Important events in history
on October 18 ^th

Events

2019
1. Protests in Santiago that started 11 days prior escalated into open battle against the Chilean national police, forcing President Sebastián Piñera to declare a state of emergency.
  1. Santiago
    
    Santiago, also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whose total population is 8 million which is nearly 40% of the country's population, of which more than 6 million live in the city's continuous urban area. The city is entirely in the country's central valley. Most of the city lies between 500–650 m (1,640–2,133 ft) above mean sea level.
  2. 2019–2022 Chilean protests
    
    The 2019–2022 Chilean protests, known in Chile as the Estallido Social, are a series of massive demonstrations and severe riots that originated in Santiago and spread to all regions of Chile, with a greater impact in the main cities, such as Greater Valparaíso, Greater Concepción, Greater La Serena, Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Rancagua, Chillán, Temuco, Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas, developed mainly between October 2019 and March 2020. Civil protests took place throughout Chile in response to a raise in the Santiago Metro's subway fare, a probity crisis, cost of living, university graduate unemployment, privatisation and inequality prevalent in the country.
  3. Carabineros de Chile
    
    Carabineros de Chile are the Chilean national law enforcement police, who have jurisdiction over the entire national territory of the Republic of Chile. Created in 1927, their mission is to maintain order and enforce the laws of Chile. They reported to the Ministry of National Defense through the Undersecretary of Carabineros until 2011 when the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security gained full control over them. They are in practice separated fully from the three other military branches by department but still are considered part of the armed forces. Chile also has an investigative police force, the Investigations Police of Chile, also under the Interior and Public Security Ministry; a Maritime Police also exists for patrol of Chile's coastline.
  4. Sebastián Piñera
    
    Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique OMCh is a Chilean billionaire businessman and politician who served as president of Chile from 2010 to 2014 and again from 2018 to 2022.
2. NASA Astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch take part in the first all-female spacewalk when they venture out of the International Space Station to replace a power controller.
  1. NASA Astronaut Corps
    
    The NASA Astronaut Corps is a unit of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and international space missions. It is based at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
  2. Jessica Meir
    
    Jessica Ulrika Meir is an American-Swedish NASA astronaut, marine biologist, and physiologist. She was previously an assistant professor of anesthesia at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, following postdoctoral research in comparative physiology at the University of British Columbia. She has studied the diving physiology and behavior of emperor penguins in Antarctica, and the physiology of bar-headed geese, which are able to migrate over the Himalayas. In September 2002, Meir served as an aquanaut on the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations 4 crew. In 2013, she was selected by NASA to Astronaut Group 21. In 2016, Meir participated in ESA CAVES, a training course in which international astronauts train in a space-analogue cave environment. Meir launched on September 25, 2019, to the ISS onboard Soyuz MS-15, where she served as a flight Engineer during Expedition 61 and 62. On October 18, 2019, Meir and Christina Koch were the first women to participate in an all-female spacewalk.
  3. Christina Koch
    
    Christina Hammock Koch is an American engineer and NASA astronaut of the class of 2013. She received Bachelor of Science degrees in electrical engineering and physics and a Master of Science in electrical engineering at North Carolina State University. She also did advanced study while working at the Goddard Space Flight Center. Just before becoming an astronaut, she served at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as station chief for American Samoa.
  4. Extravehicular activity
    
    Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut in outer space outside a spacecraft. Absent a breathable Earthlike atmosphere, the astronaut is completely reliant on a space suit for environmental support. EVA includes spacewalks and lunar or planetary surface exploration. In a stand-up EVA (SEVA), an astronaut stands through an open hatch but does not fully leave the spacecraft. EVA has been conducted by the Soviet Union/Russia, the United States, Canada, the European Space Agency and China.
  5. International Space Station
    
    The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. The ISS is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.
3. Riots in Chile's capital Santiago escalate into open battles, with attacks reported at nearly all of the city's 164 Metro stations. President Sebastián Piñera later announces a 15-day state of emergency in the capital.
  1. 2019–2022 Chilean protests
    
    The 2019–2022 Chilean protests, known in Chile as the Estallido Social, are a series of massive demonstrations and severe riots that originated in Santiago and spread to all regions of Chile, with a greater impact in the main cities, such as Greater Valparaíso, Greater Concepción, Greater La Serena, Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Rancagua, Chillán, Temuco, Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas, developed mainly between October 2019 and March 2020. Civil protests took place throughout Chile in response to a raise in the Santiago Metro's subway fare, a probity crisis, cost of living, university graduate unemployment, privatisation and inequality prevalent in the country.
  2. Santiago Metro
    
    The Santiago Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Santiago, the capital of Chile. It currently consists of seven lines, 136 stations, and 140 kilometres (87.0 mi) of revenue route. The system is managed by the state-owned Metro S.A. and is the first and only rapid transit system in the country.
  3. Sebastián Piñera
    
    Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique OMCh is a Chilean billionaire businessman and politician who served as president of Chile from 2010 to 2014 and again from 2018 to 2022.
2007
1. Karachi bombing: A suicide attack on a motorcade carrying former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto kills 139 and wounds 450 more. Bhutto herself is uninjured.
  1. 2007 Karsaz bombing
    
    The Karsaz bombing attack occurred on 18 October 2007 in Karachi, Pakistan; it was an attack on a motorcade carrying former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. The bombing occurred two months before she was assassinated. The bombing resulted in at least 180 deaths and 500 injuries. Most of the dead were members of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
  2. Prime Minister of Pakistan
    
    The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of the House. Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".
  3. Benazir Bhutto
    
    Benazir Bhutto was a Pakistani politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. She was the first Muslim woman elected to head a democratic government. She was the daughter of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Ideologically a liberal and a secularist, she chaired or co-chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until her assassination in 2007 at a rally.
2003
1. Bolivian gas conflict: Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada is forced to resign and leave Bolivia.
  1. Bolivian gas conflict
    
    The Bolivian gas conflict was a social confrontation in Bolivia reaching its peak in 2003, centering on the exploitation of the country's vast natural gas reserves. The expression can be extended to refer to the general conflict in Bolivia over the exploitation of gas resources, thus including the 2005 protests and the election of Evo Morales as president. Before these protests, Bolivia had seen a series of similar earlier protests during the Cochabamba protests of 2000, which were against the privatization of the municipal water supply.
  2. Bolivia
    
    Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest and Peru to the west. The seat of government and executive capital is La Paz, while the constitutional capital is Sucre. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.
  3. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
    
    Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Sánchez Bustamante, often referred to as Goni, is a Bolivian businessman and politician who served as the 61st president of Bolivia from 1993 to 1997 and from 2002 to 2003. A member of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), he previously served as minister of planning and coordination under Víctor Paz Estenssoro and succeeded him as the MNR's national chief in 1990.
1992
1. Merpati Nustantara Airlines Flight 5601 crashes into Mount Papandayan near the town of Garut in West Java, Indonesia, killing 31.
  1. Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601
    
    Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601 (MNA5601/MZ5601) was a domestic scheduled passenger flight, that departed Achmad Yani International Airport, Semarang, Indonesia bound for Husein Sastranegara International Airport, Bandung, Indonesia. On 18 October 1992, the two-year-old CASA/IPTN CN-235-10 was on approach to Bandung when it crashed into the side of Mount Puntang, near Mount Papandayan, West Java, Indonesia at 1:30 pm in bad weather. The aircraft exploded on impact killing all twenty seven passengers and four crew on board.
  2. Mount Papandayan
    
    Mount Papandayan is a complex stratovolcano, located in Garut Regency, to the southeast of the city of Bandung in West Java, Indonesia. It is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the southwest of the town of Garut. At the summit, there are four large craters which contain active fumarole fields. An eruption in 1772 caused the northeast flank to collapse producing a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3,000 people. The eruption truncated the volcano into a broad shape with two peaks and a flat area 1.1 km wide with Alun-Alun crater in the middle, making the mountain appear as a twin volcano; one of the peaks is called Papandayan and the other Mount Puntang.
  3. Garut
    
    Garut is a district and town in West Java of Indonesia, and the former capital of Garut Regency. It is located about 75 km to the southeast of the major city of Bandung.
  4. West Java
    
    West Java is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. With Banten, this province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia.
  5. Indonesia
    
    Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres. With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
1991
1. The Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopts a declaration of independence from the Soviet Union.
  1. Azerbaijan
    
    Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
1979
1. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) begins allowing people to have home satellite earth stations without a federal government license.
  1. Federal Communications Commission
    
    The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access, fair competition, radio frequency use, media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security.
1977
1. German Autumn: A set of events revolving around the kidnapping of Hanns Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of a Lufthansa flight by the Red Army Faction (RAF) comes to an end when Schleyer is murdered and various RAF members allegedly commit suicide.
  1. German Autumn
    
    The German Autumn was a series of events in Germany in 1977, mostly late in the year, associated with the kidnapping and murder of industrialist, businessman, and former SS member Hanns Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA), and the Federation of German Industries (BDI), by the Red Army Faction (RAF), a far-left militant organisation, and the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181 by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). They demanded the release of ten RAF members detained at the Stammheim Prison plus two Palestinian compatriots held in Turkey and US$15 million in exchange for the hostages. The assassination on 7 April 1977 of Siegfried Buback, the attorney-general of West Germany, and the failed kidnapping and murder of the banker Jürgen Ponto on 30 July 1977, marked the beginning of the German Autumn. It ended on 18 October, with the liberation of the Landshut, the deaths of the leading figures of the first generation of the RAF in their prison cells, and the death of Schleyer.
  2. Hanns Martin Schleyer
    
    Hans "Hanns" Martin Schleyer was a German business executive, and employer and industry representative, who served as President of two powerful commercial organizations, the Confederation of German Employers' Associations and the Federation of German Industries. Schleyer became a target for radical elements of the German student movement in the 1970s for his role in those business organisations, positions in the labour disputes, aggressive appearance on television, conservative anti-communist views, position as a prominent member of the Christian Democratic Union, and past as an enthusiastic member of the Nazi student movement and a former SS officer.
  3. Aircraft hijacking
    
    Aircraft hijacking is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. Dating from the earliest of hijackings, most cases involve the pilot being forced to fly according to the hijacker's demands. There have also been incidents where the hijackers have overpowered the flight crew, made unauthorized entry into cockpit and flown them into buildings – most notably in the September 11 attacks – and in several cases, planes have been hijacked by the official pilot or co-pilot; e.g., Germanwings Flight 9525.
  4. Lufthansa
    
    Deutsche Lufthansa AG, commonly shortened to Lufthansa, is the flag carrier of Germany. When combined with its subsidiaries, it is the second-largest airline in Europe in terms of passengers carried. Lufthansa is one of the five founding members of Star Alliance, the world's largest airline alliance, formed in 1997.
  5. Red Army Faction
    
    The Red Army Faction, also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang, was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
1968
1. At the Summer Olympics in Mexico City, American Bob Beamon set a distance of 8.90 m (29.2 ft) in the long jump event, a world record that stood for 23 years.
  1. 1968 Summer Olympics
    
    The 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad and commonly known as Mexico 1968, were an international multi-sport event held from 12 to 27 October 1968 in Mexico City, Mexico. These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country. They were also the first Games to use an all-weather (smooth) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track, as well as the first example of the Olympics exclusively using electronic timekeeping equipment.
  2. Bob Beamon
    
    Robert Beamon is an American former track and field athlete, best known for his world record in the long jump at the Mexico City Olympics in 1968. By jumping 8.90 m, he broke the existing record by a margin of 55 cm (21+2⁄3 in.) and his world record stood for almost 23 years until it was broken in 1991 by Mike Powell. The jump is still the Olympic record and the second-longest wind legal jump in history.
  3. Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump
    
    The men's long jump was one of four men's jumping events at the 1968 Summer Olympics program in Mexico City. The long jump took place on 18 October 1968. Thirty-five athletes from 22 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress.
1967
1. The Soviet space probe Venera 4 became the first spacecraft to perform direct in situ analysis of the environment of another planet (Venus).
  1. Venera 4
    
    Venera 4, also designated 4V-1 No.310, was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus. The probe comprised a lander, designed to enter the Venusian atmosphere and parachute to the surface, and a carrier/flyby spacecraft, which carried the lander to Venus and served as a communications relay for it.
  2. In situ
    
    In situ is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position." It can mean "locally", "on site", "on the premises", or "in place" to describe where an event takes place and is used in many different contexts. For example, in fields such as physics, geology, chemistry, or biology, in situ may describe the way a measurement is taken, that is, in the same place the phenomenon is occurring without isolating it from other systems or altering the original conditions of the test. The opposite of in situ is ex situ.
  3. Venus
    
    Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus appears in Earth's sky never far from the Sun, either as morning star or evening star. Aside from the Sun and Moon, Venus is the brightest natural object in Earth's sky, capable of casting visible shadows on Earth at dark conditions and being visible to the naked eye in broad daylight.
2. The Soviet probe Venera 4 reaches Venus and becomes the first spacecraft to measure the atmosphere of another planet.
  1. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  2. Venera 4
    
    Venera 4, also designated 4V-1 No.310, was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus. The probe comprised a lander, designed to enter the Venusian atmosphere and parachute to the surface, and a carrier/flyby spacecraft, which carried the lander to Venus and served as a communications relay for it.
  3. Venus
    
    Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus appears in Earth's sky never far from the Sun, either as morning star or evening star. Aside from the Sun and Moon, Venus is the brightest natural object in Earth's sky, capable of casting visible shadows on Earth at dark conditions and being visible to the naked eye in broad daylight.
1963
1. The first cat in space, later known as Félicette, launched aboard a French Véronique rocket.
  1. Félicette
    
    Félicette was a stray Persian cat who is the only cat to have been successfully launched into space. She was launched on 18 October 1963 as part of the French space program. Félicette was one of 14 female cats trained for spaceflight. The cats had electrodes implanted onto their skulls so their neurological activity could be monitored throughout the flight. Electrical impulses were applied to the brain and a leg during the flight to stimulate responses. The capsule was recovered 13 minutes after the rocket was ignited. Most of the data from the mission were of good quality, and Félicette survived the flight but was purposely killed two months later for the examination of her brain. A second feline was killed in a launch mishap on 24 October 1963.
  2. Véronique (rocket)
    
    Véronique was a French liquid-fuelled sounding rocket of the 1950s. It was the first liquid-fuel research rocket in Western Europe.
2. Félicette, a black and white female Parisian stray cat, becomes the first cat launched into space.
  1. Félicette
    
    Félicette was a stray Persian cat who is the only cat to have been successfully launched into space. She was launched on 18 October 1963 as part of the French space program. Félicette was one of 14 female cats trained for spaceflight. The cats had electrodes implanted onto their skulls so their neurological activity could be monitored throughout the flight. Electrical impulses were applied to the brain and a leg during the flight to stimulate responses. The capsule was recovered 13 minutes after the rocket was ignited. Most of the data from the mission were of good quality, and Félicette survived the flight but was purposely killed two months later for the examination of her brain. A second feline was killed in a launch mishap on 24 October 1963.
1954
1. The first commercial transistor radio, the Regency TR-1, was introduced in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
  1. Transistor radio
    
    A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry. Following the invention of the transistor in 1947—which revolutionized the field of consumer electronics by introducing small but powerful, convenient hand-held devices—the Regency TR-1 was released in 1954 becoming the first commercial transistor radio. The mass-market success of the smaller and cheaper Sony TR-63, released in 1957, led to the transistor radio becoming the most popular electronic communication device of the 1960s and 1970s. Transistor radios are still commonly used as car radios. Billions of transistor radios are estimated to have been sold worldwide between the 1950s and 2012.
  2. Regency TR-1
    
    The Regency TR-1 was the first commercially manufactured transistor radio, introduced in 1954. Despite mediocre performance, about 150,000 units were sold, due to the novelty of its small size and portability. Previously, transistors had only been used in military or industrial applications, and the TR-1 demonstrated their utility for consumer electronics, offering a prescient glimpse of a future full of small, convenient hand-held devices that would develop into calculators, mobile phones, tablets and the like. Surviving specimens are sought out by collectors.
  3. Indianapolis
    
    Indianapolis, colloquially known as Indy, is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County in 2020 was 977,203. The "balance" population, which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County, was 887,642. It is the 15th most populous city in the U.S., the third-most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago and Columbus, Ohio, and the fourth-most populous state capital after Phoenix, Arizona; Austin, Texas; and Columbus. The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 33rd most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S., with 2,111,040 residents. Its combined statistical area ranks 28th, with a population of 2,431,361. Indianapolis covers 368 square miles (950 km2), making it the 18th largest city by land area in the U.S.
2. Texas Instruments announces the first transistor radio.
  1. Texas Instruments
    
    Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American technology company headquartered in Dallas, Texas, that designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. It is one of the top 10 semiconductor companies worldwide based on sales volume. The company's focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which account for more than 80% of its revenue. TI also produces TI digital light processing technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers, and multi-core processors. The company holds 45,000 patents worldwide as of 2016.
  2. Transistor radio
    
    A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry. Following the invention of the transistor in 1947—which revolutionized the field of consumer electronics by introducing small but powerful, convenient hand-held devices—the Regency TR-1 was released in 1954 becoming the first commercial transistor radio. The mass-market success of the smaller and cheaper Sony TR-63, released in 1957, led to the transistor radio becoming the most popular electronic communication device of the 1960s and 1970s. Transistor radios are still commonly used as car radios. Billions of transistor radios are estimated to have been sold worldwide between the 1950s and 2012.
1945
1. The USSR's nuclear program receives plans for the United States plutonium bomb from Klaus Fuchs at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
  1. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  2. Nuclear weapon
    
    A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion reactions, producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.
  3. Klaus Fuchs
    
    Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs was a German theoretical physicist and atomic spy who supplied information from the American, British and Canadian Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during and shortly after World War II. While at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fuchs was responsible for many significant theoretical calculations relating to the first nuclear weapons and, later, early models of the hydrogen bomb. After his conviction in 1950, he served nine years in prison in the United Kingdom, then migrated to East Germany where he resumed his career as a physicist and scientific leader.
  4. Los Alamos National Laboratory
    
    Los Alamos National Laboratory is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the American southwest. Best known for its central role in helping develop the first atomic bomb, LANL is one of the world's largest and most advanced scientific institutions.
2. A group of the Venezuelan Armed Forces, led by Mario Vargas, Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, stages a coup d'état against president Isaías Medina Angarita, who is overthrown by the end of the day.
  1. Venezuela
    
    Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi), and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.
  2. Marcos Pérez Jiménez
    
    Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez was a Venezuelan military and general officer of the Army of Venezuela and the dictator of Venezuela from 1950 to 1958, ruling as member of the military junta from 1950 to 1952 and as president from 1952 to 1958. He took part in the 1948 coup d'état, becoming part of the ruling junta. He ran in the 1952 election. However, the junta cancelled the election when early results indicated that the opposition was ahead, and declared Jiménez provisional president. He became president in 1953 and instituted a constitution that granted him dictatorial powers.
  3. Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
    
    Carlos Román Delgado Chalbaud Gómez was a Venezuelan career military officer. He was the president of Venezuela from 1948 to 1950 as leader of a military junta. In 1945, he was one of the high-ranking officers who brought to power the Democratic Action party by a coup d'état. In 1948, as a Minister of Defense, he led another military coup and lingered as the President until his assassination in Caracas.
  4. 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état
    
    The 1945 Venezuelan coup d'état took place on 18 October 1945, when the president Isaías Medina Angarita was overthrown by a combination of a military rebellion and a popular movement led by Democratic Action. The coup led to a three-year period of government known as El Trienio Adeco, which saw the first participant presidential elections in Venezuelan history, beginning with the 1946 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election. The 1947 Venezuelan general election saw Democratic Action formally elected to office, but it was removed from office shortly after in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état.
  5. Isaías Medina Angarita
    
    Isaías Medina Angarita was a Venezuelan military and political leader, the president of Venezuela from 1941 until 1945, during World War II. He followed the path of his predecessor Eleazar López Contreras, and ruled the country's democratic transition process.
3. Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón marries actress Eva Duarte.
  1. Argentina
    
    Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica.
  2. Juan Perón
    
    Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine Army general and politician. After serving in several government positions, including Minister of Labour and Vice President of a military dictatorship, he was elected President of Argentina three times, serving from June 1946 to September 1955, when he was overthrown by the Revolución Libertadora, and then from October 1973 until his death in July 1974.
  3. Eva Perón
    
    María Eva Duarte de Perón, better known as just Eva Perón or by the nickname Evita, was an Argentine politician, activist, actress, and philanthropist who served as First Lady of Argentina from June 1946 until her death in July 1952, as the wife of Argentine President Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974). She was born in poverty in the rural village of Los Toldos, in the Pampas, as the youngest of five children. In 1934, at the age of 15, she moved to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires to pursue a career as a stage, radio, and film actress.
1944
1. World War II: Soviet Union begins the liberation of Czechoslovakia from Nazi Germany.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Czechoslovakia
    
    Czechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland. Between 1939 and 1945 the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies.
  4. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
2. World War II: The state funeral of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel takes place in Ulm, Germany.
  1. Erwin Rommel
    
    Johannes Erwin Eugen Rommel was a German field marshal during World War II. Popularly known as the Desert Fox, he served in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany, as well as serving in the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic, and the army of Imperial Germany.
1929
1. In the Persons Case, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council decided that women were eligible to sit in the Senate of Canada.
  1. Edwards v Canada (AG)
    
    Edwards v Canada (AG)—also known as the Persons Case —is a famous Canadian constitutional case that decided in 1929 that women were eligible to sit in the Senate of Canada. The legal case was put forward by the Government of Canada on the lobbying of a group of women known as the Famous Five: Henrietta Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Emily Murphy and Irene Parlby. The case began as a reference case by the federal Cabinet directly to the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled that women were not "qualified persons" and thus ineligible to sit in the Senate. The five women then appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Imperial Privy Council in London, at that time the court of last resort for Canada within the British Empire and Commonwealth. The Judicial Committee overturned the Supreme Court's decision.
  2. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
    
    The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories, some Commonwealth countries and a few institutions in the United Kingdom. Established on 14 August 1833 to hear appeals formerly heard by the King-in-Council, the Privy Council formerly acted as the court of last resort for the entire British Empire, other than for the United Kingdom itself.
  3. Senate of Canada
    
    The Senate of Canada is the upper house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the House of Commons, they comprise the bicameral legislature of Canada.
2. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council overrules the Supreme Court of Canada in Edwards v. Canada when it declares that women are considered "Persons" under Canadian law.
  1. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
    
    The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for the Crown Dependencies, the British Overseas Territories, some Commonwealth countries and a few institutions in the United Kingdom. Established on 14 August 1833 to hear appeals formerly heard by the King-in-Council, the Privy Council formerly acted as the court of last resort for the entire British Empire, other than for the United Kingdom itself.
  2. Supreme Court of Canada
    
    The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada. It comprises nine justices, whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law, and grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal appellate courts. The Supreme Court is bijural, hearing cases from two major legal traditions and bilingual, hearing cases in both official languages of Canada.
  3. Edwards v Canada (AG)
    
    Edwards v Canada (AG)—also known as the Persons Case —is a famous Canadian constitutional case that decided in 1929 that women were eligible to sit in the Senate of Canada. The legal case was put forward by the Government of Canada on the lobbying of a group of women known as the Famous Five: Henrietta Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Emily Murphy and Irene Parlby. The case began as a reference case by the federal Cabinet directly to the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled that women were not "qualified persons" and thus ineligible to sit in the Senate. The five women then appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Imperial Privy Council in London, at that time the court of last resort for Canada within the British Empire and Commonwealth. The Judicial Committee overturned the Supreme Court's decision.
  4. Law of Canada
    
    The legal system of Canada is pluralist: its foundations lie in the English common law system, the French civil law system, and Indigenous law systems developed by the various Indigenous Nations.
1922
1. The British Broadcasting Company (later Corporation) is founded by a consortium, to establish a nationwide network of radio transmitters to provide a national broadcasting service.
  1. British Broadcasting Company
    
    The British Broadcasting Company Ltd. (BBC) was a short-lived British commercial broadcasting company formed on 18 October 1922 by British and American electrical companies doing business in the United Kingdom. Licensed by the British General Post Office, their original office was located on the second floor of Magnet House, the GEC buildings in London and consisted of a room and a small antechamber.
  2. Consortium
    
    A consortium is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal.
  3. Transmitter
    
    In electronics and telecommunications, a radio transmitter or just transmitter is an electronic device which produces radio waves with an antenna. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.
  4. Broadcasting
    
    Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum, in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of vacuum tube radio transmitters and receivers. Before this, all forms of electronic communication were one-to-one, with the message intended for a single recipient. The term broadcasting evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about. It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials or by telegraph. Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898.
1921
1. The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is formed as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
  1. Crimea in the Soviet Union
    
    During the existence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, different governments existed within the Crimean Peninsula. From 1921 to 1936, the government in the Crimean Peninsula was known as the Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic and was an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic located within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; from 1936 to 1945, it was called the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
1914
1. The Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement is founded in Germany.
  1. Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement
    
    The Apostolic Movement of Schoenstatt is a Catholic Marian movement founded in Germany in 1914 by Fr Joseph Kentenich, who saw the movement as a means of spiritual renewal for the Catholic Church. The movement is named after the small locality of Schönstatt which is part of the town of Vallendar near Koblenz, in Germany.
1912
1. First Balkan War: King Peter I of Serbia issues a declaration "To the Serbian People", as his country joins the war.
  1. First Balkan War
    
    The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success.
  2. Peter I of Serbia
    
    Peter I was the last king of Serbia, reigning from 15 June 1903 to 1 December 1918. On 1 December 1918, he became the first king of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and he held that title until his death three years later. Since he was the king of Serbia during a period of great Serbian military success, he was remembered by the Serbian people as King Peter the Liberator, and also as Old King.
1900
1. Count Bernhard von Bülow becomes chancellor of Germany.
  1. Bernhard von Bülow
    
    Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin, Prince of Bülow was a German statesman who served as the foreign minister for three years and then as the chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 to 1909. A fervent supporter of Weltpolitik, Bülow single-mindedly devoted his chancellorship to making Germany a leading power on the world stage. Despite presiding over sustained economic growth and technological advancement within his country, his government's foreign policy did much to antagonize the international community and significantly contributed to the outbreak of the First World War.
1898
1. The United States takes possession of Puerto Rico from Spain.
  1. Puerto Rico
    
    Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques. It has roughly 3.2 million residents, and its capital and most populous city is San Juan. Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government, though Spanish predominates.
1867
1. United States takes possession of Alaska after purchasing it from Russia for $7.2 million. Celebrated annually in the state as Alaska Day.
  1. Alaska Purchase
    
    The Alaska Purchase was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire. Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867, through a treaty ratified by the United States Senate.
  2. Russian Empire
    
    The Russian Empire was the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity.
  3. Alaska Day
    
    Alaska Day is a legal holiday in the U.S. state of Alaska, observed on October 18. It is the anniversary of the formal transfer of territories in present-day Alaska from the Russian Empire to the United States, which occurred on Friday, October 18, 1867.
1860
1. The Second Opium War finally ends at the Convention of Peking with the ratification of the Treaty of Tientsin, an unequal treaty.
  1. Second Opium War
    
    The Second Opium War, also known as the Second Anglo-Sino War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a colonial war lasting from 1856 to 1860, which pitted the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China.
  2. Convention of Peking
    
    The Convention of Peking or First Convention of Peking is an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire in 1860. In China, they are regarded as among the unequal treaties.
  3. Treaty of Tientsin
    
    The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several documents signed at Tianjin in June 1858. The Qing dynasty, Russian Empire, Second French Empire, United Kingdom, and the United States were the parties involved. These treaties, counted by the Chinese among the so-called unequal treaties, opened more Chinese ports to foreign trade, permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing, allowed Christian missionary activity, and effectively legalized the import of opium. They ended the first phase of the Second Opium War, which had begun in 1856 and were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war.
  4. Unequal treaty
    
    Unequal treaty is the name given by the Chinese to a series of treaties signed during the 19th and early 20th centuries, between China and various Western powers, the Russian Empire, and the Empire of Japan. The agreements, often reached after a military defeat or a threat of military invasion, contained one-sided terms, requiring China to cede land, pay reparations, open treaty ports, give up tariff autonomy, legalise opium import, and grant extraterritorial privileges to foreign citizens.
1851
1. Herman Melville's Moby-Dick is first published as The Whale by Richard Bentley of London.
  1. Herman Melville
    
    Herman Melville was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works are Moby-Dick (1851); Typee (1846), a romanticized account of his experiences in Polynesia; and Billy Budd, Sailor, a posthumously published novella. Although his reputation was not high at the time of his death, the 1919 centennial of his birth was the starting point of a Melville revival, and Moby-Dick grew to be considered one of the great American novels.
  2. Moby-Dick
    
    Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is an 1851 novel by American writer Herman Melville. The book is the sailor Ishmael's narrative of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaling ship Pequod, for revenge against Moby Dick, the giant white sperm whale that on the ship's previous voyage bit off Ahab's leg at the knee. A contribution to the literature of the American Renaissance, Moby-Dick was published to mixed reviews, was a commercial failure, and was out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891. Its reputation as a "Great American Novel" was established only in the 20th century, after the 1919 centennial of its author's birth. William Faulkner said he wished he had written the book himself, and D. H. Lawrence called it "one of the strangest and most wonderful books in the world" and "the greatest book of the sea ever written". Its opening sentence, "Call me Ishmael", is among world literature's most famous.
  3. Richard Bentley (publisher)
    
    Richard Bentley was a 19th-century English publisher born into a publishing family. He started a firm with his brother in 1819. Ten years later, he went into partnership with the publisher Henry Colburn. Although the business was often successful, publishing the famous "Standard Novels" series, they ended their partnership in acrimony three years later. Bentley continued alone profitably in the 1830s and early 1840s, establishing the well-known periodical Bentley's Miscellany. However, the periodical went into decline after its editor, Charles Dickens, left. Bentley's business started to falter after 1843 and he sold many of his copyrights. Only 15 years later did it begin to recover.
1797
1. Treaty of Campo Formio is signed between France and Austria
  1. Treaty of Campo Formio
    
    The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl as representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarchy, respectively. The treaty followed the armistice of Leoben, which had been forced on the Habsburgs by Napoleon's victorious campaign in Italy. It ended the War of the First Coalition and left Great Britain fighting alone against revolutionary France.
1779
1. American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah is lifted.
  1. Siege of Savannah
    
    The siege of Savannah or the Second Battle of Savannah was an encounter of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) in 1779. The year before, the city of Savannah, Georgia, had been captured by a British expeditionary corps under Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell. The siege itself consisted of a joint Franco-American attempt to retake Savannah, from September 16 to October 18, 1779. On October 9 a major assault against the British siege works failed. During the attack, Polish nobleman Count Casimir Pulaski, leading the combined cavalry forces on the American side, was mortally wounded. With the failure of the joint attack, the siege was abandoned, and the British remained in control of Savannah until July 1782, near the end of the war.
1775
1. American Revolutionary War: In an act of retaliation against ports that supported Patriot activities in the early stages of the war, the Royal Navy destroyed what is now Portland, Maine.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Patriot (American Revolution)
    
    Patriots, also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs, were the colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution, and declared the United States of America an independent nation in July 1776. Their decision was based on the political philosophy of republicanism—as expressed by such spokesmen as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine. They were opposed by the Loyalists, who supported continued British rule.
  3. Royal Navy
    
    The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.
  4. Burning of Falmouth
    
    The Burning of Falmouth was an attack by a fleet of Royal Navy vessels on the town of Falmouth, Massachusetts. The fleet was commanded by Captain Henry Mowat. The attack began with a naval bombardment which included incendiary shot, followed by a landing party meant to complete the town's destruction. The attack was the only major event in what was supposed to be a campaign of retaliation against ports that supported Patriot activities in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War.
  5. Portland, Maine
    
    Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County. Portland's population was 68,408 in April 2020. The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people, the 104th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Portland's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism. The Old Port is known for its nightlife and 19th-century architecture. Marine industry plays an important role in the city's economy, with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping. The Port of Portland is the second-largest tonnage seaport in New England.
2. African-American poet Phillis Wheatley is freed from slavery.
  1. African Americans
    
    African Americans are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of enslaved Africans who are from the United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African-American, the majority of first generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin.
  2. Phillis Wheatley
    
    Phillis Wheatley Peters, also spelled Phyllis and Wheatly was an American author who is considered the first African-American author of a published book of poetry. Born in West Africa, she was kidnapped and subsequently sold into enslavement at the age of seven or eight and transported to North America, where she was bought by the Wheatley family of Boston. After she learned to read and write, they encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent.
3. American Revolutionary War: The Burning of Falmouth (now Portland, Maine).
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Burning of Falmouth
    
    The Burning of Falmouth was an attack by a fleet of Royal Navy vessels on the town of Falmouth, Massachusetts. The fleet was commanded by Captain Henry Mowat. The attack began with a naval bombardment which included incendiary shot, followed by a landing party meant to complete the town's destruction. The attack was the only major event in what was supposed to be a campaign of retaliation against ports that supported Patriot activities in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War.
  3. Portland, Maine
    
    Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County. Portland's population was 68,408 in April 2020. The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people, the 104th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Portland's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism. The Old Port is known for its nightlife and 19th-century architecture. Marine industry plays an important role in the city's economy, with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping. The Port of Portland is the second-largest tonnage seaport in New England.
1748
1. The War of the Austrian Succession ended with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
  1. War of the Austrian Succession
    
    The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
  2. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
    
    The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
2. Signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession.
  1. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
    
    The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
  2. War of the Austrian Succession
    
    The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
1648
1. Boston shoemakers form the first American labor organization.
  1. Trade union
    
    A trade union, often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees and protecting the integrity of their trade through the increased bargaining power wielded by solidarity among workers.
1630
1. Frendraught Castle in Scotland, the home of James Crichton of Frendraught, burns down.
  1. Frendraught Castle
    
    Frendraught Castle or House is a 17th-century house, about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Largue, on the site of a 13th-century castle.
  2. James Crichton of Frendraught
    
    James Crichton of Frendraught or Frendraucht was a Scottish landowner involved in a fire on 18 October 1630. Eight guests were killed at Frendraught Castle and arson was suspected. The facts of the case were widely disputed.
1599
1. Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the Army of Andrew Báthory in the Battle of Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanian people.
  1. Michael the Brave
    
    Michael the Brave, born as Mihai Pătrașcu, was the Prince of Wallachia, Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania. He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded by Romanian nationalists as a symbol of Romanian unity, as his reign marked the first time all principalities inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.
  2. Wallachia
    
    Wallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia and Oltenia. Dobruja could sometimes be considered a third section due to its proximity and brief rule over it. Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections.
  3. Andrew Báthory
    
    Andrew Báthory was the Cardinal-deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro from 1584 to 1599, Prince-Bishop of Warmia from 1589 to 1599, and Prince of Transylvania in 1599. His father was a brother of Stephen Báthory, who ruled the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1575. He was the childless Stephen Báthory's favorite nephew. He went to Poland at his uncle's invitation in 1578 and studied at the Jesuit college in Pułtusk. He became canon in the Chapter of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Warmia in 1581, and provost of the Monastery of Miechów in 1583.
  4. Battle of Șelimbăr
    
    The Battle of Șelimbăr, or Battle of Sellenberk, took place on 18 October 1599 between the Romanian army of Michael the Brave and the Transylvanian-Hungarian army of Andrew Báthory. The battle was fought near the village of Șelimbăr close to Sibiu.
1597
1. King Philip II of Spain send his third and final armada against England, but ends in failure due to storms. The remaining ships are captured or sunk by the English.
  1. Philip II of Spain
    
    Philip II, also known as Philip the Prudent, was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.
  2. 3rd Spanish Armada
    
    The 3rd Spanish Armada, also known as the Spanish Armada of 1597, was a major naval event that took place between October and November 1597 as part of the Anglo–Spanish War. The armada, which was the third attempt by Spain to invade or raid the British Isles during the war, was ordered by King Philip II of Spain in revenge for the English attack on Cadiz following the failure of the 2nd Spanish Armada the previous year due to a storm. The Armada was executed by the Adelantado, Martín de Padilla, who was hoping to intercept and destroy the English fleet under Robert Devereux the 2nd Earl of Essex as it returned from the failed Azores expedition. When this was achieved, the Armada would go on to capture either the important port of Falmouth or Milford Haven and use those places as a base for invasion.
1587
1. Filipino sailors disembarked from the Manila galleon Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza in what is now Morro Bay, California, the first documented instance of Asians in the Americas.
  1. Filipinos
    
    Filipinos are the people who are citizens of or native to the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English and/or other Philippine languages. Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines; each with its own language, identity, culture and history.
  2. Manila galleon
    
    The Manila galleons were Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries linked the Spanish Crown’s Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, with her Asian territories, collectively known as the Spanish East Indies, across the Pacific Ocean. The ships made one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila. The name of the galleon changed to reflect the city that the ship sailed from. The term Manila galleon can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila, which lasted from 1565 to 1815.
  3. Morro Bay, California
    
    Morro Bay is a seaside city in San Luis Obispo County, California. Located on the Central Coast of California, the city population was 10,757 as of the 2020 census, up from 10,234 at the 2010 census. The town overlooks Morro Bay, a natural embayment with an all-weather small craft commercial and recreational harbor.
  4. Landing of the first Filipinos
    
    On October 18, 1587, the first Filipinos landed in what is now the Continental United States at Morro Bay. They arrived as slaves, prisoners, and crew aboard the Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza, which had sailed from Portuguese Macau, as part of the Manila galleon trade between the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) and it’s subordinate territories in the East Indies. During about three days of travels ashore around Morro Bay, the crew of the Nuestra Señora de Buena Esperanza came in contact with the Chumash people, ultimately resulting in the death of a Filipino crew member.
1565
1. The first recorded naval battle between Europeans and the Japanese occurred when a flotilla of samurai attacked two Portuguese trade vessels in Nagasaki.
  1. Samurai
    
    Samurai were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the daimyo. They had high prestige and special privileges such as wearing two swords and Kiri-sute gomen. They cultivated the bushido codes of martial virtues, indifference to pain, and unflinching loyalty, engaging in many local battles.
  2. Battle of Fukuda Bay
    
    The Battle of Fukuda Bay in 1565 was the first recorded naval battle between Europeans and the Japanese. A flotilla of samurai under the daimyō Matsura Takanobu attacked two Portuguese trade vessels that had shunned Matsura's port in Hirado and had gone instead to trade at Fukuda, a port belonging to the rival Ōmura Sumitada. The engagement was part of a process of trial and error by the Portuguese traders to find a safe harbour for their carracks in Japan that eventually brought them to Nagasaki.
  3. Nagasaki
    
    Nagasaki is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.
2. Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture the Portuguese trading carrack in the Battle of Fukuda Bay, the first recorded naval battle between Japan and the West.
  1. Carrack
    
    A carrack is a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th to 15th centuries in Europe, most notably in Portugal. Evolved from the single-masted cog, the carrack was first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic and quickly found use with the newly found wealth of the trade between Europe and Africa and then the trans-Atlantic trade with the Americas. In their most advanced forms, they were used by the Portuguese for trade between Europe and Asia starting in the late 15th century, before eventually being superseded in the 17th century by the galleon, introduced in the 16th century.
  2. Battle of Fukuda Bay
    
    The Battle of Fukuda Bay in 1565 was the first recorded naval battle between Europeans and the Japanese. A flotilla of samurai under the daimyō Matsura Takanobu attacked two Portuguese trade vessels that had shunned Matsura's port in Hirado and had gone instead to trade at Fukuda, a port belonging to the rival Ōmura Sumitada. The engagement was part of a process of trial and error by the Portuguese traders to find a safe harbour for their carracks in Japan that eventually brought them to Nagasaki.
1561
1. Sengoku period: The Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima (depicted), one of the most famous in Japanese history, was fought in present-day Nagano Prefecture.
  1. Sengoku period
    
    The Sengoku period was a period in Japanese history of near-constant civil war and social upheaval from 1467 to 1615.
  2. Battles of Kawanakajima
    
    The Battles of Kawanakajima were a series of battles fought in the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province from 1553 to 1564.
  3. Nagano Prefecture
    
    Nagano Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Nagano Prefecture has a population of 2,052,493 and has a geographic area of 13,561 square kilometres (5,236 sq mi). Nagano Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the northeast, Saitama Prefecture to the east, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southeast, Shizuoka Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture to the south, and Gifu Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture to the west.
2. In Japan the fourth Battle of Kawanakajima is fought between the forces of Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen, resulting in a draw.
  1. Japan
    
    Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 6852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 sq mi); the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.
  2. Battles of Kawanakajima
    
    The Battles of Kawanakajima were a series of battles fought in the Sengoku period of Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province from 1553 to 1564.
  3. Uesugi Kenshin
    
    Nagao Kagetora , later known as Uesugi Kenshin was a Japanese daimyō. He was born in Nagao clan, and after adoption into the Uesugi clan, ruled Echigo Province in the Sengoku period of Japan. He was one of the most powerful daimyō of the Sengoku period. Known as the "Dragon of Echigo", while chiefly remembered for his prowess on the battlefield as a military genius, Kenshin is also regarded as an extremely skillful administrator who fostered the growth of local industries and trade and his rule saw a marked rise in the standard of living of Echigo.
  4. Takeda Shingen
    
    Takeda Shingen , of Kai Province, was a pre-eminent daimyō in feudal Japan. Known as the "Tiger of Kai", he was one of the most powerful daimyō with exceptional military prestige in the late stage of the Sengoku period. Shingen was a warlord of great skill and military leadership.
1540
1. Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto's forces destroy the fortified town of Mabila in present-day Alabama, killing Tuskaloosa.
  1. Hernando de Soto
    
    Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula. He played an important role in Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru, but is best known for leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States. He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River.
  2. Mabila
    
    Mabila was a small fortress town known to the paramount chief Tuskaloosa in 1540, in a region of present-day central Alabama. The exact location has been debated for centuries, but southwest of present-day Selma, Alabama, is one possibility. In late 2021, archaeologists announced the excavation of Spanish artifacts at several Native American settlement sites in Marengo County that indicate that they have found the historical province of Mabila, although not the town itself. They theorize that the town site is within a few miles of their excavations.
  3. Alabama
    
    Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.
  4. Tuskaloosa
    
    Tuskaloosa was a paramount chief of a Mississippian chiefdom in what is now the U.S. state of Alabama. His people were possibly ancestors to the several southern Native American confederacies who later emerged in the region. The modern city of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, is named for him.
1356
1. The most significant earthquake to have occurred in Central Europe in recorded history destroyed Basel, Switzerland.
  1. 1356 Basel earthquake
    
    The 1356 Basel earthquake is the most significant seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe in recorded history and had a moment magnitude in the range of 6.0–7.1. This earthquake, which occurred on 18 October 1356, is also known as the Sankt-Lukas-Tag Erdbeben, as 18 October is the feast day of Saint Luke the Evangelist.
  2. Basel
    
    Basel, also known as Basle, is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine. Basel is Switzerland's third-most-populous city with about 175,000 inhabitants. The official language of Basel is German, but the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect.
2. Basel earthquake, the most significant historic seismological event north of the Alps, destroys the town of Basel, Switzerland.
  1. 1356 Basel earthquake
    
    The 1356 Basel earthquake is the most significant seismological event to have occurred in Central Europe in recorded history and had a moment magnitude in the range of 6.0–7.1. This earthquake, which occurred on 18 October 1356, is also known as the Sankt-Lukas-Tag Erdbeben, as 18 October is the feast day of Saint Luke the Evangelist.
  2. Basel
    
    Basel, also known as Basle, is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine. Basel is Switzerland's third-most-populous city with about 175,000 inhabitants. The official language of Basel is German, but the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect.
1281
1. Pope Martin IV excommunicates King Peter III of Aragon for usurping the crown of Sicily (a sentence renewed on 7 May and 18 November 1282).
  1. Pope Martin IV
    
    Pope Martin IV, born Simon de Brion, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1281 to his death on 28 March 1285. He was the last French pope to have held court in Rome; all subsequent French popes held court in Avignon.
  2. Peter III of Aragon
    
    Peter III of Aragon was King of Aragon, King of Valencia, and Count of Barcelona from 1276 to his death. At the invitation of some rebels, he conquered the Kingdom of Sicily and became King of Sicily in 1282, pressing the claim of his wife, Constance II of Sicily, uniting the kingdom to the crown.
1081
1. Byzantine–Norman wars: Robert Guiscard (pictured) led an invasion of the Byzantine Empire, capturing Dyrrhachium in present-day Albania.
  1. Byzantine–Norman wars
    
    Wars between the Normans and the Byzantine Empire were fought from c. 1040 until 1185, when the last Norman invasion of the Byzantine Empire was defeated. At the end of the conflict, neither the Normans nor the Byzantines could boast much power, as by the mid-13th century exhaustive fighting with other powers had weakened both, leading to the Byzantines losing Asia Minor to the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the Normans losing Sicily to the Hohenstaufen.
  2. Robert Guiscard
    
    Robert Guiscard was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become count and then duke of Apulia and Calabria (1057–1059), Duke of Sicily (1059–1085), and briefly prince of Benevento (1078–1081) before returning the title to the papacy.
  3. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople and not Rome, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity, instead of Roman Catholicism or Paganism.
  4. Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)
    
    The Battle of Dyrrhachium took place on October 18, 1081 between the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, and the Normans of southern Italy under Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria. The battle was fought outside the city of Dyrrhachium, the major Byzantine stronghold in the western Balkans, and ended in a Norman victory.
  5. Durrës
    
    Durrës is the second most populous city of the Republic of Albania and seat of Durrës County and Durrës Municipality. It is located on a flat plain along the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast between the mouths of the Erzen and Ishëm at the southeastern corner of the Adriatic Sea. Durrës' climate is profoundly influenced by a seasonal Mediterranean climate.
2. The Normans defeat the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Dyrrhachium.
  1. Normans
    
    The Normans were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Franks and Gallo-Romans. The term is also used to denote emigrants from the duchy who conquered other territories such as England and Sicily. The Norse settlements in West Francia followed a series of raids on the French northern coast mainly from Denmark, although some also sailed from Norway and Sweden. These settlements were finally legitimized when Rollo, a Scandinavian Viking leader, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia following the siege of Chartres in 911. The intermingling in Normandy produced an ethnic and cultural "Norman" identity in the first half of the 10th century, an identity which continued to evolve over the centuries.
  2. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople and not Rome, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity, instead of Roman Catholicism or Paganism.
  3. Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)
    
    The Battle of Dyrrhachium took place on October 18, 1081 between the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, and the Normans of southern Italy under Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria. The battle was fought outside the city of Dyrrhachium, the major Byzantine stronghold in the western Balkans, and ended in a Norman victory.
1016
1. The Danes defeat the English in the Battle of Assandun.
  1. Danes
    
    Danes are a North Germanic ethnic group and nationality native to Denmark and a modern nation identified with the country of Denmark. This connection may be ancestral, legal, historical, or cultural.
  2. England
    
    England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
  3. Battle of Assandun
    
    The Battle of Assandun was fought between Danish and English armies on 18 October 1016. There is disagreement whether Assandun may be Ashdon near Saffron Walden in north Essex, England, or, as long supposed and better evidenced, Ashingdon near Rochford in south-east Essex. It ended in victory for the Danes, led by King Cnut, who triumphed over the English army led by King Edmund Ironside. The battle was the conclusion to the Danish conquest of England.
1009
1. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who hacks the Church's foundations down to bedrock.
  1. Church of the Holy Sepulchre
    
    The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is a church in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. According to traditions dating back to the 4th century, it contains the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified, at a place known as Calvary or Golgotha, and Jesus's empty tomb, which is where he was buried and resurrected. Each time the church was rebuilt, some of the antiquities from the preceding structure were used in the newer renovation. The tomb itself is enclosed by a 19th-century shrine called the Aedicule. The Status Quo, an understanding between religious communities dating to 1757, applies to the site.
  2. Jerusalem
    
    Jerusalem is a city in Western Asia. Situated on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, it is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered to be a holy city for the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Because of this dispute, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.
  3. List of Fatimid caliphs
    
    This is a list of an Arab dynasty, the Shi'ite caliphs of the Fatimid dynasty (909–1171). The Shi'ite caliphs were also regarded at the same time as the imams of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam.
  4. Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
    
    Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr, better known by his regnal name al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh, was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili sects, such as the world's 15 million Nizaris and 1–2 million Musta'lis, in addition to the 2 million Druze of the Levant.
  5. Bedrock
    
    In geology, bedrock is solid rock that lies under loose material (regolith) within the crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet.
629
1. Dagobert I is crowned King of the Franks.
  1. Dagobert I
    
    Dagobert I was the king of Austrasia (623–634), king of all the Franks (629–634), and king of Neustria and Burgundy (629–639). He has been described as the last king of the Merovingian dynasty to wield any real royal power. Dagobert was the first of the Frankish kings to be buried in the royal tombs at Saint Denis Basilica.
  2. List of Frankish kings
    
    The Franks, Germanic-speaking peoples that invaded the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, were first led by individuals called dukes and reguli. The earliest group of Franks that rose to prominence was the Salian Merovingians, who conquered most of Roman Gaul, as well as the Gaulish territory of the Visigothic Kingdom, in 507 AD.
614
1. King Chlothar II promulgates the Edict of Paris (Edictum Chlotacharii), a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that defends the rights of the Frankish nobles while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom.
  1. Chlothar II
    
    Chlothar II, was king of Neustria and king of the Franks, and the son of Chilperic I and his third wife, Fredegund. He started his reign as an infant under the regency of his mother, who was in an uneasy alliance with Chlothar's uncle King Guntram of Burgundy, who died in 592. Chlothar took power upon the death of his mother in 597; though rich, Neustria was one of the smallest portions of Francia. He continued his mother's feud with Queen Brunhilda with equal viciousness and bloodshed, finally achieving her execution in an especially brutal manner in 613, after winning the battle that enabled Chlothar to unite Francia under his rule. Like his father, he built up his territories by seizing lands after the deaths of other kings.
  2. Edict of Paris
    
    The Edict of Paris was promulgated 18 October 614 in Paris by Chlothar II, the Merovingian king of the Franks. It is one of the most important royal instruments of the Merovingian period in Frankish history and a hallmark in the history of the development of the Frankish monarchy. It is the last of the Merovingian capitularia, a series of legal ordinances governing church and realm.
  3. Magna Carta
    
    Magna Carta Libertatum, commonly called Magna Carta, is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Stephen Langton, to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War.
  4. Franks
    
    The Franks were a group of Germanic peoples whose name was first mentioned in 3rd-century Roman sources, and associated with tribes between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River, on the edge of the Roman Empire. Later the term was associated with Romanized Germanic dynasties within the collapsing Western Roman Empire, who eventually commanded the whole region between the rivers Loire and Rhine. They imposed power over many other post-Roman kingdoms and Germanic peoples. Beginning with Charlemagne in 800, Frankish rulers were given recognition by the Catholic Church as successors to the old rulers of the Western Roman Empire.
  5. Antisemitism
    
    Antisemitism is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
  6. Francia
    
    Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks, Frankish Kingdom, Frankland or Frankish Empire, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe. It was ruled by the Franks during late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, West Francia became the predecessor of France, and East Francia became that of Germany. Francia was among the last surviving Germanic kingdoms from the Migration Period era before its partition in 843.
320
1. Pappus of Alexandria, one of the last great Greek mathematicians of antiquity, observed an eclipse that allowed historians to calculate the approximate dates of his life.
  1. Pappus of Alexandria
    
    Pappus of Alexandria was one of the last great Greek mathematicians of antiquity known for his Synagoge (Συναγωγή) or Collection, and for Pappus's hexagon theorem in projective geometry. Nothing is known of his life, other than what can be found in his own writings: that he had a son named Hermodorus, and was a teacher in Alexandria.
  2. Greek mathematics
    
    Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and ideas stemming from the Archaic through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly extant from the 7th century BC to the 4th century AD, around the shores of the Eastern Mediterranean. Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the entire Eastern Mediterranean from Italy to North Africa but were united by Greek culture and the Greek language. The word "mathematics" itself derives from the Ancient Greek: μάθημα, romanized: máthēma Attic Greek: [má.tʰɛː.ma] Koine Greek: [ˈma.θi.ma], meaning "subject of instruction". The study of mathematics for its own sake and the use of generalized mathematical theories and proofs is an important difference between Greek mathematics and those of preceding civilizations.
2. Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, observes an eclipse of the Sun and writes a commentary on The Great Astronomer (Almagest).
  1. Pappus of Alexandria
    
    Pappus of Alexandria was one of the last great Greek mathematicians of antiquity known for his Synagoge (Συναγωγή) or Collection, and for Pappus's hexagon theorem in projective geometry. Nothing is known of his life, other than what can be found in his own writings: that he had a son named Hermodorus, and was a teacher in Alexandria.
  2. Solar eclipse
    
    A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring Earth's view of the Sun, totally or partially. Such an alignment coincides with a new moon, indicating the Moon is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured.
  3. Almagest
    
    The Almagest is a 2nd-century Greek-language mathematical and astronomical treatise on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths, written by Claudius Ptolemy. One of the most influential scientific texts in history, it canonized a geocentric model of the Universe that was accepted for more than 1,200 years from its origin in Hellenistic Alexandria, in the medieval Byzantine and Islamic worlds, and in Western Europe through the Middle Ages and early Renaissance until Copernicus. It is also a key source of information about ancient Greek astronomy.
33
1. Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation.
  1. AD 33
    
    AD 33 (XXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in the Roman world as the Year of the Consulship of Ocella and Sulla. The denomination AD 33 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in the world for naming years.
  2. Nero Julius Caesar
    
    Nero Julius Caesar was the adopted grandson and heir of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, alongside his brother Drusus. Born into the prominent Julio-Claudian dynasty, Nero was the son of Tiberius' general and heir, Germanicus. After the deaths of his father and of Tiberius' son, Drusus the Younger, Nero and his brother Drusus were adopted together by Tiberius in September AD 23. As a result of being heirs of the emperor, he and his brother enjoyed accelerated political careers.
  3. Drusus Caesar
    
    Drusus Julius Caesar was the adopted grandson and heir of the Roman emperor Tiberius, alongside his brother Nero. Born into the prominent Julio-Claudian dynasty, Drusus was the son of Tiberius' general and heir, Germanicus. After the deaths of his father and of Tiberius' son, Drusus the Younger, Drusus and his brother Nero Caesar were adopted together by Tiberius in September AD 23. As a result of being heirs of the emperor, he and his brother enjoyed accelerated political careers.
  4. Ventotene
    
    Ventotene is one of the Pontine Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, 46 kilometres off the coast of Gaeta right at the border between Lazio and Campania, Italy. The municipality of Ventotene, of the province of Latina (Lazio) had 708 permanent residents as of 2008.
  5. Tiberius
    
    Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father was the politician Tiberius Claudius Nero and his mother was Livia Drusilla, who would eventually divorce his father, and marry the future-emperor Augustus in 38 BC. Following the untimely deaths of Augustus' two grandsons and adopted heirs, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, Tiberius was designated Augustus' successor. Prior to this, Tiberius had proved himself an able diplomat, and one of the most successful Roman generals: his conquests of Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and (temporarily) parts of Germania laid the foundations for the empire's northern frontier.
  6. Agrippina the Elder
    
    Agrippina "the Elder" was a prominent member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Augustus' daughter, Julia the Elder. Her brothers Lucius and Gaius Caesar were the adoptive sons of Augustus, and were his heirs until their deaths in AD 2 and 4, respectively. Following their deaths, her second cousin Germanicus was made the adoptive son of Tiberius, Augustus' stepson, as part of Augustus' succession scheme in the adoptions of AD 4. As a result of the adoption, Agrippina was wed to Germanicus in order to bring him closer to the Julian family.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Harvey Wollman, American politician, 26th Governor of South Dakota (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Harvey Wollman
    
    Harvey Lowell Wollman was an American politician who served as the 26th Governor of South Dakota from 1978 to 1979. He was the first Lieutenant Governor in the history of South Dakota to succeed to the governorship. To date, he is also the most recent Democrat to have held the office of South Dakota's governor.
  2. Governor of South Dakota
    
    The governor of South Dakota is the head of government of South Dakota. The governor is elected to a four-year term in even years when there is no presidential election. The current governor is Kristi Noem, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 5, 2019.
2021
1. Colin Powell, American military leader and statesman, 65th Secretary of State (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Colin Powell
    
    Colin Luther Powell was an American politician, statesman, diplomat, and United States Army officer who served as the 65th United States Secretary of State from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African-American Secretary of State. He served as the 15th United States national security advisor from 1987 to 1989 and as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1989 to 1993.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
2020
1. René Felber, 81st President of the Swiss Confederation (b. 1933) deaths
  1. René Felber
    
    René Felber was a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1987 to 1993. In 1992, he served as the President of Switzerland.
  2. President of the Swiss Confederation
    
    The president of the Swiss Confederation, also known as the president of the Confederation or colloquially as the president of Switzerland, is the head of Switzerland's seven-member Federal Council, the country's executive branch. Elected by the Federal Assembly for one year, the officeholder chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties.
2019
1. Rui Jordão, Angolan-born Portuguese footballer (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Rui Jordão
    
    Rui Manuel Trindade Jordão was a Portuguese footballer.
2018
1. Lisbeth Palme, Swedish child psychologist, former chairwoman of UNICEF (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Lisbeth Palme
    
    Anna Lisbeth Christina Palme was a Swedish children's psychologist, UNICEF chairwoman and the wife of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme, until his assassination in 1986.
  2. UNICEF
    
    UNICEF, originally called the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund in full, now officially United Nations Children's Fund, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide. The agency is among the most widespread and recognizable social welfare organizations in the world, with a presence in 192 countries and territories. UNICEF's activities include providing immunizations and disease prevention, administering treatment for children and mothers with HIV, enhancing childhood and maternal nutrition, improving sanitation, promoting education, and providing emergency relief in response to disasters.
2. Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, 5th President of the Sudan (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
    
    Abdel Rahman Suwar al-Dahab was the President of Sudan from 6 April 1985, to 6 May 1986.
  2. List of heads of state of Sudan
    
    This article lists the heads of state of Sudan since the country's independence in 1956.
2017
1. Marino Perani, Italian football player and manager (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Marino Perani
    
    Marino Perani was an Italian football manager and player, who played as a forward, usually as a winger.
2015
1. Robert Dickerson, Australian painter (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Robert Dickerson
    
    Robert Henry Dickerson was an Australian figurative painter and former member of the Antipodeans group of artists. Dickerson is one of Australia's most recognised figurative artists and one of a generation of influential artists who include Ray Crooke, Charles Blackman, Laurence Hope, Margaret Olley and Inge King.
2. Gamal El-Ghitani, Egyptian journalist and author (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Gamal al-Ghitani
    
    Gamal al-Ghitani, was an Egyptian author of historical and political novels and cultural and political commentaries and was the editor-in-chief of the literary periodical Akhbar Al-Adab till 2011.
3. Robert W. Farquhar, American engineer (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Robert W. Farquhar
    
    Robert Willard Farquhar was an American mission design specialist who worked for NASA. He designed halo orbits and was involved in a number of spaceflight missions.
4. Frank Watkins, American bass player (b. 1968) deaths
  1. Frank Watkins (musician)
    
    Frank Watkins was an American heavy metal musician best known as a former, long-time bass player for the death metal band Obituary; he played with them from 1989 to 1997 and then from 2003 until 2010. He had been the bass player of the Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth at the time of his death, where he had been known as Bøddel.
5. Paul West, English-American author, poet, and academic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Paul West (writer)
    
    Paul Noden West was a British-born American novelist, poet, and essayist. He was born in Eckington, Derbyshire in England to Alfred and Mildred (Noden) West. Before his death, he resided in Ithaca, New York, with his wife Diane Ackerman, a writer, poet, and naturalist. West is the author of more than 50 books.
2014
1. Mariano Lebrón Saviñón, Dominican author and academic (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Mariano Lebrón Saviñón
    
    Mariano Lebrón Saviñón was a Dominican author of the 20th century. One of the founders of the second private university in the Dominican Republic, he named it the Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, also writing its anthem. He was born on August 3, 1922 in Santo Domingo, the son of a Spanish immigrant, José Lebrón Morales, and a Dominican mother, Rosa Cándida Saviñón Pérez, of Canarian descent. He attended primary and secondary education in Santo Domingo. He received his medical degree at the University of Santo Domingo in 1946, and in 1949 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
2. Edward Regan, American academic and politician (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Edward Regan
    
    Edward Van Buren Regan was an American politician and public figure from New York State. He was a member of the Republican Party.
3. Sidney Shapiro, American-Chinese author and translator (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Sidney Shapiro
    
    Sidney Shapiro was an American-born Chinese lawyer, translator, actor and writer who lived in China from 1947 to 2014. He lived in Beijing for more than 50 years and eventually became a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He was one of very few naturalized citizens of the PRC.
2013
1. Tom Foley, American lawyer and politician, 57th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Tom Foley
    
    Thomas Stephen Foley was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 49th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1989 to 1995. A member of the Democratic Party, Foley represented Washington's fifth district for thirty years (1965–1995). He was the first Speaker of the House since Galusha Grow in 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign.
  2. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
    
    The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House and is simultaneously its presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Nor does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.
2. Bum Phillips, American football player and coach (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Bum Phillips
    
    Oail Andrew "Bum" Phillips Jr. was an American football coach at the high school, college and professional levels. He served as head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for the Houston Oilers from 1975 to 1980 and the New Orleans Saints from 1981 to 1985.
3. Allan Stanley, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Allan Stanley
    
    Allan Herbert Stanley was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Boston Bruins, Philadelphia Flyers and Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League between 1948 and 1969. A four-times Stanley Cup winner and three-times member of the second NHL All-Star team, Stanley was inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.
4. Bill Young, American sergeant and politician (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Bill Young
    
    Charles William Young was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 until his death in 2013. A Republican from Florida, Young served as chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations from 1999 to 2005. He was the longest-serving Republican member of Congress at the time of his death.
2012
1. Brain Damage, American wrestler (b. 1977) deaths
  1. Brain Damage (wrestler)
    
    Marvin Lambert was an American professional wrestler best known by his ring name Brain Damage.
2. Sylvia Kristel, Dutch model and actress (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Sylvia Kristel
    
    Sylvia Maria Kristel was a Dutch actress and model who appeared in over 50 films. She is best remembered as the eponymous character in five of the seven Emmanuelle films, including originating the role with Emmanuelle (1974).
3. Slater Martin, American basketball player and coach (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Slater Martin
    
    Slater Nelson "Dugie" Martin Jr. was an American professional basketball player and coach who was a playmaking guard for 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in Elmina, Walker County, Texas and played in seven NBA All-Star Games.
4. George Mattos, American pole vaulter (b. 1929) deaths
  1. George Mattos
    
    George Mattos was an American pole vaulter. He competed for his native country in two Olympics, 1952 when he finished 9th and 1956 when he finished 4th, both times behind American teammate Bob Richards.
5. Albert Lee Ueltschi, American pilot and businessman, founded FlightSafety International (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Albert Lee Ueltschi
    
    Albert Lee Ueltschi is considered the father of modern flight training and was the founder of FlightSafety International. Ueltschi was once personal pilot to Juan Trippe and an associate to Charles Lindbergh. On July 21, 2001, he was enshrined at Dayton, Ohio in the National Aviation Hall of Fame, along with test pilot Joe Engle, United States Marine Corps flying ace Marion Carl, and USAF ace Robin Olds. In 2013, Flying magazine ranked Ueltschi number 13 on its list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".
  2. Berkshire Hathaway
    
    Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Its main business and source of capital is insurance, from which it invests the float in a broad portfolio of subsidiaries, equity positions and other securities. The company has been overseen since 1965 by its chairman and CEO Warren Buffett and vice chairman Charlie Munger, who are known for their advocacy of value investing principles. Under their direction, the company's book value has grown at an average rate of 20%, compared to about 10% from the S&P 500 index with dividends included over the same period, while employing large amounts of capital and minimal debt.
6. David S. Ware, American saxophonist and composer (b. 1949) deaths
  1. David S. Ware
    
    David Spencer Ware was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, and bandleader.
2010
1. Marion Brown, American saxophonist and musicologist (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Marion Brown
    
    Marion Brown was an American jazz alto saxophonist, composer, writer, visual artist, and ethnomusicologist. He was a member of the avant-garde jazz scene in New York City during the 1960s, playing alongside musicians such as John Coltrane, Archie Shepp, and John Tchicai. He performed on Coltrane's landmark 1965 album Ascension. AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow described him as "one of the brightest and most lyrical voices of the 1960s avant-garde."
2. Billy Raimondi, American baseball player (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Billy Raimondi
    
    William Louis Raimondi was an American professional baseball catcher. He played in Minor League Baseball for 22 years, including 21 years in the Pacific Coast League (PCL). He played for the Oakland Oaks from 1932 to 1949, the Sacramento Solons from 1949 to 1950, and the Los Angeles Angels from 1951 to 1953. Raimondi is a member of the PCL Hall of Fame, elected in 1951.
2009
1. Adriaan Kortlandt, Dutch ethologist and biologist (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Adriaan Kortlandt
    
    Prof. Dr. Adriaan Kortlandt was a Dutch ethologist.
2. Nancy Spero, American painter and academic (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Nancy Spero
    
    Nancy Spero was an American visual artist. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Spero lived for much of her life in New York City. She married and collaborated with artist Leon Golub. As both artist and activist, Nancy Spero had a career that spanned fifty years. She is known for her continuous engagement with contemporary political, social, and cultural concerns. Spero chronicled wars and apocalyptic violence as well as articulating visions of ecstatic rebirth and the celebratory cycles of life. Her complex network of collective and individual voices was a catalyst for the creation of her figurative lexicon representing women from prehistory to the present in such epic-scale paintings and collage on paper as Torture of Women (1976), Notes in Time on Women (1979) and The First Language (1981). In 2010, Notes in Time was posthumously reanimated as a digital scroll in the online magazine Triple Canopy. Spero has had a number of retrospective exhibitions at major museums.
2008
1. Dee Dee Warwick, American singer (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Dee Dee Warwick
    
    Delia Juanita Warrick, known professionally as Dee Dee Warwick, was an American soul singer. Born in Newark, New Jersey, she was the sister of singer Dionne Warwick, the niece of Cissy Houston, and a first cousin of singers Whitney Houston and Leontyne Price.
2007
1. Alan Coren, English journalist and author (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Alan Coren
    
    Alan Coren was an English humourist, writer and satirist who was a regular panellist on the BBC radio quiz The News Quiz and a team captain on BBC television's Call My Bluff. Coren was also a journalist, and for almost a decade was the editor of Punch magazine.
2. William J. Crowe, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (b. 1925) deaths
  1. William J. Crowe
    
    William James Crowe Jr. was a United States Navy admiral and diplomat who served as the 11th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and as the ambassador to the United Kingdom and Chair of the Intelligence Oversight Board under President Bill Clinton.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
    
    The United States ambassador to the United Kingdom is the official representative of the president of the United States and the American government to the monarch and government of the United Kingdom. The position is held by Jane D. Hartley, who presented her credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on July 19, 2022.
3. Vincent DeDomenico, American businessman, founded the Napa Valley Wine Train (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Vincent DeDomenico
    
    Vincent Michael "Vince" DeDomenico, Sr. was an American entrepreneur, one of the inventors of Rice-A-Roni, and a founder of the Napa Valley Wine Train.
  2. Napa Valley Wine Train
    
    The Napa Valley Wine Train is a privately operated excursion train that runs between Napa and St. Helena, California. Much of the rail line parallels State Route 29 after leaving the City of Napa and passes the towns of Yountville, Rutherford and Oakville. The route passes by many the region's vineyards and wineries located in Napa County.
4. Lucky Dube, South African singer-songwriter and keyboard player (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Lucky Dube
    
    Lucky Philip Dube was a South African reggae musician and rastafarian considered to be one of the most important musicians in the history of African music and one of the greatest reggae musicians of all time.The South African born but globally revered reggae legend recorded 22 albums in Zulu, English, and Afrikaans in a 25-year period and was South Africa's as well as Africa's biggest-selling reggae superstar to date. Dube was murdered in the Johannesburg suburb of Rosettenville on the evening of 18 October 2007.
2006
1. Mario Francesco Pompedda, Italian cardinal (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Mario Francesco Pompedda
    
    Carlo Mario Francesco Pompedda was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura for the Roman Curia. He spent nearly fifty years in a variety of posts within the Catholic Church's ecclesiastical court system, from 1955 to 2004.
2. Anna Russell, English-Canadian singer and actress (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Anna Russell
    
    Anna Russell was an English–Canadian singer and comedian. She gave many concerts in which she sang and played comic musical sketches on the piano. Among her best-known works are her concert performances and famous recordings of The Ring of the Nibelungs – a humorous 22-minute synopsis of Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen – and her parody How to Write Your Own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera.
3. Laurie Taitt, Guyanese-English hurdler (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Laurie Taitt
    
    John Lawrence Taitt was a British sprint hurdler. He was born in Georgetown, Demerara-Mahaica, British Guiana.
2005
1. Johnny Haynes, English-Scottish footballer (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Johnny Haynes
    
    John Norman Haynes was an English association footballer who played as an inside forward. He made 56 appearances for his country including 22 as captain. He was selected for three World Cup finals squads playing in the latter two of those. Nicknamed "the Maestro", his attacking play was noted for two-footed passing ability, vision and deftness of touch. Haynes is widely regarded as Fulham's greatest ever player, remaining loyal there for twenty years despite coming no nearer to a major trophy win than two FA Cup semi-final appearances. Immediately following the abolition of the £20 maximum wage in 1961, he became the first player to be paid £100 a week. He also had a spell on loan with Toronto City in 1961 and ended his playing days at Durban City, winning there the only trophy he won in his football career.
2. Bill King, American sportscaster (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Bill King
    
    Wilbur "Bill" King was an American sports announcer. In 2016, the National Baseball Hall of Fame named King recipient of the 2017 Ford C. Frick Award, the highest honor for American baseball broadcasters.
2003
1. Preston Smith, American businessman and politician, 40th Governor of Texas (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Preston Smith (governor)
    
    Preston Earnest Smith was an American entrepreneur and politician who served as the 40th governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973, who previously served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969.
  2. Governor of Texas
    
    The governor of Texas heads the state government of Texas. The governor is the leader of the executive and legislative branch of the state government and is the commander in chief of the Texas Military. The current governor is Greg Abbott, who took office in 2015.
2. Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Spanish journalist, author, and critic (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Manuel Vázquez Montalbán
    
    Manuel Vázquez Montalbán was a prolific Spanish writer from Catalonia: journalist, novelist, poet, essayist, anthologue, prologist, humorist, critic and political prisoner as well as a gastronome and a FC Barcelona supporter.
2000
1. Julie London, American singer and actress (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Julie London
    
    Julie London was an American singer and actress whose career spanned more than 40 years. A torch singer noted for her sultry, languid contralto vocals, London recorded over thirty albums of pop and jazz standards between 1955 and 1969. Her recording of "Cry Me a River", a track she introduced on her debut album, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001. In addition to her musical notice, London was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1974 for her portrayal of nurse Dixie McCall in the television series Emergency!.
2. Gwen Verdon, American actress and dancer (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Gwen Verdon
    
    Gwyneth Evelyn "Gwen" Verdon was an American actress and dancer. She won four Tony Awards for her musical comedy performances, and served as an uncredited choreographer's assistant and specialty dance coach for theater and film. Verdon was a critically acclaimed performer on Broadway in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, having originated many roles in musicals, including Lola in Damn Yankees, the title character in Sweet Charity and Roxie Hart in Chicago. She is also strongly identified with her second husband, director-choreographer Bob Fosse, remembered as the dancer-collaborator-muse for whom he choreographed much of his work and as the guardian of his legacy after his death.
1994
1. Pascal Wehrlein, German-Mauritian Formula One driver births
  1. Pascal Wehrlein
    
    Pascal Wehrlein is a German-Mauritian racing driver for the Porsche Formula E Team. He previously raced in Formula One for the Sauber and Manor teams. Holding dual nationality of Germany and Mauritius, he raced under the German flag in Formula One. He had previously raced in DTM, winning the title with the Mercedes-Benz team HWA AG in 2015. In 2014 Wehrlein became the youngest driver to win a DTM race at the age of 19, and the following year he was the youngest to win the title, at the age of 20.
2. Enhō Akira, Japanese sumo wrestler births
  1. Enhō Akira
    
    Enhō Akira is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Ishikawa Prefecture. He made his debut in March 2017 and wrestles for Miyagino stable. His highest rank has been maegashira 4. He is shorter and weighs significantly less than the vast majority of sumo wrestlers in the upper ranks, but has learned to use his small stature and size for maximum advantage, becoming known for toppling larger opponents. He has achieved one special prize for Technique.
1993
1. Ivan Cavaleiro, Portuguese professional footballer births
  1. Ivan Cavaleiro
    
    Ivan Ricardo Neves Abreu Cavaleiro is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Süper Lig club Alanyaspor, on loan from Premier League club Fulham. Mainly a winger, he can also play as a forward.
1992
1. John John Florence, American professional surfer births
  1. John John Florence
    
    John "John John" Alexander Florence is an American professional surfer. He is known as "one of the most dominant pipe surfers of his era" and won back-to-back world titles on the 2016 World Surf League and 2017 World Surf League Men's Championship Tour. He is the first Hawaii-born surfer to win back-to-back world titles since the late Andy Irons and one of five to ever achieve the feat. In 2019, Florence qualified to represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics in surfing.
1991
1. Roly Bonevacia, Dutch footballer births
  1. Roly Bonevacia
    
    Rolieny Nonato Luis Bonevacia is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Al Tadhamon in the Kuwait Premier League. He has played international football at youth level for the Netherlands, while at senior level he represents Curaçao, making his first official appearance for them in June 2019.
1990
1. Bristol Palin, American public speaker and reality television personality births
  1. Bristol Palin
    
    Bristol Sheeran Marie Palin is an American public speaker, reality television personality, and real estate agent. She is the oldest daughter and second of five children of Todd and Sarah Palin.
2. Brittney Griner, American professional basketball player births
  1. Brittney Griner
    
    Brittney Yevette Griner is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Mercury of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She played college basketball for the Baylor Lady Bears in Waco, Texas. She is the only NCAA basketball player to both score 2,000 points and block 500 shots. In 2012, the three-time All-American was named the AP Player of the Year and the Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four, helping Baylor to win the National Championship.
3. Drew Crawford, American basketball player births
  1. Drew Crawford
    
    Andrew Eugene Crawford is an American professional basketball player for Dolomiti Energia Trento of the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). He played college basketball for the Northwestern Wildcats. He was the 2009–10 Big Ten Freshman of the Year (media) and is a two-time Academic All-American as well as a third team 2011–12 All-Big Ten selection. He was a third-team All-Big Ten selection by the media and honorable mention selection by the coaches in 2014. Crawford was named the Italian League MVP after leading Vanoli Cremona to the Italian League Semifinals in 2019.
1989
1. Laci Green, American YouTube personality, video blogger, sex educator, and activist births
  1. Laci Green
    
    Laci Green is an American YouTuber. Her content focuses on sex education; Green also hosted Braless, the first MTV YouTube channel, as part of a 12-week deal with MTV. The first episode aired November 4, 2014. In 2016, Time named her one of the 30 most influential people on the Internet. In 2017, she celebrated her tenth anniversary on YouTube.
2. Riisa Naka, Japanese model and actress births
  1. Riisa Naka
    
    Riisa Naka is a Japanese actress. She was given a Best New Talent award at the 2009 Yokohama Film Festival. Naka became famous by appearing in Hachi One Diver (2008) and played the lead, Hana Adachi in Yankee-kun to Megane-chan (2010).
1988
1. Tessa Schram, Dutch director and actress births
  1. Tessa Schram
    
    Tessa Schram is a Dutch actress and director. She is the daughter of film producer and director Dave Schram and Maria Peters and the sister of actor Quinten Schram.
1987
1. Zac Efron, American actor and singer births
  1. Zac Efron
    
    Zachary David Alexander Efron is an American actor. He began acting professionally in the early 2000s and rose to prominence in the late 2000s for his leading role as Troy Bolton in the High School Musical trilogy (2006–2008). During this time, he also starred in the musical film Hairspray (2007) and the comedy film 17 Again (2009). Efron subsequently rose to mainstream prominence with starring roles in the films New Year's Eve (2011), The Lucky One (2012), The Paperboy (2012), Neighbors (2014), Dirty Grandpa (2016), Baywatch (2017), and The Greatest Showman (2017). He played Ted Bundy in Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile (2019). In 2021, he won a Daytime Emmy Award for the Netflix web documentary series Down to Earth with Zac Efron (2020–present).
2. Freja Beha Erichsen, Danish model births
  1. Freja Beha Erichsen
    
    Freja Beha Erichsen, also known as Freja Beha, is a Danish model. Dubbed as the "Queen of Cool", she is known for her androgynous look and for being one of the muses of the late Karl Lagerfeld.
3. Adriaan Ditvoorst, Dutch director and screenwriter (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Adriaan Ditvoorst
    
    Adriaan Ditvoorst was a Dutch film director and screenwriter. He directed nine films between 1965 and 1984. His 1967 film Paranoia was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.
1986
1. Wilma Elles, German actress and fashion designer births
  1. Wilma Elles
    
    Wilma Elles is a German actress, model and fashion designer.
1985
1. Yoenis Céspedes, Cuban baseball player births
  1. Yoenis Céspedes
    
    Yoenis Céspedes Milanés, nicknamed "La Potencia", is a Cuban-born professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut on March 28, 2012, for the Oakland Athletics, and has also played in MLB for the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers and New York Mets. Primarily a left fielder in his early career, he split between left and center field on the Mets. A right-hand batter and fielder, he stands 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighs 220 pounds (100 kg).
2. Andrew Garcia, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Andrew Garcia
    
    Andrew Adrian Garcia is an American singer from Moreno Valley, California who was the ninth place finalist on the ninth season of American Idol. Garcia has released two EPs and numerous standalone singles. He has also collaborated with several artists.
1984
1. Robert Harting, German discus thrower births
  1. Robert Harting
    
    Robert Harting is a retired German discus thrower. He represents the sports club SCC Berlin, his coach is Torsten Schmidt. He is a former Olympic, World, and European champion in the men's discus throw. His younger brother Christoph is the event's 2016 Olympic champion.
2. Freida Pinto, Indian actress and model births
  1. Freida Pinto
    
    Freida Selena Pinto is an Indian actress who has appeared mainly in American and British films. Born and raised in Mumbai, Maharashtra, she resolved at a young age to become an actress. As a student at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, she took part in amateur plays. After graduation, she briefly worked as a model and then as a television presenter.
3. Esperanza Spalding, American singer-songwriter and bassist births
  1. Esperanza Spalding
    
    Esperanza Emily Spalding is an American bassist, singer, songwriter, and composer. Her accolades include five Grammy Awards, a Boston Music Award, and a Soul Train Music Award.
4. Lindsey Vonn, American skier births
  1. Lindsey Vonn
    
    Lindsey Caroline Vonn is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer on the US Ski Team. She won four World Cup overall championships — second only amongst female skiers to Annemarie Moser-Pröll — with three consecutive titles in 2008, 2009, and 2010, plus another in 2012. Vonn won the gold medal in downhill at the 2010 Winter Olympics, the first one for an American woman. She also won a record eight World Cup season titles in the downhill discipline, five titles in super-G, and three consecutive titles in the combined (2010–2012). In 2016, she won her 20th World Cup crystal globe title, the overall record for men or women, surpassing Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden, who won 19 globes from 1975 to 1984. She has the second highest super ranking of all skiers, men or women.
5. Milo Yiannopoulos, British journalist and public speaker births
  1. Milo Yiannopoulos
    
    Milo Yiannopoulos, who has also published as Milo Andreas Wagner and the mononym Milo, is a British alt-right political commentator. His speeches and writings often ridicule Islam, feminism, social justice, and political correctness. Yiannopoulos is a former editor for Breitbart News, an American far-right media organisation.
6. Henri Michaux, French painter and poet (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Henri Michaux
    
    Henri Michaux was a Belgian-born French poet, writer and painter. Michaux is best known for his poetry and prose, especially his texts chronicling his psychedelic experiments with LSD and mescaline which include Miserable Miracle and The Major Ordeals of the Mind and the Countless Minor Ones, as well as his idiosyncratic travelogues and books of art criticism.
1983
1. Dante, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Dante (footballer)
    
    Dante Bonfim Costa Santos, commonly known as Dante, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for and captains French club Nice. Primarily a central defender, he has previously also been used as a defensive midfielder or a left back.
2. Diego Abad de Santillán, Spanish economist and author (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Diego Abad de Santillán
    
    Diego Abad de Santillán, also known as his born name Sinesio Baudilio García Fernández, was an anarcho-syndicalist activist and economist.
3. Willie Jones, American baseball player (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Willie Jones (third baseman)
    
    Willie Edward Jones, nicknamed "Puddin' Head", was a professional baseball third baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1947–1959), Cleveland Indians (1959), and Cincinnati Reds (1959–1961). He batted and threw right-handed.
1982
1. Thierry Amiel, French singer-songwriter births
  1. Thierry Amiel
    
    Thierry Amiel is a French singer and songwriter from Marseille, France. He rose to fame after coming in second place to Jonatan Cerrada on the first edition of the French Pop Idol, À la Recherche de la Nouvelle Star.
2. Michael Dingsdag, Dutch footballer births
  1. Michael Dingsdag
    
    Michael Christiaan Dingsdag is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a central defender. He is currently working as a youth coach at NAC Breda.
3. Mark Sampson, Welsh footballer and manager births
  1. Mark Sampson
    
    Mark Geraint Sampson is a Welsh football coach who was most recently a first team coach at Stevenage. He has also been a manager of the England women's team.
4. Simon Gotch, American wrestler births
  1. Simon Gotch
    
    Seth Lesser is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name Simon Gotch. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he held the NXT Tag Team Championship as one-half of The Vaudevillains along with Aiden English and also worked for the main roster on its SmackDown brand. He also competed for Major League Wrestling (MLW).
5. Dwain Esper, American director and producer (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Dwain Esper
    
    Dwain Atkins Esper was an American director and producer of exploitation films.
6. Pierre Mendès France, French lawyer and politician, 143rd Prime Minister of France (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Pierre Mendès France
    
    Pierre Isaac Isidore Mendès France was a French politician who served as prime minister of France for eight months from 1954 to 1955. As a member of the Radical Party, he headed a government supported by a coalition of Gaullists (RPF), moderate socialists (UDSR), Christian democrats (MRP) and liberal-conservatives (CNIP). His main priority was ending the Indochina War, which had already cost 92,000 lives, with 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured on the French side. Public opinion polls showed that, in February 1954, only 7% of the French people wanted to continue the fight to regain Indochina out of the hands of the Communists, led by Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement. At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Mendès France negotiated a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the seventeenth parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces. He is considered one of the most prominent statesmen of the French Fourth Republic.
  2. Prime Minister of France
    
    The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
7. John Robarts, Canadian lawyer and politician, 17th Premier of Ontario (b. 1917) deaths
  1. John Robarts
    
    John Parmenter Robarts was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 17th premier of Ontario from 1961 to 1971. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.
  2. Premier of Ontario
    
    The premier of Ontario is the head of government of Ontario. Under the Westminster system, the premier governs with the confidence of a majority the elected Legislative Assembly; as such, the premier typically sits as a member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the premier selects ministers to form the Executive Council, and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Executive Council, which is collectively responsible to the legislature.
8. Bess Truman, American wife of Harry S. Truman, 40th First Lady of the United States (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Bess Truman
    
    Elizabeth Virginia Truman was the wife of President Harry S. Truman and the first lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953. She also served as the second lady of the United States from January to April 1945. She currently holds the record of longest-lived First Lady and longest-lived Second Lady, at 97 years, 247 days.
  2. Harry S. Truman
    
    Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin Roosevelt and as a United States senator from Missouri from 1935 to January 1945. Assuming the presidency after Roosevelt's death, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition which dominated the Congress.
  3. List of first ladies of the United States
    
    The first lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the president of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents' wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady. The first lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the first lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office, although Eleanor Roosevelt earned money writing and giving lectures, but gave most of it to charity, and Jill Biden has maintained her regular job as an educator during her time in the role. The first lady has her own staff, including the White House social secretary, the chief of staff, the press secretary, the chief floral designer, and the executive chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.
1981
1. Nathan Hauritz, Australian cricketer births
  1. Nathan Hauritz
    
    Nathan Michael Hauritz is a former Australian cricketer who has represented Australia in Tests, One-dayers and Twenty20 Internationals. He is mainly noted for his off spin bowling.
2. Tina Hergold, Slovenian tennis player births
  1. Tina Hergold
    
    Tina Hergold is a Slovenian retired tennis player.
3. Greg Warren, American football player births
  1. Greg Warren (American football)
    
    Gregory Robert Warren is a former American football long snapper. He was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at North Carolina.
1980
1. Birsen Yavuz, Turkish sprinter and hurdler births
  1. Birsen Bekgöz
    
    Birsen Bekgöz is a Turkish female track and field athlete competing in sprinting events. She is a member of Enkaspor athletics team. She studied at the Eastern Mediterranean University in Northern Cyprus.
2. Edwin Way Teale, American photographer and author (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Edwin Way Teale
    
    Edwin Way Teale was an American naturalist, photographer and writer. Teale's works serve as primary source material documenting environmental conditions across North America from 1930–1980. He is perhaps best known for his series The American Seasons, four books documenting over 75,000 miles (121,000 km) of automobile travel across North America following the changing seasons.
1979
1. Damon Scott, British entertainer births
  1. Damon Scott
    
    Damon Scott is a British entertainer known for his appearance in the first series of the ITV variety talent show Britain's Got Talent. Scott is best known for his performances with monkey puppets, earning him the nickname The Monkey Man which became the title of a BBC documentary about him.
2. Jaroslav Drobný, Czech footballer births
  1. Jaroslav Drobný (footballer)
    
    Jaroslav Drobný is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and who works as goalkeeping coach for Bayern Munich II. At international level, he has represented the Czech Republic. Drobný has previously played for Panionios, ADO Den Haag, VfL Bochum, Ipswich Town, Hertha BSC, Hamburger SV, Werder Bremen, and Fortuna Düsseldorf.
3. Ne-Yo, American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor births
  1. Ne-Yo
    
    Shaffer Chimere Smith, known professionally as Ne-Yo, is an American singer, songwriter, actor, dancer, and record producer. He gained fame for his songwriting abilities when he penned Mario's 2004 hit "Let Me Love You". The single's successful release prompted a meeting between Ne-Yo and Def Jam's then-president Jay-Z, resulting in a long-tenured recording contract.
1978
1. Mike Tindall, English rugby player births
  1. Mike Tindall
    
    Michael James Tindall, is an English former rugby union player. Tindall played outside centre for Bath and Gloucester, and won 75 caps for England between 2000 and 2011. He was a member of the England squad which won the 2003 World Cup.
2. Kenji Wu, Taiwanese singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Kenji Wu
    
    Kenji Wu is a Taiwanese singer, songwriter, actor and director.
3. Ramón Mercader, Spanish journalist, assassin of Leon Trotsky (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Ramón Mercader
    
    Jaime Ramón Mercader del Río, more commonly known as Ramón Mercader, was a Spanish communist and NKVD agent, who assassinated Russian Bolshevik revolutionary Leon Trotsky in Mexico City in August 1940 with an ice axe. He served 19 years and 8 months in Mexican prisons for the murder.
  2. Leon Trotsky
    
    Lev Davidovich Bronstein, better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, political theorist and politician. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Trotskyism.
1977
1. Flavia Colgan, Brazilian-American journalist births
  1. Flavia Colgan
    
    Flavia Monteiro Colgan is a Brazilian - American Democratic strategist who is an active political contributor on MSNBC and serves as a special correspondent for Extra. She resides in Los Angeles.
2. Kunal Kapoor, Indian actor births
  1. Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)
    
    Kunal Kishore Kapoor is an Indian actor, model, film producer, writer, entrepreneur and co-founder of Ketto Online Crowdfunding. Kunal works predominantly in Hindi films. He is best known for playing Sam in Shah Rukh Khan's Don 2 (2011).
3. Ryan Nelsen, New Zealand-American soccer player and coach births
  1. Ryan Nelsen
    
    Ryan William Nelsen is a former New Zealand professional football player and former head coach of Major League Soccer side Toronto FC.
4. David Vuillemin, French motorcycle racer births
  1. David Vuillemin
    
    David Vuillemin is a French former professional motocross and supercross racer. He competed in the Motocross World Championships from 1995 to 1999 and won the 1999 supercross world championship. He competed in the AMA Motocross Championships from 2000 and 2008 before returning to the Motocross World Championships for one final season in 2009. Although Vuillemin never won a major championship, he was twice the runner-up in the AMA Supercross championships and, was one of the few competitors who could beat both Jeremy McGrath and Ricky Carmichael in their prime.
5. Andreas Baader, German militant (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Andreas Baader
    
    Berndt Andreas Baader was one of the first leaders of the West German left-wing militant organization Red Army Faction (RAF), also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group.
6. Gudrun Ensslin, German militant leader, founded the Red Army Faction (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Gudrun Ensslin
    
    Gudrun Ensslin was a German far-left terrorist and founder of the West German far-left militant group Red Army Faction.
  2. Red Army Faction
    
    The Red Army Faction, also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang, was a West German far-left Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group founded in 1970.
1976
1. Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Indian poet and author (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Viswanatha Satyanarayana
    
    Viswanatha Satyanarayana was a 20th-century Telugu writer. His works included poetry, novels, dramatic play, short stories and speeches, covering a wide range of subjects such as analysis of history, philosophy, religion, sociology, political science, linguistics, psychology and consciousness studies, epistemology, aesthetics and spiritualism. He was a student of the illustrious Telugu writer Chellapilla Venkata Sastry, of the Tirupati Venkata Kavulu duo. Viswanatha's wrote in both a modern and classical style, in complex modes. His popular works include Ramayana Kalpa Vrukshamu, Kinnersani Patalu and the novel Veyipadagalu. Among many awards, he was awarded the Jnanpith Award in 1970, the first for a Telugu writer, and Padma Bhushan in 1971.
1975
1. Alex Cora, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Alex Cora
    
    Jose Alexander Cora is a Puerto Rican baseball manager and former infielder who is the manager of the Boston Red Sox in Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for 14 seasons with the Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, Cleveland Indians, New York Mets, Texas Rangers, and Washington Nationals. After retiring as a player, Cora served as the bench coach for the Houston Astros when they won their first World Series title in 2017. Cora was named Boston's manager the following season, winning a franchise-best 108 games and leading the team to victory in the 2018 World Series. He is the fifth MLB manager to win the World Series in his first season and the first Puerto Rican manager of a World Series-winning team.
2. Josh Sawyer, American video game designer births
  1. Josh Sawyer
    
    Joshua Eric Sawyer, known commonly as Josh Sawyer, J.E. Sawyer, or JSawyer, is an American video game designer, known for his work on role-playing video games.
3. K. C. Douglas, American rural blues singer (b. 1913) deaths
  1. K. C. Douglas
    
    K. C. Douglas was an American rural blues singer and guitarist. His given names were initials only.
4. Al Lettieri, American actor (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Al Lettieri
    
    Alfredo Lettieri was an American actor. Active during the 1960s and 70s, he commonly portrayed villainous characters. He achieved recognition for his performance as mobster Virgil Sollozzo in the crime film The Godfather (1972) and appeared in several other productions alongside Hollywood's biggest screen stars.
5. Graham Haberfield, English actor (b. 1941) deaths
  1. List of Coronation Street characters (1962)
    
    Coronation Street is a British soap opera, initially produced by Granada Television. Created by writer Tony Warren, Coronation Street first broadcast on ITV on 9 December 1960. The following is a list of characters introduced in the show's third year, by order of first appearance.
1974
1. Robbie Savage, Welsh footballer and sportscaster births
  1. Robbie Savage
    
    Robert William Savage is a Welsh former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, now a football pundit and director of football at Northern Premier League Division One West club Macclesfield.
2. Peter Svensson, Swedish guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Peter Svensson
    
    Anders Peter Svensson is a Swedish record producer, songwriter, and musician. He is the main songwriter and guitarist of the band the Cardigans. He started playing guitar at the age of eight, and in his teens he went on to play with local bands. After meeting bass player Magnus Sveningsson, they formed The Cardigans in 1992. Peter Svensson is credited with writing the music and melodies for almost all of the group's original songs.
3. Zhou Xun, Chinese actress and singer births
  1. Zhou Xun
    
    Zhou Xun is a Chinese actress and singer. She is regarded as one of the Four Dan Actresses of China. She gained international fame for her roles in Suzhou River (2000) and Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress (2002). In 2009, she became the first Chinese actor to win the "Grand Slam", after winning the three biggest film awards, the Golden Horse Awards, the Hong Kong Film Awards and the Golden Rooster Awards.
4. Amish Tripathi, Indian author births
  1. Amish Tripathi
    
    Amish Tripathi is an Indian author. He is known best for his Shiva Trilogy and Ram Chandra Series.
1973
1. Stephen Allan, Australian golfer births
  1. Stephen Allan
    
    Stephen Douglas Allan is an Australian professional golfer.
2. James Foley, American photographer and journalist (d. 2014) births
  1. James Foley (journalist)
    
    James Wright Foley was an American journalist and video reporter. While working as a freelance war correspondent during the Syrian Civil War, he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern Syria. He was murdered by decapitation in August 2014 purportedly as a response to American airstrikes in Iraq, thus becoming the first American citizen killed by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
3. Michalis Kapsis, Greek footballer births
  1. Michalis Kapsis
    
    Michalis Kapsis is a Greek former international football player who played as a centre-back. He was an integral part of Greece's UEFA Euro 2004 winning squad.
4. Rachel Nichols, American journalist and sportscaster births
  1. Rachel Nichols (journalist)
    
    Rachel Michele Nichols is an American journalist and sportscaster. She has covered the National Football League (NFL), National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Baseball (MLB), professional tennis, college sports, the Olympics and is most notable for her work with the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 2014, Sports Illustrated called Nichols "the country's most impactful and prominent female sports journalist".
5. Sarah Winckless, English rower births
  1. Sarah Winckless
    
    Sarah Katharine Winckless is a British former rower. She won a bronze medal in Double sculls with her partner Elise Laverick at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and was twice world champion, in 2005 and 2006.
6. Margaret Caroline Anderson, American publisher, founded The Little Review (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Margaret C. Anderson
    
    Margaret Caroline Anderson was the American founder, editor and publisher of the art and literary magazine The Little Review, which published a collection of modern American, English and Irish writers between 1914 and 1929. The periodical is most noted for introducing many prominent American and British writers of the 20th century, such as Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot, in the United States and publishing the first thirteen chapters of James Joyce's then-unpublished novel Ulysses.
  2. The Little Review
    
    The Little Review, an American literary magazine founded by Margaret Anderson in Chicago's historic Fine Arts Building, published literary and art work from 1914 to May 1929. With the help of Jane Heap and Ezra Pound, Anderson created a magazine that featured a wide variety of transatlantic modernists and cultivated many early examples of experimental writing and art. Many contributors were American, British, Irish, and French. In addition to publishing a variety of international literature, The Little Review printed early examples of surrealist artwork and Dadaism. The magazine's most well known work was the serialization of James Joyce's Ulysses.
7. Walt Kelly, American illustrator and animator (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Walt Kelly
    
    Walter Crawford Kelly Jr., commonly known as Walt Kelly, was an American animator and cartoonist, best known for the comic strip Pogo. He began his animation career in 1936 at Walt Disney Studios, contributing to Pinocchio, Fantasia, and Dumbo. In 1941, at the age of 28, Kelly transferred to work at Dell Comics, where he created Pogo, which eventually became his platform for political and philosophical commentary.
8. Leo Strauss, German-American political scientist, philosopher, and academic (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Leo Strauss
    
    Leo Strauss was a German-American political philosopher who specialized in classical political philosophy. Born in Germany to Jewish parents, Strauss later emigrated from Germany to the United States. He spent much of his career as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught several generations of students and published fifteen books.
1972
1. Mika Ninagawa, Japanese photographer and director births
  1. Mika Ninagawa
    
    Mika Ninagawa is a Japanese photographer and director, known for her brightly colored photographs of flowers, goldfish, and landscapes.
2. Alex Tagliani, Canadian race car driver births
  1. Alex Tagliani
    
    Alexandre Tagliani, nicknamed "Tag", is a Canadian professional racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Pinty’s Series, driving the No. 18 Chevrolet Camaro for 22 Racing.
1971
1. Nick O'Hern, Australian golfer births
  1. Nick O'Hern
    
    Nicholas Simon O'Hern is an Australian professional golfer.
1970
1. Doug Mirabelli, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Doug Mirabelli
    
    Douglas Anthony Mirabelli is a former Major League Baseball catcher. He played for the San Francisco Giants (1996–2000), Texas Rangers (2001), Boston Red Sox (2001–2005), and San Diego Padres (2006) before returning to the Red Sox (2006–2007) to end his 11-year career. He batted and threw right-handed.
2. Mike Starink, Dutch television host and actor births
  1. Mike Starink
    
    Mike Starink is a Dutch television presenter and stage actor.
1969
1. Volker Neumüller, German talent manager births
  1. Volker Neumüller
    
    Volker Neumüller is a German music manager and was known for being a judge on Deutschland sucht den Superstar.
2. Nelson Vivas, Argentinian footballer, coach, and manager births
  1. Nelson Vivas
    
    Nelson David Vivas is an Argentine former professional footballer and manager who played as a right-back. Vivas featured for clubs Quilmes, Boca Juniors, Lugano, Arsenal, Celta de Vigo, Internazionale and River Plate. He also played for the Argentina national team. Vivas has gone on to manage sides Quilmes, Estudiantes and Defensa y Justicia.
3. Gyula Mándi, Hungarian footballer and manager (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Gyula Mándi
    
    Gyula Mándi, also referred to as Mándi Gyula or Julius Mandel was a Hungarian Olympic national team and club footballer, who played as a defender and fullback/ He was also a manager of club and national teams. He was Jewish.
1968
1. Rhod Gilbert, Welsh comedian births
  1. Rhod Gilbert
    
    Rhodri Paul Gilbert is a Welsh comedian and television & radio presenter who was nominated in 2005 for the Perrier Best Newcomer Award. In 2008 he was nominated for the main comedy award.
2. Stuart Law, Australian cricketer and coach births
  1. Stuart Law
    
    Stuart Grant Law is an Australian-born cricket coach and former cricketer.
3. Michael Stich, German tennis player and sportscaster births
  1. Michael Stich
    
    Michael Detlef Stich is a German former professional tennis player. He won the men's singles title at Wimbledon in 1991, the men's doubles titles at both Wimbledon and the Olympic Games in 1992, and was a singles runner-up at the 1994 US Open and the 1996 French Open. Stich won 18 singles titles and ten doubles titles. His career-high singles ranking was world No. 2, achieved in 1993.
1967
1. Eric Stuart, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and voice actor births
  1. Eric Stuart
    
    Eric Stuart is an American voice actor and musician who worked for 4Kids Entertainment, NYAV Post, and Central Park Media.
1966
1. Dave Price, American journalist and game show host births
  1. Dave Price
    
    David M. Price is an American journalist and weather forecaster who is currently working for WNBC-TV in New York as a weekday afternoon weatherman.
2. Elizabeth Arden, Canadian-American businesswoman, founded Elizabeth Arden, Inc. (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Arden
    
    Elizabeth Arden was a Canadian-American businesswoman who founded what is now Elizabeth Arden, Inc., and built a cosmetics empire in the United States. By 1929, she owned 150 salons in Europe and the United States. Her 1,000 products were being sold in 22 countries. She was the sole owner, and at the peak of her career, she was one of the wealthiest women in the world.
  2. Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
    
    Elizabeth Arden, Inc. is a major American cosmetics, skin care and fragrance company founded by Elizabeth Arden. As of September 7, 2016, the company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Revlon, Inc.
3. S. S. Kresge, American businessman, founded Kmart (b. 1867) deaths
  1. S. S. Kresge
    
    Sebastian Spering Kresge was an American businessman. He created and owned two chains of department stores, the S. S. Kresge Company, one of the 20th century's largest discount retail organizations, and the Kresge-Newark traditional department store chain. The discounter was renamed the Kmart Corporation in 1977.
  2. Kmart
    
    Kmart Corporation is an American retail company that owns a chain of big box department stores. The company is headquartered in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States. The company was incorporated in 1899 as S. S. Kresge Corporation and renamed Kmart Corporation in 1977. The first store with the Kmart name opened in 1962 in Garden City, Michigan. At its peak in 1994, Kmart operated 2,486 stores globally, including 2,323 discount stores and Super Kmart Center locations in the United States. As of April 16, 2022, that number was down to nine, including just three in the continental states. From 2005 through 2019, Kmart was a subsidiary of Sears Holdings Corporation. Since 2019, Kmart has been a subsidiary of Transform SR Brands LLC, a privately held company that was formed in 2019 to acquire assets from Sears Holdings.
1965
1. Curtis Stigers, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Curtis Stigers
    
    Curtis Stigers is an American jazz singer. He achieved a number of hits in the early 1990s, most notably the international hit "I Wonder Why" (1991), which reached No. 5 in the UK and No. 9 in the US.
2. Zakir Naik, an Indian Islamic preacher; founder and president of the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF) births
  1. Zakir Naik
    
    Zakir Abdul Karim Naik is an Indian Islamic televangelist and public orator who focuses on comparative religion. He is the founder and president of the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF) and the Peace TV Network.
3. Henry Travers, Irish-American actor (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Henry Travers
    
    Travers John Heagerty, known professionally as Henry Travers, was an English film and stage character actor. His best known role was the guardian angel Clarence Odbody in the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life. He also received an Academy Award nomination for his supporting role in Mrs. Miniver (1942). Travers specialized in portraying slightly bumbling but friendly and lovable older men.
1964
1. Dan Lilker, American singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Dan Lilker
    
    Daniel A. Lilker is an American semi-retired musician best known as a bass player, but also guitarist, pianist, drummer and vocalist. He was the bassist for the thrash metal band Nuclear Assault and was a founding member of Anthrax with Scott Ian. Lilker was then playing rhythm guitar and recorded bass guitar and co-wrote on their first album, Fistful of Metal. He also founded crossover band Stormtroopers of Death with Scott Ian and Charlie Benante, and Billy Milano. He also plays bass with Brutal Truth, Exit-13, Malformed Earthborn, The Ravenous, Overlord Exterminator, Venomous Concept, Crucifist, Nokturnal Hellstorm, Nunfuckritual and Extra Hot Sauce.
2. Charles Stross, English journalist, author, and programmer births
  1. Charles Stross
    
    Charles David George "Charlie" Stross is a British writer of science fiction and fantasy. Stross specialises in hard science fiction and space opera. Between 1994 and 2004, he was also an active writer for the magazine Computer Shopper and was responsible for its monthly Linux column. He stopped writing for the magazine to devote more time to novels. However, he continues to publish freelance articles on the Internet.
1963
1. Sigvart Dagsland, Norwegian singer, pianist and composer births
  1. Sigvart Dagsland
    
    Sigvart Dagsland is a Norwegian singer, pianist, and composer.
1962
1. Min Ko Naing, Burmese activist births
  1. Min Ko Naing
    
    Paw Oo Tun ; better known by his alias Min Ko Naing, is a leading democracy activist and dissident from Myanmar. He has spent most of the years since 1988 imprisoned by the state for his opposition activities. The New York Times has described him as Burma's "most influential opposition figure after Daw Aung San Suu Kyi".
2. Vincent Spano, American actor, director, and producer births
  1. Vincent Spano
    
    Vincent M. Spano Jr. is an American film, stage and television actor; he is also a film director and producer.
3. Iván Petrovich, Serbian-German actor and singer (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Iván Petrovich
    
    Iván Petrovich was a Serbian film actor and singer.
1961
1. Wynton Marsalis, American trumpet player, composer, and educator births
  1. Wynton Marsalis
    
    Wynton Learson Marsalis is an American trumpeter, composer, teacher, and artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. He has promoted classical and jazz music, often to young audiences. Marsalis has won nine Grammy Awards, and his Blood on the Fields was the first jazz composition to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music. He is the only musician to win a Grammy Award in both jazz and classical during the same year.
2. Rick Moody, American author and composer births
  1. Rick Moody
    
    Hiram Frederick Moody III is an American novelist and short story writer best known for the 1994 novel The Ice Storm, a chronicle of the dissolution of two suburban Connecticut families over Thanksgiving weekend in 1973, which brought him widespread acclaim, became a bestseller, and was made into the film The Ice Storm. Many of his works have been praised by fellow writers and critics alike.
3. Gladstone Small, Barbadian-English cricketer births
  1. Gladstone Small
    
    Gladstone Cleophas Small is an English former cricketer, who played in 17 Test matches and 53 One Day Internationals (ODIs) for the England cricket team.
4. Tsuru Aoki, Japanese-American actress (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Tsuru Aoki
    
    Tsuru Aoki was a Japanese stage and screen actress whose career was most prolific in the United States during the silent film era of the 1910s through the 1920s. Aoki may have been the first Asian actress to garner top billing in American motion pictures.
1960
1. Erin Moran, American actress (d. 2017) births
  1. Erin Moran
    
    Erin Marie Moran-Fleischmann was an American actress, best known for playing Joanie Cunningham on the television sitcom Happy Days and its spin-off Joanie Loves Chachi.
2. Jean-Claude Van Damme, Belgian martial artist, actor, and producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Jean-Claude Van Damme
    
    Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg, known professionally as Jean-Claude Van Damme, is a Belgian actor, martial artist, filmmaker, and fight choreographer. Born and raised in Brussels, Belgium, at the age of ten his father enrolled him in martial arts classes, which led to Van Damme participating in several competitions. With the desire of becoming an actor, he moved to the United States in 1982, where he did odd jobs and worked on several films, until he got his break as the lead in the martial arts film Bloodsport (1988).
1959
1. Kirby Chambliss, American pilot births
  1. Kirby Chambliss
    
    Kirby Chambliss is an American world champion aerobatic and air race pilot who raced in the Red Bull Air Race World Series under the Red Bull brand.
2. Mauricio Funes, Salvadoran politician, former President of El Salvador births
  1. Mauricio Funes
    
    Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena is a Salvadoran politician and former journalist who served as President of El Salvador from 2009 to 2014. Funes won the 2009 presidential election as the candidate of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) party and took office on 1 June 2009.
3. Milcho Manchevski, Macedonian-American director and screenwriter births
  1. Milcho Manchevski
    
    Milcho Manchevski is a New York-based Macedonian film director, photographer and artist.
4. John Nord, American wrestler births
  1. John Nord
    
    John Eric Nord is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the American Wrestling Association and World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s as Nord the Barbarian and Yukon John and with the World Wrestling Federation, All Japan Pro Wrestling and World Championship Wrestling in the 1990s as The Berzerker and under his birth name.
5. Boughera El Ouafi, Algerian-French runner (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Boughera El Ouafi
    
    Ahmed Boughèra El Ouafi was an Algerian athlete during the time of the french occupation of algeria. In 1928, he won the Olympic gold medal in the marathon.
1958
1. Thomas Hearns, American boxer births
  1. Thomas Hearns
    
    Thomas Hearns is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1977 to 2006. Nicknamed the "Motor City Cobra", and more famously "The Hitman", Hearns's tall, slender build and oversized arms and shoulders allowed him to move up over fifty pounds in his career and become the first boxer in history to win world titles in five weight divisions: welterweight, light middleweight, middleweight, super middleweight and light heavyweight.
2. Megumi Ishii, Japanese actress and politician births
  1. Megumi Ishii
    
    Yoko Ishii , better known as Megumi Ishii is a Japanese actress and politician who is represented by the talent agency, Wonder Production. In 2015, she was elected to the Kunitachi Municipal Assembly.
3. Letitia James, American lawyer, activist and politician births
  1. Letitia James
    
    Letitia Ann James is an American lawyer and politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party and the current Attorney General of New York, having won the 2018 election to succeed appointed Attorney General Barbara Underwood. She is the first African-American and first woman to be elected to the position.
4. Kjell Samuelsson, Swedish ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Kjell Samuelsson
    
    Kjell William Alf Samuelsson is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenseman who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins and Tampa Bay Lightning between 1985 and 1999. He is currently the Flyers Director of Player Development. On December 17, 2018 he was named interim assistant coach of the Lehigh Valley Phantoms of the AHL.
1957
1. Jon Lindstrom, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Jon Lindstrom
    
    Jon Robert Lindstrom is an American actor, writer, director, producer, and musician. He is well known for his role as Kevin Collins on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital and its spin-off Port Charles.
2. Catherine Ringer, French singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress births
  1. Catherine Ringer
    
    Catherine Ringer is a French singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, dancer, choreographer, actress, and co-founder of the pop rock group Les Rita Mitsouko. She is also the daughter of French artist Sam Ringer.
1956
1. Craig Bartlett, American animator, producer, screenwriter, and voice actor births
  1. Craig Bartlett
    
    Craig Michael Bartlett is an American animator, best known for writing, directing, creating and producing the Nickelodeon television series Hey Arnold! and the PBS Kids television series Dinosaur Train and Ready Jet Go!.
2. Martina Navratilova, Czech-American tennis player and coach births
  1. Martina Navratilova
    
    Martina Navratilova is a Czech–American, former professional tennis player. Widely considered among the greatest tennis players of all time, Navratilova won 18 major singles titles, 31 major women's doubles titles, and 10 major mixed doubles titles, for a combined total of 59 major titles, the most in the Open Era. Alongside Chris Evert, her greatest rival, Navratilova dominated women's tennis in the 1970s and 1980s.
3. Jim Talent, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Jim Talent
    
    James Matthes Talent is an American politician who was a U.S. Senator from Missouri from 2002 to 2007. He is a Republican and resided in the St. Louis area while serving in elected office.
4. Yoshio Markino, Japanese painter and author (b. 1869) deaths
  1. Yoshio Markino
    
    Yoshio Markino was a Japanese artist and author who from 1897 - 1942 was based in London.
1955
1. Jean-Pierre Hautier, Belgian journalist and television host (d. 2012) births
  1. Jean-Pierre Hautier
    
    Jean-Pierre Hautier was a Belgian television presenter and broadcaster for RTBF.
2. Vanessa Briscoe Hay, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player births
  1. Vanessa Briscoe Hay
    
    Vanessa Briscoe Hay is an American singer for the Athens, Georgia bands Pylon, Supercluster and Pylon Reenactment Society.
3. Timmy Mallett, English radio and television host births
  1. Timmy Mallett
    
    Timmy Mallett is an English TV presenter, broadcaster, and artist. He is known for his striking visual style, colourful glasses, loud shirts, and giant pink foam mallet, known as "Mallett's Mallet", as well as his "utterly brilliant!" and "blaaah!" catchphrases.
4. Stu Mead, American painter and illustrator births
  1. Stu Mead
    
    Stuart "Stu" Mead is an American artist who lives and works in Berlin, Germany.
5. David Twohy, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. David Twohy
    
    David Neil Twohy is an American film director and screenwriter.
6. Rita Verdonk, Dutch journalist and politician, Dutch Minister of Justice births
  1. Rita Verdonk
    
    Maria Cornelia Frederika "Rita" Verdonk is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and later founder of the Proud of the Netherlands (Trots) party and businesswoman.
  2. Ministry of Justice and Security
    
    The Ministry of Justice and Security is the Dutch Ministry responsible for justice, imprisonment and public security. The Ministry was created in 1798 as the Department of Justice, before it became in 1876 the Ministry of Justice. In 2010, it took over the public safety duties from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and became Ministry of Security and Justice. In 2017 the Ministry was renamed to Ministry of Justice and Security. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Justice and Security, Dilan Yeṣilgöz-Zegerius (VVD) since 10 January 2022.
7. Denis Watson, Zimbabwean golfer births
  1. Denis Watson
    
    Denis Leslie Watson is a professional golfer from Zimbabwe.
8. Mark Welland, English physicist and academic births
  1. Mark Welland
    
    Sir Mark Edward Welland, is professor of nanotechnology at the University of Cambridge and head of the Nanoscience Centre. He has been a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, since 1986 and started his career in nanotechnology at IBM Research, where he was part of the team that developed one of the first scanning tunnelling microscopes. He was elected as the master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge and took up office on 1 October 2016.
1954
1. Nick Houghton, English general births
  1. Nick Houghton
    
    General John Nicholas Reynolds Houghton, Baron Houghton of Richmond, is a retired senior British Army officer and former Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) of the British Armed Forces. He was appointed CDS in July 2013, following the retirement of General Sir David Richards. He served as Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion, the Green Howards in Northern Ireland during The Troubles and later became Commander of the 39th Infantry Brigade in Northern Ireland. He deployed as Senior British Military Representative and Deputy Commanding General, Multi-National Force – Iraq during the Iraq War. Later, he became Chief of Joint Operations at Permanent Joint Headquarters and served as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff until assuming the position of CDS. Houghton retired from the British Army in July 2016, and was succeeded as CDS by Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart Peach.
2. Arliss Howard, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Arliss Howard
    
    Leslie Richard "Arliss" Howard is an American actor, screenwriter, and film director. He is known for his roles in the films Full Metal Jacket (1987), Tequila Sunrise (1988), The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), The Time Traveler's Wife (2009), Moneyball (2011), and Mank (2020).
3. Bob Weinstein, American film executive births
  1. Bob Weinstein
    
    Robert Weinstein is an American film producer. He is the founder and head of Dimension Films, former co-chairman of Miramax Films and The Weinstein Company, all of which he co-founded with his older brother, Harvey. He has focused on making action and horror films.
1952
1. Roy Dias, Sri Lankan cricketer and coach births
  1. Roy Dias
    
    Roy Luke Dias is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played Tests and ODIs for Sri Lanka.
2. Paul Geroski, American-English economist and academic (d. 2005) births
  1. Paul Geroski
    
    Paul Andrew Geroski was a leading economist in the United Kingdom. Although born in Pleasantville, New York, United States, Geroski studied and spent most of his career in Britain, where he settled permanently in 1975.
3. Chuck Lorre, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Chuck Lorre
    
    Charles Michael Lorre is an American film & television director, writer, producer, composer and actor.
4. Patrick Morrow, Canadian mountaineer and photographer births
  1. Patrick Morrow
    
    Patrick Allan Morrow, is a Canadian photographer and mountain climber. In 1986 he was the first person to climb the Seven Summits in the Carstensz-Version.
5. Bảo Ninh, Vietnamese soldier and author births
  1. Bảo Ninh
    
    Hoàng Ấu Phương, also known by the pen name Bảo Ninh, is a Vietnamese novelist, essayist and writer of short stories, best known for his first novel, published in English as The Sorrow of War.
6. Allen Ripley, American baseball player (d. 2014) births
  1. Allen Ripley
    
    Allen Stevens Ripley was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for three different teams between the 1978 and 1982 seasons. Listed at 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), 190 pounds (86 kg), Ripley batted and threw right-handed. Born in Norwood, Massachusetts, he attended North Attleboro High School. His father, Walt Ripley, also was a major league pitcher.
7. Jerry Royster, American baseball player, coach, and manager births
  1. Jerry Royster
    
    Jeron Kennis Royster is an American former Major League Baseball player and coach. He was a third baseman for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres, Chicago White Sox, and the New York Yankees. He was manager of the Milwaukee Brewers and the Lotte Giants in the Korea Baseball Organization.
1951
1. Mike Antonovich, American ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Mike Antonovich (ice hockey)
    
    Michael Joseph John "Antone" Antonovich is an American former professional hockey player, and coach. He was selected in the ninth round of the 1971 NHL Amateur Draft, 113th overall, by the Minnesota North Stars. He is currently a scout for the Columbus Blue Jackets.
2. Pam Dawber, American actress and producer births
  1. Pam Dawber
    
    Pamela Dawber is an American actress best known for her lead television sitcom roles as Mindy McConnell in Mork & Mindy (1978–1982) and Samantha Russell in My Sister Sam (1986–1988).
3. Terry McMillan, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Terry McMillan
    
    Terry McMillan is an American novelist. Her work centers around the experiences of Black women in the United States.
4. David Normington, English civil servant and politician births
  1. David Normington
    
    Sir David John Normington, is a retired British civil servant. He served as the Permanent Secretary of the Department for Education and Skills from 2001 to 2005, and then of the Home Office until 2011. From 2011 until 2016 he served as both the First Civil Service Commissioner and the Commissioner for Public Appointments for the British government.
5. Nic Potter, English bass player and songwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Nic Potter
    
    Nic Potter was a British bassist, composer and painter, best known for his work with the group Van der Graaf Generator in the 1970s.
1950
1. Wendy Wasserstein, American playwright and author (d. 2006) births
  1. Wendy Wasserstein
    
    Wendy Wasserstein was an American playwright. She was an Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University. She received the Tony Award for Best Play and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1989 for her play The Heidi Chronicles.
1949
1. Joe Egan, Scottish singer-songwriter births
  1. Joe Egan (musician)
    
    Joseph Egan is a Scottish singer-songwriter.
2. George Hendrick, American baseball player and coach births
  1. George Hendrick
    
    George Andrew Hendrick Jr. is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder between 1971 and 1988, most prominently as an integral member of the St. Louis Cardinals team that won the 1982 World Series.
3. Gary Richrath, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (d. 2015) births
  1. Gary Richrath
    
    Gary Dean Richrath was an American guitarist, best known as the lead guitarist and a songwriter for the band REO Speedwagon from 1970 until 1989.
1948
1. Hans Köchler, Austrian philosopher, author, and academic births
  1. Hans Köchler
    
    Hans Köchler is a retired professor of philosophy at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and president of the International Progress Organization, a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the United Nations. In his general philosophical outlook he is influenced by Husserl and Heidegger, his legal thinking has been shaped by the approach of Kelsen. Köchler has made contributions to phenomenology and philosophical anthropology and has developed a hermeneutics of trans-cultural understanding that has influenced the discourse on the relations between Islam and the West.
2. Ntozake Shange, American author, poet, and playwright (d. 2018) births
  1. Ntozake Shange
    
    Ntozake Shange was an American playwright and poet. As a Black feminist, she addressed issues relating to race and Black power in much of her work. She is best known for her Obie Award-winning play, For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf (1975). She also penned novels including Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo (1982), Liliane (1994), and Betsey Brown (1985), about an African-American girl run away from home. Among Shange's honors and awards were fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Fund, a Shelley Memorial Award from the Poetry Society of America, and a Pushcart Prize. In April 2016, Barnard College announced that it had acquired Shange's archive. She lived in Brooklyn, New York. Shange had one daughter, Savannah Shange. Shange was married twice: to the saxophonist David Murray and the painter McArthur Binion, Savannah's father, with both marriages ending in divorce.
3. Walther von Brauchitsch, German field marshal (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Walther von Brauchitsch
    
    Walther Heinrich Alfred Hermann von Brauchitsch was a German field marshal and the Commander-in-Chief (Oberbefehlshaber) of the German Army during World War II. Born into an aristocratic military family, he entered army service in 1901. During World War I, he served with distinction on the corps-level and division-level staff on the Western Front.
1947
1. Paul Chuckle, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter births
  1. Chuckle Brothers
    
    The Chuckle Brothers were an English comedy double act comprising Barry David Elliott and Paul Harman Elliott. They were known for their BBC children's programme ChuckleVision, which aired from 1987 to 2009 and celebrated its twenty-first series with a 2010 stage tour titled An Audience with the Chuckle Brothers. The comedy of the Chuckle Brothers usually derived from slapstick, other visual gags, and wordplay, and their catchphrases included "To me, to you!" and "Oh dear, oh dear!"
2. Job Cohen, Dutch scholar and politician, Mayor of Amsterdam births
  1. Job Cohen
    
    Marius Job Cohen is a retired Dutch politician and jurist who served as Mayor of Amsterdam from 2001 to 2010 and Leader of the Labour Party (PvdA) from 2010 to 2012.
  2. List of mayors of Amsterdam
    
    Below is a list of mayors of Amsterdam, capital of the Netherlands. The city had four burgomasters, serving four years. In the 17th and 18th century, a new mayor was elected by his colleagues (co-option), but his appointment had to be approved by the stadholder. In 1824, it was decided only one person could govern the cities of The Hague and Amsterdam at a time. Mayors of Dutch municipalities are appointed by the municipal council after the acceptance of the King's Commissioner of the province.
3. Laura Nyro, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1997) births
  1. Laura Nyro
    
    Laura Nyro was an American songwriter, singer, and pianist. She achieved critical acclaim with her own recordings, particularly the albums Eli and the Thirteenth Confession (1968) and New York Tendaberry (1969), and had commercial success with artists such as Barbra Streisand and the 5th Dimension recording her songs. Wider recognition for her artistry was posthumous while her contemporaries such as Elton John idolized her. She was praised for her strong emotive vocal style and 3-octave mezzo-soprano vocal range.
4. Gary Sullivan, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Gary Sullivan (rugby league)
    
    Gary Sullivan is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played club football in the New South Wales Rugby Football League Premiership for Newtown.
5. Michiaki Kamada, Japanese admiral (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Michiaki Kamada
    
    Michiaki Kamada was a vice-admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy who saw service in the Pacific Theatre of World War II.
1946
1. James Robert Baker, American author and screenwriter (d. 1997) births
  1. James Robert Baker
    
    James Robert Baker was an American author of sharply satirical, predominantly gay-themed transgressional fiction. A native Californian, his work is set almost entirely in Southern California. After graduating from UCLA, he began his career as a screenwriter, but became disillusioned and started writing novels instead. Though he garnered fame for his books Fuel-Injected Dreams and Boy Wonder, after the controversy surrounding publication of his novel, Tim and Pete, he faced increasing difficulty having his work published. According to his life partner, this was a contributing factor in his suicide.
2. Frank Beamer, American football player and coach births
  1. Frank Beamer
    
    Franklin Mitchell Beamer is a retired American college football coach, most notably for the Virginia Tech Hokies, and former college football player. He is the father of current South Carolina Gamecocks head coach Shane Beamer.
3. Dafydd Elis-Thomas, Welsh academic and politician births
  1. Dafydd Elis-Thomas
    
    Dafydd Elis-Thomas, Baron Elis-Thomas is a Welsh politician who served as the Leader of Plaid Cymru from 1984 to 1991 and represented the Dwyfor Meirionnydd constituency in the Senedd from 1999 to 2021.
4. Howard Shore, Canadian composer, conductor, and producer births
  1. Howard Shore
    
    Howard Leslie Shore is a Canadian composer and conductor noted for his film scores. He has composed the scores for over 80 films, most notably the scores for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies. He won three Academy Awards for his work on The Lord of the Rings, with one being for the song "Into the West", an award he shared with Eurythmics lead vocalist Annie Lennox and writer/producer Fran Walsh, who wrote the lyrics. He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg, having scored all but one of his films since 1979.
1945
1. Huell Howser, American television host and actor (d. 2013) births
  1. Huell Howser
    
    Huell Burnley Howser was an American television personality, actor, producer, writer, singer, and voice artist, best known for hosting, producing, and writing California's Gold and his human interest show Visiting... with Huell Howser, produced by KCET in Los Angeles for California PBS stations. The archive of his video chronicles offers an enhanced understanding of the history, culture, and people of California. He also voiced the Backson in Winnie the Pooh (2011).
2. Chris Shays, American politician births
  1. Chris Shays
    
    Christopher Hunter Shays is an American politician. He previously served in the United States House of Representatives as representative of the 4th District of Connecticut. He is a member of the Republican Party.
1943
1. Christine Charbonneau, Canadian singer-songwriter (d. 2014) births
  1. Christine Charbonneau
    
    Christine Charbonneau was a French Canadian singer and songwriter.
2. Birthe Rønn Hornbech, Danish police officer and politician, Danish Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs births
  1. Birthe Rønn Hornbech
    
    Birthe Johanne Sparrevohn Rønn Hornbech is a Danish politician, member of the Folketing for Venstre, the liberal party, elected in the constituency of Køge, and former Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration and for Ecclesiastical Affairs.
  2. List of Ministers for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark
    
    This is a list of Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs of Denmark since the establishment of the Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs in 1916.
1942
1. Gianfranco Ravasi, Italian cardinal and scholar births
  1. Gianfranco Ravasi
    
    Gianfranco Ravasi is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church and a biblical scholar. A cardinal since 2010, he was President of the Pontifical Council for Culture from 2007 to 2022. He headed Milan's Ambrosian Library from 1989 to 2007.
2. Mikhail Nesterov, Russian painter (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Mikhail Nesterov
    
    Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov was a Russian and Soviet painter; associated with the Peredvizhniki and Mir Iskusstva. He was one of the first exponents of Symbolist art in Russia.
1941
1. Timothy Bell, Baron Bell, English businessman (d. 2019) births
  1. Timothy Bell, Baron Bell
    
    Timothy John Leigh Bell, Baron Bell, was a British advertising and public relations executive, best known for his advisory role in Margaret Thatcher's three successful general election campaigns and his co-founding and 30 years of heading Bell Pottinger.
2. Martha Burk, American psychologist and author births
  1. Martha Burk
    
    Martha Gertrude Burk is an American political psychologist, feminist, and former Chair of the National Council of Women's Organizations.
3. Manuel Teixeira Gomes, Portuguese lawyer and politician, 7th President of Portugal (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Manuel Teixeira Gomes
    
    Manuel Teixeira Gomes, GCSE was a Portuguese politician and writer. He served as the seventh president of Portugal between 5 October 1923 and 11 December 1925.
  2. President of Portugal
    
    The president of Portugal, officially the president of the Portuguese Republic, is the head of state and highest office of Portugal.
1940
1. Cynthia Weil, American songwriter births
  1. Cynthia Weil
    
    Cynthia Weil is an American songwriter who wrote many songs together with her husband Barry Mann.
2. Talitha Getty, actress and model of Dutch extraction (d. 1971) births
  1. Talitha Getty
    
    Talitha Dina Getty was a Dutch actress, socialite, and model who was regarded as a style icon of the late 1960s. She lived much of her adult life in Britain and, in her final years, was closely associated with the Moroccan city of Marrakesh. Her husband was the oil heir and subsequent philanthropist John Paul Getty Jr.
1939
1. Flavio Cotti, Swiss lawyer and politician, 82nd President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 2020) births
  1. Flavio Cotti
    
    Flavio Cotti was a Swiss politician who served as member of the Federal Council from 1986 to 1999. He was a member of the Christian Democratic People's Party from the canton of Ticino. In the 1990s, Cotti led the Swiss government's unsuccessful attempts to further Switzerland's political integration into the European Union. He was President of the Confederation in 1991 and 1998 and headed the departments of Home Affairs and Foreign Affairs.
  2. President of the Swiss Confederation
    
    The president of the Swiss Confederation, also known as the president of the Confederation or colloquially as the president of Switzerland, is the head of Switzerland's seven-member Federal Council, the country's executive branch. Elected by the Federal Assembly for one year, the officeholder chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties.
2. Mike Ditka, American football player, coach, and sportscaster births
  1. Mike Ditka
    
    Michael Keller Ditka is an American former football player, coach, and television commentator. A member of both the College (1986) and the Pro (1988) Football Halls of Fame, he was UPI NFL Rookie of Year in 1961, a five-time Pro Bowl selection, and a six-time All-Pro tight end with the National Football League's Chicago Bears, Philadelphia Eagles, and Dallas Cowboys.
3. Lee Harvey Oswald, American assassin of John F. Kennedy (d. 1963) births
  1. Lee Harvey Oswald
    
    Lee Harvey Oswald was a U.S. Marine veteran who assassinated John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, on November 22, 1963.
  2. John F. Kennedy
    
    John Fitzgerald Kennedy, often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination near the end of his third year in office. Kennedy was the youngest person to assume the presidency by election. He was also the youngest president at the end of his tenure. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, he represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to his presidency.
4. Paddy Reilly, Irish folk singer and guitarist births
  1. Paddy Reilly
    
    Patrick 'Paddy' Reilly is an Irish folk singer and guitarist. Born in Rathcoole, County Dublin, he is one of Ireland's most famous balladeers and is best known for his renditions of "The Fields of Athenry", "Rose of Allendale" and "The Town I Loved So Well". Reilly released his version of "The Fields of Athenry" as a single in 1983; it was the most successful version of this song, remaining in the Irish charts for 72 weeks. He achieved number 1 in Ireland with the Liam Reilly written song "Flight of Earls" in 1988.
5. Jan Erik Vold, Norwegian poet, author, and translator births
  1. Jan Erik Vold
    
    Jan Erik Vold is a Norwegian lyric poet, jazz vocal reciter, translator and author. He was a core member of the so-called "Profil generation", the circle attached to the literary magazine Profil. Throughout his career as an artist, he has had the ability to reach the public, both with his poetry and his political views. He has contributed greatly to the renewal of Norwegian poetry, and created interest in lyrical poetry. Jan Erik Vold is currently living in Stockholm.
1938
1. Robert Dove, American lawyer and politician (d. 2021) births
  1. Robert Dove
    
    Robert B. Dove was a parliamentarian of the United States Senate and a professor of political science at George Washington University.
2. Dawn Wells, American model and actress, Miss Nevada 1959 (d. 2020) births
  1. Dawn Wells
    
    Dawn Elberta Wells was an American actress known for her role as Mary Ann Summers on the CBS sitcom Gilligan's Island.
  2. Miss Nevada
    
    The Miss Nevada competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Nevada in the Miss America competition, and the name of the title held by that winner. The first Nevadan to compete at Miss America was Carol Lampe in 1949.
1936
1. Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cuban cardinal (d. 2019) births
  1. Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino
    
    Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino was a Cuban prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Havana from 1981 to 2016. He was appointed to the College of Cardinals in 1994, the second Cuban to hold that distinction.
1935
1. Peter Boyle, American actor (d. 2006) births
  1. Peter Boyle
    
    Peter Lawrence Boyle was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and the comical monster in Mel Brooks' film spoof Young Frankenstein (1974). He also starred in The Candidate (1972). Boyle, who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest-starring role on the Fox science-fiction drama The X-Files, won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film Joe, and as Wizard in Taxi Driver (1976).
2. Gaston Lachaise, French-American sculptor (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Gaston Lachaise
    
    Gaston Lachaise was a French-born sculptor, active in the early 20th century. A native of Paris, he was most noted for his female nudes such as Standing Woman. Gaston Lachaise was taught the refinement of European sculpture while living in France. He met a young American woman, Isabel Dutaud Nagle, and the pair moved to America, where his craft reached maturity and he was influenced and inspired by American ways. Lachaise helped redefine the female nude in a new and powerful manner. His drawings also reflected his new style of the female form.
1934
1. Inger Stevens, Swedish-American actress (d. 1970) births
  1. Inger Stevens
    
    Inger Stevens was a Swedish-American film, stage and Golden Globe-winning television actress.
2. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish pathologist, histologist, and neuroscientist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852) deaths
  1. Santiago Ramón y Cajal
    
    Santiago Ramón y Cajal was a Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the central nervous system. He and Camillo Golgi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906. Ramón y Cajal was the first person of Spanish origin to win a scientific Nobel Prize. His original investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain made him a pioneer of modern neuroscience.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1933
1. Forrest Gregg, American football player and coach (d. 2019) births
  1. Forrest Gregg
    
    Alvis Forrest Gregg was an American professional football player and coach. A Pro Football Hall of Fame offensive tackle for 16 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), he was a part of six NFL championships, five of them with the Green Bay Packers before closing out his tenure with the Dallas Cowboys with a win in Super Bowl VI. Gregg was later the head coach of three NFL teams, as well as two Canadian Football League (CFL) teams. He was also a college football coach for the SMU Mustangs.
2. Irwin M. Jacobs, American electrical engineer, businessman, and entrepreneur births
  1. Irwin M. Jacobs
    
    Irwin Mark Jacobs is an American electrical engineer and businessman. He is a co-founder and former chairman of Qualcomm, and chair of the board of trustees of the Salk Institute. As of 2019, Jacobs has an estimated net worth of $1.2 billion.
3. Ludovico Scarfiotti, Italian race car driver (d. 1968) births
  1. Ludovico Scarfiotti
    
    Ludovico Scarfiotti was a Formula One and sports car driver from Italy. Just prior to entering Formula One, he won the 1963 24 Hours of Le Mans for Ferrari. He later participated in 12 World Championship Formula One grands prix, and many non-championship races. He won one World Championship race, and scored a total of 17 championship points. A motor sports competitor for a decade, Scarfiotti won the 1962 and 1965 European Hillclimb Championship. He was proclaimed Italy's best driver in both 1962 and 1965.
1932
1. Vytautas Landsbergis, Lithuanian musicologist and politician births
  1. Vytautas Landsbergis
    
    Vytautas Landsbergis is a Lithuanian politician and former Member of the European Parliament. He was the first Speaker of Reconstituent Seimas of Lithuania after its independence declaration from the Soviet Union. He has written 20 books on a variety of topics, including a biography of Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, as well as works on politics and music. He is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration, and a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.
1931
1. Chris Albertson, Icelandic-American historian, journalist, and producer (d. 2019) births
  1. Chris Albertson
    
    Christiern Gunnar Albertson was a New York City-based jazz journalist, writer and record producer.
2. Roger Climpson, English-Australian journalist births
  1. Roger Climpson
    
    Roger Climpson is an English-born Australian retired media personality who served a lengthy career in both radio and television, as a journalist, announcer, newsreader and presenter. He is best known for his time at Seven News in the 1980s and 1990s and for his hosting duties on shows from 1977 until 1998, such as the local version of This Is Your Life and true-crime series Australia's Most Wanted.
3. Ien Dales, Dutch civil servant and politician, Dutch Minister of the Interior (d. 1994) births
  1. Ien Dales
    
    Catharina Isabella "Ien" Dales was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and social worker.
  2. Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
    
    The Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations is the Netherlands' ministry responsible for domestic policy, civil service, public administration, elections, local governments, intelligence, and kingdom relations.
4. Thomas Edison, American engineer and businessman, invented the light bulb and phonograph (b. 1847) deaths
  1. Thomas Edison
    
    Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial research laboratory.
  2. Electric light
    
    An electric light, lamp, or light bulb is an electrical component that produces light. It is the most common form of artificial lighting. Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass, or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a light fixture, which is often called a "lamp" as well. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet cap.
  3. Phonograph
    
    A phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone or since the 1940s called a record player, or more recently a turntable, is a device for the mechanical and analogue recording and reproduction of sound. The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the recorded sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones.
1930
1. Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun, Scottish politician births
  1. Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun
    
    Marjorie Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun is a Scottish peer. Until her retirement on 12 December 2014, she was the only holder of a lordship of Parliament who had a seat in the House of Lords as an elected hereditary peer. Lady Saltoun is the Chief of the Name and Arms of Clan Fraser since 1 May 1984, by decree of the Court of the Lord Lyon. She is also the head of the Scottish lowland family the Frasers of Philorth.
2. Esther Hautzig, Lithuanian-American author (d. 2009) births
  1. Esther Hautzig
    
    Esther R. Hautzig was a Polish-born American writer, best known for her award-winning book The Endless Steppe (1968).
1929
1. Violeta Chamorro, Nicaraguan publisher and politician, President of Nicaragua births
  1. Violeta Chamorro
    
    Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro is a Nicaraguan politician who served as President of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1997. She was the first and, as of 2022, only woman to hold the position of president of Nicaragua.
  2. President of Nicaragua
    
    The president of Nicaragua, officially known as the president of the Republic of Nicaragua, is the head of state and head of government of Nicaragua. The office was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1839, the head of state of Nicaragua was styled simply as Head of State, and from 1839 to 1854 as Supreme Director.
2. Hillard Elkins, American producer and manager (d. 2010) births
  1. Hillard Elkins
    
    Hillard (Hilly) Elkins was an American theatre and film producer.
3. Kees Fens, Dutch author and critic (d. 2008) births
  1. Kees Fens
    
    Kees Fens was a Dutch writer, essayist and literary critic.
4. Frank Stanmore, Australian rugby league player (d. 2005) births
  1. Frank Stanmore (rugby league)
    
    Frank Stanmore (1929–2005) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative five-eighth, he played club football in Sydney's NSWRFL for Western Suburbs, winning the 1948 Premiership with them. Stanmore also played in the Newcastle Rugby League and was inducted into the Hunter Region Sporting Hall of Fame.
1928
1. Keith Jackson, American sportscaster and actor (d. 2018) births
  1. Keith Jackson
    
    Keith Max Jackson was an American sports commentator, journalist, author, and radio personality, known for his career with ABC Sports (1966–2006). While he covered a variety of sports over his career, he is best known for his coverage of college football from 1952 until 2006, and his distinctive voice, "a throwback voice, deep and operatic. A voice that was to college football what Edward R. Murrow's was to war. It was the voice of ultimate authority in his profession."
2. Maurice El Mediouni, Algerian pianist and composer births
  1. Maurice El Mediouni
    
    Maurice El Mediouni, French El Médioni is an Algerian-Jewish pianist, composer and interpreter of Andalusian, rai, Sephardic and Arab music. He is one of the few living artists to have performed with artists such as Lili Labassi, Line Monty, Lili Boniche, Samy el Maghribi, and Reinette l’Oranaise. He is also a professional tailor and took up initially music as a hobby.
3. Dick Taverne, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Dick Taverne
    
    Dick Taverne, Baron Taverne, is a British politician and life peer who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Lincoln from 1962 to 1974. A member of the Liberal Democrats, he was a Labour MP until his deselection in 1972, following which he resigned his seat and won the subsequent by-election in 1973 as a Democratic Labour candidate.
1927
1. Marv Rotblatt, American baseball player (d. 2013) births
  1. Marv Rotblatt
    
    Marvin Rotblatt, nicknamed "Rotty", was a left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox in the 1948, 1950 and 1951 seasons. His ERAs in 1948 (7.85) and 1950 (6.23) were the highest in the majors. He failed to get a base hit in fifteen career at-bats.
2. George C. Scott, American actor and director (d. 1999) births
  1. George C. Scott
    
    George Campbell Scott was an American actor, director, and producer who had a celebrated career on both stage and screen. With a gruff demeanor and commanding presence, Scott became known for his portrayal of stern, but complex, authority figures such as prosecutor Claude Dancer in Anatomy of a Murder, General Buck Turgidson in Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove, Herbert Bock in The Hospital, Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol, Lt. Kinderman in The Exorcist III, and General George S. Patton in the biopic Patton, which won him the Academy Award for Best Actor. Described by The Guardian as "a battler and an actor of rare courage", his performances won him widespread recognition and numerous other accolades, including a Golden Globe, a Genie Award, and two Primetime Emmys.
1926
1. Chuck Berry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) births
  1. Chuck Berry
    
    Charles Edward Anderson Berry was an American singer, songwriter and guitarist who pioneered rock and roll. Nicknamed the "Father of Rock and Roll", he refined and developed rhythm and blues into the major elements that made rock and roll distinctive with songs such as "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958). Writing lyrics that focused on teen life and consumerism, and developing a music style that included guitar solos and showmanship, Berry was a major influence on subsequent rock music.
2. Klaus Kinski, German-American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1991) births
  1. Klaus Kinski
    
    Klaus Kinski was a German actor, equally renowned for his intense performance style and notorious for his volatile personality. He appeared in over 130 film roles in a career that spanned 40 years, from 1948 to 1988. He played leading parts in five films directed by Werner Herzog, who later chronicled their tumultuous relationship in the documentary My Best Fiend (1999).
1925
1. Ramiz Alia, Albanian politician, 1st President of Albania (d. 2011) births
  1. Ramiz Alia
    
    Ramiz Tafë Alia was an Albanian politician serving as the second and last leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1985 to 1991, serving as First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He was also the country's head of state from 1982 to 1992. He had been seen as a successor by Enver Hoxha and took power after Hoxha died.
  2. President of Albania
    
    The president of Albania, officially styled the President of the Republic of Albania, is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and the representative of the unity of the Albanian people.
1924
1. Buddy MacMaster, Canadian singer-songwriter and fiddler (d. 2014) births
  1. Buddy MacMaster
    
    Hugh Alan "Buddy" MacMaster was a Canadian fiddler. He performed and recorded both locally and internationally, and was regarded as an expert on the tradition and lore of Cape Breton fiddle music.
1923
1. Jessie Mae Hemphill, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2008) births
  1. Jessie Mae Hemphill
    
    Jessie Mae Hemphill was an American electric guitarist, songwriter, and vocalist specializing in the North Mississippi hill country blues traditions of her family and regional heritage.
1921
1. Jerry Cooke, Ukrainian-American photographer and journalist (d. 2005) births
  1. Jerry Cooke (photographer)
    
    Jerry Cooke was an American photojournalist from the 1940s-1990s.
2. Jesse Helms, American journalist and politician (d. 2008) births
  1. Jesse Helms
    
    Jesse Alexander Helms Jr. was an American politician. A leader in the conservative movement, he served as a senator from North Carolina from 1973 to 2003. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1995 to 2001, he had a major voice in foreign policy. Helms helped organize and fund the conservative resurgence in the 1970s, focusing on Ronald Reagan's quest for the White House as well as helping many local and regional candidates.
3. Beatrice Helen Worsley, Mexican-Canadian computer scientist and academic (d. 1972) births
  1. Beatrice Worsley
    
    Beatrice Helen Worsley was a Canadian computer scientist who was the first female computer scientist in Canada. She received her Ph.D. degree from the University of Cambridge with Maurice Wilkes as adviser, the first Ph.D. granted in what would today be known as computer science. She wrote the first program to run on EDSAC, co-wrote the first compiler for Toronto's Ferranti Mark 1, wrote numerous papers in computer science, and taught computers and engineering at Queen's University and the University of Toronto for over 20 years before her death at the age of 50.
4. Ludwig III of Bavaria (b. 1845) deaths
  1. Ludwig III of Bavaria
    
    Ludwig III was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918. Initially he served in the Bavarian military as a lieutenant and went on to hold the rank of Oberleutnant during the Austro-Prussian War. He entered politics at the age of 18 becoming a member of the Bavarian Legislature and was a keen participant in politics, supporting electoral reforms. Later in life he served as regent and de facto head of state from 1912 to 1913, ruling for his cousin, Otto. After the Bavarian parliament passed a law allowing him to do so, Ludwig deposed Otto and assumed the throne for himself. He led Bavaria during World War I. His short reign was seen as championing conservative causes and he was influenced by the Catholic encyclical Rerum novarum.
1920
1. Melina Mercouri, Greek actress, singer, and politician, 9th Greek Minister of Culture (d. 1994) births
  1. Melina Mercouri
    
    Maria Amalia "Melina" Mercouri was a Greek actress, singer, activist, and politician. She came from a political family that was prominent over multiple generations. She received an Academy Award nomination and won a Cannes Film Festival Best Actress Award for her performance in the film Never on Sunday (1960). Mercouri was also nominated for one Tony Award, three Golden Globes and two BAFTA Awards in her acting career.
  2. Ministry of Culture and Sports (Greece)
    
    The Ministry of Culture and Sports is the government department of Greece entrusted with preserving the country's cultural heritage, promoting the arts, and overseeing sport through the subordinate General Secretariat for Sports. The incumbent minister is Lina Mendoni. The Deputy Minister for Modern Culture is Nicholas Yatromanolakis, and the Deputy Minister for Sports is Lefteris Avgenakis.
1919
1. Ric Nordman, Canadian captain and politician (d. 1996) births
  1. Ric Nordman
    
    Rurik (Ric) Nordman was a businessman and politician in Manitoba, Canada.
2. Anita O'Day, American singer (d. 2006) births
  1. Anita O'Day
    
    Anita Belle Colton, known professionally as Anita O'Day, was an American jazz singer and self proclaimed “song stylist” widely admired for her sense of rhythm and dynamics, and her early big band appearances that shattered the traditional image of the "girl singer". Refusing to pander to any female stereotype, O'Day presented herself as a "hip" jazz musician, wearing a band jacket and skirt as opposed to an evening gown. She changed her surname from Colton to O'Day, pig Latin for "dough", slang for money.
3. Pierre Trudeau, Canadian lawyer, academic, and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000) births
  1. Pierre Trudeau
    
    Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, also referred to by his initials PET, was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 15th prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984. He also briefly served as the leader of the Opposition from 1979 to 1980. He served as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1968 to 1984.
  2. Prime Minister of Canada
    
    The prime minister of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Under the Westminster system, the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority the elected House of Commons; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the prime minister selects ministers to form the Cabinet, and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Cabinet, which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons.
4. Camilla Williams, American soprano and educator (d. 2012) births
  1. Camilla Williams
    
    Camilla Ella Williams was an American operatic soprano who performed nationally and internationally. After studying with renowned teachers in New York City, she was the first African American to receive a regular contract with a major American opera company, the New York City Opera. She had earlier won honors in vocal competitions and the Marian Anderson Fellowship in 1943–44.
1918
1. Molly Geertsema, Dutch lawyer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1991) births
  1. Molly Geertsema
    
    Willem Jacob "Molly" Geertsema II was a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and jurist.
  2. Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands
    
    The deputy prime minister of the Netherlands is the official deputy of the head of government of the Netherlands. In the absence of the prime minister of the Netherlands the deputy prime minister takes over his functions, such as chairing the Cabinet of the Netherlands and the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. Conventionally, all of the junior partners in the coalition get one deputy, and the deputies are ranked according to the size of their respective parties. The incumbent deputy prime ministers are Sigrid Kaag of the Democrats 66 serving as Minister of Finance, Wopke Hoekstra of the Christian Democratic Appeal serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Carola Schouten of the Christian Union serving as Minister for Welfare and Civic Engagement.
2. Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Greek lawyer and politician, 178th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2017) births
  1. Konstantinos Mitsotakis
    
    Konstantinos Mitsotakis was a Greek politician who was 7th Prime Minister of Greece from 1990 to 1993. He graduated in law and economics from the University of Athens. His son, Kyriakos Mitsotakis, was elected as the Prime Minister of Greece following the 2019 Greek legislative election.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
3. Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor (d. 1999) births
  1. Bobby Troup
    
    Robert William Troup Jr. was an American actor, jazz pianist, singer, and songwriter. He wrote the song "Route 66" and acted in the role of Dr. Joe Early with his wife Julie London in the television program Emergency! in the 1970s.
1915
1. Victor Sen Yung, American actor (d. 1980) births
  1. Victor Sen Yung
    
    Sen Yung, later known professionally as Victor Sen Young ; one source lists his given name as Victor Cheung Young with the birth year 1915)) was an American character actor, best known for playing Jimmy Chan in the Charlie Chan films and Hop Sing in the western series Bonanza. He was born in San Francisco, California to Gum Yung Sen and his first wife, both immigrants from China.
1914
1. Raymond Lambert, Swiss mountaineer (d. 1997) births
  1. Raymond Lambert
    
    Raymond Lambert was a Swiss mountaineer who together with Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached an altitude of 8611 metres of Mount Everest, as part of a Swiss Expedition in May 1952. At the time it was the highest point that a climber had ever reached. There was a second Swiss expedition in autumn 1952, but a party including Lambert and Tenzing was forced to turn back at a slightly lower point. The following year Tenzing returned with Edmund Hillary to reach the summit on 29 May 1953.
1911
1. Alfred Binet, French psychologist and author (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Alfred Binet
    
    Alfred Binet, born Alfredo Binetti, was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test. In 1904, the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, the last of which appeared just before his death.
1909
1. Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher and theorist (d. 2004) births
  1. Norberto Bobbio
    
    Norberto Bobbio was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and a historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily La Stampa. Bobbio was a social liberal in the tradition of Piero Gobetti, Carlo Rosselli, Guido Calogero, and Aldo Capitini. He was also strongly influenced by Hans Kelsen and Vilfredo Pareto.
1908
1. Nozu Michitsura, Japanese field marshal (b. 1840) deaths
  1. Nozu Michitsura
    
    Field Marshal The Marquis Nozu Michitsura was a Japanese field marshal and leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army.
1906
1. James Brooks, American painter and educator (d. 1992) births
  1. James Brooks (painter)
    
    James David Brooks was an American Abstract Expressionist, muralist, abstract painter, art teacher, and winner of the Logan Medal of the Arts.
1905
1. Jan Gies, Dutch activist (d. 1993) births
  1. Jan Gies
    
    Jan Augustus Gies was a member of the Dutch Resistance who, with his wife, Miep, helped hide Anne Frank, her sister Margot, their parents Otto and Edith, the van Pels family, and Fritz Pfeffer from Nazi persecution during the occupation of the Netherlands by aiding them as they resided in the Secret Annex.
2. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Ivorian union leader and politician, 1st President of Côte d'Ivoire (d. 1993) births
  1. Félix Houphouët-Boigny
    
    Félix Houphouët-Boigny, affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux, was the first president of Ivory Coast, serving from 1960 until his death in 1993. A tribal chief, he worked as a medical aide, union leader and planter before being elected to the French Parliament. He served in several ministerial positions within the French government before leading Côte d'Ivoire following independence in 1960. Throughout his life, he played a significant role in politics and the decolonization of Africa.
  2. List of heads of state of Ivory Coast
    
    This article lists the heads of state of Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, since the country gained independence from France in 1960. Alassane Ouattara has been serving as President of Ivory Coast since 4 December 2010.
1904
1. Aarne Juutilainen, Finnish army captain (d. 1976) births
  1. Aarne Juutilainen
    
    Aarne Edward Juutilainen, nicknamed "The Terror of Morocco", was a Finnish army captain who served in the French Foreign Legion in Morocco between 1930 and 1935. After returning to Finland, he served in the Finnish army and became a national hero in the Battle of Kollaa during the Winter War with the Soviet Union; with his relentless fighting spirit, he rose to legendary status on the war front. He was wounded three times during World War II.
2. A. J. Liebling, American journalist and author (d. 1963) births
  1. A. J. Liebling
    
    Abbott Joseph Liebling was an American journalist who was closely associated with The New Yorker from 1935 until his death. He was known for, among other things, the aphorism "Freedom of the press belongs to those who own one", which he first wrote in The New Yorker in 1960.
3. Haim Shirman, Ukrainian-Israeli scholar and academic (d. 1981) births
  1. Hayyim Schirmann
    
    Hayyim (Jefim) Schirmann was an Israeli scholar of medieval Spanish and Italian Jewish poetry.
1903
1. Lina Radke, German runner and coach (d. 1983) births
  1. Lina Radke
    
    Karoline "Lina" Radke-Batschauer was a German track and field athlete. She was the first Olympic champion in the 800 m for women.
1902
1. Miriam Hopkins, American actress (d. 1972) births
  1. Miriam Hopkins
    
    Ellen Miriam Hopkins was an American actress known for her versatility. She first signed with Paramount Pictures in 1930.
2. Pascual Jordan, German physicist and theorist (d. 1980) births
  1. Pascual Jordan
    
    Ernst Pascual Jordan was a German theoretical and mathematical physicist who made significant contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. He contributed much to the mathematical form of matrix mechanics, and developed canonical anticommutation relations for fermions. Jordan algebra is employed for and is still used in studying the mathematical and conceptual foundations of quantum theory, and has found other mathematical applications.
1898
1. Lotte Lenya, Austrian singer and actress (d. 1981) births
  1. Lotte Lenya
    
    Lotte Lenya was an Austrian-American singer, diseuse, and actress, long based in the United States. In the German-speaking and classical music world, she is best remembered for her performances of the songs of her first husband, Kurt Weill. In English-language cinema, she was nominated for an Academy Award for her role as a jaded aristocrat in The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961). She also played the murderous and sadistic Rosa Klebb in the James Bond movie From Russia with Love (1963).
1897
1. Isabel Briggs Myers, American theorist and author (d. 1980) births
  1. Isabel Briggs Myers
    
    Isabel Briggs Myers was an American writer and co-creator with her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, of a personality inventory known as the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and based on theories of Carl Jung.
1894
1. H. L. Davis, American author and poet (d. 1960) births
  1. H. L. Davis
    
    Harold Lenoir Davis, also known as H. L. Davis, was an American novelist and poet. A native of Oregon, he won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel Honey in the Horn, the only Pulitzer Prize for Literature given to a native Oregonian. Later living in California and Texas, he also wrote short stories for magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post.
2. Tibor Déry, Hungarian author and translator (d. 1977) births
  1. Tibor Déry
    
    Tibor Déry was a Hungarian writer and poet. He also wrote under the names Tibor Dániel and Pál Verdes.
1893
1. Sidney Holland, New Zealand lieutenant and politician, 25th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1961) births
  1. Sidney Holland
    
    Sir Sidney George Holland was a New Zealand politician who served as the 25th prime minister of New Zealand from 13 December 1949 to 20 September 1957. He was instrumental in the creation and consolidation of the New Zealand National Party, which was to dominate New Zealand politics for much of the second half of the 20th century.
  2. Prime Minister of New Zealand
    
    The prime minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The incumbent prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, took office on 26 October 2017.
2. George Ohsawa, Japanese philosopher and academic (d. 1966) births
  1. George Ohsawa
    
    George Ohsawa was a Japanese educator who was the founder of the macrobiotic diet. When living in Europe he went by the pen names of Musagendo Sakurazawa, Nyoiti Sakurazawa, and Yukikazu Sakurazawa. He also used the French first name Georges while living in France, and his name is sometimes also given this spelling. He wrote about 300 books in Japanese and 20 in French. He defined health on the basis of seven criteria: lack of fatigue, good appetite, good sleep, good memory, good humour, precision of thought and action, and gratitude.
3. Charles Gounod, French composer and educator (b. 1818) deaths
  1. Charles Gounod
    
    Charles-François Gounod, usually known as Charles Gounod, was a French composer. He wrote twelve operas, of which the most popular has always been Faust (1859); his Roméo et Juliette (1867) also remains in the international repertory. He composed a large amount of church music, many songs, and popular short pieces including his Ave Maria, and Funeral March of a Marionette.
1892
1. William W. Chapman, American lawyer and politician (b. 1808) deaths
  1. William W. Chapman
    
    William Williams Chapman was an American politician and lawyer in Oregon and Iowa. He was born and raised in Virginia. He served as a United States Attorney in Iowa when it was part of the Michigan and Wisconsin territories, and then represented the Iowa Territory in the United States House of Representatives. He later immigrated to the Oregon Country, where he served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature.
1889
1. Antonio Meucci, Italian-American engineer (b. 1808) deaths
  1. Antonio Meucci
    
    Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci was an Italian inventor and an associate of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a major political figure in the history of Italy. Meucci is best known for developing a voice-communication apparatus that several sources credit as the first telephone.
1888
1. Paul Vermoyal, French actor (d. 1925) births
  1. Paul Vermoyal
    
    Pierre Paul Vermoyal was a French stage and film actor.
1887
1. Takashi Sakai, Japanese general and politician, Governor of Hong Kong (d. 1946) births
  1. Takashi Sakai
    
    Takashi Sakai was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, known for his role as Governor of Hong Kong under Japanese occupation.
  2. Governor of Hong Kong
    
    The governor of Hong Kong was the representative of the British Crown in Hong Kong from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the governor was president of the Executive Council and commander-in-chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. The governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions. Upon the end of British rule and the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997, most of the civil functions of this office went to the chief executive of Hong Kong, and military functions went to the commander of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison.
1886
1. Philipp Franz von Siebold, German physician and botanist (b. 1796) deaths
  1. Philipp Franz von Siebold
    
    Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold was a German physician, botanist and traveler. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese flora and fauna and the introduction of Western medicine in Japan. He was the father of the first female Japanese doctor educated in Western medicine, Kusumoto Ine.
1882
1. Lucien Petit-Breton, French cyclist (d. 1917) births
  1. Lucien Petit-Breton
    
    Lucien Georges Mazan was a French racing cyclist, known as the first two-time winner of the Tour de France.
1881
1. Max Gerson, German-born American physician (d. 1959) births
  1. Max Gerson
    
    Max Gerson was a German-born American physician who developed the Gerson Therapy, a dietary-based alternative cancer treatment that he claimed could cure cancer and most chronic, degenerative diseases.
1880
1. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Ukrainian-Russian general, journalist, and theorist (d. 1940) births
  1. Ze'ev Jabotinsky
    
    Ze'ev Jabotinsky, born Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky, was a Russian Jewish Revisionist Zionist leader, author, poet, orator, soldier, and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa. With Joseph Trumpeldor, he co-founded the Jewish Legion of the British army in World War I. Later he established several Jewish organizations in Palestine, including Betar, Hatzohar, and the Irgun.
1878
1. James Truslow Adams, American historian and author (d. 1949) births
  1. James Truslow Adams
    
    James Truslow Adams was an American writer and historian. He was a freelance author who helped to popularize the latest scholarship about American history and his three-volume history of New England is well regarded by scholars. He popularized the phrase "American Dream" in his 1931 book The Epic of America.
1876
1. Francis Preston Blair, American journalist (b. 1791) deaths
  1. Francis Preston Blair
    
    Francis Preston Blair Sr. was an American journalist, newspaper editor, and influential figure in national politics advising several U.S. presidents across party lines.
1875
1. Len Braund, English cricketer, coach, and umpire (d. 1955) births
  1. Len Braund
    
    Leonard Charles Braund was a cricketer who played for Surrey, Somerset and England.
1873
1. Ivanoe Bonomi, Italian lawyer and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1951) births
  1. Ivanoe Bonomi
    
    Ivanoe Bonomi [iˈvaːnoe boˈnɔːmi] was an Italian politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 to 1922 and again from 1944 to 1945.
  2. Prime Minister of Italy
    
    The prime minister, officially the president of the Council of Ministers, of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office.
1872
1. Mikhail Kuzmin, Russian poet and author (d. 1936) births
  1. Mikhail Kuzmin
    
    Mikhail Alekseevich Kuzmin was a Russian poet, musician and novelist, a prominent contributor to the Silver Age of Russian Poetry.
1871
1. Charles Babbage, English mathematician and engineer, invented the mechanical computer (b. 1791) deaths
  1. Charles Babbage
    
    Charles Babbage was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.
  2. Mechanical computer
    
    A mechanical computer is a computer built from mechanical components such as levers and gears rather than electronic components. The most common examples are adding machines and mechanical counters, which use the turning of gears to increment output displays. More complex examples could carry out multiplication and division—Friden used a moving head which paused at each column—and even differential analysis. One model, the Ascota 170 accounting machine sold in the 1960s calculated square roots.
1870
1. D. T. Suzuki, Japanese author and scholar (d. 1966) births
  1. D. T. Suzuki
    
    Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki , self-rendered in 1894 as "Daisetz", was a Japanese-American Buddhist monk, essayist, philosopher, religious scholar, translator, and writer. He was a scholar and author of books and essays on Buddhism, Zen and Shin that were instrumental in spreading interest in both Zen and Shin to the West. Suzuki was also a prolific translator of Chinese, Japanese, and Sanskrit literature. Suzuki spent several lengthy stretches teaching or lecturing at Western universities, and devoted many years to a professorship at Ōtani University, a Japanese Buddhist school.
1869
1. Johannes Linnankoski, Finnish author (d. 1913) births
  1. Johannes Linnankoski
    
    Johannes Linnankoski was a Finnish author and playwright, which mainly influenced writing in the Golden Age of Finnish Art. His most famous work is the romance novel, The Song of the Blood-Red Flower (1905). His primary themes were guilt, punishment, and redemption as moral questions.
1868
1. Ernst Didring, Swedish author (d. 1931) births
  1. Ernst Didring
    
    Ernst Didring was an early 20th-century author who wrote mainly of life in his home country of Sweden.
1865
1. Arie de Jong, Dutch linguist and author (d. 1957) births
  1. Arie de Jong
    
    Arie de Jong was a Dutch enthusiast and reformer of the constructed language Volapük by Johann Martin Schleyer, with whose help the Volapük movement gained new strength in the Netherlands. He not only revised Volapük, but also began Volapükaklub Valemik Nedänik and founded Diläd valemik Feda Volapükaklubas. He also founded and edited Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, an independent newspaper in Volapük, which ran for thirty-one years (1932–1963). He wrote Gramat Volapüka, a grammar of the language completely in Volapük, and a German-Volapük dictionary, Wörterbuch der Weltsprache. He translated the New Testament into Volapük from Greek, as well as many other pieces of literature. Arie de Jong is justly considered the most important Volapükist of a new age of Volapük history.
2. Logan Pearsall Smith, American-English author and critic (d. 1946) births
  1. Logan Pearsall Smith
    
    Logan Pearsall Smith was an American-born British essayist and critic. Harvard and Oxford educated, he was known for his aphorisms and epigrams, and was an expert on 17th Century divines. His Words and Idioms made him an authority on correct English language usage. He wrote his autobiography, Unforgotten Years, in 1938.
3. Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, English soldier and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1784) deaths
  1. Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
    
    Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, was a British statesman who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. Palmerston dominated British foreign policy during the period 1830 to 1865, when Britain stood at the height of its imperial power. He held office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory, defected to the Whigs in 1830, and became the first prime minister from the newly formed Liberal Party in 1859. He was highly popular with the British public. David Brown argues that "an important part of Palmerston's appeal lay in his dynamism and vigour".
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1862
1. Mehmet Esat Bülkat, Ottoman general (d. 1952) births
  1. Mehmet Esat Bülkat
    
    Esat Pasha Janina, known as Mehmed Esad Bülkat after the 1934 Surname Law, was an Ottoman general during the First Balkan War, where he led the Yanya Corps, and in World War I, where he was the senior Ottoman commander in the Gallipoli campaign.
1859
1. Henri Bergson, French philosopher and theologian, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941) births
  1. Henri Bergson
    
    Henri-Louis Bergson was a French philosopher who was influential in the tradition of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until the Second World War, but also after 1966 when Gilles Deleuze published Le Bergsonisme. Bergson is known for his arguments that processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1854
1. Billy Murdoch, Australian cricketer (d. 1911) births
  1. Billy Murdoch
    
    William Lloyd Murdoch was an Australian cricketer who captained the Australian national side in 16 Test matches between 1880 and 1890. This included four tours of England, one of which, in 1882, gave rise to The Ashes. In 2019 Murdoch was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame.
1850
1. Basil Hall Chamberlain, English-Swiss historian, author, and academic (d. 1935) births
  1. Basil Hall Chamberlain
    
    Basil Hall Chamberlain was a British academic and Japanologist. He was a professor of the Japanese language at Tokyo Imperial University and one of the foremost British Japanologists active in Japan during the late 19th century. He also wrote some of the earliest translations of haiku into English. He is perhaps best remembered for his informal and popular one-volume encyclopedia Things Japanese, which first appeared in 1890 and which he revised several times thereafter. His interests were diverse, and his works include an anthology of poetry in French.
1836
1. Frederick August Otto Schwarz, American businessman, founded FAO Schwarz (d. 1911) births
  1. Frederick August Otto Schwarz
    
    Frederick August Otto Schwarz was a German-born American toy retailer known for founding FAO Schwarz.
  2. FAO Schwarz
    
    FAO Schwarz is an American toy brand and store. The company is known for its high-end toys, life-sized stuffed animals, interactive experiences, brand integrations, and games.
1831
1. Frederick III, German Emperor (d. 1888) births
  1. Frederick III, German Emperor
    
    Frederick III, or Friedrich III, was German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days between March and June 1888, during the Year of the Three Emperors. Known informally as "Fritz", he was the only son of Emperor Wilhelm I and was raised in his family's tradition of military service. Although celebrated as a young man for his leadership and successes during the Second Schleswig, Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars, he nevertheless professed a hatred of warfare and was praised by friends and enemies alike for his humane conduct. Following the unification of Germany in 1871 his father, then King of Prussia, became the German Emperor. Upon Wilhelm's death at the age of ninety on 9 March 1888, the thrones passed to Frederick, who had been German Crown Prince for seventeen years and Crown Prince of Prussia for twenty-seven years. Frederick was suffering from cancer of the larynx when he died, aged fifty-six, following unsuccessful medical treatments for his condition.
1822
1. Midhat Pasha, Ottoman civil servant and politician, 238th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1883) births
  1. Midhat Pasha
    
    Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha was an Ottoman democrat, kingmaker and one of the leading statesmen during the late Tanzimat period. He is most famous for leading the Ottoman constitutional movement of 1876 and introducing the First Constitutional Era, but was also a leading figure of reform in the educational and provincial administrations. He was part of a governing elite which recognized the crisis the Empire was in and considered reform to be a dire need. Midhat Pasha is described as a person with a liberal attitude and is often considered one of the founders of the Ottoman Parliament.
  2. List of Ottoman grand viziers
    
    The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
1817
1. Etienne Nicolas Méhul, French pianist and composer (b. 1763) deaths
  1. Étienne Méhul
    
    Étienne Nicolas Méhul was a French composer of the classical period. He was known as "the most important opera composer in France during the Revolution". He was also the first composer to be called a "Romantic". He is known particularly for his operas, written in keeping with the reforms introduced by Christoph Willibald Gluck and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
1804
1. Mongkut, Thai king (d. 1868) births
  1. Mongkut
    
    Mongkut was the fourth monarch of Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakri, titled Rama IV. He ruled from 1851 to 1868. His full title in Thai was Phra Bat Somdet Phra Menthora Ramathibodi Sri Sinthara Mahamakut Phra Mongkut Phra Siam Deva Mahamakut Wittaya Maharaj.
1792
1. Lucas Alamán, Mexican politician and historian (d. 1853) births
  1. Lucas Alamán
    
    Lucas Ignacio Alamán y Escalada was a Mexican scientist, conservative statesman, historian, and writer. He came from an elite Guanajuato family and was well-traveled and highly educated. He was an eyewitness to the early fighting in the Mexican War of Independence when he witnessed the troops of insurgent leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sack Guanajuato City an incident that informed his already conservative and antidemocratic thought
1785
1. Thomas Love Peacock, English author and poet (d. 1866) births
  1. Thomas Love Peacock
    
    Thomas Love Peacock was an English novelist, poet, and official of the East India Company. He was a close friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley and they influenced each other's work. Peacock wrote satirical novels, each with the same basic setting: characters at a table discussing and criticising the philosophical opinions of the day.
1777
1. Heinrich von Kleist, German author and poet (d. 1811) births
  1. Heinrich von Kleist
    
    Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, short story writer and journalist. His best known works are the theatre plays Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, The Broken Jug, Amphitryon and Penthesilea, and the novellas Michael Kohlhaas and The Marquise of O. Kleist died by suicide together with a close female friend who was terminally ill.
1775
1. Christian August Crusius, German philosopher and theologian (b. 1715) deaths
  1. Christian August Crusius
    
    Christian August Crusius was a German philosopher and Protestant theologian.
1770
1. John Manners, Marquess of Granby, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire (b. 1721) deaths
  1. John Manners, Marquess of Granby
    
    Lieutenant-General John Manners, Marquess of Granby, was a British soldier and the eldest son of the 3rd Duke of Rutland. As he did not outlive his father and inherit the dukedom, he was known by his father's subsidiary title, Marquess of Granby.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire
    
    This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire. Since 1689, all the Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Derbyshire.
1744
1. Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (b. 1660) deaths
  1. Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough
    
    Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, Princess of Mindelheim, Countess of Nellenburg, was an English courtier who rose to be one of the most influential women of her time through her close relationship with Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Churchill's relationship and influence with Princess Anne were widely known, and leading public figures often turned their attentions to her, hoping for favour from Anne. By the time Anne became queen, the Duchess of Marlborough's knowledge of government and intimacy with the Queen had made her a powerful friend and a dangerous enemy.
1741
1. Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general and author (d. 1803) births
  1. Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
    
    Pierre Ambroise François Choderlos de Laclos was a French novelist, official, Freemason and army general, best known for writing the epistolary novel Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782).
1739
1. António José da Silva, Brazilian-Portuguese playwright (b. 1705) deaths
  1. António José da Silva
    
    António José da Silva Coutinho was a Portuguese dramatist born in colonial Brazil, known as "the Jew". The Brazilian spelling of his first name is Antônio; António José da Silva Coutinho in Hebrew is אנטוניו ז'וזה דה סילווה‎.
1706
1. Baldassare Galuppi, Italian harpsichord player and composer (d. 1785) births
  1. Baldassare Galuppi
    
    Baldassare Galuppi was an Italian composer, born on the island of Burano in the Venetian Republic. He belonged to a generation of composers, including Johann Adolph Hasse, Giovanni Battista Sammartini, and C. P. E. Bach, whose works are emblematic of the prevailing galant music that developed in Europe throughout the 18th century. He achieved international success, spending periods of his career in Vienna, London and Saint Petersburg, but his main base remained Venice, where he held a succession of leading appointments.
  2. Harpsichord
    
    A harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. This activates a row of levers that turn a trigger mechanism that plucks one or more strings with a small plectrum made from quill or plastic. The strings are under tension on a soundboard, which is mounted in a wooden case; the soundboard amplifies the vibrations from the strings so that the listeners can hear it. Like a pipe organ, a harpsichord may have more than one keyboard manual, and even a pedal board. Harpsichords may also have stop buttons which add or remove additional octaves. Some harpsichords may have a buff stop, which brings a strip of buff leather or other material in contact with the strings, muting their sound to simulate the sound of a plucked lute.
1701
1. Charles le Beau, French historian and author (d. 1778) births
  1. Charles le Beau
    
    Charles le Beau was a French historical writer.
1678
1. Jacob Jordaens, Belgian painter illustrator (b. 1593) deaths
  1. Jacob Jordaens
    
    Jacob (Jacques) Jordaens was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and tapestry designer known for his history paintings, genre scenes and portraits. After Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck, he was the leading Flemish Baroque painter of his day. Unlike those contemporaries he never travelled abroad to study Italian painting, and his career is marked by an indifference to their intellectual and courtly aspirations. In fact, except for a few short trips to locations elsewhere in the Low Countries, he remained in Antwerp his entire life. As well as being a successful painter, he was a prominent designer of tapestries.
1668
1. John George IV, Elector of Saxony (d. 1694) births
  1. John George IV, Elector of Saxony
    
    John George IV was Elector of Saxony from 1691 to 1694.
1667
1. Fasilides, Ethiopian emperor (b. 1603) deaths
  1. Fasilides
    
    Fasilides, also known as Fasil, Basilide, or Basilides, was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1632 to his death on 18 October 1667, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. His throne name was Alam Sagad.
1663
1. Prince Eugene of Savoy (d. 1736) births
  1. Prince Eugene of Savoy
    
    Prince Eugene Francis of Savoy–Carignano, better known as Prince Eugene, was a field marshal in the army of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty during the 17th and 18th centuries. He was one of the most successful military commanders of his time, and rose to the highest offices of state at the Imperial court in Vienna.
1662
1. Matthew Henry, Welsh minister and scholar (d. 1714) births
  1. Matthew Henry
    
    Matthew Henry was a Nonconformist minister and author, who was born in Wales but spent much of his life in England. He is best known for the six-volume biblical commentary Exposition of the Old and New Testaments.
1653
1. Abraham van Riebeeck, South African-Dutch merchant and politician, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1713) births
  1. Abraham van Riebeeck
    
    Abraham van Riebeeck was a merchant with the Dutch East India Company and the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1709 to 1713.
  2. Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies
    
    The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies represented Dutch rule in the Dutch East Indies between 1610 and Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia in 1949.
1646
1. Isaac Jogues, French priest, missionary, and martyr (b. 1607) deaths
  1. Isaac Jogues
    
    Isaac Jogues, S.J. was a French missionary and martyr who traveled and worked among the Iroquois, Huron, and other Native populations in North America. He was the first European to name Lake George, calling it Lac du Saint Sacrement. In 1646, Jogues was martyred by the Mohawk at their village of Ossernenon, near the Mohawk River.
1634
1. Luca Giordano, Italian painter and illustrator (d. 1705) births
  1. Luca Giordano
    
    Luca Giordano was an Italian late-Baroque painter and printmaker in etching. Fluent and decorative, he worked successfully in Naples and Rome, Florence, and Venice, before spending a decade in Spain.
1630
1. Henry Powle, English politician (d. 1692) births
  1. Henry Powle
    
    Henry Powle was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1660 and 1690, and was Speaker of the House of Commons from January 1689 to February 1690. He was also Master of the Rolls.
1616
1. Nicholas Culpeper, English botanist (d. 1654) births
  1. Nicholas Culpeper
    
    Nicholas Culpeper was an English botanist, herbalist, physician and astrologer. His book The English Physician is a source of pharmaceutical and herbal lore of the time, and Astrological Judgement of Diseases from the Decumbiture of the Sick (1655) one of the most detailed works on medical astrology in Early Modern Europe. Culpeper catalogued hundreds of outdoor medicinal herbs. He scolded contemporaries for some of the methods they used in herbal medicine: "This not being pleasing, and less profitable to me, I consulted with my two brothers, Dr. Reason and Dr. Experience, and took a voyage to visit my mother Nature, by whose advice, together with the help of Dr. Diligence, I at last obtained my desire; and, being warned by Mr. Honesty, a stranger in our days, to publish it to the world, I have done it."
1604
1. Igram van Achelen, Dutch lawyer and politician (b. 1528) deaths
  1. Igram van Achelen
    
    Igram van Achelen was a Dutch statesman.
1595
1. Edward Winslow, American Pilgrim leader (d. 1655) births
  1. Edward Winslow
    
    Edward Winslow was a Separatist who traveled on the Mayflower in 1620. He was one of several senior leaders on the ship and also later at Plymouth Colony. Both Edward Winslow and his brother, Gilbert Winslow signed the Mayflower Compact. In Plymouth he served in a number of governmental positions such as assistant governor, three times was governor and also was the colony's agent in London. In early 1621 he had been one of several key leaders on whom Governor Bradford depended after the death of John Carver. He was the author of several important pamphlets, including Good Newes from New England and co-wrote with William Bradford the historic Mourt's Relation, which ends with an account of the First Thanksgiving and the abundance of the New World. In 1655 he died of fever while on an English naval expedition in the Caribbean against the Spanish.
1587
1. Lady Mary Wroth, English poet (d. 1651) births
  1. Lady Mary Wroth
    
    Lady Mary Wroth was an English noblewoman and a poet of the English Renaissance. A member of a distinguished literary family, Lady Wroth was among the first female English writers to have achieved an enduring reputation. Mary Wroth was niece to Mary Herbert née Sidney, and to Sir Philip Sidney, a famous Elizabethan poet-courtier.
1570
1. Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese-Brazilian priest and missionary (b. 1517) deaths
  1. Manuel da Nóbrega
    
    Manuel da Nóbrega was a Portuguese Jesuit priest and first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in colonial Brazil. Together with José de Anchieta, he was very influential in the early history of Brazil and participated in the founding of several cities, such as Recife, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, as well as many Jesuit colleges and seminaries.
1569
1. Giambattista Marino, Italian poet (d. 1625) births
  1. Giambattista Marino
    
    Giambattista Marino was an Italian poet who was born in Naples. He is most famous for his epic L'Adone.
1564
1. Johannes Acronius Frisius, Dutch physician and mathematician (b. 1520) deaths
  1. Johannes Acronius Frisius
    
    Johannes Acronius Frisius was a Dutch doctor and mathematician of the 16th century.
1561
1. Yamamoto Kansuke, Japanese samurai (b. 1501) deaths
  1. Yamamoto Kansuke (general)
    
    Yamamoto Kansuke was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period. He was known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen". Also known by his formal name, Haruyuki (晴幸). He was a brilliant strategist, and is particularly known for his plan which led to success in the fourth battle of Kawanakajima against Uesugi Kenshin. However, Kansuke never lived to see his plan succeed; thinking it to have failed, he charged headlong into the enemy ranks, dying in battle.
1558
1. Mary of Hungary (b. 1505) deaths
  1. Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)
    
    Mary of Austria, also known as Mary of Hungary, was queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of King Louis II, and was later governor of the Habsburg Netherlands.
1553
1. Luca Marenzio, Italian composer (d. 1599) births
  1. Luca Marenzio
    
    Luca Marenzio was an Italian composer and singer of the late Renaissance.
1547
1. Justus Lipsius, Belgian philologist and scholar (d. 1606) births
  1. Justus Lipsius
    
    Justus Lipsius was a Flemish Catholic philologist, philosopher, and humanist. Lipsius wrote a series of works designed to revive ancient Stoicism in a form that would be compatible with Christianity. The most famous of these is De Constantia. His form of Stoicism influenced a number of contemporary thinkers, creating the intellectual movement of Neostoicism. He taught at the universities in Jena, Leiden, and Leuven.
1545
1. John Taverner, English organist and composer (b. 1490) deaths
  1. John Taverner
    
    John Taverner was an English composer and organist, regarded as one of the most important English composers of his era. He is best-known for Missa Gloria tibi Trinitas and The Western Wynde Mass, and Missa Corona Spinea is also often viewed as a masterwork.
1541
1. Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV of Scotland (born 1489) deaths
  1. Margaret Tudor
    
    Margaret Tudor was Queen of Scotland from 1503 until 1513 by marriage to King James IV. She then served as regent of Scotland during her son's minority, and successfully fought to extend her regency. Margaret was the eldest daughter and second child of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the elder sister of King Henry VIII of England.
  2. James IV of Scotland
    
    James IV was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauchieburn, following a rebellion in which the younger James was the figurehead of the rebels. James IV is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs. He was responsible for a major expansion of the Scottish royal navy, which included the founding of two royal dockyards and the acquisition or construction of 38 ships, including the Michael, the largest warship of its time.
  3. 1489
    
    Year 1489 (MCDLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
1536
1. William Lambarde, English antiquarian and politician (d. 1601) births
  1. William Lambarde
    
    William Lambarde was an English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, and politician. He is particularly remembered as the author of A Perambulation of Kent (1576), the first English county history; Eirenarcha (1581), a widely read manual on the office and role of justice of the peace; and Archeion, a discourse that sought to trace the Anglo-Saxon roots of English common law, prerogative and government.
1526
1. Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Spanish explorer (b. 1475) deaths
  1. Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
    
    Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón was a Spanish magistrate and explorer who in 1526 established the short-lived San Miguel de Gualdape colony, one of the first European attempts at a settlement in what is now the United States. Ayllón's account of the region inspired a number of later attempts by the Spanish and French governments to colonize the southeastern United States.
1523
1. Anna Jagiellon, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d. 1596) births
  1. Anna Jagiellon
    
    Anna Jagiellon was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania from 1575 to 1587.
1517
1. Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese-Brazilian priest and missionary (d. 1570) births
  1. Manuel da Nóbrega
    
    Manuel da Nóbrega was a Portuguese Jesuit priest and first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in colonial Brazil. Together with José de Anchieta, he was very influential in the early history of Brazil and participated in the founding of several cities, such as Recife, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, as well as many Jesuit colleges and seminaries.
1511
1. Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447) deaths
  1. Philippe de Commines
    
    Philippe de Commines was a writer and diplomat in the courts of Burgundy and France. He has been called "the first truly modern writer" and "the first critical and philosophical historian since classical times". Neither a chronicler nor a historian in the usual sense of the word, his analyses of the contemporary political scene are what made him virtually unique in his own time.
1508
1. Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell, Lord High Admiral of Scotland deaths
  1. Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell
    
    Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell was Lord High Admiral of Scotland. He rose to political prominence after supporting James IV against his father, and was proxy at the King's marriage.
1503
1. Pope Pius III (b. 1439) deaths
  1. Pope Pius III
    
    Pope Pius III, born Francesco Todeschini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 September 1503 to his death. At just twenty-six days, he had one of the shortest pontificates in papal history.
1482
1. Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1538) births
  1. Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg
    
    Philipp III of Hanau-Lichtenberg was the third Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg.
1480
1. Uhwudong, Korean dancer and poet (b. 1440) deaths
  1. Uhwudong
    
    Eowudong or Uhwudong, also known as Eoeuludong, née Park, was a Korean dancer, writer, artist, and poet from a noble family in the Joseon Dynasty of the 15th century. Most of her work has not been preserved.
1444
1. John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (d. 1476) births
  1. John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk
    
    John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk, KG, known as 1st Earl of Surrey between 1451 and 1461, was the only son of John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and Eleanor Bourchier. His maternal grandparents were William Bourchier, Count of Eu and Anne of Gloucester.
1442
1. Infante João of Portugal (b. 1400) deaths
  1. John, Constable of Portugal
    
    Infante John, Constable of Portugal was a Portuguese infante (prince) of the House of Aviz, Constable of Portugal and master of the Portuguese Order of St. James (Santiago). In Portugal, he is commonly referred to as the O Infante Condestável.
1417
1. Pope Gregory XII (b. 1326) deaths
  1. Pope Gregory XII
    
    Pope Gregory XII, born Angelo Corraro, Corario, or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was opposed by the Avignon claimant Benedict XIII and the Pisan claimants Alexander V and John XXIII. Gregory XII wanted to unify the Church and voluntarily resigned in 1415 to end the Schism.
1405
1. Pope Pius II (d. 1464) births
  1. Pope Pius II
    
    Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death in August 1464. He was born at Corsignano in the Sienese territory of a noble but impoverished family.
1382
1. James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond, Irish politician, Lord Justice of Ireland (b. 1331) deaths
  1. James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond
    
    James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond was a noble in the Peerage of Ireland. He was Lord Justice of Ireland in 1359, 1364, and 1376, and a dominant political leader in Ireland in the 1360s and 1370s.
  2. Lords Justices of Ireland
    
    The Lords Justices were deputies who acted collectively in the absence of the chief governor of Ireland as head of the executive branch of the Dublin Castle administration. Lords Justices were sworn in at a meeting of the Privy Council of Ireland.
1366
1. Petrus Torkilsson, Archbishop of Uppsala deaths
  1. Petrus Torkilsson
    
    Petrus Torkilsson was Bishop of Linköping, 1342–1351 and Archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden, 1351–1366.
1214
1. John de Gray, bishop of Norwich deaths
  1. John de Gray
    
    John de Gray or de Grey was an English prelate who served as Bishop of Norwich, and was elected but unconfirmed Archbishop of Canterbury. He was employed in the service of Prince John even before John became king, for which he was rewarded with a number of ecclesiastical offices, culminating in his pro forma election to Norwich in 1200. De Gray continued in royal service after his elevation to the episcopate, lending the King money and undertaking diplomatic missions on his behalf. In 1205 King John attempted to further reward de Gray with a translation to the archbishopric of Canterbury, but a disputed election process led to de Gray's selection being quashed by Pope Innocent III in 1206.
1141
1. Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1108) deaths
  1. Leopold, Duke of Bavaria
    
    Leopold, known as Leopold the Generous, was margrave of Austria from 1136, and duke of Bavaria from 1139 until his death in 1141.
1130
1. Zhu Xi, Chinese philosopher (d. 1200) births
  1. Zhu Xi
    
    Zhu Xi, formerly romanized Chu Hsi, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. Zhu was influential in the development of Neo-Confucianism. He contributed greatly to Chinese philosophy and fundamentally reshaped the Chinese worldview. His works include his editing of and commentaries to the Four Books, his writings on the process of the "investigation of things", and his development of meditation as a method for self-cultivation.
1127
1. Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1192) births
  1. Emperor Go-Shirakawa
    
    Emperor Go-Shirakawa was the 77th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His de jure reign spanned the years from 1155 through 1158, though arguably he effectively maintained imperial power for almost thirty-seven years through the insei system – scholars differ as to whether his rule can be truly considered part of the insei system, given that the Hōgen Rebellion undermined the imperial position. However, it is broadly acknowledged that by politically outmaneuvering his opponents, he attained greater influence and power than the diminished authority of the emperor's position during this period would otherwise allow.
1101
1. Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (b. 1053) deaths
  1. Hugh, Count of Vermandois
    
    Hugh, Count of Vermandois, called the Great was the first count of Vermandois from the House of Capet. He is known primarily for being one of the leaders of First Crusade. His nickname Magnus is probably a bad translation into medieval Latin of an Old French nickname, le Maisné, meaning "the younger", referring to Hugh as younger brother of King Philip I of France.
1081
1. Nikephoros Palaiologos, Byzantine general deaths
  1. Nikephoros Palaiologos
    
    Nikephoros Palaiologos was a Byzantine general of the 11th century.
1035
1. Sancho III of Pamplona (b. 992) deaths
  1. Sancho III of Pamplona
    
    Sancho Garcés III, also known as Sancho the Great, was the King of Pamplona from 1004 until his death in 1035. He also ruled the County of Aragon and by marriage the counties of Castile, Álava and Monzón. He later added the counties of Sobrarbe (1015), Ribagorza (1018) and Cea (1030), and would intervene in the Kingdom of León, taking its eponymous capital city in 1034.
815
1. Abu'l-Saraya, Zaydi rebel leader deaths
  1. Abu'l-Saraya
    
    Abu'l-Sarāyā al-Sarī ibn Manṣūr al-Shaybānī was leader of a Zaydi revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate in Kufa and Iraq in 815. The revolt spread quickly across southern Iraq, and his agents even took over Mecca and Medina. At one point, the rebels threatened even Baghdad, but the Abbasid general Harthama ibn A'yan drove them back to Kufa in a series of victories. Forced to abandon Kufa in late August, Abu'l-Saraya and his followers tried to flee, but were pursued, defeated, and captured. Abu'l-Saraya himself was executed at Baghdad on 18 October. The uprising continued in the Hejaz for a few months under Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq as anti-caliph at Mecca, until this too was suppressed by the Abbasid troops.
707
1. Pope John VII (b. 650) deaths
  1. AD 707
    
    Year 707 (DCCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 707 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Pope John VII
    
    Pope John VII was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 705 to his death. He was an ethnic Greek, one of the Byzantine popes, but had better relations with the Lombards, who ruled much of Italy, than with Emperor Justinian II, who ruled the rest.
325
1. Emperor Ming of Jin (b. 299) deaths
  1. Emperor Ming of Jin
    
    Emperor Ming of Jin (simplified Chinese: 晋明帝; traditional Chinese: 晉明帝; pinyin: Jìn Míng Dì; Wade–Giles: Chin Ming-ti; 299 – 18 October 325, personal name Sima Shao, courtesy name Daoji, was an emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty of China. During his brief reign, he led the weakened Jin out of domination by the warlord Wang Dun, but at his early death, the empire was left to his young son Emperor Cheng, and the fragile balance of power that he created was soon broken, leading to the Su Jun Disturbance and weakening the Jin state even further.
31
1. Lucius Aelius Sejanus, Roman politician (b. 20 BC) deaths
  1. AD 31
    
    AD 31 (XXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tiberius and Sejanus. The denomination AD 31 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Sejanus
    
    Lucius Aelius Sejanus, commonly known as Sejanus, was a Roman soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Of the Equites class by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Praetorian Guard, of which he was commander from AD 14 until his execution for treason in AD 31.

Holidays

Alaska Day (Alaska, United States)
1. Alaska Day
  
  Alaska Day is a legal holiday in the U.S. state of Alaska, observed on October 18. It is the anniversary of the formal transfer of territories in present-day Alaska from the Russian Empire to the United States, which occurred on Friday, October 18, 1867.
2. Alaska
  
  Alaska is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and the Yukon territory to the east; it also shares a maritime border with the Russian Federation's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west, just across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest.
3. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
Christian feast day: Justus of Beauvais
1. Justus of Beauvais
  
  Justus of Beauvais is a semi-legendary saint of the Roman Catholic Church. He may have been a Gallo-Roman martyr, but his legend was confused with that of other saints, such as Justin of Paris.
Christian feast day: Luke the Evangelist
1. Luke the Evangelist
  
  Luke the Evangelist is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels. The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although a lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious.
Christian feast day: Peter of Alcantara, can also be celebrated on October 19.
1. Peter of Alcántara
  
  Peter of Alcántara was a Spanish Franciscan friar who was canonized in 1669.
Christian feast day: October 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. October 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  October 17 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 19
Independence Day (Azerbaijan), celebrates the independence of Azerbaijan from the Soviet Union in 1991.
1. Day of Restoration of Independence (Azerbaijan)
  
  The Day of Restoration of Independence is a state holiday in Azerbaijan. It is celebrated annually on October 18. On this day in 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan adopted a Constitutional Act on the Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan. The declaration was confirmed by a referendum in December 1991.
2. Azerbaijan
  
  Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
3. Soviet Union
  
  The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
Necktie Day (Croatia)
1. Necktie
  
  A necktie, or simply a tie, is a piece of cloth worn for decorative purposes around the neck, resting under the shirt collar and knotted at the throat, and often draped down the chest.
2. Croatia
  
  Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe. It shares a coastline along the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and southwest. Croatia's capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. The country spans an area of 56,594 square kilometres, hosting a population of nearly 3.9 million.
Persons Day (Canada)
1. Persons Day
  
  Persons Day is an annual celebration in Canada, held on October 18. The day commemorates the case of Edwards v. Canada , more commonly known as The Persons Case – a famous Canadian constitutional case decided on October 18, 1929, by the Judicial Committee of the Imperial Privy Council, which at that time was the court of last resort for Canada. The Persons Case held that women were eligible to sit in the Senate of Canada.
2. Canada
  
  Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest binational land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
World Menopause Day
1. International Menopause Society
  
  The International Menopause Society (IMS) is a UK based charity. The Association was created in 1978 in Jerusalem during the second Menopause Congress and currently has members in 62 countries. In addition to organizing congresses, symposia, and workshops, the IMS owns its own journal: Climacteric, the Journal of Adult Women's Health and Medicine, published by Taylor & Francis.

Important events in history on October 18 th

Events

Santiago

2019–2022 Chilean protests

Carabineros de Chile

Sebastián Piñera

NASA Astronaut Corps

Jessica Meir

Christina Koch

Extravehicular activity

International Space Station

2019–2022 Chilean protests

Santiago Metro

Sebastián Piñera

2007 Karsaz bombing

Prime Minister of Pakistan

Benazir Bhutto

Bolivian gas conflict

Bolivia

Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada

Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601

Mount Papandayan

Garut

West Java

Indonesia

Azerbaijan

Soviet Union

Federal Communications Commission

German Autumn

Hanns Martin Schleyer

Aircraft hijacking

Lufthansa

Red Army Faction

1968 Summer Olympics

Bob Beamon

Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump

Venera 4

In situ

Venus

Soviet Union

Venera 4

Venus

Félicette

Véronique (rocket)

Félicette

Transistor radio

Regency TR-1

Indianapolis

Texas Instruments

Transistor radio

Soviet Union

Nuclear weapon

Klaus Fuchs

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Venezuela

Marcos Pérez Jiménez

Carlos Delgado Chalbaud

1945 Venezuelan coup d'état

Isaías Medina Angarita

Argentina

Juan Perón

Eva Perón

World War II

Soviet Union

Czechoslovakia

Nazi Germany

Erwin Rommel

Edwards v Canada (AG)

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Senate of Canada

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

Supreme Court of Canada

Edwards v Canada (AG)

Law of Canada

British Broadcasting Company

Consortium

Transmitter

Broadcasting

Crimea in the Soviet Union

Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement

Important events in history
on October 18 ^th