. Joaquín Balaguer
    
    Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo was a Dominican politician, scholar, writer, and lawyer. He was President of the Dominican Republic serving three non-consecutive terms for that office from 1960 to 1962, 1966 to 1978, and 1986 to 1996.
  2. President of the Dominican Republic
    
    The president of the Dominican Republic is both the head of state and head of government of the Dominican Republic. The presidential system was established in 1844, following the proclamation of the republic during the Dominican War of Independence. The President of the Dominican Republic is styled Your Excellency, Mr. President during his time in office. His official residence is the National Palace.
2. Franz Biebl, German composer and educator (d. 2001) births
  1. Franz Biebl
    
    Franz Xaver Biebl was a German composer of classical music. Most of his compositions were for choral ensembles.
3. Eleanor Hibbert, English author (d. 1993) births
  1. Eleanor Alice Burford
    
    Eleanor Alice Hibbert was an English writer of historical romances. She was a prolific writer who published several books a year in different literary genres, each genre under a different pen name: Jean Plaidy for fictionalized history of European royalty, Victoria Holt for gothic romances, and Philippa Carr for a multi-generational family saga. She also wrote light romances, crime novels, murder mysteries and thrillers under pseudonyms Eleanor Burford, Elbur Ford, Kathleen Kellow, Anna Percival, and Ellalice Tate.
4. Arthur Rowe, English footballer and manager (d. 1993) births
  1. Arthur Rowe
    
    Arthur Sydney Rowe was an English footballer, and later manager, who played as a centre half. He was the first manager to lead Tottenham Hotspur to the First Division Championship title in 1951. He also "invented" the successful "one-two" method of play.
1905
1. Father Chrysanthus, Dutch arachnologist (d. 1972) births
  1. Father Chrysanthus
    
    Father Chrysanthus O.F.M. Cap., born Wilhelmus Egbertus Antonius Janssen, was a Dutch priest and biology teacher. He was known for his studies in arachnology. Initially he was concerned with the spiders of the Netherlands but he became a specialist on New Guinea spiders. Two spider species were named in his honor following his death.
1904
1. Johnny Mack Brown, American football player and actor (d. 1974) births
  1. Johnny Mack Brown
    
    John Brown was an American college football player and film actor billed as John Mack Brown at the height of his screen career. He acted and starred mainly in Western films.
1902
1. Kazimierz Dąbrowski, Polish psychiatrist and psychologist (d. 1980) births
  1. Kazimierz Dąbrowski
    
    Kazimierz Dąbrowski was a Polish psychologist, psychiatrist, and physician. He is best known for his theory of "positive disintegration" as a mechanism in personality development. He was also a poet who used the pen name "Paul Cienin, Paweł Cienin".
1899
1. Richard Arlen, American actor (d. 1976) births
  1. Richard Arlen
    
    Richard Arlen was an American actor of film and television.
1898
1. Violet Carson, English actress and singer (d. 1983) births
  1. Violet Carson
    
    Violet Helen Carson, OBE was a British actress of radio, stage and television, and a singer and pianist, who had a long and celebrated career as an actress and performer during the early days of BBC Radio, and during the last two decades of her life as the matronly Christian widow, town gossip and elderly battle-axe Ena Sharples in the ITV television soap opera Coronation Street. She was one of the original characters from the series debut in 1960 and would feature in the role for twenty years.
1897
1. Andy Kennedy, Irish footballer (d. 1963) births
  1. Andy Kennedy (footballer, born 1897)
    
    Andrew Lynd Kennedy was an Irish football player.
1896
1. A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Indian religious leader, founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (d. 1977) births
  1. A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
    
    Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami was an Indian Gaudiya Vaishnava guru who founded ISKCON, commonly known as the "Hare Krishna movement". Members of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami as a representative and messenger of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
  2. International Society for Krishna Consciousness
    
    The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), known colloquially as the Hare Krishna movement or Hare Krishnas, is a Gaudiya Vaishnava religious organization. ISKCON was founded in 1966 in New York City by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.
1895
1. Engelbert Zaschka, German engineer and designer, invented the Human-powered aircraft (d. 1955) births
  1. Engelbert Zaschka
    
    Engelbert Zaschka was a German chief engineer, chief designer and inventor. Zaschka is one of the first German helicopter pioneers and he is a pioneer of flying with muscle power and the folding car. Zaschka devoted himself primarily to aviation and automotive topics, but his work was not limited to them.
  2. Human-powered aircraft
    
    A human-powered aircraft (HPA) is an aircraft belonging to the class of vehicles known as human-powered transport.
1893
1. Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Japanese-American painter and photographer (d. 1953) births
  1. Yasuo Kuniyoshi
    
    Yasuo Kuniyoshi was a Japanese-American painter, photographer and printmaker.
1892
1. Leverett Saltonstall, American lieutenant and politician, 55th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1979) births
  1. Leverett Saltonstall
    
    Leverett A. Saltonstall was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts. He served three two-year terms as the 55th Governor of Massachusetts, and for more than twenty years as a United States senator (1945–1967). Saltonstall was internationalist in foreign policy and moderate on domestic policy, serving as a well-liked mediating force in the Republican Party. He was the only member of the Republican Senate leadership to vote for the censure of Joseph McCarthy.
  2. Governor of Massachusetts
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.
1887
1. Blaise Cendrars, Swiss author and poet (d. 1961) births
  1. Blaise Cendrars
    
    Frédéric-Louis Sauser, better known as Blaise Cendrars, was a Swiss-born novelist and poet who became a naturalized French citizen in 1916. He was a writer of considerable influence in the European modernist movement.
1886
1. Othmar Schoeck, Swiss composer and conductor (d. 1957) births
  1. Othmar Schoeck
    
    Othmar Schoeck was a Swiss Romantic classical composer, opera composer, musician, and conductor.
2. Shigeyasu Suzuki, Japanese general (d. 1957) births
  1. Shigeyasu Suzuki
    
    Shigeyasu Suzuki was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the early part of the Second Sino-Japanese War. His elder brother, Suzuki Minoru was a major general in the Imperial Japanese Army Medical Corps.
1884
1. Hilda Rix Nicholas, Australian artist (d. 1961) births
  1. Hilda Rix Nicholas
    
    Hilda Rix Nicholas was an Australian artist. Born in the Victorian city of Ballarat, she studied under a leading Australian Impressionist, Frederick McCubbin, at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School from 1902 to 1905 and was an early member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors. Following the death of her father in 1907, Rix, her only sibling Elsie and her mother travelled to Europe where she undertook further study, first in London and then Paris. Her teachers during the period included John Hassall, Richard Emil Miller and Théophile Steinlen.
2. Sigurd Wallén, Swedish actor and director (d. 1947) births
  1. Sigurd Wallén
    
    Sigurd Richard Engelbrekt Wallén was a Swedish actor, film director, and singer.
1883
1. Didier Pitre, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1934) births
  1. Didier Pitre
    
    Joseph George Didier "Cannonball" Pitre was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Nicknamed "Cannonball," he was renown for having one of the hardest shots during his playing career. One of the first players to join the Montreal Canadiens, Pitre and his teammates' French-Canadian heritage led to the team being nicknamed The Flying Frenchmen. His teammates on the Canadiens included Jack Laviolette and Newsy Lalonde.
1878
1. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1942) births
  1. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    
    Princess Alexandra Louise Olga Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the fourth child and third daughter of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. As the wife of Ernst II, she was Princess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. She was a granddaughter of both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Tsar Alexander II of Russia.
2. J. F. C. Fuller, English general and historian (d. 1966) births
  1. J. F. C. Fuller
    
    Major-General John Frederick Charles "Boney" Fuller was a senior British Army officer, military historian, and strategist, known as an early theorist of modern armoured warfare, including categorising principles of warfare. With 45 books and many articles, he was a highly prolific author whose ideas reached army officers and the interested public. He explored the business of fighting, in terms of the relationship between warfare and social, political, and economic factors in the civilian sector. Fuller emphasised the potential of new weapons, especially tanks and aircraft, to stun a surprised enemy psychologically.
3. Tullio Serafin, Italian conductor and director (d. 1968) births
  1. Tullio Serafin
    
    Tullio Serafin was an Italian conductor and former Musical Director at La Scala.
1877
1. Francis William Aston, English chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945) births
  1. Francis William Aston
    
    Francis William Aston FRS was a British chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole number rule. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
2. Rex Beach, American author, playwright, and water polo player (d. 1949) births
  1. Rex Beach
    
    Rex Ellingwood Beach was an American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player.
1876
1. Harriet Shaw Weaver, English journalist and activist (d. 1961) births
  1. Harriet Shaw Weaver
    
    Harriet Shaw Weaver was an English political activist and a magazine editor. She was a significant patron of Irish writer James Joyce.
1875
1. Edgar Rice Burroughs, American author (d. 1950) births
  1. Edgar Rice Burroughs
    
    Edgar Rice Burroughs was an American author, best known for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction, and fantasy genres. Best-known for creating the characters Tarzan and John Carter, he also wrote the Pellucidar series, the Amtor series, and the Caspak trilogy.
1871
1. J. Reuben Clark, American lawyer, civil servant, and religious leader (d. 1961) births
  1. J. Reuben Clark
    
    Joshua Reuben Clark Jr. was an American attorney, civil servant, and a prominent leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Born in Grantsville, Utah Territory, Clark was a prominent attorney in the Department of State, and Undersecretary of State for U.S. President Calvin Coolidge. In 1930, Clark was appointed United States Ambassador to Mexico.
1868
1. Henri Bourassa, Canadian publisher and politician (d. 1952) births
  1. Henri Bourassa
    
    Joseph-Napoléon-Henri Bourassa was a French Canadian political leader and publisher. In 1899, Bourassa was outspoken against the British government's request for Canada to send a militia to fight for Britain in the Second Boer War. Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier's compromise was to send a volunteer force, but the seeds were sown for future conscription protests during the World Wars of the next half-century. Bourassa unsuccessfully challenged the proposal to build warships to help protect the empire. He led the opposition to conscription during World War I and argued that Canada's interests were not at stake. He opposed Catholic bishops who defended military support of Britain and its allies. Bourassa was an ideological father of French-Canadian nationalism. Bourassa was also a defining force in forging French Canada's attitude to the Canadian Confederation of 1867.
2. Ferenc Gyulay, Hungarian-Austrian commander and politician (b. 1799) deaths
  1. Ferenc Gyulay
    
    Count Ferenc Gyulay de Marosnémethi et Nádaska, also known as Ferencz Gyulai, Ferencz Gyulaj, or Franz Gyulai, was a Hungarian nobleman who served as Austrian Governor of Lombardy-Venetia and commanded the losing Austrian army at the Battle of Magenta.
1867
1. John Gretton, 1st Baron Gretton, English sailor and politician (d. 1947) births
  1. John Gretton, 1st Baron Gretton
    
    John Gretton, 1st Baron Gretton, was a British businessman and Conservative politician. Gretton won two gold medals in the 1900 Olympic Games.
1866
1. James J. Corbett, American boxer (d. 1933) births
  1. James J. Corbett
    
    James John "Jim" Corbett was an American professional boxer and a World Heavyweight Champion, best known as the only man who ever defeated the great John L. Sullivan Despite a career spanning only 20 bouts, Corbett faced the best competition his era had to offer, squaring off with a total of nine fighters who would later be enshrined alongside him in the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Corbett introduced a truly scientific approach to boxing, in which technique triumphed over brute force. He pioneered the daily boxing training routine and regimen, which was adopted by other boxers elsewhere and has survived to modern days almost intact. A "big-money fighter," Corbett was one of the first athletes whose showmanship in and out of the ring was just as good as his boxing abilities. He was also arguably the first sports sex symbol of the modern era after the worldwide airing of his championship prizefight against Robert Fitzsimmons popularized boxing immensely among the female audience. He did so in an era in which prizefighting was illegal in 21 states and was still considered among the most infamous crimes against morality.
1864
1. Akashi Motojiro, Japanese general (d. 1919) births
  1. Akashi Motojiro
    
    Baron Akashi Motojiro was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 7th Governor-General of Taiwan from 6 June 1918 to 26 October 1919.
1856
1. Sergei Winogradsky, Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist and ecologist (d. 1953) births
  1. Sergei Winogradsky
    
    Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinohradsky; published under the name of Sergius Winogradsky or M. S. Winogradsky from Ukrainian Mykolayovych Serhiy; Ukrainian: Сергій Миколайович Виноградський; 1 September 1856 – 25 February 1953) was a Ukrainian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept. Winogradsky discovered the first known form of lithotrophy during his research with Beggiatoa in 1887. He reported that Beggiatoa oxidized hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as an energy source and formed intracellular sulfur droplets. This research provided the first example of lithotrophy, but not autotrophy.
1855
1. Innokenty Annensky, Russian poet and critic (d. 1909) births
  1. Innokenty Annensky
    
    Innokenty Fyodorovich Annensky (Russian: Инноке́нтий Фёдорович А́нненский, IPA: [ɪnɐˈkʲenʲtʲɪj ˈfʲɵdərəvʲɪtɕ ˈanʲɪnskʲɪj] ; was a poet, critic, scholar, and translator, representative of the first wave of Russian Symbolism, although he was not well known for his poetry until after his death. In fact, Annensky never wrote professionally; he made little to no income from writing. Instead, he spent his career in academia as a full-time professor and administrator, translator of classic Greek works, and writer of essays and reviews. Despite this, Annensky is considered to be one of the most significant Russian poets from the early 20th century. Critics have cited Annensky's connection to French Symbolism and to the French poet Stéphane Mallarmé for their shared use of "associative symbolism." Annensky was considered to be an under-recognized or neglected poet, but he later gained recognition, particularly in the West, because a number of later Russian poets, such as Mandelstam, Akhmatova, Pasternak, and Mayakovsky, were inspired and influenced by his work.
1854
1. Engelbert Humperdinck, German playwright and composer (d. 1921) births
  1. Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)
    
    Engelbert Humperdinck was a German composer. He is known widely for his opera Hansel and Gretel (1893).
1853
1. Aleksei Brusilov, Russian general (d. 1926) births
  1. Aleksei Brusilov
    
    Aleksei Alekseyevich Brusilov was a Russian and later Soviet general most noted for the development of new offensive tactics used in the 1916 Brusilov Offensive, which was his greatest achievement. The innovative and relatively successful tactics used were later copied by the Germans. Born into the aristocracy to a father who was also a general, Brusilov trained as a cavalry officer, but by 1914 he realized that cavalry was obsolete in the new style of warfare because of its vulnerability to machine gun and artillery. Historians portray him as the only First World War Russian general capable of winning major battles. However, his heavy casualties seriously weakened the Russian army, which was unable to replace its losses.
1851
1. John Clum, American journalist and agent (d. 1932) births
  1. John Clum
    
    John Philip Clum was an Indian agent for the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in the Arizona Territory. He implemented a limited form of self-government on the reservation that was so successful that other reservations were closed and their residents moved to San Carlos. Clum later became the first mayor of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, after its incorporation in 1881. He also founded the still-operating The Tombstone Epitaph on May 1, 1880. He later served in various postal service positions across the United States.
1850
1. Jim O'Rourke, American baseball player and manager (d. 1919) births
  1. Jim O'Rourke (baseball)
    
    James Henry O'Rourke, nicknamed "Orator Jim", was an American professional baseball player in the National Association and Major League Baseball who played primarily as a left fielder. For the period 1876–1892, he ranks behind only Cap Anson in career major league games played (1,644), hits (2,146), at-bats (6,884), doubles (392) and total bases (2,936), and behind only Harry Stovey in runs scored (1,370).
1848
1. Auguste Forel, Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, and psychiatrist (d. 1931) births
  1. Auguste Forel
    
    Auguste-Henri Forel was a Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and eugenicist, notable for his investigations into the structure of the human brain and that of ants. For example, he is considered a co-founder of the neuron theory. Forel is also known for his early contributions to sexology and psychology. From 1978 until 2000 Forel's image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote.
1839
1. Izidor Guzmics, Hungarian theologian and educator (b. 1786) deaths
  1. Izidor Guzmics
    
    Izidor Guzmics, Hungarian theologian, was born at Vámos-Család in the county of Sopron.
1838
1. William Clark, American soldier, explorer, and politician, 4th Governor of Missouri Territory (b. 1770) deaths
  1. William Clark
    
    William Clark was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor. A native of Virginia, he grew up in pre-statehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri.
  2. List of governors of Missouri
    
    The governor of Missouri is the head of government of the U.S. state of Missouri and the commander-in-chief of the Missouri National Guard. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Missouri Legislature,to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.
1818
1. José María Castro Madriz, Costa Rican lawyer and politician, 1st President of Costa Rica (d. 1892) births
  1. José María Castro Madriz
    
    José María Castro Madriz was a Costa Rican lawyer, academic, diplomat, and politician. He served twice as President of Costa Rica, from 1847 to 1849, and from 1866 to 1868. On both occasions he was prevented from completing his term of office by military coups. During his first administration, on 31 August 1848, he formally declared Costa Rica an independent republic, definitively severing Costa Rica's ties to the moribund Federal Republic of Central America.
  2. President of Costa Rica
    
    The president of the Republic of Costa Rica is the head of state and head of government of Costa Rica. The president is currently elected in direct elections for a period of four years, which is not immediately renewable. Two vice presidents are elected in the same ticket with the president. The president appoints the Council of Ministers. Due to the abolition of the military of Costa Rica in 1948, the president is not a commander-in-chief, unlike the norm in most other countries, although the Constitution does describe him as commander-in-chief of the civil defense public forces.
1811
1. James Montgomrey, Leader and important benefactor of his home town of Brentford, England (d. 1883) births
  1. James Montgomrey
    
    James Montgomrey ran a large timber mill in Brentford, Middlesex, that was in the family for 120 years. He also led the development of considerable infrastructure in the town to enhance public amenity.
  2. Brentford
    
    Brentford is a suburban town in West London, England and part of the London Borough of Hounslow. It lies at the confluence of the River Brent and the Thames, 8 miles (13 km) west of Charing Cross.
1799
1. Ferenc Gyulay, Hungarian-Austrian commander and politician (d. 1868) births
  1. Ferenc Gyulay
    
    Count Ferenc Gyulay de Marosnémethi et Nádaska, also known as Ferencz Gyulai, Ferencz Gyulaj, or Franz Gyulai, was a Hungarian nobleman who served as Austrian Governor of Lombardy-Venetia and commanded the losing Austrian army at the Battle of Magenta.
1795
1. James Gordon Bennett Sr., American publisher, founded the New York Herald (d. 1872) births
  1. James Gordon Bennett Sr.
    
    James Gordon Bennett Sr. was the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald and a major figure in the history of American newspapers.
  2. New York Herald
    
    The New York Herald was a large-distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between 1835 and 1924. At that point it was acquired by its smaller rival the New-York Tribune to form the New York Herald Tribune.
1726
1. Johann Becker, German organist, composer, and educator (d. 1803) births
  1. Johann Becker (organist)
    
    Johann Becker was a German organist, teacher, and composer, born in Helsa-Wickenrode near Kassel. He studied with Johann Sebastian Bach in Leipzig from about 1745 to 1748. He taught in Hartmuthsachsen, Bettenhausen, and Kassel, where in 1761 he was appointed municipal organist. In 1770 he was appointed court organist. He wrote mainly church music.
1715
1. François Girardon, French sculptor (b. 1628) deaths
  1. François Girardon
    
    François Girardon was a French sculptor of the Louis XIV style or French Baroque, best known for his statues and busts of Louis XIV and for his statuary in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles.
2. Louis XIV of France (b. 1638) deaths
  1. Louis XIV
    
    Louis XIV, also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign in history whose date is verifiable. Although Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe, the King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Bossuet, Colbert, Le Brun, Le Nôtre, Lully, Mazarin, Molière, Racine, Turenne, and Vauban.
1711
1. William IV, Prince of Orange (d. 1751) births
  1. William IV, Prince of Orange
    
    William IV was Prince of Orange from birth and the first hereditary stadtholder of all the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 1747 until his death in 1751. During his whole life he was furthermore ruler of the Principality of Orange-Nassau within the Holy Roman Empire.
1706
1. Cornelis de Man, Dutch painter (b. 1621) deaths
  1. Cornelis de Man
    
    Cornelis de Man was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
1689
1. Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, Bohemian architect, designed Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral (d. 1751) births
  1. Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer
    
    Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer was a Bohemian architect of the Baroque era. He was the fifth son of the German architect Christoph Dientzenhofer and the Bohemian-German Maria Anna Aichbauer, widow of the architect Johann Georg Achbauer the Elder, and a member of the well known Dientzenhofer family of architects. As an architect he co-operated with his father and with Jan Santini Aichel.
  2. Saints Cyril and Methodius Cathedral
    
    The Saints Cyril and Methodius Cathedral in Nové Město, Prague, the Czech Republic, is the principal Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church.
1687
1. Henry More, English priest and philosopher (b. 1614) deaths
  1. Henry More
    
    Henry More was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.
1685
1. Leoline Jenkins, Welsh lawyer, jurist, and politician, Secretary of State for the Northern Department (b. 1625) deaths
  1. Leoline Jenkins
    
    Sir Leoline Jenkins was a Welsh academic, diplomat involved in the negotiation of international treaties, jurist and politician. He was a clerical lawyer who served as Judge of the High Court of Admiralty from 1668 to 1685, and enjoyed a high reputation for judicial integrity. As a statesman he served as Secretary of State from 1680 to 1684.
  2. Secretary of State for the Northern Department
    
    The Secretary of State for the Northern Department was a position in the Cabinet of the government of Great Britain up to 1782, when the Northern Department became the Foreign Office.
1678
1. Jan Brueghel the Younger, Flemish painter (b. 1601) deaths
  1. Jan Brueghel the Younger
    
    Jan Brueghel the Younger was a Flemish Baroque painter. He was the son of Jan Brueghel the Elder, and grandson of Pieter Bruegel the Elder, both prominent painters who contributed respectively to the development of Renaissance and Baroque painting in the Habsburg Netherlands. Taking over his father's workshop at an early age, he painted the same subjects as his father in a style which was similar to that of his father. He regularly collaborated with leading Flemish painters of his time.
1653
1. Johann Pachelbel, German organist, composer, and educator (d. 1706) births
  1. Johann Pachelbel
    
    Johann Pachelbel was a German composer, organist, and teacher who brought the south German organ schools to their peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.
1648
1. Marin Mersenne, French mathematician, theologian, and philosopher (b. 1588) deaths
  1. Marin Mersenne
    
    Marin Mersenne was a French polymath whose works touched a wide variety of fields. He is perhaps best known today among mathematicians for Mersenne prime numbers, those which can be written in the form Mn = 2n − 1 for some integer n. He also developed Mersenne's laws, which describe the harmonics of a vibrating string, and his seminal work on music theory, Harmonie universelle, for which he is referred to as the "father of acoustics". Mersenne, an ordained Catholic priest, had many contacts in the scientific world and has been called "the center of the world of science and mathematics during the first half of the 1600s" and, because of his ability to make connections between people and ideas, "the post-box of Europe". He was also a member of the Minim religious order and wrote and lectured on theology and philosophy.
1647
1. Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (d. 1717) births
  1. Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark
    
    Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark and Norway was the eldest daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and Electress of Saxony from 1680 to 1691 as the wife of John George III.
1646
1. Francis Windebank, English statesman (b. 1582) deaths
  1. Francis Windebank
    
    Sir Francis Windebank was an English politician who was Secretary of State under Charles I.
1615
1. Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer and jurist (b. 1529) deaths
  1. Étienne Pasquier
    
    Étienne Pasquier was a French lawyer and man of letters. By his own account he was born in Paris on 7 June 1529, but according to others he was born in 1528. He was called to the Paris bar in 1549.
1608
1. Giacomo Torelli, Italian stage designer, engineer, and architect (d. 1678) births
  1. Giacomo Torelli
    
    Giacomo Torelli was an Italian stage designer, scenery painter, engineer, and architect. His work in stage design, particularly his designs of machinery for creating spectacular scenery changes and other special effects, was extensively engraved and hence survives as the most complete record of mid-seventeenth-century set design.
1606
1. Nicholas Slanning, English politician (d. 1643) births
  1. Nicholas Slanning
    
    Sir Nicholas Slanning, 1 September 1606 to August 1643, was a soldier and landowner from Devon who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642. He served in the Royalist army during the First English Civil War and was mortally wounded at Bristol on 26 July 1643.
1599
1. Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (b.1565) deaths
  1. Cornelis de Houtman
    
    Cornelis de Houtman was a Dutch merchant seaman who commanded the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies. Although the voyage was difficult and yielded only a modest profit, Houtman showed that the Portuguese monopoly on the spice trade was vulnerable. A flurry of Dutch trading voyages followed, eventually leading to the displacement of the Portuguese and the establishment of a Dutch monopoly on spice trading in the East Indies.
  2. 1565
    
    Year 1565 (MDLXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
1592
1. Maria Angela Astorch, Spanish mystic and saint (d. 1665) births
  1. Maria Angela Astorch
    
    Maria Angela Astorch was a Spanish religious figure and mystic. Born in Barcelona, she founded the Capuchin Poor Clares of Zaragoza and Murcia. She died in Murcia and was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 23 May 1982.
1588
1. Henri, Prince of Condé (d. 1646) births
  1. Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646)
    
    Henri II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé was the head of the senior-most cadet branch of the House of Bourbon for nearly all his life and heir presumptive to the King of France for the first few years of his life. Henri was the father of Louis, le Grand Condé, the celebrated French general.
1581
1. Guru Ram Das, Sikh 4th of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism (b. 1534) deaths
  1. Guru Ram Das
    
    Guru Ram Das was the fourth of the ten Gurus of Sikhism. He was born in a family based in Lahore. His birth name was Jetha, and he was orphaned at age seven; he there after grew up with his maternal grandmother in a village.
  2. Sikhs
    
    Sikhs are people who adhere to Sikhism (Sikhi), a monotheistic religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak. The term Sikh has its origin in the word śiṣya (शिष्य), meaning 'disciple' or 'student'.
  3. Sikh gurus
    
    The Sikh gurus are the spiritual masters of Sikhism, who established this religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469. The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. He was succeeded by nine other human gurus until, in 1708, the Guruship was finally passed on by the tenth guru to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith.
1579
1. John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1634) births
  1. John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp
    
    John Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp was the Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden.
1577
1. Scipione Borghese, Italian cardinal and art collector (d. 1633) births
  1. Scipione Borghese
    
    Scipione Borghese was an Italian Cardinal, art collector and patron of the arts. A member of the Borghese family, he was the patron of the painter Caravaggio and the artist Bernini. His legacy is the establishment of the art collection at the Villa Borghese in Rome.
1566
1. Edward Alleyn, English actor and major figure of the Elizabethan theatre; founder of Dulwich College and Alleyn's School (d. 1626) births
  1. Edward Alleyn
    
    Edward "Ned" Alleyn was an English actor who was a major figure of the Elizabethan theatre and founder of the College of God's Gift in Dulwich.
  2. Dulwich College
    
    Dulwich College is a 2–19 independent, day and boarding school for boys in Dulwich, London, England. As a public school, it began as the College of God's Gift, founded in 1619 by Elizabethan actor Edward Alleyn, with the original purpose of educating 12 poor scholars. It began to grow into a large school from 1857, and took its current form in 1870 when it moved into its current premises.
  3. Alleyn's School
    
    Alleyn's School is a 4–18 co-educational, independent, Church of England, day school and sixth form in Dulwich, London, England. It is a registered charity and was originally part of Edward Alleyn's College of God's Gift charitable foundation, which also included James Allen's Girls' School (JAGS) and Dulwich College.
1561
1. Gervase Helwys, English murderer (d. 1615) births
  1. Gervase Helwys
    
    Sir Gervase Helwys, also known as Jervis Yelwys, was a Lieutenant of the Tower of London found guilty of complicity in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury and hanged in 1615. The scandal provoked much public and literary conjecture and irreparably tarnished King James I's court with an image of corruption and depravity. There are variations in the spelling of Helwys: Helwis, Helwiss, Helewyse, Helwysse, Yelwys, Ellowis, Elwys, Elwis, Elvis, Elwes, and Elwaies.
1557
1. Jacques Cartier, French navigator and explorer (b. 1491) deaths
  1. Jacques Cartier
    
    Jacques Cartier was a French-Breton maritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas" after the Iroquoian names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona and at Hochelaga.
1480
1. Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg (b. 1413) deaths
  1. Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg
    
    Ulrich V of Württemberg called "der Vielgeliebte", Count of Württemberg. He was the younger son of Count Eberhard IV and Henriette of Mömpelgard.
1477
1. Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (d. 1525) births
  1. Bartolomeo Fanfulla
    
    Bartolomeo Fanfulla's parents, Domenico Alon and Angela Folli, gave him multiple names: Giovanni or Giovanni Battista, Bartolomeo and Tito. Born in the province of Lodi, Fanfulla almost certainly died 24 February 1525 in the battle of Pavia. He had at least four children and nine grandchildren.
1453
1. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general (d. 1515) births
  1. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
    
    Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba was a Spanish general and statesman who led successful military campaigns during the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars. His military victories and widespread popularity earned him the nickname "El Gran Capitán". He also negotiated the final surrender of Granada and later served as Viceroy of Naples. Fernández de Córdoba was a masterful military strategist and tactician. He was among the first Europeans to introduce the successful use of firearms on the battlefield and he reorganized his infantry to include pikes and firearms in effective defensive and offensive formations. The changes implemented by Fernández de Córdoba were instrumental in making the Spanish army a dominant force in Europe for more than a century and a half. For his extensive political and military success, he was made Duke of Santángelo (1497), Terranova (1502), Andría, Montalto and Sessa (1507). In Italian history he is remembered as Consalvo Ernandes di Cordova, il Gran Capitano.
1414
1. William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, English politician, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1369) deaths
  1. William de Ros, 6th Baron Ros
    
    William Ros, 6th Baron Ros was a medieval English nobleman, politician and soldier. The second son of Thomas Ros, 4th Baron Ros and Beatrice Stafford, William inherited his father's barony and estates in 1394. He married Margaret, daughter of Baron Fitzalan, shortly afterwards. The Fitzalan family, like that of Ros, was well-connected at the local and national level. They were implacably opposed to King Richard II, and this may have soured Richard's opinion of the young Ros.
  2. Lord High Treasurer
    
    The post of Lord High Treasurer or Lord Treasurer was an English government position and has been a British government position since the Acts of Union of 1707. A holder of the post would be the third-highest-ranked Great Officer of State in England, below the Lord High Steward and the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
1376
1. Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans (b. 1336) deaths
  1. Philip, Duke of Orléans
    
    Philip of Orléans was a Duke of Orléans, Touraine, and Count of Valois, the fifth son of King Philip VI of France and his wife Joan the Lame.
1341
1. Frederick III the Simple, King of Sicily (d. 1377) births
  1. Frederick the Simple
    
    Frederick III, called the Simple, was King of Sicily from 1355 to 1377. He was the second son of Peter II of Sicily and Elisabeth of Carinthia. He succeeded his brother Louis. The documents of his era call him the "infante Frederick, ruler of the kingdom of Sicily", without any regnal number.
1339
1. Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1305) deaths
  1. Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria
    
    Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria, was Duke of Lower Bavaria.
1327
1. Foulques de Villaret, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller deaths
  1. Foulques de Villaret
    
    Foulques de Villaret, a native of Languedoc-Roussillon, France, was the 25th Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, succeeding his paternal uncle Guillaume de Villaret in 1305. His uncle had done much to foster his early career in the Order. He was appointed Admiral in 1299, and Grand Commander two years later. By 1303 he was Lieutenant of the Master, and so advanced to Master on his uncle's death.
1288
1. Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (d. 1335) births
  1. Elizabeth Richeza of Poland
    
    Elizabeth Richeza of Poland, was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and by her two marriages Queen consort of Bohemia and Poland and Duchess consort of Austria and Styria. She was the only child of Przemysł II, Duke of Greater Poland and his second wife Richeza, herself a daughter of ex-King Valdemar of Sweden and Sofia of Denmark.
1256
1. Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shōgun (b. 1218) deaths
  1. Kujō Yoritsune
    
    Kujō Yoritsune , also known as Fujiwara no Yoritsune , was the fourth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan. His father was kanpaku Kujō Michiie and his grandmother was a niece of Minamoto no Yoritomo. His wife was a granddaughter of Minamoto no Yoritomo and daughter of Minamoto no Yoriie. He was born in the year of the Tiger, in the month, on the day, and so his given name at birth was Mitora.
1215
1. Otto, bishop of Utrecht deaths
  1. Otto I (bishop of Utrecht)
    
    Otto van Gelre was bishop of Utrecht from 1212 to 1215.
1198
1. Dulce, Queen of Portugal (b. 1160) deaths
  1. Dulce of Aragon
    
    Dulce of Aragon, also called Dulce of Barcelona, was Queen of Portugal as the wife of King Sancho I of Portugal.
1159
1. Pope Adrian IV (b. 1100) deaths
  1. Pope Adrian IV
    
    Pope Adrian IV, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 4 December 1154 to his death in 1159. He is the only Englishman to have been pope.
1145
1. Ibn Jubayr, Spanish geographer and poet (d. 1217) births
  1. Ibn Jubayr
    
    Ibn Jubayr, also written Ibn Jubair, Ibn Jobair, and Ibn Djubayr, was an Arab geographer, traveller and poet from al-Andalus. His travel chronicle describes the pilgrimage he made to Mecca from 1183 to 1185, in the years preceding the Third Crusade. His chronicle describes Saladin's domains in Egypt and the Levant which he passed through on his way to Mecca. Further, on his return journey, he passed through Christian Sicily, which had been recaptured from the Muslims only a century before, and he made several observations on the hybrid polyglot culture that flourished there.
1081
1. Bishop Eusebius of Angers deaths
  1. Eusebius of Angers
    
    Eusebius (Bruno) of Angers was bishop of Angers, France.
948
1. Jing Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (d. 982) births
  1. Emperor Jingzong of Liao
    
    Emperor Jingzong of Liao, personal name Yelü Xian, courtesy name Xianning, was the fifth emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China. He improved government efficiency and reduced corruption. He was known with going to war with the Northern Song dynasty. He died during a hunting trip where his wife later served as regent over his still 11-year-old son, the later Emperor Shengzong.
  2. Liao dynasty
    
    The Liao dynasty, also known as the Khitan Empire, officially the Great Liao, was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the Yelü clan of the Khitan people. Founded around the time of the collapse of the Tang dynasty, at its greatest extent it ruled over Northeast China, the Mongolian Plateau, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, southern portions of the Russian Far East, and the northern tip of the North China Plain.
870
1. Muhammad al-Bukhari, Persian scholar (b. 810) deaths
  1. Muhammad al-Bukhari
    
    Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari, commonly referred to as Imām al-Bukhāri or Imām Bukhāri, was a 9th-century Muslim muhaddith. Widely regarded as one of the most important hadith scholars in the history of Islam, Al-Bukhari's extant works include the hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari, Al-Tarikh al-Kabir, and Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Constantius (Costanzo) of Aquino
1. Constantius of Aquino
  
  Saint Constantius of Aquino was a bishop of Aquino in Italy, noted for his gift of prophecy, and a saint. He is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on Sept. 1.
Christian feast day: David Pendleton Oakerhater (Anglican Communion)
1. David Pendleton Oakerhater
  
  David Pendleton Oakerhater, also known as O-kuh-ha-tuh and Making Medicine, was a Cheyenne warrior and spiritual leader. He later became an artist and Episcopal deacon. In 1985, Oakerhater was the first Native American Anglican to be designated by the Episcopal Church as a saint.
2. Anglican Communion
  
  The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Founded in 1867 in London, the communion has more than 85 million members within the Church of England and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion. The traditional origins of Anglican doctrine are summarised in the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). The Archbishop of Canterbury in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as primus inter parescode: lat promoted to code: la , but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside of the Church of England. Most, but not all, member churches of the communion are the historic national or regional Anglican churches.
Christian feast day: Giles
1. Saint Giles
  
  Saint Giles, also known as Giles the Hermit, was a hermit or monk active in the lower Rhône most likely in the 6th century. Revered as a saint, his cult became widely diffused but his hagiography is mostly legendary. A town that bears his name grew up around the monastery he purportedly founded, which became a pilgrimage centre and a stop on the Way of Saint James. He is traditionally one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.
Christian feast day: Loup (Lupus) of Sens
1. Lupus of Sens
  
  Saint Lupus of Sens was the nineteenth bishop of Sens.
Christian feast day: Nivard (Nivo)
1. Nivard
  
  Nivard (Nivo) was the Bishop of Reims before 657 and until 673. He was brother-in-law of Childeric II. He restored Hautvilliers Abbey and was later buried there.
Christian feast day: Sixtus of Reims
1. Sixtus of Reims
  
  Saint Sixtus of Reims is considered the first bishop of Reims. According to Hincmar, a 9th-century archbishop of Reims, Sixtus was sent from Rome by Pope Sixtus II to Gaul to assist in Christianizing the region. Another tradition makes him, anachronistically, the disciple of Saint Peter. According to tradition, Sixtus of Reims, along with his companion St. Sinicius (Sinice), established the Christian sees of Reims and Soissons. Sinicius would later succeed Sixtus as bishop of Reims. According to one source, “it would appear that Sixtus did not die as a martyr, despite the severity of the persecution during the era.”
Christian feast day: Terentian (Terrence)
1. Terentian
  
  Saint Terentian(us) was Bishop of Todi who was killed during the reign of Hadrian (117–138).
Christian feast day: Verena
1. Verena of Zurzach
  
  Verena of Zurzach, mostly just called Saint Verena is an early Christian consecrated virgin and hermit. She is especially venerated in Switzerland, where her cult is attested in Bad Zurzach, the reported place of her burial, from at least the 5th century. She is recognized as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church as well as in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Her feast is on 1 September.
Christian feast day: Vibiana
1. Vibiana
  
  Vibiana is a third-century virgin martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. She is the patroness of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Her liturgical feast day is 1 September.
Christian feast day: The beginning of the new liturgical year (Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Church)
1. Liturgical year
  
  The liturgical year, also called the church year, Christian year or kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be observed, and which portions of Scripture are to be read either in an annual cycle or in a cycle of several years.
2. Eastern Orthodox Church
  
  The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via local synods. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Roman Catholic Church—the Pope—but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognized by them as primus inter pares, which may be explained as a representative of the church. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially calls itself the Orthodox Catholic Church.
3. Eastern Catholic Churches
  
  The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Pope in Rome. Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from the Latin Church, they are all in full communion with it and with each other. Eastern Catholics are a distinct minority within the Catholic Church; of the 1.3 billion Catholics in communion with the Pope, approximately 18 million are members of the eastern churches.
Christian feast day: September 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. September 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  Aug. 31 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 2
Knowledge Day (Former Soviet Union)
1. Knowledge Day
  
  Knowledge Day, often simply called 1 September, is the day when the school year traditionally starts in Russia and many other former Soviet republics as well as other countries in the former Eastern Bloc and Israel.
Anniversary of Al Fateh Revolution (Gaddafists in Libya)
1. 1969 Libyan coup d'état
  
  The 1969 Libyan coup d'état, also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or the 1 September Revolution, was carried out by the Free Unionist Officers Movement, a group of military officers led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, which led to the overthrow of King Idris I.
2. Gaddafi loyalism
  
  Gaddafi loyalism, in a wider political and social sense also known as Green resistance, consists of sympathetic sentiment towards the overthrown government of Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed in October 2011. It has been responsible for some of the ongoing violence in Libya, though the degree of its involvement has been disputed in a number of instances.
Wattle Day (Australia)
1. Wattle Day
  
  Wattle Day is a day of celebration in Australia on the first day of September each year, which is the official start of the Australian spring. This is the time when many Acacia species, are in flower. So, people wear a sprig of the flowers and leaves to celebrate the day.

Important events in history on September 1 st

Events

Hurricane Dorian

Atlantic hurricane

Tropics

Saffir–Simpson scale

Iraq War

United States Armed Forces

Al Anbar Governorate

Iraqi Armed Forces

Beslan school siege

North Ossetia–Alania

Speakers' Corner, Singapore

Freedom of speech

Hong Lim Park

Interceptor aircraft

Korean Air Lines Flight 007

Sakhalin

Cold War

Korean Air Lines Flight 007

Soviet Union

United States Congress

Larry McDonald

Space Operations Command

Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird

Irish Sea

Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman

Celtic Sea

Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman

Cold War

Grandmaster (chess)

Bobby Fischer

World Chess Championship

World Chess Championship 1972

Boris Spassky

Muammar Gaddafi

1969 Libyan coup d'état

Idris of Libya

1969 Libyan coup d'état

Libya

Muammar Gaddafi

1967 Arab League summit

Khartoum Resolution

Six-Day War

Khartoum Resolution

1966 Dayton race riot

Dayton, Ohio

Ohio National Guard

TWA Flight 529

Midway International Airport

Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Invasion of Poland

Bombing of Wieluń

Battle of Westerplatte

European theatre of World War II

Invasion of Poland

Bombing of Wieluń

Battle of Westerplatte

European theatre of World War II

World War II

Nazi Germany

Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

Invasion of Poland

Second Polish Republic

Koryo-saram

Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union

Russian Far East

Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

1923 Great Kantō earthquake

Yokohama

Passenger pigeon

Martha (passenger pigeon)

Science fiction film

A Trip to the Moon

From the Earth to the Moon

Jules Verne

Tremont Street subway

Important events in history
on September 1 ^st