Important events in history
on November 20 ^th

Events

2022
1. The 2022 FIFA World Cup begins in Qatar. This is the first time the tournament will be held in the Middle East.
  1. 2022 FIFA World Cup
    
    The 2022 FIFA World Cup is an international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of FIFA's member associations. The 22nd FIFA World Cup is taking place in Qatar from 20 November to 18 December 2022; it is the first World Cup to be held in the Arab world and Muslim world, and the second held entirely in Asia after the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan. France are the defending champions, having defeated Croatia 4–2 in the 2018 final. At an estimated cost of over $220 billion, it is the most expensive World Cup ever held; this figure is disputed by Qatari officials, including organising CEO Nasser Al Khater, who said the true cost is $8 billion, and other figures relate to overall infrastructure development since the World Cup was awarded to Qatar in 2010.
  2. Qatar
    
    Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. The capital is Doha, home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants, and the land area is mostly made up of flat, low-lying desert.
  3. Middle East
    
    The Middle East is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago. The term came into widespread usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions, and has been viewed by some to be discriminatory or too Eurocentric. The region includes the vast majority of the territories included in the closely associated definition of Western Asia, but without the South Caucasus, and additionally includes all of Egypt and all of Turkey.
2015
1. Following a hostage siege, at least 19 people are killed in Bamako, Mali.
  1. 2015 Bamako hotel attack
    
    On 20 November 2015, Islamist militants took 170 hostages and killed 20 of them in a mass shooting at the Radisson Blu hotel in Bamako, the capital city of Mali. Malian commandos along with a special mission unit operator from the US Army’s Combat Application Group, commonly referred to as Delta Force, assaulted the hotel and freed the surviving hostages. Al-Mourabitoun claimed that it carried out the attack "in cooperation with" Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb; an Al Qaeda member confirmed that the two groups cooperated in the attack.
2003
1. Suicide bombers blew up the British consulate and the headquarters of HSBC Bank in Istanbul, killing 59 people, including consul general Roger Short and actor Kerem Yılmazer.
  1. 2003 Istanbul bombings
    
    The 2003 Istanbul bombings were a series of suicide attacks carried out with trucks fitted with bombs detonated at four different locations in Istanbul, Turkey on November 15 and 20, 2003.
  2. HSBC Bank (Turkey)
    
    HSBC Bank A.Ş., the Turkey subsidiary of the HSBC Group, is a bank with its head office in Istanbul.
  3. Roger Short
    
    Roger Short MVO was a British diplomat who was killed on 20 November 2003 in a truck bombing in Istanbul while serving as the British Consul-General in Turkey. The bombing killed at least 27 people and may have been targeted directly at Short and his consul staff because they were representatives of the United Kingdom.
  4. Kerem Yılmazer
    
    Muhittin Kerem Yılmazer was a Turkish actor and singer who was killed in the 2003 terrorist bombings in Istanbul.
2. After the November 15 bombings, a second day of the 2003 Istanbul bombings occurs in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC Bank AS and the British consulate.
  1. 2003 Istanbul bombings
    
    The 2003 Istanbul bombings were a series of suicide attacks carried out with trucks fitted with bombs detonated at four different locations in Istanbul, Turkey on November 15 and 20, 2003.
  2. Istanbul
    
    Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is the largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, cultural and historic hub. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, lying in both Europe and Asia, and has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. Istanbul is the most populous European city, and the world's 15th-largest city.
  3. HSBC Bank (Turkey)
    
    HSBC Bank A.Ş., the Turkey subsidiary of the HSBC Group, is a bank with its head office in Istanbul.
1998
1. A court in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan declares accused terrorist Osama bin Laden "a man without a sin" in regard to the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania.
  1. Taliban
    
    The Taliban, which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist, militant Islamist, jihadist, and Pashtun nationalist political movement in Afghanistan. It ruled approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001, before being overthrown following the United States invasion. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 after nearly 20 years of insurgency, and currently controls all of the country, although its government has not yet been recognized by any country. The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting human rights in Afghanistan, including the right of women and girls to work and to have an education.
  2. Afghanistan
    
    Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. As of 2021, its population is 40.2 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital.
  3. Osama bin Laden
    
    Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was a Saudi-born extremist militant who founded the Pan-Islamic jihadist organization al-Qaeda. The group is designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, and various countries. Under bin Laden, al-Qaeda was responsible for the September 11 attacks in the United States and many other mass-casualty attacks worldwide. On 2 May 2011, he was killed by U.S. special operations forces at his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
  4. 1998 United States embassy bombings
    
    The 1998 United States embassy bombings were attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998. More than 200 people were killed in nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African cities, one at the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, the other at the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  5. Kenya
    
    Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres (224,081 sq mi), Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by area. With a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country in the world. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest, currently second largest city, and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Its geography, climate and population vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates in western and rift valley counties and dry less fertile arid and semi-arid areas and absolute deserts.
  6. Tanzania
    
    Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. According to the United Nations, Tanzania has a population of 63.59 million, making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator.
2. The first space station module component, Zarya, for the International Space Station is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
  1. Zarya (ISS module)
    
    Zarya, also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB, is the first module of the International Space Station to have been launched. The FGB provided electrical power, storage, propulsion, and guidance to the ISS during the initial stage of assembly. With the launch and assembly in orbit of other modules with more specialized functionality, as of August 2021 it is primarily used for storage, both inside the pressurized section and in the externally mounted fuel tanks. The Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Russian Salyut program. The name Zarya ("Dawn") was given to the FGB because it signified the dawn of a new era of international cooperation in space. Although it was built by a Russian company, it is owned by the United States.
  2. International Space Station
    
    The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. The ISS is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.
  3. Baikonur Cosmodrome
    
    The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia. The Cosmodrome is the world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest operational space launch facility. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
  4. Kazakhstan
    
    Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, known as Nur-Sultan from 2019 to 2022. Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, was the country's capital until 1997. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, the largest and northernmost Muslim-majority country by land area, and the ninth-largest country in the world. It has a population of 19 million people, and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre.
1996
1. A fire breaks out in an office building in Hong Kong, killing 41 people and injuring 81.
  1. Garley Building fire
    
    The Garley Building fire took place on 20 November 1996 in the 16-storey Garley commercial building located at 232–240 Nathan Road, Jordan, Hong Kong. It was a catastrophe that caused 41 deaths and 81 injuries. It is considered the worst building fire in Hong Kong during peacetime. The fire damaged the bottom two floors and the top three floors of the building, while the middle floors remained relatively intact.
1994
1. In accordance with the Lusaka Protocol, the Angolan government signed a ceasefire with UNITA rebels in a failed attempt to end the Angolan Civil War.
  1. Lusaka Protocol
    
    The Lusaka Protocol, initialed in Lusaka, Zambia on October 31, 1994, attempted to end the Angolan Civil War by integrating and disarming UNITA and starting national reconciliation. Both sides signed a truce as part of the protocol on November 15, 1994, and the treaty was signed on November 20, 1994.
  2. UNITA
    
    The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought alongside the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the Angolan War for Independence (1961–1975) and then against the MPLA in the ensuing civil war (1975–2002). The war was one of the most prominent Cold War proxy wars, with UNITA receiving military aid initially from People's Republic of China from 1966 until October 1975 and later from the United States and apartheid South Africa while the MPLA received support from the Soviet Union and its allies, especially Cuba.
  3. Angolan Civil War
    
    The Angolan Civil War was a civil war in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with interludes, until 2002. The war immediately began after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The war was a power struggle between two former anti-colonial guerrilla movements, the communist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the turned anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). The war was used as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War by rival states such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa, and the United States.
2. The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, ending 19 years of civil war. (Localized fighting resumes the next year.)
  1. Angola
    
    Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the west coast of central-southern Africa. It is the second-largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in both total area and population, and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda.
  2. UNITA
    
    The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought alongside the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the Angolan War for Independence (1961–1975) and then against the MPLA in the ensuing civil war (1975–2002). The war was one of the most prominent Cold War proxy wars, with UNITA receiving military aid initially from People's Republic of China from 1966 until October 1975 and later from the United States and apartheid South Africa while the MPLA received support from the Soviet Union and its allies, especially Cuba.
  3. Lusaka Protocol
    
    The Lusaka Protocol, initialed in Lusaka, Zambia on October 31, 1994, attempted to end the Angolan Civil War by integrating and disarming UNITA and starting national reconciliation. Both sides signed a truce as part of the protocol on November 15, 1994, and the treaty was signed on November 20, 1994.
  4. Zambia
    
    Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most central point. Its neighbours are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The nation's population of around 19.5 million is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country.
  5. Civil war
    
    A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state . The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies. The term is a calque of Latin bellum civile which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.
1993
1. Savings and loan crisis: The United States Senate Ethics Committee issues a stern censure of California senator Alan Cranston for his "dealings" with savings-and-loan executive Charles Keating.
  1. Savings and loan crisis
    
    The savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s was the failure of 1,043 out of the 3,234 savings and loan associations (S&Ls) in the United States from 1986 to 1995. An S&L or "thrift" is a financial institution that accepts savings deposits and makes mortgage, car and other personal loans to individual members.
  2. United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics
    
    The U.S. Senate Select Committee on Ethics is a select committee of the United States Senate charged with dealing with matters related to senatorial ethics. It is also commonly referred to as the Senate Ethics Committee. Senate rules require the Ethics Committee to be evenly divided between the Democrats and the Republicans, no matter who controls the Senate, although the chairman always comes from the majority party. The leading committee member of the minority party is referred to as Vice Chairman rather than the more common Ranking Member.
  3. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
  4. Alan Cranston
    
    Alan MacGregor Cranston was an American politician and journalist who served as a United States Senator from California from 1969 to 1993, and as a President of the World Federalist Association from 1949 to 1952.
  5. Charles Keating
    
    Charles Humphrey Keating Jr. was an American sportsman, lawyer, real estate developer, banker, financier, conservative activist, and convicted felon best known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s.
2. Macedonia's deadliest aviation disaster occurs when Avioimpex Flight 110, a Yakovlev Yak-42, crashes near Ohrid, killing all 116 people on board.
  1. North Macedonia
    
    North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It is a landlocked country bordering Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south, and Albania to the west. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's 1.83 million people. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Romani, Serbs, Bosniaks, Aromanians and a few other minorities.
  2. Avioimpex Flight 110
    
    Avioimpex Flight 110 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Avioimpex that crashed on 20 November 1993 while flying from Geneva to Skopje. Before the disaster, Flight 110 had deviated from Skopje International Airport to Ohrid Airport due to a blizzard in the Macedonian capital. The plane, a Yakovlev Yak-42, was carrying 108 passengers and eight crew, and crashed about 7 kilometres east of Ohrid Airport. All 116 people on board were killed as a result of the crash. One passenger lived for eleven days after the disaster but succumbed to his injuries. Most of the victims were Yugoslav citizens of Albanian ethnicity.
  3. Yakovlev Yak-42
    
    The Yakovlev Yak-42 is a 100/120-seat three-engined mid-range passenger jet developed in the mid 1970s to replace the technically obsolete Tu-134. It was the first airliner produced in the Soviet Union to be powered by modern high-bypass turbofan engines.
  4. Ohrid
    
    Ohrid is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording a population of over 42,000 inhabitants as of 2002. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches, one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as a "Jerusalem of the Balkans". The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism is predominant. It is located southwest of Skopje, west of Resen and Bitola. In 1979 and in 1980 respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Ohrid is one of only 28 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites.
1992
1. In England, a fire breaks out in Windsor Castle, badly damaging the castle and causing over £50 million worth of damage.
  1. 1992 Windsor Castle fire
    
    On 20 November 1992, a fire broke out in Windsor Castle, the largest inhabited castle in the world and one of the official residences of the British Monarch. The castle suffered extensive damage and was fully repaired within the next few years at a cost of £36.5 million, in a project led by the conservation architects Donald Insall Associates. It led to Queen Elizabeth II paying tax on her income, and to Buckingham Palace, the former monarch's other official residence, being opened to the public to help pay for the restoration work.
1991
1. First Nagorno-Karabakh War: An Azerbaijani military helicopter carrying a peacekeeping mission team was shot down in Nagorno-Karabakh, disrupting ongoing peace talks.
  1. First Nagorno-Karabakh War
    
    The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former Soviet Republics, entangled themselves in protracted, undeclared mountain warfare in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno-Karabakh. The enclave's parliament had voted in favor of uniting with Armenia and a referendum, boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno-Karabakh, was held, in which a majority voted in favor of independence. The demand to unify with Armenia began in a relatively peaceful manner in 1988; in the following months, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, resulting in ethnic cleansing, including the Sumgait (1988) and Baku (1990) pogroms directed against Armenians, and the Gugark pogrom (1988) and Khojaly Massacre (1992) directed against Azerbaijanis. Inter-ethnic clashes between the two broke out shortly after the parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) in Azerbaijan voted to unite the region with Armenia on 20 February 1988. The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the culmination of a territorial conflict. As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave's government, the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan and in the process proclaimed the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.
  2. 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
    
    On November 20, 1991, an Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 military helicopter, carrying a peacekeeping mission team consisting of 13 Azerbaijani government officials, two Russian and one Kazakhstani Ministry of Internal Affairs officials, three Azerbaijani journalists and three helicopter crew was shot down amidst heavy fighting near the village of Berdashen, also known as Karakend, in Nagorno-Karabakh. All 22 people on board were killed in the crash. The incident is known in Azerbaijan as the ''Karakend tragedy''.
  3. Nagorno-Karabakh
    
    Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, within the mountainous range of Karabakh, lying between Lower Karabakh and Syunik, and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains. The region is mostly mountainous and forested.
2. An Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter carrying 19 peacekeeping mission team with officials and journalists from Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend District of Azerbaijan.
  1. Azerbaijan
    
    Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
  2. Mil Mi-8
    
    The Mil Mi-8 is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s and introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1968. It is now produced by Russia. In addition to its most common role as a transport helicopter, the Mi-8 is also used as an airborne command post, armed gunship, and reconnaissance platform.
  3. Kazakhstan
    
    Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, known as Nur-Sultan from 2019 to 2022. Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, was the country's capital until 1997. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, the largest and northernmost Muslim-majority country by land area, and the ninth-largest country in the world. It has a population of 19 million people, and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre.
  4. 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
    
    On November 20, 1991, an Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 military helicopter, carrying a peacekeeping mission team consisting of 13 Azerbaijani government officials, two Russian and one Kazakhstani Ministry of Internal Affairs officials, three Azerbaijani journalists and three helicopter crew was shot down amidst heavy fighting near the village of Berdashen, also known as Karakend, in Nagorno-Karabakh. All 22 people on board were killed in the crash. The incident is known in Azerbaijan as the ''Karakend tragedy''.
  5. Khojavend District
    
    Khojavend District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Shusha, Khojaly, Agdam, Aghjabadi, Fuzuli, Jabrayil, and Qubadli. Its capital and largest city is Khojavend, however since the city is under Russian peacekeeping control, the current de facto capital is the town of Hadrut. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 44,100.
1990
1. Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers, was arrested in Novocherkassk.
  1. Andrei Chikatilo
    
    Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo was a Soviet serial killer nicknamed The Butcher of Rostov, The Rostov Ripper, and The Red Ripper who sexually assaulted, murdered, and mutilated at least fifty-two women and children between 1978 and 1990 in the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Uzbek SSR. Chikatilo confessed to fifty-six murders and was tried for fifty-three of them in April 1992. He was convicted and sentenced to death for fifty-two of these murders in October 1992, although the Supreme Court of Russia ruled in 1993 that insufficient evidence existed to prove his guilt in nine of those killings. Chikatilo was executed by gunshot in February 1994.
  2. Serial killer
    
    A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more persons, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. While most authorities set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two.
  3. Novocherkassk
    
    Novocherkassk is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located near the confluence of the Tuzlov and Aksay Rivers, the latter a distributary of the Don River. Novocherkassk is best known as the cultural capital of the Cossacks, and as the official capital of the Don Cossacks. Population: 168,746 ; 170,822 ; 187,973 (1989 Census); 178,000 (1974); 95,453 (1959); 75,917 (1939); 51,963 (1897).
2. Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers, is arrested; he eventually confesses to 56 killings.
  1. Andrei Chikatilo
    
    Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo was a Soviet serial killer nicknamed The Butcher of Rostov, The Rostov Ripper, and The Red Ripper who sexually assaulted, murdered, and mutilated at least fifty-two women and children between 1978 and 1990 in the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Uzbek SSR. Chikatilo confessed to fifty-six murders and was tried for fifty-three of them in April 1992. He was convicted and sentenced to death for fifty-two of these murders in October 1992, although the Supreme Court of Russia ruled in 1993 that insufficient evidence existed to prove his guilt in nine of those killings. Chikatilo was executed by gunshot in February 1994.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Serial killer
    
    A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more persons, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. While most authorities set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two.
1989
1. Velvet Revolution: The number of protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.
  1. Velvet Revolution
    
    The Velvet Revolution or Gentle Revolution was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia included students and older dissidents. The result was the end of 41 years of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia, and the subsequent dismantling of the command economy and conversion to a parliamentary republic.
  2. Prague
    
    Prague is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people. The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with relatively warm summers and chilly winters.
  3. Czechoslovakia
    
    Czechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland. Between 1939 and 1945 the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies.
1985
1. Microsoft Windows 1.0, the first graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft, is released.
  1. Microsoft
    
    Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta.
  2. Windows 1.0x
    
    Windows 1.0 is the first major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft. It was first released to manufacturing in the United States on November 20, 1985, while the European version was released as Windows 1.02 in May 1986.
1980
1. Lake Peigneur in Louisiana drains into an underlying salt deposit. A misplaced Texaco oil probe had been drilled into the Diamond Crystal Salt Mine, causing water to flow down into the mine, eroding the edges of the hole.
  1. Lake Peigneur
    
    Lake Peigneur is a brackish lake in the U.S. state of Louisiana, 1.2 miles north of Delcambre and 9.1 mi (14.6 km) west of New Iberia, near the northernmost tip of Vermilion Bay. With a maximum depth of 200 feet, it is the deepest lake in Louisiana. Its name comes from the French word "peigneur", meaning "one who combs."
  2. Louisiana
    
    Louisiana is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties, making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties. The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans, with a population of roughly 383,000 people.
  3. Salt mining
    
    Salt mining extracts natural salt deposits from underground. The mined salt is usually in the form of halite, and extracted from evaporite formations.
  4. Texaco
    
    Texaco, Inc. is an American oil brand owned and operated by Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its fuel "Texaco with Techron". It also owned the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an independent company until its refining operations merged into Chevron, at which time most of its station franchises were divested to Shell plc through its American division.
1979
1. A group of armed insurgents attacked and took over the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, declaring that one of their leaders was the Mahdi, the prophesied redeemer of Islam.
  1. Grand Mosque seizure
    
    The Grand Mosque seizure lasted from 20 November 1979 to 4 December 1979, when extremist militants in Saudi Arabia calling for the overthrow of the House of Saud besieged and took over Masjid al-Haram, the holiest Islamic site, in the city of Mecca. The besieging militia, known as the Ikhwan, declared that the Mahdi had arrived in the form of one of their leaders: Muhammad Abdullah al-Qahtani; the militants called on all Muslims to obey him. In the aftermath of the seizure, the Saudi Arabian Army, supported by France through advisors from the GIGN, fought the Ikhwan for almost two weeks in order to reclaim Masjid al-Haram.
  2. Masjid al-Haram
    
    Masjid al-Haram, also known as the Great Mosque of Mecca, is a mosque that surrounds the Kaaba in Mecca, in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia. It is a site of pilgrimage in the Hajj, which every Muslim must do at least once in their lives if able, and is also the main phase for the ʿUmrah, the lesser pilgrimage that can be undertaken any time of the year. The rites of both pilgrimages include circumambulating the Kaaba within the mosque. The Great Mosque includes other important significant sites, including the Black Stone, the Zamzam Well, Maqam Ibrahim, and the hills of Safa and Marwa.
  3. Mecca
    
    Mecca, commonly shortened to Makkah, is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its last recorded population was 1,578,722 in 2015. Its estimated metro population in 2020 is 2.042 million, making it the third-most populated city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh and Jeddah. Pilgrims more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj pilgrimage, observed in the twelfth Hijri month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah.
  4. Mahdi
    
    The Mahdi is a messianic figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the end of times to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of Muhammad who will appear shortly before the prophet ʿĪsā (Jesus) and lead Muslims to rule the world.
2. Grand Mosque seizure: About 200 Sunni Muslims revolt in Saudi Arabia at the site of the Kaaba in Mecca during the pilgrimage and take about 6000 hostages. The Saudi government receives help from Pakistani special forces to put down the uprising.
  1. Grand Mosque seizure
    
    The Grand Mosque seizure lasted from 20 November 1979 to 4 December 1979, when extremist militants in Saudi Arabia calling for the overthrow of the House of Saud besieged and took over Masjid al-Haram, the holiest Islamic site, in the city of Mecca. The besieging militia, known as the Ikhwan, declared that the Mahdi had arrived in the form of one of their leaders: Muhammad Abdullah al-Qahtani; the militants called on all Muslims to obey him. In the aftermath of the seizure, the Saudi Arabian Army, supported by France through advisors from the GIGN, fought the Ikhwan for almost two weeks in order to reclaim Masjid al-Haram.
  2. Saudi Arabia
    
    Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world, and the largest in Western Asia and the Middle East. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. Bahrain is an island country off the east coast. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. Its capital and largest city is Riyadh. The country is home to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest cities in Islam.
  3. Kaaba
    
    The Kaaba, also spelled Ka'bah or Kabah, sometimes referred to as al-Kaʿbah al-Musharrafah, is a building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam. It is considered by Muslims to be the Bayt Allah and is the qibla for Muslims around the world when performing salah. The current structure was built after the original building was damaged during the siege of Mecca in 683.
  4. Mecca
    
    Mecca, commonly shortened to Makkah, is a city and administrative center of the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia, and the holiest city in Islam. It is 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its last recorded population was 1,578,722 in 2015. Its estimated metro population in 2020 is 2.042 million, making it the third-most populated city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh and Jeddah. Pilgrims more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj pilgrimage, observed in the twelfth Hijri month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah.
1977
1. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to officially visit Israel, when he meets Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and speaks before the Knesset in Jerusalem, seeking a permanent peace settlement.
  1. Egypt
    
    Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world.
  2. Anwar Sadat
    
    Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President Jimmy Carter, for which they were recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize.
  3. Arabs
    
    The Arabs, also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the western Indian Ocean islands. An Arab diaspora is also present around the world in significant numbers, most notably in the Americas, Western Europe, Turkey, Indonesia, and Iran. In modern usage, the term "Arab" tends to refer to those who both carry that ethnic identity and speak Arabic as their native language. This contrasts with the narrower traditional definition, which refers to the descendants of the tribes of Arabia. The religion of Islam was developed in Arabia, and Classical Arabic serves as the language of Islamic literature. 93 percent of Arabs are Muslims, while Arab Muslims are only 20 percent of the global Muslim population.
  4. Israel
    
    Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel also is bordered by the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.
  5. Menachem Begin
    
    Menachem Begin was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was initially opposed by the Jewish Agency. Later, the Irgun fought the Arabs during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.
  6. Knesset
    
    The Knesset is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the supreme state body, the Knesset is sovereign and thus has complete control of the entirety of the Israeli government.
  7. Jerusalem
    
    Jerusalem is a city in Western Asia. Situated on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, it is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered to be a holy city for the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Because of this dispute, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.
1974
1. The United States Department of Justice files its final anti-trust suit against AT&T Corporation. This suit later leads to the breakup of AT&T and its Bell System.
  1. United States Department of Justice
    
    The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States. It is equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department is headed by the U.S. attorney general, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet. The current attorney general is Merrick Garland, who was sworn in on March 11, 2021.
  2. AT&T Corporation
    
    AT&T Corporation, originally the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, is the subsidiary of AT&T Inc. that provides voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications and professional services to businesses, consumers, and government agencies.
  3. Bell System
    
    The Bell System was a system of telecommunication companies, led by the Bell Telephone Company and later by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), that dominated the telephone services industry in North America for over one hundred years from its creation in 1877 until its antitrust breakup in 1983. The system of companies was often colloquially called Ma Bell, as it held a vertical monopoly over telecommunication products and services in most areas of the United States and Canada. At the time of the breakup of the Bell System in the early 1980s, it had assets of $150 billion and employed over one million people.
2. The first fatal crash of a Boeing 747 occurs when Lufthansa Flight 540 crashes while attempting to takeoff from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya, killing 59 out of the 157 people on board.
  1. Boeing 747
    
    The Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States between 1968 and 2022. After introducing the 707 in October 1958, Pan Am wanted a jet 2+1⁄2 times its size, to reduce its seat cost by 30% to democratize air travel. In 1965, Joe Sutter left the 737 development program to design the 747, the first twin-aisle airliner. In April 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 Boeing 747-100 aircraft and in late 1966, Pratt & Whitney agreed to develop its JT9D engine, a high-bypass turbofan. On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the custom-built Everett Plant, the world's largest building by volume. The first flight took place on February 9, 1969, and the 747 was certified in December of that year. It entered service with Pan Am on January 22, 1970. The 747 was the first airplane dubbed "Jumbo Jet", the first wide-body airliner.
  2. Lufthansa Flight 540
    
    Lufthansa Flight 540 was a scheduled commercial flight for Lufthansa, serving the Frankfurt–Nairobi–Johannesburg route.
  3. Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
    
    Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, is an international airport in Nairobi, the capital of and largest city in Kenya. The other three important international airports in Kenya include the Kisumu International Airport, Moi International Airport and Eldoret International Airport. JKIA is located in the Embakasi suburb 18 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of Nairobi's central business district, the airport has scheduled flights to destinations in over 50 countries. Originally named Embakasi Airport, the airport's name was changed in 1978 to honor Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president and prime minister. The airport served over 7 million passengers in 2016, making it the seventh busiest airport in passenger traffic on the continent.
  4. Nairobi
    
    Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name is derived from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to "place of cool waters", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census, while the metropolitan area has a projected population in 2022 of 10.8 million. The city is commonly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.
  5. Kenya
    
    Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres (224,081 sq mi), Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by area. With a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country in the world. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest, currently second largest city, and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Its geography, climate and population vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates in western and rift valley counties and dry less fertile arid and semi-arid areas and absolute deserts.
1969
1. A group of Native American activists began a 19-month occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay.
  1. Native Americans in the United States
    
    Native Americans, also known as American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Americans, and other terms, are the Indigenous peoples of the mainland United States. There are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. As defined by the United States Census, "Native Americans" are Indigenous tribes that are originally from the contiguous United States, along with Alaska Natives. Indigenous peoples of the United States who are not listed as American Indian or Alaska Native include Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, and the Chamorro people. The US Census groups these peoples as "Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders".
  2. Occupation of Alcatraz
    
    The Occupation of Alcatraz was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island. The protest was led by Richard Oakes, LaNada Means, and others, while John Trudell served as spokesman. The group lived on the island together until the protest was forcibly ended by the U.S. government.
  3. Alcatraz Island
    
    Alcatraz Island is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, and a military prison. In 1934, the island was converted into a federal prison, Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. The strong currents around the island and cold water temperatures made escape nearly impossible, and the prison became one of the most notorious in American history. The prison closed in 1963, and the island is now a major tourist attraction.
  4. San Francisco Bay
    
    San Francisco Bay is a large tidal estuary in the U.S. state of California, and gives its name to the San Francisco Bay Area. It is dominated by the big cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland.
2. Vietnam War: The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai Massacre in Vietnam.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. The Plain Dealer
    
    The Plain Dealer is the major newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In fall 2019, it ranked 23rd in U.S. newspaper circulation, a significant drop since March 2013, when its circulation ranked 17th daily and 15th on Sunday.
  3. Mỹ Lai massacre
    
    The Mỹ Lai massacre was the mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by United States troops in Sơn Tịnh District, South Vietnam, on 16 March 1968 during the Vietnam War. Between 347 and 504 unarmed people were killed by U.S. Army soldiers from Company C, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment and Company B, 4th Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division. Victims included men, women, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated, and some mutilated and raped children who were as young as 12. Twenty-six soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, but only Lieutenant William Calley Jr., a platoon leader in C Company, was convicted. Found guilty of murdering 22 villagers, he was originally given a life sentence, but served three-and-a-half years under house arrest after President Richard Nixon commuted his sentence.
  4. Vietnam
    
    Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.
3. Occupation of Alcatraz: Native American activists seize control of Alcatraz Island until being ousted by the U.S. Government on June 11, 1971.
  1. Occupation of Alcatraz
    
    The Occupation of Alcatraz was a 19-month long protest when 89 Native Americans and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island. The protest was led by Richard Oakes, LaNada Means, and others, while John Trudell served as spokesman. The group lived on the island together until the protest was forcibly ended by the U.S. government.
  2. Alcatraz Island
    
    Alcatraz Island is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, and a military prison. In 1934, the island was converted into a federal prison, Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. The strong currents around the island and cold water temperatures made escape nearly impossible, and the prison became one of the most notorious in American history. The prison closed in 1963, and the island is now a major tourist attraction.
  3. 1971
    
    1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1971st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 971st year of the 2nd millennium, the 71st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1970s decade.
1968
1. A total of 78 miners are killed in an explosion at the Consolidated Coal Company's No. 9 mine in Farmington, West Virginia in the Farmington Mine disaster.
  1. Farmington Mine disaster
    
    The Farmington Mine disaster was an explosion that happened at approximately 5:30 a.m. on November 20, 1968, at the Consol No. 9 coal mine north of Farmington and Mannington, West Virginia, United States.
1962
1. Cuban Missile Crisis ends: In response to the Soviet Union agreeing to remove its missiles from Cuba, U.S. President John F. Kennedy ends the quarantine of the Caribbean nation.
  1. Cuban Missile Crisis
    
    The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis [of 1962] in Cuba, the Caribbean Crisis in Russia, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, which escalated into an international crisis when American deployments of missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of similar ballistic missiles in Cuba. Despite the short time frame, the Cuban Missile Crisis remains a defining moment in national security and nuclear war preparation. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Cuba
    
    Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) but a total of 350,730 km² including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.
  4. John F. Kennedy
    
    John Fitzgerald Kennedy, often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination near the end of his third year in office. Kennedy was the youngest person to assume the presidency by election. He was also the youngest president at the end of his tenure. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, he represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to his presidency.
1959
1. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child is adopted by the United Nations.
  1. Declaration of the Rights of the Child
    
    The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, sometimes known as the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, is an international document promoting child rights, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb and adopted by the League of Nations in 1924, and adopted in an extended form by the United Nations in 1959.
  2. United Nations
    
    The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.
1947
1. Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King George VI, married Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, who was given the title Duke of Edinburgh.
  1. Elizabeth II
    
    Elizabeth II was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime, and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.
  2. George VI
    
    George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was concurrently the last Emperor of India until August 1947, when the British Raj was dissolved.
  3. Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten
    
    The wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten took place on Thursday 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey in London, United Kingdom. The bride was the elder daughter of King George VI and heir presumptive to the British throne. The groom was born a Greek and Danish prince; he abandoned these titles on his adoption of British nationality four months before the announcement of their marriage and was made Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich on the morning of the wedding.
  4. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
    
    Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he served as the consort of the British monarch from Elizabeth's accession as queen on 6 February 1952 until his death in 2021, making him the longest-serving royal consort in history.
  5. Duke of Edinburgh
    
    Duke of Edinburgh, named after the city of Edinburgh in Scotland, was a substantive title that has been created three times since 1726 for members of the British royal family. It does not include any territorial landholdings and does not produce any revenue for the title holder.
2. The Princess Elizabeth marries Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, who becomes the Duke of Edinburgh, at Westminster Abbey in London.
  1. Elizabeth II
    
    Elizabeth II was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime, and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.
  2. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
    
    Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he served as the consort of the British monarch from Elizabeth's accession as queen on 6 February 1952 until his death in 2021, making him the longest-serving royal consort in history.
  3. Duke of Edinburgh
    
    Duke of Edinburgh, named after the city of Edinburgh in Scotland, was a substantive title that has been created three times since 1726 for members of the British royal family. It does not include any territorial landholdings and does not produce any revenue for the title holder.
  4. Westminster Abbey
    
    Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and a burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have occurred in Westminster Abbey. Sixteen royal weddings have occurred at the abbey since 1100.
1945
1. Nuremberg trials: Trials against 24 Nazi war criminals start at the Palace of Justice at Nuremberg.
  1. Nuremberg trials
    
    The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II.
  2. Nazism
    
    Nazism, the common name in English for National Socialism, is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitlerism. The later related term "neo-Nazism" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the Second World War.
  3. War crime
    
    A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.
  4. Palace of Justice, Nuremberg
    
    The Nuremberg Palace of Justice (German: Justizpalast) is a building complex in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. It was constructed from 1909 to 1916 and houses the appellate court (Oberlandesgericht), the regional court (Landgericht), the local court (Amtsgericht) and the public prosecutor's office (Staatsanwaltschaft). The Nuremberg Trials Memorial is located on the top floor of the courthouse.
  5. Nuremberg
    
    Nuremberg is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany. On the Pegnitz River and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it lies in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, and is the largest city and the unofficial capital of Franconia. Nuremberg forms with the neighbouring cities of Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach a continuous conurbation with a total population of 800,376 (2019), which is the heart of the urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has approximately 3.6 million inhabitants. The city lies about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area.
1943
1. World War II: Battle of Tarawa (Operation Galvanic) begins: United States Marines land on Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands and suffer heavy fire from Japanese shore guns and machine guns.
  1. Battle of Tarawa
    
    The Battle of Tarawa was fought on 20–23 November 1943 between the United States and Japan at the Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, and was part of Operation Galvanic, the U.S. invasion of the Gilberts. Nearly 6,400 Japanese, Koreans, and Americans died in the fighting, mostly on and around the small island of Betio, in the extreme southwest of Tarawa Atoll.
  2. United States Marine Corps
    
    The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combined arms, implementing its own infantry, artillery, aerial, and special operations forces. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.
  3. Tarawa
    
    Tarawa is an atoll and the capital of the Republic of Kiribati, in the Micronesia region of the central Pacific Ocean. It comprises North Tarawa, which has 6,629 inhabitants and much in common with other more remote islands of the Gilberts group, and South Tarawa, which has 56,388 inhabitants as of 2015, half of the country's total population. The atoll was the site of the Battle of Tarawa during World War II.
  4. Gilbert Islands
    
    The Gilbert Islands are a chain of sixteen atolls and coral islands in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii. They constitute the main part of the nation of Kiribati.
1940
1. World War II: Hungary becomes a signatory of the Tripartite Pact, officially joining the Axis powers.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Kingdom of Hungary
    
    The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world.
  3. Tripartite Pact
    
    The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia as well as by the German client state of Slovakia. Yugoslavia's accession provoked a coup d'état in Belgrade two days later. Germany, Italy and Hungary responded by invading Yugoslavia. The resulting Italo-German client state, known as the Independent State of Croatia, joined the pact on 15 June 1941.
  4. Axis powers
    
    The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion.
1936
1. José Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange, is killed by a republican execution squad.
  1. José Antonio Primo de Rivera
    
    José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquess of Estella, often referred to simply as José Antonio, was a Spanish politician who founded the falangist Falange Española, later Falange Española de las JONS.
  2. FET y de las JONS
    
    The Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, frequently shortened to just "FET", was the sole legal party of the Francoist regime in Spain. It was created by General Francisco Franco in 1937 as a merger of the fascist Falange Española de las JONS with the monarchist neoabsolutist and ultracatholic Traditionalist Communion belonging to the Carlist movement. In addition to the resemblance of names, the party formally retained most of the platform of FE de las JONS and a similar inner structure. In force until April 1977, it was rebranded as Movimiento Nacional in 1958.
1917
1. First World War: The Battle of Cambrai began with British forces having initial success over Germany's Hindenburg Line.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Battle of Cambrai (1917)
    
    The Battle of Cambrai was a British attack in the First World War, followed by the biggest German counter-attack against the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) since 1914. The town of Cambrai, in the département of Nord, in France, was an important supply centre for the German Siegfriedstellung and capture of the town and the nearby Bourlon Ridge would threaten the rear of the German line to the north. Major General Henry Tudor, Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA), of the 9th (Scottish) Division, advocated the use of new artillery-infantry tactics on his sector of the front. During preparations, J. F. C. Fuller, a staff officer with the Tank Corps, looked for places to use tanks for raids. General Julian Byng, commander of the Third Army, decided to combine both plans. The French and British armies had used tanks en masse earlier in 1917, although to considerably less effect.
  3. Hindenburg Line
    
    The Hindenburg Line was a German defensive position built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front during the First World War. The line ran from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. In 1916, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme left the German western armies exhausted and on the Eastern Front, the Brusilov Offensive had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies and forced the Germans to take over more of the front. The declaration of war by Romania had placed additional strain on the German army and war economy.
2. World War I: Battle of Cambrai begins: British forces make early progress in an attack on German positions but are later pushed back.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Battle of Cambrai (1917)
    
    The Battle of Cambrai was a British attack in the First World War, followed by the biggest German counter-attack against the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) since 1914. The town of Cambrai, in the département of Nord, in France, was an important supply centre for the German Siegfriedstellung and capture of the town and the nearby Bourlon Ridge would threaten the rear of the German line to the north. Major General Henry Tudor, Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA), of the 9th (Scottish) Division, advocated the use of new artillery-infantry tactics on his sector of the front. During preparations, J. F. C. Fuller, a staff officer with the Tank Corps, looked for places to use tanks for raids. General Julian Byng, commander of the Third Army, decided to combine both plans. The French and British armies had used tanks en masse earlier in 1917, although to considerably less effect.
1910
1. Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero issues the Plan de San Luis Potosí, denouncing Mexican President Porfirio Díaz, calling for a revolution to overthrow the government of Mexico, effectively starting the Mexican Revolution.
  1. Mexican Revolution
    
    The Mexican Revolution was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction of the Federal Army and its replacement by a revolutionary army, and the transformation of Mexican culture and government. The northern Constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present-day Constitution of Mexico, which aimed to create a strong central government. Revolutionary generals held power from 1920 to 1940. The revolutionary conflict was primarily a civil war, but foreign powers, having important economic and strategic interests in Mexico, figured in the outcome of Mexico's power struggles. The United States played an especially significant role.
  2. Francisco I. Madero
    
    Francisco Ignacio Madero González was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and statesman, who became the 37th president of Mexico from 1911 until he was deposed in a coup d'etat in February 1913, and assassinated.
  3. Plan of San Luis Potosí
    
    The Plan of San Luis de Potosí is a key political document of the Mexican Revolution, written by Mexican presidential candidate Francisco I. Madero, following his escape from jail. He had challenged President Porfirio Díaz in the 1910 presidential elections, when Díaz was 80 years old, and garnered a broadbased following. Díaz jailed him when it became clear Madero might win. Madero escaped and drafted the plan to explain why armed rebellion against Díaz was now the only way to remove him from office. It was published on October 5, 1910. It called for nullifying the fraudulent 1910 election of Porfirio Díaz, proclaimed Madero as provisional president, and called for Mexicans to revolt on November 20, 1910.
  4. Porfirio Díaz
    
    José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, known as Porfirio Díaz, was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 28 November 1876 to 6 December 1876, 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880 and from 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. The entire period from 1876 to 1911 is often referred to as Porfiriato and has been characterized as a de facto dictatorship.
  5. Revolution
    
    In political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due to perceived oppression or political incompetence.
  6. Federal government of Mexico
    
    The Federal government of Mexico is the national government of the United Mexican States, the central government established by its constitution to share sovereignty over the republic with the governments of the 31 individual Mexican states, and to represent such governments before international bodies such as the United Nations. The Mexican federal government has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial and functions per the Constitution of the United Mexican States, as enacted in 1917, and as amended. The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the president and his Cabinet, which, together, are independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested upon the Congress of the Union, a bicameral legislature comprising the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, the Council of the Federal Judiciary, and the collegiate, unitary, and district courts.
1902
1. While discussing how to promote the newspaper L'Auto, sports journalist Géo Lefèvre came up with the idea of holding a cycling race that later became known as the Tour de France.
  1. L'Équipe
    
    L'Équipe is a French nationwide daily newspaper devoted to sport, owned by Éditions Philippe Amaury. The paper is noted for coverage of association football, rugby, motorsport, and cycling. Its predecessor was L'Auto, a general sports paper whose name reflected not any narrow interest but the excitement of the time in car racing.
  2. Géo Lefèvre
    
    Géo Lefèvre (1877–1961) was a French sports journalist and the originator of the idea for the Tour de France.
  3. Road bicycle racing
    
    Road bicycle racing is the cycle sport discipline of road cycling, held primarily on paved roads. Road racing is the most popular professional form of bicycle racing, in terms of numbers of competitors, events and spectators. The two most common competition formats are mass start events, where riders start simultaneously and race to a set finish point; and time trials, where individual riders or teams race a course alone against the clock. Stage races or "tours" take multiple days, and consist of several mass-start or time-trial stages ridden consecutively.
  4. Tour de France
    
    The Tour de France is an annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. Like the other Grand Tours, it consists of 21 stages, each a day long, over the course of 23 days, coinciding with the Bastille Day holiday. It is the oldest of the Grand Tours and generally considered the most prestigious.
1900
1. The French actress Sarah Bernhardt receives the press at the Savoy Hotel in New York at the outset of her first visit since 1896. She talked about her impending tour with a troupe of more than 50 performers and her plans to play the title role in Hamlet.
  1. Sarah Bernhardt
    
    Sarah Bernhardt was a French stage actress who starred in some of the most popular French plays of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including La Dame Aux Camelias by Alexandre Dumas fils; Ruy Blas by Victor Hugo, Fédora and La Tosca by Victorien Sardou, and L'Aiglon by Edmond Rostand. She also played male roles, including Shakespeare's Hamlet. Rostand called her "the queen of the pose and the princess of the gesture", while Hugo praised her "golden voice". She made several theatrical tours around the world, and was one of the first prominent actresses to make sound recordings and to act in motion pictures.
  2. Hamlet
    
    The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince Hamlet and his attempts to exact revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother.
1873
1. Garnier Expedition: French forces under Lieutenant Francis Garnier captured Hanoi from the Vietnamese.
  1. Garnier Expedition
    
    The Garnier Expedition was a French expedition in Tonkin between November 1873 and January 1874. Lieutenant Francis Garnier, who had been sent by France on the demand of Vietnamese Imperial authorities to bring back Jean Dupuis, an unruly French trader who was causing trouble in Hanoi, instead decided to side with Dupuis and captured the city of Hanoi, the capital of the Tonkin region.
  2. French Third Republic
    
    The French Third Republic was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.
  3. Francis Garnier
    
    Marie Joseph François Garnier was a French officer, inspector of Indigenous Affairs of Cochinchina and explorer. He eventually became mission leader of the Mekong Exploration Commission in 19th century Southeast Asia.
  4. Battle of Hanoi (1873)
    
    The Battle of Hanoi was fought on 20 November 1873 between France and Đại Nam. A French expeditionary force composed of 140 sailors, 30 marines and 8 officers under the command of Navy Lieutenant Francis Garnier captured the provincial capital Hanoi, where they had been sent by France on a diplomatic mission, without superiors' orders.
  5. Hanoi
    
    Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam. It covers an area of 3,359.82 km2 (1,297.2 sq mi). The second largest city in Vietnam consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is the cultural and political centre of Vietnam.
  6. Nguyễn dynasty
    
    The Nguyễn dynasty was the last Vietnamese dynasty, which ruled the unified Vietnamese state largely independently from 1802 to 1883. During its existence, the empire expanded into modern-day southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos through a continuation of the centuries-long Nam tiến and Siamese–Vietnamese wars. After 1883, the Nguyễn emperors ruled nominally as heads of state of the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin until the final months of WWII; they later nominally ruled over the Empire of Vietnam until the August Revolution.
1861
1. American Civil War: A secession ordinance is filed by Kentucky's Confederate government.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Kentucky
    
    Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia to the east; Tennessee to the south; and Missouri to the west. Its northern border is defined by the Ohio River. Its capital is Frankfort, and its two largest cities are Louisville and Lexington. Its population was approximately 4.5 million in 2020.
1845
1. Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: The Argentine Confederation was defeated in the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, but the losses ultimately made the United Kingdom and France give up the blockade.
  1. Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
    
    The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata was a five-year-long naval blockade imposed by France and Britain on the Argentine Confederation ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas. It was imposed in 1845 to support the Colorado Party in the Uruguayan Civil War and closed Buenos Aires to naval commerce. The Anglo-French navy trespassed into Argentina’s internal waters to sell their products, as Rosas maintained a protectionist policy to improve the weak Argentine economy. Eventually both Britain and France gave in, signing treaties in 1849 (Britain) and 1850 (France) acknowledging the Argentine sovereignty over its rivers.
  2. Argentine Confederation
    
    The Argentine Confederation was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35. It was the name of the country from 1831 to 1852, when the provinces were organized as a confederation without a head of state. The governor of Buenos Aires Province managed foreign relations during this time. Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation resisted attacks by Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France and the United Kingdom, as well as other Argentine factions during the Argentine Civil Wars.
  3. Battle of Vuelta de Obligado
    
    The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on 20 November 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was part of the larger Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. Although the attacking forces broke through the Argentine naval defenses and overran the land defenses, the battle proved that foreign ships could not safely navigate Argentine internal waters against its government's wishes. The battle also changed the political attitude toward the Confederation in South America, increasing support for Rosas and his government.
2. Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: Battle of Vuelta de Obligado.
  1. Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
    
    The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata was a five-year-long naval blockade imposed by France and Britain on the Argentine Confederation ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas. It was imposed in 1845 to support the Colorado Party in the Uruguayan Civil War and closed Buenos Aires to naval commerce. The Anglo-French navy trespassed into Argentina’s internal waters to sell their products, as Rosas maintained a protectionist policy to improve the weak Argentine economy. Eventually both Britain and France gave in, signing treaties in 1849 (Britain) and 1850 (France) acknowledging the Argentine sovereignty over its rivers.
  2. Battle of Vuelta de Obligado
    
    The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on 20 November 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was part of the larger Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. Although the attacking forces broke through the Argentine naval defenses and overran the land defenses, the battle proved that foreign ships could not safely navigate Argentine internal waters against its government's wishes. The battle also changed the political attitude toward the Confederation in South America, increasing support for Rosas and his government.
1820
1. An 80-ton sperm whale attacks and sinks the Essex (a whaling ship from Nantucket, Massachusetts) 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from the western coast of South America. (Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick was in part inspired by this incident.)
  1. Sperm whale
    
    The sperm whale or cachalot is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator. It is the only living member of the genus Physeter and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family, along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus Kogia.
  2. Essex (whaleship)
    
    Essex was an American whaling ship from Nantucket, Massachusetts, which was launched in 1799. In 1820, while at sea in the southern Pacific Ocean under the command of Captain George Pollard Jr., the ship was attacked and sunk by a sperm whale. Thousands of miles from the coast of South America with little food and water, the 20-man crew was forced to make for land in the ship's surviving whaleboats.
  3. Whaling
    
    Whaling is the process of hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that became increasingly important in the Industrial Revolution. It was practiced as an organized industry as early as 875 AD. By the 16th century, it had risen to be the principal industry in the Basque coastal regions of Spain and France. The industry spread throughout the world, and became increasingly profitable in terms of trade and resources. Some regions of the world's oceans, along the animals' migration routes, had a particularly dense whale population, and became the targets for large concentrations of whaling ships, and the industry continued to grow well into the 20th century. The depletion of some whale species to near extinction led to the banning of whaling in many countries by 1969, and to an international cessation of whaling as an industry in the late 1980s.
  4. Nantucket
    
    Nantucket is an island about 30 miles (50 km) south from Cape Cod. Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, it constitutes the Town and County of Nantucket, a combined county/town government that is part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is the only such consolidated town-county in Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,255, making it the least populated county in Massachusetts. Part of the town is designated the Nantucket CDP, or census-designated place. The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts.
  5. Herman Melville
    
    Herman Melville was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works are Moby-Dick (1851); Typee (1846), a romanticized account of his experiences in Polynesia; and Billy Budd, Sailor, a posthumously published novella. Although his reputation was not high at the time of his death, the 1919 centennial of his birth was the starting point of a Melville revival, and Moby-Dick grew to be considered one of the great American novels.
  6. Moby-Dick
    
    Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is an 1851 novel by American writer Herman Melville. The book is the sailor Ishmael's narrative of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaling ship Pequod, for revenge against Moby Dick, the giant white sperm whale that on the ship's previous voyage bit off Ahab's leg at the knee. A contribution to the literature of the American Renaissance, Moby-Dick was published to mixed reviews, was a commercial failure, and was out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891. Its reputation as a "Great American Novel" was established only in the 20th century, after the 1919 centennial of its author's birth. William Faulkner said he wished he had written the book himself, and D. H. Lawrence called it "one of the strangest and most wonderful books in the world" and "the greatest book of the sea ever written". Its opening sentence, "Call me Ishmael", is among world literature's most famous.
1815
1. The Second Treaty of Paris is signed, returning the French frontiers to their 1790 extent, imposing large indemnities, and prolonging the occupation by troops of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia for several more years.
  1. Treaty of Paris (1815)
    
    The Treaty of Paris of 1815, also known as the Second Treaty of Paris, was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. In February, Napoleon had escaped from his exile on Elba; he entered Paris on 20 March, beginning the Hundred Days of his restored rule. After France's defeat at the hands of the Seventh Coalition in the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was persuaded to abdicate again, on 22 June. King Louis XVIII, who had fled the country when Napoleon arrived in Paris, took the throne for a second time on 8 July.
1805
1. Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio, premieres in Vienna.
  1. Ludwig van Beethoven
    
    Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era in classical music. His career has conventionally been divided into early, middle, and late periods. His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and is sometimes characterized as heroic. During this time, he began to grow increasingly deaf. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression.
  2. Fidelio
    
    Fidelio, originally titled Leonore, oder Der Triumph der ehelichen Liebe, Op. 72, is Ludwig van Beethoven's only opera. The German libretto was originally prepared by Joseph Sonnleithner from the French of Jean-Nicolas Bouilly, with the work premiering at Vienna's Theater an der Wien on 20 November 1805. The following year, Stephan von Breuning helped shorten the work from three acts to two. After further work on the libretto by Georg Friedrich Treitschke, a final version was performed at the Kärntnertortheater on 23 May 1814. By convention, both of the first two versions are referred to as Leonore.
  3. Vienna
    
    Vienna is the capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city and its primate city, with about two million inhabitants, and its cultural, economic, and political center. It is the 6th-largest city proper by population in the European Union and the largest of all cities on the Danube river.
1789
1. New Jersey becomes the first U.S. state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
  1. New Jersey
    
    New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. At 7,354 square miles (19,050 km2), New Jersey is the fifth-smallest state in land area; but with close to 9.3 million residents, it ranks 11th in population and first in population density. The state capital is Trenton, and the most populous city is Newark. With the exception of Warren County, all of the state's 21 counties lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia.
  2. United States Bill of Rights
    
    The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 debate over the ratification of the Constitution and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those in earlier documents, especially the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), as well as the Northwest Ordinance (1787), the English Bill of Rights (1689), and Magna Carta (1215).
1776
1. American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Fort Lee saw the invasion of New Jersey by British and Hessian forces and the subsequent general retreat of the Continental Army.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Fort Lee Historic Park
    
    Fort Lee Historic Park is located atop a bluff of the Hudson Palisades overlooking Burdett's Landing, known as Mount Constitution, in Fort Lee, New Jersey, United States. Native Americans appear to have lived in the area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The bluff was the site of George Washington's 1776 encampment opposite Fort Washington at the northern end of Manhattan. Fort Lee is named for General Charles Lee. The site is a reconstruction of the encampment including the blockhouse, battery, quarters as well as a visitors center. It is part of Palisades Interstate Park.
  3. Province of New Jersey
    
    The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1783. The province had originally been settled by Europeans as part of New Netherland but came under English rule after the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, becoming a proprietary colony. The English renamed the province after the Bailiwick of Jersey in the English Channel. The Dutch Republic reasserted control for a brief period in 1673–1674. After that it consisted of two political divisions, East Jersey and West Jersey, until they were united as a royal colony in 1702. The original boundaries of the province were slightly larger than the current state, extending into a part of the present state of New York, until the border was finalized in 1773.
  4. Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
    
    The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, spelled Hesse-Cassel during its entire existence, was a state in the Holy Roman Empire that was directly subject to the Emperor. The state was created in 1567 when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided upon the death of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse. His eldest son William IV inherited the northern half of the Landgraviate and the capital of Kassel. The other sons received the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Rheinfels and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt.
  5. Continental Army
    
    The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was established by a resolution of Congress on June 14, 1775. The Continental Army was created to coordinate military efforts of the Colonies in their war for independence against the British, who sought to keep their American lands under control. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.
2. American Revolutionary War: British forces land at the Palisades and then attack Fort Lee. The Continental Army starts to retreat across New Jersey.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. The Palisades (Hudson River)
    
    The Palisades, also called the New Jersey Palisades or the Hudson River Palisades, are a line of steep cliffs along the west side of the lower Hudson River in Northeastern New Jersey and Southeastern New York in the United States. The cliffs stretch north from Jersey City about 20 miles (32 km) to near Nyack, New York, and visible at Haverstraw, New York. They rise nearly vertically from near the edge of the river, and are about 300 feet (90 m) high at Weehawken, increasing gradually to 540 feet (160 m) high near their northern terminus. North of Fort Lee, the Palisades are part of Palisades Interstate Park and are a National Natural Landmark.
  3. Fort Lee Historic Park
    
    Fort Lee Historic Park is located atop a bluff of the Hudson Palisades overlooking Burdett's Landing, known as Mount Constitution, in Fort Lee, New Jersey, United States. Native Americans appear to have lived in the area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The bluff was the site of George Washington's 1776 encampment opposite Fort Washington at the northern end of Manhattan. Fort Lee is named for General Charles Lee. The site is a reconstruction of the encampment including the blockhouse, battery, quarters as well as a visitors center. It is part of Palisades Interstate Park.
  4. Continental Army
    
    The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was established by a resolution of Congress on June 14, 1775. The Continental Army was created to coordinate military efforts of the Colonies in their war for independence against the British, who sought to keep their American lands under control. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.
  5. New Jersey
    
    New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. At 7,354 square miles (19,050 km2), New Jersey is the fifth-smallest state in land area; but with close to 9.3 million residents, it ranks 11th in population and first in population density. The state capital is Trenton, and the most populous city is Newark. With the exception of Warren County, all of the state's 21 counties lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia.
1739
1. War of Jenkins' Ear: A British naval force arrived at the settlement of Portobello in the Spanish Main, capturing it the next day.
  1. War of Jenkins' Ear
    
    The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Britain and Spain lasting from 1739 to 1748, mainly in New Granada and among the West Indies of the Caribbean Sea, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its name, coined by British historian Thomas Carlyle in 1858, refers to Robert Jenkins, a captain of a British merchant ship, whose ear was cut off by sailors of the Spanish coast guard when they boarded his smuggling brig, Rebecca, in April 1731. Seven years later, in support of mongering for war, Jenkins was paraded before the British Parliament, without his ear.
  2. Battle of Porto Bello (1739)
    
    The Battle of Porto Bello, or the Battle of Portobello, was a 1739 battle between a British naval force aiming to capture the settlement of Portobelo in Panama, and its Spanish defenders. It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, in the early stages of the war sometimes known as the War of Jenkins' Ear. It resulted in a popularly acclaimed British victory.
  3. Portobelo, Colón
    
    Portobelo is a historic port and corregimiento in Portobelo District, Colón Province, Panama, Central America, with a population of 4,559 as of 2010. Located on the northern part of the Isthmus of Panama, it is 32 km (20 mi) northeast of the modern port of Colón now at the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal. It functions as the seat of Portobelo District. Established in 1597 during the time of the Spanish empire due to its deep natural harbor, it served as one of the two ports through which Spanish treasure was shipped from the mines of Peru back to Spain. The city was repeatedly captured by British privateers and pirates, culminating in a successful siege by the Royal Navy in 1739, during the War of Jenkin's Ear.
  4. Spanish Main
    
    During the Spanish colonization of America, the Spanish Main was the collective term for the parts of the Spanish Empire that were on the mainland of the Americas and had coastlines on the Caribbean Sea or Gulf of Mexico. The term was used to distinguish those regions from the numerous islands Spain controlled in the Caribbean, which were known as the Spanish West Indies.
2. Start of the Battle of Porto Bello between British and Spanish forces during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
  1. Battle of Porto Bello (1739)
    
    The Battle of Porto Bello, or the Battle of Portobello, was a 1739 battle between a British naval force aiming to capture the settlement of Portobelo in Panama, and its Spanish defenders. It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, in the early stages of the war sometimes known as the War of Jenkins' Ear. It resulted in a popularly acclaimed British victory.
  2. War of Jenkins' Ear
    
    The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Britain and Spain lasting from 1739 to 1748, mainly in New Granada and among the West Indies of the Caribbean Sea, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its name, coined by British historian Thomas Carlyle in 1858, refers to Robert Jenkins, a captain of a British merchant ship, whose ear was cut off by sailors of the Spanish coast guard when they boarded his smuggling brig, Rebecca, in April 1731. Seven years later, in support of mongering for war, Jenkins was paraded before the British Parliament, without his ear.
1695
1. Zumbi, the last of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares in early Brazil, is executed by the forces of Portuguese bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho.
  1. Zumbi
    
    Zumbi, also known as Zumbi dos Palmares, was a Brazilian quilombola leader, being one of the pioneers of resistance to slavery of Africans by the Portuguese in colonial Brazil. He was also the last of the kings of the Quilombo dos Palmares, a settlement of Afro-Brazilian people who had liberated themselves from enslavement, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. Zumbi today is revered in Afro-Brazilian culture as a powerful symbol of resistance against the enslavement of Africans in the colony of Brazil.
  2. Palmares (quilombo)
    
    Palmares, or Quilombo dos Palmares, was a quilombo, a community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil that developed from 1605 until its suppression in 1694. It was located in the captaincy of Pernambuco, in what is today the Brazilian state of Alagoas. The quilombo was located in what is now the municipality of União dos Palmares.
  3. Black Awareness Day
    
    In Brazil, Black Awareness Day or Black Consciousness Day is observed annually on November 20 as a day "to celebrate a regained awareness by the black community about their great worth and contribution to the country".
  4. Domingos Jorge Velho
    
    Domingos Jorge Velho (1641–1705) was one of the fiercest and most effective bandeirantes. He was born in Santana de Parnaíba, captaincy of São Paulo, to Francisco Jorge Velho and Francisca Gonçalves de Camargo. He was responsible for the repression of several indigenous nations in Bahia and especially Piauí, which he is reputed to have been the first colonist to explore. His greater fame, however, is due to his conquest of the Quilombo dos Palmares, in the hinterland of Alagoas, on behalf of João da Cunha Souto Maior, governor of Pernambuco. Velho accepted the assignment and, in 1694, with an army of amerindians and mamelucos, European Native American offspring, overran the fortified city of Macacos, on the Serra da Barriga mountain.
1441
1. The Peace of Cremona ends the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, after the victorious Venetian enterprise of military engineering of the Galeas per montes.
  1. Peace of Cremona (1441)
    
    The Peace of Cremona was concluded on 20 November 1441 between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan, ending the long conflict between the two powers over mastery in northern Italy.
  2. Republic of Venice
    
    The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy that existed for 1100 years from AD 697 until AD 1797. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance. Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language, although publishing in (Florentine) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance.
  3. Duchy of Milan
    
    The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277.
  4. Galeas per montes
    
    Galeas per montes is the name given to a feat of military engineering made between December 1438 and April 1439 by the Republic of Venice, when several Venetian ships, including galleys and frigates were transported from the Adriatic Sea to Lake Garda. The operation required towing the ships upstream on the river Adige until Rovereto, then transporting the fleet by land to Torbole, on the Northern shores of the lake. The second leg of the journey was the most remarkable achievement, requiring a land journey 20 km through the Loppio Lake and the narrow Passo San Giovanni.
1407
1. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, agree to a truce, but Burgundy would kill Orléans three days later.
  1. John the Fearless
    
    John I was a scion of the French royal family who ruled the Burgundian State from 1404 until his death in 1419. He played a key role in French national affairs during the early 15th century, particularly in the struggles to rule the country for the mentally ill King Charles VI, his cousin, and the Hundred Years' War with England. A rash, ruthless and unscrupulous politician, John murdered the King's brother, the Duke of Orléans, in an attempt to gain control of the government, which led to the eruption of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in France and in turn culminated in his own assassination in 1419.
  2. Louis I, Duke of Orléans
    
    Louis I of Orléans was Duke of Orléans from 1392 to his death. He was also Duke of Touraine (1386–1392), Count of Valois (1386?–1406) Blois (1397–1407), Angoulême (1404–1407), Périgord (1400–1407) and Soissons (1404–07).
1194
1. Palermo is conquered by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.
  1. Palermo
    
    Palermo is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is in the northwest of the island of Sicily, by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
  2. Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Henry VI, a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. From 1194 he was also King of Sicily.
762
1. During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels.
  1. An Lushan Rebellion
    
    The An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty, with an attempt to replace it with the Yan dynasty. The rebellion was originally led by An Lushan, a general officer of the Tang military system. The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also significant associated population loss from famine, and population dislocations. The event is also known, especially in Chinese historiography, either as the An–Shi Rebellion or as the An–Shi Disturbances. The use of the term luàn ("chaos") indicates the extreme social instability and population loss which eventually resulted, far beyond the initial consequences of the rebellion.
  2. Tang dynasty
    
    The Tang dynasty, or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty.
  3. Uyghur Khaganate
    
    The Uyghur Khaganate was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. They were a tribal confederation under the Orkhon Uyghur (回鶻) nobility, referred to by the Chinese as the Jiu Xing, a calque of the name Toquz Oghuz or Toquz Tughluq.
  4. Luoyang
    
    Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of December 31, 2018, Luoyang had a population of 6,888,500 inhabitants with 2,751,400 people living in the built-up area made of the city's five out of six urban districts and Yanshi District, now being conurbated.
284
1. Diocletian (bust pictured) became Roman emperor, eventually establishing reforms that ended the Crisis of the Third Century.
  1. Diocletian
    
    Diocletian, nicknamed Iovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Gaius Valerius Diocles to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia. Diocles rose through the ranks of the military early in his career, eventually becoming a cavalry commander for the army of Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on a campaign in Persia, Diocles was proclaimed emperor by the troops, taking the name Diocletianus. The title was also claimed by Carus's surviving son, Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus.
  2. Roman emperor
    
    The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period. The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English it reflects his taking of the title augustus. Another title often used was caesar, used for heirs-apparent, and imperator, originally a military honorific. Early emperors also used the title princeps civitatis. Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably princeps senatus, consul, and pontifex maximus.
  3. Crisis of the Third Century
    
    The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis, was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed. The crisis ended due to the military victories of Aurelian and with the ascension of Diocletian and his implementation of reforms in 284, including the Tetrarchy.
2. Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor.
  1. Diocletian
    
    Diocletian, nicknamed Iovius, was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Gaius Valerius Diocles to a family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia. Diocles rose through the ranks of the military early in his career, eventually becoming a cavalry commander for the army of Emperor Carus. After the deaths of Carus and his son Numerian on a campaign in Persia, Diocles was proclaimed emperor by the troops, taking the name Diocletianus. The title was also claimed by Carus's surviving son, Carinus, but Diocletian defeated him in the Battle of the Margus.
  2. Roman emperor
    
    The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period. The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English it reflects his taking of the title augustus. Another title often used was caesar, used for heirs-apparent, and imperator, originally a military honorific. Early emperors also used the title princeps civitatis. Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably princeps senatus, consul, and pontifex maximus.

Births & Deaths

2020
1. Jan Morris, Welsh historian, author and travel writer (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Jan Morris
    
    (Catharine) Jan Morris was a Welsh historian, author and travel writer. She was known particularly for the Pax Britannica trilogy (1968–1978), a history of the British Empire, and for portraits of cities, including Oxford, Venice, Trieste, Hong Kong and New York City. She published under her birth name, James, until 1972, when she had gender reassignment surgery after transitioning from male to female.
2019
1. Wataru Misaka, American basketball player (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Wat Misaka
    
    Wataru Misaka was an American professional basketball player. A 5-foot-7-inch (1.70 m) point guard of Japanese descent, he broke a color barrier in professional basketball by being the first non-white player and the first player of Asian descent to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA), known then as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).
2018
1. James H. Billington, 13th Librarian of Congress (b. 1929) deaths
  1. James H. Billington
    
    James Hadley Billington was an American academic and author who taught history at Harvard and Princeton before serving for 42 years as CEO of four federal cultural institutions. He served as the 13th Librarian of Congress after being nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987, and his appointment was approved unanimously by the U.S. Senate. He retired as Librarian on September 30, 2015.
2. Aaron Klug, Lithuanian-English chemist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Aaron Klug
    
    Sir Aaron Klug was a British biophysicist and chemist. He was a winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
2017
1. Peter Berling, German actor, film producer and writer (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Peter Berling
    
    Peter Berling was a German actor, film producer and writer. He has worked on several occasions with director Werner Herzog, among them his collaborations with actor Klaus Kinski like Aguirre, the Wrath of God, Fitzcarraldo and Cobra Verde.
2016
1. Gabriel Badilla, Costa Rican footballer (b. 1984) deaths
  1. Gabriel Badilla
    
    Gabriel Badilla Segura was a Costa Rican footballer who played as a defender.
2. Gene Guarilia, American basketball player (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Gene Guarilia
    
    Eugene Michael Guarilia was an American basketball player who played four seasons for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
3. Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, Greek statesman (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
    
    Konstantinos "Kostis" Stephanopoulos was a Greek conservative politician who served two consecutive terms as the president of Greece from 1995 to 2005.
4. William Trevor, Irish novelist, playwright, and short story writer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. William Trevor
    
    William Trevor Cox, known by his pen name William Trevor, was an Irish novelist, playwright, and short story writer. One of the elder statesmen of the Irish literary world, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest contemporary writers of short stories in the English language.
2015
1. Keith Michell, Australian actor (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Keith Michell
    
    Keith Joseph Michell was an Australian actor who worked primarily in the United Kingdom, and was best known for his television and film portrayals of King Henry VIII. He appeared extensively in Shakespeare and other classics and musicals in Britain, and was also in several Broadway productions. He was an artistic director of the Chichester Festival Theatre in the 1970s and later had a recurring role on Murder, She Wrote as the charming thief Dennis Stanton. He was also known for illustrating a collection of Jeremy Lloyd's poems Captain Beaky, and singing the title song from the associated album.
2. Jim Perry, American-Canadian singer and game show host (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Jim Perry (television personality)
    
    Jim Perry was an American-Canadian television game show host, singer, announcer, and performer in the 1970s and 1980s.
3. Kitanoumi Toshimitsu, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 55th Yokozuna (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Kitanoumi Toshimitsu
    
    Kitanoumi Toshimitsu , born Toshimitsu Obata , was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler. He was the dominant wrestler in the sport during the 1970s. Kitanoumi was promoted to yokozuna at the age of 21, becoming the youngest ever to achieve sumo's top rank. He won 24 tournament championships during his career and was one of a series of truly great yokozuna who came from Hokkaido, the largest and northernmost prefecture of Japan. At the time of his death he still held the records for most tournaments at yokozuna (63) and most bouts won as a yokozuna (670), but they have since been surpassed. Following his retirement in 1985 he established the Kitanoumi stable. He was chairman of the Japan Sumo Association from 2002 until 2008, and again from 2012 until his death.
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
2014
1. Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba
    
    María del Rosario Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart y Silva, 18th Duchess of Alba GE was one of the most senior aristocrats in Spain, as well as the most titled aristocrat in the world, a distinction now held by the Princess Victoria of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 20th Duchess of Medinaceli.
2013
1. Sylvia Browne, American author (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Sylvia Browne
    
    Sylvia Celeste Browne was an American author who claimed to be a medium with psychic abilities. She appeared regularly on television and radio, including on The Montel Williams Show and Larry King Live, and hosted an hour-long online radio show on Hay House Radio.
2. Dieter Hildebrandt, Polish-German actor and screenwriter (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Dieter Hildebrandt
    
    Dieter Hildebrandt was a German Kabarett artist.
2012
1. Kaspars Astašenko, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1975) deaths
  1. Kaspars Astašenko
    
    Kaspars Astašenko was a Latvian professional ice hockey player. Astašenko was born in Riga, Latvia. Astašenko was drafted by the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, 127th overall. Astašenko played parts of two seasons in the National Hockey League with the Lightning.
2. William Grut, Swedish pentathlete (b. 1914) deaths
  1. William Grut
    
    William Oscar Guernsey Grut was a Swedish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, where he won the gold medal in modern pentathlon. Grut was a multiple Swedish swimming champion and received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1948.
3. Pete La Roca, American jazz drummer (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Pete La Roca
    
    Pete "La Roca" Sims was an American jazz drummer. Born and raised in Harlem by a pianist mother and a stepfather who played trumpet, he was introduced to jazz by his uncle Kenneth Bright, a major shareholder in Circle Records and the manager of rehearsal spaces above the Lafayette Theater. Sims studied percussion at the High School of Music and Art and at the City College of New York, where he played tympani in the CCNY Orchestra. He adopted the name La Roca early in his musical career, when he played timbales for six years in Latin bands. In the 1970s, during a hiatus from jazz performance, he resumed using his original surname. When he returned to jazz in the late 1970s, he usually inserted "La Roca" into his name in quotation marks to help audiences familiar with his early work identify him. He told The New York Times in 1982 that he did so only out of necessity:I can't deny that I once played under the name La Roca, but I have to insist that my name is Peter Sims with La Roca in brackets or in quotes. For 16 or 17 years, when I have not been playing the music, people have known me as Sims....When I was 14 or 15, I thought ["La Roca"] was clever; right now, it's an embarrassment. I thought that it would be something that people would probably remember - boy, was I ever right on that one! I can't make my conversion.
4. Ivan Kušan, Croatian writer (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Ivan Kušan
    
    Ivan Kušan was a Croatian writer.
2010
1. Chalmers Johnson, American author and scholar (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Chalmers Johnson
    
    Chalmers Ashby Johnson was an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics, and professor emeritus of the University of California, San Diego. He served in the Korean War, was a consultant for the CIA from 1967 to 1973 and chaired the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of California, Berkeley from 1967 to 1972. He was also president and co-founder with Steven Clemons of the Japan Policy Research Institute, an organization that promotes public education about Japan and Asia.
2009
1. Lino Lacedelli, Italian mountaineer (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Lino Lacedelli
    
    Lino Lacedelli was an Italian mountaineer. Together with Achille Compagnoni, on 31 July 1954 he was the first man to reach the summit of K2.
2007
1. Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, NASA manager (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Kenneth S. Kleinknecht
    
    Kenneth Samuel Kleinknecht worked for the United States National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics as an engineer and continued at NASA to become a manager of the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo CSM, Skylab, Shuttle, and Spacelab. After retiring from NASA, he worked for Lockheed Martin for 9 years.
2. Ian Smith, Rhodesian lieutenant and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Rhodesia (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Ian Smith
    
    Ian Douglas Smith was a Rhodesian politician, farmer, and fighter pilot who served as Prime Minister of Rhodesia from 1964 to 1979. He was the country's first premier not born abroad, and led the predominantly white government that unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in November 1965 following prolonged dispute over the terms, particularly British demands for black majority rule. He remained Prime Minister for almost all of the 14 years of international isolation that followed, and oversaw Rhodesia's security forces during most of the Bush War, which pitted the unrecognised administration against communist-backed black nationalist guerrilla groups. Smith, who has been described as personifying white Rhodesia, remains a highly controversial figure.
  2. Prime Minister of Rhodesia
    
    The prime minister of Rhodesia was the head of government of Rhodesia. Rhodesia, which had become a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom in 1923, unilaterally declared independence on 11 November 1965, and was thereafter an unrecognized state until 1979. In December 1979, the country came under temporary British control, and in April 1980 the country gained recognized independence as Zimbabwe.
2006
1. Robert Altman, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Robert Altman
    
    Robert Bernard Altman was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He was a five-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director and is considered an enduring figure from the New Hollywood era.
2. Zoia Ceaușescu, Romanian mathematician and academic (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Zoia Ceaușescu
    
    Zoia Ceaușescu was a Romanian mathematician, the daughter of Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena. She was also known as Tovarășa Zoia.
3. Donald Hamilton, American author (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Donald Hamilton
    
    Donald Bengtsson Hamilton was an American writer of novels, short stories, and non-fiction about the outdoors. His novels consist mostly of paperback originals, principally spy fiction, but also crime fiction and westerns, such as The Big Country. He is best known for his long-running Matt Helm series (1960-1993), which chronicles the adventures of an undercover counter-agent/assassin working for a secret American government agency. The noted critic Anthony Boucher wrote: "Donald Hamilton has brought to the spy novel the authentic hard realism of Dashiell Hammett; and his stories are as compelling, and probably as close to the sordid truth of espionage, as any now being told."
2005
1. Manouchehr Atashi, Iranian journalist and poet (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Manouchehr Atashi
    
    Manouchehr Atashi was a Persian poet, writer, and journalist.
2. James King, American tenor (b. 1925) deaths
  1. James King (tenor)
    
    James King was an American operatic tenor who had an active international singing career in operas and concerts from the 1950s through 2000. Widely regarded as one of the finest American heldentenors of the post-war period, he excelled in performances of the works of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.
3. Chris Whitley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1960) deaths
  1. Chris Whitley
    
    Christopher Becker Whitley was an American blues/rock singer-songwriter and guitarist. During his 25-year career he released more than a dozen albums, had two songs in the top 50 of the Billboard mainstream rock charts and received two Independent Music Awards. Whitley's sound was drawn from the traditions of blues, jazz and rock and he recorded songs by artists from many genres. He died in 2005 of lung cancer at the age of 45.
2004
1. Ancel Keys, American physiologist (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Ancel Keys
    
    Ancel Benjamin Keys was an American physiologist who studied the influence of diet on health. In particular, he hypothesized that replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat reduces cardiovascular heart disease. Modern dietary recommendations by health organizations, systematic reviews, and national health agencies corroborate this.
2003
1. Robert Addie, English actor (b. 1960 ) deaths
  1. Robert Addie
    
    Robert Alastair Addie was an English film and theatre actor, who came to prominence playing the role of Sir Guy of Gisbourne in the 1980s British television drama series Robin of Sherwood.
2. David Dacko, African educator and politician, 1st President of the Central African Republic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. David Dacko
    
    David Dacko was a Central African politician who served as the first president of the Central African Republic from 14 August 1960 to 1 January 1966, and 3rd President from 21 September 1979 to 1 September 1981. After his second removal from power in a coup d'état led by General André Kolingba, he pursued an active career as an opposition politician and presidential candidate with many loyal supporters; Dacko was an important political figure in the country for over 50 years.
  2. List of heads of state of the Central African Republic
    
    This article lists the heads of state of the Central African Republic. There have been seven heads of state of the Central African Republic and the Central African Empire since independence was obtained from the French on 13 August 1960. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the Central African Republic but also those who served as de facto heads of state.
3. Eugene Kleiner, American businessman, co-founded Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Eugene Kleiner
    
    Eugene Kleiner was an Austrian-American engineer and venture capitalist. He is considered a pioneer of Silicon Valley. He was one of the original founders of Kleiner Perkins, the Silicon Valley venture capital firm which later became Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. The company was an early investor in more than 300 information technology and biotech firms, including Amazon.com, AOL, Brio Technology, Electronic Arts, Flextronics, Genentech, Google, Hybritech, Intuit, Lotus Development, LSI Logic, Macromedia, Netscape, Quantum, Segway, Sun Microsystems and Tandem Computers.
  2. Kleiner Perkins
    
    Kleiner Perkins, formerly Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB), is an American venture capital firm which specializes in investing in incubation, early stage and growth companies. Since its founding in 1972, the firm has backed entrepreneurs in over 900 ventures, including America Online, Amazon.com, Tandem Computers, Compaq, Electronic Arts, JD.com, Square, Genentech, Google, Netscape, Sun Microsystems, Nest, Palo Alto Networks, Synack, Snap, AppDynamics, and Twitter. By 2019 it had raised around $9 billion in 19 venture capital funds and four growth funds.
2002
1. Madisyn Shipman, American actress births
  1. Madisyn Shipman
    
    Madisyn Shipman is an American actress. She is known for playing Kenzie Bell in the Nickelodeon sitcom Game Shakers.
2. Kakhi Asatiani, Georgian footballer (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Kakhi Asatiani
    
    Kakhi Asatiani was a Georgian association football player and manager.
2001
1. Caty McNally, American tennis player births
  1. Caty McNally
    
    Catherine "Caty" McNally is an American tennis player. She achieved her highest doubles ranking of world No. 11 on 4 April 2022. On 7 November 2022, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 94. She is best known for her doubles partnership with Coco Gauff, which is nicknamed "McCoco" by fans and media. She has won six doubles titles on the WTA Tour, three of them with Gauff, and the pair reached the final of the 2021 US Open. She reached another Major final at the 2022 US Open with Taylor Townsend. She has also won six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. In singles, McNally has also reached the third round of the 2020 US Open and has won one title on the WTA Challenger Tour plus two on the ITF Circuit.
2000
1. Connie Talbot, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Connie Talbot
    
    Connie Victoria Elizabeth Talbot is an English singer. In 2007, she was the runner-up of the first series of Britain's Got Talent. She then signed with Rainbow Recording Company and released her debut album Over the Rainbow on 26 November 2007, which has sold over 250,000 copies worldwide and reached number one in three countries.
2. Mike Muuss, American computer programmer, created Ping (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Mike Muuss
    
    Michael John Muuss was the American author of the freeware network tool ping.
  2. Ping (networking utility)
    
    ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available for virtually all operating systems that have networking capability, including most embedded network administration software.
3. Kalle Päätalo, Finnish author (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Kalle Päätalo
    
    Kaarlo (Kalle) Alvar Päätalo was a Finnish novelist, the most popular Finnish writer in the 20th century. His Iijoki series, comprising 26 novels, is one of the longest autobiographical works ever written.
4. Barbara Sobotta, Polish athlete (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Barbara Sobotta
    
    Barbara Sobotta was a Polish athlete who mainly competed in the women's sprint events during her career.
1999
1. Amintore Fanfani, Italian journalist and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Amintore Fanfani
    
    Amintore Fanfani was an Italian politician and statesman, who served as 32nd prime minister of Italy for five separate terms. He was one of the best-known Italian politicians after the Second World War and a historical figure of the left-wing faction of Christian Democracy. He is also considered one of the founders of the modern Italian centre-left.
  2. Prime Minister of Italy
    
    The prime minister, officially the president of the Council of Ministers, of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office.
1998
1. Roland Alphonso, Jamaican saxophonist (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Roland Alphonso
    
    Roland Alphonso OD or Rolando Alphonso a.k.a. "The Chief Musician" was a Jamaican tenor saxophonist, and one of the founding members of the Skatalites.
2. Galina Starovoytova, Russian ethnographer and politician (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Galina Starovoytova
    
    Galina Vasilyevna Starovoitova was a Soviet dissident, Russian politician and ethnographer known for her work to protect ethnic minorities and promote democratic reforms in Russia. She was shot to death in her apartment building in 1998.
1997
1. Levi Garcia, Trinidadian footballer births
  1. Levi García
    
    Levi Samuel García is a Trinidadian professional footballer who plays as a right-winger for Greek Super League club AEK Athens and the Trinidad and Tobago national team.
2. Dick Littlefield, American baseball player (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Dick Littlefield
    
    Richard Bernard Littlefield was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, Chicago Cubs and the Milwaukee Braves between 1950 and 1958. He batted and threw left-handed, and was listed as 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and 180 pounds (82 kg). He was born and died in Detroit.
3. Robert Palmer, American saxophonist, producer, and author (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Robert Palmer (writer)
    
    Robert Franklin Palmer Jr. was an American writer, musicologist, clarinetist, saxophonist, and blues producer. He is best known for his books, including Deep Blues; his music journalism for The New York Times and Rolling Stone magazine; his work producing blues recordings and the soundtrack of the film Deep Blues; and his clarinet playing in the 1960s band the Insect Trust. A collection of his writings, Blues & Chaos: The Music Writing of Robert Palmer, edited by Anthony DeCurtis, was published by Simon & Schuster on November 10, 2009.
1996
1. Jack Harrison, English professional footballer births
  1. Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)
    
    Jack David Harrison is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Premier League club Leeds United. He had also represented England U21.
2. Blaž Janc, Slovenian handballer births
  1. Blaž Janc
    
    Blaž Janc is a Slovenian handball player who plays for FC Barcelona and the Slovenian national team. He is the older brother of fellow handball player Mitja Janc.
3. Denis Zakaria, Swiss footballer births
  1. Denis Zakaria
    
    Denis Lemi Zakaria Lako Lado is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a central defensive midfielder for Premier League club Chelsea, on loan from Juventus, and the Switzerland national team.
1995
1. Timothy Cheruiyot, Kenyan athlete births
  1. Timothy Cheruiyot
    
    Timothy Cheruiyot is a Kenyan middle-distance runner specialising in the 1500 metres. He is the 2020 Tokyo Olympic silver medallist in the event. At the World Athletics Championships, Cheruiyot won the silver medal in 2017 in London, and a gold in 2019 in Doha.
2. Iván Garcia, Spanish cyclist births
  1. Iván García Cortina
    
    Iván García Cortina is a Spanish cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Movistar Team.
3. Shaolin Sándor Liu, Hungarian short track speed skater births
  1. Shaolin Sándor Liu
    
    Shaolin Sándor Liu is a Chinese-Hungarian Olympic champion short track speed skater.
4. Kyle Snyder, American wrestler births
  1. Kyle Snyder (wrestler)
    
    Kyle Frederick Snyder is an American freestyle wrestler and graduated folkstyle wrestler who competes at 97 kilograms. He holds the distinctions of being the youngest Olympic Gold medalist and the youngest World Champion in American wrestling history.
5. Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (b. 1967) deaths
  1. Sergei Grinkov
    
    Sergei Mikhailovich Grinkov was a Russian pair skater. Together with his wife Ekaterina Gordeeva, he was the 1988 and 1994 Olympic Champion and a four-time World Champion.
6. Robie Macauley, American editor, novelist and critic (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Robie Macauley
    
    Robie Mayhew Macauley was an American editor, novelist and critic whose literary career spanned more than 50 years.
1994
1. Timothy Kitum, Kenyan middle-distance runner births
  1. Timothy Kitum
    
    Timothy Kitum is a Kenyan middle distance runner. He also won Commonwealth Youth Games 800m with a Games Record 1.49.32
2. Jānis Krūmiņš, Latvian basketball player (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Jānis Krūmiņš
    
    Jānis Krūmiņš was a Soviet-Latvian professional basketball player. Helped by his height, he was the first giant center that dominated under European baskets, for years. As a player of the senior Soviet Union national basketball team, Krūmiņš won 3 gold medals at the 1959, 1961, and 1963 EuroBaskets, as well as 3 silver medals at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Summer Olympic Games.
1993
1. Junior Paulo, New Zealand rugby league player births
  1. Junior Paulo (rugby league, born 1993)
    
    Junior Paulo is a Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Parramatta Eels in the NRL.
2. Sanjin Prcić, Bosnian footballer births
  1. Sanjin Prcić
    
    Sanjin Prcić is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 1 club Strasbourg and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.
3. Anna Prugova, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Anna Prugova
    
    Anna Aleksandrovna Prugova is a Russian ice hockey player and member of the Russian national ice hockey team, currently playing in the Zhenskaya Hockey League (ZhHL) with Agidel Ufa.
1992
1. Amit Guluzade, Azerbaijani footballer births
  1. Amit Guluzade
    
    Amit Guluzade ; is an Azerbaijani football player.
2. Zoltán Harcsa, Hungarian boxer births
  1. Zoltán Harcsa
    
    Zoltán Ádám Harcsa is a Hungarian middleweight boxer who won bronze medals at the 2013 European Championships and 2015 European Games. He competed at the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, but was eliminated in the second-third bout on both occasions. His brother Norbert is also an international boxer.
3. Maiha Ishimura, Japanese singer and actress births
  1. Berryz Kobo
    
    Berryz Kobo was a Japanese girl group formed by Up-Front Promotion in 2004 and associated with Hello! Project. The group's members consisted of Hello! Project Kids members Saki Shimizu, Momoko Tsugunaga, Miyabi Natsuyaki, Chinami Tokunaga, Maasa Sudo, Yurina Kumai, and Risako Sugaya; Maiha Ishimura left the group in 2005.
4. Kristiina Mäkelä, Finnish triple jumper births
  1. Kristiina Mäkelä
    
    Meri Kristiina Mäkelä is a Finnish athlete whose specialty is the triple jump. She has competed in two Olympics and four World Athletics Championships, with the best result of 9th in 2022. Her personal bests in the event are 14.64 m outdoors and 14.38 m indoors.
5. Gaku Matsuda, Japanese actor births
  1. Gaku Matsuda
    
    Gaku Matsuda is a Japanese actor who is affiliated with Blue Shuttle. His blood type is O.
6. Jenna Prandini, American track and field athlete births
  1. Jenna Prandini
    
    Jenna Elizabeth Prandini is an American track and field athlete, known for sprinting, but originally began her career doing jumping events. She is a two-time national champion at 200 meters, a 2016 Olympian, and a 2020 Olympic silver medalist.
7. Brayan Ramirez, Colombian cyclist births
  1. Brayan Ramírez (cyclist)
    
    Brayan Stiven Ramírez Chacón is a Colombian professional racing cyclist, who last rode for UCI Continental team Coldeportes–Zenú. He rode his first Grand Tour in the 2015 Vuelta a España.
8. Frédéric Veseli, Albanian footballer births
  1. Frédéric Veseli
    
    Frédéric Shtjefan Veseli, also known as Freddie Veseli, is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Italian Serie B club Benevento and the Albania national team. His main position is centre back but he can also play at right-back and left-back.
9. Raul Renter, Estonian economist and chess player (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Raul Renter
    
    Raul Renter was an Estonian economist and chess player, who twice won the Estonian Chess Championship.
1991
1. Irene Esser, Venezuelan actress and model births
  1. Irene Esser
    
    Irene Sofía Esser Quintero is a Venezuelan actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Venezuela 2011. Esser grew up in Río Caribe, Sucre, Venezuela. She represented Venezuela in Miss Universe 2012, finishing as 2nd Runner-Up.
2. Grant Hanley, Scottish footballer births
  1. Grant Hanley
    
    Grant Campbell Hanley is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a defender for EFL Championship club Norwich City and the Scotland national team. He has previously played for Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United.
3. Anthony Knockaert, French footballer births
  1. Anthony Knockaert
    
    Anthony Patrick Knockaert is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Super League Greece club Volos, on loan from Premier League side Fulham.
4. Yvonne Leuko, Cameroonian footballer births
  1. Yvonne Leuko
    
    Yvonne Patrice Leuko Chibosso, known as Yvonne Leuko, is a Cameroonian football defender, currently playing for Arras FCF.
5. Kim Se-yong, South Korean singer and actor births
  1. Kim Se-yong
    
    Kim Se-yong is a South Korean singer, rapper, and actor. Signed to H2 Media, he made his debut with idol quintet Myname in 2011. Kim began his acting career two years prior, appearing on the television series Green Coach. He released his first mini-album Connection independent from Myname in Japan in May 2019.
6. Tim Simona, New Zealand rugby league player births
  1. Tim Simona
    
    Tim Simona is a Samoan international rugby league footballer who plays as a centre, fullback, wing and halfback for the Blacktown Workers Sea Eagles in the NSW Cup and previously Wests Tigers in the NRL.
1990
1. Haley Anderson, American swimmer births
  1. Haley Anderson
    
    Haley Danita Anderson is an American competitive swimmer who is an Olympic silver medalist. She placed second in the 10-kilometer open water event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
2. Mark Christian, Manx cyclist births
  1. Mark Christian
    
    Mark Peter Christian is a Manx racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Eolo–Kometa.
3. Aleksandra Król, Polish snowboarder births
  1. Aleksandra Król
    
    Aleksandra Król is a Polish snowboarder. She competed at the FIS Snowboarding World Championships 2011 and 2013; both times in parallel giant slalom and parallel slalom. She competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in parallel giant slalom and parallel slalom.
4. Slobodan Medojević, Serbian footballer births
  1. Slobodan Medojević
    
    Slobodan Medojević is a Serbian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Cypriot First Division club AEL Limassol.
5. Nzuzi Toko, Congolese footballer births
  1. Nzuzi Toko
    
    Nzuzi Bundebele Toko is a Congolese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder. He represented the DR Congo national team. Toko holds both Swiss and DR Congo nationality; he played youth international football for the former and senior international football for the latter.
1989
1. Artak Dashyan, Armenian footballer births
  1. Artak Dashyan
    
    Artak Dashyan is an Armenian football player who currently plays midfielder for Pyunik and Armenia.
2. Babita Kumari, Indian wrestler births
  1. Babita Kumari
    
    Babita Kumari Phogat is an Indian wrestler, who won the gold medal in 2014 Commonwealth Games. She also won silver medals at 2018 Commonwealth Games and 2010 Commonwealth Games and a bronze medal at the 2012 World Wrestling Championships. Babita Phogat entered politics by joining the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2019.
3. Cody Linley, American actor and singer births
  1. Cody Linley
    
    Cody Martin Linley is an American actor and singer. He played a recurring role as Jake Ryan in the television series Hannah Montana, and was a contestant on the seventh season of Dancing with the Stars, in which he was partnered with Julianne Hough and finished fourth.
4. Agon Mehmeti, Swedish footballer births
  1. Agon Mehmeti
    
    Agon Xhevat Mehmeti is an Albanian former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Örebro SK.
5. Jonas Mendes, Bissau-Guinean footballer births
  1. Jonas Mendes
    
    Jonas Asvedo Mendes is a Bissau-Guinean professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Greek Super League 2 club Kalamata.
6. Sergei Polunin, Ukrainian ballet dancer births
  1. Sergei Polunin
    
    Sergei Vladimirovich Polunin is a Russian ballet dancer, actor and model. He has Ukrainian, Russian, and Serbian citizenship, but has "always regarded himself as Russian".
7. Eduardo Vargas, Chilean footballer births
  1. Eduardo Vargas
    
    Eduardo Jesús Vargas Rojas is a Chilean professional footballer who plays as a forward for Brazilian Série A club Atlético Mineiro and the Chile national team.
8. Dmitry Zhitnikov, Russian handballer births
  1. Dmitry Zhitnikov
    
    Dmitry Valeryevich Zhitnikov is a Russian handball player for Wisła Płock and the Russian national team.
9. Lynn Bari, American actress (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Lynn Bari
    
    Lynn Bari was a film actress who specialized in playing sultry, statuesque man-killers in roughly 150 films for 20th Century Fox, from the early 1930s through the 1940s.
1988
1. Marie-Laure Brunet, French biathlete births
  1. Marie-Laure Brunet
    
    Marie-Laure Brunet is a retired French biathlete and Olympic athlete who won a bronze medal in the women's pursuit at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games of Vancouver.
2. Aya Medany, Egyptian modern pentathlete. births
  1. Aya Medany
    
    Aya Medany is an Egyptian modern pentathlete. She made her Olympic début at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, as the youngest competitor both in the Egyptian team and competing in the pentathlon.
3. Max Pacioretty, American ice hockey player births
  1. Max Pacioretty
    
    Maximillian Kolenda Pacioretty is an American professional ice hockey left winger for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL).
4. Roberto Rosales, Venezuelan footballer births
  1. Roberto Rosales
    
    Roberto José Rosales Altuve is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays for the Cypriot First Division club AEK Larnaca and Venezuela national team. Mainly a right back, he can also play as a right midfielder.
5. Dariga Shakimova, Kazakhstani boxer births
  1. Dariga Shakimova
    
    Dariga Shakimova is a Kazakhstani boxer. In 2015, she was named the Female Boxer of the Year by the Kazakhstan Boxing Federation. She won a bronze medal in the middleweight event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Shakimova studied at the Kazakh Academy of Sport and Tourism. After seeing the film Million Dollar Baby, her mother wanted to ban her from boxing, fearing for a serious injury. Shakimova's coach persuaded her to reconsider.
6. Dušan Tadić, Serbian footballer births
  1. Dušan Tadić
    
    Dušan Tadić is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder and captains both Eredivisie club Ajax and the Serbia national team.
7. Rhys Wakefield, Australian actor and director births
  1. Rhys Wakefield
    
    Rhys Wakefield is an Australian actor and director, known for his roles in Australian TV series Home and Away, the feature film The Black Balloon (2008) and in season 3 of HBO's True Detective in 2019.
1987
1. Amelia Rose Blaire, American actress births
  1. Amelia Rose Blaire
    
    Amelia Rose Blaire is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Willa Burrell on the HBO series True Blood and Piper Shaw on the MTV series Scream.
2. Andrew Driver, English footballer births
  1. Andrew Driver
    
    Andrew David Driver is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He has represented Scotland at schoolboy level and England, where he was born, for the under-21 side.
3. Ben Hamer, English footballer births
  1. Ben Hamer
    
    Benjamin John Hamer is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Championship side Watford.
4. Mylène Lazare, French swimmer births
  1. Mylène Lazare
    
    Mylène Lazare is a French swimmer, who won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's 4 x 200 m freestyle.
5. Kou Lei, Ukrainian table tennis player births
  1. Kou Lei
    
    Kou Lei is a Ukrainian table tennis player of Chinese origin.
6. Nathan Lyon, Australian cricketer births
  1. Nathan Lyon
    
    Nathan Michael Lyon is an Australian international cricketer. He made his Test debut in 2011 and plays domestic cricket for New South Wales. Lyon is an off spin bowler and a lower-order right-handed batsman. Considered the most successful off-spin bowler for Australia, Lyon holds the record for the most Test wickets taken by an Australian off-spin bowler, passing Hugh Trumble's 141 wickets in 2015. In January 2021, Lyon played in his 100th Test match during Australia's series against India.
7. Joëlle Numainville, Canadian cyclist births
  1. Joëlle Numainville
    
    Joëlle Numainville is a Canadian former road bicycle racer.
8. Christoph Pfingsten, German cyclist births
  1. Christoph Pfingsten
    
    Christoph Pfingsten is a German former racing cyclist, who competed as a professional from 2009 to 2021. He rode at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships. He was named in the startlist for the 2016 Vuelta a España. In May 2018, he was named in the startlist for the 2018 Giro d'Italia.
9. Valdet Rama, Albanian footballer births
  1. Valdet Rama
    
    Valdet Skënder Rama is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for German club Wuppertaler SV. He also holds German citizenship.
10. Gina Stechert, German alpine skier births
  1. Gina Stechert
    
    Gina Stechert is a German alpine skier whose best discipline is the combined. She is set to represent Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
1986
1. Josh Carter, American basketball player births
  1. Josh Carter
    
    Joshua Neville Carter is an American professional basketball player who last played for PAOK of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League. He played college basketball for Texas A&M. He also played for the Athletes in Action basketball team in 2006 and 2007, helping the team win the William Jones Cup in 2006. In the 2006–07 season, Carter co-led all NCAA Division I men's basketball players with his three-point accuracy of 50%. The 98–37 team record he compiled during his college career makes him the winningest men's basketball player in the program's history.
2. Edder Delgado, Honduran footballer births
  1. Edder Delgado
    
    Edder Gerardo Delgado Zerón is a Honduran international footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Real España in the Honduras National League.
3. Ashley Fink, American actress and singer births
  1. Ashley Fink
    
    Ashley Rae Fink is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Lauren Zizes in the television series Glee and as Carter McMahon in Huge.
4. Kōhei Horikoshi, Japanese manga artist births
  1. Kōhei Horikoshi
    
    Kōhei Horikoshi is a Japanese manga artist known for creating the manga series Ōmagadoki Dōbutsuen, Barrage and My Hero Academia, all of which have been serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump. Horikoshi is a graduate of Toho High School and Nagoya University of Arts and is a native of Aichi Prefecture. He was a former assistant for Yasuki Tanaka, creator of the manga series Summer Time Rendering, Hitomi no Catoblepas and Kagijin.
5. Özer Hurmacı, Turkish footballer births
  1. Özer Hurmacı
    
    Özer Hurmacı is a Turkish former professional footballer who played a winger or attacking midfielder. He represented the Turkey national team in varied age levels, including his two caps for senior level in 2010.
6. William Fernando da Silva, Brazilian footballer births
  1. William da Silva (footballer)
    
    William Fernando da Silva, known simply as William da Silva or William, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for CSA. He also holds Mexican citizenship.
7. Oliver Sykes, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Oliver Sykes
    
    Oliver Scott Sykes is a British singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of the rock band Bring Me the Horizon. He also founded the apparel company Drop Dead Clothing, and created a graphic novel.
8. Bartolomé Salvá Vidal, Spanish tennis player births
  1. Bartolomé Salvá Vidal
    
    Bartolomé "Tomeu" Salvá Vidal is a Spanish tennis coach and former player.
9. Koudai Tsukakoshi, Japanese race car driver births
  1. Koudai Tsukakoshi
    
    Koudai Tsukakoshi is a Japanese racing driver.
1985
1. Juan Cruz Álvarez, Argentinian race car driver births
  1. Juan Cruz Álvarez
    
    Juan Cruz Álvarez is a race car driver.
2. Eric Boateng, British basketball player births
  1. Eric Boateng
    
    Eric Yamoah Boateng is a British professional basketball player. He is a former college basketball player with the Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball team. He attended high school at St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware. Boateng committed to Duke University out of high school, but transferred after one season to Arizona State. He is also a member of the senior men's Great Britain national basketball team. In November 2014, he was elected to a four-year term on the British Olympic Association's Athletes' Commission. He was reelected to the Commission in November 2018.
3. Dan Byrd, American actor births
  1. Dan Byrd
    
    Daniel Byrd is an American actor. His most prominent roles include the 2004 film A Cinderella Story, the 2006 remake of The Hills Have Eyes, the 2010 films Easy A and Norman, and the sitcoms Aliens in America and Cougar Town.
4. Muhamed Demiri, Macedonian footballer births
  1. Muhamed Demiri
    
    Muhamed Demiri is a retired footballer. Born in Switzerland, he represented Macedonia at international level.
5. Greg Holland, American baseball player births
  1. Greg Holland
    
    Gregory Scott Holland is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals, Colorado Rockies, St. Louis Cardinals, Washington Nationals, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Texas Rangers. Holland is a three-time All-Star.
6. Maria Mukhortova, Russian skater births
  1. Maria Mukhortova
    
    Maria Vladimirovna Mukhortova is a Russian pair skater. With former partner Maxim Trankov, she is the 2008 European silver medalist, a five-time Grand Prix medalist, 2005 World Junior champion, 2004 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and 2007 Russian national champion. In her early career, she competed with Egor Golovkin and Pavel Lebedev. She also competed one season with Jérôme Blanchard.
7. Heinrich Schmidtgal, Kazakhstani footballer births
  1. Heinrich Schmidtgal
    
    Heinrich Schmidtgal is a Kazakhstani former professional footballer who played as a left-back.
8. Themistoklis Tzimopoulos, Greek New Zealander footballer births
  1. Themistoklis Tzimopoulos
    
    Themistoklis Tzimopoulos is a Greek-born New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Super League club Levadiakos and the New Zealand national team.
  2. Greek New Zealanders
    
    Greek New Zealanders (Ellinozilandoí) refers to New Zealand citizens and residents who are of full or partial Greek descent; either those who immigrated or are New Zealand-born. Large concentrations of the community are to be found in Wellington, and to a lesser extent Christchurch and Auckland. Smaller communities of Greeks reside in Palmerston North, Wanganui, Dunedin, Hamilton, Nelson and Napier. Many Greek New Zealanders maintain their Greek identity through the observation of Greek customs and traditions, and their adherence to their Greek Orthodox (Christian) faith, whilst also assimilating into New Zealand society.
9. Aaron Yan, Taiwanese actor and singer births
  1. Aaron Yan
    
    Aaron Yan is a Taiwanese actor, singer, television host and businessman. He was also one of the members of Taiwanese boy band Fahrenheit.
1984
1. Ali, South Korean singer births
  1. Ali (South Korean singer)
    
    Cho Yong-jin, known professionally as Ali (알리), is a South Korean musical actress, musician, radio host, singer, and songwriter. Following her debut in 2009, she was primarily recognized for her time as a contestant on the KBS program Immortal Songs 2.
2. Halley Feiffer, American actress and playwright births
  1. Halley Feiffer
    
    Halley Feiffer is an American actress and playwright.
3. Kévin Hecquefeuille, French ice hockey player births
  1. Kévin Hecquefeuille
    
    Kévin Hecquefeuille is a French ice hockey coach for Scorpions de Mulhouse in the French Ligue Magnus. He previously was defenseman, in a career that lasted from 2002 to 2022. Internationally Hecquefeuille played for the French national team in multiple World Championships.
4. Justin Hoyte, English footballer births
  1. Justin Hoyte
    
    Justin Raymond Hoyte is a professional footballer. Primarily a right back, Hoyte previously played for English clubs Arsenal, Sunderland, Middlesbrough, Millwall and Dagenham & Redbridge, as well as American side FC Cincinnati in both the USL and MLS. As an international, he represented England up to under-21 level and Trinidad and Tobago at senior level.
5. Jeremy Jordan, American actor births
  1. Jeremy Jordan (actor, born 1984)
    
    Jeremy Michael Jordan is an American actor and singer. He has performed on Broadway, in television and film, in concert, as well as in other theatrical productions.
6. Cartier Martin, American basketball player births
  1. Cartier Martin
    
    Cartier Alexander Martin is an American former professional basketball player who played seven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for Kansas State.
7. Nelson Sebastián Maz, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Sebastián Maz
    
    Nelson Sebastián Maz Rosano is a Uruguayan former football striker.
8. Sherjill MacDonald, Dutch footballer births
  1. Sherjill Mac-Donald
    
    Sherjill Mac-Donald is a Dutch footballer who plays as a forward for KV Hooikt in Belgium.
9. Moe Meguro, Japanese curler births
  1. Moe Meguro
    
    Moe Meguro is a Japanese curler. She was born November 20, 1984 in Kushiro, Hokkaido, but grew up in Minamifurano, Hokkaido.
10. Ferdinando Monfardini, Italian race car driver births
  1. Ferdinando Monfardini
    
    Ferdinando Monfardini is an Italian race car driver. He raced in the 2005 and 2006 GP2 Series seasons, having previously raced in the Formula 3000 series which it replaced.
11. Florencia Mutio, Argentine field hockey player births
  1. Florencia Mutio
    
    María Florencia Mutio is an Argentine field hockey player. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed for the Argentina field hockey team where the team achieved the silver medal. Florencia also won one Champions Trophy, the bronze medal at the 2014 World Cup and two Pan American Cups.
12. Stéphane N'Guéma, Gabonese footballer births
  1. Stéphane N'Guéma
    
    Stéphane N'Guéma is a former Gabonese football player, who played as a winger.
13. Naoya Tamura, Japanese footballer births
  1. Naoya Tamura
    
    Naoya Tamura is a Japanese retired footballer.
14. Monique van der Vorst, Dutch cyclist births
  1. Monique van der Vorst
    
    Monique van der Vorst is a Dutch racing cyclist. She is a two-time silver medal winner at the Paralympic Games.
15. Lee Yun-yeol, South Korean gamer births
  1. Lee Yun-yeol
    
    Lee Yun-yeol (이윤열), better known as NaDa, is a South Korean entrepreneur, video game designer and former professional gamer who competitively played StarCraft: Brood War and StarCraft II. He is known for being one of the most accomplished Brood War players of all time with a total of six major title victories, including three KPGA tours in a row in 2002 and subsequently winning three OnGameNet StarLeagues over the following years, earning him the nickname, "Genius Terran". He achieved the highest KeSPA score of any player before it was re-scaled, and holds the record for longest stay in KeSPA's top 30 at 87 months, beginning in March 2002 and ending in May 2009. He has played for several top-ranking teams, including Pantech EX, Toona S.G., KT_MagicNs, Ideal Space and WeMade FOX. After his transition to StarCraft II in 2010, he joined the Korean team of Old Generations. In February 2012, he joined the American multi-gaming team, compLexity gaming.
16. Carlo Campanini, Italian actor, singer and comedian (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Carlo Campanini
    
    Carlo Campanini, was an Italian actor, singer and comedian. He appeared in more than 120 films between 1939 and 1969.
17. Kristian Djurhuus, Faroese politician, 2nd Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Kristian Djurhuus
    
    Kristian Djurhuus was a Faroese politician. He was a member of the Union Party.
  2. List of lawmen and prime ministers of the Faroe Islands
    
    The prime minister of the Faroe Islands is the head of government of the Faroe Islands
18. Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Pakistani journalist and poet (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Faiz Ahmad Faiz
    
    Faiz Ahmad Faiz was a Pakistani poet, and author of Urdu and Punjabi literature. Faiz was one of the most celebrated Pakistani Urdu writers of his time. Outside literature, he has been described as "a man of wide experience" having been a teacher, an army officer, a journalist, a trade unionist and a broadcaster.
1983
1. Future, American rapper births
  1. Future (rapper)
    
    Nayvadius DeMun Cash, better known by the stage name Future, is an American rapper. Known for his mumble-styled vocals and prolific output, Future is considered a pioneer of the use of melody and auto-tune in modern trap music. Due to the sustained contemporary popularity of his musical style, he is commonly regarded as one of the most influential rappers of his generation.
2. Dele Aiyenugba, Nigerian footballer births
  1. Dele Aiyenugba
    
    Bamidele Mathew Aiyenugba is a Nigerian footballer currently with Kwara United F.C. His name, Bamidele, means "Follow me home" in Yoruba language.
3. Mónika Kovacsicz, Hungarian handballer births
  1. Mónika Kovacsicz
    
    Mónika Kovacsicz is a retired Hungarian handballer of Slovak descent.
4. Marcel Dalio, French actor and playwright (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Marcel Dalio
    
    Marcel Dalio was a French character actor. He had major roles in two films directed by Jean Renoir, La Grande Illusion (1937) and The Rules of the Game (1939).
5. Richard Loo, Chinese-American actor (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Richard Loo
    
    Richard Loo was an American film actor who was one of the most familiar Asian character actors in American films of the 1930s and 1940s. He appeared in more than 120 films between 1931 and 1982.
1982
1. Stephen Ademolu, Canadian footballer births
  1. Stephen Ademolu
    
    Stephen Ademolu is a former Canadian soccer player and current coach/trainer.
2. Dương Hồng Sơn, Vietnamese footballer births
  1. Dương Hồng Sơn
    
    Dương Hồng Sơn is a Vietnamese football manager and former player who is the manager of Quang Nam. He is best known for his performance helping the Vietnam national team to win their first ASEAN Championship. He was declared 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup MVP of the tournament.
3. Rémi Mathis, French historian and curator births
  1. Rémi Mathis
    
    Rémi Mathis is a French historian and curator.
4. Shermine Shahrivar, Iranian model births
  1. Shermine Shahrivar
    
    Shermine Shahrivar is a German model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Europe 2005.
5. Gregor Urbas, Slovenian figure skater births
  1. Gregor Urbas
    
    Gregor Urbas is a Slovenian former competitive figure skater. He is a three-time Golden Spin of Zagreb champion, a five-time Triglav Trophy champion, the 2006 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion, and a nine-time (2001–2009) Slovenian national champion. He competed at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. He qualified for the free skate at nineteen ISU Championships – six Worlds, eight Europeans, and five Junior Worlds.
6. Israel Villaseñor, Mexican footballer births
  1. Israel Villaseñor
    
    Fabián Israel Villaseñor López is a Mexican former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
1981
1. Carlos Boozer, American basketball player births
  1. Carlos Boozer
    
    Carlos Austin Boozer Jr. is an American former professional basketball player. The two-time NBA All-Star played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Utah Jazz, Chicago Bulls, and Los Angeles Lakers, and then spent his last season playing overseas with the Guangdong Southern Tigers. As a member of Team USA, Boozer won an Olympic bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and an Olympic gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
2. Yuko Kavaguti, Japanese ice skater births
  1. Yuko Kavaguti
    
    Yuko Kavaguti is a retired pair skater who has represented Japan and Russia in international competition. In 2006, she began competing with Alexander Smirnov for Russia. They are two-time European champions, two-time World bronze medalists, two-time ISU Grand Prix Final bronze medalists, and three-time Russian national champions (2008–2010). In 2015, they became the first pair in history to complete two quadruple throw jumps in one program and the first to land a quadruple throw loop.
3. Ye Li, Chinese basketball player births
  1. Ye Li
    
    Ye Li is a Chinese professional basketball player who played for the China women's national basketball team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
4. Andrea Riseborough, English actress births
  1. Andrea Riseborough
    
    Andrea Louise Riseborough is an English actress and producer. She made her film debut with a small part in Venus (2006), and has since appeared in more prominent roles in Happy-Go-Lucky (2008), Never Let Me Go, Brighton Rock, Made in Dagenham, W.E. (2011), Shadow Dancer, Disconnect, Welcome to the Punch, Oblivion, Birdman (2014), Nocturnal Animals (2016), Battle of the Sexes, The Death of Stalin, Mandy, Nancy, The Grudge and Possessor.
5. İbrahim Toraman, Turkish footballer births
  1. İbrahim Toraman
    
    İbrahim Toraman is a Turkish former professional footballer. He played as a defender in centre, right back or occasionally in defensive midfield positions.
6. Orsolya Tóth, Hungarian actress births
  1. Orsolya Tóth
    
    Orsolya Tóth is a Hungarian actress. She has appeared in 26 films since 2002. She played the title role in the film Johanna, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.
7. Kimberley Walsh, English singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Kimberley Walsh
    
    Kimberley Jane Scott is an English singer, model, variety performer, television presenter, actress and dancer. She rose to fame in late 2002 when she auditioned for the reality series Popstars: The Rivals on ITV. The series announced that Walsh had won a place as a member of the girl group Girls Aloud. The group achieved large success, having twenty consecutive top ten singles in the UK, six studio albums have all been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), two of which went to number one in the UK, and accumulating a total of five BRIT Award nominations. In 2009, Girls Aloud won "Best Single" with their song "The Promise".
1980
1. Dilnaz Akhmadieva, Kazakhstani singer and actress births
  1. Dilnaz Akhmadieva
    
    Dilnaz Muratkyzy Akhmadieva is a Kazakhstani pop singer and actress of Uyghur origin, born and raised in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
2. James Chambers, English footballer births
  1. James Chambers (English footballer)
    
    James Ashley Chambers is an English professional footballer. Chambers played predominantly as a right-back, although he also played at centre-back, left-back and right-wing during his career. He last played for Worcester City.
3. Eiko Koike, Japanese actress births
  1. Eiko Koike
    
    Eiko Koike is a Japanese actress.
4. Poonsawat Kratingdaenggym, Thai boxer births
  1. Poonsawat Kratingdaenggym
    
    Chalermwong Udomna, who boxes as Poonsawat Kratingdaenggym, is a retired professional boxer from Thailand who fought in the Super bantamweight division. He is a former WBA Regular Bantamweight and Super Bantamweight World Champion, and a former PABA regional Bantamweight and Superbantamweight. His manager is Niwat Laosuwanwat who is the manager of the former WBA Junior bantamweight World Champion and legendary Thai boxer Khaosai Galaxy.
5. Marek Krejčí, Slovak footballer (d. 2007) births
  1. Marek Krejčí
    
    Marek Krejčí was a Slovak footballer who played as a striker.
6. Ana Caterina Morariu, Romanian-Italian actress births
  1. Ana Caterina Morariu
    
    Ana Caterina Morariu is a Romanian-born Italian actress.
7. Christian Obrist, Italian middle-distance runner births
  1. Christian Obrist
    
    Christian Obrist is an Italian middle distance runner, who specializes in the 1500 m.
8. Eoin Reddan, Irish rugby union player births
  1. Eoin Reddan
    
    Eoin Reddan is an Irish rugby union player who plays at scrum half. He initially attended the Jesuit boarding school, Clongowes Wood, before moving school to Crescent College Comprehensive where he captained the school side. On leaving school he studied at the University of Limerick.
9. John McEwen, Australian lawyer and politician, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1900) deaths
  1. John McEwen
    
    Sir John McEwen, was an Australian politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Australia, holding office from 1967 to 1968 in a caretaker capacity after the disappearance of Harold Holt. He was the leader of the Country Party from 1958 to 1971.
  2. Prime Minister of Australia
    
    The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who became prime minister on 23 May 2022.
1979
1. Maree Bowden, New Zealand netball player births
  1. Maree Bowden
    
    Maree Bowden is a New Zealand international netball player. Bowden played with the Canterbury Flames in the National Bank Cup from 1999 to 2007. She continued with the Canterbury franchise, which became the Canterbury Tactix, when the ANZ Championship began in 2008. With the retirement of long-standing Canterbury captain Julie Seymour after the 2009 season, in 2010 Bowden was given the captaincy role of the Tactix.
2. Dmitri Bulykin, Russian footballer births
  1. Dmitri Bulykin
    
    Dmitri Olegovich Bulykin is a retired Russian footballer. Between 2003 and 2005, he played regularly for the Russian national team.
3. Kateryna Burmistrova, Ukrainian wrestler births
  1. Kateryna Burmistrova
    
    Kateryna Burmistrova is a Ukrainian wrestler.
4. Naide Gomes, Portuguese heptathlete and long jumper births
  1. Naide Gomes
    
    Enezaide do Rosário da Vera Cruz Gomes OIH is a former Portuguese heptathlete and long jumper. She also competed in 100 metres hurdles at the 2000 Summer Olympics. At club level, she represented Sporting CP.
5. Joseph Hallman, American composer and academic births
  1. Joseph Hallman
    
    Joseph Hallman is an American composer. A functional orphan, Hallman was born and raised in the Kensington neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended Girard College from first to twelfth grades. Based in Philadelphia, Hallman's works have been performed internationally. His music has been described as eclectic, merging classical, Renaissance, and contemporary popular styles. Hallman also teaches composition at Drexel University.
6. Anastasiya Kapachinskaya, Russian sprint athlete births
  1. Anastasiya Kapachinskaya
    
    Anastasiya Alexandrovna Kapachinskaya is a Russian former sprint athlete. She was the 2003 World champion in the 200 m. She was disqualified from competitions in 2004 and 2008 due to doping offences. As a result, the bulk of her athletics performances after 2004 have been annulled.
7. Hassan Mostafa, Egyptian footballer births
  1. Hassan Mostafa
    
    Hassan Mostafa is an Egyptian former footballer. He played as a defensive midfielder for El Dakhleya and Egyptian national team. He is currently the assistant manager of Smouha SC.
8. Jacob Pitts, American actor births
  1. Jacob Pitts
    
    Jacob Rives Pitts is an American television, film and stage actor. His most notable performances were as Cooper Harris in the film EuroTrip (2004), as Bill "Hoosier" Smith in the HBO miniseries The Pacific (2010), and as U.S. Marshal Tim Gutterson on the FX television drama Justified (2010–15). He appeared in the play Where Do We Live at the Vineyard Theatre in May 2004. Pitts has also appeared in TV shows such as Law & Order, Ed and Sex and the City. He had a recurring role in the first season of The Sinner and is currently starring as Lance Lord in the crime drama series Sneaky Pete.
9. Shalini, Indian actress births
  1. Shalini
    
    Shalini, also known as Baby Shalini, is a former Indian child artist and actress who predominantly worked in Malayalam and Tamil films. During the 80s, Shalini was the most successful child artist in the Malayalam film industry. After taking a brief hiatus from child acting, Shalini made a come back in 1997 through Malayalam and Tamil Language films as lead heroine roles. She married popular Tamil actor Ajith Kumar, on April 24, 2000 and retired from films after her marriage.
10. Arpad Sterbik, Serbian handball player births
  1. Arpad Sterbik
    
    Arpad Sterbik Capar is a retired handball player who represented the national teams of Yugoslavia and Spain.
1978
1. Jean-François Bedenik, French footballer and coach births
  1. Jean-François Bedenik
    
    Jean-François Bedenik is a French football coach and retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently working at the academy of AS Saint-Étienne as a goalkeeper coach.
2. Freya Lim, Taiwanese-Malaysian singer and radio host births
  1. Freya Lim
    
    Freya Lim, also known as Freya Lin, is a Malaysian Mandopop singer and radio deejay based in Taiwan. She is a Taiwanese PR. Her father is a Chinese Malaysian and her mother is a Taiwanese.
3. Kéné Ndoye, Senegalese track and fielder births
  1. Kéné Ndoye
    
    Kéné Ndoye is a female track and field athlete, competing internationally for Senegal. She was 14th in the triple jump at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.
4. Nadine Velazquez, American actress and model births
  1. Nadine Velazquez
    
    Nadine E. Velázquez is an American actress and model known for her roles as Catalina Aruca on My Name Is Earl and Sofia Ruxin on The League. She has also appeared in films such as War (2007), Flight (2012) and Snitch (2013), and was a cast member on the TV series Major Crimes.
5. Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Giorgio de Chirico
    
    Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico was an Italian artist and writer born in Greece. In the years before World War I, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists. His most well-known works often feature Roman arcades, long shadows, mannequins, trains, and illogical perspective. His imagery reflects his affinity for the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and of Friedrich Nietzsche, and for the mythology of his birthplace.
6. Vasilisk Gnedov, Russian soldier and poet (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Vasilisk Gnedov
    
    Vasily Ivanovich Gnedov, better known by the pen name Vasilisk Gnedov, was one of the most radically experimental poets of Russian Futurism, though not as prolific as his peers.
1977
1. Rudy Charles, American wrestling referee births
  1. Dan Engler
    
    Daniel Engler is an American professional wrestling referee, better known by his former ring name, Rudy Charles, best known for his time as a referee in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he was the promotion's senior referee. In July 2013, Engler joined WWE at their Performance Center as a referee for NXT. He is currently signed to WWE on the Smackdown brand.
2. Mikhail Ivanov, Russian cross-country skier births
  1. Mikhail Ivanov (cross-country skier)
    
    Mikhail Petrovich Ivanov ; born 20 November 1977 in Ostrov, Soviet Union) is a Russian cross-country skier who competed from 1996 to 2007. He finished second in the 50 km at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City to Spain's Johann Mühlegg, but was awarded the gold medal upon Mühlegg's blood-doping disqualification of darbepoetin alfa.
3. Daniel Svensson, Swedish drummer and producer births
  1. Daniel Svensson
    
    Daniel Svensson is a Swedish drummer. He is currently a member of the Swedish supergroup The Halo Effect (2021–) and formerly a drummer of the metal bands In Flames, Sacrilege GBG and Diabolique.
4. Josh Turner, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births
  1. Josh Turner
    
    Joshua Otis Turner is an American country and gospel singer and songwriter. In 2003, he signed to MCA Nashville Records. That same year, his debut album's title track, "Long Black Train", was his breakthrough single release. His second album, Your Man (2006) accounted for his first two number-one hits: "Your Man" and "Would You Go with Me", while 2007's Everything Is Fine included a No. 2 in "Firecracker". Haywire, released in 2010, produced his biggest hit, the four week No. 1 "Why Don't We Just Dance" and another number one in "All Over Me". It was followed by Punching Bag (2012), whose lead-off single "Time Is Love" was the biggest country hit of 2012 according to Billboard Year-End.
1976
1. Mohamed Barakat, Egyptian footballer births
  1. Mohamed Barakat
    
    Mohamed Barakat is a retired Egyptian footballer. A right-footed playmaker, Barakat usually played as an offensive right winger or attacking midfielder for Egyptian club Al Ahly and the Egyptian National Team. He is considered by many as one of the most talented players in Africa. Barakat's hallmarks are surging runs from midfield which often disrupt opposing defences, as well as his box-to-box work ethic, which makes him an important figure both in defence and attack. Thanks to his noticeable achievements and talent, his fans have given him the nickname The Mercurial, He reached his peak in 2005 and 2006, helping his club Al Ahly to win the CAF Champions League 2005 and CAF Champions League 2006 and Egypt win their fifth African Cup of Nations Egypt 2006. However, in 2006 his career was marred by a long spell of injuries.
2. Beto, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Beto (footballer, born November 1976)
    
    Gilberto Galdino dos Santos, known as Beto, is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
3. DeJuan Collins, American basketball player births
  1. DeJuan Collins
    
    DeJuan Collins is an American former professional basketball player. He was listed at 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) in height, and 190 pounds (86 kg) in weight. Collins was best known as a scorer, and also for organizing and leading his team's game on offense.
4. Dominique Dawes, American gymnast and actress births
  1. Dominique Dawes
    
    Dominique Margaux Dawes is a retired American artistic gymnast. Known in the gymnastics community as 'Awesome Dawesome', she was a 10-year member of the U.S. national gymnastics team, the 1994 U.S. all-around senior National Champion, a three-time Olympian, a World Championship silver and bronze medalist, and a member of the gold-medal-winning "Magnificent Seven" team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. She is also the Olympic bronze medalist on floor exercise from the Atlanta games.
5. Laura Harris, Canadian actress births
  1. Laura Harris
    
    Laura Harris is a Canadian actress.
6. Adrián Hernán González, Argentine footballer births
  1. Adrián González (footballer, born 1976)
    
    Adrián Hernán González is an Argentine footballer who last played for Club Atlético Platense. He is noted as a free kick specialist who can play as either a right back or right midfielder.
7. Harold Jamison, American basketball player births
  1. Harold Jamison
    
    Harold Sherill Jamison is an American former professional basketball player. Born in Orangeburg, South Carolina, he is 6'8" and played at power forward.
8. Tusshar Kapoor, Indian Bollywood actor and producer births
  1. Tusshar Kapoor
    
    Tushar Ravi Kapoor, popular as Tusshar Kapoor, is an Indian actor and film producer working in Hindi films.
  2. Hindi cinema
    
    Hindi cinema, popularly known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema, refers to the film industry based in Mumbai, engaged in production of motion pictures in Hindi language. The popular term Bollywood, is a portmanteau of "Bombay" and "Hollywood". The industry is a part of the larger Indian cinema, which also includes South Cinema and other smaller film industries.
9. Pascal Roller, German basketball player births
  1. Pascal Roller
    
    Pascal Roller is a German former professional basketball player. At a height of 1.80 m (5'11") and a weight of 81 kg, he played at the point guard position.
10. Francisco Rufete, Spanish footballer births
  1. Francisco Rufete
    
    Francisco Joaquín Pérez Rufete is a Spanish former footballer, and a manager. He played predominantly as a right winger with good dribbling ability, also being a player with a good workrate.
11. Nebojša Stefanović, Serbian politician births
  1. Nebojša Stefanović
    
    Nebojša Stefanović is a Serbian politician who served as deputy prime minister of Serbia from 2016 to 2022 and as minister of defence from 2020 to 2022. A member of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), he previously served as president of the National Assembly of Serbia from 2012 to 2014 and as minister of internal affairs from 2014 to 2020.
12. Doug Viney, New Zealand boxer births
  1. Doug Viney
    
    Douglas Ma'afu Hawke, better known as Doug "Vicious" Viney is a Tongan-New Zealander heavyweight boxer and kickboxer. He is the K-1 World GP 2007 in Las Vegas champion, who also represented Tonga as a super heavyweight boxer under the name of Ma'afu Hawke at 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.
13. Atsushi Yoneyama, Japanese footballer births
  1. Atsushi Yoneyama
    
    Atsushi Yoneyama is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team. He currently manager of Kamatamare Sanuki from 2023.
14. Ji Yun-nam, North Korean footballer births
  1. Ji Yun-nam
    
    Ji Yun-Nam is a former North Korean international footballer, who played for April 25 in the DPR Korea League.
15. Trofim Lysenko, Ukrainian-Russian biologist and agronomist (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Trofim Lysenko
    
    Trofim Denisovich Lysenko was a Soviet agronomist and biologist. He was a strong proponent of Lamarckism, and rejected Mendelian genetics in favour of his own idiosyncratic, pseudoscientific ideas later termed Lysenkoism.
1975
1. Mengke Bateer, Chinese Inner Mongolian basketball player births
  1. Mengke Bateer
    
    Mengke Bateer, commonly referred to simply as Bateer in China, is a Chinese Inner Mongolian former professional basketball player. Playing at the center position, he played parts of three seasons in the NBA, winning the NBA Finals during one of them. However, he spent the majority of his career competing in the Chinese Basketball Association for the Beijing Ducks as the winner of CBA finals and later with the Xinjiang Flying Tigers before ending his career with the Sichuan Blue Whales in the lesser National Basketball League. Mengke scored a total of 8 points with the Toronto Raptors on his last season in the NBA.
2. Dierks Bentley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Dierks Bentley
    
    Frederick Dierks Bentley is an American country music singer and songwriter. In 2003, he signed to Capitol Nashville and released his eponymous debut album. Both it and its follow-up, 2005's Modern Day Drifter, are certified Platinum in the United States, and his third album, 2006's Long Trip Alone, is certified Gold. It was followed in mid-2008 by a greatest hits package. His fourth album, Feel That Fire, was released in February 2009, and a bluegrass album, Up on the Ridge, was released on June 8, 2010. His sixth album, Home, followed in February 2012, as did a seventh one, Riser, in 2014. Bentley's eighth album, titled Black, was released in May 2016, and his ninth, The Mountain, was released in June 2018. His tenth studio album will release in early 2023.
3. Ryan Bowen, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Ryan Bowen
    
    Ryan Cleo Bowen is an American former professional basketball player who is currently an assistant coach for the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was a 6'9", 218 lb (99 kg) power forward.
4. J. D. Drew, American baseball player births
  1. J. D. Drew
    
    David Jonathan "J. D." Drew is an American former Major League Baseball right fielder. He began his major league career in 1998 with the St. Louis Cardinals, and also played for the Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Boston Red Sox. He is the brother of two other major league players, Stephen and Tim.
5. Joshua Gomez, American actor births
  1. Joshua Gomez
    
    Joshua Eli Gomez is an American actor best known for his role as Morgan Grimes on Chuck.
6. Sébastien Hamel, French footballer births
  1. Sébastien Hamel
    
    Sébastien Hamel is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
7. Davey Havok, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Davey Havok
    
    David Paden Marchand, known professionally as Davey Havok, is an American singer and musician who is the lead vocalist of the rock band AFI, the synth-pop band Blaqk Audio, the hardcore punk band XTRMST, and the new wave band Dreamcar. Amongst various other ventures, he performed lead vocals for Son of Sam's debut album and for fictional band My Purple Agony in the animated series Harvey Girls Forever!.
8. Francisco Franco, Spanish general and dictator, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Francisco Franco
    
    Francisco Franco Bahamonde was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo. This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's death, is commonly known as Francoist Spain or as the Francoist dictatorship.
  2. Prime Minister of Spain
    
    The prime minister of Spain, officially president of the Government, is the head of government of Spain. The office was established in its current form by the Constitution of 1978 and it was first regulated in 1823 as a chairmanship of the extant Council of Ministers, although it is not possible to determine when it actually originated.
1974
1. Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, German speed skater births
  1. Daniela Anschütz-Thoms
    
    Daniela Anschütz-Thoms is a German former speed skater. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, she won a gold medal in the women's team pursuit with the German team, and four years later she defended the title in Vancouver. She is married to former speed skater Marian Thoms since December 2005.
2. Jason Faunt, American actor births
  1. Jason Faunt
    
    Jason Patrick Faunt is an American actor. He is best known for the role as Wesley Collins in Power Rangers Time Force, as well as his descendant Alex, the former Red Time Force Ranger.
3. Florian David Fitz, German actor, screenwriter and director births
  1. Florian David Fitz
    
    Florian David Fitz is a German actor, screenwriter and film director.
4. Drew Ginn, Australian rower births
  1. Drew Ginn
    
    Drew Cameron Ginn OAM is an Australian five-time world champion rower, a four time Olympian and triple Olympic gold medallist. From 1995 to 1998 he was a member of Australia's prominent world class crew – the coxless four known as the Oarsome Foursome.
5. Claudio Husain, Argentine footballer births
  1. Claudio Husaín
    
    Claudio Daniel Husaín is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
6. Jon Knudsen, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Jon Knudsen
    
    Jon Knudsen is a Norwegian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is from August 2022, the goalkeeping coach for the Norway women's national team.
1973
1. Angelica Bridges, American actress and singer births
  1. Angelica Bridges
    
    Angelica Bridges is an American actress, model, and singer. She was given a pictorial spread in Playboy magazine's November 2001 issue and featured as the issue's cover model.
2. Fabio Galante, Italian footballer births
  1. Fabio Galante
    
    Fabio Galante is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a defender. He represented Italy at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
3. Neil Hodgson, English motorcycle racer and sportscaster births
  1. Neil Hodgson
    
    Neil Stuart Hodgson is a British former motorcycle racer, who won the 2000 British Superbike Championship, and the 2003 Superbike World Championship titles. He then went on to have a moderately successful four years in the American Superbike Championship, with a best 5th place championship finish.
4. Masaya Honda, Japanese footballer births
  1. Masaya Honda
    
    Masaya Honda is a former Japanese football player.
5. Allan Sherman, American actor, comedian, and producer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Allan Sherman
    
    Allan Sherman was an American musician, satirist and television producer who became known as a song parodist in the early 1960s. His first album, My Son, the Folk Singer (1962), became the fastest-selling record album up to that time. His biggest hit was "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh", a comic song in which a boy describes his summer camp experiences to the tune of Ponchielli's Dance of the Hours.
1972
1. Johan Åkerman, Swedish ice hockey player births
  1. Johan Åkerman
    
    Johan Åkerman is a retired professional Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently a part of the coaching staff in the Linköpings HC organization.
2. Jérôme Alonzo, French footballer births
  1. Jérôme Alonzo
    
    Jérôme Sébastien Alonzo is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
3. Ed Benes, Brazilian comic book artist births
  1. Ed Benes
    
    José Edilbenes Bezerra, better known by his professional name Ed Benes, is a Brazilian comic book artist, known for his work for DC Comics, on such titles as Birds of Prey, Supergirl, Superman, and Justice League of America.
4. Paulo Figueiredo, Angolan footballer births
  1. Paulo Figueiredo
    
    Paulo José Lopes de Figueiredo is an Angolan retired footballer who played as a central midfielder.
5. Corinne Niogret, French biathlete births
  1. Corinne Niogret
    
    Corinne Niogret is a former French biathlete. She won 2 Olympic medals and 15 medals in the Biathlon World Championships. In 1999/2000 she finished 3rd in the overall World Cup, and she has a total of 8 victories in World Cup races.
6. Skander Souayah, Tunisian footballer births
  1. Skander Souayah
    
    Skander Souayah is a Tunisian former football player who played for CS Sfaxien and Espérance Tunis.
7. Tatiana Turanskaya, Transnistrian politician births
  1. Tatiana Turanskaya
    
    Tatiana Mikhailovna Turanskaya is a Transnistrian politician and was the Prime Minister of Transnistria until 13 October 2015. She replaced Pyotr Stepanov on 10 July 2013, after he had resigned to accept a new job. On August 7, 2013 she held a meeting with Deputy Chairman of the Economic Policy, Budget and Finance Committee of the Supreme Council Andrej Kotsubenko and member of the on Security, Defense and Peacekeeping Committee of the Supreme Council Yuri Horin at which she talked about governmental issues within Slobozia District.
  2. Transnistria
    
    Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester river and the Moldovan–Ukrainian border, as well as some land on the other side of the river's bank. Its capital and largest city is Tiraspol. Transnistria has been recognised only by three other unrecognised or partially recognised breakaway states: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia. Transnistria is officially designated by the Republic of Moldova as the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester or as Stînga Nistrului. The Council of Europe considers the territory to be under military occupation by Russia.
8. Ennio Flaiano, Italian writer and journalist (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Ennio Flaiano
    
    Ennio Flaiano was an Italian screenwriter, playwright, novelist, journalist, and drama critic. Best known for his work with Federico Fellini, Flaiano co-wrote ten screenplays with the Italian director, including La Strada (1954), La Dolce Vita (1960), and 8½.
1971
1. Mike Dunn, English snooker player births
  1. Mike Dunn (snooker player)
    
    Mike Dunn is an English retired professional snooker player who lives in Redcar.
2. Joey Galloway, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Joey Galloway
    
    Joseph Scott Galloway(born November 20, 1971) is an American former professional football player who is an analyst with ESPN. He was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). Galloway was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks with the eighth overall pick of the 1995 NFL Draft, and also played for the Dallas Cowboys, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Steelers and Washington Redskins. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He is the NFL's career leader in receiving yards and receiving touchdowns among players never selected to the Pro Bowl.
3. Joel McHale, American comedian, actor, and producer births
  1. Joel McHale
    
    Joel Edward McHale is an American actor, comedian, and television host. He is best known for hosting The Soup (2004–2015) and his role as Jeff Winger on the NBC sitcom Community (2009–2015). He has performed in the films Spider-Man 2 (2004), Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011), Ted (2012) and The Happytime Murders (2018). He also starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom The Great Indoors (2016–2017), hosted a reboot of Card Sharks (2019–2021), and portrays the superhero Sylvester Pemberton / Starman on the show Stargirl (2020–present). In 2020, he hosted a special aftershow interviewing key subjects from the Netflix documentary series Tiger King and voiced Johnny Cage in the direct-to-video martial arts film Mortal Kombat Legends: Scorpion's Revenge (2020), a role he reprised in the sequel Mortal Kombat Legends: Battle of the Realms (2021). He also voices X-PO in Lego Dimensions (2015–2017) and The Scientist in Fortnite (2021–present).
1970
1. Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, deputy prime minister of the United Arab Emirates births
  1. Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan
    
    Mansour bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, often referred to as Sheikh Mansour, is an Emirati politician who is the deputy prime minister of the United Arab Emirates, minister of presidential affairs, billionaire and member of the ruling family of Abu Dhabi. He is the brother of the current President of the UAE, Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and is married to one of the daughters of Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai.
2. Matt Blunt, American lieutenant and politician, 54th Governor of Missouri births
  1. Matt Blunt
    
    Matthew Roy Blunt is an American former naval officer and politician who served as the 54th Governor of Missouri from 2005 to 2009. Before his election as governor, Blunt served ten years in the United States Navy, was elected to serve in the Missouri General Assembly in 1998, and as Missouri's Secretary of State in 2000. He grew up in a political family; his father, Roy Blunt, has served in a variety of political offices.
  2. List of governors of Missouri
    
    The governor of Missouri is the head of government of the U.S. state of Missouri and the commander-in-chief of the Missouri National Guard. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Missouri Legislature,to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.
3. Phife Dawg, American rapper (d. 2016) births
  1. Phife Dawg
    
    Malik Izaak Taylor, known professionally as Phife Dawg, was an American rapper and a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest with Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed Muhammad. He was also known as the "Five-Foot Assassin" and "the Five-Footer", because he stood at 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m).
4. Delia Gonzalez, American boxer births
  1. Delia Gonzalez
    
    Delia 'Chikita' Gonzalez is an American former flyweight female boxer. She has a record of 13-9-4 with 3 knockout wins, although several of her losses have been controversial.
5. Stéphane Houdet, French wheelchair tennis player births
  1. Stéphane Houdet
    
    Stéphane Houdet is a French wheelchair tennis player. Houdet is a former singles world number one, and the current doubles world number one. In 2014, he became the first man in history to complete the calendar-year Grand Slam in men's wheelchair doubles.
6. Geoffrey Keezer, American pianist and educator births
  1. Geoffrey Keezer
    
    Geoffrey Keezer is an American jazz pianist.
7. Sabrina Lloyd, American actress births
  1. Sabrina Lloyd
    
    Sabrina Anne Lloyd is an American retired film and television actress. She is known for portraying Wade Welles in the science fiction series Sliders, Natalie Hurley in the ABC sitcom Sports Night and Kelly in Father Hood (1993).
1969
1. Jimmy Blandon, Ecuadorian footballer births
  1. Jimmy Blandón
    
    Jimmy Roberto Blandón Quiñónez is a former Ecuadorian football midfielder. He played in 30 matches for Ecuador between 1997 and 2000. He was a strong defensive midfielder with great mobility and tireless physical condition.
2. Kristian Ghedina, Italian alpine ski racer births
  1. Kristian Ghedina
    
    Kristian Ghedina is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Italy. His 13 victories are the second most by an Italian downhill specialist in World Cup history: the first is Dominik Paris with 21 victories. He is currently an auto racer.
3. Chris Harris, New Zealand cricketer births
  1. Chris Harris (cricketer)
    
    Chris Zinzan Harris is a former New Zealand cricketer who became, over the course of the 1990s, a folk-hero in New Zealand cricket.
4. Wolfgang Stark, German football referee births
  1. Wolfgang Stark
    
    Wolfgang Stark is a German former football referee who is based in Ergolding. He refereed for DJK Altdorf of the Bavarian Football Association.
5. Callie Thorne, American actress and producer births
  1. Callie Thorne
    
    Calliope "Callie" Thorne is an American actress known for her role as Dr. Dani Santino on the USA Network series Necessary Roughness. She is also known for past work such as her roles on Homicide: Life on the Street as Detective Laura Ballard, a role she held for two seasons, and the movie Homicide: The Movie, as well as for playing Sheila Keefe on Rescue Me and Elena McNulty in The Wire.
1968
1. James Dutton, American astronaut births
  1. James Dutton (astronaut)
    
    James Patrick "Mash" Dutton, Jr. is an engineer, former NASA astronaut pilot of the Class of 2004, and a former test pilot in the US Air Force with the rank of colonel.
2. Andrei Kharlov, Russian chess player births
  1. Andrei Kharlov
    
    Andrei Vasilyevich Kharlov was a Russian chess grandmaster.
3. Paul Scheuring, American screenwriter and director births
  1. Paul Scheuring
    
    Paul T. Scheuring is an American screenwriter and director of films and television shows. His work includes the 2003 film A Man Apart and the creation of the television drama Prison Break, for which he was also credited as an executive producer and head writer.
4. David Einhorn, American hedge fund manager births
  1. David Einhorn (hedge fund manager)
    
    David M. Einhorn is an American investor and hedge fund manager. He is the founder and president of Greenlight Capital, a "long-short value-oriented hedge fund".
5. Jeff Tarango, American tennis player births
  1. Jeff Tarango
    
    Jeffrey Gail Tarango is a retired American tennis player. He was a top-ten doubles player and a

Important events in history on November 20 th

Events

2022 FIFA World Cup

Qatar

Middle East

2015 Bamako hotel attack

2003 Istanbul bombings

HSBC Bank (Turkey)

Roger Short

Kerem Yılmazer

2003 Istanbul bombings

Istanbul

HSBC Bank (Turkey)

Taliban

Afghanistan

Osama bin Laden

1998 United States embassy bombings

Kenya

Tanzania

Zarya (ISS module)

International Space Station

Baikonur Cosmodrome

Kazakhstan

Garley Building fire

Lusaka Protocol

UNITA

Angolan Civil War

Angola

UNITA

Lusaka Protocol

Zambia

Civil war

Savings and loan crisis

United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics

California

Alan Cranston

Charles Keating

North Macedonia

Avioimpex Flight 110

Yakovlev Yak-42

Ohrid

1992 Windsor Castle fire

First Nagorno-Karabakh War

1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown

Nagorno-Karabakh

Azerbaijan

Mil Mi-8

Kazakhstan

1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown

Khojavend District

Andrei Chikatilo

Serial killer

Novocherkassk

Andrei Chikatilo

Soviet Union

Serial killer

Velvet Revolution

Prague

Czechoslovakia

Microsoft

Windows 1.0x

Lake Peigneur

Louisiana

Salt mining

Texaco

Grand Mosque seizure

Masjid al-Haram

Mecca

Mahdi

Grand Mosque seizure

Saudi Arabia

Kaaba

Mecca

Egypt

Anwar Sadat

Arabs

Israel

Menachem Begin

Knesset

Jerusalem

Important events in history
on November 20 ^th