On This Day /

Important events in history
on November 5 th

Events

  1. 2021

    1. The Astroworld Festival crowd crush results in 10 deaths and 25 people being hospitalized

      1. 2021 crowd disaster in Houston, Texas, US

        Astroworld Festival crowd crush

        On November 5, 2021, a fatal crowd crush occurred during the first night of the 2021 Astroworld Festival, a music event founded by American musician Travis Scott that was held at NRG Park in Houston, Texas. Eight people died on the night of the concert, and two more died in the hospital over the following days. The cause of death for all ten was ruled to be accidental compressive asphyxiation, with one of the ten affected by the additional influence of a toxic combination of drugs and alcohol. Twenty-five people were hospitalized, and more than 300 people were treated for injuries at the festival's field hospital. Multiple concertgoers documented the incident, posting videos and recounting their experiences on social media.

  2. 2017

    1. Devin Patrick Kelley kills 26 and injures 22 in a church in Sutherland Springs, Texas.

      1. Mass shooting in Sutherland Springs, Texas

        Sutherland Springs church shooting

        The Sutherland Springs church shooting occurred on November 5, 2017, when Devin Patrick Kelley, of New Braunfels, Texas, perpetrated a mass shooting at the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas. Kelley killed 26 people, including an unborn child, wounded 22 others, and killed himself. The attack is the deadliest mass shooting in Texas history, and the fifth-deadliest in the United States. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991.

      2. Unincorporated community in Texas, United States

        Sutherland Springs, Texas

        Sutherland Springs is an unincorporated community located on the old Spanish land grant of Manuel Tarin in northern Wilson County, Texas, United States. It is located on U.S. Highway 87 at the intersection of Farm Road 539.

  3. 2015

    1. An iron ore tailings dam bursts in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, flooding a valley, causing mudslides in the nearby village of Bento Rodrigues and causing at least 17 deaths and two missing.

      1. Ore rich in iron or the element Fe

        Iron ore

        Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4, 72.4% Fe), hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe), limonite (FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe) or siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe).

      2. Type of dam

        Tailings dam

        A tailings dam is typically an earth-fill embankment dam used to store byproducts of mining operations after separating the ore from the gangue. Tailings can be liquid, solid, or a slurry of fine particles, and are usually highly toxic and potentially radioactive. Solid tailings are often used as part of the structure itself.

      3. 2015 environmental disaster near Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil

        Mariana dam disaster

        The Mariana dam disaster, also known as the Bento Rodrigues or Samarco dam disaster, occurred on 5 November 2015, when the Fundão tailings dam at the Germano iron ore mine of the Samarco Mariana Mining Complex near Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil, suffered a catastrophic failure, resulting in flooding that devastated the downstream villages of Bento Rodrigues and Paracatu de Baixo, killing 19 people. The extent of the damage caused by the tailings dam collapse is the largest ever recorded with pollutants spread along 668 kilometres (415 mi) of watercourses.

      4. State in Southeastern Brazil

        Minas Gerais

        Minas Gerais is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte, is a major urban and finance center in Latin America, and the sixth largest municipality in Brazil, after the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brasília and Fortaleza, but its metropolitan area is the third largest in Brazil with just over 5.8 million inhabitants, after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Nine Brazilian presidents were born in Minas Gerais, the most of any state. The state has 10.1% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 8.7% of the Brazilian GDP.

    2. Rona Ambrose takes over after Stephen Harper as the Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.

      1. Canadian politician

        Rona Ambrose

        Ronalee Ambrose Veitch is a Canadian former politician who was interim leader of the Conservative Party and the leader of the Opposition between 2015 and 2017. She was the Conservative Party member of the House of Commons for Sturgeon River—Parkland between 2015 and 2017, and had previously represented Edmonton—Spruce Grove from 2004 to 2015.

      2. Prime minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015

        Stephen Harper

        Stephen Joseph Harper is a Canadian politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015. Harper is the first and only prime minister to come from the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada, serving as the party's first leader from 2004 to 2015.

      3. List of Canadian conservative leaders

        This is a list of federal leaders after Confederation who were members of federal conservative parties.

  4. 2013

    1. The Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Mars Orbiter Mission (depicted), the nation's first interplanetary probe.

      1. India's national space agency

        Indian Space Research Organisation

        The Indian Space Research Organisation is the national space agency of India, headquartered in Bengaluru. It operates under the Department of Space (DOS) which is directly overseen by the Prime Minister of India, while the Chairman of ISRO acts as the executive of DOS as well. ISRO is India's primary agency for performing tasks related to space-based applications, space exploration and the development of related technologies. It is one of six government space agencies in the world which possess full launch capabilities, deploy cryogenic engines, launch extraterrestrial missions and operate large fleets of artificial satellites.

      2. Indian Mars orbiter, launched in 2013

        Mars Orbiter Mission

        The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan, was a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was India's first interplanetary mission and it made ISRO the fourth space agency to achieve Mars orbit, after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.

      3. Unmanned spacecraft that doesn't orbit the Earth, but, instead, explores further into outer space

        Space probe

        A space probe is an artificial satellite that travels through space to collect scientific data. A space probe may orbit Earth; approach the Moon; travel through interplanetary space; flyby, orbit, or land or fly on other planetary bodies; or enter interstellar space.

    2. India launches the Mars Orbiter Mission, its first interplanetary probe.

      1. Indian Mars orbiter, launched in 2013

        Mars Orbiter Mission

        The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan, was a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was India's first interplanetary mission and it made ISRO the fourth space agency to achieve Mars orbit, after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.

      2. List of Solar System probes

        This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit, organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets, but excludes lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions. Flybys that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included. Flybys of Earth are listed separately at List of Earth flybys. Confirmed future probes are included, but missions that are still at the concept stage, or which never progressed beyond the concept stage, are not.

  5. 2009

    1. U.S. Army major Nidal Hasan went on a shooting rampage at Fort Hood, Texas, the worst shooting ever to take place on an American military base, killing 13.

      1. Land service branch of the United States Armed Forces

        United States Army

        The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.

      2. American mass murderer and former U.S. Army officer

        Nidal Hasan

        Nidal Malik Hasan is an American former Army major convicted of killing 13 people and injuring more than 30 others in the Fort Hood mass shooting on November 5, 2009. Hasan was an Army Medical Corps psychiatrist. He admitted to the shootings at his court-martial in August 2013. A jury panel of 13 officers convicted him of 13 counts of premeditated murder, 32 counts of attempted murder, and unanimously recommended he be dismissed from the service and sentenced to death. Hasan is incarcerated at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas awaiting execution.

      3. Mass shooting near Killeen, Texas

        2009 Fort Hood shooting

        On November 5, 2009, a mass shooting took place at Fort Hood, near Killeen, Texas. Nidal Hasan, a U.S. Army major and psychiatrist, fatally shot 13 people and injured more than 30 others. It was the deadliest mass shooting on an American military base.

      4. United States military post located in Killeen, Texas

        Fort Hood

        Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about 60 mi (97 km) from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarters of III Armored Corps and First Army Division West and is home to the 1st Cavalry Division and 3rd Cavalry Regiment, among others. It is one of the U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers to be renamed by the Commission on the Naming of Items of the Department of Defense that Commemorate the Confederate States of America or Any Person Who Served Voluntarily with the Confederate States of America. On 24 May 2022 the commission recommended the fort be renamed to Fort Cavazos, named after Gen. Richard E. Cavazos, a native Texan and the US Army’s first Hispanic four-star general. The recommendation report was finalized and submitted to Congress on 1 October 2022, giving the US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin the authority to rename the post to Fort Cavazos.

    2. U.S. Army Major Nidal Hasan murders 13 and wounds 32 at Fort Hood, Texas in the deadliest mass shooting at a U.S. military installation.

      1. American mass murderer and former U.S. Army officer

        Nidal Hasan

        Nidal Malik Hasan is an American former Army major convicted of killing 13 people and injuring more than 30 others in the Fort Hood mass shooting on November 5, 2009. Hasan was an Army Medical Corps psychiatrist. He admitted to the shootings at his court-martial in August 2013. A jury panel of 13 officers convicted him of 13 counts of premeditated murder, 32 counts of attempted murder, and unanimously recommended he be dismissed from the service and sentenced to death. Hasan is incarcerated at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas awaiting execution.

      2. United States military post located in Killeen, Texas

        Fort Hood

        Fort Hood is a United States Army post located near Killeen, Texas. Named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about 60 mi (97 km) from each, within the U.S. state of Texas. The post is the headquarters of III Armored Corps and First Army Division West and is home to the 1st Cavalry Division and 3rd Cavalry Regiment, among others. It is one of the U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers to be renamed by the Commission on the Naming of Items of the Department of Defense that Commemorate the Confederate States of America or Any Person Who Served Voluntarily with the Confederate States of America. On 24 May 2022 the commission recommended the fort be renamed to Fort Cavazos, named after Gen. Richard E. Cavazos, a native Texan and the US Army’s first Hispanic four-star general. The recommendation report was finalized and submitted to Congress on 1 October 2022, giving the US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin the authority to rename the post to Fort Cavazos.

      3. U.S. state

        Texas

        Texas is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population. Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast.

      4. Mass shooting near Killeen, Texas

        2009 Fort Hood shooting

        On November 5, 2009, a mass shooting took place at Fort Hood, near Killeen, Texas. Nidal Hasan, a U.S. Army major and psychiatrist, fatally shot 13 people and injured more than 30 others. It was the deadliest mass shooting on an American military base.

  6. 2007

    1. Led by Google, 34 companies established the Open Handset Alliance to develop open standards for mobile devices, leading to the development of the Android operating system.

      1. American technology company

        Google

        Google LLC is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and consumer electronics. It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" and one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the area of artificial intelligence. Its parent company Alphabet is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.

      2. Consortium of firms that develops open standards for mobile devices

        Open Handset Alliance

        The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of 84 firms to develop open standards for mobile devices. Member firms include HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Google, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, T-Mobile, Sprint Corporation, Nvidia, and Wind River Systems.

      3. Standard that can be easily accessed and used by all market participants

        Open standard

        An open standard is a standard that is openly accessible and usable by anyone. It is also a prerequisite to use open license, non-discrimination and extensibility. Typically, anybody can participate in the development. There is no single definition, and interpretations vary with usage.

      4. Mobile operating system

        Android (operating system)

        Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by Google. It was unveiled in November 2007, with the first commercial Android device, the HTC Dream, being launched in September 2008.

    2. China's first lunar satellite, Chang'e 1, goes into orbit around the Moon.

      1. Chinese lunar probe launched in 2007

        Chang'e 1

        Chang'e 1 was an unmanned Chinese lunar-orbiting spacecraft, part of the first phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. The spacecraft was named after the Chinese Moon goddess, Chang'e.

    3. The Android mobile operating system is unveiled by Google.

      1. Mobile operating system

        Android (operating system)

        Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by Google. It was unveiled in November 2007, with the first commercial Android device, the HTC Dream, being launched in September 2008.

      2. American technology company

        Google

        Google LLC is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and consumer electronics. It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world" and one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the area of artificial intelligence. Its parent company Alphabet is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.

  7. 2006

    1. Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, and his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, are sentenced to death in the al-Dujail trial for their roles in the 1982 massacre of 148 Shia Muslims.

      1. 5th president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003

        Saddam Hussein

        Saddam Hussein was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization, the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to power in Iraq.

      2. Country in Western Asia

        Iraq

        Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The vast majority of the country's 44 million residents are Muslims – the notable other faiths are Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognised in specific regions are Neo-Aramaic, Turkish and Armenian.

      3. Iraqi Mukhabarat leader (1951–2007)

        Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti

        Barzan Ibrahim Hassan al-Tikriti, also known as Barazan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Barasan Ibrahem Alhassen and Barzan Hassan, was one of three half-brothers of Saddam Hussein, and a leader of the Mukhabarat, the Iraqi intelligence service. Despite falling out of favour with Saddam at one time, he was believed to have been a close presidential adviser at the time of his capture by U.S. forces. On 15 January 2007, Barzan was hanged for crimes against humanity. He was decapitated by the hangman's rope after errors were made calculating his body weight and length of drop from the platform.

      4. Iraqi chief judge during the presidency of Saddam Hussein

        Awad Hamed al-Bandar

        Awad Hamad al-Bandar (Arabic: عواد حمد البندر السعدون, romanized: ʿAwād Ḥamad al-Bandar al-Saʿdūn; was an Iraqi chief judge under Saddam Hussein's presidency. He was a member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and was the head of the Revolutionary Court which issued death sentences against 143 Dujail residents, in the aftermath of the failed assassination attempt on the president on 8 July 1982.

      5. Overview of the trial of the former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein during the Iraq War

        Trial of Saddam Hussein

        The trial of Saddam Hussein was the trial of the deposed President of Iraq Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi Interim Government for crimes against humanity during his time in office.

      6. 1982 mass killing in Dujail, Iraq

        Dujail Massacre

        The Dujail massacre was a mass killing of Shia rebels by the Ba'athist Iraqi government on 8 July 1982 in Dujail, Iraq. The massacre was committed in retaliation to an earlier assassination attempt by the Shia Iranian supported Islamic Dawa Party against the then President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein. The town of Dujail had a large Shia population, with 75,000 residents at the time of the incident, and was a well-known stronghold of the Dawa Party. It is located approximately 53 km (33 mi) from the capital of Baghdad, in the Sunni-majority Saladin Governorate of Iraq.

  8. 1996

    1. Pakistani President Farooq Leghari dismisses the government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and dissolves the National Assembly.

      1. Head of state of Pakistan

        President of Pakistan

        The president of Pakistan, officially the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces.

      2. 8th president of Pakistan from 1993 to 1997

        Farooq Leghari

        Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari, was a Pakistani politician who served as the eighth president of Pakistan from 14 November 1993 until resigning on 2 December 1997. He is the first Baloch to have been elected as president.

      3. Leader of the executive branch of the Government of Pakistan

        Prime Minister of Pakistan

        The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of the House. Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".

      4. 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan (1988–90, 1993–96)

        Benazir Bhutto

        Benazir Bhutto was a Pakistani politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. She was the first Muslim woman elected to head a democratic government. She was the daughter of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Ideologically a liberal and a secularist, she chaired or co-chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until her assassination in 2007 at a rally.

      5. Lower legislative house of the Parliament of Pakistan

        National Assembly (Pakistan)

        The National Assembly is the lower legislative house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan, which also comprises the Senate of Pakistan. The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities from all over the country. A political party or a coalition must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority.

    2. Bill Clinton is reelected President of the United States.

      1. President of the United States from 1993 to 2001

        Bill Clinton

        William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary Clinton, who was a senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election.

      2. 53rd quadrennial U.S. presidential election

        1996 United States presidential election

        The 1996 United States presidential election was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1996. Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeated former Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole, the Republican nominee, and Ross Perot, the Reform Party nominee.

  9. 1995

    1. André Dallaire was thwarted in his attempt to assassinate Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien at 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa when Chrétien's wife locked the door.

      1. Canadian schizophrenic; attempted murderer of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (1995)

        André Dallaire

        André Dallaire is a Canadian man who attempted to assassinate Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien in 1995. Dallaire claimed that he heard voices that led him to break into the 24 Sussex Drive residence. At trial, Justice Paul Bélanger agreed with Dallaire's earlier diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and found Dallaire guilty of attempted murder, but not criminally responsible.

      2. Prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003

        Jean Chrétien

        Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien is a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 20th prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003.

      3. Official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada

        24 Sussex Drive

        24 Sussex Drive, originally called Gorffwysfa and usually referred to simply as 24 Sussex, is the official residence of the prime minister of Canada, located in the New Edinburgh neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario. Built between 1866 and 1868 by Joseph Merrill Currier, it has been the official home of the prime minister of Canada since 1951. It is one of two official residences made available to the prime minister, the Harrington Lake estate in nearby Gatineau Park being the other.

    2. André Dallaire attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Jean Chrétien of Canada. He is thwarted when the Prime Minister's wife locks the door.

      1. Canadian schizophrenic; attempted murderer of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (1995)

        André Dallaire

        André Dallaire is a Canadian man who attempted to assassinate Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien in 1995. Dallaire claimed that he heard voices that led him to break into the 24 Sussex Drive residence. At trial, Justice Paul Bélanger agreed with Dallaire's earlier diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and found Dallaire guilty of attempted murder, but not criminally responsible.

      2. Prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003

        Jean Chrétien

        Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien is a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 20th prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003.

  10. 1991

    1. Tropical Storm Thelma causes flash floods in the Philippine city of Ormoc, killing more than 4,900 people.

      1. Pacific tropical storm in 1991

        Tropical Storm Thelma

        Tropical Storm Thelma, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Uring, was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in Philippine history, killing at least 5,081 people. Forming out of a tropical disturbance on November 1, 1991, several hundred kilometers north-northeast of Palau, the depression that would become Thelma tracked generally westward. After turning southwestward in response to a cold front, the system intensified into a tropical storm on November 4 as it approached the Philippines. Hours before moving over the Visayas, Thelma attained its peak intensity with estimated ten-minute sustained winds of 75 km/h (45 mph) and a barometric pressure of 992 mbar. Despite moving over land, the system weakened only slightly, emerging over the South China Sea on November 6 while retaining gale-force winds. Thelma ultimately succumbed to wind shear and degraded to a tropical depression. On November 8, the depression made landfall in Southern Vietnam before dissipating hours later.

      2. Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia

        Philippines

        The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City; both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila.

      3. Independent component city in Eastern Visayas

        Ormoc

        Ormoc, officially known as the City of Ormoc, is a 1st class independent component city in the Eastern Visayas region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 230,998 inhabitants,  making it the second most-populous city in the province of Leyte after the provincial capital of Tacloban. Ormoc is the economic, cultural, commercial and transportation hub of western Leyte.

  11. 1990

    1. Ultra-Zionist rabbi Meir Kahane (pictured) was assassinated in a New York City hotel by an Arab gunman.

      1. Movement supporting a Jewish homeland

        Zionism

        Zionism is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is known in Jewish tradition as the Land of Israel, which corresponds in other terms to the region of Palestine, Canaan, or the Holy Land, on the basis of a long Jewish connection and attachment to that land.

      2. American-Israeli politician (1932–1990)

        Meir Kahane

        Meir David HaKohen Kahane was an American-born Israeli ordained Orthodox rabbi, writer, and ultra-nationalist politician who served one term in Israel's Knesset before later being convicted of acts of terrorism. A cofounder of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) and founder of the Israeli political party Kach, he espoused strong views against antisemitism.

    2. Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the far-right Kach movement, is shot dead after a speech at a New York City hotel.

      1. American-Israeli politician (1932–1990)

        Meir Kahane

        Meir David HaKohen Kahane was an American-born Israeli ordained Orthodox rabbi, writer, and ultra-nationalist politician who served one term in Israel's Knesset before later being convicted of acts of terrorism. A cofounder of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) and founder of the Israeli political party Kach, he espoused strong views against antisemitism.

      2. Former ultranationalist political party in Israel (1971-94)

        Kach (political party)

        Kach was a radical Orthodox Jewish, ultranationalist political party in Israel, existing from 1971 to 1994. Founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in 1971, based on his Jewish-Orthodox-nationalist ideology, the party earned a single seat in the Knesset in the 1984 election, after several electoral failures. However, it was barred from participating in the next election in 1988 under the revised Knesset Elections Law banning parties that incited racism. After Kahane's assassination in 1990, the party split, with Kahane Chai breaking away from the main Kach faction.

      3. 1990 murder in New York City, US

        Assassination of Meir Kahane

        Meir Kahane, an Israeli American rabbi, ultra-nationalist politician and militant, was assassinated by El Sayyid Nosair on 5 November 1990, shortly after 9:00 p.m. at the New York Marriott East Side, a hotel in Manhattan, New York City.

  12. 1986

    1. USS Rentz, USS Reeves and USS Oldendorf visit Qingdao, China; the first US naval visit to China since 1949.

      1. Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided missile frigate of the US Navy (in service 1984-2014)

        USS Rentz (FFG-46)

        USS Rentz (FFG-46) was a United States Navy Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided missile frigate. She was named for George S. Rentz, a World War II Navy Chaplain, posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for actions following the loss of USS Houston in the Battle of Sunda Strait. He was the only Navy chaplain to be so honored during World War II.

      2. Leahy-class cruiser of the US Navy (in service 1964-93)

        USS Reeves (DLG-24)

        USS Reeves (DLG/CG-24), a United States Navy ship named after Admiral Joseph Mason Reeves, was a Leahy-class cruiser built by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, in Bremerton, Washington.

      3. Spruance-class destroyer of the US Navy (in service 1978–2003)

        USS Oldendorf

        USS Oldendorf (DD-972), named for Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf USN, was a Spruance-class destroyer built by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industries at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

      4. Prefecture-level and Sub-provincial city in Shandong, China

        Qingdao

        Qingdao is a major city in eastern Shandong Province. The city's name in Chinese characters literally means "azure island". Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, it is a major nodal city of the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) Initiative that connects Asia with Europe. It has the highest GDP of any city in the province. Administered at the sub-provincial level, Qingdao has jurisdiction over seven districts and three county-level cities. As of the 2020 census, Qingdao built-up area made of the 7 urban Districts was home to 7,172,451 inhabitants. Lying across the Shandong Peninsula and looking out to the Yellow Sea, it borders the prefecture-level cities of Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest.

  13. 1983

    1. The Byford Dolphin diving bell accident kills five and leaves one severely injured.

      1. Semi-submersible offshore drilling rig

        Byford Dolphin

        Byford Dolphin was a semi-submersible, column-stabilised drilling rig operated by Dolphin Drilling, a Fred Olsen Energy subsidiary. It drilled seasonally for various companies in the United Kingdom, Danish and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea. It was registered in Hamilton, Bermuda.

      2. Chamber for transporting divers vertically through the water

        Diving bell

        A diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers from the surface to depth and back in open water, usually for the purpose of performing underwater work. The most common types are the open-bottomed wet bell and the closed bell, which can maintain an internal pressure greater than the external ambient. Diving bells are usually suspended by a cable, and lifted and lowered by a winch from a surface support platform. Unlike a submersible, the diving bell is not designed to move under the control of its occupants, nor to operate independently of its launch and recovery system.

  14. 1970

    1. The Military Assistance Command, Vietnam reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in five years (24).

      1. Joint-service command of the US Dept. of Defense in South Vietnam (1962-73)

        Military Assistance Command, Vietnam

        U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) was a joint-service command of the United States Department of Defense.

  15. 1968

    1. Richard Nixon is elected as 37th President of the United States.

      1. President of the United States from 1969 to 1974

        Richard Nixon

        Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.

      2. 46th quadrennial U.S. presidential election

        1968 United States presidential election

        The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Republican nominee, former vice president Richard Nixon, defeated the Democratic nominee, incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey, and the American Independent Party nominee, former Alabama governor George Wallace.

  16. 1956

    1. Suez Crisis: British and French paratroopers land in Egypt after a week-long bombing campaign.

      1. 1956 invasion of Egypt by Israel, the United Kingdom and France

        Suez Crisis

        The Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli war, also called the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just swiftly nationalised the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal. Israel's primary objective was to re-open the blocked Straits of Tiran. After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated the United Kingdom and France and strengthened Nasser.

  17. 1955

    1. After being destroyed in World War II, the rebuilt Vienna State Opera reopens with a performance of Beethoven's Fidelio.

      1. Opera house in Vienna, Austria

        Vienna State Opera

        The Vienna State Opera is an opera house and opera company based in Vienna, Austria. The 1,709-seat Renaissance Revival venue was the first major building on the Vienna Ring Road. It was built from 1861 to 1869 following plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll, and designs by Josef Hlávka. The opera house was inaugurated as the "Vienna Court Opera" in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth of Austria. It became known by its current name after the establishment of the First Austrian Republic in 1921. The Vienna State Opera is the successor of the Vienna Court Opera, the original construction site chosen and paid for by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1861.

      2. German composer (1770–1827)

        Ludwig van Beethoven

        Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era in classical music. His career has conventionally been divided into early, middle, and late periods. His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and is sometimes characterized as heroic. During this time, he began to grow increasingly deaf. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression.

      3. Only opera by Ludwig van Beethoven

        Fidelio

        Fidelio, originally titled Leonore, oder Der Triumph der ehelichen Liebe, Op. 72, is Ludwig van Beethoven's only opera. The German libretto was originally prepared by Joseph Sonnleithner from the French of Jean-Nicolas Bouilly, with the work premiering at Vienna's Theater an der Wien on 20 November 1805. The following year, Stephan von Breuning helped shorten the work from three acts to two. After further work on the libretto by Georg Friedrich Treitschke, a final version was performed at the Kärntnertortheater on 23 May 1814. By convention, both of the first two versions are referred to as Leonore.

  18. 1950

    1. Korean War: The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade succeeded in preventing a Chinese breakthrough at the Battle of Pakchon.

      1. 1950–1953 war between North and South Korea

        Korean War

        The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.

      2. British Army unit which fought in WWI, WWII, and the Korean War

        27th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

        The 27th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw service in the First World War, the Second World War, and the Korean War. In Korea, the brigade was known as 27th British Commonwealth Brigade due to the addition of Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and Indian units.

      3. Battle of the Korean War

        Battle of Pakchon

        The Battle of Pakchon, also known as the Battle of Bochuan, took place ten days after the start of the Chinese First Phase Offensive, following the entry of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) into the Korean War. The offensive reversed the United Nations Command (UN) advance towards the Yalu River which had occurred after their intervention in the wake of the North Korean invasion of South Korea at the start of the war. The battle was fought between British and Australian forces from the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade with American armour and artillery in support, and the PVA 117th Division of the 39th Army, around the village of Pakchon on the Taeryong River. After capturing Chongju on 30 October the British and Australians had been ordered to pull back to Pakchon in an attempt to consolidate the western flank of the US Eighth Army. Meanwhile, immediately following their success at Unsan against the Americans, the PVA 117th Division had attacked southward, intending to cut off the UN forces as they withdrew in the face of the unexpected PVA assault. To halt the PVA advance, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was ordered to defend the lower crossings of the Taeryong and Chongchon rivers as part of a rearguard, in conjunction with the US 24th Infantry Division further upstream on the right.

    2. Korean War: British and Australian forces from the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade successfully halted the advancing Chinese 117th Division during the Battle of Pakchon.

      1. 1950–1953 war between North and South Korea

        Korean War

        The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.

      2. British Army unit which fought in WWI, WWII, and the Korean War

        27th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

        The 27th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw service in the First World War, the Second World War, and the Korean War. In Korea, the brigade was known as 27th British Commonwealth Brigade due to the addition of Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and Indian units.

      3. Chinese Communist military formation in the Korean War

        117th Armed Police Mobile Division

        The 117th Division was a military formation of the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 39th Army, consisting of the 349th, 350th, and 351st Regiments.

      4. Battle of the Korean War

        Battle of Pakchon

        The Battle of Pakchon, also known as the Battle of Bochuan, took place ten days after the start of the Chinese First Phase Offensive, following the entry of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) into the Korean War. The offensive reversed the United Nations Command (UN) advance towards the Yalu River which had occurred after their intervention in the wake of the North Korean invasion of South Korea at the start of the war. The battle was fought between British and Australian forces from the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade with American armour and artillery in support, and the PVA 117th Division of the 39th Army, around the village of Pakchon on the Taeryong River. After capturing Chongju on 30 October the British and Australians had been ordered to pull back to Pakchon in an attempt to consolidate the western flank of the US Eighth Army. Meanwhile, immediately following their success at Unsan against the Americans, the PVA 117th Division had attacked southward, intending to cut off the UN forces as they withdrew in the face of the unexpected PVA assault. To halt the PVA advance, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade was ordered to defend the lower crossings of the Taeryong and Chongchon rivers as part of a rearguard, in conjunction with the US 24th Infantry Division further upstream on the right.

  19. 1943

    1. World War II: An unknown aircraft dropped four bombs on Vatican City, which maintained neutrality during the war.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Air attacks violating Vatican neutrality during World War II

        Bombing of the Vatican

        Bombings of Vatican City occurred twice during World War II. The first occasion was on the evening of 5 November 1943, when a plane dropped bombs on the area south-west of St. Peter's Basilica, causing considerable damage but no casualties. The second bombing, which affected only the outer margin of the city, was at about the same hour on 1 March 1944, and killed one person and injured another.

      3. Holy See's independent city-state, an enclave within Rome, Italy

        Vatican City

        Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is an independent city-state, microstate and enclave within Rome, Italy. Also known as The Vatican, the state became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of 49 hectares and a 2019 population of about 453, it is the smallest state in the world both by area and population. As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere. The Vatican is also a metonym for the Holy See.

    2. World War II: Bombing of the Vatican.

      1. Air attacks violating Vatican neutrality during World War II

        Bombing of the Vatican

        Bombings of Vatican City occurred twice during World War II. The first occasion was on the evening of 5 November 1943, when a plane dropped bombs on the area south-west of St. Peter's Basilica, causing considerable damage but no casualties. The second bombing, which affected only the outer margin of the city, was at about the same hour on 1 March 1944, and killed one person and injured another.

  20. 1940

    1. World War II: The British armed merchant cruiser HMS Jervis Bay is sunk by the German pocket battleship Admiral Scheer.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes

        Armed merchantman

        An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in long distance and high value trade.

      3. 20th-century British armed merchant ship

        HMS Jervis Bay

        HMS Jervis Bay was a British liner later converted into an armed merchant cruiser, pennant F40. She was launched in 1922, and sunk in battle on 5 November 1940 by the German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer in an action which earned her captain the Victoria Cross.

      4. 1929 cruiser class of the German Navy

        Deutschland-class cruiser

        The Deutschland class was a series of three Panzerschiffe, a form of heavily armed cruiser, built by the Reichsmarine officially in accordance with restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The ships of the class, Deutschland, Admiral Scheer, and Admiral Graf Spee, were all stated to displace 10,000 long tons (10,160 t) in accordance with the Treaty, though they actually displaced 10,600 to 12,340 long tons at standard displacement. The design for the ships incorporated several radical innovations, including the first major use of welding in a warship and all-diesel propulsion. Due to their heavy armament of six 28 cm (11 in) guns and lighter weight, the British began referring to the vessels as "pocket battleships". The Deutschland-class ships were initially classified as Panzerschiffe, but the Kriegsmarine reclassified them as heavy cruisers in February 1940.

      5. German warship, 1934–45

        German cruiser Admiral Scheer

        Admiral Scheer [ˌatmiˈʁaːl ʃeːɐ̯] was a Deutschland-class heavy cruiser which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II. The vessel was named after Admiral Reinhard Scheer, German commander in the Battle of Jutland. She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in June 1931 and completed by November 1934. Originally classified as an armored ship (Panzerschiff) by the Reichsmarine, in February 1940 the Germans reclassified the remaining two ships of this class as heavy cruisers.

    2. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the first and only President of the United States to be elected to a third term.

      1. President of the United States from 1933 to 1945

        Franklin D. Roosevelt

        Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the leader of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. He built the New Deal Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended in victory shortly after he died in office.

      2. 39th quadrennial U.S. Presidential Election

        1940 United States presidential election

        The 1940 United States presidential election was the 39th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1940. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican businessman Wendell Willkie to be reelected for an unprecedented third term in office. It was also the fourth presidential election, and the first since 1920, in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state, with the others being in 1860, 1904, 1944 and 2016.

  21. 1925

    1. Sidney Reilly, known as the "Ace of Spies" and an inspiration for James Bond, was executed by the Soviet secret police.

      1. Russian-born adventurer and secret agent (1873–1925)

        Sidney Reilly

        Sidney George Reilly —known as "Ace of Spies"—was a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard's Special Branch and later by the Foreign Section of the British Secret Service Bureau, the precursor to the modern British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6/SIS). He is alleged to have spied for at least four different great powers, and documentary evidence indicates that he was involved in espionage activities in 1890s London among Russian émigré circles, in Manchuria on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), and in an abortive 1918 coup d'état against Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik government in Moscow.

      2. Real-life inspirations for the fictional James Bond character

        Inspirations for James Bond

        A number of real-life inspirations have been suggested for James Bond, the fictional character created in 1953 by British author, journalist and Naval Intelligence officer Ian Fleming ; Bond appeared in twelve novels and nine short stories by Fleming, as well as a number of continuation novels and twenty-six films, with seven actors playing the role of Bond.

      3. Intelligence agency of the early USSR

        Joint State Political Directorate

        The Joint State Political Directorate was the intelligence and state security service and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1934.

    2. Secret agent Sidney Reilly, the first "super-spy" of the 20th century, is executed by the OGPU, the secret police of the Soviet Union.

      1. Clandestine acquisition of confidential information

        Espionage

        Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangible benefit. A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent or spy. Any individual or spy ring, in the service of a government, company, criminal organization, or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law.

      2. Russian-born adventurer and secret agent (1873–1925)

        Sidney Reilly

        Sidney George Reilly —known as "Ace of Spies"—was a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard's Special Branch and later by the Foreign Section of the British Secret Service Bureau, the precursor to the modern British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6/SIS). He is alleged to have spied for at least four different great powers, and documentary evidence indicates that he was involved in espionage activities in 1890s London among Russian émigré circles, in Manchuria on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), and in an abortive 1918 coup d'état against Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik government in Moscow.

      3. Soviet national security agency (1922–1923)

        State Political Directorate

        The State Political Directorate (GPU) was the intelligence service and secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from February 6, 1922, to December 29, 1922, and the Soviet Union from December 29, 1922, until November 15, 1923.

      4. Intelligence agency and or law enforcement agency which operates in secrecy

        Secret police

        Secret police are intelligence, security or police agencies that engage in covert operations against a government's political, religious, or social opponents and dissidents. Secret police organizations are characteristic of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. They protect the political power of a dictator or regime and often operate outside the law to repress dissidents and weaken political opposition, frequently using violence.

      5. Country in Eurasia (1922–1991)

        Soviet Union

        The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.

  22. 1917

    1. Lenin calls for the October Revolution.

      1. 1917 revolution in Russia

        October Revolution

        The October Revolution, officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 7 November 1917 [O.S. 25 October]. It was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War.

    2. Tikhon is elected the Patriarch of Moscow and of the Russian Orthodox Church.

      1. Russian Orthodox priest, patriarch, and saint (1865–1925)

        Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow

        Tikhon of Moscow, born Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin, was a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). On 5 November 1917 (OS) he was selected the 11th Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, after a period of about 200 years of the Synodal rule in the ROC. He was canonised as a confessor by the ROC in 1989.

      2. Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church

        Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'

        The Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', also known as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, is the official title of the Bishop of Moscow who is the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is often preceded by the honorific "His Holiness". While as the diocesan bishop of the Moscow diocese he has direct canonical authority over Moscow only, the Patriarch has a number of church-wide administrative powers within and in accordance with the charter of the Russian Orthodox Church.

      3. Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church

        Russian Orthodox Church

        The Russian Orthodox Church, alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate, is the largest autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church. It has 194 dioceses inside Russia. The primate of the ROC is the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. The ROC, as well as its primate, officially ranks fifth in the Eastern Orthodox order of precedence, immediately below the four ancient patriarchates of the Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.

  23. 1916

    1. An armed confrontation in Everett, Washington, between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World resulted in seven deaths.

      1. 1916 gunfight between union members and police in Everett, Washington, United States

        Everett massacre

        The Everett Massacre was an armed confrontation between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) union, commonly called "Wobblies". It took place in Everett, Washington on Sunday, November 5, 1916. The event marked a time of rising tensions in Pacific Northwest labor history.

      2. City in Washington, United States

        Everett, Washington

        Everett is the county seat and largest city of Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle and is one of the main cities in the metropolitan area and the Puget Sound region. Everett is the seventh-largest city in the state by population, with 110,629 residents as of the 2020 census. The city is primarily situated on a peninsula at the mouth of the Snohomish River along Port Gardner Bay, an inlet of Possession Sound, and extends to the south and west.

      3. International labor union

        Industrial Workers of the World

        The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905. The origin of the nickname "Wobblies" is uncertain. IWW ideology combines general unionism with industrial unionism, as it is a general union, subdivided between the various industries which employ its members. The philosophy and tactics of the IWW are described as "revolutionary industrial unionism", with ties to socialist, syndicalist, and anarchist labor movements.

    2. The Kingdom of Poland is proclaimed by the Act of 5th November of the emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

      1. Short-lived polity and client state

        Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)

        The Kingdom of Poland, also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland, was a short-lived polity and client state proclaimed during World War I by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary on the territories of the former Russian-ruled Congress Poland, governed at the time by the Central Powers as the Government General of Warsaw.

      2. 1916 promise of Polish independence by the German and Austro-Hungarian empires

        Act of 5th November

        The Act of 5th November of 1916 was a declaration of Emperors Wilhelm II of Germany and Franz Joseph of Austria. This act promised the creation of the Kingdom of Poland out of territory of Congress Poland, envisioned by its authors as a puppet state controlled by the Central Powers. The origin of that document was the dire need to draft new recruits from German-occupied Poland for the war with Russia. Even though the act itself expressed very little in concrete terms, its declaration is regarded as one of main factors in the Polish efforts to regain independence. Despite official statements, the German Empire really planned to annex up to 30,000 km² of prewar Congress Poland, with expulsion of between 2 and 3 million Poles and Jews out of these territories to make room for German settlers.

      3. Late 19th-century European major power

        Austria-Hungary

        Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after its defeat in the First World War.

    3. The Everett massacre takes place in Everett, Washington as political differences lead to a shoot-out between the Industrial Workers of the World organizers and local police.

      1. 1916 gunfight between union members and police in Everett, Washington, United States

        Everett massacre

        The Everett Massacre was an armed confrontation between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) union, commonly called "Wobblies". It took place in Everett, Washington on Sunday, November 5, 1916. The event marked a time of rising tensions in Pacific Northwest labor history.

      2. City in Washington, United States

        Everett, Washington

        Everett is the county seat and largest city of Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle and is one of the main cities in the metropolitan area and the Puget Sound region. Everett is the seventh-largest city in the state by population, with 110,629 residents as of the 2020 census. The city is primarily situated on a peninsula at the mouth of the Snohomish River along Port Gardner Bay, an inlet of Possession Sound, and extends to the south and west.

      3. International labor union

        Industrial Workers of the World

        The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905. The origin of the nickname "Wobblies" is uncertain. IWW ideology combines general unionism with industrial unionism, as it is a general union, subdivided between the various industries which employ its members. The philosophy and tactics of the IWW are described as "revolutionary industrial unionism", with ties to socialist, syndicalist, and anarchist labor movements.

  24. 1914

    1. World War I: France and the British Empire declare war on the Ottoman Empire.

      1. Global war, 1914–1918

        World War I

        World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

      2. Nation of France from 1870 to 1940

        French Third Republic

        The French Third Republic was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

      3. Territory ruled by the United Kingdom

        British Empire

        The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.

      4. Empire existing from 1299 to 1922

        Ottoman Empire

        The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.

  25. 1913

    1. King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.

      1. King of Bavaria from 1886 to 1913

        Otto, King of Bavaria

        Otto was King of Bavaria from 1886 until 1913. However, he never actively ruled because of alleged severe mental illness. His uncle, Luitpold, and his cousin, Ludwig, served as regents. Ludwig deposed him in 1913, a day after the legislature passed a law allowing him to do so, and became king in his own right.

      2. King of Bavaria from 1913 to 1918

        Ludwig III of Bavaria

        Ludwig III was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918. Initially he served in the Bavarian military as a lieutenant and went on to hold the rank of Oberleutnant during the Austro-Prussian War. He entered politics at the age of 18 becoming a member of the Bavarian Legislature and was a keen participant in politics, supporting electoral reforms. Later in life he served as regent and de facto head of state from 1912 to 1913, ruling for his cousin, Otto. After the Bavarian parliament passed a law allowing him to do so, Ludwig deposed Otto and assumed the throne for himself. He led Bavaria during World War I. His short reign was seen as championing conservative causes and he was influenced by the Catholic encyclical Rerum novarum.

  26. 1912

    1. Woodrow Wilson is elected the 28th President of the United States, defeating incumbent William Howard Taft.

      1. President of the United States from 1913 to 1921

        Woodrow Wilson

        Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, Wilson changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I in 1917. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations, and his progressive stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism.

      2. 32nd quadrennial U.S. presidential election

        1912 United States presidential election

        The 1912 United States presidential election was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran under the banner of the new Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party. This is the most recent presidential election in which the second-place candidate was neither a Democrat nor a Republican. This is the most recent election to date in which four candidates received over five percent of the vote.

      3. Head of state and head of government of the United States of America

        President of the United States

        The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

      4. President of the United States from 1909 to 1913

        William Howard Taft

        William Howard Taft was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection in 1912 by Woodrow Wilson after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death.

  27. 1911

    1. After declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on September 29, 1911, Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica.

      1. Empire existing from 1299 to 1922

        Ottoman Empire

        The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.

      2. Capital and chief port of Libya

        Tripoli, Libya

        Tripoli is the capital and largest city of Libya, with a population of about 1.1 million people in 2019. It is located in the northwest of Libya on the edge of the desert, on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean Sea and forming a bay. It includes the port of Tripoli and the country's largest commercial and manufacturing center. It is also the site of the University of Tripoli. The vast Bab al-Azizia barracks, which includes the former family estate of Muammar Gaddafi, is also located in the city. Colonel Gaddafi largely ruled the country from his residence in this barracks.

      3. Eastern coastal region of Libya

        Cyrenaica

        Cyrenaica or Kyrenaika, is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between longitudes E16 and E25, including the Kufra District. The coastal region, also known as Pentapolis in antiquity, was part of the Roman province of Crete and Cyrenaica, later divided into Libya Pentapolis and Libya Sicca. During the Islamic period, the area came to be known as Barqa, after the city of Barca.

  28. 1898

    1. Negrese nationalists revolt against Spanish rule and establish the short-lived Republic of Negros.

      1. Phillipino cultural group

        Negrenses

        The Negrenses are the native cultural group of the Philippine provinces of Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental and Siquijor.

      2. 1898 declaration of the Negros Republic during the Philippine Revolution

        Negros Revolution

        The Negros Revolution, commemorated and popularly known as the Fifth of November or Negros Day, was a political movement that in 1898 created a government on Negros Island in the Philippines, ending Spanish control of the island and paving the way for a republican government run by the Negrense natives. The newly established Negros Republic lasted for approximately three months. American forces landed on the island unopposed on February 2, 1899, ending the island's independence. Negros was then annexed to the Philippine Islands on 20 April 1901.

      3. 1898–1901 Philippine revolutionary polity

        Republic of Negros

        The Republic of Negros was a short-lived revolutionary entity which had existed on the island of Negros first as a canton of the First Philippine Republic and later as a protectorate of the United States.

  29. 1895

    1. George B. Selden is granted the first U.S. patent for an automobile.

      1. American patent lawyer and inventor of a version of the automobile

        George B. Selden

        George Baldwin Selden was a patent lawyer and inventor who was granted a U.S. patent for an automobile in 1895.

      2. Type of legal protection for an invention

        Patent

        A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention. In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder must sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce their rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant.

  30. 1872

    1. Women's suffrage in the United States: In defiance of the law, suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time, and is later fined $100.

      1. Women's voting rights in the United States

        Women's suffrage in the United States

        Women's legal right to vote was established in the United States over the course of more than half a century, first in various states and localities, sometimes on a limited basis, and then nationally in 1920 with the passing of the 19th Amendment.

      2. American women's rights activist (1820–1906)

        Susan B. Anthony

        Susan B. Anthony was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society.

  31. 1862

    1. American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln removes George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac.

      1. 1861–1865 conflict in the United States

        American Civil War

        The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.

      2. President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

        Abraham Lincoln

        Abraham Lincoln was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

      3. American major general (1826–1885)

        George B. McClellan

        George Brinton McClellan was an American soldier, Civil War Union general, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician who served as the 24th governor of New Jersey. A graduate of West Point, McClellan served with distinction during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), and later left the Army to serve as an executive and engineer on railroads until the outbreak of the American Civil War (1861–1865). Early in the conflict, McClellan was appointed to the rank of major general and played an important role in raising a well-trained and disciplined army, which would become the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater; he served a brief period as Commanding General of the United States Army of the Union Army.

      4. Principal Union army in the eastern theatre of the American Civil War

        Army of the Potomac

        The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April.

    2. American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, 303 Dakota warriors are found guilty of rape and murder of whites and are sentenced to death. Thirty-eight are ultimately hanged and the others reprieved.

      1. Frontier conflicts in North America, 1609–1924

        American Indian Wars

        The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes. These conflicts occurred in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the early 20th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for lands that the Indian tribes considered their own. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.

      2. U.S. state

        Minnesota

        Minnesota is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation. Roughly a third of the state is covered in forests, and it is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes" for having over 14,000 bodies of fresh water of at least ten acres. More than 60% of Minnesotans live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", the state's main political, economic, and cultural hub. With a population of about 3.7 million, the Twin Cities is the 16th largest metropolitan area in the U.S. Other minor metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the state include Duluth, Mankato, Moorhead, Rochester, and St. Cloud.

      3. Native American people in the mid northern U.S. and mid southern Canada

        Dakota people

        The Dakota are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America. They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people, and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.

  32. 1828

    1. Greek War of Independence: The French Morea expedition to recapture Morea (now the Peloponnese) ends when the last Ottoman forces depart the peninsula.

      1. Greek Revolution, 1821–1832

        Greek War of Independence

        The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1832. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.

      2. Part of the Greek War of Independence (1828 to 1833)

        Morea expedition

        The Morea expedition is the name given to the land intervention of the French Army in the Peloponnese between 1828 and 1833, at the time of the Greek War of Independence, with the aim of expelling from the region the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation forces. It was also accompanied by a scientific expedition mandated by the French Academy.

      3. Traditional region of Greece

        Peloponnese

        The Peloponnese, Peloponnesus (; Greek: Πελοπόννησος, romanized: Pelopónnēsos,, or Morea is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmus of Corinth land bridge which separates the Gulf of Corinth from the Saronic Gulf. From the late Middle Ages until the 19th century the peninsula was known as the Morea, a name still in colloquial use in its demotic form, .

  33. 1811

    1. Salvadoran priest José Matías Delgado rings the bells of La Merced church in San Salvador, calling for insurrection and launching the 1811 Independence Movement.

      1. Salvadoran independence leader and Political Chief

        José Matías Delgado

        José Matías Delgado y de León was a Salvadoran priest and doctor known as El Padre de la Patria Salvadoreña.

      2. Capital of El Salvador

        San Salvador

        San Salvador is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital itself and 13 of its municipalities, has a population of 2,404,097. The urban area of San Salvador has a population of 1,600,000 inhabitants.

      3. 1811 revolt against Spanish rule in colonial El Salvador

        1811 Independence Movement

        The 1811 Independence Movement, known in El Salvador as the First Shout of Independence, was the first of a series of revolts in Central America in modern day El Salvador against Spanish rule and dependency on the Captaincy General of Guatemala. The independence movement was led by prominent Salvadoran and Central American figures such as José Matías Delgado, Manuel José Arce, and Santiago José Celis.

  34. 1780

    1. French-American forces under Colonel LaBalme are defeated by Miami Chief Little Turtle.

      1. French cavalryman (1733–1780)

        Augustin de La Balme

        Augustin Mottin de La Balme was a French cavalry officer who served in Europe during the Seven Years' War and in the United States during the American Revolution. His attempt to capture Fort Detroit in 1780 ended in defeat when he was ambushed by forces under Chief Little Turtle.

      2. 1780 battle between Canadien settlers and British-allied Miami warriors

        La Balme's Defeat

        LaBalme's Defeat was a military engagement which occurred on November 6, 1780 between a force of Canadien settlers under the command of French officer Augustin de La Balme and British-allied Miami warriors led by chief Little Turtle during the American Revolutionary War. La Balme had led the hastily recruited force of irregulars to attack British-held Fort Detroit, but was ambushed by a group of Miami warriors after sacking their town of Kekionga on the way. The victory led Little Turtle to become well known on the American frontier, a reputation which would develop during the Northwest Indian War.

      3. Chief of the Miami people (c. 1747 – July 14, 1812)

        Little Turtle

        Little Turtle was a Sagamore (chief) of the Miami people, who became one of the most famous Native American military leaders. Historian Wiley Sword calls him "perhaps the most capable Indian leader then in the Northwest Territory," although he later signed several treaties ceding land, which caused him to lose his leader status during the battles which became a prelude to the War of 1812. In the 1790s, Mihšihkinaahkwa led a confederation of native warriors to several major victories against U.S. forces in the Northwest Indian Wars, sometimes called "Little Turtle's War", particularly St. Clair's defeat in 1791, wherein the confederation defeated General Arthur St. Clair, who lost 900 men in the most decisive loss by the U.S. Army against Native American forces.

  35. 1768

    1. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix is signed, the purpose of which is to adjust the boundary line between Indian lands and white settlements set forth in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in the Thirteen Colonies.

      1. Treaty between Great Britain and the Iroquois people

        Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)

        The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a treaty signed between representatives from the Iroquois and Great Britain in 1768 at Fort Stanwix. It was negotiated between Sir William Johnson, his deputy George Croghan, and representatives of the Iroquois.

      2. British Parliamentary act setting a western border for the American colonies

        Royal Proclamation of 1763

        The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III on 7 October 1763. It followed the Treaty of Paris (1763), which formally ended the Seven Years' War and transferred French territory in North America to Great Britain. The Proclamation forbade all settlements west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as an Indian Reserve. Exclusion from the vast region of Trans-Appalachia created discontent between Britain and colonial land speculators and potential settlers. The proclamation and access to western lands was one of the first significant areas of dispute between Britain and the colonies and would become a contributing factor leading to the American Revolution. The 1763 proclamation line is situated similar to the Eastern Continental Divide, extending from Georgia to the divide's northern terminus near the middle of the northern border of Pennsylvania, where it intersects the northeasterly St. Lawrence Divide, and extends further through New England.

      3. British colonies forming the United States

        Thirteen Colonies

        The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th centuries, they began fighting the American Revolutionary War in April 1775 and formed the United States of America by declaring full independence in July 1776. Just prior to declaring independence, the Thirteen Colonies in their traditional groupings were: New England ; Middle ; Southern. The Thirteen Colonies came to have very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, dominated by Protestant English-speakers. The first of these colonies was Virginia Colony in 1607, a Southern colony. While all these colonies needed to become economically viable, the founding of the New England colonies, as well as the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania, were substantially motivated by their founders' concerns related to the practice of religion. The other colonies were founded for business and economic expansion. The Middle Colonies were established on an earlier Dutch colony, New Netherland. All the Thirteen Colonies were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included territory in Canada, Florida, and the Caribbean.

  36. 1757

    1. Seven Years' War: Prussian forces led by Frederick the Great defeated the allied French and Habsburg armies at the Battle of Rossbach.

      1. Global conflict between Great Britain and France (1756–1763)

        Seven Years' War

        The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict that involved most of the European Great Powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. Other concurrent conflicts include the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the Carnatic Wars and the Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763). The opposing alliances were led by Great Britain and France respectively, both seeking to establish global pre-eminence at the expense of the other. Along with Spain, France fought Britain both in Europe and overseas with land-based armies and naval forces, while Britain's ally Prussia sought territorial expansion in Europe and consolidation of its power. Long-standing colonial rivalries pitting Britain against France and Spain in North America and the West Indies were fought on a grand scale with consequential results. Prussia sought greater influence in the German states, while Austria wanted to regain Silesia, captured by Prussia in the previous war, and to contain Prussian influence.

      2. German state from 1701 to 1918

        Kingdom of Prussia

        The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin.

      3. King of Prussia (r. 1740–1786)

        Frederick the Great

        Frederick II was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his re-organisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment. Frederick was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declaring himself King of Prussia after annexing Polish Prussia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. Prussia greatly increased its territories and became a major military power in Europe under his rule. He became known as Frederick the Great and was nicknamed "Old Fritz".

      4. Kingdom in western Europe from 843 to 1848

        Kingdom of France

        The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe since the High Middle Ages. It was also an early colonial power, with possessions around the world.

      5. Monarchy in Europe (1282–1918)

        Habsburg monarchy

        The Habsburg monarchy, also known as the Danubian monarchy, or Habsburg Empire, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg, especially the dynasty's Austrian branch.

      6. 1757 battle of the Third Silesian War

        Battle of Rossbach

        The Battle of Rossbach took place on 5 November 1757 during the Third Silesian War near the village of Rossbach (Roßbach), in the Electorate of Saxony. It is sometimes called the Battle of, or at, Reichardtswerben, after a different nearby town. In this 90-minute battle, Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, defeated an Allied army composed of French forces augmented by a contingent of the Reichsarmee of the Holy Roman Empire. The French and Imperial army included 41,110 men, opposing a considerably smaller Prussian force of 22,000. Despite overwhelming odds, Frederick employed rapid movement, a flanking maneuver and oblique order to achieve complete surprise.

    2. Seven Years' War: Frederick the Great defeats the allied armies of France and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Rossbach.

      1. Global conflict between Great Britain and France (1756–1763)

        Seven Years' War

        The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict that involved most of the European Great Powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. Other concurrent conflicts include the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the Carnatic Wars and the Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763). The opposing alliances were led by Great Britain and France respectively, both seeking to establish global pre-eminence at the expense of the other. Along with Spain, France fought Britain both in Europe and overseas with land-based armies and naval forces, while Britain's ally Prussia sought territorial expansion in Europe and consolidation of its power. Long-standing colonial rivalries pitting Britain against France and Spain in North America and the West Indies were fought on a grand scale with consequential results. Prussia sought greater influence in the German states, while Austria wanted to regain Silesia, captured by Prussia in the previous war, and to contain Prussian influence.

      2. King of Prussia (r. 1740–1786)

        Frederick the Great

        Frederick II was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his re-organisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment. Frederick was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declaring himself King of Prussia after annexing Polish Prussia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. Prussia greatly increased its territories and became a major military power in Europe under his rule. He became known as Frederick the Great and was nicknamed "Old Fritz".

      3. European political entity (800/962–1806)

        Holy Roman Empire

        The Holy Roman Empire, also known after 1512 as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

      4. 1757 battle of the Third Silesian War

        Battle of Rossbach

        The Battle of Rossbach took place on 5 November 1757 during the Third Silesian War near the village of Rossbach (Roßbach), in the Electorate of Saxony. It is sometimes called the Battle of, or at, Reichardtswerben, after a different nearby town. In this 90-minute battle, Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, defeated an Allied army composed of French forces augmented by a contingent of the Reichsarmee of the Holy Roman Empire. The French and Imperial army included 41,110 men, opposing a considerably smaller Prussian force of 22,000. Despite overwhelming odds, Frederick employed rapid movement, a flanking maneuver and oblique order to achieve complete surprise.

  37. 1688

    1. Prince William III of Orange lands with a Dutch fleet at Brixham to challenge the rule of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland).

      1. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689–1702

        William III of England

        William III, also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II. He is sometimes informally known as "King Billy" in Ireland and Scotland. His victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by Unionists, who display orange colours in his honour. He ruled Britain alongside his wife and cousin, Queen Mary II, and popular histories usually refer to their reign as that of "William and Mary".

      2. Town in Devon, England

        Brixham

        Brixham is a coastal town and civil parish, the smallest and southernmost of the three main population centres on the coast of Torbay in the county of Devon, in the south-west of England. Commercial fishing and tourism are the two main industries. As of 2020 Brixham had an estimated population of 16,823.

      3. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1633–1701)

        James II of England

        James VII and II was King of England and Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religious tolerance, but it also involved struggles over the principles of absolutism and the divine right of kings. His deposition ended a century of political and civil strife in England by confirming the primacy of the English Parliament over the Crown.

  38. 1605

    1. The arrest of Guy Fawkes, found during a search of the Palace of Westminster, foiled the Gunpowder Plot, which planned to blow up the House of Lords.

      1. English member of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605

        Guy Fawkes

        Guy Fawkes, also known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics involved in the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in York; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic.

      2. Meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

        Palace of Westminster

        The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England.

      3. 1605 failed attempt to kill King James I

        Gunpowder Plot

        The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby who sought to restore the Catholic monarchy to England after decades of persecution against Catholics.

      4. Upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

        House of Lords

        The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by appointment, heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England.

    2. Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes is arrested in the cellars of the Houses of Parliament, where he had planted gunpowder in an attempt to blow up the building and kill King James I of England.

      1. 1605 failed attempt to kill King James I

        Gunpowder Plot

        The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby who sought to restore the Catholic monarchy to England after decades of persecution against Catholics.

      2. English member of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605

        Guy Fawkes

        Guy Fawkes, also known as Guido Fawkes while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics involved in the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605. He was born and educated in York; his father died when Fawkes was eight years old, after which his mother married a recusant Catholic.

      3. King of Scotland (r. 1567–1625); King of England and Ireland (r. 1603–25)

        James VI and I

        James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.

  39. 1556

    1. At the Second Battle of Panipat, forces of the Mughal emperor Akbar captured Hemu, the Hindu emperor of north India.

      1. 1556 battle during the Mughal conquest of the Sur Empire

        Second Battle of Panipat

        The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556, between Akbar and the king of Delhi, Hemu. Hemu had conquered Delhi and Agra a few weeks earlier by defeating Mughal forces under Tardi Beg Khan in the battle of Delhi and crowned himself Raja Vikramaditya at Purana Quila in Delhi.

      2. 1526–1857 empire in South Asia

        Mughal Empire

        The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.

      3. 3rd Mughal Emperor from 1556 to 1605

        Akbar

        Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, popularly known as Akbar the Great, and also as Akbar I, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India.

      4. General, wazir and king (died 1556)

        Hemu

        Hemu was an Indian emperor who previously served as a general and Wazir of Adil Shah Suri of Sur Empire during a period in Indian history when Mughals and Afghans were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from Punjab to Bengal and Mughal forces of Humayun and Akbar in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles for Adil Shah.

    2. Second Battle of Panipat: Fighting begins between the forces of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu king at Delhi and the forces of the Muslim emperor Akbar.

      1. 1556 battle during the Mughal conquest of the Sur Empire

        Second Battle of Panipat

        The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556, between Akbar and the king of Delhi, Hemu. Hemu had conquered Delhi and Agra a few weeks earlier by defeating Mughal forces under Tardi Beg Khan in the battle of Delhi and crowned himself Raja Vikramaditya at Purana Quila in Delhi.

      2. General, wazir and king (died 1556)

        Hemu

        Hemu was an Indian emperor who previously served as a general and Wazir of Adil Shah Suri of Sur Empire during a period in Indian history when Mughals and Afghans were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from Punjab to Bengal and Mughal forces of Humayun and Akbar in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles for Adil Shah.

  40. 1499

    1. The Catholicon, written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Breton dictionary as well as the first French dictionary.

      1. 15th-century Breton-French-Latin dictionary

        Catholicon (trilingual dictionary)

        Catholicon is a 15th-century dictionary written in Breton, French, and Latin. It is the first Breton dictionary and also the first French dictionary. It contains six thousand entries and was compiled in 1464 by the Breton priest Jehan Lagadeuc. It was printed in 1499 in Tréguier. A manuscript of the dictionary is preserved in the national library in Paris, identified as Latin 7656.

      2. Commune in Brittany, France

        Tréguier

        Tréguier is a port town in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is the capital of the province of Trégor.

      3. Celtic language spoken in France

        Breton language

        Breton is a Southwestern Brittonic language of the Celtic language family spoken in Brittany, part of modern-day France. It is the only Celtic language still widely in use on the European mainland, albeit as a member of the insular branch instead of the continental grouping.

  41. 1138

    1. Lý Anh Tông was enthroned as Emperor of Đại Việt at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.

      1. Emperor of Đại Việt from 1138 to 1175

        Lý Anh Tông

        Emperor Lý Anh Tông of Đại Việt, was the sixth ruler of the later Lý Dynasty, from 1138 until his death in 1175. Since Lý Anh Tông, given name Lý Thiên Tộ, was chosen as the successor of his father Lý Thần Tông at the age of only two, the early period of his reign witnessed the dominant position of Đỗ Anh Vũ in the royal court until his death in 1157, afterwards the Emperor ruled the country with the assistance of a prominent official named Tô Hiến Thành. The reign of Lý Anh Tông was considered the last relatively stable period of the Lý Dynasty before the turbulence during the reign of Lý Cao Tông.

      2. Name of Vietnamese state, 10th–19th century

        Đại Việt

        Đại Việt, often known as Annam, was a monarchy in eastern Mainland Southeast Asia from the 10th century AD to the early 19th century, centered around the region of present-day Hanoi, Northern Vietnam. Its early name, Đại Cồ Việt, was established in 968 by Vietnamese ruler Đinh Bộ Lĩnh after he ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords, until the beginning of the reign of Lý Thánh Tông, the third emperor of the Lý dynasty. Đại Việt lasted until the reign of Gia Long, the first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, when the name was changed to Việt Nam.

    2. Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.

      1. Emperor of Đại Việt from 1138 to 1175

        Lý Anh Tông

        Emperor Lý Anh Tông of Đại Việt, was the sixth ruler of the later Lý Dynasty, from 1138 until his death in 1175. Since Lý Anh Tông, given name Lý Thiên Tộ, was chosen as the successor of his father Lý Thần Tông at the age of only two, the early period of his reign witnessed the dominant position of Đỗ Anh Vũ in the royal court until his death in 1157, afterwards the Emperor ruled the country with the assistance of a prominent official named Tô Hiến Thành. The reign of Lý Anh Tông was considered the last relatively stable period of the Lý Dynasty before the turbulence during the reign of Lý Cao Tông.

      2. Country in Southeast Asia

        Vietnam

        Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2022

    1. Aaron Carter, American singer-songwriter, rapper, dancer and actor (b. 1987) deaths

      1. American singer and songwriter (1987–2022)

        Aaron Carter

        Aaron Charles Carter was an American singer and songwriter. He came to fame as a teen pop singer in the late 1990s, establishing himself as a star among preteen and teenage audiences during the first years of the 21st century, with his four studio albums.

  2. 2021

    1. Marília Mendonça, Brazilian singer (b. 1995) deaths

      1. Brazilian singer and songwriter (1995–2021)

        Marília Mendonça

        Marília Dias Mendonça was a Brazilian singer, songwriter and instrumentalist. She is posthumously recognized in Brazil as the 'queen of sofrência', a subgenre of sertanejo music, and has been recognized for her contribution to female empowerment by revolutionizing the universe of sertanejo music.

  3. 2020

    1. Geoffrey Palmer, English actor (b. 1927) deaths

      1. British actor (1927–2020)

        Geoffrey Palmer (actor)

        Geoffrey Dyson Palmer was an English actor. He was best known for his roles in British television sitcoms playing Jimmy Anderson in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–79), Ben Parkinson in Butterflies (1978–1983) and Lionel Hardcastle in As Time Goes By (1992–2005). His film appearances include A Fish Called Wanda (1988), The Madness of King George (1994), Mrs Brown (1997) and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997).

  4. 2015

    1. George Barris, American engineer and car designer (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American automobile customizer (1925–2015)

        George Barris (auto customizer)

        George Barris was an American designer and builder of Hollywood custom cars. Barris designed and built the Hirohata Merc. Barris's company, Barris Kustom Industries, designed and built the Munster Koach and DRAG-U-LA for The Munsters; and the 1966 Batmobile for the Batman TV series and film.

    2. Nora Brockstedt, Norwegian singer (b. 1923) deaths

      1. Norwegian singer

        Nora Brockstedt

        Nora Brockstedt was a Norwegian singer.

    3. Soma Edirisinghe, Sri Lankan businesswoman and philanthropist (b. 1939) deaths

      1. Sri Lankan businesswoman

        Soma Edirisinghe

        Soma Edirisinghe was a Sri Lankan corporate executive, film producer, philanthropist and social worker. She was born in Meegoda, Sri Lanka on 5 July 1939 to a family of nine daughters, and died on 5 November 2015 at a private hospital in Colombo. She was married to EAP Edirisinghe and they had four children: three sons, Jeewaka, Nalaka and Asanka, and a daughter, Deepa.

    4. Czesław Kiszczak, Polish general and politician, 11th Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Poland (b. 1925) deaths

      1. Polish general and politician

        Czesław Kiszczak

        Czesław Jan Kiszczak (listen) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989).

      2. List of prime ministers of Poland

        This article lists the prime ministers of Poland. The Prime Minister of Poland is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland.

    5. Hans Mommsen, German historian and academic (b. 1930) deaths

      1. German historian known for his functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich

        Hans Mommsen

        Hans Mommsen was a German historian, known for his studies in German social history, and for his functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich, especially for arguing that Adolf Hitler was a weak dictator. Descended from Nobel Prizewinning historian Theodor Mommsen, he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

  5. 2014

    1. Manitas de Plata, French guitarist (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Spanish flamenco guitarist (1921–2014)

        Manitas de Plata

        Ricardo Baliardo, better known as Manitas de Plata, was a flamenco guitarist of Spanish Gitano descent born in southern France. Despite achieving worldwide fame, he was criticized for not following certain rhythmic rules (compás) that are traditional in flamenco.

    2. Lane Evans, American lawyer and politician (b. 1951) deaths

      1. American politician

        Lane Evans

        Lane Allen Evans was an American attorney and politician who served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 until 2007, representing the 17th District of Illinois. Evans announced that he would not seek reelection in November 2006 and retired at the end of the 109th Congress, due to the increasingly debilitating effects of Parkinson's disease.

    3. Wally Grant, American ice hockey player (b. 1927) deaths

      1. American ice hockey player

        Wally Grant

        Wallace Daniel Grant was an American ice hockey player. Grant helped the University of Michigan win the first NCAA National Championship in 1948. He was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1987 and the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1994.

    4. Abdelwahab Meddeb, Tunisian-French author, poet, and scholar (b. 1946) deaths

      1. Abdelwahab Meddeb

        Abdelwahab Meddeb was a French-language writer and cultural critic, and a professor of comparative literature at the University of Paris X-Nanterre.

  6. 2013

    1. Habibollah Asgaroladi, Iranian politician (b. 1932) deaths

      1. Iranian politician (1932–2013)

        Habibollah Asgaroladi

        Habibollah Asgaroladi Mosalman was a leading senior Iranian conservative and principlist politician who was the leader of Islamic Coalition Party, a highly influential conservative political party in Iran. He was also a two-time presidential candidate, first in July 1981 and next in 1985. During the presidential elections in 1981, in which he ran for the presidency, an attempt was made to assassinate him outside his home in Iran Street, but this failed and resulted in his bodyguard being killed but Asgaroladi himself escaped largely unhurt.

    2. Juan Carlos Calabró, Argentinian actor and screenwriter (b. 1934) deaths

      1. Argentine actor and comedian

        Juan Carlos Calabró

        Juan Carlos Calabró was an Argentine actor and comedian.

    3. Tony Iveson, English soldier and pilot (b. 1919) deaths

      1. Royal Air Force officer

        Tony Iveson

        Thomas Clifford "Tony" Iveson DFC AE was a Royal Air Force pilot and veteran of the Second World War, and one of the Few.

    4. Charles Mosley, English genealogist and author (b. 1948) deaths

      1. British genealogist

        Charles Mosley (genealogist)

        Charles Gordon Mosley FRSA was a British genealogist who was among the foremost experts on British nobility. He was an author, broadcaster, editor, and publisher, best known for having been Editor-in-Chief of Burke's Peerage & Baronetage —its first update since 1970—and of the re-titled 107th edition, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage (2003).

    5. Charlie Trotter, American chef and author (b. 1959) deaths

      1. American chef and resaurateur (1959–2013)

        Charlie Trotter

        Charles Trotter was an American chef and restaurateur. His most well-known restaurant, Charlie Trotter's, was open in Chicago from 1987 to 2012.

    6. Stuart Williams, Welsh footballer and manager (b. 1930) deaths

      1. Welsh footballer

        Stuart Williams (footballer)

        Stuart Grenville Williams was a Welsh international footballer who played as a defender. He played his club football for Wrexham, West Bromwich Albion and Southampton.

  7. 2012

    1. Olympe Bradna, French-American actress and dancer (b. 1920) deaths

      1. French actress (1920-1941)

        Olympe Bradna

        Antoinette Olympe Bradna was a French dancer and actress, who emigrated to the United States where she lived for the rest of her life.

    2. Elliott Carter, American composer and academic (b. 1908) deaths

      1. American composer (1908-2012)

        Elliott Carter

        Elliott Cook Carter Jr. was an American modernist composer. One of the most respected composers of the second half of the 20th century, he combined elements of European modernism and American "ultra-modernism" into a distinctive style with a personal harmonic and rhythmic language, after an early neoclassical phase. His compositions are performed throughout the world, and include orchestral, chamber music, solo instrumental, and vocal works. The recipient of many awards, Carter was twice awarded the Pulitzer Prize.

    3. Leonardo Favio, Argentinian actor, singer, director and screenwriter (b. 1938) deaths

      1. Argentine singer, actor and filmmaker (1938–2012)

        Leonardo Favio

        Fuad Jorge Jury, better known by his stage name Leonardo Favio, was an Argentine singer, actor and filmmaker. He is considered one of Argentina's best film directors and one of the country's most enduring cultural figures, as well as a popular singer-songwriter throughout Latin America.

    4. Bob Kaplan, Canadian lawyer and politician, 30th Solicitor General of Canada (b. 1936) deaths

      1. Canadian politician and lawyer

        Bob Kaplan

        Robert Philip "Bob" Kaplan, was a Canadian politician and lawyer.

      2. Solicitor General of Canada

        The Solicitor General of Canada was a position in the Canadian ministry from 1892 to 2005. The position was based on the Solicitor General in the British system and was originally designated as an officer to assist the Minister of Justice. It was not initially a position in the Canadian Cabinet, although after 1917 its occupant was often sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and attended Cabinet meetings. In 1966, the modern position of Solicitor General was created with the repeal of the previous Solicitor General Act and the passage of a new statute creating the ministerial office of the Solicitor General of Canada.

    5. Louis Pienaar, South African lawyer and diplomat, Minister of Internal Affairs (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Louis Pienaar

        Louis Alexander Pienaar was a South African lawyer and diplomat. He was the last white Administrator of South-West Africa, from 1985 through Namibian independence in 1990. Pienaar later served as a minister in F W de Klerk's government until 1993. He married Isabel Maud van Niekerk on 11 December 1954.

      2. Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa)

        The Minister of Home Affairs is the minister in the Cabinet of South Africa with responsibility for the Department of Home Affairs. This position is currently filled by Aaron Motsoaledi, who was appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa on 29 May 2019. The position includes responsibility for immigration, refugee and asylum policy, for the civil registry, and for the issuing of identity documents and passports.

  8. 2011

    1. Bhupen Hazarika, Indian singer-songwriter, director, and poet (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Indian playback singer (1926–2011)

        Bhupen Hazarika

        Bhupen Hazarika was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet, actor, filmmaker and politician from Assam, widely known as Sudha Kontho. His songs were written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are marked by humanity and universal brotherhood and have been translated and sung in many languages, most notably in Bengali and Hindi.

  9. 2010

    1. Jill Clayburgh, American actress and singer (b. 1944) deaths

      1. American actress

        Jill Clayburgh

        Jill Clayburgh was an American actress known for her work in theater, television, and cinema. She received the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her breakthrough role in Paul Mazursky's comedy drama An Unmarried Woman (1978). She also received a second consecutive Academy Award nomination for Starting Over (1979) as well as four Golden Globe nominations for her film performances.

    2. Adrian Păunescu, Romanian poet, journalist, and politician (b. 1943) deaths

      1. Adrian Păunescu

        Adrian Păunescu was a Romanian writer, publisher, cultural promoter, translator, and politician. A profoundly charismatic personality, a controversial and complex figure, the artist and the man are almost impossible to separate. On the one hand he stands accused of collaboration with the Communist regime, but on the other hand he was persecuted and ostracised by the regime when he started to confront its failures, and when his influence stated to be considered dangerous.

    3. Shirley Verrett, American soprano and actress (b. 1931) deaths

      1. American opera singer

        Shirley Verrett

        Shirley Verrett was an American operatic mezzo-soprano who successfully transitioned into soprano roles, i.e. soprano sfogato. Verrett enjoyed great fame from the late 1960s through the 1990s, particularly well known for singing the works of Verdi and Donizetti.

  10. 2009

    1. Félix Luna, Argentinian lawyer, historian, and academic (b. 1925) deaths

      1. Argentine historian and writer (1925–2009)

        Félix Luna

        Félix César Luna was an Argentine writer, lyricist and historian.

  11. 2007

    1. Nils Liedholm, Swedish footballer and manager (b. 1922) deaths

      1. Swedish footballer and manager (1922–2007)

        Nils Liedholm

        Nils Erik Liedholm was a Swedish football midfielder and coach. Il Barone, as he is affectionately known in Italy, was renowned for being part of the Swedish "Gre-No-Li" trio of strikers along with Gunnar Gren and Gunnar Nordahl at A.C. Milan and the Swedish national team, with which he achieved notable success throughout his career.

  12. 2006

    1. Bülent Ecevit, Turkish journalist and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1925) deaths

      1. 16th Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey (served 1974, 1977, 1978–79, and 1999–2002)

        Bülent Ecevit

        Mustafa Bülent Ecevit was a Turkish politician, statesman, poet, writer, scholar, and journalist, who served as the Prime Minister of Turkey four times between 1974 and 2002. He served as prime minister in 1974, 1977, 1978–1979, and 1999–2002. Ecevit was chairman of the Republican People's Party (CHP) between 1972 and 1980, and in 1987 he became chairman of the Democratic Left Party (DSP).

      2. Head of government of the Republic of Turkey (1920–2018)

        Prime Minister of Turkey

        The prime minister of the Republic of Turkey was the head of government of the Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Turkish Parliament and presided over the cabinet. Throughout the political history of Turkey, functions and powers of the post have changed occasionally. Prior to its dissolution as a result of the 2017 Constitutional Referendum, the prime minister was generally the dominant figure in Turkish politics, outweighing the president.

  13. 2005

    1. John Fowles, English novelist (b. 1926) deaths

      1. English novelist

        John Fowles

        John Robert Fowles was an English novelist of international renown, critically positioned between modernism and postmodernism. His work was influenced by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, among others.

    2. Virginia MacWatters, American soprano and actress (b. 1912) deaths

      1. Operatic soprano and pedagogue.

        Virginia MacWatters

        Virginia MacWatters was an American coloratura soprano and university professor.

    3. Link Wray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1929) deaths

      1. American rock and roll guitarist

        Link Wray

        Fred Lincoln "Link" Wray Jr. was an American rock and roll guitarist, songwriter, and vocalist who became popular in the late 1950s.

  14. 2004

    1. Donald Jones, American-Dutch actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1932) deaths

      1. American-born Dutch actor (1932-2004)

        Donald Jones (actor)

        Donald Towe Jones was an American-Dutch actor, singer and dancer; born in Harlem, he went to the Netherlands in his early twenties and became one of the first Dutch black stars.

  15. 2003

    1. Bobby Hatfield, American singer-songwriter (b. 1940) deaths

      1. American singer (1940–2003)

        Bobby Hatfield

        Robert Lee Hatfield was an American singer. He and Bill Medley were the Righteous Brothers. He sang the tenor part for the duo, and sang solo on the group's 1965 recording of "Unchained Melody".

  16. 2001

    1. Roy Boulting, English director and producer (b. 1913) deaths

      1. Twin brothers and filmmakers

        Boulting brothers

        John Edward Boulting and Roy Alfred Clarence Boulting, known collectively as the Boulting brothers, were English filmmakers and identical twins who became known for their series of satirical comedies in the 1950s and 1960s. They produced many of their films through their own production company, Charter Film Productions, which they founded in 1937.

    2. Milton William Cooper, American radio host, author, and activist (b. 1943) deaths

      1. American conspiracy theorist (1943–2001)

        Milton William Cooper

        Milton William "Bill" Cooper was an American conspiracy theorist, radio broadcaster, and author known for his 1991 book Behold a Pale Horse, in which he warned of multiple global conspiracies, some involving extraterrestrial life. Cooper also described HIV/AIDS as a man-made disease used to target blacks, Hispanics, and homosexuals, and that a cure was made before it was implemented. He has been described as a "militia theoretician". Cooper was killed in 2001 by sheriff's deputies after he shot at them during an attempted arrest.

  17. 2000

    1. Jimmie Davis, American singer-songwriter and politician, 47th Governor of Louisiana (b. 1899) deaths

      1. American singer, songwriter, and 47th Governor of Louisiana

        Jimmie Davis

        James Houston Davis was an American politician, singer and songwriter of both sacred and popular songs. Davis was elected for two nonconsecutive terms from 1944 to 1948 and from 1960 to 1964 as the governor of his native Louisiana. As Governor, Davis was an opponent of efforts to desegregate Louisiana.

      2. List of governors of Louisiana

        The governor of Louisiana is the head of state and head of government of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Louisiana's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

    2. Bibi Titi Mohammed, Tanzanian politician (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Tanzanian feminist, independence activist, and politician

        Bibi Titi Mohammed

        Bibi Titi Mohammed was a Tanzanian politician of Muslim descent. She was born in June 1926 in Dar es Salaam, at the time the capital of former Tanganyika. She first was considered a freedom fighter and supported the first president of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere. Bibi Titi Mohammed was a member of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), the party that fought for the independence of Tanzania, and held various ministerial positions. In October 1969, she was sentenced for treason, and, after two years in prison, received a presidential pardon.

  18. 1999

    1. James Goldstone, American director and screenwriter (b. 1931) deaths

      1. American film and television director

        James Goldstone

        James Goldstone was an American film and television director whose career spanned over thirty years.

    2. Colin Rowe, English-American architect, theorist and academic (b. 1920) deaths

      1. British architectural historian

        Colin Rowe

        Colin Rowe, was a British-born, American-naturalised architectural historian, critic, theoretician, and teacher; he is acknowledged to have been a major theoretical and critical influence, in the second half of the twentieth century, on world architecture and urbanism. During his life he taught briefly at the University of Texas at Austin and, for one year, at the University of Cambridge in England. For most of his life he was a professor at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Many of Rowe’s students became important architects and extended his influence throughout the architecture and planning professions. In 1995 he was awarded the Gold Medal by the Royal Institute of British Architects, its highest honour. He was also awarded the Athena Medal from the Congress for the New Urbanism posthumously in 2011.

  19. 1997

    1. James Robert Baker, American author and screenwriter (b. 1946) deaths

      1. American author

        James Robert Baker

        James Robert Baker was an American author of sharply satirical, predominantly gay-themed transgressional fiction. A native Californian, his work is set almost entirely in Southern California. After graduating from UCLA, he began his career as a screenwriter, but became disillusioned and started writing novels instead. Though he garnered fame for his books Fuel-Injected Dreams and Boy Wonder, after the controversy surrounding publication of his novel, Tim and Pete, he faced increasing difficulty having his work published. According to his life partner, this was a contributing factor in his suicide.

    2. Isaiah Berlin, Latvian-English historian, author, and academic (b. 1909) deaths

      1. British philosopher and social and political theorist (1909–1997)

        Isaiah Berlin

        Sir Isaiah Berlin was a Russian-British social and political theorist, philosopher, and historian of ideas. Although he became increasingly averse to writing for publication, his improvised lectures and talks were sometimes recorded and transcribed, and many of his spoken words were converted into published essays and books, both by himself and by others, especially his principal editor from 1974, Henry Hardy.

    3. Peter Jackson, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster (b. 1964) deaths

      1. Australian rugby league footballer

        Peter Jackson (rugby league)

        Peter Jackson was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. Nicknamed 'Jacko', he was an Australia national and Queensland State of Origin representative centre or five-eighth. Jackson played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League for the Souths Magpies, before moving to the New South Wales Rugby League and playing for the Canberra Raiders, Brisbane Broncos and North Sydney Bears. He also played in the Rugby Football League for English club Leeds. Jackson worked in the media following his retirement in 1993, and died as the result of a drug overdose in 1997.

  20. 1996

    1. Eddie Harris, American saxophonist (b. 1934) deaths

      1. American jazz musician (1934–1996)

        Eddie Harris

        Eddie Harris was an American jazz musician, best known for playing tenor saxophone and for introducing the electrically amplified saxophone. He was also fluent on the electric piano and organ. His best-known compositions are "Freedom Jazz Dance", popularized by Miles Davis in 1966, and "Listen Here".

  21. 1993

    1. Hideya Tawada, Japanese actor and model births

      1. Japanese actor (born 1993)

        Hideya Tawada

        Hideya Tawada is a Japanese actor who is represented by the agency GVjp. He played the role of Kinji Takigawa/Star Ninger in the 2015 Super Sentai TV series Shuriken Sentai Ninninger.

  22. 1992

    1. Odell Beckham Jr., American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1992)

        Odell Beckham Jr.

        Odell Cornelious Beckham Jr., commonly known by his initials OBJ, is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. Born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Beckham played college football at LSU and was drafted by the New York Giants in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft. Since entering the NFL, Beckham has been one of the most popular players among fans, but has been one of the most scrutinized with on the field with injuries and personal conduct.

    2. Marco Verratti, Italian footballer births

      1. Italian footballer (born 1992)

        Marco Verratti

        Marco Verratti is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Italy national team. He is often considered as one of the best midfielders in the world.

    3. Adile Ayda, Russian-Turkish engineer and diplomat (b. 1912) deaths

      1. Turkish diplomat

        Adile Ayda

        Adile Ayda was the first woman career diplomat of Turkey, but is today better remembered as an Etruscologist. She became interested in Etruscan studies while stationed in Rome as the Minister-Counsellor of the Turkish Embassy, did research on the subject during her stay in Italy and wrote down her findings in a number of books, in Turkish and in French. What is spectacular about her texts on Etruscans and renders them of interest is that she posits the Etruscans as Turkic, a proposition that is as controversial today as it was during her lifetime.

    4. Arpad Elo, American physicist and chess player (b. 1903) deaths

      1. Hungarian-American mathematician (1903–1992)

        Arpad Elo

        Arpad Emmerich Elo was a Hungarian-American physics professor who created the Elo rating system for two-player games such as chess. Born in Egyházaskesző, Kingdom of Hungary, he moved to the United States with his parents in 1913.

  23. 1991

    1. Flume, Australian DJ and producer births

      1. Australian music producer (born 1991)

        Flume (musician)

        Harley Edward Streten, known professionally as Flume, is an Australian DJ and music producer. He is regarded as a pioneer of future bass who helped popularise the genre. His self-titled debut studio album, Flume, was released in 2012 to positive reviews, topping the ARIA Albums Chart and reaching double-platinum accreditation in Australia.

    2. Shōdai Naoya, Japanese sumo wrestler births

      1. Japanese sumo wrestler

        Shōdai Naoya

        Shōdai Naoya is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Uto, Kumamoto. He is in the Tokitsukaze stable. He is a right hand inside-type wrestler. His highest rank is ōzeki. He has one gold star for defeating a yokozuna and seven special prizes, six for Fighting Spirit and one for Outstanding Performance. He was runner-up in two tournaments before winning his first top-division championship in September 2020.

    3. Robert Maxwell, Czech-English captain, publisher, and politician (b. 1923) deaths

      1. Czechoslovak-born British media proprietor, fraudster, and MP (1923–1991)

        Robert Maxwell

        Ian Robert Maxwell was a Czechoslovak-born British media proprietor, member of parliament (MP), suspected spy, and fraudster.

    4. Fred MacMurray, American actor and businessman (b. 1908) deaths

      1. American actor (1908–1991)

        Fred MacMurray

        Frederick Martin MacMurray was an American actor. He appeared in more than one hundred films and a successful television series, in a career that spanned nearly a half-century. His career as a major film leading man began in 1935, but his most renowned role was in Billy Wilder's film noir Double Indemnity. During 1959–1973, MacMurray appeared in numerous Disney films, including The Shaggy Dog, The Absent-Minded Professor, Follow Me, Boys!, and The Happiest Millionaire. He played Steve Douglas in the television series My Three Sons.

  24. 1989

    1. Vladimir Horowitz, Ukrainian-American pianist and composer (b. 1903) deaths

      1. Russian-born American classical pianist and composer (1903–1989)

        Vladimir Horowitz

        Vladimir Samoylovich Horowitz was a Russian-born American classical pianist and composer. Considered one of the greatest pianists of all time, he was known for his virtuoso technique, tone color, and the public excitement engendered by his playing.

  25. 1988

    1. Virat Kohli, Indian cricketer births

      1. Indian cricketer (born 1988)

        Virat Kohli

        Virat Kohli is an Indian international cricketer and former captain of the India national cricket team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of all time, Kohli plays as a right-handed batsman for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League and for Delhi in domestic Indian cricket. With 40 wins out of 68 tests, Kohli is India's most successful test captain, and one of the most successful test captains of all time, behind only Graeme Smith, Ricky Ponting and Steve Waugh.

  26. 1987

    1. Kevin Jonas, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and actor births

      1. American musician (born 1987)

        Kevin Jonas

        Paul Kevin Jonas II is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He rose to fame as a member of the pop rock band, the Jonas Brothers, alongside his younger brothers Joe and Nick. Jonas became a prominent figure on the Disney Channel alongside his brothers in the late 2000s, gaining a large following through the network: he appeared in the widely successful musical television film, Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel, Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two other series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).

    2. Eamonn Andrews, Irish radio and television host (b. 1922) deaths

      1. Irish television and radio personality

        Eamonn Andrews

        Eamonn Andrews, was an Irish radio and television presenter, employed primarily in the United Kingdom from the 1950s to the 1980s. From 1960 to 1964 he chaired the Radio Éireann Authority, which oversaw the introduction of a state television service in the Republic of Ireland.

  27. 1986

    1. BoA, South Korean singer-songwriter, producer and actress births

      1. South Korean singer and actress (born 1986)

        BoA

        Kwon Bo-ah, known professionally as BoA, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer and actress. One of the most successful and influential Korean entertainers, she has been dubbed the "Queen of K-pop."

    2. Ian Mahinmi, American basketball player births

      1. French basketball player

        Ian Mahinmi

        Ian Mahinmi is a French former professional basketball player. At 6'11" and 250 lb, he played the center position and was selected with the 28th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft by the San Antonio Spurs.

    3. Kasper Schmeichel, Danish footballer births

      1. Danish footballer (born 1977)

        Kasper Schmeichel

        Kasper Peter Schmeichel is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Ligue 1 club Nice and the Denmark national team.

    4. Nodiko Tatishvili, Georgian singer births

      1. Georgian singer (born 1986)

        Nodiko Tatishvili

        Nodiko "Nodar" Tatishvili is a Georgian singer.

    5. Adolf Brudes, German race car driver (b. 1899) deaths

      1. German racing driver

        Adolf Brudes

        Adolf Brudes von Breslau was a Formula One driver from Germany and a member of German nobility. He started racing motorcycles in 1919. As an owner of a BMW and Auto Union dealership in Breslau, he had the opportunities to go racing, which he did from 1928 onwards, initially in hillclimbs. After World War II wiped out his business, he moved to Berlin and for a while became a mechanic, wherever he could find jobs. However he soon was back racing, and he continued until 1968, in hillclimbs – an amazing career of 49 years! He participated in one World Championship Grand Prix, the 1952 Großer Preis von Deutschland, but scored no championship points. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.

    6. Claude Jutra, Canadian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1930) deaths

      1. Canadian actor, film director, and screenwriter

        Claude Jutra

        Claude Jutra was a Canadian actor, film director, and screenwriter.

    7. Bobby Nunn, American singer (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American boxer; R&B singer

        Bobby Nunn (doo-wop musician)

        Ulysses B. "Bobby" Nunn Sr. was an American R&B singer with the musical groups The Robins and original bass vocalist of The Coasters. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, and died of heart failure in Los Angeles, California, U.S.

  28. 1985

    1. Michel Butter, Dutch runner births

      1. Dutch long-distance runner

        Michel Butter

        Michel Butter is a Dutch long-distance runner.

    2. Kate DeAraugo, Australian singer-songwriter births

      1. Australian singer

        Kate DeAraugo

        Katherine Jenna DeAraugo is an Australian singer-songwriter who in 2005 was the third winner of Australian Idol. After Idol, DeAraugo signed to Sony BMG and released her debut single, "Maybe Tonight", in November 2005. The single debuted at Number 1 on the ARIA Charts and was certified platinum. Her debut album, A Place I've Never Been, was released in December 2005 and was also certified platinum. DeAraugo later became a member of the multi-platinum-selling girl group Young Divas, which disbanded in 2008.

    3. Arnold Chikobava, Georgian linguist and philologist (b. 1898) deaths

      1. Georgian linguist and philologist (1898–1985)

        Arnold Chikobava

        Arnold Chikobava was a Soviet Georgian linguist and philologist best known for his contributions to Caucasian studies and for being one of the most active critics of Nicholas Marr's controversial monogenetic "Japhetic" theory of language.

    4. Spencer W. Kimball, American religious leader, 12th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1895) deaths

      1. President of the LDS Church (1895–1985)

        Spencer W. Kimball

        Spencer Woolley Kimball was an American business, civic, and religious leader who was the twelfth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The grandson of early Latter-day Saint apostle Heber C. Kimball, Kimball was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He spent most of his early life in Thatcher, Arizona, where his father, Andrew Kimball, farmed and served as the area's stake president. He served an LDS mission in Independence, Missouri from 1914 to 1916, then worked for various banks in Arizona's Gila Valley as a clerk and bank teller. Kimball later co-founded a business, selling bonds and insurance that, after weathering the Great Depression, became highly successful. Kimball served as a stake president in his hometown from 1938 until 1943, when he was called to serve as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

      2. Highest office of the LDS church

        President of the Church (LDS Church)

        The President of the Church is the highest office of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was the office held by Joseph Smith, the church's founder. The church's president is its leader and the head of the First Presidency, its highest governing body. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a "prophet, seer, and revelator" and refer to him as "the Prophet", a title that was originally given to Smith. When the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title "President". Russell M. Nelson has been the president since January 14, 2018.

  29. 1984

    1. Jon Cornish, Canadian football player births

      1. Canadian gridiron football player (born 1984)

        Jon Cornish

        Jon Cornish is a former Canadian football running back who played nine seasons with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was drafted 13th overall in the 2006 CFL Draft after playing college football at the University of Kansas. Cornish was inducted as a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 2019.

    2. Tobias Enström, Swedish ice hockey player births

      1. Swedish ice hockey player

        Tobias Enström

        Ulf Tobias "Toby" Enström is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League with the Atlanta Thrashers and Winnipeg Jets. He left the NHL after 11 seasons to return and captain original Swedish club, Modo Hockey of HockeyAllsvenskan.

    3. Baruto Kaito, Estonian sumo wrestler births

      1. Estonian sumo wrestler and politician

        Baruto Kaito

        Baruto Kaito is an Estonian politician and former professional sumo wrestler. Making his debut in May 2004, he reached the top division after just two years in sumo in May 2006. After suffering a number of injury problems in 2007 which delayed his progress, he reached the third-highest rank of sekiwake in November 2008, and was promoted to ōzeki rank after finishing the March 2010 tournament with a score of 14–1. He was a tournament runner-up four times before recording a top division championship in the 2012 January tournament. During his career Baruto also earned five special prizes for Fighting Spirit, one for Outstanding Performance and one for Technique. He lost his ōzeki rank after more injury problems at the end of 2012, and having fallen greatly in rank after withdrawing from the May 2013 tournament, he announced his retirement in September of that year at the age of 28.

    4. Eliud Kipchoge, Kenyan long-distance runner births

      1. Kenyan long-distance runner (born 1984)

        Eliud Kipchoge

        Eliud Kipchoge is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon and formerly specialized at the 5000 metre distance. Widely regarded as the greatest marathon runner of all time, he is the 2016 and 2020 Olympic marathon champion and the world record holder in the marathon with a time of 2:01:09 set at the 2022 Berlin Marathon. He has run four of the six fastest marathons in history.

    5. John Sutton, Australian rugby league player births

      1. Australian rugby league footballer

        John Sutton (rugby league)

        John Sutton is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a second-row, five-eighth and lock for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL.

    6. Nick Tandy, English racing driver births

      1. British racing driver

        Nick Tandy

        Nick Tandy is a professional British racing driver currently racing for Corvette Racing in the FIA World Endurance Championship in the 64 Corvette C8.R. His major victories include the 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans, the 2015 Petit Le Mans, the 2018 24 Hours of Nürburgring and the 2020 24 Hours of Spa. He scored also class win at the 2014 24 Hours of Daytona and 2018, 2019, 2020 12 Hours of Sebring.

    7. Nikolay Zherdev, Ukrainian-Russian ice hockey player births

      1. Russian ice hockey player

        Nikolay Zherdev

        Mykola Olehovych "Nikolay" Zherdev is a Ukrainian-Russian professional ice hockey right winger who is currently playing for the HC Merano of the Alps Hockey League.

  30. 1983

    1. Alexa Chung, English model and television host births

      1. English television presenter

        Alexa Chung

        Alexa Chung is a British television presenter, model, internet personality, writer, and fashion designer. She wrote the book It (2013). Her fashion label Alexa Chung, stylized ALEXACHUNG, launched in May 2017 and closed in 2022.

    2. Mike Hanke, German footballer births

      1. German footballer

        Mike Hanke

        Mike Hanke is a German former professional footballer who played the position of forward. He has been described as a player who "gives it his all in attack and is always dangerous in the opponent's penalty area."

    3. Juan Morillo, Dominican baseball player births

      1. Dominican baseball player (born 1983)

        Juan Morillo (baseball)

        Juan Bautista Morillo is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in the 2005 All-Star Futures Game in Detroit.

  31. 1982

    1. Leah Culver, American computer scientist and programmer, co-founder of Pownce births

      1. American computer scientist and entrepreneur

        Leah Culver

        Leah Culver is a computer programmer, startup founder, and angel investor.

      2. Free social networking and micro-blogging site

        Pownce

        Pownce was a free social networking and micro-blogging site started by Internet entrepreneurs Kevin Rose, Leah Culver, and Daniel Burka. Pownce was centered on sharing messages, files, events, and links with friends. The site launched on June 27, 2007, and was opened to the public on January 22, 2008. On December 1, 2008, Pownce announced that it had been acquired by blogging company Six Apart, and that the service would soon shut down. It was subsequently shut down on December 15, 2008.

    2. Bryan LaHair, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1982)

        Bryan LaHair

        Bryan Allan LaHair is an American former professional baseball first baseman. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners and Chicago Cubs and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. LaHair is currently manager for the Dayton Dragons, the Cincinnati Reds' High-A affiliate.

    3. Rob Swire, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer births

      1. Australian musical artist

        Rob Swire

        Robert Swire-Thompson is an Australian musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and DJ, best known as the founder and vocalist of the drum and bass and electronic rock band Pendulum, as well as DJ and co-founder of electro house duo Knife Party formed of Swire and Gareth McGrillen. Originally from Perth, Western Australia, he relocated to the United Kingdom in 2003 with fellow Pendulum co-founders Gareth McGrillen and Paul "El Hornet" Harding. Swire has since fulfilled a broad spectrum of roles as a member of Pendulum, ranging from songwriting to singing while performing live with an unusual guitar-like MIDI controller – Starr Labs' Ztar Z6S-XPA. Swire also plays guitar, bass, keyboards, percussion, and other instruments. He is sometimes referred to by the stage name Anscenic.

    4. Matthew Williams, Welsh footballer births

      1. Welsh footballer

        Matthew Williams (footballer)

        Matthew Williams is a Welsh footballer, who played as a striker.

  32. 1981

    1. Paul Chapman, Australian footballer births

      1. Australian rules footballer, born 1981

        Paul Chapman (Australian footballer)

        Paul Chapman is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club and Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

    2. Ümit Ergirdi, Turkish footballer births

      1. Turkish footballer

        Ümit Ergirdi

        Ümit Ergirdi is a former professional Turkish footballer.

    3. Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa, Tibetan spiritual leader (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa

        The sixteenth Gyalwa Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje was the spiritual leader of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. Followers believed him to be part of the oldest line of reincarnate lamas in Vajrayana Buddhism, known as the Karmapas, whose coming was predicted by the Buddha in the Samadhiraja Sutra. The 16th Karmapa was considered to be a "living Buddha" and was deeply involved in the transmission of the Vajrayana Buddhism to Europe and North America following the Chinese invasion of Tibet. He had many monikers, including “King of the Yogis”, and is the subject of numerous books and films.

  33. 1980

    1. Jaime Camara, Brazilian racing driver births

      1. Brazilian race car driver

        Jaime Camara

        Jaime Camara is a Brazilian race car driver, who in 2008 competed in the IndyCar Series for Conquest Racing.

    2. Andrei Korobeinik, Estonian computer programmer, businessman and politician births

      1. Estonian software entrepreneur and politician

        Andrei Korobeinik

        Andrei Korobeinik is an Estonian computer programmer and entrepreneur, founder and CEO of Rate Solutions and Serenda Invest. He is better known as creator of Estonian social networking site, Rate.ee. Between 2011 and 2013 he was a member of the Estonian parliament.

    3. Christoph Metzelder, German footballer births

      1. German former professional footballer (born 1980)

        Christoph Metzelder

        Christoph Tobias Metzelder is a German former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

    4. Orkun Uşak, Turkish footballer births

      1. Turkish footballer

        Orkun Uşak

        Orkun Uşak is a Turkish football goalkeeper who currently plays for Mersin İdmanyurdu SK. He is a product of the youth system of Galatasaray. He also played for Beykozspor, Bakırköyspor, Anadolu Üsküdar, Elazığspor, Ankaragücü, Kayseri Erciyesspor, Galatasaray, Manisaspor, Konyaspor and Kardemir Karabükspor. On 1 February 2012, he joined Antalyaspor for the rest of the season.

    5. Louis Alter, American musician (b. 1902) deaths

      1. American pianist, songwriter and composer

        Louis Alter

        Louis Alter was an American pianist, songwriter and composer. At 13, he began playing piano in theaters showing silent films. He studied at the New England Conservatory of Music under the tutelage of Stuart Mason.

  34. 1979

    1. Romi Dames, Japanese-American actress births

      1. American film actress

        Romi Dames

        Hiromi "Romi" Dames is an American actress.

    2. Michalis Hatzigiannis, Cypriot singer-songwriter and producer births

      1. Musical artist

        Michalis Hatzigiannis

        Michalis Hatzigiannis is a Greek-Cypriot singer, musician, and record producer. From 2000 to 2010, he received over 30 sales certifications in Greece, making him one of the most successful artists of the decade. He is also known for representing Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998. In 2010, he released his first English-language album. In 2010, Forbes listed him as the 22nd most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and the fifth highest-ranked singer.

    3. Keith McLeod, American basketball player births

      1. Keith McLeod

        Keith McLeod is an American former professional basketball player and current varsity boys basketball head coach at East Canton High School in Canton, Ohio. He is 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) tall. He has also played in the NBA for the Minnesota Timberwolves, Utah Jazz, Golden State Warriors and Indiana Pacers, in the CBA for the Yakima Sun Kings, in the USBL for the Saint Joseph Express, in the NBA D-League with the Albuquerque Thunderbirds, Canton Charge, and Erie BayHawks, and in the Italian top league for Mabo Prefabbricati Livorno, Lottomatica Virtus Roma and Montepaschi Siena.

    4. David Suazo, Honduran footballer and coach births

      1. Honduran footballer

        David Suazo

        Óscar David Suazo Velázquez is a Honduran retired professional footballer turned coach who played as a striker, currently in charge as manager of Serie D club Carbonia.

    5. Al Capp, American cartoonist (b. 1909) deaths

      1. American cartoonist (1909–1979)

        Al Capp

        Alfred Gerald Caplin, better known as Al Capp, was an American cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip Li'l Abner, which he created in 1934 and continued writing and drawing until 1977. He also wrote the comic strips Abbie an' Slats and Long Sam (1954). He won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award in 1947 for Cartoonist of the Year, and their 1979 Elzie Segar Award, posthumously for his "unique and outstanding contribution to the profession of cartooning". Capp's comic strips dealt with urban experiences in the northern states of the USA until the year he introduced "Li'l Abner". Although Capp was from Connecticut, he spent 43 years teaching the world about Dogpatch, reaching an estimated 60 million readers in more than 900 American newspapers and 100 more papers in 28 countries internationally. M. Thomas Inge says Capp made a large personal fortune through the strip and "had a profound influence on the way the world viewed the American South".

  35. 1978

    1. Xavier Tondo, Spanish cyclist (d. 2011) births

      1. Spanish cyclist

        Xavier Tondo

        Xavier Tondo Volpini was a Spanish professional road racing cyclist who specialized in mountain stages of bicycle races.

    2. Bubba Watson, American golfer births

      1. American professional golfer (born 1978)

        Bubba Watson

        Gerry Lester "Bubba" Watson Jr. is an American professional golfer. He has played predominantly on the PGA Tour, and is a multiple major champion, with victories at the Masters Tournament in 2012 and 2014. In February 2015, Watson reached a career-high 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking.

  36. 1977

    1. Maarten Tjallingii, Dutch cyclist births

      1. Racing cyclist

        Maarten Tjallingii

        Maarten Pieter Tjallingii is a Dutch former professional racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2003 and 2016.

    2. Richard Wright, English footballer and coach births

      1. English footballer and coach

        Richard Wright (footballer)

        Richard Ian Wright is an English football coach and former professional footballer who is a goalkeeping coach for Premier League side Manchester City.

    3. René Goscinny, French author and illustrator (b. 1926) deaths

      1. French comic book artist and author

        René Goscinny

        René Goscinny was a French comic editor and writer, who created the Astérix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo. Raised largely in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he attended French schools, he lived for a time in the United States. There he met Belgian cartoonist Morris. After his return to France, they collaborated for more than 20 years on the comic series Lucky Luke.

    4. Guy Lombardo, Canadian-American violinist and conductor (b. 1902) deaths

      1. Musical artist

        Guy Lombardo

        Gaetano Alberto "Guy" Lombardo was an Italian-Canadian-American bandleader, violinist, and hydroplane racer.

    5. Alexey Stakhanov, Russian-Soviet miner, the Stakhanovite movement has been named after him (b. 1906) deaths

      1. Soviet miner, national hero

        Alexey Stakhanov

        Alexey Grigoryevich Stakhanov was a Soviet and Russian miner, Hero of Socialist Labour (1970), and a member of the CPSU (1936). He became a celebrity in 1935 as part of what became known as the Stakhanovite movement – a campaign intended to increase worker productivity and to demonstrate the superiority of the socialist economic system.

      2. Soviet work ethos equating labor with heroism

        Stakhanovite movement

        The term Stakhanovite (стахановец) originated in the Soviet Union and referred to workers who modeled themselves after Alexey Stakhanov. These workers took pride in their ability to produce more than was required, by working harder and more efficiently, thus strengthening the socialist state. The Stakhanovite Movement was encouraged due to the idea of socialist emulation. It began in the coal industry but later spread to many other industries in the Soviet Union. The movement eventually encountered resistance as the increased productivity led to increased demands on workers.

  37. 1976

    1. Mr. Fastfinger, Finnish guitarist and songwriter births

      1. Musical artist

        Mr. Fastfinger

        Mika Tyyskä, better known by his stage name Mr. Fastfinger, is a Finnish virtuoso guitarist, and multi-instrumentalist who encompasses several genres of music. Originally, Mr. Fastfinger was an imaginary character, created and animated in Flash, to be "host" of the website GuitarShredShow.com, an award-winning combination of further animation and an online guitar school. The online guitar school opened 2005. The better the website was known, the more Mika Tyyskä was asked to share and to teach in clinics and guitar camps in Europe and Japan.

  38. 1975

    1. Lisa Scott-Lee, Welsh singer-songwriter births

      1. Musical artist

        Lisa Scott-Lee

        Lisa Scott-Lee is a Welsh singer and member of the pop group Steps, formed in 1997. Scott-Lee signed a record deal with Mercury Records and launched a solo career in 2003 although her success was limited after the release her debut single "Lately", and was dropped after her second single. She released her debut solo album Never or Now in 2007 through Concept Records.

    2. Edward Lawrie Tatum, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1909) deaths

      1. American geneticist

        Edward Tatum

        Edward Lawrie Tatum was an American geneticist. He shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

    3. Lionel Trilling, American critic, essayist, short story writer, and educator (b. 1905) deaths

      1. American literary critic and writer

        Lionel Trilling

        Lionel Mordecai Trilling was an American literary critic, short story writer, essayist, and teacher. He was one of the leading U.S. critics of the 20th century who analyzed the contemporary cultural, social, and political implications of literature. With his wife Diana Trilling, whom he married in 1929, he was a member of the New York Intellectuals and contributor to the Partisan Review.

  39. 1974

    1. Ryan Adams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American rock singer-songwriter

        Ryan Adams

        David Ryan Adams is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, artist, and poet. He has released 22 albums, as well as three studio albums as a former member of alt-country band Whiskeytown.

    2. Angela Gossow, German singer-songwriter births

      1. German metal vocalist

        Angela Gossow

        Angela Nathalie Gossow is a German vocalist, best known as the former lead singer for the Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. Her other previous bands include Asmodina and Mistress.

    3. Dado Pršo, Croatian footballer and coach births

      1. Croatian footballer

        Dado Pršo

        Miladin "Dado" Pršo is a Croatian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

    4. Taine Randell, New Zealand rugby player births

      1. NZ international rugby union player

        Taine Randell

        Taine Randell is a retired New Zealand rugby union player. He was a versatile loose forward and a former All Blacks captain. He was born in Hastings, New Zealand, and is of Ngāti Kahungunu and Waikato Tainui descent.

    5. Jerry Stackhouse, American basketball player and sportscaster births

      1. American basketball player (born 1974)

        Jerry Stackhouse

        Jerry Darnell Stackhouse is an American basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach of the Vanderbilt Commodores men's team. He played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and was a two-time NBA All-Star. He formerly was the head coach of Raptors 905 and an assistant coach for the Toronto Raptors and Memphis Grizzlies. Additionally, he has worked as an NBA TV analyst. Stackhouse played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels.

  40. 1973

    1. Alexei Yashin, Russian ice hockey player and manager births

      1. Russian ice hockey player

        Alexei Yashin

        Alexei Valeryevich Yashin is a Russian former professional ice hockey centre who played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Ottawa Senators and New York Islanders, serving as captain of both teams. He also played nine seasons in the Russian Superleague (RSL) and Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for Dynamo Moscow, CSKA Moscow, Lokomotiv Yaroslavl and SKA Saint Petersburg. He was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2020.

  41. 1972

    1. Alfred Schmidt, Estonian weightlifter (b. 1898) deaths

      1. Estonian weightlifter

        Alfred Schmidt (weightlifter)

        Alfred Schmidt was an Estonian featherweight weightlifter who won a silver medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

  42. 1971

    1. Sergei Berezin, Russian ice hockey player births

      1. Ice hockey player

        Sergei Berezin

        Sergei Yevgenyevich Berezin is a former NHL player from 1996–97 through 2002–03. Berezin, who played left wing in the NHL, was selected by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the tenth round of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played with the Leafs until being traded to the Phoenix Coyotes in 2001. At the end of the season he was flipped to the Montreal Canadiens where he scored their 10,000th goal on home ice. In the offseason he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks before being sent to the Washington Capitals in a trade deadline day deal. He retired from the NHL and returned to Russia to play a final season before ending his career completely.

    2. Jonny Greenwood, English guitarist and songwriter births

      1. English musician

        Jonny Greenwood

        Jonathan Richard Guy Greenwood is an English musician and composer. He is the lead guitarist and keyboardist of the alternative rock band Radiohead, and has written numerous film scores.

    3. Rob Jones, Welsh-English footballer and coach births

      1. English footballer

        Rob Jones (footballer, born 1971)

        Robert Marc Jones is an English football coach and former professional footballer.

    4. Corin Nemec, American actor, producer and screenwriter births

      1. American actor

        Corin Nemec

        Joseph Charles Nemec IV, known professionally as Corin Nemec, is an American actor, producer, and screenwriter. He was billed as Corin "Corky" Nemec or Corky Nemec until 1990.

    5. Mårten Olander, Swedish golfer births

      1. Swedish professional golfer

        Mårten Olander

        Mårten Olander is a Swedish professional golfer.

    6. Sam Jones, American baseball player (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American baseball player

        Sam Jones (baseball)

        Samuel "Toothpick" Jones was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants, Detroit Tigers and the Baltimore Orioles between 1951 and 1964. He batted and threw right-handed.

  43. 1970

    1. Javy López, Puerto Rican-American baseball player births

      1. Puerto Rican professional baseball player, catcher

        Javy López

        Javier "Javy" López Torres is a Puerto Rican former catcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Atlanta Braves (1992–2003), Baltimore Orioles (2004–2006) and Boston Red Sox (2006). He batted and threw right-handed. He was named Ponce, Puerto Rico's Athlete of the Year from 1984 to 1987.

  44. 1969

    1. Pat Kilbane, American actor, comedian, director and screenwriter births

      1. American actor

        Pat Kilbane

        Patrick F. Kilbane is an American actor, comedian, and screenwriter best known for his three seasons as a cast member on MADtv (1997–2000), as well his memorable appearance in the 1996 "The Bizarro Jerry" episode of Seinfeld, in which he played Bizarro Kramer. Kilbane's first book, The Brain Eater's Bible: Sound Advice for the Newly Reanimated Zombie, was released on March 18, 2011.

  45. 1968

    1. Ricardo Fort, Argentinian actor, director and businessman (d. 2013) births

      1. Argentine socialite, entrepreneur and television director

        Ricardo Fort

        Ricardo Aníbal Fort Campa was an Argentine socialite, entrepreneur and television director. Although his career lasted four years, Fort was one of the most popular personalities in his country.

    2. Sam Rockwell, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Sam Rockwell

        Sam Rockwell is an American actor. He is known for appearing in independent film and also as a character actor portraying a wide variety of roles both comedic and dramatic in films such as Lawn Dogs (1997), The Green Mile (1999), Galaxy Quest (1999), Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002), Matchstick Men (2003), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005), Moon (2009), Frost/Nixon (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Conviction (2010), Cowboys & Aliens (2011), Seven Psychopaths (2012), The Way, Way Back (2013), Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), Vice (2018), Jojo Rabbit (2019), Richard Jewell (2019), and The Best of Enemies (2019).

  46. 1967

    1. Judy Reyes, American actress and producer births

      1. American Actress, Model and Producer (born 1967)

        Judy Reyes

        Judy Reyes is an American actress, model and producer, best known for her roles as Carla Espinosa on the NBC/ABC medical comedy series Scrubs (2001–2009), and as Zoila Diaz in the Lifetime comedy-drama Devious Maids (2013–2016). Beginning in 2017, she stars as Annalise "Quiet Ann" Zayas in the TNT crime comedy-drama Claws.

  47. 1966

    1. Nayim, Spanish footballer and manager births

      1. Spanish footballer (born 1966)

        Nayim

        Mohamed Alí Amar, known as Nayim, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.

    2. James Allen, English journalist and sportscaster births

      1. British radio/TV commentator

        James Allen (journalist)

        James Allen is a British former TV commentator and journalist, now President of Motorsport Network who worked as Formula One (F1) commentator for ITV from 2000 to 2008, and subsequently as BBC Radio 5 Live F1 commentator, BBC F1 Correspondent, Financial Times F1 correspondent and presenter for Ten Sport in Australia. He lives in London with his wife, Pip, and their two sons, Enzo and Emerson.

    3. Urmas Kirs, Estonian footballer and manager births

      1. Estonian manager and footballer

        Urmas Kirs

        Urmas Kirs is an Estonian football manager and a retired footballer. He lastly coached the Estonian Meistriliiga club Tarvas. He played in the position of defender. Kirs spent the most of his career in Flora.

  48. 1965

    1. Atul Gawande, American surgeon and journalist births

      1. American surgeon (born 1965)

        Atul Gawande

        Atul Atmaram Gawande is an American surgeon, writer, and public health researcher. He practices general and endocrine surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. He is a professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Samuel O. Thier Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School. In public health, he is executive director of Ariadne Labs, a joint center for health systems innovation, and chairman of Lifebox, a nonprofit that works on reducing deaths in surgery globally. On June 20, 2018, Gawande was named the CEO of healthcare venture Haven, owned by Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway, and JP Morgan Chase and stepped down as CEO in May 2020, remaining as executive chairman while the organization sought a new CEO.

    2. Famke Janssen, Dutch model and actress births

      1. Dutch actress

        Famke Janssen

        Famke Beumer Janssen is a Dutch actress. She played Xenia Onatopp in GoldenEye (1995), Jean Grey / Phoenix in the X-Men film series (2000–2014), and Lenore Mills in the Taken film trilogy (2008–2014). In 2008, she was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador for Integrity by the United Nations. She made her directorial debut with Bringing Up Bobby in 2011. She is also known for her roles in the Netflix original series Hemlock Grove (2013–2015), FX’s Nip/Tuck (2003–2010), and ABC's How to Get Away with Murder (2014–2020). Janssen starred in the 2017 NBC crime thriller The Blacklist: Redemption.

  49. 1964

    1. Buddy Cole, American pianist and conductor (b. 1916) deaths

      1. American jazz pianist and orchestra leader

        Buddy Cole (musician)

        Edwin LeMar "Buddy" Cole, was a jazz pianist, organist, orchestra leader, and composer. He played behind a number of pop singers, including Rosemary Clooney and Bing Crosby.

    2. Lansdale Ghiselin Sasscer, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (b. 1893) deaths

      1. Politician and United States Army officer (1893-1964)

        Lansdale Ghiselin Sasscer

        Lansdale Ghiselin Sasscer represented the fifth district of the state of Maryland in the United States House of Representatives for seven terms from 1939 to 1953.

  50. 1963

    1. Hans Gillhaus, Dutch footballer and scout births

      1. Dutch footballer

        Hans Gillhaus

        Johannes "Hans" Paulus Gillhaus is a Dutch retired professional footballer who played primarily as a left-sided forward.

    2. Andrea McArdle, American actress and singer births

      1. American singer and actress

        Andrea McArdle

        Andrea McArdle is an American singer and actress best known for originating the role of Annie in the Broadway musical Annie.

    3. Tatum O'Neal, American actress and author births

      1. American actress

        Tatum O'Neal

        Tatum Beatrice O'Neal is an American actress. She is the youngest person ever to win an Academy Award, winning at age 10 for her performance as Addie Loggins in Paper Moon (1973) opposite her father, Ryan O'Neal. She also starred as Amanda Wurlitzer in The Bad News Bears (1976), followed by Nickelodeon (1976), and Little Darlings (1980). O'Neal later appeared in guest roles in Sex and the City, 8 Simple Rules and Law & Order: Criminal Intent. From 2006 to 2007, she portrayed Blythe Hunter in the My Network TV drama series Wicked Wicked Games.

    4. Brian Wheat, American bass player and songwriter births

      1. American rock band

        Tesla (band)

        Tesla is an American rock band from Sacramento, California. In late 1981, bassist Brian Wheat and guitarist Frank Hannon formed a band named City Kidd, which evolved into Tesla. By 1984, vocalist Jeff Keith, guitarist Tommy Skeoch, and drummer Troy Luccketta had joined the band, forming their classic lineup that appeared on all of the albums and live shows during their initial run. The band adopted the Tesla moniker shortly before recording their first album, as another band with a similar name already existed.

    5. Jean-Pierre Papin, French footballer and manager births

      1. French footballer and manager (born 1963)

        Jean-Pierre Papin

        Jean-Pierre Roger Guillaume Papin is a French football manager and former professional player who played as a forward. He was named the Ballon d'Or and IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year in 1991. Papin is the manager of Championnat National 2 club C'Chartres.

    6. Luis Cernuda, Spanish poet and critic (b. 1902) deaths

      1. Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27 (1902 – 1963)

        Luis Cernuda

        Luis Cernuda Bidón was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27. During the Spanish Civil War, in early 1938, he went to the UK to deliver some lectures and this became the start of an exile that lasted till the end of his life. He taught in the universities of Glasgow and Cambridge before moving in 1947 to the US. In the 1950s he moved to Mexico. While he continued to write poetry, he also published wide-ranging books of critical essays, covering French, English and German as well as Spanish literature. He was frank about his homosexuality at a time when this was problematic and became something of a role model for this in Spain. His collected poems were published under the title La realidad y el deseo.

  51. 1962

    1. Turid Birkeland, Norwegian businesswoman and politician, Norwegian Minister of Culture (d. 2015) births

      1. Norwegian politician

        Turid Birkeland

        Turid Birkeland was a Norwegian cultural executive and former politician for the Labour Party. She was Minister of Culture in 1996–97. She was an author and also worked in television, including being chief of cultural programming at NRK and a member of the board at Telenor. She also headed the Risør Chamber Music Festival, and was the director of Concerts Norway.

      2. Norwegian cabinet minister

        Minister of Culture and Equality

        The Minister of Culture and Equality is a councilor of state and chief of the Norway's Ministry of Culture. The ministry is responsible for the government's policy related to culture, church affairs, religion, media, sports and gambling. Subordinate agencies include the Gaming and Foundation Authority, the National Archival Services, the National Library, the Arts Council and the Media Authority. The portfolio includes issues related to the Church of Norway.

    2. Abedi Pele, Ghanaian footballer and manager births

      1. Ghanaian association football player

        Abedi Pele

        Abedi Ayew, known professionally as Abedi Pele, is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and who served as captain of the Ghana national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest African footballers of all time. He played for several European clubs and found his fame in the French Ligue 1 with Lille and Marseille, the latter where he won the UEFA Champions League in 1993, among other titles. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of his generation.

    3. Marcus J. Ranum, American computer scientist and author births

      1. Marcus J. Ranum

        Marcus J. Ranum is a computer and network security researcher. He is credited with a number of innovations in firewalls, including building the first Internet email server for the whitehouse.gov domain, and intrusion detection systems. He has held technical and leadership positions with a number of computer security companies, and is a faculty member of the Institute for Applied Network Security.

  52. 1961

    1. Alan G. Poindexter, American captain, pilot and astronaut (d. 2012) births

      1. American test pilot and astronaut (1961–2012)

        Alan G. Poindexter

        Alan Goodwin "Dex" Poindexter was an American naval officer and a NASA astronaut. Poindexter was selected in the 1998 NASA Group (G17) and went into orbit aboard Space Shuttle missions STS-122 and STS-131.

  53. 1960

    1. René Froger, Dutch singer-songwriter births

      1. Dutch singer

        René Froger

        René Froger, is a Dutch singer.

    2. Tilda Swinton, English actress births

      1. British actress

        Tilda Swinton

        Katherine Matilda Swinton is a British actress. Known for her roles in independent films and blockbusters, she has received various accolades, including an Academy Award and a British Academy Film Award, in addition to nominations for three Golden Globe Awards and five Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2020, The New York Times ranked her as one of the greatest actors of the 21st century.

    3. Ward Bond, American actor (b. 1903) deaths

      1. American actor (1903–1960)

        Ward Bond

        Wardell Edwin Bond was an American film character actor who appeared in more than 200 films and starred in the NBC television series Wagon Train from 1957 to 1960. Among his best-remembered roles are Bert the cop in Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Captain Clayton in John Ford's The Searchers (1956).

    4. Donald Grey Barnhouse, American pastor and theologian (b. 1895) deaths

      1. American pastor and author

        Donald Barnhouse

        Donald Grey Barnhouse, was an American Christian preacher, pastor, theologian, radio pioneer, and writer. He was pastor of the Tenth Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from 1927 to his death in 1960. As a pioneer in radio broadcasting, his program, The Bible Study Hour, continues today and is now known as Dr. Barnhouse & the Bible.

    5. August Gailit, Estonian author and poet (b. 1891) deaths

      1. Estonian writer

        August Gailit

        August Gailit was an Estonian writer.

    6. Johnny Horton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American singer (1925–1960)

        Johnny Horton

        John LaGale Horton was an American singer-songwriter and musician. Initially performing traditional country, Horton later performed rockabilly songs. He is best known for a series of history-inspired narrative country saga songs that became international hits. His 1959 single "The Battle of New Orleans" was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and in 2001 ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's "Songs of the Century". His first No. 1 country song was in 1959, "When It's Springtime in Alaska ".

    7. Mack Sennett, Canadian-American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1880) deaths

      1. Canadian-American actor and filmmaker

        Mack Sennett

        Mack Sennett was a Canadian-American film actor, director, and producer, and studio head, known as the 'King of Comedy'.

  54. 1959

    1. Bryan Adams, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer and actor births

      1. Canadian guitarist (born 1959)

        Bryan Adams

        Bryan Guy Adams FRPS is a Canadian singer-songwriter and photographer. Adams has been cited as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, and is estimated to have sold between 75 million and more than 100 million records and singles worldwide. Adams was the most played artist on Canadian radio in the 2010s and has had 25 top-15 singles in Canada and a dozen or more in each of the US, UK, and Australia.

    2. Tomo Česen, Slovenian mountaineer births

      1. Tomo Česen

        Tomislav "Tomo" Česen is a Slovenian mountaineer; he specialises in solo ascents in the Alps and the Himalayas.

  55. 1958

    1. Don Falcone, American keyboard player, songwriter and producer births

      1. American musician and producer

        Don Falcone

        Don Falcone is an American producer and multi-instrumentalist, and the guiding light behind the Spirits Burning space-rock collective. In Spirits Burning and other offshoot bands and projects, his primary collaborations have been with Albert Bouchard, Bridget Wishart, Cyrille Verdeaux, Daevid Allen, and English writer and musician Michael Moorcock.

    2. Mo Gaffney, American actress and screenwriter births

      1. American actress and activist

        Mo Gaffney

        Maureen E. Gaffney is an American actress and activist.

    3. Robert Patrick, American actor births

      1. American actor (born 1958)

        Robert Patrick

        Robert Hammond Patrick is an American actor. Known for portraying villains and honorable authority figures, he is a Saturn Award winner with four other nominations.

  56. 1957

    1. Mike Score, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player births

      1. English singer-songwriter

        Mike Score

        Michael Gordon Score is an English singer, songwriter and musician who achieved worldwide fame as the founder, lead vocalist, and rhythm guitarist of the new wave band A Flock of Seagulls. He released a solo album on 1 March 2014 titled Zeebratta.

  57. 1956

    1. Jeff Watson, American guitarist and songwriter births

      1. Musical artist

        Jeff Watson (guitarist)

        Jeffrey Victor Watson is an American guitarist originally known as one of the founding members and lead guitarist of the band Night Ranger, in which he has played as co-guitarist with guitarist Brad Gillis. Watson developed his signature eight-fingered tapping technique during his time in the band.

    2. John Harwood, American journalist births

      1. American journalist

        John Harwood (journalist)

        John Harwood is an American journalist who worked as White House Correspondent for CNN from February 2021 until September 2022. Harwood was formerly an editor-at-large for CNBC. He was the chief Washington Correspondent for CNBC and a contributor for The New York Times. He wrote a weekly column entitled "The Caucus" that appeared on Monday about Washington politics and policy. Before joining the Times, he wrote for The Wall Street Journal.

    3. Lavrentis Machairitsas, Greek singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. Greek rock musician (1956–2019)

        Lavrentis Machairitsas

        Lavrentis Machairitsas was a Greek rock musician from Volos, Thessaly, Greece.

    4. Michael Sorridimi, Australian rugby league player births

      1. Australian rugby league footballer

        Michael Sorridimi

        Michel Sorridimi is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s.

    5. Rob Fisher, English keyboard player and songwriter (d. 1999) births

      1. British keyboardist and songwriter

        Rob Fisher (British musician)

        Rob Fisher was an English keyboardist and songwriter from Cheltenham, England, who achieved chart success as a member of the new wave band Naked Eyes and, later, Climie Fisher. He attended Lord Wandsworth College in Hampshire, where he was a member of a band called Cirrus with Nick Ryall and Ray Coop (bass).

    6. Art Tatum, American pianist and composer (b. 1909) deaths

      1. American jazz pianist

        Art Tatum

        Arthur Tatum Jr. was an American jazz pianist who is widely regarded as one of the greatest in his field. From early in his career, Tatum's technical ability was regarded by fellow musicians as extraordinary. Many pianists attempted to copy him; others questioned their own skills after encountering him, and some even switched instruments in response. In addition to being acclaimed for his virtuoso technique, Tatum extended the vocabulary and boundaries of jazz piano far beyond his initial stride influences, and established new ground in jazz through innovative use of reharmonization, voicing, and bitonality.

  58. 1955

    1. Bernard Chazelle, French computer scientist and academic births

      1. French-American computer scientist

        Bernard Chazelle

        Bernard Chazelle is a French-American computer scientist. He is currently the Eugene Higgins Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University. Much of his work is in computational geometry, where he is known for his study of algorithms, such as linear-time triangulation of a simple polygon, as well as major complexity results, such as lower bound techniques based on discrepancy theory. He is also known for his invention of the soft heap data structure and the most asymptotically efficient known algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees.

    2. Kris Jenner, American talent manager and businesswoman births

      1. American media personality, socialite, and businesswoman

        Kris Jenner

        Kristen Mary Jenner is an American media personality, socialite, and businesswoman. She rose to fame starring in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians (2007–2021).

    3. Karan Thapar, Indian journalist and author births

      1. Indian journalist

        Karan Thapar

        Karan Thapar is an Indian journalist, news presenter and interviewer working with The Wire. Thapar was associated with CNN-IBN and hosted The Devil's Advocate and The Last Word. He was also associated with India Today, hosted the shows To the Point and Nothing But The Truth and is doing an exclusive series of Interviews with The Wire on his show Access Journalism.

    4. Maurice Utrillo, French painter (b. 1883) deaths

      1. French painter (1883–1955)

        Maurice Utrillo

        Maurice Utrillo, born Maurice Valadon; 26 December 1883 – 5 November 1955), was a French painter of School of Paris who specialized in cityscapes. Born in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, France, Utrillo is one of the few famous painters of Montmartre who were born there.

  59. 1954

    1. Alejandro Sabella, Argentine footballer and manager (d. 2020) births

      1. Argentine footballer (1954–2020)

        Alejandro Sabella

        Alejandro Javier Sabella was an Argentine football player and manager. Born in Buenos Aires, he began his playing career with River Plate in his home country before moving to England in 1978 to play for Sheffield United. Known as "Alex" while in England, Sabella then had a spell with another English side, Leeds United, before returning to South America and representing Estudiantes, Grêmio, Ferro Carril Oeste and Irapuato.

    2. Jeffrey Sachs, American economist and academic births

      1. American economist

        Jeffrey Sachs

        Jeffrey David Sachs is an American economist, academic, public policy analyst, and former director of The Earth Institute at Columbia University, where he holds the title of University Professor. He is known for his work on sustainable development, economic development, and the fight to end poverty.

  60. 1953

    1. Joyce Maynard, American journalist, author and academic births

      1. American writer

        Joyce Maynard

        Daphne Joyce Maynard is an American novelist and journalist. She began her career in journalism in the 1970s, writing for several publications, most notably Seventeen magazine and The New York Times. Maynard contributed to Mademoiselle and Harrowsmith magazines in the 1980s, while also beginning a career as a novelist with the publication of her first novel, Baby Love (1981). Her second novel, To Die For (1992), drew from the Pamela Smart murder case and was adapted into the 1995 film of the same name. Maynard received significant media attention in 1998 with the publication of her memoir At Home in the World, which deals with her affair with J. D. Salinger.

  61. 1952

    1. Oleh Blokhin, Ukrainian footballer and manager births

      1. Ukrainian footballer and manager

        Oleg Blokhin

        Oleg Vladimirovich Blokhin, or Oleh Volodymyrovych Blokhin, is a former Ukrainian and Soviet football player and manager. Regarded as one of the greatest footballers of his generation, Blokhin was formerly a standout striker for Dynamo Kyiv and the Soviet Union.

    2. Vandana Shiva, Indian philosopher and author births

      1. Indian philosopher, scientist and environmentalist

        Vandana Shiva

        Vandana Shiva is an Indian scholar, environmental activist, food sovereignty advocate, ecofeminist and anti-globalisation author. Based in Delhi, Shiva has written more than 20 books. She is often referred to as "Gandhi of grain" for her activism associated with the anti-GMO movement.

  62. 1951

    1. Reggie Walker, South African runner (b. 1889) deaths

      1. South African athlete

        Reggie Walker (sprinter)

        Reginald Edgar Walker was a South African athlete and the 1908 Olympic champion in the 100 metres.

  63. 1950

    1. Thorbjørn Jagland, Norwegian politician, 25th Prime Minister of Norway births

      1. Norwegian politician

        Thorbjørn Jagland

        Thorbjørn Jagland is a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He served as the secretary general of the Council of Europe from 2009 to 2019. He served as the 32nd prime minister of Norway from 1996 to 1997, as the minister of Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2001 and as the president of the Storting from 2005 to 2009.

      2. List of heads of government of Norway

        This is a list of heads of government of Norway. In the modern era, the head of government has the title prime minister. At various times in the past, the highest governmental title has included steward, viceroy and first minister

    2. James Kennedy, American psychologist and author births

      1. American social psychologist

        James Kennedy (social psychologist)

        James Kennedy is an American social psychologist, best known as an originator and researcher of particle swarm optimization. The first papers on the topic, by Kennedy and Russell C. Eberhart, were presented in 1995; since then tens of thousands of papers have been published on particle swarms. The Academic Press / Morgan Kaufmann book, Swarm Intelligence, by Kennedy and Eberhart with Yuhui Shi, was published in 2001.

    3. Mary Harris Armor, American suffragist (b. 1863) deaths

      1. American and international temperance leader

        Mary Harris Armor

        Mary Elizabeth Harris Armor was an American temperance leader. She was the state president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and is often credited for the passing of prohibition legislature in Georgia.

  64. 1949

    1. Armin Shimerman, American actor births

      1. American actor (born 1949)

        Armin Shimerman

        Armin Shimerman is an American actor and author.

    2. Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984) births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Jimmie Spheeris

        Jimmie Spheeris was an American singer-songwriter who released four albums in the 1970s on the Columbia Records and Epic Records labels. Spheeris died in 1984, at the age of 34, after a motorcycle accident.

  65. 1948

    1. Bob Barr, American lawyer and politician births

      1. American attorney and politician (born 1948)

        Bob Barr

        Robert Laurence Barr Jr. is an American attorney and politician. He served as a federal prosecutor and as a Congressman. He represented Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Republican from 1995 to 2003. Barr attained national prominence as one of the leaders of the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. During his time in the House of Representatives, he authored the Defense of Marriage Act, which was later overturned.

    2. Peter Hammill, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer births

      1. English musician and recording artist

        Peter Hammill

        Peter Joseph Andrew Hammill is an English musician and recording artist. He was a founder member of the progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator. Best known as a singer/songwriter, he also plays guitar and piano and produces his own recordings and occasionally those of other artists. In 2012, he was recognised with the Visionary award at the first Progressive Music Awards.

    3. Bernard-Henri Lévy, French philosopher and author births

      1. French philosopher

        Bernard-Henri Lévy

        Bernard-Henri Lévy is a French public intellectual. Often referred to in France simply as BHL, he was one of the leaders of the "Nouveaux Philosophes" movement in 1976. His opinions, political activism and publications have also been the subject of several controversies over the years.

    4. William Daniel Phillips, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births

      1. American physics Nobel laureate (born 1948)

        William Daniel Phillips

        William Daniel Phillips is an American physicist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1997, with Steven Chu and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji.

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physics

        The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.

  66. 1947

    1. Quint Davis, American director and producer births

      1. American festival producer and director

        Quint Davis

        Quint Davis is an American festival producer and director based in New Orleans. He is best known as the producer of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival founded by George Wein. Davis has been involved in the production of the event from its start in 1970. He is the CEO of Festival Productions, Inc. - New Orleans, the company that produces the Jazz Fest.

    2. Peter Noone, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. English singer-songwriter and actor

        Peter Noone

        Peter Blair Denis Bernard Noone is an English singer-songwriter, guitarist, pianist and actor. He was the lead singer "Herman" in the 1960s pop group Herman's Hermits.

  67. 1946

    1. Gram Parsons, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1973) births

      1. American singer-songwriter (1946–1973)

        Gram Parsons

        Ingram Cecil Connor III who was known professionally as Gram Parsons, was an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and pianist who recorded as a solo artist and with the International Submarine Band, the Byrds, and the Flying Burrito Brothers, popularizing what he called "Cosmic American Music", a hybrid of country, rhythm and blues, soul, folk, and rock.

    2. Joseph Stella, Italian-American painter (b. 1877) deaths

      1. American painter

        Joseph Stella

        Joseph Stella was an Italian-born American Futurist painter best known for his depictions of industrial America, especially his images of the Brooklyn Bridge. He is also associated with the American Precisionist movement of the 1910s–1940s.

  68. 1945

    1. Peter Pace, American general births

      1. 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

        Peter Pace

        Peter Pace is a retired United States Marine Corps general who served as the 16th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Pace was the first Marine officer appointed as chairman and the first Marine officer to be appointed to three different four-star assignments; the others were as the sixth vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2001, to August 12, 2005, and as Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Southern Command from September 8, 2000, to September 30, 2001. Appointed chairman by President George W. Bush, Pace succeeded U.S. Air Force General Richard Myers on September 30, 2005.

    2. Aleka Papariga, Greek accountant and politician births

      1. Greek politician

        Aleka Papariga

        Alexandra "Aleka" Papariga is a communist Greek politician who served the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) as its General Secretary from 1991 to 2013. She is the first woman to be General Secretary of KKE, and thus the first woman to head a major political party in Greece.

    3. Svetlana Tširkova-Lozovaja, Russian fencer and coach births

      1. Soviet fencer and coach

        Svetlana Tširkova-Lozovaja

        Svetlana Tširkova is a former Soviet fencer, two-time Olympic champion in foil team competitions and fencing coach in Estonia.

  69. 1944

    1. Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1873) deaths

      1. French surgeon and biologist (1873–1944)

        Alexis Carrel

        Alexis Carrel was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques. He invented the first perfusion pump with Charles A. Lindbergh opening the way to organ transplantation. His positive description of a miraculous healing he witnessed during a pilgrimage earned him scorn of some of his colleagues. This prompted him to relocate to the United States, where he lived most of his life. He had a leading role in implementing eugenic policies in Vichy France.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

  70. 1943

    1. Friedman Paul Erhardt, German-American chef and author (d. 2007) births

      1. Friedman Paul Erhardt

        Friedman Paul Erhardt was a German American pioneering early television chef. He was known as "Chef Tell" to his 40 million fans. He is widely regarded as one of the first chefs to enjoy widespread popularity on American television. Former Philadelphia Inquirer food writer, Elaine Tait, wrote, "Chef Tell is America's pioneer TV showman chef whose food always tastes good." Erhardt's thick German accent reportedly made him the inspiration for the Swedish Chef, a well known Muppet character on The Muppet Show, although Brian Henson denies this.

    2. Percy Hobson, Australian high jumper births

      1. Australian high jumper (1942–2022)

        Percy Hobson (high jumper)

        Percy Francis Hobson was an Australian high jumper. He won the men's event at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, making him the first Indigenous Australian to earn a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games.

    3. Sam Shepard, American playwright and actor (d. 2017) births

      1. American playwright and actor (1943–2017)

        Sam Shepard

        Samuel Shepard Rogers III was an American actor, playwright, author, screenwriter, and director whose career spanned half a century. He won 10 Obie Awards for writing and directing, the most by any writer or director. He wrote 58 plays as well as several books of short stories, essays, and memoirs. Shepard received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in the 1983 film The Right Stuff. He received the PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award as a master American dramatist in 2009. New York magazine described Shepard as "the greatest American playwright of his generation."

  71. 1942

    1. Pierangelo Bertoli, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2002) births

      1. Italian singer-songwriter (1942–2002)

        Pierangelo Bertoli

        Pierangelo Bertoli was an Italian singer-songwriter and poet. Close to libertarian communist issues his works told mainly about environment, laïcité, antimilitarism and social issues regarding marginalized and rebellious people.

    2. George M. Cohan, American actor, singer, composer, author and theatre manager/owner (b. 1878) deaths

      1. American actor, singer, composer and playwright (1878–1942)

        George M. Cohan

        George Michael Cohan was an American entertainer, playwright, composer, lyricist, actor, singer, dancer and theatrical producer.

  72. 1941

    1. Art Garfunkel, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer, poet, and actor

        Art Garfunkel

        Arthur Ira Garfunkel is an American singer, poet, and actor. He is best known for his partnership with Paul Simon in the folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel.

    2. Yoshiyuki Tomino, Japanese animator, director and screenwriter births

      1. Japanese mecha anime creator, animator, songwriter, director, screenwriter and novelist

        Yoshiyuki Tomino

        Yoshiyuki Tomino is a Japanese mecha anime creator, animator, director, screenwriter, songwriter and novelist best known for creating the Gundam anime franchise. He was born in Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, and studied at Nihon University's College of Art.

    3. Arndt Pekurinen, Finnish activist (b. 1905) deaths

      1. Finnish pacifist

        Arndt Pekurinen

        Arndt Juho Pekurinen was a Finnish pacifist and conscientious objector.

  73. 1940

    1. Ted Kulongoski, American soldier, lawyer and politician, 36th Governor of Oregon births

      1. American judge and politician

        Ted Kulongoski

        Theodore Ralph Kulongoski is an American politician, judge, and lawyer who served as the 36th Governor of Oregon from 2003 to 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly and also served as the state Insurance Commissioner. He was the Attorney General of Oregon from 1993 to 1997 and an associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1997 to 2001. Kulongoski has served in all three branches of the Oregon state government.

      2. Head of state and of government of the U.S. state of Oregon

        Governor of Oregon

        The governor of Oregon is the head of government of Oregon and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments.

    2. Elke Sommer, German actress births

      1. German actress (born 1940)

        Elke Sommer

        Elke Sommer is a German actress. She appeared in numerous films in her heyday throughout the 1960s and 1970s, including roles in The Pink Panther sequel A Shot in the Dark (1964), the Bob Hope comedy Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number! (1966), Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None (1974), and the British Carry On series in Carry On Behind (1975).

  74. 1939

    1. Lobsang Tenzin, Tibetan religious leader births

      1. Lobsang Tenzin

        Lobsang Tenzin, better known by the titles Professor Venerable Samdhong Rinpoche and to Tibetans as the 5th Samdhong Rinpoche, is a Tibetan Buddhist monk and politician who served as the Prime Minister of the cabinet of the Central Tibetan Administration, the Tibetan government-in-exile based in Dharamshala, India.

    2. Mary W. Bacheler, American physician and Baptist medical missionary (b. 1860) deaths

      1. Mary W. Bacheler

        Mary Washington Bacheler was an American physician and Baptist medical missionary in India.

  75. 1938

    1. Joe Dassin, American-French singer-songwriter (d. 1980) births

      1. French-American musician (1938–1980)

        Joe Dassin

        Joseph Ira Dassin was an American–French singer-songwriter and actor. He was the son of film director Jules Dassin.

    2. César Luis Menotti, Argentinian footballer and manager births

      1. Argentine football player and manager

        César Luis Menotti

        César Luis Menotti, known as El Flaco ("Slim"), is an Argentine former football manager and player who won the 1978 FIFA World Cup as the head coach of the Argentina national team.

    3. Jim Steranko, American author and illustrator births

      1. American artist

        Jim Steranko

        James F. Steranko is an American graphic artist, comic book writer/artist, comics historian, magician, publisher and film production illustrator.

    4. Thomas Dewing, American painter and educator (b. 1851) deaths

      1. 19th/20th-century American painter

        Thomas Dewing

        Thomas Wilmer Dewing was an American painter working at the turn of the 20th century. Schooled in Paris, Dewing was noted for his figure paintings of aristocratic women. He was a founding member of the Ten American Painters and taught at the Art Students League of New York. The Freer Gallery of Art at the Smithsonian Institution has a collection of his works. He was the husband of fellow artist Maria Oakey Dewing.

  76. 1937

    1. Chan Sek Keong, Singaporean lawyer, judge and politician, 3rd Chief Justice of Singapore births

      1. Singaporean former judge

        Chan Sek Keong

        Chan Sek Keong is a Malayan-born Singaporean retired judge who served as the third chief justice of Singapore between 2006 and 2012, appointed by President S. R. Nathan. Prior to his appointment as chief justice, he served as the country's attorney-general between 1992 and 2006.

      2. Chief Justice of Singapore

        The chief justice of Singapore is the presiding member of the Supreme Court of Singapore. It is the highest post in the judicial system of Singapore, appointed by the president, chosen from the candidates recommended by the prime minister. The incumbent chief justice is Sundaresh Menon.

    2. Harris Yulin, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Harris Yulin

        Harris Yulin is an American actor who has appeared in over a hundred film and television series roles, such as Scarface (1983), Ghostbusters II (1989), Clear and Present Danger (1994), Looking for Richard (1996), The Hurricane (1999), Training Day (2001), and Frasier which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in 1996.

  77. 1936

    1. Michael Dertouzos, Greek-American computer scientist and academic (d. 2001) births

      1. Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

        Michael Dertouzos

        Michael Leonidas Dertouzos was a professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Director of the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) from 1974 to 2001.

    2. Uwe Seeler, German footballer (d. 2022) births

      1. German footballer (1936–2022)

        Uwe Seeler

        Uwe Seeler was a German footballer and football official. As a striker, he was a prolific scorer for Hamburger SV and also made 72 appearances for the West Germany national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in German football history, Seeler was named one of FIFA's 100 greatest living players by Pelé in 2004. He was the first football player to be awarded the Great Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

    3. Billy Sherrill, American record producer, songwriter and arranger (d. 2015) births

      1. American record producer and arranger

        Billy Sherrill

        Billy Norris Sherrill was an American record producer, songwriter, and arranger best known for his association with country artists, notably Tammy Wynette and George Jones. Sherrill and business partner Glenn Sutton are regarded as the defining influences of the countrypolitan sound, a smooth amalgamation of pop and country music that was popular during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Sherrill also co-wrote many hit songs, including "Stand by Your Man" and "The Most Beautiful Girl".

  78. 1935

    1. Lester Piggott, English flat racing jockey and trainer (d. 2022) births

      1. British champion jockey (1935–2022)

        Lester Piggott

        Lester Keith Piggott was an English professional jockey and trainer. With 4,493 career flat racing wins in Britain, including a record nine Epsom Derby victories, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest flat racing jockeys of all time and the originator of a much imitated style. Popularly called "The Long Fellow", he was known for his competitive personality, restricting his weight and, on occasion, not sparing the whip, such as in the 1972 Derby. Piggott was convicted of tax fraud in 1987 and sentenced to three years in prison. He served just over one year.

    2. Christopher Wood, English author and screenwriter (d. 2015) births

      1. Christopher Wood (writer)

        Christopher Hovelle Wood was an English screenwriter and novelist, best known for the Confessions series of novels and films which he wrote as Timothy Lea. Under his own name, he adapted two James Bond novels for the screen: The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker (1979).

  79. 1934

    1. Jeb Stuart Magruder, American minister and civil servant (d. 2014) births

      1. American businessman and political operative (1934–2014)

        Jeb Stuart Magruder

        Jeb Stuart Magruder was an American businessman and high-level political operative in the Republican Party who served time in prison for his role in the Watergate scandal.

  80. 1933

    1. Herb Edelman, American actor (d. 1996) births

      1. American actor (1933-1996)

        Herb Edelman

        Herbert Edelman was an American actor of stage, film and television. He was twice nominated for an Emmy Award for his television work. One of his best-known roles was as Stanley Zbornak, the ex-husband of Dorothy Zbornak on The Golden Girls. He also had a recurring role on the 1980s medical drama St. Elsewhere.

    2. Texas Guinan, American actress and businesswoman (b. 1884) deaths

      1. American Prohibition era saloon keeper and entrepreneur (1884–1933)

        Texas Guinan

        Mary Louise Cecilia "Texas" Guinan was an American actress, producer and entrepreneur. Born in Texas to Irish immigrant parents, Guinan decided at an early age to become an entertainer. After becoming a star on the New York stage, the repercussions of her involvement in a weight loss scam motivated her to switch careers to the film business. Spending several years in California appearing in numerous productions, she eventually formed her own company.

    3. Walther von Dyck, German mathematician and academic (b. 1856) deaths

      1. German mathematician (1856–1934)

        Walther von Dyck

        Walther Franz Anton von Dyck, born Dyck and later ennobled, was a German mathematician. He is credited with being the first to define a mathematical group, in the modern sense in. He laid the foundations of combinatorial group theory, being the first to systematically study a group by generators and relations.

  81. 1932

    1. Algirdas Lauritėnas, Lithuanian basketball player (d. 2001) births

      1. Lithuanian basketball player

        Algirdas Lauritėnas

        Algirdas Teodoras Lauritėnas was a Lithuanian basketball player. He was a member of the Soviet team during the 1950s, and won a silver medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was also part of the team that became European champion in 1953 and 1957 and won a bronze medal in 1955.

  82. 1931

    1. Leonard Herzenberg, American immunologist, geneticist and academic (d. 2013) births

      1. American geneticist

        Leonard Herzenberg

        Leonard Arthur "Len" Herzenberg was an immunologist, geneticist and professor at Stanford University. His contributions to the development of cell biology made it possible to sort viable cells by their specific properties.

    2. Gil Hill, American actor, police officer and politician (d. 2016) births

      1. American politician, police detective, and actor

        Gil Hill

        Gilbert Roland Hill was an American politician, police officer, and actor, who was the President of the Detroit City Council. He gained recognition for his role as Inspector Todd in the Beverly Hills Cop film series. He was the runner-up in the 2001 Detroit mayoral election, losing to Kwame Kilpatrick.

    3. Harold McNair, Jamaican-English saxophonist and flute player (d. 1971) births

      1. Jamaican musician

        Harold McNair

        Harold McNair was a Jamaican-born saxophonist and flautist.

    4. Ike Turner, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer (d. 2007) births

      1. American musician (1931–2007)

        Ike Turner

        Izear Luster "Ike" Turner Jr. was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, record producer, and talent scout. An early pioneer of 1950s rock and roll, he is best known for his work in the 1960s and 1970s with his then-wife Tina Turner as the leader of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.

    5. Diane Pearson, British book editor and novelist (d. 2017) births

      1. Diane Pearson

        Diane Pearson was a British book editor and romance novelist, who has been translated into several languages.

    6. Konrad Stäheli, Swiss target shooter (b. 1866) deaths

      1. Swiss sports shooter

        Konrad Stäheli

        Konrad Stäheli was a Swiss sports shooter who competed in the late 19th century and early 20th century and participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics and the 1906 Intercalated Games.

  83. 1930

    1. Wim Bleijenberg, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 2016) births

      1. Dutch footballer

        Wim Bleijenberg

        Wim Bleijenberg was a Dutch international football player, who played for FC Wageningen, Rigtersbleek, AFC Ajax, Blauw-Wit Amsterdam, Go Ahead Eagles and AGOVV Apeldoorn during his career.

    2. Hans Mommsen, German historian and academic (d. 2015) births

      1. German historian known for his functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich

        Hans Mommsen

        Hans Mommsen was a German historian, known for his studies in German social history, and for his functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich, especially for arguing that Adolf Hitler was a weak dictator. Descended from Nobel Prizewinning historian Theodor Mommsen, he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

    3. Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858) deaths

      1. Dutch physician (1858–1930)

        Christiaan Eijkman

        Christiaan Eijkman was a Dutch physician and professor of physiology whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of antineuritic vitamins (thiamine). Together with Sir Frederick Hopkins, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 for the discovery of vitamins.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

    4. Luigi Facta, Italian politician, journalist and Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1861) deaths

      1. Prime Minister of Italy from February to October 1922

        Luigi Facta

        Luigi Facta was an Italian politician, lawyer and journalist and the last Prime Minister of Italy before the leadership of Benito Mussolini.

  84. 1928

    1. Vlasios Tsirogiannis, Greek general (b. 1872) deaths

      1. Vlasios Tsirogiannis

        Vlasios Tsirogiannis was a Hellenic Army officer who rose to the rank of Lieutenant General.

  85. 1927

    1. Hirotugu Akaike, Japanese statistician (d. 2009) births

      1. Japanese statistician

        Hirotugu Akaike

        Hirotugu Akaike was a Japanese statistician. In the early 1970s, he formulated the Akaike information criterion (AIC). AIC is now widely used for model selection, which is commonly the most difficult aspect of statistical inference; additionally, AIC is the basis of a paradigm for the foundations of statistics. Akaike also made major contributions to the study of time series. As well, he had a large role in the general development of statistics in Japan.

  86. 1926

    1. John Berger, English author, poet, painter and critic (d. 2017) births

      1. British painter, writer and art critic

        John Berger

        John Peter Berger was an English art critic, novelist, painter and poet. His novel G. won the 1972 Booker Prize, and his essay on art criticism Ways of Seeing, written as an accompaniment to the BBC series of the same name, was influential. He lived in France for over fifty years.

  87. 1923

    1. Rudolf Augstein, German soldier and journalist, co-founder of Der Spiegel (d. 2002) births

      1. German journalist (1923–2002)

        Rudolf Augstein

        Rudolf Karl Augstein was a German journalist, editor, publicist, and politician. He was one of the most influential German journalists, founder and part-owner of Der Spiegel magazine. As a politician, he was a member of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) between November 1972 and January 1973.

      2. German weekly news magazine based in Hamburg

        Der Spiegel

        Der Spiegel is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg. With a weekly circulation of 695,100 copies, it was the largest such publication in Europe in 2011. It was founded in 1947 by John Seymour Chaloner, a British army officer, and Rudolf Augstein, a former Wehrmacht radio operator who was recognized in 2000 by the International Press Institute as one of the fifty World Press Freedom Heroes. Typically, the magazine has a content to advertising ratio of 2:1.

    2. Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, French author and poet (b. 1880) deaths

      1. French writer and poet (1880–1923)

        Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen

        Baron Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen was a French novelist and poet. His life forms the basis of a fictionalised 1959 novel by Roger Peyrefitte entitled The Exile of Capri (L'exilé de Capri).

  88. 1922

    1. Violet Barclay, American illustrator (d. 2010) births

      1. American illustrator

        Violet Barclay

        Violet A. Barclay, who also worked under the name Valerie Barclay and the married name Valerie Smith, was an American illustrator best known as one of the pioneering female comic-book artists, having started in the field during the 1930s and 1940s period historians and fans call the Golden Age of Comic Books.

    2. Yitzchok Scheiner, American-Israeli rabbi (d. 2021) births

      1. Israeli–American rabbi (1922–2021)

        Yitzchok Scheiner

        Rabbi Yitzchok Scheiner was an Israeli–American rabbi who was the rosh yeshiva of the Kamenitz yeshiva of Jerusalem.

    3. Cecil H. Underwood, American educator and politician, 25th and 32nd Governor of West Virginia (d. 2008) births

      1. American politician (1922–2008)

        Cecil H. Underwood

        Cecil Harland Underwood was an American Republican Party politician from West Virginia, known for the length of his career.

      2. List of governors of West Virginia

        The governor of West Virginia is the head of government of West Virginia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the West Virginia Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and, except when prosecution has been carried out by the House of Delegates, to grant pardons and reprieves.

  89. 1921

    1. Georges Cziffra, Hungarian pianist and composer (d. 1994) births

      1. Hungarian pianist and composer

        György Cziffra

        Christian Georges Cziffra was a Hungarian-French virtuoso pianist and composer. He is considered to be one of the greatest virtuoso pianists of the twentieth century. Among his teachers was István Thomán, who was a favourite pupil of Franz Liszt.

    2. Fawzia Fuad of Egypt (d. 2013) births

      1. Egyptian princess and Queen of Iran

        Fawzia Fuad of Egypt

        Fawzia of Egypt, also known as Fawzia Pahlavi or Fawzia Chirine, was an Egyptian princess who became Queen of Iran as the first wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran.

  90. 1920

    1. Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (d. 2012) births

      1. English cyclist (1920–2012)

        Tommy Godwin (cyclist, born 1920)

        Thomas Charles Godwin was a British track cyclist, active during the 1940s and 1950s. He held national records and raced abroad. He later became a coach, manager, and administrator.

    2. Douglass North, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015) births

      1. American economist and Nobel laureate (1920–2015)

        Douglass North

        Douglass Cecil North was an American economist known for his work in economic history. He was the co-recipient of the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In the words of the Nobel Committee, North and Fogel "renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change."

      2. Economics award

        Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

        The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.

  91. 1919

    1. Hasan Askari, Pakistani linguist, scholar and critic (d. 1978) births

      1. Hasan Askari (writer)

        Muhammad Hasan Askari (1919 – 18 January 1978) was a Pakistani scholar, literary critic, writer and linguist of modern Urdu language. Initially "Westernized", he translated western literary, philosophical and metaphysical work into Urdu, notably classics of American, English, French and Russian literature. But in his later years, through personal experiences, geopolitical changes and the influence of authors like René Guénon, and traditional scholars of India towards more latter part of his life, like Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi, he became a notable critic of the West and proponent of Islamic culture and ideology.

    2. Myron Floren, American accordionist and pianist (d. 2005) births

      1. American accordionist (1919–2005)

        Myron Floren

        Myron Floren was an American musician best known as the accordionist on The Lawrence Welk Show between 1950 and 1980. Floren came to prominence primarily from his regular appearances on the weekly television series in which Lawrence Welk dubbed him as "the happy Norwegian," which was also attributed to Peter Friello.

  92. 1917

    1. Jacqueline Auriol, French pilot (d. 2000) births

      1. French aviator

        Jacqueline Auriol

        Jacqueline Auriol was a French aviator who set several world speed records.

    2. Banarsi Das Gupta, Indian activist and politician, 4th Chief Minister of Haryana (d. 2007) births

      1. 4th Chief Minister of Haryana

        Banarsi Das Gupta

        Banarsi Das Gupta was an Indian politician who served as the 4th Chief Minister of Haryana state in India.

      2. List of chief ministers of Haryana

        The Chief Minister of Haryana is the chief executive of the Indian state of Haryana. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Haryana Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. Since 1966, ten people have served as the Chief Minister of Haryana. The first was B. D. Sharma of the Indian National Congress party. Bhajan Lal Bishnoi is Haryana's longest-serving chief minister; he held office for 11 years 10 Months, Bansi Lal held office for 4268 Days. Devi Lal the fifth Chief Minister of Haryana, went on to twice serve as Deputy Prime Minister of India under prime ministers V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar. Om Prakash Chautala has served the most discontinuous stints as Chief Minister (four), as a member of three parties.

    3. James Lawton Collins Jr., American brigadier general (d. 2002) births

      1. United States Army officer (1917–2002)

        James Lawton Collins Jr.

        James Lawton Collins Jr. was a brigadier general in the U.S. Army who served in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, a military historian, and a viticulturist. He was the son of Major General James Lawton Collins, nephew of General J. Lawton Collins, who served as Chief of Staff of the Army during the Korean War, and older brother of Apollo 11 astronaut Major General Michael Collins. He led a North Dakota National Guard artillery battalion in Normandy in 1944, and served as the U.S. Army Chief of Military History from 1970 to 1982.

      2. Senior rank in the armed forces

        Brigadier general

        Brigadier general or Brigade general is a military rank used in many countries. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries. The rank is usually above a colonel, and below a major general or divisional general. When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000 troops.

    4. Giuseppe Salvioli, Italian football player births

      1. Italian footballer

        Giuseppe Salvioli

        Giuseppe Salvioli was an Italian professional football player.

  93. 1914

    1. Alton Tobey, American painter and illustrator (d. 2005) births

      1. American painter

        Alton Tobey

        Alton Stanley Tobey was an American painter, historical artist, muralist, portraitist, illustrator, and teacher of art.

  94. 1913

    1. Guy Green, English-American director, screenwriter and cinematographer (d. 2005) births

      1. Director, cinematographer, camera operator, screenwriter, producer

        Guy Green (filmmaker)

        Guy Mervin Charles Green OBE BSC (5 November 1913 – 15 September 2005) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter, and cinematographer. In 1948, he won an Oscar as cinematographer for the film Great Expectations. In 2002, Green was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the BAFTA, and, in 2004, he was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his lifetime contributions to British cinema.

    2. Vivien Leigh, Indian-British actress (d. 1967) births

      1. British actress (1913–1967)

        Vivien Leigh

        Vivien Leigh, styled as Lady Olivier after 1947, was a British actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress twice, for her definitive performances as Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939) and Blanche DuBois in the film version of A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), a role she had also played on stage in London's West End in 1949. She also won a Tony Award for her work in the Broadway musical version of Tovarich (1963). Although her career had periods of inactivity, in 1999 the American Film Institute ranked Leigh as the 16th greatest female movie star of classic Hollywood cinema.

    3. John McGiver, American actor (d. 1975) births