Important events in history
on November 16 ^th

Events

2022
1. Artemis Program: NASA launches Artemis 1 on the first flight of the Space Launch System, the start of the program's future missions to the moon.
  1. Artemis program
    
    The Artemis program is a robotic and human Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) along with three partner agencies: European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The Artemis program intends to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The major components of the program are the Space Launch System (SLS), Orion spacecraft, Lunar Gateway space station and the commercial Human Landing Systems. The program's long-term goal is to establish a permanent base camp on the Moon and facilitate human missions to Mars.
  2. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  3. Artemis 1
    
    Artemis 1, officially Artemis I and formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), is an ongoing uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis 1 marks the return of the agency to lunar exploration originally begun as the Apollo program decades earlier. It is the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. Artemis 1 was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center on 16 November 2022 at 06:47:44 UTC (01:47:44 EST). Its main objective is to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield, in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.
  4. Space Launch System
    
    The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle developed by NASA. As of 2022, SLS has the highest payload capacity of any rocket in operational service, as well as the greatest liftoff thrust of any rocket in operation. As the primary launch vehicle of the Artemis moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed Orion spacecraft on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first uncrewed launch, Artemis 1, took place on 16 November 2022.
2005
1. Following a 31-year wait, Australia defeats Uruguay in a penalty shootout to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
  1. Australia national soccer team
    
    Australia national soccer team may refer to:Australia men's national soccer team Australia men's national under-23 soccer team Australia men's national under-20 soccer team Australia men's national under-17 soccer team Australia men's national soccer B team Australia women's national soccer team Australia women's national under-23 soccer team Australia women's national under-20 soccer team Australia women's national under-17 soccer team
  2. Uruguay national football team
    
    The Uruguay national football team represents Uruguay in international football, and is controlled by the Uruguayan Football Association, the governing body for football in Uruguay. The Uruguayan team is commonly referred to as La Celeste.
  3. Penalty shootout
    
    The penalty shootout is a method of determining a winner in sports matches that would have otherwise been drawn or tied. The rules for penalty shootouts vary between sports and even different competitions; however, the usual form is similar to penalty shots in that a single player takes one shot on goal from a specified spot, the only defender being the goalkeeper. If the result is still tied, the shootout usually continues on a "goal-for-goal" basis, with the teams taking shots alternately, and the one that scores a goal unmatched by the other team is declared the winner. This may continue until every player has taken a shot, after which players may take extra shots, until the tie is broken, and is also known as "sudden death".
  4. 2006 FIFA World Cup
    
    The 2006 FIFA World Cup, also branded as Germany 2006, was the 18th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany, which had won the right to host the event in July 2000. Teams representing 198 national football associations from all six populated continents participated in the qualification process which began in September 2003. Thirty-one teams qualified from this process along with hosts Germany for the finals tournament. It was the second time that Germany staged the competition and the first as a unified country along with the former East Germany with Leipzig as a host city, and the 10th time that the tournament was held in Europe.
2002
1. The first case of SARS, a zoonotic respiratory coronavirus disease, was recorded in Guangdong, China.
  1. 2002–2004 SARS outbreak
    
    The 2002–2004 outbreak of SARS, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, infected over 8,000 people from 29 countries and territories, and resulted in at least 774 deaths worldwide.
  2. SARS
    
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, the first identified strain of the SARS coronavirus species severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. In the 2010s, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan.
  3. Zoonosis
    
    A zoonosis or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen that has jumped from a non-human to a human. Typically, the first infected human transmits the infectious agent to at least one other human, who, in turn, infects others.
  4. Coronavirus diseases
    
    Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. As of 2021, 45 species are registered as coronaviruses, whilst 11 diseases have been identified, as listed below.
  5. Guangdong
    
    Guangdong, alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million across a total area of about 179,800 km2 (69,400 sq mi), Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area as well as the second-most populous country subdivision in the world. Its economy is larger than that of any other province in the nation and the third largest sub-national economy in the world with a GDP (nominal) of 1.95 trillion USD in 2021. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, a Chinese megalopolis, is a core for high technology, manufacturing and foreign trade. Located in this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP; Guangzhou, the capital of the province, and Shenzhen, the first special economic zone in the country. These two are among the most populous and important cities in China, and have now become two of the world's most populous megacities and leading financial centres in the Asia-Pacific region.
2. The first cases of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak are traced to Foshan, Guangdong Province, China.
  1. 2002–2004 SARS outbreak
    
    The 2002–2004 outbreak of SARS, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, infected over 8,000 people from 29 countries and territories, and resulted in at least 774 deaths worldwide.
  2. Foshan
    
    Foshan, alternately romanized as Fatshan, is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong Province, China. The entire prefecture covers 3,848 km2 (1,486 sq mi) and had a population of 9,498,863 as of the 2020 census. The city is part of the western side of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone whose built-up area was home to 65,694,622 inhabitants as of 2020, making it the biggest urban area of the world.
1997
1. Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng (pictured), released on ostensibly medical grounds, after spending eighteen years in prison, was deported to the United States.
  1. Wei Jingsheng
    
    Wei Jingsheng is a Chinese human rights activist and dissident. He is best known for his involvement in the Chinese democracy movement. He is most prominent for having authored the essay "The Fifth Modernization", which was posted on the Democracy Wall in Beijing in 1978. As punishment for writing his manifesto, Wei was arrested and convicted of "counter-revolutionary" activities, and he was detained as a political prisoner from 1979 to 1993. Briefly released in 1993, Wei continued to engage in his dissident activities by speaking to visiting journalists, and as punishment, he was imprisoned again from 1994 to 1997, making it a total of 18 years he has spent in various prisons. He was deported to the United States of America on 16 November 1997, on medical parole. Still a Chinese citizen, in 1998 Wei established the Wei Jingsheng Foundation in New York City whose stated aim is to work to improve human rights and advocate democratization in China.
2. After nearly 18 years of incarceration, China releases Wei Jingsheng, a pro-democracy dissident, from jail for medical reasons.
  1. China
    
    China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.
  2. Wei Jingsheng
    
    Wei Jingsheng is a Chinese human rights activist and dissident. He is best known for his involvement in the Chinese democracy movement. He is most prominent for having authored the essay "The Fifth Modernization", which was posted on the Democracy Wall in Beijing in 1978. As punishment for writing his manifesto, Wei was arrested and convicted of "counter-revolutionary" activities, and he was detained as a political prisoner from 1979 to 1993. Briefly released in 1993, Wei continued to engage in his dissident activities by speaking to visiting journalists, and as punishment, he was imprisoned again from 1994 to 1997, making it a total of 18 years he has spent in various prisons. He was deported to the United States of America on 16 November 1997, on medical parole. Still a Chinese citizen, in 1998 Wei established the Wei Jingsheng Foundation in New York City whose stated aim is to work to improve human rights and advocate democratization in China.
1992
1. In Suffolk, England, a local man found the largest hoard of Roman silver and gold in Britain (sample pictured), including the largest collection of 4th- and 5th-century gold and silver coins ever discovered within the former Roman Empire.
  1. Suffolk
    
    Suffolk is a ceremonial county of England in East Anglia. It borders Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south; the North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowestoft, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket, and Felixstowe which has one of the largest container ports in Europe.
  2. Hoxne Hoard
    
    The Hoxne Hoard is the largest hoard of late Roman silver and gold discovered in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth centuries found anywhere within the former Roman Empire. It was found by Eric Lawes, a metal detectorist in the village of Hoxne in Suffolk, England in 1992. The hoard consists of 14,865 Roman gold, silver, and bronze coins and approximately 200 items of silver tableware and gold jewellery. The objects are now in the British Museum in London, where the most important pieces and a selection of the rest are on permanent display. In 1993, the Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1.75 million.
  3. Roman Empire
    
    The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. From the accession of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a Principate with Italia as the metropole of its provinces and the city of Rome as its sole capital. The Empire was later ruled by multiple emperors who shared control over the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The city of Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until AD 476 when the imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople following the capture of the Western capital of Ravenna by the Germanic barbarians. The adoption of Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire in AD 380 and the fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Because of these events, along with the gradual Hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire, historians distinguish the medieval Roman Empire that remained in the Eastern provinces as the Byzantine Empire.
2. The Hoxne Hoard is discovered by metal detectorist Eric Lawes in Hoxne, Suffolk.
  1. Hoxne Hoard
    
    The Hoxne Hoard is the largest hoard of late Roman silver and gold discovered in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth centuries found anywhere within the former Roman Empire. It was found by Eric Lawes, a metal detectorist in the village of Hoxne in Suffolk, England in 1992. The hoard consists of 14,865 Roman gold, silver, and bronze coins and approximately 200 items of silver tableware and gold jewellery. The objects are now in the British Museum in London, where the most important pieces and a selection of the rest are on permanent display. In 1993, the Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1.75 million.
  2. Metal detector
    
    A metal detector is an instrument that detects the nearby presence of metal. Metal detectors are useful for finding metal objects on the surface, underground, and under water. The unit itself, consist of a control box, and an adjustable shaft, which holds a pickup coil, which can vary in shape and size. If the pickup coil comes near a piece of metal, the control box will register its presence by a changing tone, a flashing light, and or by a needle moving on an indicator. Usually the device gives some indication of distance; the closer the metal is, the higher the tone in the earphone or the higher the needle goes. Another common type are stationary "walk through" metal detectors used at access points in prisons, courthouses, airports and psychiatric hospitals to detect concealed metal weapons on a person's body.
  3. Hoxne
    
    Hoxne is a village in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk, England, about five miles (8 km) east-southeast of Diss, Norfolk and 1⁄2 mile (800 m) south of the River Waveney. The parish is irregularly shaped, covering the villages of Hoxne, Cross Street and Heckfield Green, with a 'tongue' extending southwards to take in part of the former RAF Horham airfield.
1990
1. Pop group Milli Vanilli are stripped of their Grammy Award because the duo did not sing at all on the Girl You Know It's True album. Session musicians had provided all the vocals.
  1. Pop music
    
    Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form during the mid-1950s in the United States and the United Kingdom. The terms popular music and pop music are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many disparate styles. During the 1950s and 1960s, pop music encompassed rock and roll and the youth-oriented styles it influenced. Rock and pop music remained roughly synonymous until the late 1960s, after which pop became associated with music that was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible.
  2. Milli Vanilli
    
    Milli Vanilli was a German-French R&B duo from Munich. The group was founded by Frank Farian in 1988 and consisted of Fab Morvan and Rob Pilatus. Their debut album, All or Nothing in Europe, reconfigured as Girl You Know It's True in the United States, achieved international success and brought them a Grammy Award for Best New Artist on 21 February 1990.
  3. Grammy Awards
    
    The Grammy Award, or just Grammy, is an award presented by the Recording Academy to recognize "Outstanding Achievement in the music industry" of the United States. The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone.
  4. All or Nothing (Milli Vanilli album)
    
    All or Nothing is the debut studio album by dance pop duo Milli Vanilli, released only in Europe on the Hansa label in November 1988. In 1989, it was repackaged and retitled Girl You Know It's True for release in the United States on the Arista label, with several of the original album tracks replaced and/or remixed. After 1990, due to lip-synching allegations, a disclaimer sticker was added on the cover to explicitly name the singers who provided vocals on the album.
  5. Session musician
    
    Session musicians, studio musicians, or backing musicians are musicians hired to perform in recording sessions or live performances. The term sideman is also used in the case of live performances, such as accompanying a recording artist on a tour. Session musicians are usually not permanent or official members of a musical ensemble or band. They work behind the scenes and rarely achieve individual fame in their own right as soloists or bandleaders. However, top session musicians are well known within the music industry, and some have become publicly recognized, such as the Wrecking Crew, the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section and The Funk Brothers who worked with Motown Records.
1989
1. El Salvadoran army troops kill six Jesuit priests and two others at Jose Simeon Canas University.
  1. 1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador
    
    During the Salvadoran Civil War, on 16 November 1989, Salvadoran Army soldiers killed six Jesuits and two others, the caretaker's wife and daughter, at their residence on the campus of Central American University in San Salvador, El Salvador. Polaroids of the Jesuits' bullet-riddled bodies were on display in the hallway outside the Chapel.
  2. Central American University (San Salvador)
    
    José Simeón Cañas Central American University, also known as UCA El Salvador, is a private university with nonprofit purposes in San Salvador, El Salvador, run by the Society of Jesus. It was founded on September 15, 1965, at the request of a group of Roman Catholic families who appealed to the Salvadoran government and the Society of Jesus in order to create another university as an alternative to the University of El Salvador, becoming the first private institution of higher education in the country. The Jesuits also run Central American University in Nicaragua, opened in 1960.
1988
1. The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares that Estonia is "sovereign" but stops short of declaring independence.
  1. Supreme Soviet
    
    The Supreme Soviet was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). These soviets were modeled after the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, established in 1938, and were nearly identical.
  2. Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
    
    The Estonian SSR, officially the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, was an ethnically based administrative subdivision of the former Soviet Union (USSR) covering the occupied and annexed territory of Estonia in 1940–1941 and 1944–1991. The Estonian SSR was nominally established to replace the until then independent Republic of Estonia on 21 July 1940, a month after the 16–17 June 1940 Soviet military invasion and occupation of the country during World War II. After the installation of a Stalinist government which, backed by the occupying Soviet Red Army, declared Estonia a Soviet constituency, the Estonian SSR was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union as a "union republic" on 6 August 1940. Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941, and administered as a part of Reichskommissariat Ostland until it was reconquered by the USSR in 1944.
  3. Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
    
    The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration, fully: Declaration on the Sovereignty of the Estonian SSR, was issued on November 16, 1988 during the Singing Revolution in Soviet Estonia. The declaration asserted Estonia's sovereignty and the supremacy of the Estonian laws over the laws of the Soviet Union. Estonia's parliament also laid claim to the republic's natural resources: land, inland waters, forests, mineral deposits and to the means of industrial production, agriculture, construction, state banks, transportation, municipal services, etc. in the territory of Estonia's borders. November 16 is now celebrated annually as the "Day of Declaration of Sovereignty".
  4. Estonia
    
    Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,200 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,339 square kilometres (17,505 sq mi). The capital city Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country. The Estonian language is the autochthonous and the official language of Estonia; it is the first language of the majority of its population, as well as the world's second most spoken Finnic language.
2. In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan elect populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister of Pakistan.
  1. Pakistan
    
    Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population just behind Indonesia. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and 2nd largest in South Asia, spanning 881,913 square kilometres. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre.
  2. Benazir Bhutto
    
    Benazir Bhutto was a Pakistani politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. She was the first Muslim woman elected to head a democratic government. She was the daughter of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Ideologically a liberal and a secularist, she chaired or co-chaired the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from the early 1980s until her assassination in 2007 at a rally.
  3. Prime Minister of Pakistan
    
    The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of the House. Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".
1981
1. About 30 million people watched the fictional couple Luke Spencer and Laura Webber wed on the television show General Hospital in the highest-rated hour in American soap-opera history.
  1. Luke and Laura
    
    Luke and Laura Spencer are fictional characters, and the signature supercouple from the American daytime drama General Hospital. Luke is portrayed by Anthony Geary, and Laura is portrayed by Genie Francis. Though other supercouples came before them, Luke and Laura are the best known outside of the soap opera medium and are credited with defining the term supercouple and leading other soap operas to try to duplicate their success.
  2. General Hospital
    
    General Hospital is an American daytime television soap opera. It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production, and the second in American history after Guiding Light. Concurrently, it is the world's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street, as well as the world's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production. General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1, 1963. General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood, and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history. It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, with 14 wins.
  3. Soap opera
    
    A soap opera, or soap for short, is a typically long-running radio or television serial, frequently characterized by melodrama, ensemble casts, and sentimentality. The term "soap opera" originated from radio dramas originally being sponsored by soap manufacturers. The term was preceded by "horse opera", a derogatory term for low-budget Westerns.
1979
1. The first line of Bucharest Metro (Line M1) is opened from Timpuri Noi to Semănătoarea in Bucharest, Romania.
  1. Bucharest Metro
    
    The Bucharest Metro is an underground rapid transit system that serves Bucharest, the capital of Romania. It first opened for service on 16 November 1979. The network is run by Metrorex. One of two parts of the larger Bucharest public transport network, Metrorex has an average of approximately 720,000 passenger trips per weekday, compared to the 1,180,000 daily riders on Bucharest's STB transit system. In total, the Metrorex system is 785 kilometres (487.8 mi) long and has 63 stations.
  2. Timpuri Noi metro station
    
    Timpuri Noi is a subway station in Bucharest. The name was taken from the nearby mechanical factory. The factory has since been demolished, making way for a planned office and residential development. The station has yellow, red and white tiling. It was originally the eastern terminus of the M1, being opened on 19 November 1979 as part of the inaugural section of Bucharest Metro, between Semanatoarea and Timpuri Noi. On 28 December 1981, the line was extended east to Republica.
  3. Petrache Poenaru metro station
    
    Petrache Poenaru, formerly known as Semănătoarea is a metro station in Bucharest, Romania, servicing the Bucharest Metro Line M1. It was named after Semănătoarea, an agricultural machinery factory located in the vicinity, but it is now named after Petrache Poenaru, a Romanian inventor of the Enlightenment era. The metro station services both what is left of the factory, part of the Regie student campus located in the vicinity, the Sema Park industrial Park, as well as some newly built residential areas.
  4. Bucharest
    
    Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km (37.3 mi) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border.
1974
1. The Arecibo message is broadcast from Puerto Rico.
  1. Arecibo message
    
    The Arecibo message is an interstellar radio message carrying basic information about humanity and Earth that was sent to the globular cluster Messier 13 in 1974. It was meant as a demonstration of human technological achievement, rather than a real attempt to enter into a conversation with extraterrestrials. It has been noted that the low resolution of the image makes it infeasible for any extraterrestrial recipients to attach the intended meaning to most of its elements.
1973
1. U.S. president Richard Nixon signed an act authorizing the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline to transport oil from the Beaufort Sea to the Gulf of Alaska.
  1. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
  2. Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
    
    The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973 is a United States federal law signed by US President Richard Nixon on November 16, 1973, that authorized the building of an oil pipeline connecting the North Slope of Alaska to Port Valdez. Specifically, it halted all legal challenges, which were filed primarily by environmental activists, against the construction of the pipeline. In accordance with Nixon's request, the act contains no amendments allowing for federal and state agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, or the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to regulate the construction of the pipeline.
  3. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
    
    The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an oil transportation system spanning Alaska, including the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. The core pipeline itself, which is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline,, is an 800-mile (1,287 km) long, 48-inch (1.22 m) diameter pipeline that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope, south to Valdez, on the shores of Prince William Sound in southcentral Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.
  4. Beaufort Sea
    
    The Beaufort Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea's shores.
  5. Gulf of Alaska
    
    The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean defined by the curve of the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, where Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.
2. Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.
  1. Skylab
    
    Skylab was the first United States space station, launched by NASA, occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974. It was operated by three separate three-astronaut crews: Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4. Major operations included an orbital workshop, a solar observatory, Earth observation, and hundreds of experiments.
  2. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  3. Skylab 4
    
    Skylab 4 was the third crewed Skylab mission and placed the third and final crew aboard the first American space station.
  4. Astronaut
    
    An astronaut is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.
  5. Cape Canaveral, Florida
    
    Cape Canaveral is a city in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 9,912 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.
3. U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline.
  1. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
  2. Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
    
    The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973 is a United States federal law signed by US President Richard Nixon on November 16, 1973, that authorized the building of an oil pipeline connecting the North Slope of Alaska to Port Valdez. Specifically, it halted all legal challenges, which were filed primarily by environmental activists, against the construction of the pipeline. In accordance with Nixon's request, the act contains no amendments allowing for federal and state agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, or the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to regulate the construction of the pipeline.
  3. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
    
    The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an oil transportation system spanning Alaska, including the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. The core pipeline itself, which is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline,, is an 800-mile (1,287 km) long, 48-inch (1.22 m) diameter pipeline that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope, south to Valdez, on the shores of Prince William Sound in southcentral Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.
1967
1. Aeroflot Flight 2230 crashed after takeoff from Koltsovo Airport, Russia, killing all 107 people aboard.
  1. Aeroflot Flight 2230
    
    Aeroflot Flight 2230 was a Soviet domestic passenger flight from Yekaterinburg to Tashkent. On 16 November 1967, the Ilyushin Il-18 aircraft serving the flight crashed after takeoff, killing all 107 people aboard. At the time it was the deadliest aviation accident in the Russian SFSR and the worst accident involving the Il-18.
  2. Koltsovo International Airport
    
    Koltsovo International Airport is the international airport serving Yekaterinburg, Russia, located 16 km (10 mi) southeast of the city. Being the largest airport in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Koltsovo also serves nearby towns such as Aramil, Sysert, and Polevskoy. In general, the airport is responsible for serving approximately 4,290,000 people. The airport is a hub for Ural Airlines, RusLine and Aviacon Zitotrans. Due to its location in the center of Russia, Yekaterinburg's airport is included in the "Priority Airports" list of Russia's Federal Air Transport Agency (Rosaviatsia).
1965
1. Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe toward Venus, which will be the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet.
  1. Venera
    
    The Venera program was the name given to a series of space probes developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather information about the planet Venus. Ten probes successfully landed on the surface of the planet, including the two Vega program and Venera-Halley probes, while thirteen probes successfully entered the Venusian atmosphere. Due to the extreme surface conditions on Venus, the probes could only survive for a short period on the surface, with times ranging from 23 minutes to two hours.
  2. Venera 3
    
    Venera 3 was a Venera program space probe that was built and launched by the Soviet Union to explore the surface of Venus. It was launched on 16 November 1965 at 04:19 UTC from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, USSR. The probe comprised an entry probe, designed to enter the Venus atmosphere and parachute to the surface, and a carrier/flyby spacecraft, which carried the entry probe to Venus and also served as a communications relay for the entry probe.
  3. Venus
    
    Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus appears in Earth's sky never far from the Sun, either as morning star or evening star. Aside from the Sun and Moon, Venus is the brightest natural object in Earth's sky, capable of casting visible shadows on Earth at dark conditions and being visible to the naked eye in broad daylight.
  4. Spacecraft
    
    A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle.
  5. Planet
    
    A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is neither a star nor its remnant. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which posits that an interstellar cloud collapses out of a nebula to create a young protostar orbited by a protoplanetary disk. Planets grow in this disk by the gradual accumulation of material driven by gravity, a process called accretion. The Solar System has at least eight planets: the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, and the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These planets each rotate around an axis tilted with respect to its orbital pole. All of them possess an atmosphere, although that of Mercury is tenuous, and some share such features as ice caps, seasons, volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics, and even hydrology. Apart from Venus and Mars, the Solar System planets generate magnetic fields, and all except Venus and Mercury have natural satellites. The giant planets bear planetary rings, the most prominent being those of Saturn.
1945
1. UNESCO is founded.
  1. UNESCO
    
    The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It has 193 member states and 12 associate members, as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector. Headquartered at the World Heritage Centre in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions that facilitate its global mandate.
1944
1. World War II: Operation Queen commenced with one of the heaviest Allied tactical bombings of the war, attacking German targets in the Rur valley.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Operation Queen
    
    Operation Queen was an American operation during World War II on the Western Front at the German Siegfried Line.
  3. Allies of World War II
    
    The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.
  4. Rur
    
    The Rur or Roer is a major river that flows through portions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. It is a right (eastern) tributary to the Meuse. About 90 percent of the river's course is in Germany.
2. World War II: In support of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, the town of Düren is destroyed by Allied aircraft.
  1. Battle of Hürtgen Forest
    
    The Battle of Hürtgen Forest was a series of battles fought from 19 September to 16 December 1944, between American and German forces on the Western Front during World War II, in the Hürtgen Forest, a 140 km2 (54 sq mi) area about 5 km (3.1 mi) east of the Belgian–German border. It was the longest battle on German ground during World War II and is the longest single battle the U.S. Army has ever fought.
  2. Düren
    
    Düren is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, between Aachen and Cologne on the river Rur.
1940
1. World War II: In response to the leveling of Coventry by the German Luftwaffe two days before, the Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Coventry Blitz
    
    The Coventry Blitz or Coventration of the city was a series of bombing raids that took place on the British city of Coventry. The city was bombed many times during the Second World War by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe). The most devastating of these attacks occurred on the evening of 14 November 1940 and continued into the morning of 15 November.
  3. Bombing of Hamburg in World War II
    
    The Allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure. As a large city and industrial centre, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attacked throughout the war.
2. The Holocaust: In occupied Poland, the Nazis close off the Warsaw Ghetto from the outside world.
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Nazism
    
    Nazism, the common name in English for National Socialism, is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitlerism. The later related term "neo-Nazism" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the Second World War.
  3. Warsaw Ghetto
    
    The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November 1940 by the German authorities within the new General Government territory of occupied Poland. At its height, as many as 460,000 Jews were imprisoned there, in an area of 3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi), with an average of 9.2 persons per room, barely subsisting on meager food rations. From the Warsaw Ghetto, Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps and mass-killing centers. In the summer of 1942, at least 254,000 ghetto residents were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp during Großaktion Warschau under the guise of "resettlement in the East" over the course of the summer. The ghetto was demolished by the Germans in May 1943 after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising had temporarily halted the deportations. The total death toll among the prisoners of the ghetto is estimated to be at least 300,000 killed by bullet or gas, combined with 92,000 victims of starvation and related diseases, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the casualties of the final destruction of the ghetto.
3. New York City's "Mad Bomber" George Metesky places his first bomb at a Manhattan office building used by Consolidated Edison.
  1. George Metesky
    
    George Peter Metesky, better known as the Mad Bomber, was an American electrician and mechanic who terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries and offices. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library, the Port Authority Bus Terminal and the RCA Building, and in the New York City Subway. Metesky also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside.
  2. Manhattan
    
    Manhattan, known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Located near the southern tip of New York State, Manhattan is based in the Eastern Time Zone and constitutes both the geographical and demographic center of the Northeast megalopolis and the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. Over 58 million people live within 250 miles of Manhattan, which serves as New York City’s economic and administrative center, cultural identifier, and the city’s historical birthplace. Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world, is considered a safe haven for global real estate investors, and hosts the United Nations headquarters. New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, centered in Manhattan.
  3. Consolidated Edison
    
    Consolidated Edison, Inc., commonly known as Con Edison or ConEd, is one of the largest investor-owned energy companies in the United States, with approximately $12 billion in annual revenues as of 2017, and over $62 billion in assets. The company provides a wide range of energy-related products and services to its customers through its subsidiaries:Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. (CECONY), a regulated utility providing electric and gas service in New York City and Westchester County, New York, and steam service in the borough of Manhattan; Orange and Rockland Utilities, Inc., a regulated utility serving customers in a 1,300-square-mile (3,400 km2) area in southeastern New York and northern New Jersey; Con Edison Solutions, an energy services company; Con Edison Energy, a wholesale energy services company; Con Edison Development, a company that owns and operates renewable and energy infrastructure projects, and, Con Edison Transmission, Inc., which invests in electric and natural gas transmission projects.
1938
1. Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann first synthesized the psychedelic drug LSD in Basel, Switzerland.
  1. Albert Hofmann
    
    Albert Hofmann was a Swiss chemist known for being the first to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann's team also isolated, named and synthesized the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin. He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books, including LSD: Mein Sorgenkind. In 2007, he shared first place with Tim Berners-Lee on a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses published by The Daily Telegraph newspaper.
  2. Psychedelic drug
    
    Psychedelics are a subclass of hallucinogenic drugs whose primary effect is to trigger non-ordinary states of consciousness. This causes specific psychological, visual, and auditory changes, and often a substantially altered state of consciousness. Psychedelic states are often compared to meditative, psychodynamic or transcendental types of alterations of mind. The "classical" psychedelics, the psychedelics with the largest scientific and cultural influence, are mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and DMT.
  3. Lysergic acid diethylamide
    
    Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, visual, as well as auditory, hallucinations. Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature are typical. Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 20 hours. LSD is also capable of causing mystical experiences and ego dissolution. It is used mainly as a recreational drug or for spiritual reasons. LSD is both the prototypical psychedelic and one of the "classical" psychedelics, being the psychedelics with the greatest scientific and cultural significance. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue. It is most often sold on blotter paper and less commonly as tablets, in a watery solution or in gelatin squares.
  4. Basel
    
    Basel, also known as Basle, is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine. Basel is Switzerland's third-most-populous city with about 175,000 inhabitants. The official language of Basel is German, but the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect.
2. LSD is first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.
  1. Lysergic acid diethylamide
    
    Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, visual, as well as auditory, hallucinations. Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature are typical. Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 20 hours. LSD is also capable of causing mystical experiences and ego dissolution. It is used mainly as a recreational drug or for spiritual reasons. LSD is both the prototypical psychedelic and one of the "classical" psychedelics, being the psychedelics with the greatest scientific and cultural significance. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue. It is most often sold on blotter paper and less commonly as tablets, in a watery solution or in gelatin squares.
  2. Albert Hofmann
    
    Albert Hofmann was a Swiss chemist known for being the first to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann's team also isolated, named and synthesized the principal psychedelic mushroom compounds psilocybin and psilocin. He authored more than 100 scientific articles and numerous books, including LSD: Mein Sorgenkind. In 2007, he shared first place with Tim Berners-Lee on a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses published by The Daily Telegraph newspaper.
1933
1. The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.
  1. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  2. Soviet Union–United States relations
    
    Soviet Union–United States relations were fully established in 1933 as the succeeding bilateral ties to those between the Russian Empire and the United States, which lasted from 1776 until 1917; they were also the predecessor to the current bilateral ties between the Russian Federation and the United States that began in 1992. The relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States was largely defined by mistrust and tense hostility. The invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany as well as the attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan marked the Soviet and American entries into World War II on the side of the Allies in June and December 1941, respectively. As the Soviet–American alliance against the Axis came to an end following the Allied victory in 1945, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to immediately appear between the two countries. These bilateral tensions escalated into the Cold War, a decades-long period of tense hostile relations with short phases of détente that ended after the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the present-day Russian Federation in 1991.
1920
1. Qantas, Australia's national airline, is founded as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited.
  1. Qantas
    
    Qantas Airways Limited is the flag carrier of Australia and the country's largest airline by fleet size, international flights, and international destinations. It is the world's third-oldest airline still in operation, having been founded in November 1920; it began international passenger flights in May 1935. Qantas is an acronym of the airline's original name, Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services, as it originally served Queensland and the Northern Territory, and is popularly nicknamed "The Flying Kangaroo". Qantas is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.
  2. History of Qantas
    
    Qantas is Australia's largest airline. Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland, on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited by Paul McGinness, Sir Hudson Fysh and Sir Fergus McMaster, the latter of whom was chairman. Arthur Baird was employed as a chief aircraft engineer. McGinness left QANTAS for other interests, and Hudson Fysh remained with the company as General Manager & Managing Director. He retired as Sir Hudson Fysh KBE DFC, Chairman of QANTAS in 1966.
1914
1. The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens.
  1. Federal Reserve Bank
    
    A Federal Reserve Bank is a regional bank of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. There are twelve in total, one for each of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts that were created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. The banks are jointly responsible for implementing the monetary policy set forth by the Federal Open Market Committee, and are divided as follows:
  2. United States
    
    The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
1907
1. Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory join to form Oklahoma, which is admitted as the 46th U.S. state.
  1. Indian Territory
    
    The Indian Territory and the Indian Territories are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land as a sovereign independent state. In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in 1803. The concept of an Indian Territory was an outcome of the US federal government's 18th- and 19th-century policy of Indian removal. After the American Civil War (1861–1865), the policy of the US government was one of assimilation.
  2. Oklahoma Territory
    
    The Territory of Oklahoma was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 2, 1890, until November 16, 1907, when it was joined with the Indian Territory under a new constitution and admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma.
  3. Oklahoma
    
    Oklahoma is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. Partially in the western extreme of the Upland South, it is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
1904
1. English engineer John Ambrose Fleming receives a patent for the thermionic valve (vacuum tube).
  1. John Ambrose Fleming
    
    Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS was an English electrical engineer and physicist who invented the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube, designed the radio transmitter with which the first transatlantic radio transmission was made, and also established the right-hand rule used in physics.
  2. Vacuum tube
    
    A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve, or tube, is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.
1885
1. After a five-day trial following the North-West Rebellion, the Canadian Métis leader and "Father of Manitoba" Louis Riel was hanged for high treason.
  1. Trial of Louis Riel
    
    The trial of Louis Riel took place in Regina, Canada in 1885. Louis Riel had been a leader of a resistance movement by the Métis and First Nations people of western Canada against the Government of Canada in what is now the province of Saskatchewan. Known as the North-West Rebellion, this resistance was suppressed by the Canadian military, which led to Riel's surrender and trial for treason. The trial, which took place in July 1885 and lasted five days, resulted in a guilty verdict. He was also given a choice to plead guilty or insanity. Riel was subsequently executed by hanging, an outcome which has had a lasting negative impact on relations between Anglophone Canadians and the Riel supporters among French Canadians.
  2. North-West Rebellion
    
    The North-West Rebellion, also known as the North-West Resistance, was a resistance by the Métis people under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine of the District of Saskatchewan against the Canadian government. Many Métis felt that Canada was not protecting their rights, their land, and their survival as a distinct people.
  3. Métis
    
    The Métis are Indigenous peoples who inhabit Canada's three Prairie Provinces, as well as parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Northern United States. They have a shared history and culture which derives from specific mixed European and Indigenous ancestry which became a distinct culture through ethnogenesis by the mid-18th century, during the early years of the North American fur trade.
  4. Manitoba
    
    Manitoba is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province, with a population of 1,342,153 as of 2021, of widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grassland in the central and southern regions.
  5. Louis Riel
    
    Louis Riel was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people. He led two resistance movements against the Government of Canada and its first prime minister John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to defend Métis rights and identity as the Northwest Territories came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence.
2. Canadian rebel leader of the Métis and "Father of Manitoba" Louis Riel is executed for treason.
  1. Métis
    
    The Métis are Indigenous peoples who inhabit Canada's three Prairie Provinces, as well as parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Northern United States. They have a shared history and culture which derives from specific mixed European and Indigenous ancestry which became a distinct culture through ethnogenesis by the mid-18th century, during the early years of the North American fur trade.
  2. Manitoba
    
    Manitoba is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province, with a population of 1,342,153 as of 2021, of widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grassland in the central and southern regions.
  3. Louis Riel
    
    Louis Riel was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people. He led two resistance movements against the Government of Canada and its first prime minister John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to defend Métis rights and identity as the Northwest Territories came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence.
  4. Treason
    
    Treason is the crime of attacking a state authority to which one owes allegiance. This typically includes acts such as participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to overthrow its government, spying on its military, its diplomats, or its secret services for a hostile and foreign power, or attempting to kill its head of state. A person who commits treason is known in law as a traitor.
1871
1. The National Rifle Association of America receives its charter from New York State.
  1. National Rifle Association
    
    The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is a gun rights advocacy group based in the United States. Founded in 1871 to advance rifle marksmanship, the modern NRA has become a prominent gun rights lobbying organization while continuing to teach firearm safety and competency. The organization also publishes several magazines and sponsors competitive marksmanship events. According to the NRA, it had nearly 5 million members as of December 2018, though that figure has not been independently confirmed.
1863
1. American Civil War: In the Battle of Campbell's Station, Confederate troops unsuccessfully attack Union forces which allows General Ambrose Burnside to secure Knoxville, Tennessee.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Battle of Campbell's Station
    
    The Battle of Campbell's Station saw Confederate forces under Lieutenant General James Longstreet attack Union troops led by Major General Ambrose Burnside at Campbell's Station, Knox County, Tennessee, during the Knoxville Campaign of the American Civil War. Longstreet hoped to crush the Union Army of the Ohio forces before they could retreat to Knoxville. During the fighting, the Confederates forced the Union troops to fall back from five separate positions. However, the final result was that Burnside's troops conducted a successful fighting withdrawal.
  3. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
  4. Union (American Civil War)
    
    During the American Civil War, the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States led by President Abraham Lincoln. It was opposed by the secessionist Confederate States of America (CSA), informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The Union is named after its declared goal of preserving the United States as a constitutional union. "Union" is used in the U.S. Constitution to refer to the founding formation of the people, and to the states in union. In the context of the Civil War, it has also often been used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government;" in this meaning, the Union consisted of 20 free states and five border states.
  5. Ambrose Burnside
    
    Ambrose Everett Burnside was an American army officer and politician who became a senior Union general in the Civil War and three times Governor of Rhode Island, as well as being a successful inventor and industrialist.
  6. Knoxville, Tennessee
    
    Knoxville is a city in and the county seat of Knox County in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 United States census, Knoxville's population was 190,740, making it the largest city in the East Tennessee Grand Division and the state's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis. Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 869,046 in 2019.
1857
1. Second relief of Lucknow: Twenty-four Victoria Crosses are awarded, the most in a single day.
  1. Siege of Lucknow
    
    The siege of Lucknow was the prolonged defence of the British Residency within the city of Lucknow from rebel sepoys during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. After two successive relief attempts had reached the city, the defenders and civilians were evacuated from the Residency, which was then abandoned.
  2. Victoria Cross
    
    The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded by countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two-thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. The investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.
1855
1. David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls in what is now Zambia-Zimbabwe.
  1. David Livingstone
    
    David Livingstone was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, and pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era. David was the husband of Mary Moffat Livingstone, from the prominent 18th Century missionary family, Moffat. He had a mythic status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of British commercial and colonial expansion.
  2. Victoria Falls
    
    Victoria Falls is a waterfall on the Zambezi River in southern Africa, which provides habitat for several unique species of plants and animals. It is located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe and is one of the world's largest waterfalls, with a width of 1,708 m (5,604 ft).
  3. Zambia
    
    Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa, although it is typically referred to as being in Southern Africa at its most central point. Its neighbours are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the northeast, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The nation's population of around 19.5 million is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country.
  4. Zimbabwe
    
    Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare. The second largest city is Bulawayo. A country of roughly 15 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. It was once referred to by Samora Machel as the "Jewel of Africa" for its great prosperity during the early years of Robert Mugabe.
1849
1. A Russian court sentences writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group; his sentence is later commuted to hard labor.
  1. Fyodor Dostoevsky
    
    Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, sometimes transliterated as Dostoyevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. Dostoevsky's literary works explore the human condition in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). His 1864 novella, Notes from Underground, is considered to be one of the first works of existentialist literature. Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature, as many of his works are considered highly influential masterpieces.
1828
1. Greek War of Independence: The London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.
  1. Greek War of Independence
    
    The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1832. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
  2. London Protocol (1828)
    
    The London Protocol of 16 November 1828 was an agreement between the three Great Powers, which established the creation of an internally autonomous, but tributary Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty.
  3. Morea
    
    The Morea was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The name was used for the Byzantine province known as the Despotate of the Morea, by the Ottoman Empire for the Morea Eyalet, and later by the Republic of Venice for the short-lived Kingdom of the Morea.
  4. Cyclades
    
    The Cyclades are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name refers to the islands around the sacred island of Delos. The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos, however the most populated is Syros.
1822
1. American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.
  1. American frontier
    
    The American frontier, also known as the Old West or the Wild West, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of American expansion in mainland North America that began with European colonial settlements in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last few western territories as states in 1912. This era of massive migration and settlement was particularly encouraged by President Thomas Jefferson following the Louisiana Purchase, giving rise to the expansionist attitude known as "Manifest Destiny" and the historians' "Frontier Thesis". The legends, historical events and folklore of the American frontier have embedded themselves into United States culture so much so that the Old West, and the Western genre of media specifically, has become one of the defining periods of American national identity.
  2. Missouri
    
    Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states : Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska to the west. In the south are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Missouri River, after which the state is named, flows through the center into the Mississippi River, which makes up the eastern border. With more than six million residents, it is the 19th-most populous state of the country. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City.
  3. William Becknell
    
    William Becknell was an American soldier, politician, and freight operator who is credited by Americans with opening the Santa Fe Trail in 1821. He found a trail for part of the route that was wide enough for wagon trains and draft teams, making it easier for trader and emigrants along this route. The Santa Fe Trail became an early major transportation route through central North America that connected Franklin, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico, serving both trading and emigrant parties. It served as a vital commercial highway from the 1820s until 1880, when the railroad was introduced to Santa Fe. Becknell made use of long-established trails made by Native Americans, and Spanish and French colonial explorers and traders for centuries before his trip.
  4. Santa Fe, New Mexico
    
    Santa Fe is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico. The name “Santa Fe” means 'Holy Faith' in Spanish, and the city's full name as founded remains La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís.
  5. Santa Fe Trail
    
    The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th-century route through central North America that connected Franklin, Missouri, with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell, who departed from the Boonslick region along the Missouri River, the trail served as a vital commercial highway until 1880, when the railroad arrived in Santa Fe. Santa Fe was near the end of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City. The trail was later incorporated into parts of the National Old Trails Road and U.S. Route 66.
1805
1. Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern: Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.
  1. Napoleonic Wars
    
    The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French invasion of Russia (1812).
  2. Battle of Schöngrabern
    
    The Battle of Schöngrabern, also known as the Battle of Hollabrunn, was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition, fought on 16 November 1805 near Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, four weeks after the Battle of Ulm and two weeks before the Battle of Austerlitz.
  3. Pyotr Bagration
    
    Prince Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration was a Georgian general and prince serving in the Russian Empire, prominent during the Napoleonic Wars.
  4. Joachim Murat
    
    Joachim Murat was a French military commander and statesman who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Under the French Empire he received the military titles of Marshal of the Empire and Admiral of France.
1797
1. The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as Frederick William III.
  1. Frederick William III of Prussia
    
    Frederick William III was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840. He was concurrently Elector of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, when the Empire was dissolved.
1793
1. French Revolution: Ninety dissident Roman Catholic priests are executed by drowning at Nantes.
  1. French Revolution
    
    The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.
  2. Drownings at Nantes
    
    The drownings at Nantes were a series of mass executions by drowning during the Reign of Terror in Nantes, France, that occurred between November 1793 and February 1794. During this period, anyone arrested and jailed for not consistently supporting the Revolution, or suspected of being a royalist sympathizer, especially Catholic priests and nuns, was cast into the river Loire and drowned on the orders of Jean-Baptiste Carrier, the representative-on-mission in Nantes. Before the drownings ceased, as many as four thousand or more people, including innocent families with women and children, died in what Carrier himself called "the national bathtub".
  3. Nantes
    
    Nantes is a city in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 314,138 in Nantes proper and a metropolitan area of nearly 1 million inhabitants (2018). With Saint-Nazaire, a seaport on the Loire estuary, Nantes forms one of the main north-western French metropolitan agglomerations.
1776
1. American Revolutionary War: Fort Washington on Manhattan was captured from the Patriots by British and Hessian units.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Fort Washington (Manhattan)
    
    Fort Washington was a fortified position near the north end of Manhattan Island, at the island's highest point, within the modern-day neighborhood of Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York City. The Fort Washington Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
  3. Manhattan
    
    Manhattan, known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Located near the southern tip of New York State, Manhattan is based in the Eastern Time Zone and constitutes both the geographical and demographic center of the Northeast megalopolis and the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. Over 58 million people live within 250 miles of Manhattan, which serves as New York City’s economic and administrative center, cultural identifier, and the city’s historical birthplace. Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world, is considered a safe haven for global real estate investors, and hosts the United Nations headquarters. New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, centered in Manhattan.
  4. Battle of Fort Washington
    
    The Battle of Fort Washington was fought in New York on November 16, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain. It was a British victory that gained the surrender of the remnant of the garrison of Fort Washington near the north end of Manhattan Island. It was one of the worst Patriot defeats of the war.
  5. Patriot (American Revolution)
    
    Patriots, also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs, were the colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution, and declared the United States of America an independent nation in July 1776. Their decision was based on the political philosophy of republicanism—as expressed by such spokesmen as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine. They were opposed by the Loyalists, who supported continued British rule.
  6. Hessian (soldier)
    
    Hessians were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. The term is an American synecdoche for all Germans who fought on the British side, since 65% came from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. Known for their discipline and martial prowess, around 30,000 Germans fought for the British during the war, comprising a quarter of British land forces.
2. American Revolutionary War: British and Hessian units capture Fort Washington from the Patriots.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Hessian (soldier)
    
    Hessians were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. The term is an American synecdoche for all Germans who fought on the British side, since 65% came from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. Known for their discipline and martial prowess, around 30,000 Germans fought for the British during the war, comprising a quarter of British land forces.
  3. Battle of Fort Washington
    
    The Battle of Fort Washington was fought in New York on November 16, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain. It was a British victory that gained the surrender of the remnant of the garrison of Fort Washington near the north end of Manhattan Island. It was one of the worst Patriot defeats of the war.
  4. Fort Washington (Manhattan)
    
    Fort Washington was a fortified position near the north end of Manhattan Island, at the island's highest point, within the modern-day neighborhood of Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York City. The Fort Washington Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
1632
1. King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was killed at the Battle of Lützen during the Thirty Years' War.
  1. Gustavus Adolphus
    
    Gustavus Adolphus, also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph, was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited for the rise of Sweden as a great European power. During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634.
  2. Battle of Lützen (1632)
    
    The Battle of Lützen, fought on 16 November 1632, is considered one of the most important battles of the Thirty Years War. A combined Swedish-German army led by Gustavus Adolphus narrowly defeated an Imperial force under Albrecht von Wallenstein. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, with Gustavus among those killed.
  3. Thirty Years' War
    
    The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War.
2. King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was killed at the Battle of Lützen during the Thirty Years' War.
  1. Gustavus Adolphus
    
    Gustavus Adolphus, also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph, was King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited for the rise of Sweden as a great European power. During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634.
  2. Battle of Lützen (1632)
    
    The Battle of Lützen, fought on 16 November 1632, is considered one of the most important battles of the Thirty Years War. A combined Swedish-German army led by Gustavus Adolphus narrowly defeated an Imperial force under Albrecht von Wallenstein. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, with Gustavus among those killed.
  3. Thirty Years' War
    
    The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War.
1532
1. Spanish conquest of Peru: Conquistador Francisco Pizarro orchestrated a surprise attack (depiction shown) in Cajamarca, capturing the Inca emperor, Atahualpa.
  1. Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
    
    The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, his brothers, and their indigenous allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire, led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions to the Amazon Basin and surrounding rainforest.
  2. Francisco Pizarro
    
    Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess of the Atabillos was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru.
  3. Battle of Cajamarca
    
    The Battle of Cajamarca also spelled Cajamalca was the ambush and seizure of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532. The Spanish killed thousands of Atahualpa's counselors, commanders, and unarmed attendants in the great plaza of Cajamarca, and caused his armed host outside the town to flee. The capture of Atahualpa marked the opening stage of the conquest of the pre-Columbian civilization of Peru.
  4. Cajamarca
    
    Cajamarca, also known by the Quechua name, Kashamarka, is the capital and largest city of the Cajamarca Region as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes. It is located in the northern highlands of Peru at approximately 2,750 m (8,900 ft) above sea level in the valley of the Mashcon river. Cajamarca had an estimated population of about 226,031 inhabitants in 2015, making it the 13th largest city in Peru.
  5. Sapa Inca
    
    The Sapa Inca was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo-Inca State. While the origins of the position are mythical and originate from the legendary foundation of the city of Cusco, it seems to have come into being historically around 1100 CE. Although the Inca believed the Sapa to be the son of Inti and often referred to him as Intip Churin or ‘Son of the Sun,’ the position eventually became hereditary, with son succeeding father. The principal wife of the Inca was known as the Coya or Qoya. The Sapa Inca was at the top of the social hierarchy, and played a dominant role in the political and spiritual realm.
  6. Atahualpa
    
    Atahualpa, also Atawallpa (Quechua), Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) before the Spanish conquest ended his reign.
2. Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Emperor Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca.
  1. Francisco Pizarro
    
    Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess of the Atabillos was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru.
  2. Inca Empire
    
    The Inca Empire, called Tawantinsuyu by its subjects, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilization arose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century. The Spanish began the conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 and by 1572, the last Inca state was fully conquered.
  3. Atahualpa
    
    Atahualpa, also Atawallpa (Quechua), Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) before the Spanish conquest ended his reign.
  4. Battle of Cajamarca
    
    The Battle of Cajamarca also spelled Cajamalca was the ambush and seizure of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532. The Spanish killed thousands of Atahualpa's counselors, commanders, and unarmed attendants in the great plaza of Cajamarca, and caused his armed host outside the town to flee. The capture of Atahualpa marked the opening stage of the conquest of the pre-Columbian civilization of Peru.
1491
1. An auto-da-fé, held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.
  1. Auto-da-fé
    
    An auto-da-fé was the ritual of public penance carried out between the 15th and 19th centuries of condemned heretics and apostates imposed by the Spanish, Portuguese, or Mexican Inquisition as punishment and enforced by civil authorities. Its most extreme form was death by burning.
  2. Ávila
    
    Ávila is a city of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Ávila.
  3. Holy Child of La Guardia
    
    The Holy Child of La Guardia is a folk saint in Spanish Roman Catholicism and the subject of a medieval blood libel in the town of La Guardia in the central Spanish province of Toledo.
  4. Converso
    
    A converso, "convert", was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of his or her descendants.
1476
1. With the help of Stephen III and Stephen Báthory, Vlad the Impaler ousted Basarab the Old and became the ruler of Wallachia for the third time.
  1. Stephen the Great
    
    Stephen III of Moldavia, most commonly known as Stephen the Great, was Voivode of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. He was the son of and co-ruler with Bogdan II, who was murdered in 1451 in a conspiracy organized by his brother and Stephen's uncle Peter III Aaron, who took the throne. Stephen fled to Hungary, and later to Wallachia; with the support of Vlad III Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, he returned to Moldavia, forcing Aaron to seek refuge in Poland in the summer of 1457. Teoctist I, Metropolitan of Moldavia, anointed Stephen prince. He attacked Poland and prevented Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, from supporting Peter Aaron, but eventually acknowledged Casimir's suzerainty in 1459.
  2. Stephen V Báthory
    
    Stephen Báthory of Ecsed was a Hungarian commander, 'dapiferorum regalium magister' (1458–?), judge royal (1471–1493) and voivode of Transylvania (1479–1493). He rose to power under King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and after the king's death sided with Vladislav Jagiellon of Bohemia and later together with Pál Kinizsi defeated Prince John Corvin in the Battle of Csonthegy (1493). As a result of his cruelty in Transylvania, especially against the Székelys, he was deposed by the King in 1493 and died shortly afterwards.
  3. Vlad the Impaler
    
    Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Dracula, was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania.
  4. Basarab the Old
    
    Basarab III cel Bătrân, also known as Laiotă Basarab or Basarab Laiotă was Voivode of the principality of Wallachia in the 1470s, repeating the achievement of Dan II in being elected by the boyars as voivode on five occasions. Moreover, he succeeded the same ruler on four occasions. Two of his reigns also surrounded the last period in which Vlad III the Impaler ruled over Wallachia.
  5. Wallachia
    
    Wallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia and Oltenia. Dobruja could sometimes be considered a third section due to its proximity and brief rule over it. Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections.
1272
1. While travelling during the Ninth Crusade, Prince Edward becomes King of England upon Henry III of England's death, but he will not return to England for nearly two years to assume the throne.
  1. Lord Edward's crusade
    
    Lord Edward's crusade, sometimes called the Ninth Crusade, was a military expedition to the Holy Land under the command of Edward, Duke of Gascony in 1271–1272. It was an extension of the Eighth Crusade and was the last of the Crusades to reach the Holy Land before the fall of Acre in 1291 brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there.
  2. Edward I of England
    
    Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a vassal of the French king. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward. The eldest son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included a rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was held hostage by the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land. He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
  3. Henry III of England
    
    Henry III, also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala Bicchieri declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, a later version of the 1215 Magna Carta, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son Richard broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.
951
1. Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom.
  1. Li Jing (Southern Tang)
    
    Li Jing, originally Xu Jingtong (徐景通), briefly Xu Jing (徐璟) in 937–939, courtesy name Boyu (伯玉), also known by his temple name Yuanzong (元宗), was the second ruler of imperial China's Southern Tang state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned his state from 943 until his death.
  2. Southern Tang
    
    Southern Tang was a state in Southern China that existed during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, which proclaimed itself to be the successor of the former Tang dynasty. The capital was located at Nanjing in present-day Jiangsu Province. At its territorial peak in 951, the Southern Tang controlled the whole of modern Jiangxi, and portions of Anhui, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangsu provinces.
  3. Bian Hao
    
    Bian Hao (邊鎬), nickname Kangle (康樂), was a general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Southern Tang. Early in his career, he distinguished himself in campaigns against the agrarian army leader Zhang Yuxian and against Southern Tang's southeastern neighbor Min. Later, during Chu's collapse due to civil war, Bian was able to enter its territory and, for some time, secured the nominal submission of all of its territory for his emperor Li Jing. However, he was unable to deal with subsequent uprisings in the Chu realm and had to abandon it, causing him to be exiled for some time. He also fared poorly when later returned to the army, as he was defeated and captured by Later Zhou forces when Later Zhou invaded Southern Tang and eventually forced its submission as a vassal. After he was returned to Southern Tang, he had no further army commissions.
  4. Ma Chu
    
    Chu, known in historiography as Ma Chu (馬楚) or Southern Chu (南楚), was a dynastic state of China that existed from 907 to 951. It is listed as one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history.
  5. Nanjing
    
    Nanjing, alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the third largest city in the East China region. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi), and a total recorded population of 9,314,685 as of 2020.
534
1. The second edition of the Code of Justinian, a codification of Roman law by Byzantine emperor Justinian I, was published.
  1. Code of Justinian
    
    The Code of Justinian is one part of the Corpus Juris Civilis, the codification of Roman law ordered early in the 6th century AD by Justinian I, who was Eastern Roman emperor in Constantinople. Two other units, the Digest and the Institutes, were created during his reign. The fourth part, the Novellae Constitutiones, was compiled unofficially after his death but is now also thought of as part of the Corpus Juris Civilis.
  2. Roman law
    
    Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the Corpus Juris Civilis ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. The historical importance of Roman law is reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in many legal systems influenced by it, including common law.
  3. Justinian I
    
    Justinian I, also known as Justinian the Great, was Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Robert Clary, French-American actor and author (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Robert Clary
    
    Robert Clary was a French actor mainly active in the United States. He is best known for his role in the television sitcom Hogan's Heroes as Corporal Louis LeBeau (1965–1971). He also had recurring roles in the soap operas Days of Our Lives (1972–1987), and The Bold and the Beautiful (1990–1992).
2021
1. Jyrki Kasvi, Finnish journalist and politician (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Jyrki Kasvi
    
    Jyrki Jouko Juhani Kasvi was a Finnish politician, and a member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League.
2020
1. Sheila Nelson, English string teacher (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Sheila Nelson
    
    Sheila Mary Nelson was an English musician, music educator, writer and composer. She had played with the English Chamber Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the Menuhin Festival Orchestra but was best known as a violin and viola teacher. She is usually referred to as Sheila Nelson but appears in her published works as Sheila M. Nelson.
2019
1. John Campbell Brown, Scottish astronomer (b. 1947) deaths
  1. John Campbell Brown
    
    John Campbell Brown was a Scottish astronomer who worked primarily in solar physics. He held the posts of Astronomer Royal for Scotland, the Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Glasgow, and honorary professorships at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Aberdeen.
2. Terry O'Neill, British photographer (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Terry O'Neill (photographer)
    
    Terence Patrick O'Neill was a British photographer, known for documenting the fashions, styles, and celebrities of the 1960s. O'Neill's photographs capture his subjects candidly or in unconventional settings.
2018
1. William Goldman, American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter (b. 1931) deaths
  1. William Goldman
    
    William Goldman was an American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. He first came to prominence in the 1950s as a novelist before turning to screenwriting. He won Academy Awards for his screenplays Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) and All the President's Men (1976).
2017
1. Hiromi Tsuru, Japanese actress (b. 1960) deaths
  1. Hiromi Tsuru
    
    Hiromi Tsuru was a Japanese actress, voice actress and narrator. During her life, she was attached to the Himawari Theatre Group as a child and then to Aoni Production at the time of her death. She was most known for voicing the character of Bulma for over 31 years. She was also known for her roles as Ukyo Kuonji, Dokin-chan, Madoka Ayukawa, Miyuki Kashima (Miyuki), Reiko Mikami, Meryl Strife (Trigun), Naomi Hunter, Oyone-baasan, and Asuna Kujo.
2. Ann Wedgeworth, American actress (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Ann Wedgeworth
    
    Elizabeth Ann Wedgeworth was an American character actress, known for her roles as Lana Shields in Three's Company, Hilda Hensley in Sweet Dreams, and Merleen Elldridge in Evening Shade. She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for Chapter Two (1978).
2016
1. Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Jay Wright Forrester
    
    Jay Wright Forrester was a pioneering American computer engineer and systems scientist. He is credited with being one of the inventors of magnetic core memory, the predominant form of random-access computer memory during the most explosive years of digital computer development. It was part of a family of related technologies which bridged the gap between vacuum tubes and semiconductors by exploiting the magnetic properties of materials to perform switching and amplification.
2. Melvin Laird, American politician and writer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Melvin Laird
    
    Melvin Robert Laird Jr. was an American politician, writer and statesman. He was a U.S. congressman from Wisconsin from 1953 to 1969 before serving as Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard Nixon. Laird was instrumental in forming the administration's policy of withdrawing U.S. soldiers from the Vietnam War; he coined the expression "Vietnamization," referring to the process of transferring more responsibility for combat to the South Vietnamese forces. First elected in 1952, Laird was the last surviving Representative elected to the 83rd Congress at the time of his death.
3. Daniel Prodan, Romanian football player (b. 1972) deaths
  1. Daniel Prodan
    
    Daniel Claudiu Prodan was a Romanian footballer who played mainly as a central defender.
2015
1. David Canary, American actor (b. 1938) deaths
  1. David Canary
    
    David Hoyt Canary was an American actor. Canary is best known for his role as ranch foreman Candy Canaday in the NBC Western drama Bonanza, and as Adam Chandler in the television soap opera All My Children, for which he received 16 Daytime Emmy Award nominations and won five times.
2. Michael C. Gross, American graphic designer and producer (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Michael C. Gross
    
    Michael C. Gross was an American artist, designer, and film producer. From 1970 to 1974 he art-directed National Lampoon magazine, and subsequently co-ran a design company.
3. Bert Olmstead, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Bert Olmstead
    
    Murray Albert Olmstead was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks and Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League (NHL). Olmstead began his career with the Black Hawks in 1949. In December 1950, he was traded to the Montreal Canadiens via Detroit. Olmstead had his best statistical years playing for Montreal, leading the league in assists in 1954–55 with 48, and setting a league record for assists with 56 the following season. During this time he frequently played on Montreal's top line with Jean Beliveau and Bernie Geoffrion. Olmstead was claimed in an Intra-League Draft by Toronto Maple Leafs in 1958, and played there until his retirement in 1962.
4. Alton D. Slay, American general (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Alton D. Slay
    
    General Alton Davis Slay, Sr. was a four star United States Air Force general and former commander, Air Force Systems Command, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland.
2014
1. Charles Champlin, American historian, author, and critic (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Charles Champlin
    
    Charles Davenport Champlin was an American film critic and writer.
2. Jovan Ćirilov, Serbian poet and playwright (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Jovan Ćirilov
    
    Jovan Ćirilov was a Serbian theatrologist, philosopher, writer, theatre selector, and poet.
3. Ian Craig, Australian cricketer (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Ian Craig
    
    Ian David Craig was an Australian cricketer who represented the Australian national team in 11 Tests between 1953 and 1958. A right-handed batsman, Craig holds the records for being the youngest Australian to make a first-class double century, appear in a Test match, and captain his country in a Test match. Burdened by the public expectation of being the "next Bradman", Craig's career did not fulfil its early promise. In 1957, he was appointed Australian captain, leading a young team as part of a regeneration plan following the decline of the national team in the mid-1950s, but a loss of form and illness forced him out of the team after one season. Craig made a comeback, but work commitments forced him to retire from first-class cricket at only 26 years of age.
4. Juan Joseph, American football player and coach (b. 1987) deaths
  1. Juan Joseph
    
    Juan Joseph was a professional Arena football quarterback who also played American and Canadian football. He last played for the Lafayette Wildcatters of the Southern Indoor Football League (SIFL). He was signed by the Edmonton Eskimos as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football for the Millsaps Majors. He was also a member of the Saskatchewan Roughriders.
5. Jadwiga Piłsudska, Polish soldier, pilot, and architect (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Jadwiga Piłsudska
    
    Jadwiga Piłsudska-Jaraczewska was a Polish pilot, who served in the Air Transport Auxiliary during the Second World War. She was one of two daughters of Józef Piłsudski.
6. Carl Sanders, American soldier, pilot, and politician, 74th Governor of Georgia (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Carl Sanders
    
    Carl Edward Sanders Sr. was an American attorney and politician who served as the 74th Governor of the state of Georgia from 1963 to 1967.
  2. Governor of Georgia
    
    The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature, and the power to convene the legislature. The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.
2013
1. Robert Conley, American journalist (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Robert Conley (reporter)
    
    Robert Conley was an American newspaper, television and radio reporter.
2. Billy Hardwick, American bowler (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Billy Hardwick
    
    William Bruce Hardwick was a right-handed ten-pin bowler and member of the Professional Bowlers Association.
3. William McDonough Kelly, Canadian lieutenant and politician (b. 1925) deaths
  1. William McDonough Kelly
    
    William McDonough Kelly, CLJ was a Canadian political strategist and Senator.
4. Tanvir Ahmad Khan, Indian-Pakistani diplomat, 19th Foreign Secretary of Pakistan (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Tanvir Ahmad Khan
    
    Tanvir Ahmad Khan was a career diplomat from Pakistan.
  2. Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)
    
    The Foreign Secretary of Pakistan is the Federal Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Secretary, as in all other ministries of Government of Pakistan, is the bureaucratic head of the Ministry, who is a BPS-22 grade officer of the Central Superior Services of Pakistan.
5. Oscar Lanford, American mathematician and academic (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Oscar Lanford
    
    Oscar Eramus Lanford III was an American mathematician working on mathematical physics and dynamical systems theory.
6. Arne Pedersen, Norwegian footballer and manager (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Arne Pedersen
    
    Arne Knut Pedersen was a Norwegian footballer. He was a deep-lying inside forward, or offensive midfielder by today's terminology, who spent his entire playing career at his hometown club Fredrikstad FK, where he was a key player during the club's most successful period in the 1950s and early 1960s. He was also capped 40 times by Norway, and scored 11 international goals.
7. Louis D. Rubin, Jr., American author, critic, and academic (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Louis D. Rubin Jr.
    
    Louis Decimus Rubin Jr. was a noted American literary scholar and critic, writing teacher, publisher, and writer. He is credited with helping to establish Southern literature as a recognized area of study within the field of American literature, as well as serving as a teacher and mentor for writers at Hollins College and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and for founding Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, a publishing company nationally recognized for fiction by Southern writers. He died in Pittsboro, North Carolina and is buried at the Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Cemetery in Charleston, South Carolina.
8. Charles Waterhouse, American painter, sculptor, and illustrator (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Charles Waterhouse (artist)
    
    Charles H. Waterhouse was an American painter, illustrator and sculptor renowned for using United States Marine Corps historical themes as the motif for his works. His art spans subjects from Tun Tavern, the birthplace of the U. S. Marines to present day topics. Throughout his career, he created over 500 pieces for the Marine Corps art collection.
2012
1. John Chapman, Australian evangelist and academic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. John Chapman (evangelist)
    
    John Charles Chapman, affectionately known as "Chappo", was an Australian preacher, Bible teacher and evangelist associated with the Sydney Anglican diocese. He wrote several books, including A Fresh Start; Know and Tell the Gospel; Setting Hearts on Fire, A Sinner's Guide to Holiness; and Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life, all published by Matthias Media. The Australian edition of A Fresh Start has sold nearly 40,000 copies since 1999.
2. Subhash Dutta, Bangladeshi actor and director (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Subhash Dutta
    
    Subhash Dutta was a Bangladeshi filmmaker, theater and film actor. He started his career as a commercial artist.
3. Patrick Edlinger, French mountaineer (b. 1960) deaths
  1. Patrick Edlinger
    
    Patrick Edlinger was a professional French rock climber. Edlinger is considered a pioneer and a legend of sport climbing. He was the second-ever climber in history to ascend routes of grade 7c (5.12d) with Nymphodalle (1979), and grade 7c+ (5.13a) with Le Toit (1981). He was the first-ever climber in history to onsight routes of grade 7b+ (5.12c) with Captain crochet (1982), and grade 7c (5.12d) with La Polka des Ringards (1982).
4. Aliu Mahama, Ghanaian engineer and politician, 3rd Vice President of Ghana (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Aliu Mahama
    
    Alhaji Aliu Mahama was a Ghanaian engineer and politician who was Vice-President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. A member of the New Patriotic Party, he was Ghana's first Muslim Vice-President.
  2. Vice-President of Ghana
    
    The Vice-President of Ghana is the second-highest officer in the Government of Ghana. The vice-president, together with the President of Ghana, is directly elected by the people through popular vote to serve a four-year term in office. The vice-president is the first person in the presidential line of succession, and would ascend to the presidency upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. The current vice-president is Mahamudu Bawumia, who took office on 7 January 2017, under President Nana Akufo-Addo.
5. Eliyahu Nawi, Iraqi-Israeli lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Eliyahu Nawi
    
    Eliyahu Nawi was a judge, lawyer, poet, politician, Bible investigator, and mayor of Beersheba.
6. Bob Scott, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Bob Scott (rugby)
    
    Robert William Henry Scott was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks between 1946 and 1954.
2010
1. Britton Chance, American biologist and sailor (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Britton Chance
    
    Britton "Brit" Chance was an American biochemist, biophysicist, scholar, and inventor whose work helped develop spectroscopy as a way to diagnose medical problems. He was "a world leader in transforming theoretical science into useful biomedical and clinical applications" and is considered "the founder of the biomedical photonics." He received the National Medal of Science in 1974.
2. Ronni Chasen, American publicist (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Ronni Chasen
    
    Ronni Sue Chasen was an American publicist, who once represented such actors as Michael Douglas, as well as musicians such as Hans Zimmer and Mark Isham, among others. Chasen directed the Academy Award campaigns for more than 100 films during her career, including Driving Miss Daisy in 1989 and The Hurt Locker in 2009.
3. Wyngard Tracy, Filipino DJ and talent manager (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Wyngard Tracy
    
    Wyngard Tracy was a Filipino talent manager who had represented various actors and music artists, such as Side A in the Philippines through his office, Artiststation, Inc. From June 2008, he was one of three judges in Pinoy Idol on GMA Network. He was also the judge of top-rating ABS-CBN shows, Showtime and Magpasikat, but was later evicted.
2009
1. Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (b. 1978) deaths
  1. Antonio de Nigris
    
    Antonio de Nigris Guajardo was a Mexican professional footballer who played as a striker.
2. Sergei Magnitsky, Ukrainian-Russian accountant and lawyer (b. 1972) deaths
  1. Sergei Magnitsky
    
    Sergei Leonidovich Magnitsky was a Ukrainian-born Russian tax advisor responsible for exposing corruption and misconduct by Russian government officials while representing client Hermitage Capital Management. His arrest in 2008 and subsequent death after eleven months in police custody generated international attention and triggered both official and unofficial inquiries into allegations of fraud, theft and human rights violations in Russia. His posthumous trial was the first in the Russian Federation.
3. Edward Woodward, English actor (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Edward Woodward
    
    Edward Albert Arthur Woodward, OBE was an English actor and singer. After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he began his career on stage. Throughout his career, he appeared in productions in both the West End of London and on Broadway in New York City. He came to wider attention from 1967 in the title role of the British television spy drama Callan, earning him the 1970 British Academy Television Award for Best Actor.
2008
1. Jan Krugier; Polish-Swiss art dealer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Jan Krugier
    
    Janick "Jan" Krugier was a Polish born Swiss dealer in modern art most known for his relationship to the works of Pablo Picasso and a survivor of the Holocaust.
2. Reg Varney, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Reg Varney
    
    Reginald Alfred Varney was an English actor, entertainer and comedian. He is best remembered for having played the lead role of bus driver Stan Butler in the LWT sitcom On the Buses (1969–73) and its three spin-off feature films. Having performed as a music hall entertainer, Varney first came to national recognition as factory foreman Reg Turner in the BBC sitcom The Rag Trade (1961–63). He appeared in further sitcoms including Beggar My Neighbour (1966–1968) and On the Buses stardom facililated overseas cabaret tours.
2007
1. Harold Alfond, American businessman (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Harold Alfond
    
    Harold Alfond was an American businessman who founded the Dexter Shoe Company and established the first factory outlet store.
2. Grethe Kausland, Norwegian actress and singer (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Grethe Kausland
    
    Grethe Kausland was a Norwegian singer, performer and actress. As a child star she was one of Norway's most popular singers, and she participated in several films as a child. She represented Norway in the 1972 Eurovision Song Contest, singing "Småting" with Benny Borg. From 1973 she performed regularly with the entertaining group Dizzie Tunes. Awarded "Spellemannprisen" 1978 for the album A Taste of Grethe Kausland, and "Leonardstatuetten" 1991 for her achievements on the revue scene.
3. Trond Kirkvaag, Norwegian actor and screenwriter (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Trond Kirkvaag
    
    Trond Georg Kirkvaag was a Norwegian comedian, actor, impressionist, screenwriter, author, director and television host. During his 39 years at the Norwegian TV network, NRK, he produced numerous comedy television series. After his death he was widely hailed by his colleagues as possibly the greatest Norwegian TV comedian in history. He was the son of NRK journalist and television host Rolf Kirkvaag.
4. Vernon Scannell, English boxer, poet, and author (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Vernon Scannell
    
    Vernon Scannell was a British poet and author. He was at one time a professional boxer, and wrote novels about the sport.
2006
1. Milton Friedman, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Milton Friedman
    
    Milton Friedman was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. With George Stigler and others, Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the Chicago school of economics, a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago that rejected Keynesianism in favor of monetarism until the mid-1970s, when it turned to new classical macroeconomics heavily based on the concept of rational expectations. Several students, young professors and academics who were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists, including Gary Becker, Robert Fogel, Thomas Sowell and Robert Lucas Jr.
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
2. Yuri Levada, Russian sociologist and political scientist (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Yuri Levada
    
    Yuri Alexandrovich Levada was a well known Russian sociologist, political scientist and the founder of the Levada Center.
2005
1. Ralph Edwards, American radio and television host and producer (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Ralph Edwards
    
    Ralph Livingstone Edwards was an American radio and television host, radio producer, and television producer, best known for his radio-TV game shows Truth or Consequences and reality documentary series This Is Your Life.
2. Henry Taube, Canadian-American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Henry Taube
    
    Henry Taube, was a Canadian-born American chemist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "his work in the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes." He was the second Canadian-born chemist to win the Nobel Prize, and remains the only Saskatchewanian-born Nobel laureate. Taube completed his undergraduate and master's degrees at the University of Saskatchewan, and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. After finishing graduate school, Taube worked at Cornell University, the University of Chicago and Stanford University.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
3. Donald Watson, English activist, founded the Vegan Society (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Donald Watson
    
    Donald Watson was an English animal rights advocate who co-founded The Vegan Society.
  2. The Vegan Society
    
    The Vegan Society is a registered charity and the oldest vegan organization in the world, founded in the United Kingdom in 1944 by Donald Watson, Elsie Shrigley, George Henderson and his wife Fay Henderson among others.
2001
1. Tommy Flanagan, American pianist and composer (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Tommy Flanagan
    
    Thomas Lee Flanagan was an American jazz pianist and composer. He grew up in Detroit, initially influenced by such pianists as Art Tatum, Teddy Wilson, and Nat King Cole, and then by bebop musicians. Within months of moving to New York in 1956, he had recorded with Miles Davis and on Sonny Rollins' album Saxophone Colossus. Recordings under various leaders, including Giant Steps of John Coltrane, continued well into 1962, when he became vocalist Ella Fitzgerald's full-time accompanist. He worked with Fitzgerald for three years until 1965, and then in 1968 returned to be her pianist and musical director, this time for a decade.
2000
1. Robert Earl Davis, American hip-hop artist (b. 1971) deaths
  1. DJ Screw
    
    Robert Earl Davis Jr., better known by his stage name DJ Screw, was an American hip hop DJ based in Houston, Texas, and best known as the creator of the now-famous chopped and screwed DJ technique. He was a central and influential figure in the Houston hip hop community and was the leader of Houston's Screwed Up Click.
2. Ahmet Kaya, Turkish-French singer-songwriter (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Ahmet Kaya
    
    Ahmet Kaya was a Turkish–Kurdish folk singer. Kaya was persecuted by Turkish nationalist celebrities and authorities. Kaya left Turkey in an act of self-exile, and moved to France, where he would shortly after die of a heart attack.
1999
1. Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Daniel Nathans
    
    Daniel Nathans was an American microbiologist. He shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application in restriction mapping.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1995
1. Noah Gray-Cabey, American actor and pianist births
  1. Noah Gray-Cabey
    
    Noah Gray-Cabey is an American actor and pianist. He is known for his roles in the television series My Wife and Kids and Heroes. He has appeared on the television shows Ripley's Believe It or Not, 48 Hours, The Tonight Show, Good Morning America and The Oprah Winfrey Show. Gray-Cabey also starred in the CBS medical drama Code Black as Dr. Eliot Dixon.
1994
1. Brandon Larracuente, American actor births
  1. Brandon Larracuente
    
    Brandon A. Larracuente is an American actor known for his roles in Bloodline, 13 Reasons Why, and the Freeform drama series Party of Five. Since 2022, he has a recurring role on the medical drama series The Good Doctor.
2. Yoshiki Yamamoto, Japanese football player births
  1. Yoshiki Yamamoto
    
    Yoshiki Yamamoto is a former Japanese football player.
3. Chet Powers, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Chet Powers
    
    Chester William Powers, Jr. was an American singer-songwriter, and under the stage names Dino Valenti or Dino Valente, one of the lead singers of the rock group Quicksilver Messenger Service. As a songwriter, he was known as Jesse Oris Farrow. He is best known for having written the quintessential 1960s love-and-peace anthem "Get Together", and for writing and singing on Quicksilver Messenger Service's two best-known songs, "Fresh Air" and "What About Me?"
1993
1. Pete Davidson, American comedian and actor births
  1. Pete Davidson
    
    Peter Michael Davidson is an American comedian and actor. He was a cast member of the NBC late-night sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live (SNL) for eight seasons, running from 2014 to 2022.
2. Lucia Popp, Slovak-German soprano (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Lucia Popp
    
    Lucia Popp was a Slovak operatic soprano. She began her career as a soubrette, and later moved into the light-lyric and lyric coloratura soprano repertoire and then the lighter Richard Strauss and Wagner operas. Her career included performances at Vienna State Opera, the Metropolitan Opera, Covent Garden, and La Scala. Popp was also a highly regarded recitalist and lieder singer.
3. Achille Zavatta, Tunisia-born French clown (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Achille Zavatta
    
    Achille Zavatta was a French clown, artist and circus operator.
1992
1. George Akpabio, Nigerian footballer births
  1. George Akpabio
    
    George Akpabio is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker.
2. Matthew Allwood, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Matthew Allwood
    
    Matthew Allwood is an Indigenous Australian professional rugby league footballer who previously played as a centre and wing for the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League.
1991
1. Tomomi Kasai, Japanese actress and singer births
  1. Tomomi Kasai
    
    Tomomi Kasai is a Japanese singer, actress and a former member of the idol group AKB48, belonging to Team A. She had a recurring role on Kamen Rider W as Elizabeth, alongside group member Tomomi Itano. Together, they make up the sub-unit Queen & Elizabeth.
1990
1. Arjo Atayde, Filipino actor births
  1. Arjo Atayde
    
    Juan Carlos "Arjo" Campo Atayde is a Filipino actor and politician who has served as the representative for Quezon City's 1st district since 2022. He is best known for his appearances on drama series aired on ABS-CBN, as well as his critically acclaimed role as Benjo in the web series Bagman. A member of the Nacionalista Party, Atayde was first elected to Congress as an independent in the 2022 general elections, where he unseated incumbent representative Onyx Crisologo.
2. Dénes Dibusz, Hungarian football player births
  1. Dénes Dibusz
    
    Dénes Dibusz is a Hungarian international footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and captain for Ferencvárosi TC.
3. Ege Bagatur, Turkish politician (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Ege Bagatur
    
    Ege Bagatur is a Turkish politician, and served as the mayor of Adana from 1973 to 1977.
1989
1. Iamsu!, American rapper and producer births
  1. Iamsu!
    
    Sudan Ameer Williams, better known by his stage name Iamsu!, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is also a part of the production team The Invasion and lead member of the hip hop group The HBK Gang. Iamsu! has released numerous mixtapes in his career including Suzy 6 Speed, Million Dollar Afro with fellow California rapper Problem and the Kilt series. He is also known for featuring on LoveRance's "Up!", E-40's "Function", and Sage the Gemini's "Gas Pedal". His debut album Sincerely Yours was released on May 13, 2014.
2. Jean-Claude Malépart, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Jean-Claude Malépart
    
    Jean-Claude Malépart was a French Canadian politician.
1987
1. Eitan Tibi, Israeli footballer births
  1. Eitan Tibi
    
    Eitan Tibi is an Israeli footballer who plays as a centre-back for Hapoel Be'er Sheva.
2. Jordan Walden, American baseball player births
  1. Jordan Walden
    
    Jordan Craig Walden is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Atlanta Braves, and St. Louis Cardinals.
3. Jim Brewer, American baseball player and coach (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Jim Brewer (baseball)
    
    James Thomas Brewer was an American relief pitcher in Major League Baseball. From 1960 through 1976, Brewer played for the Chicago Cubs, Los Angeles Dodgers, and California Angels. He batted and threw left-handed.
1986
1. Omar Mateen, Islamic terrorist, perpetrator of the Orlando nightclub shooting (d. 2016) births
  1. Omar Mateen
    
    Omar Mir Seddique Mateen born Omar Mir Seddique; was an American mass murderer and domestic terrorist who murdered 49 people and wounded 53 others in a mass shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, on June 12, 2016, before he was killed in a shootout with the local police. It was the deadliest shooting by a single shooter in United States history until the Las Vegas Strip shooting on October 1, 2017.
  2. Orlando nightclub shooting
    
    On June 12, 2016, Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old man, killed 49 people and wounded 53 more in a mass shooting at Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States. Orlando Police officers shot and killed him after a three-hour standoff.
2. Maxime Médard, French rugby player births
  1. Maxime Médard
    
    Maxime Médard is a French rugby union player who plays his club rugby for French club Stade Toulousain in Top 14 and France internationally. He can play as both a full-back and on the wing and is described by assistant national team coach Émile Ntamack as an "incredible talent" that, during the 2010–11 season, was finally "realizing his potential". Medard is a two-time winner of the Heineken Cup and, in 2008, won the Top 14 for the first time. Also referred to as 'The French Wolverine.'
3. Siobhán McKenna, Irish actress (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Siobhán McKenna
    
    Siobhán McKenna was an Irish stage and screen actress.
4. Panditrao Agashe, Indian businessman (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Panditrao Agashe
    
    Jagdish "Panditrao" Agashe was an Indian businessman, best remembered for succeeding his father Chandrashekhar Agashe as the joint managing director of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. from 1970 to 1978. The Panditrao Agashe School in Pune is named in his honour.
1985
1. Aditya Roy Kapur, Indian film actor births
  1. Aditya Roy Kapur
    
    Aditya Roy Kapur is an Indian actor who works predominantly in Hindi films. He made his acting debut in 2009 with the musical drama film London Dreams. Kapur had his first commercial success came with the romantic musical Aashiqui 2 in 2013 for which he received critical acclaim and won several awards including BIG Star Entertainment Awards for Best Actor in a Romantic Role.
2. Sanna Marin, Finnish politician, the Prime Minister of Finland births
  1. Sanna Marin
    
    Sanna Mirella Marin is a Finnish politician who has been serving as the Prime Minister of Finland since 2019. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), she has been a Member of Parliament since 2015.
  2. Prime Minister of Finland
    
    The prime minister of Finland is the leader of the Finnish Government. The prime minister and their cabinet exercise executive authority in the state. The prime minister is formally ranked third in the protocol after the president of Finland and the speaker of the Parliament. Finland's first prime minister, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, was appointed on 27 November 1917, just a few days before the country declared independence from Russia.
1984
1. Gemma Atkinson, English model and actress births
  1. Gemma Atkinson
    
    Gemma Louise Atkinson is an English influencer, actress, radio presenter and former glamour model. She played Lisa Hunter in Hollyoaks and in three spin-off series, Hollyoaks: After Hours (2004), Hollyoaks: Let Loose (2005) and Hollyoaks: In the City (2006), Tamzin Bayle in Casualty and Carly Hope in Emmerdale (2015–2017). She currently presents the drive time slot across the Hits Radio Network. In November 2021, it was announced that Atkinson is set to reprise her role as Lisa Hunter in Hollyoaks.
2. Mark Bunn, English footballer births
  1. Mark Bunn (English footballer)
    
    Mark John Bunn is an English professional football coach and a former player who played as a goalkeeper. Bunn was last goalkeeping coach at Cambridge United.
3. Tamawashi Ichiro, Mongolian sumo wrestler births
  1. Tamawashi Ichirō
    
    Tamawashi Ichirō is a Mongolian professional sumo wrestler from Ulaanbaatar. He made his debut in January 2004 and reached the top makuuchi division in September 2008. His highest rank has been sekiwake. He has a makushita, a jūryō and two makuuchi division championships. He has seven gold stars for defeating a yokozuna, and four special prizes, all of them coming after he turned 30 years of age. He wrestles for Kataonami stable. He has not missed a bout in his career to date and has the longest streak of consecutive matches among active wrestlers. In January 2019, he won his first top-division championship, and his second in September 2022 at the age of 37, making him the oldest winner of the top division championship since the introduction of the six tournaments a year system in 1958.
4. Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Vic Dickenson
    
    Victor Dickenson was an American jazz trombonist. His career began in the 1920s and continued through musical partnerships with Count Basie (1940–41), Sidney Bechet (1941), and Earl Hines.
1983
1. Chris Gocong, American football player births
  1. Chris Gocong
    
    Christopher Andrew Gocong is a former American football linebacker who played for the Philadelphia Eagles and Cleveland Browns in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at FCS Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo, CA.
2. Kool A.D., American rapper births
  1. Kool A.D.
    
    Victor Vazquez, also known by his stage name Kool A.D., is an American rapper, record producer, author, and artist. He is from the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Vazquez is best known for being a member of the New York-based rap group Das Racist, though he has also been a member of the bands Boy Crisis and Party Animal. Vazquez has also released his own solo material, including numerous mixtapes. Mother Jones magazine described his work as "a thoughtful effort to deconstruct and rearrange cultural objects in ways that challenge our deepest assumptions about society and cultural products".
3. Kari Lehtonen, Finnish ice hockey player births
  1. Kari Lehtonen
    
    Kari Lehtonen is a Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender who is an unrestricted free agent. He previously played for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected second overall in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft by the Atlanta Thrashers, becoming the highest-drafted European goaltender, as well as being tied with Patrik Laine, Alexander Barkov and Kaapo Kakko for the highest-drafted Finnish player in NHL history.
4. Britta Steffen, German swimmer births
  1. Britta Steffen
    
    Britta Steffen is a German competitive swimmer who specializes in freestyle sprint events.
5. Janette Manrara, American professional dancer and choreographer births
  1. Janette Manrara
    
    Janette Manrara Škorjanec is a singer, Cuban-American television presenter, choreographer and professional dancer from Miami, Florida, US. Originally a singer, learning from her Cuban family, she formally studied dance from the age of 19. Manrara is best known for her appearances on the US series So You Think You Can Dance and British dance reality television competition, Strictly Come Dancing. She is married to Slovenian dancer and co-star Aljaž Škorjanec. In June 2021, it was announced that Manrara would co host Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two with Rylan Clark.
1982
1. Nonito Donaire, Filipino-American boxer births
  1. Nonito Donaire
    
    Nonito Gonzales Donaire Jr. is a Filipino American professional boxer. He has held multiple world championships in four weight classes from flyweight to featherweight, and is the oldest boxer in history to win a bantamweight world title, as well as being the first three-time champion in that weight class. Donaire has also held world championships in three consecutive decades: the 2000s, 2010s and 2020s, being the sixth boxer to do so after Evander Holyfield, Manny Pacquiao, Bernard Hopkins, Érik Morales, and Floyd Mayweather Jr.
2. Jannie du Plessis, South African rugby player births
  1. Jannie du Plessis
    
    Jan Nathaniel du Plessis is a South African rugby union player, who plays as a prop for Montpellier in the French Top 14 and the Lions in Super Rugby. He played for the Free State Cheetahs in the Currie Cup and the Cheetahs in Super Rugby until 2007, when he joined Durban-based side the Sharks, where he played until 2015. He won 70 caps for South Africa between 2007 and 2015.
3. Ronald Pognon, French sprinter births
  1. Ronald Pognon
    
    Ronald Pognon is a French sprint athlete. He originally specialized in the 200 metres, but later shifted to the shorter sprint distances. He was formerly the European record holder for the 60 metres indoors and is the first Frenchman to go under 10 seconds at the 100 metres.
4. Amar'e Stoudemire, American-Israeli basketball player births
  1. Amar'e Stoudemire
    
    Amar'e Carsares Stoudemire is an American-Israeli professional basketball coach and former player who most recently served as a player development assistant for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2003 with the Phoenix Suns, who selected him with the ninth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft. He made six appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and was named to the All-NBA Team five times, including one first-team selection in 2007.
5. Pavel Alexandrov, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Pavel Alexandrov
    
    Pavel Sergeyevich Alexandrov, sometimes romanized Paul Alexandroff, was a Soviet mathematician. He wrote about three hundred papers, making important contributions to set theory and topology. In topology, the Alexandroff compactification and the Alexandrov topology are named after him.
1981
1. Fernando Cabrera, Puerto Rican baseball player births
  1. Fernando Cabrera (baseball)
    
    Fernando José Cabrera is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Baltimore Orioles, and Boston Red Sox.
2. Allison Crowe, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Allison Crowe
    
    Allison Louise Crowe is a Canadian singer, songwriter, guitarist, and pianist born in Nanaimo, British Columbia, whose home is Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador.
3. Caitlin Glass, American voice actress, singer, and director births
  1. Caitlin Glass
    
    Caitlin Tiffany Glass is an American voice actress, ADR director, and script writer at Funimation, New Generation Pictures and Bang Zoom! Entertainment who provides voices for English versions of Japanese anime series and video games.
4. Kate Miller-Heidke, Australian singer-songwriter births
  1. Kate Miller-Heidke
    
    Kate Melina Miller-Heidke is an Australian singer and songwriter. Although classically trained, she has generally followed a career in alternative pop music. She signed to Sony Australia, Epic in the US and RCA in the UK, but since 2014 has been an independent artist. Four of her solo studio albums have peaked in the top 10 of the ARIA Albums Chart, Curiouser, Nightflight, O Vertigo! and Child in Reverse. Her most popular single, "The Last Day on Earth", reached No. 3 on the ARIA Singles Chart after being used in promos for TV soap, Neighbours, earlier in that year. At the ARIA Music Awards Miller-Heidke has been nominated 17 times.
5. Osi Umenyiora, English-American football player births
  1. Osi Umenyiora
    
    Ositadimma "Osi" Umenyiora is a former American football defensive end. He played college football for Troy University and was drafted by the New York Giants in the second round of the 2003 NFL Draft. Umenyiora was a two-time Pro Bowl selection and holds the Giants franchise record for most sacks in one game. He is one of five British-born players to have won a Super Bowl, joining Marvin Allen, Scott McCready, former Giants teammate Lawrence Tynes and Jay Ajayi. He also played for the Atlanta Falcons.
1980
1. Moris Carrozzieri, Italian footballer births
  1. Moris Carrozzieri
    
    Moris Carrozzieri is an Italian football defender.
2. Kayte Christensen, American basketball player births
  1. Kayte Christensen
    
    Kayte Lauren Christensen is an American color commentator for the Sacramento Kings and former professional Women's National Basketball Association player.
3. Nicole Gius, Italian skier births
  1. Nicole Gius
    
    Nicole Gius is an Italian alpine skier. She was born in Schlanders, Italy. She competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Olympics.
4. Carol Huynh, Canadian wrestler births
  1. Carol Huynh
    
    Carol Huynh is a retired Canadian freestyle wrestler. Huynh was the first gold medalist for Canada in women's wrestling and was the first gold medallist for Canada at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She is also the 2010 Commonwealth Games and two time Pan American Games champion. She has also achieved success at the world championships where Huynh has totaled one silver and three bronze medals. Huynh is also an eleven time national champion. Following the 2012 Olympics, Huynh retired from competition and started coaching the University of Calgary Dinos wrestling team. Huynh was elected to the United World Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2013. In early 2015 she was selected as a United World Wrestling Super 8 Ambassador for the global campaign focusing on the development of women in wrestling and has also served as the Chair of the United World Wrestling Athletes Commission from 2013 to 2017. As of 2020 she is the current coach of Wrestling Canada's Next Gen team based in Calgary.
5. Hasan Üçüncü, Turkish footballer births
  1. Hasan Üçüncü
    
    Hasan Üçüncü is a retired Turkish footballer. Üçüncü was born in Sürmene, Trabzon Province. Standing at 177 cm and weighing 74 kg, he wears the # 15 jersey and plays in the midfield position. He assisted Gökdeniz Karadeniz's goal against Galatasaray in the second half of the 2005-2006 Turkcell Super League season, helping Gökdeniz come back from a long suspension.
1979
1. Bruce Irons, American surfer births
  1. Bruce Irons (surfer)
    
    Bruce Irons is an American regularfoot professional surfer from Hanalei, Kauai and younger brother of three-time world champion Andy Irons.
1978
1. Kip Bouknight, American baseball player births
  1. Kip Bouknight
    
    Kip McKey Bouknight is an American professional baseball pitcher who most recently played with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.
2. Mehtap Doğan-Sızmaz, Turkish runner births
  1. Mehtap Doğan-Sızmaz
    
    Mehtap Doğan-Sızmaz, née Sızmaz, is a Turkish long-distance runner, who specialized in the marathon.
3. Takashi Nagayama, Japanese actor births
  1. Takashi Nagayama
    
    Takashi Nagayama is a Japanese actor. He is probably best known for his roles as Eiji Kikumaru in The Prince of Tennis musical series, Tenimyu, and Tōshirō Hitsugaya in "Rock Musical Bleach". During his run in Tenimyu, he garnered the nickname "Nagayan", which he is still referred to by fans and friends. He made his television debut in 1998 with the drama Change.
4. Gary Naysmith, Scottish footballer and manager births
  1. Gary Naysmith
    
    Gary Andrew Naysmith is a Scottish football coach and former player. Naysmith, who played as a left-back or left-winger, started his senior career with Hearts. Naysmith moved to England to sign with Premier League club Everton, where he stayed for seven seasons. Naysmith was capped 46 times by the Scotland national team between 2000 and 2009. After spells with Sheffield United and Huddersfield Town, Naysmith returned to Scotland with Aberdeen and East Fife.
5. Carolina Parra, Brazilian guitarist and drummer births
  1. Carolina Parra
    
    Carolina Moraes Parra is a guitarist and drummer for the Brazilian indie-electro band CSS. She joined CSS at the Tim Festival gig in 2004.
1977
1. Oksana Baiul, Ukrainian-American figure skater births
  1. Oksana Baiul
    
    Oksana Serhiyivna Baiul-Farina is a Ukrainian retired competitive figure skater. She is the 1993 world champion and the 1994 Olympic champion in ladies' singles.
2. Gigi Edgley, Australian singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Gigi Edgley
    
    Gigi Edgley is an Australian actress, singer and songwriter. She is best known for her roles as Chiana on the series Farscape and Lara Knight in Rescue: Special Ops.
3. Maggie Gyllenhaal, American actress and singer births
  1. Maggie Gyllenhaal
    
    Margalit Ruth Gyllenhaal, known as Maggie Gyllenhaal, is an American actress and filmmaker. Part of the Gyllenhaal family, she is the daughter of filmmakers Stephen Gyllenhaal and Naomi Achs, and the older sister of actor Jake Gyllenhaal.
4. Mauricio Ochmann, Mexican actor and producer births
  1. Mauricio Ochmann
    
    Mauricio Ochmann is an American-born, Mexican actor best known for his roles in telenovelas, such as Amarte Asi, where he starred as Ignacio "Nacho" Reyes. He also appeared in Kevin Costner's film Message in a Bottle, the TV series That's life and Latino Green. He appeared as Fabián Duque in Telemundo's Dame Chocolate. He starred as Victorino Mora in Telemundo's hit Victorinos and was the leading role in the Telemundo novela El Clon. He is also the star of "El Chema" a spin off of his character "Chema Venegas" from the hit television series "El Señor de los Cielos".
1976
1. Dan Black, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Dan Black
    
    Daniel Black is an English singer-songwriter and vocalist. He was a member of alternative rock band the Servant, before their split in 2007. He is also a vocalist for the Italian British group Planet Funk. After releasing his breakthrough song "HYPNTZ", he signed to The:Hours, releasing his first two singles – "Alone" and "Yours" – in 2008. The following year, he released his most commercially successful single to date, "Symphonies".
2. Juha Pasoja, Finnish footballer births
  1. Juha Pasoja
    
    Juha Pasoja is a retired Finnish football defender and football coach. He was most recently the head coach of Dreams FC in Ghana.
3. Martijn Zuijdweg, Dutch swimmer births
  1. Martijn Zuijdweg
    
    Martijn Hendrik Zuijdweg is a former freestyle swimmer from the Netherlands, who was a member of the Dutch 4×200 m freestyle relay team that won the bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. He did so alongside Johan Kenkhuis, Marcel Wouda and Pieter van den Hoogenband.
4. Jack Foster, English cricketer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Jack Foster (cricketer)
    
    Jack Heygate Nedham Foster was an English army officer and cricketer. He was born at Rochester in Kent and educated at Harrow School.
1975
1. Julio Lugo, Dominican baseball player (d. 2021) births
  1. Julio Lugo
    
    Julio Cesar Lugo was a Dominican professional baseball shortstop. He played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Los Angeles Dodgers, Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Baltimore Orioles, and Atlanta Braves. He was the elder brother of pitcher Ruddy Lugo.
2. Yuki Uchida, Japanese actress, model, and singer births
  1. Yuki Uchida
    
    Yuki Uchida is a Japanese actress, and a popular 1990s idol, model and singer.
1974
1. Maurizio Margaglio, Italian ice dancer and coach births
  1. Maurizio Margaglio
    
    Maurizio Margaglio is an Italian ice dancing coach and former competitor. With partner Barbara Fusar-Poli, he is the 2001 World champion, 2001 European champion, and 2002 Olympic bronze medalist. They won nine Italian titles and competed at three Olympics.
2. Paul Scholes, English footballer and sportscaster births
  1. Paul Scholes
    
    Paul Scholes is an English football coach, pundit, former player, and co-owner of Salford City. He spent his entire professional playing career with Manchester United, for whom he scored over 150 goals in more than 700 appearances between 1993 and 2013. He is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation and one of the greatest Manchester United players of all time.
3. Walther Meissner, German physicist and engineer (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Walther Meissner
    
    Fritz Walther Meissner was a German technical physicist.
1973
1. Christian Horner, English race car driver and manager births
  1. Christian Horner
    
    Christian Edward Johnston Horner is a British former racing driver and current Team Principal of the Red Bull Formula One team, a position he has held since 2005, winning eleven world titles. His motorsport career started as a racing car driver, before he switched roles to become head of International Formula 3000 team Arden International Motorsport in 1999.
2. Brendan Laney, New Zealand-Scottish rugby player and sportscaster births
  1. Brendan Laney
    
    Brendan James Laney, is a former professional rugby union player who represented Scotland. Nicknamed "Chainsaw" for the way he cut through defences, he was also a good goal kicker. From South Canterbury in New Zealand, he began his professional rugby career at full back for the Highlanders in the Super 12. He played for Yamaha Jubilo in Japan at the end of his career.
3. Alan Watts, English-American philosopher, author, and educator (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Alan Watts
    
    Alan Wilson Watts was an English writer, speaker and self-styled "philosophical entertainer", known for interpreting and popularising Japanese, Chinese and Indian traditions of Buddhist, Taoist, and Hindu philosophy for a Western audience. Born in Chislehurst, England, he moved to the United States in 1938 and began Zen training in New York. He received a master's degree in theology from Seabury-Western Theological Seminary and became an Episcopal priest in 1945. He left the ministry in 1950 and moved to California, where he joined the faculty of the American Academy of Asian Studies.
1972
1. Missi Pyle, American actress and singer births
  1. Missi Pyle
    
    Andrea Kay "Missi" Pyle is an American actress and singer. She has appeared in a number of successful films, including Galaxy Quest (1999), Big Fish (2003), Bringing Down the House (2003), Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008), The Artist (2011), Gone Girl (2014), Captain Fantastic (2016), and Ma (2019).
2. Vera Karalli, Russian ballerina and actress (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Vera Karalli
    
    Vera Alexeyevna Karalli was a Russian ballet dancer, choreographer and silent film actress during the early years of the 20th century.
1971
1. Tanja Damaske, German javelin thrower and shot putter births
  1. Tanja Damaske
    
    Tanja Damaske is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. She is best known for winning the gold medal at the 1998 European Championships. A year earlier she earned a bronze medal at the World Championships. A five-time German Champion in the women's javelin throw, she retired from competition in 2003.
2. Mustapha Hadji, Moroccan footballer and manager births
  1. Mustapha Hadji
    
    Mustapha Hadji is a Moroccan former professional footballer and the current assistant manager of the Morocco national team. He was named the 50th greatest African player of all time by the African football expert Ed Dove.
3. Annely Peebo, Estonian soprano and actress births
  1. Annely Peebo
    
    Annely Peebo is an Estonian operatic mezzo-soprano. She was a co-host of the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn.
4. Alexander Popov, Russian swimmer and coach births
  1. Alexander Popov (swimmer)
    
    Aleksandr Vladimirovich Popov, better known as Alexander Popov, is a former Russian swimmer. Widely considered the greatest sprint swimmer in history, Popov won gold in the 50-metre and 100 m freestyle at the 1992 Olympics and repeated the feat at the 1996 Olympics, and is the only male in Olympic games history to defend both titles. He held the world record in the 50 m for eight years, and the 100 m for six. In 2003, aged 31, he won 50 m and 100 m gold at the 2003 World Championships.
5. Waqar Younis, Pakistani cricketer and coach births
  1. Waqar Younis
    
    Waqar Younis Maitla HI is a Pakistani cricket coach, commentator and former cricketer who captained Pakistan national cricket team. A right-arm fast bowler, Waqar Younis is regarded as one of the greatest bowlers to have played the game. He is the former head coach of the Pakistani cricket team.
6. Edie Sedgwick, American model and actress (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Edie Sedgwick
    
    Edith Minturn Sedgwick Post was an American actress and fashion model, known for being one of Andy Warhol's superstars. Sedgwick became known as "The Girl of the Year" in 1965 after starring in several of Warhol's short films in the 1960s. She was dubbed an "It Girl", while Vogue magazine also named her a "Youthquaker".
1970
1. Logan Mader, Canadian-American guitarist and producer births
  1. Logan Mader
    
    Logan Conrad Mader is a Canadian record producer and current guitarist of melodic death metal band Once Human, as well as the former lead guitarist of groove metal band Machine Head.
2. Martha Plimpton, American actress births
  1. Martha Plimpton
    
    Martha Plimpton is an American actress. Her feature-film debut was in Rollover (1981); she subsequently rose to prominence in the Richard Donner film The Goonies (1985). She has also appeared in The Mosquito Coast (1986), Shy People (1987), Running on Empty (1988), Parenthood (1989), Samantha (1992), Raising Hope (2010), and Small Town Murder Songs (2011).
1968
1. Shobha Nagi Reddy, Indian politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Shobha Nagi Reddy
    
    Shobha Nagi Reddy was an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh, India. She represented the Allagadda constituency in the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh for four terms until 2012 when she resigned due to political turmoil in her party. She served as the chairperson of Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) and was the spokesperson for Prajarajyam party, having previously been General Secretary and also a state committee member in Telugu Desam Party. In 2012, she left the Prajarajyam party and joined the newly formed YSR Congress. Her husband Bhuma Nagi Reddy was also a politician who served twice as a Member of Legislative Assembly and thrice as a Member of Parliament.
2. Melvin Stewart, American swimmer births
  1. Melvin Stewart
    
    Melvin Monroe Stewart Jr. is an American swimming promoter, former competition swimmer and world record-holder who won two gold medals and one bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He is the co-founder and publisher of the swimming news website, SwimSwam, and a producer-director of commercials through his company, Gold Medal Media.
1967
1. Craig Arnold, American poet and academic (d. 2009) births
  1. Craig Arnold
    
    Craig Arnold was an American poet and professor. His first book of poems, Shells (1999), was selected by W. S. Merwin for the Yale Series of Younger Poets. His many honors include the 2005 Joseph Brodsky Rome Prize Fellowship in literature, The Amy Lowell Poetry Traveling Fellowship, an Alfred Hodder Fellowship, a Fulbright Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship, and a MacDowell Fellowship.
2. Lisa Bonet, American actress and director births
  1. Lisa Bonet
    
    Lilakoi Moon, known professionally as Lisa Bonet, is an American actress. She is known for playing Denise Huxtable on the sitcom The Cosby Show (1984–1992), for which she earned widespread acclaim and several awards, such as a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1986; she reprised the role of Denise in the spinoff series A Different World (1987–1993).
1966
1. Joey Cape, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Joey Cape
    
    Randal Joseph Cape is an American singer and musician. Active since 1989, Cape is best known as the frontman of the California punk rock band Lagwagon.
2. Stephen Critchlow, English actor (d. 2021) births
  1. Stephen Critchlow
    
    Stephen Anthony Critchlow was a British actor, known for his work in the theatre and appearances on radio series such as Truly, Madly, Bletchley, The Way We Live Right Now, and Spats, along with radio episodes of Torchwood, and Doctor Who. He has also appeared in Kenneth Williams: Fantabulosa! as Kenneth Horne, in Red Dwarf XI as computer-generated space ship captain Edwin Herring, Hattie as the Carry On film director Gerald Thomas and appeared in the West End version of The 39 Steps.
3. Dave Kushner, American guitarist births
  1. Dave Kushner
    
    David Kushner is an American musician perhaps best known as the rhythm guitarist for the hard rock supergroup Velvet Revolver. Kushner has also been a member of Wasted Youth, Electric Love Hogs, Loaded, Danzig, Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro's solo band, Sugartooth, Zilch while he has also recorded with Infectious Grooves, Cyco Miko and more recently collaborated with Scars on Broadway guitarist Franky Perez releasing songs under the pseudonym of DKFXP, a combination of the initials of Perez and Kushner, as well as working with Indian singer and actress Shruti Haasan.
4. Christian Lorenz, German keyboard player births
  1. Christian Lorenz
    
    Christian "Flake" Lorenz is a German musician and keyboard player for Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, as well as the main composer of the band along with guitarist Richard Kruspe. He was also a member of the East German punk band Feeling B.
5. Dean McDermott, Canadian-American actor and producer births
  1. Dean McDermott
    
    Dean McDermott is a Canadian actor best known as a reality television personality with his wife, actress Tori Spelling, and as the host of the cooking competition Chopped Canada. He played the role of Constable Renfield Turnbull on the TV series Due South.
6. Tahir Shah, English journalist, author, and explorer births
  1. Tahir Shah
    
    Tahir Shah is a British author, journalist and documentary maker of Afghan-Indian descent.
1965
1. Mika Aaltonen, Finnish footballer births
  1. Mika Aaltonen
    
    Mika Aaltonen is a Finnish former footballer. His position was an attacking central midfielder. He also played for the Finnish national team.
1964
1. Waheed Alli, Baron Alli, English businessman and politician births
  1. Waheed Alli, Baron Alli
    
    Waheed Alli, Baron Alli is a British media entrepreneur and politician. He is the co-creator of the television series Survivor and has held executive positions at several television production companies including the Endemol Shine Group, Carlton Television Productions, Planet 24, and Chorion.
2. Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, Italian-French actress, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Valeria Bruni Tedeschi
    
    Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, also written Bruni-Tedeschi, is an Italian-French actress, screenwriter and film director. Her 2013 film, A Castle in Italy, was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.
3. Dwight Gooden, American baseball player births
  1. Dwight Gooden
    
    Dwight Eugene Gooden, nicknamed "Dr. K" and "Doc", is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Gooden pitched from 1984 to 1994 and from 1996 to 2000 for the New York Mets, New York Yankees, Cleveland Indians, Houston Astros, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In a career spanning 430 games, he pitched 2,800+2⁄3 innings and posted a win–loss record of 194–112, with a 3.51 earned run average (ERA), and 2,293 strikeouts.
4. Diana Krall, Canadian singer-songwriter and pianist births
  1. Diana Krall
    
    Diana Jean Krall is a Canadian jazz pianist and singer known for her contralto vocals. She has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide, including over six million in the US. On December 11, 2009, Billboard magazine named her the second greatest jazz artist of the decade (2000–2009), establishing her as one of the best-selling artists of her time.
5. Maeve Quinlan, American actress births
  1. Maeve Quinlan
    
    Maeve Quinlan is an American actress. She is best known for starring as Megan Conley for 11 years in The Bold and the Beautiful and for the series South of Nowhere. Raised in Northfield, a North Shore suburb, she attended New Trier High School.
6. Donald C. Peattie, American botanist and author (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Donald C. Peattie
    
    Donald Culross Peattie was an American botanist, naturalist and author. He was described by Joseph Wood Krutch as "perhaps the most widely read of all contemporary American nature writers" during his heyday. His brother, Roderick Peattie (1891–1955), was a geographer and a noted author in his own right. Some have said that Peattie’s views on race may be considered regressive, but that expressions of these views are "mercifully brief and hardly malicious".
1963
1. Steve Argüelles, English drummer and producer births
  1. Steve Argüelles
    
    Stephen Argüelles Clarke is an English jazz drummer, producer and is the proprietor of the Plush record label. He has also worked in film and theatre. He is the elder brother of saxophonist Julian Argüelles. Stephen currently lives in Paris, France.
2. William Bonner, Brazilian newscaster, publicist and journalist births
  1. William Bonner (newscaster)
    
    William Bonemer Júnior, known professionally as William Bonner, is a Brazilian newscaster, publicist and journalist. He is the current editor-in-chief and anchorman of Jornal Nacional, the most-watched Brazilian news program, aired by TV Globo.
3. Zina Garrison, American tennis player births
  1. Zina Garrison
    
    Zina Lynna Garrison is an American former professional tennis player. Garrison was the runner-up in singles at the 1990 Wimbledon Championships, a three-time major mixed doubles champion, and an Olympic gold and bronze medalist from the women's doubles and singles events, respectively, at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Garrison reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 4 on 20 November 1989.
1962
1. Darwyn Cooke, Canadian writer and artist (d. 2016) births
  1. Darwyn Cooke
    
    Darwyn Cooke was a Canadian comics artist, writer, cartoonist, and animator who worked on the comic books Catwoman, DC: The New Frontier, The Spirit and Richard Stark's Parker: The Hunter. His work has been honoured with numerous Eisner, Harvey, and Joe Shuster Awards.
2. Mani, English bass player births
  1. Mani (musician)
    
    Gary "Mani" Mounfield is an English rock bassist, best known for being a member of The Stone Roses and Primal Scream.
1961
1. Frank Bruno, English boxer births
  1. Frank Bruno
    
    Franklin Roy Bruno, is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1982 to 1996. He had a highly publicised and eventful career, both in and out of the ring. The pinnacle of Bruno's boxing career was winning the WBC heavyweight title from Oliver McCall at a packed Wembley Stadium in 1995, in what was his fourth world championship challenge. Bruno faced multiple top-rated heavyweights throughout his career, including two defeats against Mike Tyson in 1989 and 1996, and a defeat against fellow Briton Lennox Lewis in 1993.
2. Sam Rayburn, American lawyer and politician, 48th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Sam Rayburn
    
    Samuel Taliaferro Rayburn was an American politician who served as the 43rd speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was a three-time House speaker, former House majority leader, two-time House minority leader, and a 24-term congressman, representing Texas's 4th congressional district as a Democrat from 1913 to 1961. He holds the record for the longest tenure as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving for over 17 years.
  2. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
    
    The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House and is simultaneously its presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Nor does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.
1960
1. Clark Gable, American actor (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Clark Gable
    
    William Clark Gable was an American film actor, often referred to as "The King of Hollywood". He had roles in more than 60 motion pictures in multiple genres during a career that lasted 37 years, three decades of which was as a leading man. Gable died of a heart attack at the age of 59; his final on-screen appearance was as an aging cowboy in The Misfits, released posthumously in 1961.
1959
1. Glenda Bailey, English journalist births
  1. Glenda Bailey
    
    Dame Glenda Adrianne Bailey DBE is a former editor-in-chief of Harper’s Bazaar, a monthly fashion magazine published by the Hearst Corporation. She was in this position from May 2001 to 2020.
2. Francis M. Fesmire, American cardiologist and physician (d. 2014) births
  1. Francis M. Fesmire
    
    Francis Miller Fesmire was an American emergency physician and a nationally recognized expert in myocardial infarction. He authored numerous academic articles and assisted in the development of clinical guidelines on the standard of care in treating patients with suspected myocardial infarction by the American College of Emergency Physicians and the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology. He performed numerous research investigations in chest pain patients, reporting the usefulness of continuous 12-lead ECG monitoring, two-hour delta cardiac marker testing, and nuclear cardiac stress testing in the emergency department. The culmination of his studies was The Erlanger Chest Pain Evaluation Protocol published in the Annals of Emergency Medicine in 2002. In 2011 he published a novel Nashville Skyline that received a 5 star review by ForeWord Reviews. His most recent research involved the risk stratification of chest pain patients in the emergency department.
1958
1. Marg Helgenberger, American actress births
  1. Marg Helgenberger
    
    Mary Marg Helgenberger is an American actress. She began her career in the early 1980s and first came to attention for playing the role of Siobhan Ryan on the daytime soap opera Ryan's Hope from 1982 to 1986. She is best known for her role as Catherine Willows in the CBS police procedural drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–13) and the subsequent TV movie Immortality (2015). She reprised the role in the sequel CSI: Vegas Season 2, which premiered on September 29, 2022. Helgenberger is also known for playing the role of K.C. Koloski in the ABC drama China Beach (1988–91), which earned her the 1990 Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. She is also known for roles in the TV series Under the Dome and Intelligence, and the films Species (1995), Species II (1998), Erin Brockovich (2000), and Mr. Brooks (2007).
2. Boris Krivokapić, Serbian author and academic births
  1. Boris Krivokapić
    
    Boris Krivokapić was born in Belgrade, Serbia. He is a full professor of Public International Law as well as of Human Rights with the University Union - Nikola Tesla in Belgrade, and professor at Law School of the Samara National Research University "S. P. Korolev".
1957
1. Jacques Gamblin, French actor births
  1. Jacques Gamblin
    
    Jacques Gamblin is a French actor.
1956
1. Terry Labonte, American race car driver and businessman births
  1. Terry Labonte
    
    Terrance Lee Labonte, nicknamed Texas Terry or The Iceman, is an American former stock car driver who raced from 1978 to 2014 in the former NASCAR Winston Cup and Sprint Cup Series. A two-time Cup Series champion and 1989 IROC champion, he is the older brother of 2000 Cup Series champion Bobby Labonte, and the father of former Nationwide Series driver Justin Labonte. He also co-owns a Chevrolet dealership in Greensboro, North Carolina with Rick Hendrick. He appeared on the CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard in 1984, where he played an unnamed pit crew member.
2. Ōtori Tanigorō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 24th Yokozuna (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Ōtori Tanigorō
    
    Ōtori Tanigorō was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Inzai, Chiba Prefecture. He was the sport's 24th yokozuna.
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
1955
1. Pierre Larouche, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Pierre Larouche
    
    Pierre Roland Larouche is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Montreal Canadiens, Hartford Whalers, and New York Rangers between 1974 and 1988
2. Guillermo Lasso, President-elect of Ecuador births
  1. Guillermo Lasso
    
    Guillermo Alberto Santiago Lasso Mendoza is an Ecuadorian businessman, banker, writer and politician who serves as the 47th president of Ecuador since 24 May 2021. He is the country's first centre-right president in nearly two decades, marking a shift in the country's electorate.
  2. President of Ecuador
    
    The president of Ecuador, officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic of Ecuador, serves as both the head of state and head of government of Ecuador. It is the highest political office in the country as the head of the executive branch of government. Per the current constitution, the President can serve two four-year terms. Prior to that, the president could only serve one four-year term.
3. Héctor Cúper, Argentinian footballer, coach, and manager births
  1. Héctor Cúper
    
    Héctor Raúl Cúper is an Argentine football manager and former player.
4. Jun Kunimura, Japanese actor births
  1. Jun Kunimura
    
    Jun Kunimura is a Japanese actor who has performed in Japan, Hollywood and Hong Kong. He won Best Supporting Actor and the Popular Star Award at the 37th Blue Dragon Film Awards for his performance in the South Korean horror film The Wailing, directed by Na Hong-jin.
5. Esteban Trapiello, Venezuelan businessman births
  1. Esteban Trapiello
    
    Jesús Esteban Trapiello González is a Venezuelan businessman linked to Chavismo. He has been a director of the television channel TVes and is currently president of the regional channel TeleAragua and of the radio station Aragueña 99.5 Fm of the National Network of Public Media of the governor's office of Aragua state. Trapiello has been denounced for using social networks to discredit and harass opponents.
1954
1. Andrea Barrett, American novelist and short story writer births
  1. Andrea Barrett
    
    Andrea Barrett is an American novelist and short story writer. Her collection Ship Fever won the 1996 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction, and she received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2001. Her book Servants of the Map was a finalist for the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and Archangel was a finalist for the 2013 Story Prize.
2. Dick Gross, Australian lawyer and politician births
  1. Dick Gross
    
    Richard Andrew Landa Gross is an Australian politician. He was a long-serving councillor of the City of Port Phillip and its Mayor from November 2018 till late 2019, having previously served from 1998 to 2000 and in 2004. He was not re-elected to council in the 2020 election.
1953
1. Griff Rhys Jones, Welsh comedian, actor, and author births
  1. Griff Rhys Jones
    
    Griffith Rhys Jones is a Welsh comedian, writer, actor, and television presenter. He starred in a number of television series with his comedy partner, Mel Smith. Rhys Jones came to national attention in the 1980s for his work in the BBC television comedy sketch shows Not the Nine O'Clock News and Alas Smith and Jones.
1952
1. Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese video game designer births
  1. Shigeru Miyamoto
    
    Shigeru Miyamoto is a Japanese video game designer, producer and game director at Nintendo, where he serves as one of its representative directors. Widely regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential designers in the history of video games, he is the creator of some of the most acclaimed and best-selling game franchises of all time, including Mario, The Legend of Zelda, Donkey Kong, Star Fox and Pikmin.
1951
1. Andy Dalton, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Andy Dalton (rugby union)
    
    Andrew Grant Dalton is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He captained the national team, the All Blacks, 17 times in tests. He is a second-generation All Black; his father Ray Dalton played in two All Blacks tests in the late 1940s.
1950
1. Manuel Zamora, Filipino farmer and politician births
  1. Manuel E. Zamora
    
    Manuel E. "Way Kurat" Zamora is a Filipino politician. A former member of Lakas–CMD, he has been elected to three terms as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 1st District of Davao de Oro. First elected in 2001, he was re-elected in 2004 and 2007, and again in 2019.
2. Bob Smith, American physician and surgeon, co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Bob Smith (doctor)
    
    Robert Holbrook Smith, also known as Dr. Bob, was an American physician and surgeon who founded Alcoholics Anonymous with Bill Wilson.
  2. Alcoholics Anonymous
    
    Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international mutual aid fellowship of alcoholics dedicated to abstinence-based recovery from alcoholism through its spiritually-inclined Twelve Step program. Following its Twelve Traditions, AA is non-professional, non-denominational, as well as apolitical and unaffiliated. In 2020 AA estimated its worldwide membership to be over two million with 75% of those in the U.S. and Canada.
1948
1. Tihomir "Pop" Asanović, Croatian jazz-rock keyboardist and composer births
  1. Tihomir Pop Asanović
    
    Tihomir "Pop" Asanović is a Croatian jazz-rock and fusion keyboardist, Hammond organ player and composer.
2. Horst Bertram, German footballer and manager births
  1. Horst Bertram
    
    Horst Bertram is a retired German football manager and former player.
3. Chi Coltrane, American singer-songwriter and pianist births
  1. Chi Coltrane
    
    Chi Coltrane is an American rock/gospel singer, songwriter and pianist.
4. Bonnie Greer, American-English playwright and critic births
  1. Bonnie Greer
    
    Bonnie Greer, OBE FRSL is an American-British playwright, novelist, critic and broadcaster, who has lived in the UK since 1986. She has appeared as a panellist on television programmes such as Newsnight Review and Question Time and has served on the boards of several leading arts organisations, including the British Museum, the Royal Opera House and the London Film School. She is Vice President of the Shaw Society. She is former Chancellor of Kingston University in Kingston upon Thames, London. In July 2022 she was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
5. Ken James, Australian actor births
  1. Ken James (Australian actor)
    
    Ken James is an Australian actor and celebrity chef. He is most widely known to Australian and international audiences as Sonny's older brother Mark Hammond in the 1960s children's TV show, Skippy. Since his debut in Skippy, James continued to work in the film industry for another 36 years. In December 2009, James was diagnosed with stage three non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which escalated to stage four by 2011. James started chemotherapy, and as of November 2020 the cancer is in recession. James was also actively involved in the Victorian Police Force as an unsworn member from 1993 to 2013.
1947
1. Omar Ruiz Hernández, Cuban journalist and activist births
  1. Omar Ruiz Hernández
    
    Omar Moisés Ruiz Hernández is a Cuban journalist. Amnesty International declared him as an international prisoner of conscience after he was imprisoned in 2003 during a crackdown on dissidents. He worked for dissident press agency Grupo de Trabajo Decoro before sentenced to 18 years in prison.
2. Giuseppe Volpi, Italian businessman and politician, founded the Venice Film Festival (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Giuseppe Volpi
    
    Giuseppe Volpi, 1st Count of Misrata was an Italian businessman and politician.
  2. Venice Film Festival
    
    The Venice Film Festival or Venice International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Venice, Italy. It is the world's oldest film festival and one of the "Big Six" International film festivals worldwide, which include the Big Three European Film Festivals, alongside the Toronto Film Festival in Canada the Sundance Film Festival in the United States and the Melbourne International Film Festival in Australia. The Festivals are internationally acclaimed for giving creators the artistic freedom to express themselves through film. In 1951, FIAPF formally accredited the festival.
1946
1. Colin Burgess, Australian drummer and songwriter births
  1. Colin Burgess (musician)
    
    Colin John Burgess is an Australian rock musician who was the drummer in The Masters Apprentices from 1968 to 1972. He was later the original drummer with hard rock band AC/DC between November 1973 and February 1974. The Masters Apprentices had top 20 singles chart success with "5:10 Man", "Think about Tomorrow Today", "Turn Up Your Radio" and "Because I Love You". In 1998 The Masters Apprentices, with Burgess, were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. He has performed in various bands with his brother, Denny Burgess, on bass guitar and vocals, including His Majesty.
2. Barbara Smith, American writer births
  1. Barbara Smith
    
    Barbara Smith is an American lesbian feminist and socialist who has played a significant role in Black feminism in the United States. Since the early 1970s, she has been active as a scholar, activist, critic, lecturer, author, and publisher of Black feminist thought. She has also taught at numerous colleges and universities for 25 years. Smith's essays, reviews, articles, short stories and literary criticism have appeared in a range of publications, including The New York Times Book Review, The Black Scholar, Ms., Gay Community News, The Guardian, The Village Voice, Conditions and The Nation. She has a twin sister, Beverly Smith, who is also a lesbian feminist activist and writer.
3. Beverly Smith, American writer births
  1. Beverly Smith
    
    Beverly Smith in Cleveland, Ohio, is a Black feminist health advocate, writer, academic, theorist and activist who is also the twin sister of writer, publisher, activist and academic Barbara Smith. Beverly Smith is an instructor of Women's Health at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
4. Terence McKenna, American botanist, philosopher, and author (d. 2000) births
  1. Terence McKenna
    
    Terence Kemp McKenna was an American ethnobotanist and mystic who advocated the responsible use of naturally occurring psychedelic plants. He spoke and wrote about a variety of subjects, including psychedelic drugs, plant-based entheogens, shamanism, metaphysics, alchemy, language, philosophy, culture, technology, environmentalism, and the theoretical origins of human consciousness. He was called the "Timothy Leary of the '90s", "one of the leading authorities on the ontological foundations of shamanism", and the "intellectual voice of rave culture".
5. Jo Jo White, American basketball player and coach (d. 2018) births
  1. Jo Jo White
    
    Joseph Henry White was an American professional basketball player. As an amateur, he played basketball at the University of Kansas, where he was named a second-team All-American twice. White was part of the U.S. men's basketball team during the 1968 Summer Olympics, winning a gold medal with the team.
1945
1. Teenie Hodges, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2014) births
  1. Teenie Hodges
    
    Mabon Lewis "Teenie" Hodges was an American musician known for his work as a rhythm and lead guitarist and songwriter on many of Al Green's soul hits, and those of other artists such as Ann Peebles and Syl Johnson, on Hi Records in the 1970s. His credits as a songwriter include "Take Me to the River", "Love and Happiness", "L-O-V-E (Love)", and "Here I Am ".
2. Lynn Hunt, American historian, author, and academic births
  1. Lynn Hunt
    
    Lynn Avery Hunt is the Eugen Weber Professor of Modern European History at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her area of expertise is the French Revolution, but she is also well known for her work in European cultural history on such topics as gender. Her 2007 work, Inventing Human Rights, has been heralded as the most comprehensive analysis of the history of human rights. She served as president of the American Historical Association in 2002.
1944
1. Oliver Braddick, English psychologist and academic (d. 2022) births
  1. Oliver Braddick
    
    Oliver John Braddick, was a British developmental psychologist who researched infant visual perception. He frequently collaborated with his wife Janette Atkinson.
1942
1. Willie Carson, Scottish jockey and sportscaster births
  1. Willie Carson
    
    William Fisher Hunter Carson, OBE is a retired jockey in thoroughbred horse racing.
2. Joanna Pettet, English-Canadian actress births
  1. Joanna Pettet
    
    Joanna Pettet is an English retired actress.
1941
1. Angelo Gilardino, Italian guitarist, composer, and musicologist births
  1. Angelo Gilardino
    
    Angelo Gilardino was an Italian composer, guitarist, and musicologist.
2. Gerry Marshall, English race car driver (d. 2005) births
  1. Gerry Marshall
    
    Gerald Dallas Royston Marshall was a British saloon car racing driver. He was commonly referred to by the nickname Big Gerry. According to a 2002 edition of Motor Sport Magazine poll, he was one of the best drivers of all time. According to the 28 August 2019 edition of Motorsport News, he is the United Kingdom's number one British motorsport hero. He was awarded the BARC Gold Medal in 2002, the first saloon car driver to be presented with the honour and was a life member of the prestigious BRDC. He took 625 overall and class wins and countless championship wins throughout his motor racing career.
3. Dan Penn, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Dan Penn
    
    Dan Penn is an American songwriter, singer, musician, and record producer, who co-wrote many soul hits of the 1960s, including "The Dark End of the Street" and "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" with Chips Moman and "Cry Like a Baby" with Spooner Oldham. Penn also produced many hits, including "The Letter", by The Box Tops. He has been described as a white soul and blue-eyed soul singer. Penn has released relatively few records featuring his own vocals and musicianship, preferring the relative anonymity of songwriting and producing.
4. Eduard Eelma, Estonian footballer (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Eduard Eelma
    
    Eduard Eelma until 1937 Eduard-Vilhelm Ellmann, was an Estonian footballer — one of the most famous before World War II. He played 59 times for Estonia national football team scoring 21 goals. He debuted on 23 July 1921, against Sweden. He participated in Summer Olympics in Paris 1924. He spent most of his playing career at Tallinna JK. Eduard Eelma's international career lasted from 1921 to 1935 and his goalscoring record of 21 international goals was only beaten in 2002, by Indrek Zelinski and later by Andres Oper.
5. Miina Härma, Estonian organist, composer, and conductor (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Miina Härma
    
    Miina Härma was an Estonian composer. She was the second Estonian musician with higher education.
1940
1. Donna McKechnie, American actress, singer, and dancer births
  1. Donna McKechnie
    
    Donna McKechnie is an American musical theater dancer, singer, actress, and choreographer. She is known for her professional and personal relationship with choreographer Michael Bennett, with whom she collaborated on her most noted role, the character of Cassie in the musical A Chorus Line. She earned the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for this performance in 1976. She is also known for playing Amanda Harris/Olivia Corey on the Gothic soap opera, Dark Shadows from 1969 to 1970.
1939
1. Michael Billington, English author and critic births
  1. Michael Billington (critic)
    
    Michael Keith Billington OBE is a British author and arts critic. He writes for The Guardian, and was the paper's chief drama critic from 1971 to 2019. Billington is "Britain's longest-serving theatre critic" and the author of biographical and critical studies relating to British theatre and the arts. He is the authorised biographer of the playwright Harold Pinter (1930–2008).
2. Pierce Butler, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Pierce Butler (judge)
    
    Pierce Butler was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1923 until his death in 1939. He was a staunch conservative and was regarded as a part of the Four Horsemen, the conservative bloc that dominated the Supreme Court during the 1930s. A devout Catholic, he was the sole dissenter in the later case Buck v. Bell, though he did not write an opinion.
1938
1. Ahmed Bouanani, Moroccan filmmaker (d. 2011) births
  1. Ahmed Bouanani
    
    Ahmed Bouanani was a Moroccan film director, poet and novelist. He was best known from the 1979 film The Mirage, which featured as no.61 on the list of the best and most important 100 Arabic films commissioned by the 10th Dubai International Film Festival in 2013.
2. Kang Ning-hsiang, Taiwanese politician births
  1. Kang Ning-hsiang
    
    Kang Ning-hsiang is a Taiwanese politician. He was active in the Tangwai movement, and began his political career as a supporter of Huang Hsin-chieh. Kang served in the Taipei City Council from 1969 to 1972, when he was first elected to the Legislative Yuan, on which he served three consecutive terms, until 1984. He lost reelection in 1983, and won a fourth term in 1986. Kang was subsequently elected to the National Assembly, but left the office to accept an appointment to the Control Yuan, a position he held until 2002. He was then successively appointed an administrative deputy minister of national defense, as secretary-general of the National Security Council, and adviser to president Chen Shui-bian. Kang is a founding member of the Democratic Progressive Party, though his party membership was suspended during his tenure on the Control Yuan.
3. Walter Learning, Canadian actor (d. 2020) births
  1. Walter Learning
    
    Walter John Learning was a Canadian theatre director, actor, and founder of Theatre New Brunswick.
4. Robert Nozick, American philosopher, author, and academic (d. 2002) births
  1. Robert Nozick
    
    Robert Nozick was an American philosopher. He held the Joseph Pellegrino University Professorship at Harvard University, and was president of the American Philosophical Association. He is best known for his books Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971), in which Nozick also presented his own theory of utopia as one in which people can freely choose the rules of the society they enter into, and Philosophical Explanations (1981), which included his counterfactual theory of knowledge. His other work involved ethics, decision theory, philosophy of mind, metaphysics and epistemology. His final work before his death, Invariances (2001), introduced his theory of evolutionary cosmology, by which he argues invariances, and hence objectivity itself, emerged through evolution across possible worlds.
5. Troy Seals, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Troy Seals
    
    Troy Harold Seals is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist.
1937
1. Alan Budd, English economist and academic births
  1. Alan Budd
    
    Sir Alan Peter Budd is a prominent British economist, who was a founding member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) in 1997.
1936
1. John Moore, Australian businessman and politician births
  1. John Moore (Australian politician)
    
    John Colinton Moore is a former Australian politician. He was a Liberal member of the House of Representatives for over 25 years, serving between 1975 and 2001, and was a minister in the Fraser and Howard governments.
1935
1. Elizabeth Drew, American journalist and author births
  1. Elizabeth Drew
    
    Elizabeth Drew is an American political journalist and author.
2. Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, Iraqi-Lebanese cleric, educator, and author (d. 2010) births
  1. Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
    
    Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah was a prominent twelver Shia cleric from a Lebanese family. Born in Najaf, Iraq, Fadlallah studied Islam in Najaf before moving to Lebanon in 1952. In the following decades, he gave many lectures, engaged in intense scholarship, wrote dozens of books, founded several Islamic religious schools, and established the Mabarrat Association. Through the aforementioned association, he established a public library, a women's cultural center, and a medical clinic.
3. Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-English surgeon and academic births
  1. Magdi Yacoub
    
    Sir Magdi Habib Yacoub, is an Egyptian retired professor of cardiothoracic surgery at Imperial College London, best known for his early work in repairing heart valves with surgeon Donald Ross, adapting the Ross procedure, where the diseased aortic valve is replaced with the person's own pulmonary valve, devising the arterial switch operation (ASO) in transposition of the great arteries, and establishing the heart transplantation centre at Harefield Hospital in 1980 with a heart transplant for Derrick Morris, who at the time of his death was Europe's longest-surviving heart transplant recipient. Yacoub subsequently performed the UK's first combined heart and lung transplant in 1983.
1933
1. Garnet Mimms, American R&B singer births
  1. Garnet Mimms
    
    Garnet Mimms is an American singer, influential in soul music and rhythm and blues. He first achieved success as the lead singer of Garnet Mimms & The Enchanters, and is best known for the 1963 hit "Cry Baby", later recorded by Janis Joplin. According to Steve Huey at AllMusic, his "pleading, gospel-derived intensity made him one of the earliest true soul singers [and] his legacy remains criminally underappreciated."
1931
1. Luciano Bottaro, Italian author and illustrator (d. 2006) births
  1. Luciano Bottaro
    
    Luciano Bottaro was an Italian comic book artist.
2. Hubert Sumlin, American singer and guitarist (d. 2011) births
  1. Hubert Sumlin
    
    Hubert Charles Sumlin was a Chicago blues guitarist and singer, best known for his "wrenched, shattering bursts of notes, sudden cliff-hanger silences and daring rhythmic suspensions" as a member of Howlin' Wolf's band. He was ranked number 43 in Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
1930
1. Chinua Achebe, Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic (d. 2013) births
  1. Chinua Achebe
    
    Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as the dominant figure of modern African literature. His first novel and magnum opus, Things Fall Apart (1958), occupies a pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read African novel. Along with Things Fall Apart, his No Longer at Ease (1960) and Arrow of God (1964) complete the so-called "African Trilogy"; later novels include A Man of the People (1966) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). He is often referred to as the "father of African literature", although he vigorously rejected the characterization.
2. Paul Foytack, American baseball player births
  1. Paul Foytack
    
    Paul Eugene Foytack was an American professional baseball player and right-handed pitcher who appeared in 312 games in Major League Baseball between 1953 and 1964 for two American League clubs, the Detroit Tigers and the Los Angeles Angels. He also played one season in Nippon Professional Baseball for the 1965 Chunichi Dragons. Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Foytack was listed as 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and 175 pounds (79 kg).
3. Salvatore Riina, Italian mob boss (d. 2017) births
  1. Salvatore Riina
    
    Salvatore Riina, called Totò 'u Curtu, was an Italian mobster and chief of the Sicilian Mafia, known for a ruthless murder campaign that reached a peak in the early 1990s with the assassinations of Antimafia Commission prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, resulting in widespread public outcry and a major crackdown by the authorities. He was also known by the nicknames la belva and il capo dei capi.
1929
1. Peter Boizot, English businessman (d. 2018) births
  1. Peter Boizot
    
    Peter James Boizot MBE was an English entrepreneur, restaurateur, politician, art collector and philanthropist. He is best known as the founder of PizzaExpress.
1928
1. Clu Gulager, American actor and director (d. 2022) births
  1. Clu Gulager
    
    William Martin Gulager, better known as Clu Gulager, was an American television and film actor and director born in Holdenville, Oklahoma. He first became known for his work in television, appearing in the co-starring role of William H. Bonney in the 1960–1962 NBC television series The Tall Man and as Emmett Ryker in another NBC Western series, The Virginian. He later had a second career as a horror film actor, including a lead part in Dan O'Bannon's The Return of the Living Dead (1985). He also was in A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985). In 2005 he started acting in his son's horror films — the Feasts films and Piranha 3DD — in his 80s.
1927
1. Dolo Coker, American pianist and composer (d. 1983) births
  1. Dolo Coker
    
    Charles Mitchell "Dolo" Coker was a jazz pianist and composer who recorded four albums for Xanadu Records and extensively as a sideman, for artists like Sonny Stitt, Gene Ammons, Lou Donaldson, Art Pepper, Philly Joe Jones, and Dexter Gordon.
1924
1. Sam Farber, American businessman (d. 2013) births
  1. Sam Farber
    
    Samuel Farber was an American industrial designer and businessman.
2. Mel Patton, American sprinter and coach (d. 2014) births
  1. Mel Patton
    
    Melvin Emery Patton was an American sprinter, who set the world record in the 100 yard dash of 9.2 seconds in 1948. He also set a 220 yd world record in 1949 on a straightaway of 20.2, breaking the record held by Jesse Owens.
1922
1. Gene Amdahl, American computer scientist, physicist, and engineer (d. 2015) births
  1. Gene Amdahl
    
    Gene Myron Amdahl was an American computer architect and high-tech entrepreneur, chiefly known for his work on mainframe computers at IBM and later his own companies, especially Amdahl Corporation. He formulated Amdahl's law, which states a fundamental limitation of parallel computing.
2. José Saramago, Portuguese novelist and Nobel laureate in Literature (d. 2010) births
  1. José Saramago
    
    José de Sousa Saramago, GColSE ComSE GColCa, was a Portuguese writer and recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature for his "parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony [with which he] continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality." His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the theopoetic human factor. In 2003 Harold Bloom described Saramago as "the most gifted novelist alive in the world today" and in 2010 said he considers Saramago to be "a permanent part of the Western canon", while James Wood praises "the distinctive tone to his fiction because he narrates his novels as if he were someone both wise and ignorant."
3. Max Abraham, Polish-German physicist and academic (b. 1875) deaths
  1. Max Abraham
    
    Max Abraham was a German physicist known for his work on electromagnetism and his opposition to the theory of relativity.
1916
1. Harold Baigent, New Zealand actor and director (d. 1996) births
  1. Harold Baigent
    
    Harold Verdun Baigent , known as 'Baige', was a New Zealand theatre director, actor and arts manager. He trained as an actor in the USA at Yale University Drama School, and acted in Broadway and London stage productions, before returning to New Zealand in the late 1940s, where he founded his own drama company and worked as a drama tutor and stage manager. In the 1960s he settled in Melbourne, Australia. As director of the Emerald Hill Theatre Company and the Victorian Travelling Theatre, he was an influential figure in the Victorian theatrical scene, and played a significant role in promoting the arts in regional Victoria and South Australia. He was associated with the Warrandyte Arts Association Drama Group and performed in many productions including Twelfth Night (1964) as Malvolio, and as director of Salad Days (1968).
2. Daws Butler, American voice actor and singer (d. 1988) births
  1. Daws Butler
    
    Charles Dawson Butler was an American voice actor. He worked mostly for the Hanna-Barbera animation production company where he originated the voices of many familiar characters, including Yogi Bear, Huckleberry Hound, Snagglepuss, Auggie Doggie, Loopy De Loop, Wally Gator, Quick Draw McGraw and Baba Looey, Snooper and Blabber, Hokey Wolf, Elroy Jetson, Peter Potamus, The Funky Phantom and Hair Bear.
3. Al Lucas, Canadian-American bassist (d. 1983) births
  1. Al Lucas (musician)
    
    Albert Bennington Lucas was a Canadian jazz double-bassist.
1915
1. Jean Fritz, Chinese-American author (d. 2017) births
  1. Jean Fritz
    
    Jean Guttery Fritz was an American children's writer best known for American biography and history. She won the Children's Legacy Literature Award for her career contribution to American children's literature in 1986. She turned 100 in November 2015 and died in May 2017 at the age of 101.
1914
1. Eddie Chapman, English spy (d. 1997) births
  1. Eddie Chapman
    
    Edward Arnold Chapman was an English criminal and wartime spy. During the Second World War he offered his services to Nazi Germany as a spy and subsequently became a British double agent. His British Secret Service handlers codenamed him Agent Zigzag in acknowledgement of his erratic personal history.
1913
1. Ellen Albertini Dow, American actress (d. 2015) births
  1. Ellen Albertini Dow
    
    Ellen Rose Albertini Dow was an American film and television character actress and drama coach. She portrayed feisty old ladies and is best known as the rapping grandmother Rosie in The Wedding Singer (1998), performing "Rapper's Delight". Dow's other film roles include elderly lady Mary Cleary who "outs" her grandson in Wedding Crashers, Disco Dottie in 54, the recipient of Christopher Lloyd's character's slapstick in Radioland Murders and a choir nun in Sister Act. She was best known to small screen audiences for her guest appearances on sitcoms The Golden Girls and Will & Grace.
2. George Barham, English businessman, founded Express County Milk Supply Company (b. 1836) deaths
  1. George Barham
    
    Sir George Barham was an English businessman and founder of the Express County Milk Company, later to become Express Dairies. He is sometimes described as the father of the British dairying industry.
  2. Express Dairies
    
    Express Dairies is a former brand of Dairy Crest, that specialised almost entirely in home deliveries of milk, and other dairy products.
1912
1. George O. Petrie, American actor and director (d. 1997) births
  1. George O. Petrie
    
    George O. Petrie was an American radio and television actor.
2. W. E. D. Ross, Canadian actor, playwright, and author (d. 1995) births
  1. W. E. D. Ross
    
    William Edward Daniel Ross was a Canadian actor, playwright, and bestselling writer of more than 300 novels in a variety of genres. He was known for the speed of his writing and was, by some estimates, the most prolific Canadian author ever, though he did not take up fiction until middle age.
1911
1. A. A. Ames, American physician and politician, 9th Mayor of Minneapolis (b. 1842) deaths
  1. A. A. Ames
    
    Albert Alonzo "Doc" Ames was an American physician and politician who held four non-consecutive terms as mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota. His fourth term was marked by multiple prosecutions for political corruption, extortion, and racketeering in a scandal which was publicized nationwide by muckraking journalist Lincoln Steffens in a 1903 article in McClure's Magazine titled The Shame of Minneapolis. Ames was found guilty of corruption, but after a successful appeal and multiple mistrials the charges were dropped. Erik Rivenes, however, has called the downfall of Mayor Ames, "one of the greatest political scandals in Minnesota history."
  2. List of mayors of Minneapolis
    
    This is a list of mayors of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The current mayor is Jacob Frey (DFL).
2. Lawrence Feuerbach, American shot putter (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Lawrence Feuerbach
    
    Lawrence Edward Joseph "Leon" Feuerbach was an American athlete who competed mainly in the shot put.
1909
1. Mirza Nasir Ahmad, Indian-Pakistani religious leader (d. 1982) births
  1. Mirza Nasir Ahmad
    
    Hāfiz Mirza Nasir Ahmad was the third caliph, head of the Ahmadiyya Community. He was elected as the third successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad on 8 November 1965, the day after the death of his predecessor and father, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad.
1908
1. Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, French-Canadian lawyer and politician, 4th Premier of Quebec (b. 1829) deaths
  1. Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière
    
    Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, lawyer, businessman and politician served as the fourth premier of Quebec, a federal Cabinet minister, and the seventh Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.
  2. Premier of Quebec
    
    The premier of Quebec is the head of government of the Canadian province of Quebec. The current premier of Quebec is François Legault of the Coalition Avenir Québec, sworn in on October 18, 2018, following that year's election.
1907
1. Burgess Meredith, American actor, singer, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1997) births
  1. Burgess Meredith
    
    Oliver Burgess Meredith was an American actor and filmmaker whose career encompassed theater, film, and television.
2. Robert I, Duke of Parma (b. 1848) deaths
  1. Robert I, Duke of Parma
    
    Robert I was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese.
1905
1. Eddie Condon, American guitarist and banjo player (d. 1973) births
  1. Eddie Condon
    
    Albert Edwin Condon was an American jazz banjoist, guitarist, and bandleader. A leading figure in Chicago jazz, he also played piano and sang.
1904
1. Nnamdi Azikiwe, 1st President of Nigeria (d. 1996) births
  1. Nnamdi Azikiwe
    
    Nnamdi Benjamin Azikiwe, PC, usually referred to as "Zik", was a Nigerian statesman and political leader who served as the first President of Nigeria from 1963 to 1966. Considered a driving force behind the nation's independence, he came to be known as the "father of Nigerian Nationalism".
1903
1. Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1895–1903)
    
    Princess Elisabeth Marie Alice Viktoria of Hesse and by Rhine was a German Hessian and Rhenish child princess, the only daughter of Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, and his first wife, Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She was named after her paternal great-grandmother, who was born Princess Elisabeth of Prussia. Her paternal aunt had the same name and was also nicknamed Ella. Elisabeth's early death was rumored to be a result of poison meant for her uncle, Tsar Nicholas II, but the court physician said she died of virulent typhoid fever, probably caused by her taking a drink of water from a contaminated stream.
1900
1. Eliška Junková, Czechoslovakian race car driver (d. 1994) births
  1. Eliška Junková
    
    Eliška Junková-Khásová, also known as Elisabeth Junek, was a Czechoslovak automobile racer. She is regarded as one of the most significant drivers in Grand Prix motor racing history, and was the first woman to win a Grand Prix event.
1899
1. Mary Margaret McBride, American radio host (d. 1976) births
  1. Mary Margaret McBride
    
    Mary Margaret McBride was an American radio interview host and writer. Her popular radio shows spanned more than 40 years. In the 1940s the daily audience for her housewife-oriented program numbered from six to eight million listeners. She was called "The First Lady of Radio."
1897
1. Choudhry Rahmat Ali, Indian-Pakistani academic (d. 1951) births
  1. Choudhry Rahmat Ali
    
    Choudhry Rehmat Ali was a Pakistani nationalist who was one of the earliest proponents of the creation of the state of Pakistan. He is credited with creating the name "Pakistan" for a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia and is generally known as the originator of the Pakistan Movement.
1896
1. Joan Lindsay, Australian author and critic (d. 1984) births
  1. Joan Lindsay
    
    Joan à Beckett Lindsay, also known as Lady Lindsay, was an Australian novelist, playwright, essayist, and visual artist. Trained in her youth as a painter, Lindsay published her first literary work in 1936 at age forty under a pseudonym, a satirical novel titled Through Darkest Pondelayo. Her second novel, Time Without Clocks, was published nearly thirty years later, and was a semi-autobiographical account of the early years of her marriage to artist Daryl Lindsay.
2. Oswald Mosley, English fascist leader and politician (d. 1980) births
  1. Oswald Mosley
    
    Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet was a British politician during the 1920s and 1930s who rose to fame when, having become disillusioned with mainstream politics, he turned to fascism. He was a member of parliament and later founded and led the British Union of Fascists (BUF).
3. Lawrence Tibbett, American actor and singer (d. 1960) births
  1. Lawrence Tibbett
    
    Lawrence Mervil Tibbett was an American opera singer and recording artist who also performed as a film actor and radio personality. A baritone, he sang leading roles with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City more than 600 times from 1923 to 1950. He performed diverse musical theatre roles, including Captain Hook in Peter Pan in a touring show.
1895
1. Paul Hindemith, German composer, violist and conductor (d. 1963) births
  1. Paul Hindemith
    
    Paul Hindemith was a German composer, music theorist, teacher, violist and conductor. He founded the Amar Quartet in 1921, touring extensively in Europe. As a composer, he became a major advocate of the Neue Sachlichkeit style of music in the 1920s, with compositions such as Kammermusik, including works with viola and viola d'amore as solo instruments in a neo-Bachian spirit. Other notable compositions include his song cycle Das Marienleben (1923), Der Schwanendreher for viola and orchestra (1935), the opera Mathis der Maler (1938), the Symphonic Metamorphosis of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber (1943), and the oratorio When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd, a requiem based on Walt Whitman's poem (1946).
1894
1. Bobby Cruickshank, American golfer (d. 1975) births
  1. Bobby Cruickshank
    
    Robert Allan Cruickshank was a prominent professional golfer from Scotland. He competed in the PGA of America circuit from the early 1920s to the mid-1930s, the forerunner of today's PGA Tour.
2. Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Austrian philosopher and politician (d. 1972) births
  1. Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
    
    Richard Nikolaus Eijiro, Count of Coudenhove-Kalergi was an Austrian-Japanese politician, philosopher and Count of Coudenhove-Kalergi. A pioneer of European integration, he served as the founding president of the Paneuropean Union for 49 years. His parents were Heinrich von Coudenhove-Kalergi, an Austro-Hungarian diplomat, and Mitsuko Aoyama, the daughter of an oil merchant, antiques-dealer and major landowner in Tokyo. His childhood name in Japan was Aoyama Eijiro. He became a Czechoslovak citizen in 1919 and then took French nationality from 1939 until his death.
1892
1. Guo Moruo, Chinese historian, author, and poet (d. 1978) births
  1. Guo Moruo
    
    Guo Moruo, courtesy name Dingtang (鼎堂), was a Chinese author, poet, historian, archaeologist, and government official.
2. Tazio Nuvolari, Italian race car driver and motorcycle racer (d. 1953) births
  1. Tazio Nuvolari
    
    Tazio Giorgio Nuvolari was an Italian racing driver. He first raced motorcycles and then concentrated on sports cars and single-seaters. A resident of Mantua, he was known as 'Il Mantovano Volante' and nicknamed 'Nivola'. His victories—72 major races, 150 in all—included 24 Grands Prix, five Coppa Cianos, two Mille Miglias, two Targa Florios, two RAC Tourist Trophies, a Le Mans 24-hour race, and a European Championship in Grand Prix racing. Ferdinand Porsche called him "the greatest driver of the past, the present, and the future."
1890
1. Elpidio Quirino, 6th President of the Philippines (d. 1956) births
  1. Elpidio Quirino
    
    Elpidio Rivera Quirino was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the sixth president of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953.
1889
1. George S. Kaufman, American director, producer, and playwright (d. 1961) births
  1. George S. Kaufman
    
    George Simon Kaufman was an American playwright, theater director and producer, humorist, and drama critic. In addition to comedies and political satire, he wrote several musicals for the Marx Brothers and others. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the musical Of Thee I Sing in 1932, and won again in 1937 for the play You Can't Take It with You. He also won the Tony Award for Best Director in 1951 for the musical Guys and Dolls.
2. Dietrich Kraiß, German general (d. 1944) births
  1. Dietrich Kraiss
    
    Dietrich Kraiss was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.
1888
1. Luis Cluzeau Mortet, Uruguayan pianist and composer (d. 1957) births
  1. Luis Cluzeau Mortet
    
    Luis Cluzeau Mortet was a Uruguayan composer and musician.
1885
1. Louis Riel, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Louis Riel
    
    Louis Riel was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people. He led two resistance movements against the Government of Canada and its first prime minister John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to defend Métis rights and identity as the Northwest Territories came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence.
1884
1. František Chvostek, Czech-Austrian soldier and physician (b. 1835) deaths
  1. František Chvostek
    
    František Chvostek was a Czech-Austrian military physician. He is most notable for having described Chvostek's sign which he described in 1876.
1883
1. Emil Breitkreutz, American runner and coach (d. 1972) births
  1. Emil Breitkreutz
    
    Emil William Breitkreutz was an American middle-distance runner who won a bronze medal in the Olympic 800 meters final in the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri.
1878
1. Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874–1878)
    
    Princess Marie Viktoria Feodore Leopoldine of Hesse and by Rhine was a Hessian and Rhenish princess, a member of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt. She was the youngest child and fifth daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom. Her mother was the second daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Marie died of diphtheria and was buried with her mother, who died a few weeks later of the same disease.
1874
1. Alexander Kolchak, Russian admiral and explorer (d. 1920) births
  1. Alexander Kolchak
    
    Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was an Imperial Russian admiral, military leader and polar explorer who served in the Imperial Russian Navy and fought in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and the First World War. During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922 he established an anti-communist government in Siberia — later the Provisional All-Russian Government — and became recognized as the "Supreme Leader and Commander-in-Chief of All Russian Land and Sea Forces" by the other leaders of the White movement from 1918 to 1920. His government was based in Omsk, in southwestern Siberia.
1873
1. W. C. Handy, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1958) births
  1. W. C. Handy
    
    William Christopher Handy was an American composer and musician who referred to himself as the Father of the Blues. Handy was one of the most influential songwriters in the United States. One of many musicians who played the distinctively American blues music, Handy did not create the blues genre but was the first to publish music in the blues form, thereby taking the blues from a regional music style with a limited audience to a new level of popularity.
1862
1. Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (d. 1944) births
  1. Charles Turner (Australian cricketer)
    
    Charles Thomas Biass Turner was a bowler who is regarded as one of the finest ever produced by Australia. Among his accomplishments were:taking 283 wickets in the English season of 1888 for 11.27 runs each. This tally was 69 wickets ahead of Ted Peate's 1882 record, and has been bettered only by Tom Richardson in 1895 and Tich Freeman in 1928 and 1933. taking 314 wickets in all matches in 1888. taking 106 wickets in twelve matches in the Australian season of 1887–88 – a record for any bowler in Australia taking 17 wickets for 50 runs against An England Eleven at Hastings in 1888. Of these 17, 14 were bowled, two lbw and one stumped. being the first Australian bowler to reach 100 wickets in Test matches. his 12 for 87 against England in his record season of 1887–1888 is still the best bowling analysis for a Test at the SCG. the only bowler to take 50 wickets in their first six Test matches.
1861
1. Luigi Facta, Italian politician and journalist (d. 1930) births
  1. Luigi Facta
    
    Luigi Facta was an Italian politician, lawyer and journalist and the last Prime Minister of Italy before the leadership of Benito Mussolini.
2. Georgina Febres-Cordero, Venezuelan nun (d. 1925) births
  1. Georgina Febres-Cordero
    
    Georgina Josefa del Carmen Febres Cordero-Troconis, also known as Mother Georgina was a Venezuelan nun.
1856
1. Jürgen Kröger, German architect (d. 1928) births
  1. Jürgen Kröger
    
    Jürgen Kröger was a German architect, active from 1880 to 1920. He bore the title "(kaiserlicher) Baurat" in 1908, and was an architectural advisor to German Emperor Wilhelm II. Kröger is most notable for his construction of Protestant church buildings. The poet Timm Kröger was his uncle.
1851
1. Minnie Hauk, American-Swiss soprano and actress (d. 1929) births
  1. Minnie Hauk
    
    Amalia Mignon Hauck "Minnie" Hauk was an American operatic first dramatic soprano than mezzo-soprano.
1847
1. Edmund James Flynn, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1927) births
  1. Edmund James Flynn
    
    Edmund James Flynn was a Canadian politician and the tenth premier of Quebec, from 1896 to 1897.
1841
1. Jules Violle, French physicist and academic (d. 1923) births
  1. Jules Violle
    
    Jules Louis Gabriel Violle was a French physicist and inventor.
1839
1. Louis-Honoré Fréchette, Canadian poet, author, and politician (d. 1908) births
  1. Louis-Honoré Fréchette
    
    Louis-Honoré Fréchette,, was a Canadian poet, politician, playwright, and short story writer. For his prose, he would be the first Quebecois to receive the Prix Montyon from the Académie française, as well as the first Canadian to receive any honor of this kind from a European nation.
1836
1. Kalākaua of Hawaii (d. 1891) births
  1. Kalākaua
    
    Kalākaua, sometimes called The Merrie Monarch, was the last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, reigning from February 12, 1874, until his death in 1891. Succeeding Lunalilo, he was elected to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against Queen Emma. Kalākaua had a convivial personality and enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and ukulele playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee, the hula, which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom, became a celebration of Hawaiian culture.
2. Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, South African-French mycologist and academic (b. 1761) deaths
  1. Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
    
    Christiaan Hendrik Persoon was a German mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.
1811
1. John Bright, English academic and politician (d. 1889) births
  1. John Bright
    
    John Bright was a British Radical and Liberal statesman, one of the greatest orators of his generation and a promoter of free trade policies.
1808
1. Mustafa IV, Ottoman sultan (b. 1779) deaths
  1. Mustafa IV
    
    Mustafa IV was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808.
1807
1. Jónas Hallgrímsson, Icelandic poet, author and naturalist (d. 1845) births
  1. Jónas Hallgrímsson
    
    Jónas Hallgrímsson was an Icelandic poet, author and naturalist. He was one of the founders of the Icelandic journal Fjölnir, which was first published in Copenhagen in 1835. The magazine was used by Jónas and his fellow Fjölnismenn to promote Icelandic nationalism, in the hope of giving impetus to the Icelandic Independence Movement. Jónas remains one of Iceland's most beloved poets, penning some of the best-known Icelandic poems about Iceland and its people. Since 1996, Jónas's birthday has been officially recognised in Iceland as the Day of the Icelandic Language. On 16 November each year, the Jónas Hallgrímsson Award is awarded to an individual for their outstanding contribution to the Icelandic Language.
1806
1. Mary Tyler Peabody Mann, American author and educator (d. 1887) births
  1. Mary Tyler Mann
    
    Mary Tyler Mann was a teacher, author, and mother. She was the wife of Horace Mann, American education reformer and politician.
2. Moses Cleaveland, American general, lawyer, and politician, founded Cleveland, Ohio (b. 1754) deaths
  1. Moses Cleaveland
    
    Moses Cleaveland was an American lawyer, politician, soldier, and surveyor from Connecticut who founded the city of Cleveland, Ohio, while surveying the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1796. During the American Revolution, Cleaveland was the brigadier general of the Connecticut militia.
  2. Cleveland
    
    Cleveland, officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. maritime border with Canada, 252 miles (406 km) northeast of Cincinnati, 143 miles (230 km) northeast of Columbus, and approximately 60 miles west of Pennsylvania.
1802
1. André Michaux, French botanist and explorer (b. 1746) deaths
  1. André Michaux
    
    André Michaux, also styled Andrew Michaud, was a French botanist and explorer. He is most noted for his study of North American flora. In addition Michaux collected specimens in England, Spain, France, and even Persia. His work was part of a larger European effort to gather knowledge about the natural world. Michaux's contributions include Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique and Flora Boreali-Americana which continued to be botanical references well into the 19th century. His son, François André Michaux, also became an authoritative botanist.
1797
1. Frederick William II of Prussia (b. 1744) deaths
  1. Frederick William II of Prussia
    
    Frederick William II was King of Prussia from 1786 until his death in 1797. He was in personal union the Prince-elector of Brandenburg and sovereign prince of the Canton of Neuchâtel. Pleasure-loving and indolent, he is seen as the antithesis to his predecessor, Frederick the Great.. Under his reign, Prussia was weakened internally and externally, and he failed to deal adequately with the challenges to the existing order posed by the French Revolution. His religious policies were directed against the Enlightenment and aimed at restoring a traditional Protestantism. However, he was a patron of the arts and responsible for the construction of some notable buildings, among them the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all dedicated works to him.
1793
1. Francis Danby, Irish painter of the Romantic era (d. 1861) births
  1. Francis Danby
    
    Francis Danby was an Irish painter of the Romantic era. His imaginative, dramatic landscapes were comparable to those of John Martin. Danby initially developed his imaginative style while he was the central figure in a group of artists who have come to be known as the Bristol School. His period of greatest success was in London in the 1820s.
1790
1. Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, American politician (b. 1723) deaths
  1. Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
    
    Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer was a politician, a Founding Father of the United States, and a signer of the United States Constitution. He was a leader for many years in Maryland's colonial government, but when conflict arose with Great Britain Jenifer embraced the Patriot cause.
1779
1. Pehr Kalm, Finnish botanist and explorer (b. 1716) deaths
  1. Pehr Kalm
    
    Pehr Kalm, also known as Peter Kalm, was a Swedish explorer, botanist, naturalist, and agricultural economist. He was one of the most important apostles of Carl Linnaeus.
1774
1. Georg von Cancrin, German-Russian Minister of Finance (d. 1845) births
  1. Georg Ludwig Cancrin
    
    Count Georg Ludwig Cancrin was a Russian German aristocrat and as a politician best known for spearheading reforms in the Russian financial system early in the 19th century.
1773
1. John Hawkesworth, English journalist and author (b. 1715) deaths
  1. John Hawkesworth (book editor)
    
    John Hawkesworth LLD was an English writer and book editor, born in London.
1758
1. Peter Andreas Heiberg, Danish philologist and author (d. 1841) births
  1. Peter Andreas Heiberg
    
    Peter Andreas Heiberg was a Danish-Norwegian author and philologist. He was born in Vordingborg, Denmark-Norway. The Heiberg ancestry can be traced back to Norway, and has produced a long line of priests, headmasters and other learned men. His father was the Norwegian-born headteacher of the grammar school in Vordingborg, Ludvig Heiberg, whilst his mother was Inger Margrethe, daughter of the vicar at the manor of Vemmetofte Peder Heiberg, a relative of Ludvig Heiberg, and Inger Hørning, who came from a family of wealthy Danish merchants.
1753
1. James McHenry, Irish-American surgeon and politician (d. 1816) births
  1. James McHenry
    
    James McHenry was a Scotch-Irish American military surgeon, statesman, and a Founding Father of the United States. McHenry was a signer of the United States Constitution from Maryland, initiated the recommendation for Congress to form the Navy, and was the eponym of Fort McHenry. He represented Maryland in the Continental Congress. He was a delegate to the Maryland State Convention of 1788, to vote whether Maryland should ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States. He served as United States Secretary of War from 1796 to 1800, bridging the administrations of George Washington and John Adams.
1750
1. Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough, English lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1818) births
  1. Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough
    
    Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough,, was an English judge. After serving as a member of parliament and Attorney General, he became Lord Chief Justice.
1745
1. James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1665) deaths
  1. James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde
    
    James FitzJames Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, (1665–1745) was an Irish statesman and soldier. He was the third of the Kilcash branch of the family to inherit the earldom of Ormond. Like his grandfather, the 1st Duke, he was raised as a Protestant, unlike his extended family who held to Roman Catholicism. He served in the campaign to put down the Monmouth Rebellion, in the Williamite War in Ireland, in the Nine Years' War and in the War of the Spanish Succession but was accused of treason and went into exile after the Jacobite rising of 1715.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
    
    Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, or more formally Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 until the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922). The office, under its various names, was often more generally known as the Viceroy, and his wife was known as the vicereine. The government of Ireland in practice was usually in the hands of the Lord Deputy up to the 17th century, and later of the Chief Secretary for Ireland.
1724
1. Jack Sheppard, English criminal (b. 1702) deaths
  1. Jack Sheppard
    
    Jack Sheppard, or "Honest Jack", was a notorious English thief and prison escapee of early 18th-century London.
1720
1. Carlo Antonio Campioni, French-Italian composer (d. 1788) births
  1. Charles-Antoine Campion
    
    Charles-Antoine Campion, italianized as Carlo Antonio Campioni was a French-Italian composer who was born in Lorraine, France. He was a prolific composer and represented a link between Baroque compositional methods and those of the Classical style.
1717
1. Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher (d. 1793) births
  1. Jean le Rond d'Alembert
    
    Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was, together with Denis Diderot, a co-editor of the Encyclopédie. D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The wave equation is sometimes referred to as d'Alembert's equation, and the fundamental theorem of algebra is named after d'Alembert in French.
1715
1. Girolamo Abos, Maltese-Italian composer and educator (d. 1760) births
  1. Girolamo Abos
    
    Girolamo Abos, last name also given Avos or d'Avossa and baptized Geronimo Abos, was a Maltese-Italian composer of both operas and church music.
1695
1. Pierre Nicole, French philosopher and author (b. 1625) deaths
  1. Pierre Nicole
    
    Pierre Nicole was one of the most distinguished of the French Jansenists.
1688
1. Bengt Gottfried Forselius, Swedish-Estonian scholar and author (b. 1660) deaths
  1. Bengt Gottfried Forselius
    
    Bengt Gottfried Forselius was a founder of public education in Estonia, author of the first ABC-book in the Estonian language, and creator of a spelling system which made the teaching and learning of Estonian easier. Forselius and Johann Hornung were mainly responsible for making a start at reforming the Estonian literary language in the late 17th century. Some German constructions were abandoned, and a strict spelling system was adopted which still relied on German orthography.
1648
1. Charles Duncombe, English banker and politician (d. 1711) births
  1. Charles Duncombe (English banker)
    
    Sir Charles Duncombe of Teddington, Middlesex and Barford, Wiltshire, was an English banker and Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1685 and 1711. He served as Lord Mayor of London from 1708 to 1709. He made a fortune in banking and was said to be worth £400,000 later in life, and the richest commoner in England on his death.
1643
1. Jean Chardin, French-English jeweler and explorer (d. 1703) births
  1. Jean Chardin
    
    Jean Chardin, born Jean-Baptiste Chardin, and also known as Sir John Chardin, was a French jeweller and traveller whose ten-volume book The Travels of Sir John Chardin is regarded as one of the finest works of early Western scholarship on Safavid Iran and the Near East in general.
1628
1. Paolo Quagliati, Italian organist and composer (b. 1555) deaths
  1. Paolo Quagliati
    
    Paolo Quagliati was an Italian composer of the early Baroque era and a member of the Roman School of composers. He was a transitional figure between the late Renaissance style and the earliest Baroque and was one of the first to write solo madrigals in the conservative musical center of Rome.
1625
1. Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian painter (b. c. 1532) deaths
  1. Sofonisba Anguissola
    
    Sofonisba Anguissola, also known as Sophonisba Angussola or Sophonisba Anguisciola, was an Italian Renaissance painter born in Cremona to a relatively poor noble family. She received a well-rounded education that included the fine arts, and her apprenticeship with local painters set a precedent for women to be accepted as students of art. As a young woman, Anguissola traveled to Rome where she was introduced to Michelangelo, who immediately recognized her talent, and to Milan, where she painted the Duke of Alba. The Spanish queen, Elizabeth of Valois, was a keen amateur painter and in 1559 Anguissola was recruited to go to Madrid as her tutor, with the rank of lady-in-waiting. She later became an official court painter to the king, Philip II, and adapted her style to the more formal requirements of official portraits for the Spanish court. After the queen's death, Philip helped arrange an aristocratic marriage for her. She moved to Sicily, and later Pisa and Genoa, where she continued to practice as a leading portrait painter.
1613
1. Trajano Boccalini, Italian author and educator (b. 1556) deaths
  1. Trajano Boccalini
    
    Trajano Boccalini was an Italian satirist.
1603
1. Augustyn Kordecki, Polish monk (d. 1673) births
  1. Augustyn Kordecki
    
    Abbot Augustyn Kordecki was a prior of the Jasna Góra Monastery, Poland.
2. Pierre Charron, French Catholic theologian and philosopher (b. 1541) deaths
  1. Pierre Charron
    
    Pierre Charron, French Catholic theologian and major contributor to the new thought of the 17th century. He is remembered for his controversial form of skepticism and his separation of ethics from religion as an independent philosophical discipline.
1601
1. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland (b. 1542) deaths
  1. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland
    
    Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was an English nobleman and one of the leaders of the Rising of the North in 1569.
1580
1. Marie of Baden-Sponheim, German Noblewoman (b. 1507) deaths
  1. Marie of Baden-Sponheim
    
    Marie Jakobaea of Baden-Sponheim was a German noblewoman and duchess consort of Bavaria.
1569
1. Paul Sartorius, German organist and composer (d. 1609) births
  1. Paul Sartorius (composer)
    
    Paul Sartorius was a German composer and organist.
1566
1. Anna Juliana Gonzaga, Archduchess of Austria and nun (d. 1621) births
  1. Anna Juliana Gonzaga
    
    Anna Juliana Gonzaga, O.S.M., was an Archduchess of Austria who became a Religious Sister of the Servite Order after the death of her husband, the Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria. A cause for her canonization is open but has not advanced since the 17th century.
1540
1. Princess Cecilia of Sweden (d. 1627) births
  1. Princess Cecilia of Sweden
    
    Cecilia of Sweden, was Princess of Sweden as the daughter of King Gustav I and his second wife, Margaret Leijonhufvud, and Margravine of Baden-Rodemachern as the wife of Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern. She is the most famous daughter of Gustav I, known for a courtship scandal in connection with a sister's wedding and for a lengthy stay in England under Elizabeth I where her first child was born.
1538
1. Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitioner, Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606) births
  1. Turibius of Mogrovejo
    
    Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo was a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the Archbishop of Lima from 1579 until his death. He first studied in the humanities and law before serving as a professor and later as the Grand Inquisitor at the behest of King Philip II. His piety and learning had reached the ears of the king who appointed him to that position which was considered unusual since he had no previous government or judicial experience. His noted work for the Inquisition earned him praise from the king who nominated him for the vacant Lima archdiocese. The pope confirmed this despite his protests.
1531
1. Anna d'Este, Duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607) births
  1. Anna d'Este
    
    Anna d'Este was an important princess with considerable influence at the court of France and a central figure in the French Wars of Religion. In her first marriage she was Duchess of Aumale, then of Guise, in her second marriage Duchess of Nemours and Genevois.
1528
1. Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572) births
  1. Jeanne d'Albret
    
    Jeanne d'Albret, also known as Jeanne III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572. She married Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, becoming the Duchess of Vendôme and was the mother of Henri de Bourbon, who became King Henry III of Navarre and IV of France, the first Bourbon king of France.
1494
1. Theda Ukena, German noble (b. 1432) deaths
  1. Theda Ukena
    
    Theda Ukena was from 1466 to about 1480 regent of the County of East Frisia.
1483
1. Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse, German noble (d. 1522) births
  1. Elisabeth of the Palatinate, Landgravine of Hesse
    
    Elizabeth of the Palatinate was a member of the House of Wittelsbach and a Countess Palatine of Simmern and by marriage, successively Landgravine of Hesse-Marburg and Margravine of Baden.
1466
1. Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Florentine philosopher (d. 1522) births
  1. Francesco Cattani da Diacceto
    
    Francesco Cattani da Diacceto was a Florentine Neoplatonist philosopher of the Italian Renaissance.
1464
1. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (b. 1406) deaths
  1. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
    
    John, nicknamed the Alchemist was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and served as the peace-loving Margrave of Brandenburg after the abdication of his father, Frederick I, the first member of the House of Hohenzollern to rule Brandenburg.
1457
1. Beatrice of Naples, Hungarian queen (d. 1508) births
  1. Beatrice of Naples
    
    Beatrice of Naples, also known as Beatrice of Aragon, was twice Queen of Hungary and of Bohemia by marriage to Matthias Corvinus and Vladislaus II. She was the daughter of Ferdinand I of Naples and Isabella of Clermont.
1436
1. Leonardo Loredan, Italian ruler (d. 1521) births
  1. Leonardo Loredan
    
    Leonardo Loredan was a Venetian nobleman and statesman who reigned as the 75th Doge of Venice from 1501 until his death in 1521. A wartime ruler, his dogeship was one of the most important in the history of Venice. In the dramatic events of the early 16th century, Loredan's Machiavellian plots and cunning political manoeuvres against the League of Cambrai, the Ottomans, the Mamluks, the Pope, the Republic of Genoa, the Holy Roman Empire, the French, the Egyptians and the Portuguese saved Venice from downfall.
1328
1. Prince Hisaaki, Japanese shōgun (b. 1276) deaths
  1. Prince Hisaaki
    
    Prince Hisaaki , also known as Prince Hisaakira, was the eighth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan.
1322
1. Nasr, Sultan of Granada (b. 1287) deaths
  1. Nasr of Granada
    
    Nasr, full name Abu al-Juyush Nasr ibn Muhammad, was the fourth Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada from 14 March 1309 until his abdication on 8 February 1314. He was the son of Muhammad II al-Faqih and Shams al-Duha. He ascended the throne after his brother Muhammad III was dethroned in a palace revolution. At the time of his accession, Granada faced a three-front war against Castile, Aragon and the Marinid Sultanate, triggered by his predecessor's foreign policy. He made peace with the Marinids in September 1309, ceding to them the African port of Ceuta, which had already been captured, as well as Algeciras and Ronda in Europe. Granada lost Gibraltar to a Castilian siege in September, but successfully defended Algeciras until it was given to the Marinids, who continued its defense until the siege was abandoned in January 1310. James II of Aragon sued for peace after Granadan defenders defeated the Aragonese siege of Almería in December 1309, withdrawing his forces and leaving the Emirate's territories by January. In the ensuing treaty, Nasr agreed to pay tributes and indemnities to Ferdinand IV of Castile and yield some border towns in exchange for seven years of peace.
  2. Emirate of Granada
    
    The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic realm in southern Iberia during the Late Middle Ages. It was the last independent Muslim state in Western Europe.
1272
1. Henry III of England (b. 1207) deaths
  1. Henry III of England
    
    Henry III, also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala Bicchieri declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, a later version of the 1215 Magna Carta, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son Richard broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.
1264
1. Emperor Lizong of Song China (b. 1205) deaths
  1. Emperor Lizong
    
    Emperor Lizong of Song, personal name Zhao Yun, was the 14th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the fifth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He reigned from 1224 to 1264.
  2. Song dynasty
    
    The Song dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties in northern China. After retreating to southern China, the Song was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
1240
1. Edmund Rich, English archbishop and saint (b. 1175) deaths
  1. Edmund of Abingdon
    
    Edmund of Abingdon was an English-born prelate who served as Archbishop of Canterbury. He became a respected lecturer in mathematics, dialectics and theology at the Universities of Paris and Oxford, promoting the study of Aristotle. Having already an unsought reputation as an ascetic, he was ordained a priest, took a doctorate in divinity and soon became known not only for his lectures on theology but as a popular preacher, spending long years travelling within England, and engaging in 1227 preaching the sixth crusade. Obliged to accept an appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Gregory IX, he combined a gentle personal temperament with a strong public stature and severity towards King Henry III in defence of Magna Carta and in general of good civil and Church government and justice. He also worked for strict observance in monastic life and negotiated peace with Llywelyn the Great. His policies earned him hostility and jealousy from the king, and opposition from several monasteries and from the clergy of Canterbury Cathedral. He died in France at the beginning of a journey to Rome in 1240. He was canonised in 1246.
2. Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Arab philosopher (b. 1165) deaths
  1. Ibn Arabi
    
    Ibn ʿArabī, nicknamed al-Qushayrī and Sulṭān al-ʿĀrifīn, was an Arab Andalusian Muslim scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher, extremely influential within Islamic thought. Out of the 850 works attributed to him, some 700 are authentic while over 400 are still extant. His cosmological teachings became the dominant worldview in many parts of the Muslim world.
1131
1. Dobrodeia of Kiev, Rus princess and author of medical books deaths
  1. Dobrodeia of Kiev
    
    Dobrodeia of Kiev, was a Rus' princess, spouse of the Byzantine co-emperor Alexios Komnenos, and author on medicine.
1093
1. Saint Margaret of Scotland (b. 1045) deaths
  1. Saint Margaret of Scotland
    
    Saint Margaret of Scotland, also known as Margaret of Wessex, was an English princess and a Scottish queen. Margaret was sometimes called "The Pearl of Scotland". Born in the Kingdom of Hungary to the expatriate English prince Edward the Exile, Margaret and her family returned to England in 1057. Following the death of king Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, her brother Edgar Ætheling was elected as King of England but never crowned. After she and her family fled north, Margaret married Malcolm III of Scotland by the end of 1070.
1005
1. Ælfric of Abingdon, Archbishop of Canterbury deaths
  1. Ælfric of Abingdon
    
    Ælfric of Abingdon was a late 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury. He previously held the offices of abbot of St Albans Abbey and Bishop of Ramsbury, as well as likely being the abbot of Abingdon Abbey. After his election to Canterbury, he continued to hold the bishopric of Ramsbury along with the archbishopric of Canterbury until his death in 1005. Ælfric may have altered the composition of Canterbury's cathedral chapter by changing the clergy serving in the cathedral from secular clergy to monks. In his will he left a ship to King Æthelred II of England as well as more ships to other legatees.
  2. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
987
1. Shen Lun, Chinese scholar-official deaths
  1. Shen Lun
    
    Shen Lun, known as Shen Yilun before 976, was a scholar-official who successively served the Later Han, Later Zhou and Song dynasties. He was one of the Song dynasty grand councilors between 973 and 982.
  2. Scholar-official
    
    The scholar-officials, also known as literati, scholar-gentlemen or scholar-bureaucrats, were government officials and prestigious scholars in Chinese society, forming a distinct social class.
897
1. Gu Yanhui, Chinese warlord deaths
  1. Gu Yanhui
    
    Gu Yanhui (顧彥暉) was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who controlled Dongchuan Circuit from 891, when he succeeded his brother Gu Yanlang, to 897, when he, facing defeat against one-time ally Wang Jian, committed suicide with his family members.
  2. Warlord
    
    A warlord is a person who exercises military, economic, and political control over a region in a country without a strong national government; largely because of coercive control over the armed forces. Warlords have existed throughout much of history, albeit in a variety of different capacities within the political, economic, and social structure of states or ungoverned territories. The term is most often applied to China in the mid-19th century and the early 20th century. The term can also be used for any supreme military leader.
-42
1. Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37 AD) births
  1. Tiberius
    
    Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father was the politician Tiberius Claudius Nero and his mother was Livia Drusilla, who would eventually divorce his father, and marry the future-emperor Augustus in 38 BC. Following the untimely deaths of Augustus' two grandsons and adopted heirs, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, Tiberius was designated Augustus' successor. Prior to this, Tiberius had proved himself an able diplomat, and one of the most successful Roman generals: his conquests of Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and (temporarily) parts of Germania laid the foundations for the empire's northern frontier.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Africus
1. Saint Africus
  
  Saint Africus was a 7th-century French Roman Catholic saint about whom very little is known. He was the Confessor of Comminges and also the bishop of Comminges in southern France (Haute-Garonne).
Christian feast day: Agnes of Assisi
1. Agnes of Assisi
  
  Agnes of Assisi was a younger sister of Clare of Assisi and one of the first abbesses of the Order of Poor Ladies. Pope Benedict XIV canonized her as a saint in 1753.
Christian feast day: Edmund of Abingdon
1. Edmund of Abingdon
  
  Edmund of Abingdon was an English-born prelate who served as Archbishop of Canterbury. He became a respected lecturer in mathematics, dialectics and theology at the Universities of Paris and Oxford, promoting the study of Aristotle. Having already an unsought reputation as an ascetic, he was ordained a priest, took a doctorate in divinity and soon became known not only for his lectures on theology but as a popular preacher, spending long years travelling within England, and engaging in 1227 preaching the sixth crusade. Obliged to accept an appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Gregory IX, he combined a gentle personal temperament with a strong public stature and severity towards King Henry III in defence of Magna Carta and in general of good civil and Church government and justice. He also worked for strict observance in monastic life and negotiated peace with Llywelyn the Great. His policies earned him hostility and jealousy from the king, and opposition from several monasteries and from the clergy of Canterbury Cathedral. He died in France at the beginning of a journey to Rome in 1240. He was canonised in 1246.
Christian feast day: Elfric of Abingdon
1. Ælfric of Abingdon
  
  Ælfric of Abingdon was a late 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury. He previously held the offices of abbot of St Albans Abbey and Bishop of Ramsbury, as well as likely being the abbot of Abingdon Abbey. After his election to Canterbury, he continued to hold the bishopric of Ramsbury along with the archbishopric of Canterbury until his death in 1005. Ælfric may have altered the composition of Canterbury's cathedral chapter by changing the clergy serving in the cathedral from secular clergy to monks. In his will he left a ship to King Æthelred II of England as well as more ships to other legatees.
Christian feast day: Eucherius of Lyon
1. Eucherius of Lyon
  
  Eucherius was a high-born and high-ranking ecclesiastic in the Christian church in Roman Gaul. He is remembered for his letters advocating extreme self-abnegation. From 439, he served as Archbishop of Lyon, and Henry Wace ranked him "the most distinguished occupant of that see" after Irenaeus. He is venerated as a saint within the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Gertrude the Great (Roman Catholic Church)
1. Gertrude the Great
  
  Gertrude the Great, OSB was a German Benedictine nun and mystic. She is recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church and by the Episcopal Church. In addition to being commemorated in the Episcopal Calendar of Saints on November 21, Gertrude is inscribed in the General Roman Calendar for optional celebration throughout the Roman Rite, as a memorial on November 16.
2. Catholic Church
  
  The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
Christian feast day: Giuseppe Moscati
1. Giuseppe Moscati
  
  Giuseppe Moscati was an Italian doctor, scientific researcher, and university professor noted both for his pioneering work in biochemistry and for his piety. Moscati was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1987; his feast day is 16 November.
Christian feast day: Gobrain
1. Gobrain
  
  Saint Gobrain was a monk in Brittany. France and Bishop of Vannes. At the age of 87 he retired from his position to be a hermit. Gobrain died of natural causes in 725. His feast day is on November 16.
Christian feast day: Hugh of Lincoln
1. Hugh of Lincoln
  
  Hugh of Lincoln, O.Cart., also known as Hugh of Avalon, was a French-born Benedictine and Carthusian monk, bishop of Lincoln in the Kingdom of England, and Catholic saint. His feast is observed by Catholics on 16 November and by Anglicans on 17 November.
Christian feast day: Margaret of Scotland
1. Saint Margaret of Scotland
  
  Saint Margaret of Scotland, also known as Margaret of Wessex, was an English princess and a Scottish queen. Margaret was sometimes called "The Pearl of Scotland". Born in the Kingdom of Hungary to the expatriate English prince Edward the Exile, Margaret and her family returned to England in 1057. Following the death of king Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, her brother Edgar Ætheling was elected as King of England but never crowned. After she and her family fled north, Margaret married Malcolm III of Scotland by the end of 1070.
Christian feast day: Matthew the Evangelist (Eastern Christianity)
1. Matthew the Apostle
  
  Matthew the Apostle, also known as Saint Matthew and possibly as Levi, was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. According to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists as author of the Gospel of Matthew, and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist, a claim rejected by most biblical scholars, though the "traditional authorship still has its defenders."
2. Eastern Christianity
  
  Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Northeast Africa, the Fertile Crescent and the Malabar coast of South Asia, and ephemerally parts of Persia, Central Asia, the Near East and the Far East. The term does not describe a single communion or religious denomination.
Christian feast day: Othmar
1. Saint Othmar
  
  Othmar, was a Medieval monk and priest. He served as the first abbot of the Abbey of St. Gall, a Benedictine monastery near which the town of St. Gallen, now in Switzerland, developed.
Christian feast day: Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn
1. Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn
  
  Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn is the prominent Christian icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated by the faithful in the Chapel of the Gate of Dawn in Vilnius, Lithuania. The painting was historically displayed above the Vilnius city gate; city gates of the time often contained religious artifacts intended to ward off attacks and bless passing travelers.
Christian feast day: Roch Gonzalez, Juan de Castillo, and Alonso Rodriguez, SJ
1. Roque González y de Santa Cruz
  
  Roque González de Santa Cruz was a Jesuit priest who was the first missionary among the Guarani people in Paraguay. He is honored as a martyr and saint by the Catholic Church.
2. Jesuits
  
  The Society of Jesus abbreviated SJ, also known as the Jesuits, is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.
Christian feast day: November 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. November 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  November 15 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - November 17
Day of Declaration of Sovereignty (Estonia)
1. Public holidays in Estonia
  
  All official holidays in Estonia are established by acts of Parliament.
2. Estonia
  
  Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,200 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,339 square kilometres (17,505 sq mi). The capital city Tallinn and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country. The Estonian language is the autochthonous and the official language of Estonia; it is the first language of the majority of its population, as well as the world's second most spoken Finnic language.
Earliest day on which Day of Repentance and Prayer can fall, while November 22 is the latest; celebrated 11 days before Advent Sunday (Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist) and United Protestant churches, Saxony, Bavaria), and its related observance: Volkstrauertag (Germany)
1. Volkstrauertag
  
  Volkstrauertag is a commemoration day in Germany two Sundays before the first day of Advent. It commemorates members of the armed forces of all nations and civilians who died in armed conflicts, to include victims of violent oppression. It was first observed in its modern form in 1952.
Icelandic Language Day or Dagur íslenskrar tungu (Iceland)
1. Icelandic Language Day
  
  Icelandic Language Day is a festival celebrated on 16 November each year in Iceland to celebrate the Icelandic language. This date was chosen to coincide with the birthday of the Icelandic poet Jónas Hallgrímsson.
2. Iceland
  
  Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which is home to over 65% of the population. Iceland is the biggest part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that rises above sea level, and its central volcanic plateau is erupting almost constantly. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
International Day for Tolerance (United Nations)
1. International Day for Tolerance
  
  The International Day for Tolerance is an annual observance day declared by UNESCO in 1995 to generate public awareness of the dangers of intolerance. It is observed on 16 November.
2. United Nations
  
  The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.
Statia Day in Sint Eustatius (Caribbean Netherlands)
1. Statia Day
  
  Statia Day is a national holiday celebrated in the Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius, a special municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It celebrates the "First Salute", when Sint Eustatius became the first country to recognize the United States.
2. Sint Eustatius
  
  Sint Eustatius, also known locally as Statia, is an island in the Caribbean. It is a special municipality of the Netherlands.
3. Caribbean Netherlands
  
  The Caribbean Netherlands are the three special municipalities of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean Sea. They consist of the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, although the term "Caribbean Netherlands" is sometimes used to refer to all of the islands in the Dutch Caribbean. In legislation, the three islands are also known as Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba or the BES islands. The islands are currently classified as public bodies in the Netherlands and as overseas countries and territories of the European Union; thus, EU law does not automatically apply.