On This Day /

Important events in history
on November 13 th

Events

  1. 2015

    1. Coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris perpetrated by the Islamic State killed 130 people and injured 413 others.

      1. Series of terrorist attacks in Paris, France, on November 13, 2015

        November 2015 Paris attacks

        The November 2015 Paris attacks were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks that took place on Friday, 13 November 2015 in Paris, France, and the city's northern suburb, Saint-Denis. Beginning at 9:15 p.m., three suicide bombers struck outside the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, during an international football match, after failing to gain entry to the stadium. Another group of attackers then fired on crowded cafés and restaurants in Paris, with one of them also detonating an explosive, killing himself in the process. A third group carried out another mass shooting and took hostages at an Eagles Of Death Metal concert attended by 1,500 people in the Bataclan theatre, leading to a stand-off with police. The attackers were either shot or blew themselves up when police raided the theatre.

      2. Salafi jihadist militant Islamist group

        Islamic State

        The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows the Salafi jihadist branch of Sunni Islam. It was founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999 and gained global prominence in 2014, when it drove Iraqi security forces out of key cities during the Anbar campaign, which was followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre.

    2. Islamic State operatives carry out a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris, including suicide bombings, mass shootings and a hostage crisis. The terrorists kill 130 people, making it the deadliest attack in France since the Second World War.

      1. Salafi jihadist militant Islamist group

        Islamic State

        The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows the Salafi jihadist branch of Sunni Islam. It was founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999 and gained global prominence in 2014, when it drove Iraqi security forces out of key cities during the Anbar campaign, which was followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre.

      2. Series of terrorist attacks in Paris, France, on November 13, 2015

        November 2015 Paris attacks

        The November 2015 Paris attacks were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist attacks that took place on Friday, 13 November 2015 in Paris, France, and the city's northern suburb, Saint-Denis. Beginning at 9:15 p.m., three suicide bombers struck outside the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, during an international football match, after failing to gain entry to the stadium. Another group of attackers then fired on crowded cafés and restaurants in Paris, with one of them also detonating an explosive, killing himself in the process. A third group carried out another mass shooting and took hostages at an Eagles Of Death Metal concert attended by 1,500 people in the Bataclan theatre, leading to a stand-off with police. The attackers were either shot or blew themselves up when police raided the theatre.

      3. Capital and largest city of France

        Paris

        Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km², making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, and science. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its very early system of street lighting, in the 19th century it became known as "the City of Light". Like London, prior to the Second World War, it was also sometimes called the capital of the world.

  2. 2013

    1. Hawaii legalizes same-sex marriage.

      1. U.S. state

        Hawaii

        Hawaii is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state geographically located within the tropics.

    2. 4 World Trade Center officially opens.

      1. Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

        4 World Trade Center

        4 World Trade Center is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the World Trade Center site. Fumihiko Maki designed the 978 ft-tall (298 m) building. It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ).

  3. 2012

    1. A total solar eclipse occurs in parts of Australia and the South Pacific.

      1. Natural phenomenon wherein the Sun is obscured by the Moon

        Solar eclipse

        A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring Earth's view of the Sun, totally or partially. Such an alignment coincides with a new moon, indicating the Moon is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit. In a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of the Sun is obscured.

      2. 21st-century total solar eclipse

        Solar eclipse of November 13, 2012

        A total solar eclipse took place on 13–14 November 2012 (UTC). Because it crossed the International Date Line it began in local time on November 14 west of the date line over northern Australia, and ended in local time on November 13 east of the date line near the west coast of South America. Its greatest magnitude was 1.0500, occurring only 12 hours before perigee, with greatest eclipse totality lasting just over four minutes. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

  4. 2002

    1. Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq agrees to the terms of the UN Security Council Resolution 1441.

      1. Diplomatic crisis over Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction in the early 2000s

        Iraq disarmament crisis

        The Iraq disarmament crisis was claimed as one of primary issues that led to the multinational invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003. Since the 1980s, Iraq was widely assumed to have been producing and extensively running the programs of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. Iraq made extensive use of chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, including against its own Kurdish population. France and the Soviet Union assisted Iraq in the development of its nuclear program, but its primary facility was destroyed by Israel in 1981 in a surprise air strike.

      2. Country in Western Asia

        Iraq

        Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The vast majority of the country's 44 million residents are Muslims – the notable other faiths are Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognised in specific regions are Neo-Aramaic, Turkish and Armenian.

      3. 2002 UN Security Council resolution regarding Iraqi disarmament

        United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441

        United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 is a United Nations Security Council resolution adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 8 November 2002, offering Iraq under Saddam Hussein "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in several previous resolutions. It provided a justification for the subsequent US invasion of Iraq.

    2. During the Prestige oil spill, a storm bursts a tank of the oil tanker MV Prestige, which was not allowed to dock and sank on November 19, 2002, off the coast of Galicia, spilling 63,000 metric tons of heavy fuel oil, more than the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

      1. 2002 environmental disaster off the coast of Galicia, Spain

        Prestige oil spill

        The Prestige oil spill occurred off the coast of Galicia, Spain in November 2002, caused by the sinking of the 26-year-old, structurally deficient oil tanker MV Prestige, carrying 77,000 tonnes of heavy fuel oil. During a storm, it burst a tank on 13 November, and French, Spanish, and Portuguese governments refused to allow the ship to dock. The vessel subsequently sank on 19 November, about 210 kilometres (130 mi) from the coast of Galicia. It is estimated that it spilled 60,000 tonnes or a volume of 67,000 m3 (17.8 million US gal) of heavy fuel oil.

      2. Ship that carries oil

        Oil tanker

        An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets.

      3. Bahamian oil tank

        MV Prestige

        MV Prestige was an oil tanker owned by a Greek company based in Athens and operating under a Bahamian flag, that on 19 November 2002 sank off the coast of Galicia, Spain. The sinking caused a major environmental disaster, polluting thousands of miles of coastline with 50,000 tonnes of oil.

      4. Autonomous community in the northwest of Spain

        Galicia (Spain)

        Galicia is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the northwest Iberian Peninsula, it includes the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense, and Pontevedra.

      5. 1989 industrial disaster in Alaska

        Exxon Valdez oil spill

        The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989. Exxon Valdez, an oil supertanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company bound for Long Beach, California struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) west of Tatitlek, Alaska at 12:04 a.m. and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (257,000 bbl) of crude oil over the next few days.

  5. 2001

    1. War on Terror: In the first such act since World War II, US President George W. Bush signs an executive order allowing military tribunals against foreigners suspected of connections to terrorist acts or planned acts on the United States.

      1. Ongoing international military campaign following the September 11 attacks

        War on terror

        The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is an ongoing international counterterrorism military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks. The main targets of the campaign are militant Islamist and Salafi-Jihadist armed organisations such as Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and their international affiliates; which are waging military insurgencies to overthrow governments of various Muslim countries.

      2. President of the United States from 2001 to 2009

        George W. Bush

        George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.

      3. Federal administrative instruction issued by the president of the United States

        Executive order

        In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives presidents broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on expressed or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the president some degree of discretionary power. The vast majority of executive orders are proposed by federal agencies before being issued by the president.

      4. Body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces

        Military justice

        Military justice is the legal system that governs the conduct of the active-duty personnel of the armed forces of a country. In some nation-states, civil law and military law are distinct bodies of law, which respectively govern the conduct of civil society and the conduct of the armed forces; each body of law has specific judicial procedures to enforce the law. Among the legal questions unique to a system of military justice are the practical preservation of good order and discipline, command responsibility, the legality of orders, war-time observation of the code of conduct, and matters of legal precedence concerning civil or military jurisdiction over the civil offenses and the criminal offenses committed by active-duty military personnel.

  6. 2000

    1. Philippine House Speaker Manny Villar passes the articles of impeachment against Philippine President Joseph Estrada.

      1. Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia

        Philippines

        The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City; both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila.

      2. President of the Senate of the Philippines from 2006 to 2008

        Manny Villar

        Manuel "Manny" Bamba Villar Jr. is a Filipino billionaire businessman and former politician. He previously served as senator from 2001 to 2013 and as the President of the Senate of the Philippines from 2006 to 2008. Before his stint in the senate, he represented the district of Las Piñas–Muntinlupa from 1992 to 1998, and Las Piñas's at-large district from 1998 to 2001. He also became the speaker of the House of Representatives from 1998 to 2000; in this term, he presided over the impeachment of President Joseph Estrada. From 2019 to 2022, Forbes magazine named Villar as the richest individual in the Philippines, with an estimated net worth of $8.3 billion.

      3. Head of state and head of government of the Philippines

        President of the Philippines

        The president of the Philippines is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

      4. President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001

        Joseph Estrada

        Joseph Ejercito Estrada,, also known by the nickname Erap, is a Filipino politician and former actor. He served as the 13th president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, the 9th vice president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998, and the 21st mayor of the City of Manila, the country's capital, from 2013 to 2019. In 2001, he became the first chief executive in Asia to be formally impeached and resigned from power. At the age of 85, he is currently the oldest living former Philippine President.

  7. 1995

    1. Mozambique becomes the first state to join the Commonwealth of Nations without having been part of the former British Empire.

      1. Country in Southeastern Africa

        Mozambique

        Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.

      2. Political association of mostly former British Empire territories

        Commonwealth of Nations

        The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations amongst member states. Numerous organisations are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.

      3. Territory ruled by the United Kingdom

        British Empire

        The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.

    2. A truck-bomb explodes outside of a US-operated Saudi Arabian National Guard training center in Riyadh, killing five Americans and two Indians. A group called the Islamic Movement for Change claims responsibility.

      1. Counter-insurgency force of the Saudi Arabian military

        Saudi Arabian National Guard

        The Saudi Arabian National Guard or SANG, also known as the "White Army", is one of the three major branches of the military forces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

      2. Capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia

        Riyadh

        Riyadh, formerly known as Hajr al-Yamamah, is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of the Riyadh Province and the centre of the Riyadh Governorate.

    3. Nigeria Airways Flight 357 crashes at Kaduna International Airport in Kaduna, Nigeria, killing 11 people and injuring 66.

      1. 1995 aviation accident

        Nigeria Airways Flight 357

        Nigeria Airways Flight 357 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Yola Airport in Yola to Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos, with stops at Yakubu Gowon Airport in Jos and Kaduna International Airport in Kaduna. On 13 November 1995, the Boeing 737-2F9, during its second leg of the flight from Jos to Kaduna, suffered a runway overrun accident at Kaduna Airport, leading to a fire that destroyed the aircraft. All 14 crew members survived, while 11 of the 124 passengers died.

      2. Airport serving Kaduna, Nigeria

        Kaduna International Airport

        Kaduna Airport is an airport serving Kaduna, the capital of Kaduna State in Nigeria. The airport is around 22 kilometres (14 mi) northwest of the city. The airport opened in 1982.

      3. Capital city of Kaduna State, Nigeria

        Kaduna

        Kaduna is the capital city of Kaduna State, and the former political capital of Northern Nigeria. It is located in north-western Nigeria, on the Kaduna River. It is a trade Centre and a major transportation hub as the gateway to northern Nigeria, with its rail and important road network.

  8. 1994

    1. In a referendum, voters in Sweden decide to join the European Union.

      1. 1994 Swedish European Union membership referendum

        A non-binding referendum on membership for the European Union was held in Sweden on 13 November 1994.

      2. Political and economic union of 27 European states

        European Union

        The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of 4,233,255.3 km2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.

  9. 1993

    1. China Northern Airlines Flight 6901 crashes on approach to Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport in Ürümqi, China, killing 12 people.

      1. 1993 aviation accident

        China Northern Airlines Flight 6901

        China Northern Airlines Flight 6901 (CJ6901) was a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 airliner from Beijing's Capital International Airport to Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport in Xinjiang, China. On November 13, 1993, it crashed on approach to Ürümqi Airport. Twelve of the 102 passengers and crew on board were killed. The accident has been attributed to pilot error.

      2. Airport in Xinshi District, Ürümqi

        Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport

        Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport is an airport serving Ürümqi, the capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwestern China. It is located in Diwopu township of Xinshi district, 16 km (10 mi) northwest of downtown Ürümqi. A hub for China Southern Airlines and as a focus city for Hainan Airlines, the airport handled 23,027,788 passengers in 2018, making it the 19th busiest airport in China by passenger traffic.

      3. Capital of Xinjiang, China

        Ürümqi

        Ürümqi, formerly known as Dihua, is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China. Ürümqi developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century.

  10. 1992

    1. The High Court of Australia ruled in Dietrich v The Queen that, although there is no absolute right to have publicly funded counsel, a judge should grant any request for an adjournment or stay in most circumstances in which an accused is unrepresented.

      1. Highest court in Australia

        High Court of Australia

        The High Court of Australia is Australia's apex court. It exercises original and appellate jurisdiction on matters specified within Australia's Constitution.

      2. 1992 Australian High Court legal aid case

        Dietrich v The Queen

        Dietrich v The Queen is a 1992 High Court of Australia constitutional case which established a de facto requirement that legal aid be provided to defendants in serious criminal trials. The Court determined an adjournment ought to be granted in such trials where the accused is without legal representation through no fault of their own and proceeding would result in the trial being unfair. The case is said to have "had a fundamental impact on the Australian justice system".

    2. The High Court of Australia rules in Dietrich v The Queen that although there is no absolute right to have publicly funded counsel, in most circumstances a judge should grant any request for an adjournment or stay when an accused is unrepresented.

      1. Highest court in Australia

        High Court of Australia

        The High Court of Australia is Australia's apex court. It exercises original and appellate jurisdiction on matters specified within Australia's Constitution.

      2. 1992 Australian High Court legal aid case

        Dietrich v The Queen

        Dietrich v The Queen is a 1992 High Court of Australia constitutional case which established a de facto requirement that legal aid be provided to defendants in serious criminal trials. The Court determined an adjournment ought to be granted in such trials where the accused is without legal representation through no fault of their own and proceeding would result in the trial being unfair. The case is said to have "had a fundamental impact on the Australian justice system".

  11. 1991

    1. The Republic of Karelia, an autonomous republic of Russia, is formed from the former Karelian ASSR.

      1. First-level administrative division of Russia

        Republic of Karelia

        The Republic of Karelia, also known as just Karelia, is a republic of Russia situated in Northwest Russia. The republic is a part of the Northwestern Federal District, and covers an area of 172,400 square kilometres, with a population of 603,067 residents. Its capital is Petrozavodsk.

      2. Constituent units of the Russian Federation

        Republics of Russia

        The republics of Russia are 22 territories in the Russian Federation that each constitute a federal subject, the highest-level administrative division of Russian territory. They are one of several types of federal subject in Russia. The republics were originally created as nation states for ethnic minorities. The indigenous ethnic group that gives its name to the republic is referred to as the titular nationality. However, due to centuries of Russian migration, each nationality is not necessarily a majority of a republic's population.

      3. Autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR (1923–1940, 1956–1991)

        Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

        The Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Karelian ASSR for short, sometimes referred to as Soviet Karelia or simply Karelia, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, with the capital in Petrozavodsk.

  12. 1990

    1. In Aramoana, New Zealand, David Gray shoots dead 13 people in a massacre before being tracked down and killed by police the next day.

      1. Coastal settlement in Otago, New Zealand

        Aramoana

        Aramoana is a small coastal settlement 27 kilometres (17 mi) north of Dunedin on the South Island of New Zealand. The settlement's permanent population in the 2001 Census was 261. Supplementing this are seasonal visitors from the city who occupy cribs. The name Aramoana is Māori for "pathway of the sea".

      2. 1990 spree shooting in Aramoana, New Zealand

        Aramoana massacre

        The Aramoana massacre was a spree shooting that occurred on 13 November 1990 in the small seaside township of Aramoana, northeast of Dunedin, New Zealand. Resident David Gray killed 13 people including local police Sergeant Stewart Guthrie, one of the first responders to the reports of a shooting, after a verbal dispute between Gray and his next-door neighbour. After a careful house-to-house search the next day, police officers led by the Anti-Terrorist Squad located Gray, and shot and injured him as he came out of a house firing from the hip. He died in an ambulance while being transported to hospital. Television news carried live reports from the scene.

  13. 1989

    1. Hans-Adam II, the present Prince of Liechtenstein, begins his reign on the death of his father.

      1. Ruler of Liechtenstein since 1989

        Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein

        Hans-Adam II is the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein, since 1989. He is the son of Prince Franz Joseph II and his wife, Countess Georgina von Wilczek. He also bears the titles Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf, and Count of Rietberg. Under his reign, a 2003 constitutional referendum expanded the powers of the Prince of Liechtenstein. In 2004, Hans-Adam transferred day-to-day governmental duties to his eldest son Hereditary Prince Alois as regent, like his father had granted him in 1984 to prepare him for the role.

      2. Ruling royal family of Liechtenstein

        Monarchy of Liechtenstein

        The prince regnant of Liechtenstein is the monarch and head of state of Liechtenstein. The Liechtenstein family, after which the sovereign principality was named in 1719, hails from Liechtenstein Castle in Lower Austria, which the family possessed from at least 1140 to the thirteenth century, and from 1807 onward. It is the only remaining European monarchy that practises strict agnatic primogeniture.

  14. 1985

    1. Nevado del Ruiz (pictured) erupted, causing a volcanic mudslide that buried the town of Armero, Colombia, killing approximately 23,000 people.

      1. Volcanic mountain in Colombia

        Nevado del Ruiz

        The Nevado del Ruiz, also known as La Mesa de Herveo is a volcano on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, about 129 km (80 mi) west of the capital city Bogotá. It is a stratovolcano composed of many layers of lava alternating with hardened volcanic ash and other pyroclastic rocks. Volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz began about two million years ago, since the Early Pleistocene or Late Pliocene, with three major eruptive periods. The current volcanic cone formed during the present eruptive period, which began 150,000 years ago.

      2. Violent type of mudflow or debris flow from a volcano

        Lahar

        A lahar is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.

      3. November 1985 volcanic eruption in Colombia

        Armero tragedy

        The Armero tragedy occurred following the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano in Tolima, Colombia, on November 13, 1985. The volcano's eruption after 69 years of dormancy caught nearby towns unaware, even though volcanological organizations had warned the government to evacuate the area after they detected volcanic activity two months earlier.

      4. Municipality and town in Andean, Colombia

        Armero

        Armero is a municipality in the Tolima Department, Colombia. According to the National Department of Statistics of Colombia, 12,852 lived in the town in 2005. Its median temperature is 27 °C. It was founded in 1895, but was not officially recognized as the seat of the region until 29 September 1908, by President Rafael Reyes. The town was originally named San Lorenzo. In 1930, the name was changed to Armero in memory of José León Armero, a national martyr.

    2. The volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupts and melts a glacier, causing a lahar (volcanic mudslide) that buries Armero, Colombia, killing approximately 23,000 people.

      1. Volcanic mountain in Colombia

        Nevado del Ruiz

        The Nevado del Ruiz, also known as La Mesa de Herveo is a volcano on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, about 129 km (80 mi) west of the capital city Bogotá. It is a stratovolcano composed of many layers of lava alternating with hardened volcanic ash and other pyroclastic rocks. Volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz began about two million years ago, since the Early Pleistocene or Late Pliocene, with three major eruptive periods. The current volcanic cone formed during the present eruptive period, which began 150,000 years ago.

      2. Persistent body of ice that is moving under its own weight

        Glacier

        A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such as crevasses and seracs, as it slowly flows and deforms under stresses induced by its weight. As it moves, it abrades rock and debris from its substrate to create landforms such as cirques, moraines, or fjords. Although a glacier may flow into a body of water, it forms only on land and is distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.

      3. Violent type of mudflow or debris flow from a volcano

        Lahar

        A lahar is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.

      4. November 1985 volcanic eruption in Colombia

        Armero tragedy

        The Armero tragedy occurred following the eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz stratovolcano in Tolima, Colombia, on November 13, 1985. The volcano's eruption after 69 years of dormancy caught nearby towns unaware, even though volcanological organizations had warned the government to evacuate the area after they detected volcanic activity two months earlier.

    3. Xavier Suárez is sworn in as Miami's first Cuban-born mayor.

      1. American politician

        Xavier Suarez

        Xavier Louis Suarez is an American politician who was the first Cuban-born Mayor of Miami and was a Miami-Dade county commissioner.

      2. City in Florida, United States

        Miami

        Miami, officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a coastal metropolis and the county seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida, United States. With a population of 442,241 as of the 2020 census, it is the second-most populous city in Florida and the eleventh-most populous city in the Southeastern United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the U.S. with a population of 6.138 million people as of 2020. The city has the third-largest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises, 58 of which exceed 491 ft (150 m).

  15. 1982

    1. South Korean boxer Kim Duk-koo suffered fatal brain injuries during a match with American Ray Mancini in Las Vegas, leading to significant rule changes in the sport.

      1. South Korean boxer (1955–1982)

        Kim Duk-koo

        Kim Duk-koo was a South Korean boxer who died after fighting in a world championship boxing match against Ray Mancini. His death sparked reforms aimed at better protecting the health of fighters, including reducing the number of rounds in championship bouts from 15 to 12.

      2. Injury of the brain from an external source

        Traumatic brain injury

        A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force. TBI can be classified based on severity, mechanism, or other features. Head injury is a broader category that may involve damage to other structures such as the scalp and skull. TBI can result in physical, cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral symptoms, and outcomes can range from complete recovery to permanent disability or death.

      3. American boxer

        Ray Mancini

        Ray Mancini, best known as "Boom Boom" Mancini, is an American former professional boxer who competed professionally from 1979 to 1992 and who has since worked as an actor and sports commentator. He held the WBA lightweight title from 1982 to 1984. Mancini inherited his nickname from his father, boxer Lenny Mancini. In 2015, Ray was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

      4. Metropolitan area in Nevada

        Las Vegas Valley

        The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area in the southern part of the U.S. state of Nevada, and the second largest in the Southwestern United States. The state's largest urban agglomeration, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Statistical Area is coextensive since 2003 with Clark County, Nevada. The Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a 600 sq mi (1,600 km2) basin area surrounded by mountains to the north, south, east and west of the metropolitan area. The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada: Las Vegas, Henderson and North Las Vegas. Eleven unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada.

    2. Ray Mancini defeats Duk Koo Kim in a boxing match held in Las Vegas. Kim's subsequent death (on November 17) leads to significant changes in the sport.

      1. American boxer

        Ray Mancini

        Ray Mancini, best known as "Boom Boom" Mancini, is an American former professional boxer who competed professionally from 1979 to 1992 and who has since worked as an actor and sports commentator. He held the WBA lightweight title from 1982 to 1984. Mancini inherited his nickname from his father, boxer Lenny Mancini. In 2015, Ray was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

      2. South Korean boxer (1955–1982)

        Kim Duk-koo

        Kim Duk-koo was a South Korean boxer who died after fighting in a world championship boxing match against Ray Mancini. His death sparked reforms aimed at better protecting the health of fighters, including reducing the number of rounds in championship bouts from 15 to 12.

      3. Full contact combat sport

        Boxing

        Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring.

      4. Largest city in Nevada, United States

        Las Vegas

        Las Vegas, often known simply as Vegas, is the 25th-most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city, known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and nightlife. The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada.

    3. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C. after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans.

      1. War memorial in Washington, DC, United States

        Vietnam Veterans Memorial

        The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a U.S. national memorial in Washington, D.C., honoring service members of the U.S. armed forces who served in the Vietnam War. The two-acre (8,100 m2) site is dominated by two black granite walls engraved with the names of those service members who died or remain missing as a result of their service in Vietnam and South East Asia during the war. The Wall, completed in 1982, has since been supplemented with the statue The Three Soldiers in 1984 and the Vietnam Women's Memorial in 1993.

      2. U.S. Armed Forces soldier during the Vietnam War

        Vietnam veteran

        A Vietnam veteran is a person who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War.

  16. 1974

    1. In Amityville, New York, Ronald DeFeo Jr. killed the other six members of his family, later inspiring the book The Amityville Horror and the subsequent media franchise.

      1. Village in New York, United States

        Amityville, New York

        Amityville is a village near the Town of Babylon in Suffolk County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York. The population was 9,523 at the 2010 census.

      2. American mass murderer (1951–2021)

        Ronald DeFeo Jr.

        Ronald Joseph DeFeo Jr. was an American mass murderer who was tried and convicted for the 1974 killings of his father, mother, two brothers, and two sisters in Amityville, Long Island, New York. Condemned to six sentences of 25 years to life, DeFeo died in prison on March 12, 2021. The case inspired the book and film versions of The Amityville Horror.

      3. 1977 book by Jay Anson

        The Amityville Horror

        The Amityville Horror is a book by American author Jay Anson, published in September 1977. It is also the basis of a series of films released from 1979 onward. The book is based on the claims of paranormal experiences by the Lutz family, but has led to controversy and lawsuits over its truthfulness.

      4. Film series

        Works based on the Amityville haunting

        The Amityville haunting is a modern folk story based on the true crimes of Ronald DeFeo Jr. On November 13, 1974, DeFeo shot and killed six members of his family at 112 Ocean Avenue, Amityville, on the south shore of Long Island. He was convicted of second-degree murder in November 1975. In December 1975, George and Kathy Lutz and their three children moved into the house. After 28 days, the Lutzes left the house, claiming to have been terrorized by paranormal phenomena while living there. These events served as the historical basis for Jay Anson's 1977 novel The Amityville Horror, which was followed by a number of sequels and was adapted into a film of the same name in 1979. Since then, many films have been produced that draw explicitly, to a greater or lesser extent, from these historical and literary sources. As Amityville is a real town and the stories of DeFeo and the Lutzes are historical, there can be no proprietary relationship to the underlying story elements associated with the Amityville haunting. As a result of this, there has been no restriction on the exploitation of the story by film producers, which is the reason that most of these films share no continuity, were produced by different companies, and tell widely varying stories.

  17. 1970

    1. Bhola cyclone: A 240 km/h (150 mph) tropical cyclone hits the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), killing an estimated 500,000 people in one night.

      1. Tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan in 1970

        1970 Bhola cyclone

        The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan and India's West Bengal on November 11, 1970. It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the world's deadliest natural disasters. At least 300,000 people lost their lives in the storm, possibly as many as 500,000, primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta. Bhola was the sixth and strongest cyclonic storm of the 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season.

      2. Rapidly rotating storm system

        Tropical cyclone

        A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".

      3. Delta of the Ganges River

        Ganges Delta

        The Ganges Delta is a river delta in the Bengal region of South Asia, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the world's largest river delta and it empties into the Bay of Bengal with the combined waters of several river systems, mainly those of the Brahmaputra river and the Ganges river. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname the Green Delta. The delta stretches from the Hooghly River east as far as the Meghna River.

      4. Former provincial wing of Pakistan (1955–1971)

        East Pakistan

        East Pakistan was a Pakistani province established in 1955 by the One Unit Policy, renaming the province as such from East Bengal, which nowadays is split up between India and Bangladesh. Its land borders were with India and Myanmar, with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal. East Pakistanis were popularly known as "Pakistani Bengalis"; to distinguish this region from India's state West Bengal, East Pakistan was known as "Pakistani Bengal". In 1971, East Pakistan became the newly independent state Bangladesh, which means "country of Bengal" in Bengali.

      5. Country in South Asia

        Bangladesh

        Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh is among the most densely populated countries in the world, and shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor; and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language is Bengali, one of the easternmost branches of the Indo-European language family.

  18. 1969

    1. Vietnam War: Anti-war protesters in Washington, D.C. stage a symbolic March Against Death.

      1. Cold War conflict in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975

        Vietnam War

        The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.

      2. 1964–1973 anti-war movement

        Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

        Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War (before) or anti-Vietnam War movement (present) began with demonstrations in 1965 against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years. This movement informed and helped shape the vigorous and polarizing debate, primarily in the United States, during the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s on how to end the war.

  19. 1966

    1. The Israeli military conducted a large cross-border assault on the Jordanian-controlled West Bank village of Samu in response to a Fatah land mine incident.

      1. 1966 bombardment of the Palestinian city of Samu by Israeli forces

        Samu incident

        The Samu incident or Battle of Samu was a large cross-border assault on 13 November 1966 by Israeli military on the Jordanian-controlled West Bank village of Samu in response to an al-Fatah land mine attack two days earlier near the West Bank border, which killed three Israeli soldiers on a border patrol. It purportedly originated from Jordanian territory. It was the largest Israeli military operation since the 1956 Suez Crisis and is considered to have been a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Six-Day War in 1967. Since 1965 Jordan had an active campaign to curb Fatah sabotage activities. The handling of the incident was widely criticised in Israeli political and military circles, and the United Nations responded with United Nations Security Council Resolution 228, censuring Israel for "violating the United Nations Charter and the General Armistice Agreement."

      2. Territory in West Asia

        West Bank

        The West Bank is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean in Western Asia that forms the main bulk of the Palestinian territories. It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel to the south, west, and north. Under an Israeli military occupation since 1967, its area is split into 165 Palestinian "islands" that are under total or partial civil administration by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and 230 Israeli settlements into which Israeli law is "pipelined". The West Bank includes East Jerusalem.

      3. Ancient biblical and modern settlement in Palestine

        As-Samu

        As Samu' or es-Samu' is a town in the Hebron Governorate of the West Bank, Palestine, 12 kilometers south of the city of Hebron and 60 kilometers southwest of Jerusalem.

      4. Palestinian nationalist political party

        Fatah

        Fatah, formerly the Palestinian National Liberation Movement, is a Palestinian nationalist social democratic political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and second-largest party in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, the President of the Palestinian Authority, is a member of Fatah.

    2. In response to Fatah raids against Israelis near the West Bank border, Israel launches an attack on the village of As-Samu.

      1. Palestinian nationalist political party

        Fatah

        Fatah, formerly the Palestinian National Liberation Movement, is a Palestinian nationalist social democratic political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and second-largest party in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, the President of the Palestinian Authority, is a member of Fatah.

      2. Territory in West Asia

        West Bank

        The West Bank is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean in Western Asia that forms the main bulk of the Palestinian territories. It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel to the south, west, and north. Under an Israeli military occupation since 1967, its area is split into 165 Palestinian "islands" that are under total or partial civil administration by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and 230 Israeli settlements into which Israeli law is "pipelined". The West Bank includes East Jerusalem.

      3. 1966 bombardment of the Palestinian city of Samu by Israeli forces

        Samu incident

        The Samu incident or Battle of Samu was a large cross-border assault on 13 November 1966 by Israeli military on the Jordanian-controlled West Bank village of Samu in response to an al-Fatah land mine attack two days earlier near the West Bank border, which killed three Israeli soldiers on a border patrol. It purportedly originated from Jordanian territory. It was the largest Israeli military operation since the 1956 Suez Crisis and is considered to have been a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Six-Day War in 1967. Since 1965 Jordan had an active campaign to curb Fatah sabotage activities. The handling of the incident was widely criticised in Israeli political and military circles, and the United Nations responded with United Nations Security Council Resolution 228, censuring Israel for "violating the United Nations Charter and the General Armistice Agreement."

      4. Ancient biblical and modern settlement in Palestine

        As-Samu

        As Samu' or es-Samu' is a town in the Hebron Governorate of the West Bank, Palestine, 12 kilometers south of the city of Hebron and 60 kilometers southwest of Jerusalem.

    3. All Nippon Airways Flight 533 crashes into the Seto Inland Sea near Matsuyama Airport in Japan, killing 50 people.

      1. 1966 aviation incident

        All Nippon Airways Flight 533

        All Nippon Airways Flight 533, registration JA8658, was a NAMC YS-11 en route from Osaka, Japan, to Matsuyama on the island of Shikoku. It was the fifth crash in Japan in 1966 and the second one experienced by All Nippon Airways that year, the first being the loss of Flight 60 on February 4. It was also, at the time, the deadliest crash of an NAMC YS-11, and remains the second-deadliest after Toa Domestic Airlines Flight 63, which crashed in 1971 with 68 deaths.

      2. Japanese Inland Sea

        Seto Inland Sea

        The Seto Inland Sea , sometimes shortened to the Inland Sea, is the body of water separating Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū, three of the four main islands of Japan. It serves as a waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean to the Sea of Japan. It connects to Osaka Bay and provides a sea transport link to industrial centers in the Kansai region, including Osaka and Kobe. Before the construction of the San'yō Main Line, it was the main transportation link between Kansai and Kyūshū.

      3. Airport

        Matsuyama Airport

        Matsuyama Airport is an airport located 3 NM west southwest of Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.

  20. 1963

    1. A man wielding a dagger was subdued as he was about to attack Sanzō Nosaka, the chairman of the Japanese Communist Party.

      1. Japanese politician (1892–1993)

        Sanzō Nosaka

        Sanzō Nosaka was a Japanese writer, editor, labor organizer, communist agent, politician, and university professor and the founder of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP). He was the son of a wealthy Japanese merchant, and attended the prestigious Keio University. While in university, Nosaka became interested in social movements, and joined a moderate labor organization after graduation, working as a research staff member, and as a writer and editor of the organization's magazine. He traveled to Britain in 1919 to study political economy, where he deepened his studies of Marxism and became a confirmed communist. Nosaka was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, but his activity within British communist circles led to him being deported from Britain in 1921.

      2. Political party in Japan

        Japanese Communist Party

        The Japanese Communist Party is a left-wing to far-left political party in Japan. With approximately 270,000 members belonging to 18,000 branches, it is one of the largest non-governing communist parties in the world.

  21. 1956

    1. The Supreme Court of the United States declares Alabama laws requiring segregated buses illegal, thus ending the Montgomery bus boycott.

      1. Highest court in the United States

        Supreme Court of the United States

        The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point of federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The court may decide cases having political overtones, but has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.

      2. U.S. state

        Alabama

        Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.

      3. 1950s American protest against racial segregation

        Montgomery bus boycott

        The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a foundational event in the civil rights movement in the United States. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for her refusal to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.

  22. 1954

    1. Great Britain defeats France to capture the first ever Rugby League World Cup in Paris in front of around 30,000 spectators.

      1. Team representing Great Britain in rugby league

        Great Britain national rugby league team

        The Great Britain national rugby league team represents Great Britain in rugby league. Administered by the Rugby Football League (RFL), the team is nicknamed The Lions.

      2. 1st Rugby League World Cup tournament

        1954 Rugby League World Cup

        The 1954 Rugby League World Cup was rugby league football's first World Cup and was held in France in October–November 1954. Officially known as the "Rugby World Cup", four nations competed in the tournament: Australia, France, Great Britain and New Zealand. A group stage was held first, with Great Britain topping the table as a result of points difference. They went on to defeat France in the final, which was held at Paris' Parc des Princes before 30,368 spectators.

      3. Represents France in international rugby league

        France national rugby league team

        The France national rugby league team represent France in international rugby league matches. They are referred to as les Chanticleers or less commonly as les Tricolores. The team is run under the auspices of the Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII.

      4. International rugby league football tournament

        Rugby League World Cup

        The Rugby League World Cup is an international rugby league tournament contested by the top national men's representative teams. The tournament is administered by the International Rugby League and was first held in France in 1954, which was the first World Cup held for any form of rugby football.

  23. 1950

    1. General Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, President of Venezuela, is assassinated in Caracas.

      1. President of Venezuela from 1948 to 1950

        Carlos Delgado Chalbaud

        Carlos Román Delgado Chalbaud Gómez was a Venezuelan career military officer. He was the president of Venezuela from 1948 to 1950 as leader of a military junta. In 1945, he was one of the high-ranking officers who brought to power the Democratic Action party by a coup d'état. In 1948, as a Minister of Defense, he led another military coup and lingered as the President until his assassination in Caracas.

      2. Head of state and head of government of Venezuela

        President of Venezuela

        The president of Venezuela, officially known as the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is the head of state and head of government in Venezuela. The president leads the National Executive of the Venezuelan government and is the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces. Presidential terms were set at six years with the adoption of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela, and presidential term limits were removed in 2009.

      3. Capital and largest city of Venezuela

        Caracas

        Caracas, officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas. Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the northern part of the country, within the Caracas Valley of the Venezuelan coastal mountain range. The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-meter-high (7,200 ft) mountain range, Cerro El Ávila; to the south there are more hills and mountains. The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 5 million inhabitants.

  24. 1947

    1. The Soviet Union completes development of the AK-47, one of the first proper assault rifles.

      1. Country in Eurasia (1922–1991)

        Soviet Union

        The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.

      2. 1949 Soviet 7.62×39mm assault rifle

        AK-47

        The AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova, is a gas-operated assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, it is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov family of rifles. After more than seven decades since its creation, the AK-47 model and its variants remain one of the most popular and widely used firearms in the world.

      3. Military rifle type

        Assault rifle

        An assault rifle is a selective fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first put into mass production and accepted into widespread service during World War II. The first assault rifle to see major usage was the German StG 44, a development of the earlier Mkb 42. While immediately after World War II, NATO countries were equipped with battle rifles, the development of the M16 rifle during the Vietnam War prompted the adoption of assault rifles by the rest of NATO. By the end of the 20th century, assault rifles had become the standard weapon in most of the world's armies, replacing full-powered rifles and sub-machine guns in most roles. The two most successful modern assault rifles are the AK-47 and the M16 designs and their derivatives.

  25. 1942

    1. World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal: U.S. and Japanese ships engage in an intense, close-quarters surface naval engagement during the Guadalcanal Campaign.

      1. 1942 naval battle in the Pacific Ocean

        Naval Battle of Guadalcanal

        The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, sometimes referred to as the Third and Fourth Battles of Savo Island, the Battle of the Solomons, the Battle of Friday the 13th, or, in Japanese sources, the Third Battle of the Solomon Sea , took place from 12 to 15 November 1942, and was the decisive engagement in a series of naval battles between Allied and Imperial Japanese forces during the months-long Guadalcanal Campaign in the Solomon Islands during World War II. The action consisted of combined air and sea engagements over four days, most near Guadalcanal and all related to a Japanese effort to reinforce land forces on the island. The only two U.S. Navy admirals to be killed in a surface engagement in the war were lost in this battle.

      2. U.S. military campaign in World War II

        Guadalcanal campaign

        The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major land offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.

  26. 1941

    1. World War II: The aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal is torpedoed by U-81, sinking the following day.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Warship that serves as a seagoing airbase

        Aircraft carrier

        An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighters, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft. While heavier aircraft such as fixed-wing gunships and bombers have been launched from aircraft carriers, these aircraft have not successfully landed on a carrier. By its diplomatic and tactical power, its mobility, its autonomy and the variety of its means, the aircraft carrier is often the centerpiece of modern combat fleets. Tactically or even strategically, it replaced the battleship in the role of flagship of a fleet. One of its great advantages is that, by sailing in international waters, it does not interfere with any territorial sovereignty and thus obviates the need for overflight authorizations from third-party countries, reduces the times and transit distances of aircraft and therefore significantly increase the time of availability on the combat zone.

      3. 1938 British aircraft carrier

        HMS Ark Royal (91)

        HMS Ark Royal was an aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy that was operated during the Second World War.

      4. Type VIIC U-boat of the navy of Nazi Germany (Kriegsmarine)

        German submarine U-81 (1941)

        German submarine U-81 was a Type VIIC U-boat of the navy (Kriegsmarine) of Nazi Germany during World War II, famous for sinking the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal.

  27. 1940

    1. Walt Disney's Fantasia, the first commercial film shown with stereophonic sound, premiered at the Broadway Theatre in New York City.

      1. American animator and producer (1901–1966)

        Walt Disney

        Walter Elias Disney was an American animator, film producer and entrepreneur. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, he holds the record for most Academy Awards earned and nominations by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress and have also been named as some of the greatest films ever by the American Film Institute. Disney was the first person to be nominated for Academy Awards in six different categories.

      2. 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney

        Fantasia (1940 film)

        Fantasia is a 1940 American animated musical anthology film produced and released by Walt Disney Productions, with story direction by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer and production supervision by Walt Disney and Ben Sharpsteen. The third Disney animated feature film, it consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski, seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra. Music critic and composer Deems Taylor acts as the film's Master of Ceremonies who introduces each segment in live action.

      3. Method of sound reproduction using two audio channels

        Stereophonic sound

        Stereophonic sound, or more commonly stereo, is a method of sound reproduction that recreates a multi-directional, 3-dimensional audible perspective. This is usually achieved by using two independent audio channels through a configuration of two loudspeakers in such a way as to create the impression of sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing.

      4. Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

        Broadway Theatre (53rd Street)

        The Broadway Theatre is a Broadway theater at 1681 Broadway in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1924, the theater was designed by Eugene De Rosa for Benjamin S. Moss, who originally operated the venue as a movie theater. It has approximately 1,763 seats across two levels and is operated by The Shubert Organization. The Broadway Theatre is one of the few Broadway theaters that is physically on Broadway.

    2. Walt Disney's animated musical film Fantasia is first released at New York's Broadway Theatre, on the first night of a roadshow.

      1. American animator and producer (1901–1966)

        Walt Disney

        Walter Elias Disney was an American animator, film producer and entrepreneur. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, he holds the record for most Academy Awards earned and nominations by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress and have also been named as some of the greatest films ever by the American Film Institute. Disney was the first person to be nominated for Academy Awards in six different categories.

      2. 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney

        Fantasia (1940 film)

        Fantasia is a 1940 American animated musical anthology film produced and released by Walt Disney Productions, with story direction by Joe Grant and Dick Huemer and production supervision by Walt Disney and Ben Sharpsteen. The third Disney animated feature film, it consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski, seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra. Music critic and composer Deems Taylor acts as the film's Master of Ceremonies who introduces each segment in live action.

      3. Broadway theater in Manhattan, New York

        Broadway Theatre (53rd Street)

        The Broadway Theatre is a Broadway theater at 1681 Broadway in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1924, the theater was designed by Eugene De Rosa for Benjamin S. Moss, who originally operated the venue as a movie theater. It has approximately 1,763 seats across two levels and is operated by The Shubert Organization. The Broadway Theatre is one of the few Broadway theaters that is physically on Broadway.

  28. 1927

    1. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Manhattan with Jersey City under the Hudson River, opened.

      1. Tunnel between New Jersey and New York

        Holland Tunnel

        The Holland Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River that connects the New York City neighborhood of Hudson Square in Lower Manhattan to the east with Jersey City in New Jersey to the west. The tunnel is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and carries Interstate 78; the New Jersey side is also designated the eastern terminus of Route 139. The Holland Tunnel is one of three vehicular crossings between Manhattan and New Jersey; the two others are the Lincoln Tunnel and George Washington Bridge.

      2. Borough in New York City and county in New York, U.S.

        Manhattan

        Manhattan, known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Located near the southern tip of New York State, Manhattan is based in the Eastern Time Zone and constitutes both the geographical and demographic center of the Northeast megalopolis and the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. Over 58 million people live within 250 miles of Manhattan, which serves as New York City’s economic and administrative center, cultural identifier, and the city’s historical birthplace. Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world, is considered a safe haven for global real estate investors, and hosts the United Nations headquarters. New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, centered in Manhattan.

      3. City in Hudson County, New Jersey, US

        Jersey City, New Jersey

        Jersey City is the second-most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, after Newark. It is the county seat of Hudson County and the county's largest city. The city's population as of the 2020 United States census was 292,449.

      4. River in New York State, United States

        Hudson River

        The Hudson River is a 315-mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the Upper New York Bay between New York City and Jersey City, eventually draining into the Atlantic Ocean at New York Harbor. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York at its southern end. Farther north, it marks local boundaries between several New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary, deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Even as far north as the city of Troy, the flow of the river changes direction with the tides.

    2. The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic as the first Hudson River vehicle tunnel linking New Jersey to New York City.

      1. Tunnel between New Jersey and New York

        Holland Tunnel

        The Holland Tunnel is a vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River that connects the New York City neighborhood of Hudson Square in Lower Manhattan to the east with Jersey City in New Jersey to the west. The tunnel is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and carries Interstate 78; the New Jersey side is also designated the eastern terminus of Route 139. The Holland Tunnel is one of three vehicular crossings between Manhattan and New Jersey; the two others are the Lincoln Tunnel and George Washington Bridge.

      2. River in New York State, United States

        Hudson River

        The Hudson River is a 315-mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the Upper New York Bay between New York City and Jersey City, eventually draining into the Atlantic Ocean at New York Harbor. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York at its southern end. Farther north, it marks local boundaries between several New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary, deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Even as far north as the city of Troy, the flow of the river changes direction with the tides.

      3. U.S. state

        New Jersey

        New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. At 7,354 square miles (19,050 km2), New Jersey is the fifth-smallest state in land area; but with close to 9.3 million residents, it ranks 11th in population and first in population density. The state capital is Trenton, and the most populous city is Newark. With the exception of Warren County, all of the state's 21 counties lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia.

  29. 1922

    1. The United States Supreme Court upholds mandatory vaccinations for public school students in Zucht v. King.

      1. Highest court in the United States

        Supreme Court of the United States

        The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point of federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The court may decide cases having political overtones, but has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.

      2. Health policy in relation to vaccination

        Vaccination policy

        A vaccination policy is a health policy adopted in order to prevent the spread of infectious disease. These policies are generally put into place by State or local governments, but may also be set by private facilities, such as workplaces or schools. Many policies have been developed and implemented since vaccines were first made widely available.

      3. 1922 United States Supreme Court case

        Zucht v. King

        Zucht v. King, 260 U.S. 174 (1922), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 9–0, that public schools could constitutionally exclude unvaccinated students from attending, even if there was not an ongoing outbreak. In the case, the school district of San Antonio, Texas enacted an ordinance that prohibited any child from attending a school within the district unless they had been vaccinated against smallpox. One parent of a student who had been excluded, Rosalyn Zucht, sued on the basis that there was not a public health emergency. Justice Louis Brandeis wrote for the unanimous court that requiring students to be vaccinated was a justified use of "police power" to maintain public health and safety.

  30. 1918

    1. World War I: Allied troops occupy Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

      1. Countries that fought against the Central Powers

        Allies of World War I

        The Allies of World War I, Entente Powers, or Allied Powers were a coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and their colonies during the First World War (1914–1918).

      2. Allied occupation of Constantinople after WWI

        Occupation of Istanbul

        The occupation of Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French, Italian, and Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War. The first French troops entered the city on 12 November 1918, followed by British troops the next day. The Italian troops landed in Galata on 7 February 1919.

      3. Empire existing from 1299 to 1922

        Ottoman Empire

        The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.

  31. 1917

    1. World War I: beginning of the First Battle of Monte Grappa (in Italy known as the "First Battle of the Piave"). The Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces, despite help from the German Alpenkorps and numerical superiority, will fail their offensive against the Italian Army now led by its new chief of staff Armando Diaz.

      1. 1917 battle between Italy and Austro-Hungary

        First Battle of Monte Grappa

        The First Battle of Monte Grappa, also known as First Battle of the Piave in Italy, was a battle fought during World War I between the armies of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy for control of the Monte Grappa massif, which covered the left flank of the new Italian Piave front.

      2. Military forces of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)

        Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces

        The Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces or Imperial and Royal Armed Forces were the military forces of Austria-Hungary. It comprised two main branches: The Army (Landstreitkräfte) and the Navy (Kriegsmarine). Both of them organised their own aviation branches – the Army's Aviation Troops and the Navy's Naval Aviation. The Army in turn consisted of its own three branches: The Common Army, the Imperial-Royal Landwehr and the Royal Hungarian Honvéd.

      3. Military unit

        Alpenkorps (German Empire)

        The Alpenkorps was a provisional mountain formation of division size formed by the Imperial German Army during World War I. It was considered by the Allies to be one of the best in the German Army.

      4. Land warfare branch of Italy's military forces

        Italian Army

        The Italian Army is the land-based component of the Italian Armed Forces. The army's history dates back to the Italian unification in the 1850s and 1860s. The army fought in colonial engagements in China, Libya, Northern Italy against the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I, Abyssinia before World War II and in World War II in Albania, Balkans, North Africa, the Soviet Union, and Italy itself. During the Cold War, the army prepared itself to defend against a Warsaw Pact invasion from the east. Since the end of the Cold War, the army has seen extensive peacekeeping service and combat in Afghanistan and Iraq. Its best-known combat vehicles are the Dardo infantry fighting vehicle, the Centauro tank destroyer and the Ariete tank and among its aircraft the Mangusta attack helicopter, recently deployed in UN missions. The headquarters of the Army General Staff are located in Rome opposite the Quirinal Palace, where the president of Italy resides. The army is an all-volunteer force of active-duty personnel.

      5. Italian general

        Armando Diaz

        Armando Diaz, 1st Duke della Vittoria, was an Italian general and a Marshal of Italy. He is mostly known for his role as Chief of Staff of the Regio Esercito during World War I from November 1917. He managed to stop the Austro-Hungarian advance along the Piave River in the First Battle of Monte Grappa. In June 1918, he led the Italian forces to a major victory at the Second Battle of the Piave River. A few months later, he achieved a decisive victory in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, which ended the war on the Italian Front. He is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of the war.

  32. 1916

    1. World War I: Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.

      1. Global war, 1914–1918

        World War I

        World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

      2. Head of Government of Australia

        Prime Minister of Australia

        The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who became prime minister on 23 May 2022.

      3. Australian politician (1862–1952)

        Billy Hughes

        William Morris Hughes was an Australian politician who served as the seventh prime minister of Australia, in office from 1915 to 1923. He is best known for leading the country during World War I, but his influence on national politics spanned several decades. Hughes was a member of federal parliament from Federation in 1901 until his death, the only person to have served for more than 50 years. He represented six political parties during his career, leading five, outlasting four, and being expelled from three.

      4. Federal political party in Australia

        Australian Labor Party

        The Australian Labor Party (ALP), also simply known as Labor, is the major centre-left political party in Australia, one of two major parties in Australian politics, along with the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia. The party forms the federal government since being elected in the 2022 election. The ALP is a federal party, with political branches in each state and territory. They are currently in government in Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory, and the Northern Territory. They are currently in opposition in New South Wales and Tasmania. It is the oldest political party in Australia, being established on 8 May 1901 at Parliament House, Melbourne, the meeting place of the first federal Parliament.

      5. Overview of conscription in Australia

        Conscription in Australia

        Conscription in Australia, also called mandatory military service or National Service, has a controversial history dating back to the first years of nationhood. Military conscription was abolished by Australian law in 1972. Australia currently has provisions for conscription, only during times of war if it is authorised by the governor-general and approved within 90 days by both houses of Parliament, as outlined in Part IV of the Defence Act 1903. Therefore, given the Governor-General acts upon advice of the federal government, conscription could be enacted by parliament even without bipartisan support, as long as the Bill is not blocked by the Senate.

  33. 1914

    1. Zaian War: Zaian Berber tribesmen routed French forces in Morocco at the Battle of El Herri.

      1. 1914–1921 Franco-Berber war in Morocco

        Zaian War

        The Zaian War was fought between France and the Zaian confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921 during the French conquest of Morocco. Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1912, and Resident-General Louis-Hubert Lyautey sought to extend French influence eastwards through the Middle Atlas mountains towards French Algeria. This was opposed by the Zaians, led by Mouha ou Hammou Zayani. The war began well for the French, who quickly took the key towns of Taza and Khénifra. Despite the loss of their base at Khénifra, the Zaians inflicted heavy losses on the French, who responded by establishing groupes mobiles, combined arms formations that mixed regular and irregular infantry, cavalry and artillery into a single force.

      2. Zayanes

        Zayanes are a Berber population inhabiting the Khenifra region, located in the central Middle Atlas mountains of Morocco.

      3. 1914 battle of the Zaian War

        Battle of El Herri

        The Battle of El Herri was fought between France and the Berber Zaian Confederation on 13 November 1914. It took place at the small settlement of El Herri, near Khénifra in the French protectorate in Morocco. The battle was part of the Zaian War, in which the confederation of tribes sought to oppose continued French expansion into the interior of Morocco. Having captured the strategic town of Khénifra earlier in the year, the French, under General Hubert Lyautey, entered negotiations with Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, who led the Zaian. Lyautey thought that peace could be achieved and ordered Lieutenant-Colonel René Laverdure, who commanded the garrison in Khénifra, not to launch any offensives.

    2. Zaian War: Berber tribesmen inflict the heaviest defeat of French forces in Morocco at the Battle of El Herri.

      1. 1914–1921 Franco-Berber war in Morocco

        Zaian War

        The Zaian War was fought between France and the Zaian confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921 during the French conquest of Morocco. Morocco had become a French protectorate in 1912, and Resident-General Louis-Hubert Lyautey sought to extend French influence eastwards through the Middle Atlas mountains towards French Algeria. This was opposed by the Zaians, led by Mouha ou Hammou Zayani. The war began well for the French, who quickly took the key towns of Taza and Khénifra. Despite the loss of their base at Khénifra, the Zaians inflicted heavy losses on the French, who responded by establishing groupes mobiles, combined arms formations that mixed regular and irregular infantry, cavalry and artillery into a single force.

      2. 1914 battle of the Zaian War

        Battle of El Herri

        The Battle of El Herri was fought between France and the Berber Zaian Confederation on 13 November 1914. It took place at the small settlement of El Herri, near Khénifra in the French protectorate in Morocco. The battle was part of the Zaian War, in which the confederation of tribes sought to oppose continued French expansion into the interior of Morocco. Having captured the strategic town of Khénifra earlier in the year, the French, under General Hubert Lyautey, entered negotiations with Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, who led the Zaian. Lyautey thought that peace could be achieved and ordered Lieutenant-Colonel René Laverdure, who commanded the garrison in Khénifra, not to launch any offensives.

  34. 1901

    1. The 1901 Caister lifeboat disaster.

      1. RNLI boat wrecked in the Great Storm

        1901 Caister lifeboat disaster

        The Caister lifeboat disaster of 13 November 1901 occurred off the coast of Caister-on-Sea, Norfolk, England. It took place during what became known as the "Great Storm", which caused havoc down the east coasts of England and Scotland.

  35. 1887

    1. Bloody Sunday clashes in central London.

      1. 1887 protest against the Conservative government under Lord Salisbury in London

        Bloody Sunday (1887)

        Bloody Sunday took place in London on 13 November 1887, when marchers protesting about unemployment and coercion in Ireland, as well as demanding the release of MP William O'Brien, clashed with the Metropolitan Police and the British Army. The demonstration was organised by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League. Violent clashes took place between the police and demonstrators, many "armed with iron bars, knives, pokers and gas pipes". A contemporary report noted that 400 were arrested and 75 persons were badly injured, including many police, two policemen being stabbed and one protester bayonetted.

      2. Innermost part of London, England

        Central London

        Central London is the innermost part of London, in England, spanning several boroughs. Over time, a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of Central London for statistics, urban planning and local government. Its characteristics are understood to include a high density built environment, high land values, an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally, nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities.

  36. 1864

    1. American Civil War: The three-day Battle of Bull's Gap ends in a Union rout as Confederates under Major General John C. Breckinridge pursue them to Strawberry Plains, Tennessee.

      1. 1861–1865 conflict in the United States

        American Civil War

        The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.

      2. 1864 battle of the American Civil War

        Battle of Bull's Gap

        The Battle of Bulls Gap was a battle of the American Civil War, occurring from November 11 to November 13, 1864, in Hamblen County and Greene County, Tennessee.

      3. Federal government of Lincoln's “North” U.S

        Union (American Civil War)

        During the American Civil War, the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States led by President Abraham Lincoln. It was opposed by the secessionist Confederate States of America (CSA), informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The Union is named after its declared goal of preserving the United States as a constitutional union. "Union" is used in the U.S. Constitution to refer to the founding formation of the people, and to the states in union. In the context of the Civil War, it has also often been used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government;" in this meaning, the Union consisted of 20 free states and five border states.

      4. Former North American state (1861–65)

        Confederate States of America

        The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.

      5. Vice president of the United States from 1857 to 1861

        John C. Breckinridge

        John Cabell Breckinridge was an American lawyer, politician, and soldier. He represented Kentucky in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever vice president of the United States. Serving from 1857 to 1861, he took office at the age of 36. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and served in the U.S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War, but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He was appointed Confederate Secretary of War in 1865.

      6. Census-designated place in Tennessee, United States

        Strawberry Plains, Tennessee

        Strawberry Plains is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson, Knox, and Sevier counties in the State of Tennessee, United States. Before 2010, it was treated by the United States Census Bureau as a census county division. It is included in both the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Morristown Metropolitan Statistical Area.

  37. 1851

    1. The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, before moving to the other side of Elliott Bay to what would become Seattle.

      1. 19th-century American pioneers; founders of Seattle, Washington

        Denny Party

        The Denny Party is a group of American pioneers credited with founding Seattle, Washington. They settled at Alki Point on November 13, 1851.

      2. Seattle Neighborhood in Washington, United States

        Alki Point, Seattle

        Alki Point is a point jutting into Puget Sound, the westernmost landform in the West Seattle district of Seattle, Washington. Alki is the peninsular neighborhood on Alki Point. Alki was the original settlement in what was to become the city of Seattle. It was part of the city of West Seattle from 1902 until that city's annexation by Seattle in 1907.

      3. Largest city in Washington, United States

        Seattle

        Seattle is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The Seattle metropolitan area's population is 4.02 million, making it the 15th-largest in the United States. Its growth rate of 21.1% between 2010 and 2020 makes it one of the nation's fastest-growing large cities.

  38. 1841

    1. Scottish surgeon James Braid (pictured) observed a demonstration of animal magnetism, which inspired him to study the subject he eventually called hypnotism.

      1. Scottish surgeon (1795–1860)

        James Braid (surgeon)

        James Braid was a Scottish surgeon, natural philosopher, and "gentleman scientist".

      2. Pseudoscientific theory about force in living things

        Animal magnetism

        Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, was a protoscientific theory developed by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century in relation to what he claimed to be an invisible natural force (Lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. He claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing. He tried persistently, without success, to achieve a wider scientific recognition of his ideas.

      3. State of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction

        Hypnosis

        Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.

    2. James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine, which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls hypnotism.

      1. Scottish surgeon (1795–1860)

        James Braid (surgeon)

        James Braid was a Scottish surgeon, natural philosopher, and "gentleman scientist".

      2. Pseudoscientific theory about force in living things

        Animal magnetism

        Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, was a protoscientific theory developed by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century in relation to what he claimed to be an invisible natural force (Lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. He claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing. He tried persistently, without success, to achieve a wider scientific recognition of his ideas.

      3. 19th-century French showman known for demonstrations of animal magnetism

        Charles Lafontaine

        Charles Léonard Lafontaine was a celebrated French "public magnetic demonstrator", who also "had an interest in animal magnetism as an agent for curing or alleviating illnesses".

      4. State of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction

        Hypnosis

        Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.

  39. 1833

    1. Great Meteor Storm of 1833

      1. Meteor shower associated with the comet Tempel–Tuttle

        Leonids

        The Leonids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Tempel–Tuttle, which are also known for their spectacular meteor storms that occur about every 33 years. The Leonids get their name from the location of their radiant in the constellation Leo: the meteors appear to radiate from that point in the sky. Their proper Greek name should be Leontids, but the word was initially constructed as a Greek/Latin hybrid and it has been used since. The meteor shower peak should be on November 17, 2022, but any outburst is likely to be from the 1733 meteoroid stream.

  40. 1775

    1. American Revolutionary War: Patriot revolutionary forces under Gen. Richard Montgomery occupy Montreal.

      1. 1775–1783 war of independence

        American Revolutionary War

        The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.

      2. Irish-born soldier in the British Army, later in the American Continental Army (1738–1775)

        Richard Montgomery

        Richard Montgomery was an Irish soldier who first served in the British Army. He later became a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and he is most famous for leading the unsuccessful 1775 invasion of Quebec.

      3. Largest city in Quebec, Canada

        Montreal

        Montreal is the second-most populous city in Canada and most populous city in the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", it is named after Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill around which the early city of Ville-Marie is built. The city is centred on the Island of Montreal, which obtained its name from the same origin as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. The city is 196 km (122 mi) east of the national capital Ottawa, and 258 km (160 mi) southwest of the provincial capital, Quebec City.

  41. 1715

    1. Jacobite rising in Scotland: Battle of Sheriffmuir: The forces of the Kingdom of Great Britain halt the Jacobite advance, although the action is inconclusive.

      1. British monarchy succession dispute

        Jacobite rising of 1715

        The Jacobite rising of 1715 was the attempt by James Edward Stuart to regain the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland for the exiled Stuarts.

      2. Engagement in 1715 at the height of the Jacobite rising in England

        Battle of Sheriffmuir

        The Battle of Sheriffmuir was an engagement in 1715 at the height of the Jacobite rising in England and Scotland. The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. Sheriffmuir was and is a remote elevated plateau of heathland lying between Stirling and Auchterarder on the north fringe of the Ochil Hills.

      3. Constitutional monarchy in Western Europe (1707–1800)

        Kingdom of Great Britain

        The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.

  42. 1642

    1. First English Civil War: Royalist forces engaged the much larger Parliamentarian army at the Battle of Turnham Green near Turnham Green, Middlesex.

      1. First of the English Civil Wars (1642–1646)

        First English Civil War

        The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They include the Bishops' Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Second English Civil War, the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) and the 1649 to 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Historians estimate that between 15% to 20% of all adult males in England and Wales served in the military between 1639 to 1653, while around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes. This compares to a figure of 2.23% for World War I, which illustrates the impact of the conflict on society in general and the bitterness it engendered.

      2. Royalist supporter during and following the English Civil War

        Cavalier

        The term 'Cavalier' was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration. It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.

      3. Parliament supporter during and after the English Civil War

        Roundhead

        Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundheads was to give to Parliament the supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom.

      4. 1642 battle during the First English Civil War

        Battle of Turnham Green

        The Battle of Turnham Green took place on 13 November 1642 near the village of Turnham Green, at the end of the first campaigning season of the First English Civil War. The battle resulted in a standoff between the forces of King Charles I and the much larger Parliamentarian army under the command of the Earl of Essex. In blocking the Royalist army's way to London immediately, however, the Parliamentarians gained an important strategic victory as the standoff forced Charles and his army to retreat to Oxford for secure winter quarters.

      5. Human settlement in England

        Turnham Green

        Turnham Green is a public park on Chiswick High Road, Chiswick, London, and the neighbourhood and conservation area around it; historically, it was one of the four medieval villages in the Chiswick area, the others being Old Chiswick, Little Sutton, and Strand-on-the-Green. Christ Church, a neo-Gothic building designed by George Gilbert Scott and built in 1843, stands on the eastern half of the green. A war memorial stands on the eastern corner. On the south side is the old Chiswick Town Hall.

    2. First English Civil War: Battle of Turnham Green: The Royalist forces withdraw in the face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London.

      1. First of the English Civil Wars (1642–1646)

        First English Civil War

        The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They include the Bishops' Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Second English Civil War, the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) and the 1649 to 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Historians estimate that between 15% to 20% of all adult males in England and Wales served in the military between 1639 to 1653, while around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes. This compares to a figure of 2.23% for World War I, which illustrates the impact of the conflict on society in general and the bitterness it engendered.

      2. 1642 battle during the First English Civil War

        Battle of Turnham Green

        The Battle of Turnham Green took place on 13 November 1642 near the village of Turnham Green, at the end of the first campaigning season of the First English Civil War. The battle resulted in a standoff between the forces of King Charles I and the much larger Parliamentarian army under the command of the Earl of Essex. In blocking the Royalist army's way to London immediately, however, the Parliamentarians gained an important strategic victory as the standoff forced Charles and his army to retreat to Oxford for secure winter quarters.

      3. Royalist supporter during and following the English Civil War

        Cavalier

        The term 'Cavalier' was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration. It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.

      4. Parliament supporter during and after the English Civil War

        Roundhead

        Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundheads was to give to Parliament the supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom.

      5. Capital city of England and the United Kingdom

        London

        London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which largely comprises Greater London, governed by the Greater London Authority.

  43. 1160

    1. Louis VII of France marries Adela of Champagne.

      1. King of France from 1137 to 1180

        Louis VII of France

        Louis VII, called the Younger, or the Young, was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI and married Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the Capetian lands to the Pyrenees.

      2. Queen consort of France

        Adela of Champagne

        Adela of Champagne, also known as Adelaide, Alix and Adela of Blois, was Queen of France as the third wife of Louis VII. She was regent of France from 1190 to 1191 while her son Philip II participated in the Third Crusade.

  44. 1093

    1. Battle of Alnwick: in an English victory over the Scots, Malcolm III of Scotland, and his son Edward, are killed.

      1. One of two battles fought near the town of Alnwick, in Northumberland, England

        Battle of Alnwick (1093)

        The Battle of Alnwick is one of two battles fought near the town of Alnwick in Northumberland, England. In the battle, which occurred on 13 November 1093, Malcolm III of Scotland, later known as Malcolm Canmore, was killed together with his son Edward by an army of knights led by Robert de Mowbray.

      2. King of Scotland from 1058 to 1093

        Malcolm III of Scotland

        Malcolm III was King of Scotland from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed "Canmore". Malcolm's long reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age. Henry I of England and Eustace III of Boulogne were his sons-in-law, making him the maternal grandfather of Empress Matilda, William Adelin and Matilda of Boulogne. All three of them were prominent in English politics during the 12th century.

  45. 1002

    1. King Æthelred II ordered the massacre of all Danes in England.

      1. 10th and 11th-century King of England

        Æthelred the Unready

        Æthelred II, known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016. His epithet does not derive from the modern word "unready", but rather from the Old English unræd meaning "poorly advised"; it is a pun on his name, which means "well advised".

      2. Killing of Danes in some areas of England in 1002

        St Brice's Day massacre

        The St. Brice's Day massacre was the planned mass killing of all Danes ordered by King Æthelred the Unready in response to a perceived threat to his life, that occurred 13 November 1002, within territory under his control. The skeletons of over 30 young men found during an excavation at St John's College, Oxford, in 2008, may be some of those victims.

    2. English king Æthelred II orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St. Brice's Day massacre.

      1. 10th and 11th-century King of England

        Æthelred the Unready

        Æthelred II, known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016. His epithet does not derive from the modern word "unready", but rather from the Old English unræd meaning "poorly advised"; it is a pun on his name, which means "well advised".

      2. North Germanic tribe

        Danes (Germanic tribe)

        The Danes were a North Germanic tribe inhabiting southern Scandinavia, including the area now comprising Denmark proper, and the Scanian provinces of modern-day southern Sweden, during the Nordic Iron Age and the Viking Age. They founded what became the Kingdom of Denmark. The name of their realm is believed to mean "Danish March", viz. "the march of the Danes", in Old Norse, referring to their southern border zone between the Eider and Schlei rivers, known as the Danevirke.

      3. Killing of Danes in some areas of England in 1002

        St Brice's Day massacre

        The St. Brice's Day massacre was the planned mass killing of all Danes ordered by King Æthelred the Unready in response to a perceived threat to his life, that occurred 13 November 1002, within territory under his control. The skeletons of over 30 young men found during an excavation at St John's College, Oxford, in 2008, may be some of those victims.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2020

    1. Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer (b. 1946) deaths

      1. English serial killer (1946–2020)

        Peter Sutcliffe

        Peter William Sutcliffe was an English serial killer who was dubbed the Yorkshire Ripper by the press. Sutcliffe was convicted of murdering 13 women and attempting to murder seven others between 1975 and 1980. He was sentenced to 20 concurrent sentences of life imprisonment, which were converted to a whole life order in 2010. Two of Sutcliffe's murders took place in Manchester; all the others were in West Yorkshire.

  2. 2017

    1. Bobby Doerr, American baseball player and manager (b. 1918) deaths

      1. American baseball player (1918–2017)

        Bobby Doerr

        Robert Pershing Doerr was an American professional baseball second baseman and coach. He played his entire 14-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career for the Boston Red Sox (1937–1951). A nine-time MLB All-Star, Doerr batted over .300 three times, drove in more than 100 runs six times, and set Red Sox team records in several statistical categories despite missing one season due to military service during World War II. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1986.

  3. 2016

    1. Leon Russell, American singer-songwriter (b. 1942) deaths

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Leon Russell

        Leon Russell was an American musician and songwriter who was involved with numerous bestselling records during his 60-year career that spanned multiple genres, including rock and roll, country, gospel, bluegrass, rhythm and blues, southern rock, blues rock, folk, surf and the Tulsa Sound.

  4. 2014

    1. María José Alvarado, Honduran model, Señorita Honduras 2014 (b. 1995) deaths

      1. Honduran beauty queen (1995–2014)

        María José Alvarado

        María José Alvarado Muñoz was a Honduran model, TV host and beauty pageant titleholder who was Miss Honduras 2014.

      2. Beauty contest

        Miss Honduras

        Miss Honduras is a national beauty pageant in Honduras.

    2. Kakha Bendukidze, Georgian economist and politician, Georgian Minister of Economy (b. 1956) deaths

      1. Georgian statesman, businessman and philanthropist (1956–2014)

        Kakha Bendukidze

        Kakha Bendukidze was a Georgian statesman, businessman and philanthropist, regarded as the Man Who Remade Georgia, founder of the Knowledge Foundation and head of the supervisory board of Agricultural and Free Universities.

      2. Georgian government ministry

        Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development (Georgia)

        The Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development is a ministry of the government of Georgia in charge of regulating economic activity in the country. Its head office is in Tbilisi. It is currently headed by Natela Turnava.

    3. Alvin Dark, American baseball player and manager (b. 1922) deaths

      1. American baseball player and manager (1922–2014)

        Alvin Dark

        Alvin Ralph Dark, nicknamed "Blackie" and "The Swamp Fox", was an American professional baseball shortstop and manager. He played fourteen years in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston/Milwaukee Braves, the New York Giants (1950–56), the St. Louis Cardinals (1956–58), the Chicago Cubs (1958–59), and the Philadelphia Phillies (1960). Later, he managed the San Francisco Giants (1961–64), the Kansas City/Oakland Athletics, the Cleveland Indians (1968–71), and the San Diego Padres (1977). He was a three-time All-Star and a two-time World Series champion, once as a player (1954) and once as a manager (1974).

    4. Alexander Grothendieck, German-French mathematician and theorist (b. 1928) deaths

      1. Mathematician

        Alexander Grothendieck

        Alexander Grothendieck was a stateless mathematician who became the leading figure in the creation of modern algebraic geometry. His research extended the scope of the field and added elements of commutative algebra, homological algebra, sheaf theory, and category theory to its foundations, while his so-called "relative" perspective led to revolutionary advances in many areas of pure mathematics. He is considered by many to be the greatest mathematician of the twentieth century.

  5. 2013

    1. Hans-Jürgen Heise, German author and poet (b. 1930) deaths

      1. German author and poet

        Hans-Jürgen Heise

        Hans-Jürgen Heise was a German author and poet.

    2. Chieko Aioi, Japanese actress and voice actress (b. 1934) deaths

      1. Japanese actress and voice actress

        Chieko Aioi

        Reiko Komatsu , professionally known as Chieko Aioi , was a Japanese actress and voice actress.

  6. 2012

    1. Erazm Ciołek, Polish photographer and author (b. 1937) deaths

      1. Erazm Ciołek (photographer)

        Erazm Ciołek was a Polish photojournalist, author of many exhibitions and laureate of various awards. He is considered as the main photographer of the Solidarity movement.

    2. Manuel Peña Escontrela, Spanish footballer (b. 1965) deaths

      1. Spanish footballer

        Manolo Peña

        Manuel "Manolo" Peña Escontrela was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a forward.

    3. John Sheridan, English rugby player and coach (b. 1933) deaths

      1. English RL coach and former rugby league footballer

        John Sheridan (rugby league)

        John Sheridan was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s, and coached in the 1970s and 1980s. He played at club level for Lock Lane ARLFC, and Castleford (captain), as a centre, or loose forward, i.e. number 3 or 4, or 13., during the era of contested scrums, and coached at club level for Castleford, Leeds and Doncaster.

  7. 2010

    1. Luis García Berlanga, Spanish director and screenwriter (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Spanish film director and screenwriter

        Luis García Berlanga

        Luis García-Berlanga Martí was a Spanish film director and screenwriter.

    2. Allan Sandage, American astronomer and cosmologist (b. 1926) deaths

      1. American astronomer

        Allan Sandage

        Allan Rex Sandage was an American astronomer. He was Staff Member Emeritus with the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California. He determined the first reasonably accurate values for the Hubble constant and the age of the universe.

  8. 2007

    1. Wahab Akbar, Filipino lawyer and politician (b. 1960) deaths

      1. Filipino politician

        Wahab Akbar

        Ustadz Wahab M. Akbar was a Filipino politician who served three terms as governor of Basilan, during which time he was known for his "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" policy for dealing with kidnappers and terrorists in the province. He was later elected as congressman for the lone district of Basilan in the House of Representatives, but was one of 4 people killed in a bomb attack at the Batasang Pambansa. Police publicly suspected the attack was directed at him by political opponents.

    2. John Doherty, English footballer and manager (b. 1935) deaths

      1. English footballer and manager

        John Doherty (English footballer)

        John Peter Doherty was an English footballer. His regular position was at inside right.

    3. Kazuhisa Inao, Japanese baseball player and manager (b. 1937) deaths

      1. Japanese baseball player

        Kazuhisa Inao

        Kazuhisa Inao was a Japanese professional baseball pitcher. In 1957, he won 20 consecutive games. In 1958 Japan Series, he pitched six games and won 4 consecutive games after his team lost 3 games. He even hit a home run in fifth game of Japan Series. He was the Pacific League's Most Valuable Player in 1957 and 1958. He had 42 wins in 1961. Fans called his great success "God, Buddha, Inao".

  9. 2005

    1. Vine Deloria, Jr., American historian, theologian, and author (b. 1933) deaths

      1. American writer

        Vine Deloria Jr.

        Vine Victor Deloria Jr. was an author, theologian, historian, and activist for Native American rights. He was widely known for his book Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969), which helped attract national attention to Native American issues in the same year as the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement. From 1964 to 1967, he served as executive director of the National Congress of American Indians, increasing tribal membership from 19 to 156. Beginning in 1977, he was a board member of the National Museum of the American Indian, which now has buildings in both New York City and in Washington, DC, on the Mall.

    2. Eddie Guerrero, American wrestler (b. 1967) deaths

      1. American professional wrestler (1967–2005)

        Eddie Guerrero

        Eduardo Gory Guerrero Llanes was an American professional wrestler. He was a prominent member of the Guerrero wrestling family, being the son of first-generation wrestler Gory Guerrero. Eddie Guerrero is highly regarded as one of the most influential wrestlers of all time.

  10. 2004

    1. John Balance, English singer-songwriter (b. 1962) deaths

      1. English musician and poet (1962–2004)

        John Balance

        Geoffrey Nigel Laurence Rushton, better known under the pseudonyms John Balance or the later variation Jhonn Balance, was an English musician, occultist, artist and poet.

    2. Ol' Dirty Bastard, American rapper and producer (b. 1968) deaths

      1. American rapper (1968–2004)

        Ol' Dirty Bastard

        Russell Tyrone Jones, better known by his stage name Ol' Dirty Bastard, was an American rapper. He was one of the founding members of the Wu-Tang Clan, a rap group primarily from Staten Island, New York City, which rose to mainstream prominence with its 1993 debut album Enter the Wu-Tang .

    3. Thomas M. Foglietta, American lawyer and politician, United States Ambassador to Italy (b. 1928) deaths

      1. American politician and diplomat

        Thomas M. Foglietta

        Thomas Michael Foglietta was an American politician and diplomat. He represented Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1997, and later served as United States Ambassador to Italy from December 1997 to October 2001.

      2. List of ambassadors of the United States to Italy

        Since 1840, the United States has had diplomatic representation in the Italian Republic and its predecessor nation, the Kingdom of Italy, with a break in relations from 1941 to 1944 while Italy and the U.S. were at war during World War II. The U.S. Mission to Italy is headed by the Embassy of the United States in Rome, and also includes six consular offices.

  11. 2002

    1. Emma Raducanu, British tennis player births

      1. British tennis player (born 2002)

        Emma Raducanu

        Emma Raducanu is a British professional tennis player. She reached a career-high ranking of No. 10 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) on 11 July 2022, and is the current British No. 1. Raducanu is the first British woman to win a Grand Slam singles title since Virginia Wade at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships.

    2. Juan Alberto Schiaffino, Uruguayan footballer and manager (b. 1925) deaths

      1. Italian-Uruguayan footballer

        Juan Alberto Schiaffino

        Juan Alberto "Pepe" Schiaffino Villano was an Italian-Uruguayan football player who played as an attacking midfielder or forward. A highly skilful and creative playmaker, at club level, he played for CA Peñarol in Uruguay, and for A.C. Milan, and Roma in Italy. At international level, he won the 1950 FIFA World Cup with the Uruguayan national team, and also took part at the 1954 FIFA World Cup; he later also represented the Italy national football team.

    3. Rishikesh Shaha, Nepalese academic and politician (b. 1925) deaths

      1. Rishikesh Shah

        Rishikesh Shah was a Nepalese writer, politician and human rights activist.

  12. 2001

    1. Cornelius Warmerdam, American pole vaulter (b. 1915) deaths

      1. American pole vaulter

        Cornelius Warmerdam

        Cornelius "Dutch" Warmerdam was an American pole vaulter who held the world record between 1940 and 1957. He missed the Olympics due to World War II, and retired from senior competitions in 1944, though he continued to vault into his sixties. He was inducted into the International Association of Athletics Federations Hall of Fame in 1974.

  13. 1999

    1. Lando Norris, British racing driver births

      1. British racing driver

        Lando Norris

        Lando Norris is a Belgian-British racing driver currently competing in Formula One with McLaren, racing under the British flag. He won the MSA Formula championship in 2015, and the Toyota Racing Series, Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 and Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup in 2016. He also received the McLaren Autosport BRDC Award that year. He subsequently joined the McLaren Young Driver Programme in 2017 and won the 2017 FIA Formula 3 European Championship, competing with Carlin Motorsport. Consequently, he was promoted to the Formula 2 Carlin team, where he finished second in 2018, competing with Carlin Motorsport. He was then announced as a McLaren driver in 2018, alongside Carlos Sainz Jr. He achieved his first podium in Formula One at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix and his best finish is second in the 2021 Italian Grand Prix, finishing behind teammate Daniel Ricciardo.

  14. 1998

    1. Edwige Feuillère, French actress (b. 1907) deaths

      1. French actress

        Edwige Feuillère

        Edwige Feuillère was a French stage and film actress.

    2. Valerie Hobson, Irish-born English actress (b. 1917) deaths

      1. British actress

        Valerie Hobson

        Babette Louisa Valerie Hobson was a British actress whose film career spanned the 1930s to the early 1950s. Her second husband was John Profumo, a British government minister who became the subject of the Profumo affair in 1963.

    3. Red Holzman, American basketball player and coach (b. 1920) deaths

      1. American basketball player and coach (1920–1998)

        Red Holzman

        William "Red" Holzman was an American professional basketball player and coach. He is best known as the head coach of the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1967 to 1977, and again from 1978 to 1982. Holzman helped lead the Knicks to two NBA championships in 1970 and 1973, and was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1986.

  15. 1997

    1. André Boucourechliev, Bulgarian-French pianist and composer (b. 1925) deaths

      1. French composer

        André Boucourechliev

        André Boucourechliev was a French composer of Bulgarian origin.

  16. 1996

    1. Bill Doggett, American pianist and composer (b. 1916) deaths

      1. American pianist and organist

        Bill Doggett

        William Ballard Doggett was an American pianist and organist. He began his career playing swing music before transitioning into rhythm and blues. Best known for his instrumental compositions "Honky Tonk" and "Hippy Dippy", Doggett was a pioneer of rock and roll. He worked with the Ink Spots, Johnny Otis, Wynonie Harris, Ella Fitzgerald, and Louis Jordan.

    2. Bobbie Vaile, Australian astrophysicist and academic (b. 1959) deaths

      1. Australian astronomer

        Bobbie Vaile

        Dr Roberta Anne 'Bobbie' Vaile was an Australian astrophysicist and senior lecturer in physics at the Faculty of Business and Technology at the University of Western Sydney, Macarthur. She was involved with Project Phoenix and influential in the establishment of the SETI Australia Centre, created at the university in 1995. She died following a seven-year battle with an inoperable brain tumour.

  17. 1995

    1. Oliver Stummvoll, Austrian model births

      1. Austrian fashion model (born 1995)

        Oliver Stummvoll

        Oliver Stummvoll is an Austrian fashion model. He is best known for being the winner of cycle 6 of Austria's Next Topmodel.

  18. 1994

    1. Andrew Tang, Singaporean race car driver births

      1. Singaporean racing driver

        Andrew Tang (racing driver)

        Andrew Tang is a Singaporean racing driver.

    2. Laurien Leurink, Dutch field hockey midfielder births

      1. Dutch field hockey player

        Laurien Leurink

        Laurien Leurink is a Dutch field hockey midfielder who won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

    3. Jack Baker, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1947) deaths

      1. American actor

        John Bailey (American actor)

        John Anthony Bailey, also known as Jack Baker, was an American actor.

    4. Motoo Kimura, Japanese biologist and geneticist (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Japanese biologist

        Motoo Kimura

        Motoo Kimura was a Japanese biologist best known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968. He became one of the most influential theoretical population geneticists. He is remembered in genetics for his innovative use of diffusion equations to calculate the probability of fixation of beneficial, deleterious, or neutral alleles. Combining theoretical population genetics with molecular evolution data, he also developed the neutral theory of molecular evolution in which genetic drift is the main force changing allele frequencies. James F. Crow, himself a renowned population geneticist, considered Kimura to be one of the two greatest evolutionary geneticists, along with Gustave Malécot, after the great trio of the modern synthesis, Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright.

  19. 1993

    1. Julia Michaels, American singer and songwriter births

      1. American singer and songwriter (born 1993)

        Julia Michaels

        Julia Carin Cavazos, known professionally as Julia Michaels, is an American singer and songwriter.

    2. Rufus R. Jones, American wrestler (b. 1933) deaths

      1. American professional wrestler

        Rufus R. Jones

        Carey L. Lloyd, also known by his ring name Rufus R. "Freight Train" Jones, was an American professional wrestler who competed in the Central States, St.Louis and Mid-Atlantic regional promotions of the National Wrestling Alliance as well as the American Wrestling Association and All Japan Pro Wrestling during the 1970s and 1980s.

  20. 1992

    1. Dylan Napa, Australian-Cook Islands rugby league player births

      1. Cook Islands international rugby league footballer

        Dylan Napa

        Dylan Napa is a Cook Islands international rugby league footballer who last played as a prop for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League.

    2. Maksim Podholjuzin, Estonian footballer births

      1. Estonian footballer

        Maksim Podholjuzin

        Maksim Podholjuzin is an Estonian professional footballer currently playing for FCI Levadia in Estonian Meistriliiga as a defender.

  21. 1991

    1. Paul-Émile Léger, Canadian cardinal (b. 1904) deaths

      1. Canadian Catholic cardinal

        Paul-Émile Léger

        Paul-Émile Léger was a Canadian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Montreal from 1950 to 1967, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.

  22. 1989

    1. Victor Davis, Canadian swimmer (b. 1964) deaths

      1. Canadian swimmer

        Victor Davis

        Victor Nicolas Davis, CM was a Canadian Olympic and world champion swimmer who specialized in the breaststroke. He also enjoyed success in the individual medley and the butterfly.

    2. Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1906) deaths

      1. Prince of Liechtenstein

        Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein

        Franz Joseph II was the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein from 25 July 1938 until his death.

    3. Rohana Wijeweera, Sri Lankan rebel and politician (b. 1943) deaths

      1. Sri Lankan politician and revolutionary

        Rohana Wijeweera

        Patabendi Don Jinadasa Nandasiri Wijeweera (Sinhala: පටබැඳි දොන් ජිනදාස නන්දසිරි විජෙවීර; 14 July 1943 – 13 November 1989, better known by his nom de guerre Rohana Wijeweera, was a Sri Lankan Marxist-Leninist political activist, revolutionary and the founder of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna. Wijeweera led the party in two unsuccessful insurrections in Sri Lanka, in 1971 and 1987 to 1989.

    4. Dorothea Krook-Gilead, Latvian-South African author, translator and scholar (b. 1920) deaths

      1. Israeli literary scholar

        Dorothea Krook-Gilead

        Dorothea Krook-Gilead was an Israeli literary scholar, translator, and professor of English literature at the University of Cambridge, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at Tel Aviv University.

  23. 1988

    1. Antal Doráti, Hungarian-American conductor and composer (b. 1906) deaths

      1. Antal Doráti

        Antal Doráti was a Hungarian-born conductor and composer who became a naturalized American citizen in 1943.

    2. Jaromír Vejvoda, Czech composer (b. 1902) deaths

      1. Jaromír Vejvoda

        Jaromír Vejvoda was a Czech composer and the author of the "Beer Barrel Polka".

  24. 1987

    1. Hatsune Matsushima, Japanese model and actress births

      1. Hatsune Matsushima

        Hatsune Matsushima is a Japanese gravure model, talent and actress affiliated with Harmony Promotion. She was born in Tokyo, Japan. Her real name is Noriko Matsushima, and she goes by the nickname Hachu. She has starred in a number of TV dramas, films, and internet productions. She also co-authored a book.

    2. Dana Vollmer, American swimmer births

      1. American swimmer

        Dana Vollmer

        Dana Whitney Vollmer is a former American competition swimmer, five-time Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder. At the 2004 Summer Olympics, she won a gold medal as a member of the winning United States team in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay that set the world record in the event. Eight years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Vollmer set the world record on her way to the gold medal in the 100-meter butterfly, and also won golds in the 4×100-meter medley relay and 4×200-meter freestyle relay. She won three medals including a gold at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

  25. 1986

    1. Kevin Bridges, Scottish comedian and actor births

      1. Scottish stand-up comedian

        Kevin Bridges

        Kevin Andrew Bridges is a Scottish stand-up comedian. His 2012 television series Kevin Bridges: What's the Story? was based on his stand-up routines.

    2. Franco Cortese, Italian race car driver (b. 1903) deaths

      1. Italian racing driver

        Franco Cortese

        Franco Cortese was an Italian racing driver. He entered 156 races between 1927 and 1958, of which one was a Formula 1 Grand Prix and three were Formula 2 Grands Prix. Cortese holds the record of most finishes in a Mille Miglia race: fourteen.

  26. 1985

    1. Asdrúbal Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player births

      1. Venezuelan-American baseball player (born 1985)

        Asdrúbal Cabrera

        Asdrúbal José Cabrera is a Venezuelan-American professional baseball infielder who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Washington Nationals, Tampa Bay Rays, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, Texas Rangers, Arizona Diamondbacks and Cincinnati Reds. Cabrera, a switch hitter, is a two-time All-Star. He was primarily a middle infielder for most of his career, but transitioned to playing more third base during the 2017 season and began playing first base late in the 2019 season.

  27. 1984

    1. Lucas Barrios, Paraguayan footballer births

      1. Paraguayan footballer

        Lucas Barrios

        Lucas Ramón Barrios Cáceres is an Argentine-born Paraguayan former footballer. Barrios was known for his effectiveness in the target area. This earned him his nickname La Pantera, which means The Panther.

    2. Kurt Morath, Tongan rugby player births

      1. Rugby player

        Kurt Morath

        Kurt Morath is a New Zealand-born Tongan rugby union player who plays at fly-half. He currently plays for the Austin Gilgronis in Major League Rugby (MLR).

    3. Jamie Soward, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster births

      1. Australian rugby league footballer

        Jamie Soward

        Jamie Soward is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. A New South Wales State of Origin and Indigenous All-Stars representative five-eighth, he previously played for the Sydney Roosters, Penrith Panthers and the St. George Illawarra Dragons, with whom he won the 2010 NRL Premiership. He also spent time in England where he played in two different spells for the London Broncos, playing in the Super League and the Kingstone Press Championship.

  28. 1983

    1. Kalle Kriit, Estonian cyclist births

      1. Estonian cyclist

        Kalle Kriit

        Kalle Kriit is an Estonian professional racing cyclist who last rode for UCI Professional Continental Team Cofidis. His nickname is Estonian Emperor.

    2. Maleli Kunavore, Fijian rugby player (d. 2012) births

      1. Rugby player

        Maleli Kunavore

        Maleli Kunavore was a Fijian rugby union footballer.

    3. Henry Jamison Handy, American swimmer and water polo player (b. 1886) deaths

      1. American Olympic swimmer

        Jam Handy

        Henry Jamison "Jam" Handy was an American Olympic breaststroke swimmer, water polo player, and founder of the Jam Handy Organization (JHO), a producer of commercially sponsored motion pictures, slidefilms, trade shows, industrial theater and multimedia training aids. Credited as the first person to imagine distance learning, Handy made his first film in 1910 and presided over a company that produced an estimated 7,000 motion pictures and perhaps as many as 100,000 slidefilms before it was dissolved in 1983.

    4. Junior Samples, American comedian and actor (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Musical artist

        Junior Samples

        Junior Samples, born Alvin Samples Jr. was an American comedian best known for his 14-year run as a cast member of the television show Hee Haw.

  29. 1982

    1. Michael Copon, American actor, singer, and producer births

      1. American actor and producer

        Michael Copon

        Michael Copon is an American actor and producer. He is known for playing Felix Taggaro in the television series One Tree Hill, Vin Keahi in the television series Beyond the Break, and Lucas Kendall in Power Rangers Time Force.

    2. Samkon Gado, Nigerian-American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1982)

        Samkon Gado

        Samkon Kaltho Gado is a Nigerian-American otolaryngologist. He is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers, Houston Texans, Miami Dolphins and St. Louis Rams. He played college football at Liberty. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2005.

    3. Kumi Koda, Japanese singer-songwriter and actress births

      1. Japanese singer

        Koda Kumi

        Kumiko Kōda , known professionally as Koda Kumi , is a Japanese singer from Kyoto, known for her urban and R&B songs.

    4. Adam Shantry, English cricketer births

      1. English cricketer

        Adam Shantry

        Adam John Shantry is an English cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-fast bowler.

    5. Hugues Lapointe, Canadian lawyer and politician, 15th Solicitor General of Canada (b. 1911) deaths

      1. Canadian politician

        Hugues Lapointe

        Hugues Lapointe was a Canadian lawyer, Member of Parliament and Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from 1966 to 1978.

      2. Solicitor General of Canada

        The Solicitor General of Canada was a position in the Canadian ministry from 1892 to 2005. The position was based on the Solicitor General in the British system and was originally designated as an officer to assist the Minister of Justice. It was not initially a position in the Canadian Cabinet, although after 1917 its occupant was often sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and attended Cabinet meetings. In 1966, the modern position of Solicitor General was created with the repeal of the previous Solicitor General Act and the passage of a new statute creating the ministerial office of the Solicitor General of Canada.

  30. 1981

    1. Rivkah, American author and illustrator births

      1. Rivkah (artist)

        Rivkah is best known as the artist, writer, and creator of the ongoing teen graphic novel series Steady Beat.

    2. Ryan Bertin, American wrestler and coach births

      1. American amateur wrestler

        Ryan Bertin

        Ryan Bertin is an American folkstyle wrestler. He competed for the University of Michigan, and won NCAA Division I wrestling titles at 157 pounds in 2003 and 2005.

  31. 1980

    1. Monique Coleman, American actress, singer, and dancer births

      1. American actress

        Monique Coleman

        Adrienne Monique Coleman is an American actress known for her role in Disney's High School Musical movies, in which she plays Taylor McKessie. She had a recurring role on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as a schoolgirl named Mary Margaret. Coleman competed in the third edition of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, finishing in fourth place. She was named the first UN Youth Champion for the International Year of Youth. In 2010, she did a world tour to raise awareness of the challenges facing youth. That same year, she launched her online talk show Gimme Mo.

    2. Sara Del Rey, American wrestler and trainer births

      1. American professional wrestler

        Sara Del Rey

        Sara Ann Amato is an American professional wrestling trainer and retired professional wrestler, best known by her ring name Sara Del Rey. She was a mainstay for Chikara and Shimmer, but also appeared for many other independent promotions in the US, including Ring of Honor (ROH), IWA Mid-South and All Pro Wrestling, as well as Mexico's Lucha Libre Femenil. Del Rey also taped several matches, competing under a mask and using the name Nic Grimes, for the MTV promotion Wrestling Society X.

    3. François-Louis Tremblay, Canadian speed skater births

      1. Short track speed skater

        François-Louis Tremblay

        François-Louis Tremblay is a Canadian retired short track speed skater and five-time Olympic medallist who competed at the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Winter Olympics.

  32. 1979

    1. Kick, Japanese comedian and screenwriter births

      1. Kick (comedian)

        Yu Kikuta , better known as Kick , is a Japanese comedian and writer who is represented by the talent agency, Horipro. He was born in Tokyo, and graduated from Toho Junior and Senior High School and Japan University of the Arts Faculty Department of Photography.

    2. Subliminal, Israeli rapper and producer births

      1. Musical artist

        Subliminal (rapper)

        Ya'akov "Kobi" Shimony, generally known by his stage name Subliminal, is an Israeli rapper, singer and record producer.

    3. Metta World Peace, American basketball player and rapper births

      1. American basketball player

        Metta Sandiford-Artest

        Metta Sandiford-Artest is an American former professional basketball player. He was known as Ron Artest before legally changing his name to Metta World Peace in 2011 and later to Metta Sandiford-Artest in 2020.

    4. Dimitris Psathas, Greek playwright and academic (b. 1907) deaths

      1. Greek satirist and playwright

        Dimitris Psathas

        Dimitris Psathas was a modern Greek satirist and playwright. He was born in Trabzon of Pontos, then part of the Ottoman Empire, in 1907.

  33. 1978

    1. Nikolai Fraiture, American bass player births

      1. American musician

        Nikolai Fraiture

        Nikolai Philippe Fraiture is an American musician best known as the bassist of the American rock band The Strokes. Since co-founding the band in 1998, he has released six studio albums with them. Among other creative projects, Fraiture released a solo record under the name Nickel Eye in 2009 and has been the frontman of the band Summer Moon since 2016.

  34. 1977

    1. Huang Xiaoming, Chinese actor and singer births

      1. Chinese actor, singer, and model (born 1977)

        Huang Xiaoming

        Huang Xiaoming or Mark Huang is a Chinese actor, singer, and model. He graduated from the Performance Institute of the Beijing Film Academy in 2000. Huang first rose to prominence in 2001 for playing Emperor Wu of Han in the television series The Prince of Han Dynasty. In 2007, Huang signed a contract with Huayi Brothers and began focusing on his film career, appearing in films like The Sniper (2009), The Message (2010), and Sacrifice (2010).

    2. Zulfiqer Russell, Bangladeshi journalist and lyricist births

      1. Bangladeshi lyricist and journalist (born 1977)

        Zulfiqer Russell

        Zulfiqer Russell is a Bangladeshi lyricist and journalist. He is currently the editor of the online news site, The Bangla Tribune. He won the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Lyrics for the film Putro (2018). He was the winner of the Channel i Music Awards in 2008, 2010, 2013 and 2022 and also received the Mirchi Music Awards (Bangla) award for the Song of the Year in the Modern Song category for, "Shabuj Chilo". On 2020 he was awarded CJFB Performance Award 2019 as best lyricist. He had also worked with renowned Indian singers and composers including Grammy and Academy Award (Oscar) winner musician A. R. Rahman. He wrote the official theme song ‘Ektai Achhe Desh’ of the Golden Jubilee of Bangladesh Independence sang by fifty renowned singers of Bangladesh.

  35. 1976

    1. Kelly Sotherton, English sprinter and long jumper births

      1. British heptathlete

        Kelly Sotherton

        Kelly Jade Sotherton is a British former heptathlete, long jumper and relay runner. In the heptathlon she was the bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics and, following the disqualification of two other athletes, also at the 2008 Summer Olympics, as well as being part of the bronze medal-winning team in the Women's 4x400m relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics. As such she is one of only five women to win multiple medals in Olympic heptathlon. She also won a bronze at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics, and was the heptathlon gold medallist at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Indoors, Sotherton was a World silver medallist, and twice European silver medallist in pentathlon, in which she was ranked seventh all-time in 2022.

    2. Hiroshi Tanahashi, Japanese wrestler births

      1. Japanese professional wrestler

        Hiroshi Tanahashi

        Hiroshi Tanahashi is a Japanese professional wrestler. He works primarily for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).

  36. 1975

    1. Tom Compernolle, Belgian runner (d. 2008) births

      1. Belgian middle-distance runner

        Tom Compernolle

        Tom Compernolle was a Belgian runner, who specialized in the 5000 metres. He was born in Bruges.

    2. Alain Digbeu, French basketball player births

      1. French basketball player

        Alain Digbeu

        Alain Digbeu is a French former professional basketball player. He was drafted by the NBA pro club the Atlanta Hawks with the 49th pick in the 1997 NBA Draft. He is 6 ft 6 in in height and 220 lb (100 kg) in weight. He can play at both the shooting guard and small forward positions.

    3. Ivica Dragutinović, Serbian footballer births

      1. Serbian footballer

        Ivica Dragutinović

        Ivica Dragutinović is a Serbian former professional footballer. Mainly a central defender, he could also operate as a defensive left back.

    4. Quim, Portuguese footballer births

      1. Portuguese footballer

        Quim (footballer, born 1975)

        Joaquim Manuel Sampaio da Silva, known as Quim, is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

    5. Toivo Suursoo, Estonian ice hockey player and coach births

      1. Estonian ice hockey player and coach

        Toivo Suursoo

        Toivo Suursoo is an Estonian ice hockey coach and former professional player.

    6. Olga Bergholz, Russian poet and playwright (b. 1910) deaths

      1. Soviet poet

        Olga Bergholz

        Olga Fyodorovna Bergholz was a Soviet and Russian poet, writer, playwright and journalist. She is most famous for her work on the Leningrad radio during the city's blockade, when she became the symbol of city's strength and determination.

  37. 1974

    1. Carl Hoeft, New Zealand rugby player births

      1. Rugby player

        Carl Hoeft

        Carl Henry Hoeft is a former rugby union footballer from New Zealand, currently working as coach.

    2. Indrek Zelinski, Estonian footballer and manager births

      1. Estonian footballer

        Indrek Zelinski

        Indrek Zelinski is an Estonian football coach and former professional player.

    3. Vittorio De Sica, Italian-French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1901) deaths

      1. Italian film director and actor (1901–1974)

        Vittorio De Sica

        Vittorio De Sica was an Italian film director and actor, a leading figure in the neorealist movement.

    4. Karen Silkwood, American technician and activist (b. 1946) deaths

      1. Labor union activist, chemical technician

        Karen Silkwood

        Karen Gay Silkwood was an American chemical technician and labor union activist known for raising concerns about corporate practices related to health and safety in a nuclear facility.

  38. 1973

    1. David Auradou, French rugby player births

      1. Rugby player

        David Auradou

        David Auradou is a French former rugby union footballer. He last played for Paris club Stade Français, where he was the captain, in the élite Top 14. His usual position was at lock.

    2. Ari Hoenig, American drummer and composer births

      1. American drummer

        Ari Hoenig

        Ari Hoenig is an American jazz drummer, composer, and educator.

    3. Lila Lee, American actress (b. 1901) deaths

      1. Prominent screen actress of the early silent film era

        Lila Lee

        Lila Lee was a prominent screen actress, primarily a leading lady, of the silent film and early sound film eras.

    4. Bruno Maderna, Italian-German conductor and composer (b. 1920) deaths

      1. Italian composer and conductor

        Bruno Maderna

        Bruno Maderna was an Italian conductor and composer.

  39. 1972

    1. Takuya Kimura, Japanese singer births

      1. Japanese talento

        Takuya Kimura

        Takuya Kimura is a Japanese actor, singer, and radio personality. He is regarded as a Japanese icon after achieving success as an actor. He was also a popular member of SMAP, one of the best-selling boy bands in Asia.

    2. Samantha Riley, Australian swimmer births

      1. Australian swimmer

        Samantha Riley

        Samantha Linette Pearl Riley is an Australian breaststroke swimmer of Aboriginal descent who competed for Australia in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, winning three medals. She trained under Scott Volkers at the Commercial Swimming Club in Brisbane.

  40. 1970

    1. Bessie Braddock, British politician (b. 1899) deaths

      1. British Labour politician (1899–1970)

        Bessie Braddock

        Elizabeth Margaret Braddock was a British Labour Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Liverpool Exchange division from 1945 to 1970. She was a member of Liverpool County Borough Council from 1930 to 1961. Although she never held office in government, she won a national reputation for her forthright campaigns in connection with housing, public health and other social issues.

  41. 1969

    1. Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Somalian-American activist and author births

      1. Dutch-American political activist and author

        Ayaan Hirsi Ali

        Ayaan Hirsi Ali is a Somali-born Dutch-American activist and former politician. She is a critic of Islam and advocate for the rights and self-determination of Muslim women, opposing forced marriage, honor killing, child marriage, and female genital mutilation. She has founded an organisation for the defense of women's rights, the AHA Foundation. Ayaan Hirsi Ali works for the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, the American Enterprise Institute, and was a senior fellow at the Future of Democracy Project at Harvard Kennedy School.

    2. Lori Berenson, American activist births

      1. American convicted felon

        Lori Berenson

        Lori Helene Berenson is a former American terrorist who served a 20-year prison sentence for collaboration with a guerrilla organization in Peru in 1996. Berenson was convicted of collaborating with the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), a group accused of trying to overthrow the Peruvian government by force, considered to be a terrorist organization by the Peruvian government, and on the U.S. State Department's official "terrorist organization" list from 1997–2001. Her arrest and conviction, and the circumstances surrounding her trials, drew considerable attention in both the United States and Peru.

    3. Gerard Butler, Scottish actor births

      1. Scottish actor and film producer (born 1969)

        Gerard Butler

        Gerard James Butler is a Scottish actor and film producer. After studying law, he turned to acting in the mid-1990s with small roles in productions such as Mrs Brown (1997), the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), and Tale of the Mummy (1998). In 2000, he starred as Count Dracula in the gothic horror film Dracula 2000 with Christopher Plummer and Jonny Lee Miller.

    4. Nico Motchebon, German runner births

      1. German middle-distance runner

        Nico Motchebon

        Nico Motchebon is a former German 800 metres runner.

    5. Josh Mancell, American drummer and composer births

      1. Musical artist

        Josh Mancell

        Josh Mancell is an American composer and multi-instrumentalist who writes music for film, television, and video games. He is best known for his work on the Crash Bandicoot and Jak and Daxter series of video games.

    6. Iskander Mirza, Indian-Pakistani general and politician, 1st President of Pakistan (b. 1899) deaths

      1. Pakistani general, civil servant and first President (1899–1969)

        Iskandar Ali Mirza

        Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OSS, OBE, was a Pakistani Bengali general officer and civil servant who was the first President of Pakistan. He was served in this capacity in 1956 until he was dismissed by his appointed army commander, General Ayub Khan, in 1958.

      2. Head of state of Pakistan

        President of Pakistan

        The president of Pakistan, officially the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces.

  42. 1968

    1. Pat Hentgen, American baseball player and coach births

      1. American baseball player

        Pat Hentgen

        Patrick George Hentgen is an American former professional baseball pitcher, and currently a special assistant with the Toronto Blue Jays organization. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Blue Jays, St. Louis Cardinals, and Baltimore Orioles from 1991 to 2004. In 1996, he won the American League (AL) Cy Young Award.

  43. 1967

    1. Juhi Chawla, Indian actress, singer, and producer, Miss India 1984 births

      1. Indian actress (b. 1967)

        Juhi Chawla

        Juhi Chawla is an Indian actress, film producer and entrepreneur. She established herself as one of the leading actresses of Hindi cinema from the late 1980s through the early 2000s. Recognised for her comic timing and vivacious on-screen persona, she is the recipient of several accolades, including two Filmfare Awards.

      2. National beauty pageant competition in India, beauty pageant organization

        Femina Miss India

        Miss India or Femina Miss India is a national beauty pageant in India that annually selects representatives to compete in Miss World, one of the Big Four major international beauty pageants. It is organised by Femina, a women's magazine published by The Times Group. Since 2013, Femina has also organised Miss Diva as a separate competition, with representatives competing at Miss Universe.

    2. Jimmy Kimmel, American comedian, actor, and talk show host births

      1. American talk show host and comedian

        Jimmy Kimmel

        James Christian Kimmel is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is the host and executive producer of Jimmy Kimmel Live!, a late-night talk show that premiered on ABC on January 26, 2003, at Hollywood Masonic Temple in Hollywood, California; and on April 1, 2019, at a secondary home, the Zappos Theater on the Las Vegas Strip. Kimmel hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2012, 2016 and 2020, and the Academy Awards in 2017 and 2018.

    3. Steve Zahn, American actor and singer births

      1. American actor

        Steve Zahn

        Steven James Zahn is an American actor and comedian. His film roles include Reality Bites (1994), That Thing You Do! (1996), Stuart Little (1999), Shattered Glass (2003), Sahara (2005), Chicken Little (2005), the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series (2010–2012), Dallas Buyers Club (2013), The Good Dinosaur (2015), and War for the Planet of the Apes (2017). On television, Zahn appeared as Davis McAlary on HBO's Treme (2010–2013), and as Mark Mossbacher in the first season of the HBO satire comedy miniseries The White Lotus (2021), for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie. He won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in the film Happy, Texas (1999).

  44. 1966

    1. Susanna Haapoja, Finnish politician (d. 2009) births

      1. Susanna Haapoja

        Aino Maria Susanna Haapoja was a Finnish politician in the Centre Party. Haapoja was born in Kauhava and became a Member of Parliament in 2003 and was elected for a second term in 2007. In 2005, she became the chair of the Kauhava city council. She was an agrologist by training.

  45. 1964

    1. Timo Rautiainen, Finnish race car driver births

      1. Finnish rally co-driver

        Timo Rautiainen (co-driver)

        Timo Rautiainen is a Finnish former rally co-driver. He is best known for co-driving for Marcus Grönholm from 1995 to 2007. Rautiainen and Grönholm drove for Peugeot (2000–05) and Ford (2006-07) in the World Rally Championship, and won 30 world rallies and two drivers' world championship titles together. Rautiainen is married to Grönholm's sister.

    2. Dan Sullivan, American politician births

      1. American politician and lawyer (born 1964)

        Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)

        Daniel Scott Sullivan is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States senator from Alaska since 2015. A member of the Republican Party, Sullivan previously served as the commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources from 2010 to 2013, and as the Alaska Attorney General from 2009 to 2010.

  46. 1963

    1. Jaime Covilhã, Angolan basketball player and coach births

      1. Jaime Covilhã

        Jaime Lages Covilhã, in Luanda, is an Angolan basketball coach.

    2. Vinny Testaverde, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1963)

        Vinny Testaverde

        Vincent Frank Testaverde Sr. is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 21 seasons. He played college football at Miami, where he was an All-American and won the Heisman Trophy in 1986.

    3. Margaret Murray, Indian-English anthropologist and author (b. 1863) deaths

      1. British egyptologist (1863–1963)

        Margaret Murray

        Margaret Alice Murray was an Anglo-Indian Egyptologist, archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at University College London (UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She served as President of the Folklore Society from 1953 to 1955, and published widely over the course of her career.

  47. 1961

    1. Kim Polese, American entrepreneur and technology executive births

      1. American entrepreneur and technology executive

        Kim Polese

        Kim Karin Polese is a Silicon Valley entrepreneur and technology executive. She serves as Chairwoman of CrowdSmart Inc., a software products company.

    2. Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle, Jr., American general and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (b. 1897) deaths

      1. United States diplomat

        Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.

        Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr. was an American diplomat who served as ambassador to several countries between the 1930s and 1961. He served in the United States Army during World War I and after World War II, reaching the rank of major general.

      2. List of diplomatic ambassadors sent to Czechoslavokia from the United States

        List of ambassadors of the United States to Czechoslovakia

        Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 at the end of World War I, the Czechs and Slovaks united to form the new nation of Czechoslovakia. The United States recognized Czechoslovakia and commissioned its first ambassador on April 23, 1919.

  48. 1960

    1. Neil Flynn, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Neil Flynn

        Neil Richard Flynn is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his roles as Janitor on Scrubs and Mike Heck in the ABC comedy series The Middle. He has had notable appearances in television series, such as That '70s Show, CSI, and Smallville and the television films It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie and Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie.

    2. Teodora Ungureanu, Romanian gymnast and coach births

      1. Romanian gymnast

        Teodora Ungureanu

        Teodora Ungureanu is a Romanian former gymnast who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. She is a three-time Olympic medalist and a world championships silver medalist. After retiring from gymnastics she has enjoyed a successful career as a gymnastics coach.

  49. 1959

    1. Caroline Goodall, English actress and screenwriter births

      1. English actress (b. 1959)

        Caroline Goodall

        Caroline Cruice Goodall is an English actress and screenwriter. She was nominated for AFI Awards for her roles in the 1989 miniseries Cassidy, and the 1995 film Hotel Sorrento. Her other film appearances include Hook (1991), Cliffhanger (1993), Schindler's List (1993), Disclosure (1994), White Squall (1996), The Princess Diaries (2001) and The Best of Me (2014).

  50. 1957

    1. Nick Baines, English bishop births

      1. British Anglican bishop

        Nick Baines (bishop)

        Nicholas Baines is a British Anglican bishop. He has served as Bishop of Leeds since 2014, having previously been Bishop of Bradford from 2011 to 2014 and Bishop of Croydon from 2003 to 2011.

    2. Stephen Baxter, English author births

      1. British writer

        Stephen Baxter (author)

        Stephen Baxter is an English hard science fiction author. He has degrees in mathematics and engineering.

    3. Roger Ingram, American trumpet player, educator, and author births

      1. Musical artist

        Roger Ingram

        Roger O'Neal Ingram is a jazz trumpeter, educator, author, and instrument designer. He played trumpet for the orchestras of Maynard Ferguson, Woody Herman, Wynton Marsalis, Ray Charles, and Harry Connick Jr.

  51. 1956

    1. Aldo Nova, Canadian singer-songwriter and musician births

      1. Canadian rock musician

        Aldo Nova

        Aldo Nova is a Canadian guitarist, keyboardist, vocalist, and producer. He initially gained fame and popularity with the release of his 1982 debut album Aldo Nova which peaked to Billboard's number 8 position, and its accompanying single, "Fantasy", which peaked to number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and boosted sales for its parent album. "Fantasy" is Nova's highest-charting signature song often being recognized as a classic.

  52. 1955

    1. Robert Aaron, Canadian jazz musician births

      1. Canadian jazz musician

        Robert Aaron

        Robert Aaron is a Canadian jazz musician. According to John Leland of the New York Times "Mr. Aaron played flute, saxophone, clarinet and piano, then taught himself guitar, trumpet, bassoon, French horn and other instruments." He performed for rapper Wyclef Jean's band from 1998 to 2008. Robin Caulden of Press-Republican said "He's played with everybody — Afrika Bambataa, B52s, Blondie, Chic, David Bowie, Heavy D, James Chance and The Contortions, RZA, Stetsasonic, William Vivanco and Wu-Tang Clan."

    2. Bill Britton, American golfer births

      1. American professional golfer

        Bill Britton

        William Timothy Britton is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour for fifteen years during the 1980s and 1990s.

    3. Whoopi Goldberg, American actress, comedian, and talk show host births

      1. American actor, comedian, and television personality (born 1955)

        Whoopi Goldberg

        Caryn Elaine Johnson, known professionally as Whoopi Goldberg, is an American actor, comedian, author, and television personality. A recipient of numerous accolades, she is one of 17 entertainers to win the EGOT, which includes an Emmy Award, a Grammy Award, an Academy Award ("Oscar"), and a Tony Award. In 2001, she received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.

    4. Bernard DeVoto, American historian and author (b. 1897) deaths

      1. American historian and author (1897–1955)

        Bernard DeVoto

        Bernard Augustine DeVoto was an American historian, essayist, columnist, teacher, editor, and reviewer. He was the author of a series of Pulitzer-Prize-winning popular histories of the American West and for many years wrote The Easy Chair, an influential column in Harper's Magazine. DeVoto also wrote several well-regarded novels and during the 1950s served as a speech-writer for Adlai Stevenson. His friend and biographer, Wallace Stegner described Devoto as "flawed, brilliant, provocative, outrageous, ... often wrong, often spectacularly right, always stimulating, sometimes infuriating, and never, never dull."

    5. Moshe Pesach, Greek rabbi (b. 1869) deaths

      1. Greek rabbi

        Moshe Pesach

        Moshe Pesach was a Greek rabbi who was the rabbi of Volos from 1892 until his death, and chief rabbi of Greece from 1946. Through his efforts, and with the assistance of the Greek authorities, the majority of the city's Jewish community was saved during the Holocaust.

  53. 1954

    1. Scott McNealy, American businessman, co-founded Sun Microsystems births

      1. American businessman and tech entrepreneur

        Scott McNealy

        Scott McNealy is an American businessman. He is most famous for co-founding the computer technology company Sun Microsystems in 1982 along with Vinod Khosla, Bill Joy, and Andy Bechtolsheim. In 2004, while still at Sun, McNealy founded Curriki, a free online education service. In 2011, he co-founded Wayin, a social intelligence and visualization company based in Denver. McNealy stepped down from his position as CEO of Wayin in 2016.

      2. American computer company, 1982–2010

        Sun Microsystems

        Sun Microsystems, Inc. was an American technology company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services and created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, ZFS, the Network File System (NFS), and SPARC microprocessors. Sun contributed significantly to the evolution of several key computing technologies, among them Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Notable Sun acquisitions include Cray Business Systems Division, Storagetek, and Innotek GmbH, creators of VirtualBox. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982. At its height, the Sun headquarters were in Santa Clara, California, on the former west campus of the Agnews Developmental Center.

    2. Chris Noth, American actor and producer births

      1. American actor (born 1954)

        Chris Noth

        Christopher David Noth is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as NYPD Detective Mike Logan on Law & Order (1990–95), Big on Sex and the City (1998–2004), and Peter Florrick on The Good Wife (2009–16).

    3. Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal (b. 1881) deaths

      1. German field marshal during World War II

        Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist

        Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist was a German field marshal during World War II. Kleist was the commander of Panzer Group Kleist, the first operational formation of several Panzer corps in the Wehrmacht during the Battle of France, the Battle of Belgium, the Invasion of Yugoslavia and Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.

  54. 1953

    1. Frances Conroy, American actress births

      1. American actress

        Frances Conroy

        Frances Hardman Conroy is an American actress. She is best known for playing Ruth Fisher on the television series Six Feet Under (2001–2005), for which she won a Golden Globe and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and received four Primetime Emmy Awards nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. She is also known for playing the older version of Moira O'Hara in season one of the television anthology series American Horror Story, which garnered Conroy her first Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television nomination, and as well a Primetime Emmy Awards nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. Conroy subsequently portrayed The Angel of Death, Myrtle Snow, Gloria Mott, Mama Polk, Bebe Babbitt, and Belle Noir on seven further seasons of the show: Asylum, Coven, Freak Show, Roanoke, Cult, Apocalypse, and Double Feature, respectively. Conroy is the fourth actor who has appeared in most seasons of the show. For her performance in Coven, she was nominated again for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.

    2. Andrés Manuel López Obrador, President of Mexico (since 2018) births

      1. Mexican politician

        Andrés Manuel López Obrador

        Andrés Manuel López Obrador, also known by his initials AMLO, is a Mexican politician who has been serving as the 65th president of Mexico since 1 December 2018. He previously served as Head of Government of Mexico City from 2000 to 2005.

  55. 1952

    1. Merrick Garland, American jurist, 86th United States Attorney General births

      1. American lawyer and jurist (born 1952)

        Merrick Garland

        Merrick Brian Garland is an American lawyer and jurist serving since March 2021 as the 86th United States attorney general. He previously served as a U.S. circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1997 to 2021.

      2. Head of the United States Department of Justice

        United States Attorney General

        The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States. The attorney general serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all legal matters. The attorney general is a statutory member of the Cabinet of the United States.

    2. Mark Lye, American golfer births

      1. American professional golfer (born 1952)

        Mark Lye

        Mark Ryan Lye is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour.

    3. Art Malik, Pakistani-English actor and producer births

      1. British actor

        Art Malik

        Athar ul-Haque Malik, known professionally as Art Malik, is a Pakistani-born British actor who achieved international fame in the 1980s through his starring and subsidiary roles in assorted British and Merchant Ivory television serials and films. He is especially remembered for his portrayal of the out-of-place Hari Kumar in The Jewel in the Crown at the outset of his career.

    4. Margaret Wise Brown, American author (b. 1910) deaths

      1. American writer of children's books (1910–1952)

        Margaret Wise Brown

        Margaret Wise Brown was an American writer of children's books, including Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny, both illustrated by Clement Hurd. She has been called "the laureate of the nursery" for her achievements.

  56. 1951

    1. Pini Gershon, Israeli basketball player and coach births

      1. Israeli basketball player and coach

        Pini Gershon

        Pinhas "Pini" Gershon, is an Israeli former professional basketball player and coach. He won three top-level European-wide club championships as the head coach of Maccabi Tel Aviv. He won the FIBA SuproLeague championship in 2001, and the EuroLeague championship in 2004 and 2005.

    2. Harry Hurt III, American author and journalist births

      1. American author and journalist

        Harry Hurt III

        Harry Hurt III is an American author and journalist. He was formerly senior editor of the Texas Monthly and a Newsweek correspondent, and his articles have appeared in publications such as The New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Esquire and Playboy. His books include Texas Rich, a biography of oil tycoon H. L. Hunt and family; and Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump (1993), an unauthorized biography of real estate mogul and 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump.

  57. 1950

    1. Mary Lou Metzger, American singer and dancer births

      1. American musician

        Mary Lou Metzger

        Mary Lou Metzger is an American singer and dancer best known as a cast member on The Lawrence Welk Show.

    2. Gilbert Perreault, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Gilbert Perreault

        Gilbert Perreault is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played for 17 seasons with the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990. Known for his ability to stickhandle in close quarters, he is regarded as one of the most skillful playmaking centres of all time. He was the first draft pick of the Sabres in their inaugural season in the NHL. He is well known as the centre man for the prolific trio of Sabres forwards known as The French Connection. In 2017 Perreault was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

  58. 1949

    1. Terry Reid, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. British musician

        Terry Reid

        Terrance James Reid is an English rock vocalist and guitarist. He has performed with high-profile musicians, as a supporting act, session musician, and sideman.

  59. 1948

    1. Humayun Ahmed, Bengali popular writer, dramatist, novelist, screenwriter, lyricist and filmmaker (d. 2012) births

      1. Author, poet, dramatist and film director

        Humayun Ahmed

        Humayun Ahmed was a Bangladeshi novelist, dramatist, screenwriter, filmmaker, songwriter, scholar, and professor. His breakthrough was his debut novel Nondito Noroke published in 1972. He wrote over 200 fiction and non-fiction books, many of which were bestsellers in Bangladesh. His books were the top sellers at the Ekushey Book Fair during the 1990s and 2000s.

  60. 1947

    1. Toy Caldwell, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 1993) births

      1. American musician

        Toy Caldwell

        Toy Talmadge Caldwell Jr. was the lead guitarist and main songwriter of the 1970s Southern Rock group The Marshall Tucker Band. A founding member of the band, Caldwell remained with the group until 1983. In addition to his role as lead guitarist, he was also the band's steel guitarist and performed lead vocals including on one of the band's best-known hits, "Can't You See."

    2. Amory Lovins, American physicist and environmentalist births

      1. American energy policy analyst

        Amory Lovins

        Amory Bloch Lovins is an American writer, physicist, and former chairman/chief scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute. He has written on energy policy and related areas for four decades, and served on the US National Petroleum Council, an oil industry lobbying group, from 2011 to 2018.

    3. Joe Mantegna, American actor and voice artist births

      1. American actor (born 1947)

        Joe Mantegna

        Joseph Anthony Mantegna is an American actor.

  61. 1946

    1. Stanisław Barańczak, Polish-American poet, critic, and scholar (d. 2014) births

      1. Stanisław Barańczak

        Stanisław Barańczak was a Polish poet, literary critic, scholar, editor, translator and lecturer. He is perhaps most well known for his English-to-Polish translations of the dramas of William Shakespeare and of the poetry of E.E. Cummings, Elizabeth Bishop, Emily Dickinson, Wystan Hugh Auden, Seamus Heaney, Thomas Hardy, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Keats, Robert Frost, Edward Lear and others.

    2. Ray Wylie Hubbard, American country singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer and songwriter (born 1946)

        Ray Wylie Hubbard

        Ray Wylie Hubbard is an American singer and songwriter.

  62. 1945

    1. Masahiro Hasemi, Japanese race car driver births

      1. Masahiro Hasemi

        Masahiro Hasemi is a former racing driver and team owner from Japan. He started racing motocross when he was 15 years old. In 1964 he signed to drive for Nissan. After establishing himself in saloon car and GT races in Japan, he participated in his only Formula One race at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix for Kojima on 24 October 1976. He qualified 10th after an error which cost him his chance of a pole position and finished 11th, seven laps behind the winner. Contrary to a widely propagated but mistaken result, however, he never set a fastest lap in a Formula One championship race. Along with compatriots Noritake Takahara and Kazuyoshi Hoshino, he was the first Japanese driver to start a Formula One Grand Prix.

    2. Bobby Manuel, American guitarist and producer births

      1. Musical artist

        Bobby Manuel

        Bobby Manuel is an American guitarist. In the early 1960s he was the lead guitarist for the local band, The Memphis Blazers. He was hired by Stax Records in the late 1960s as an engineer and also quickly began doing studio work as a guitarist, becoming one of the company's most dependable and oft-used session players.

    3. Knut Riisnæs, Norwegian saxophonist and composer births

      1. Norwegian jazz musician, arranger, and composer

        Knut Riisnæs

        Knut Riisnæs is a Norwegian jazz musician, arranger, and composer, son of pianist Eline Nygaard Riisnæs and brother of classical pianist Anne Eline Riisnæs (1951–) and jazz saxophonist Odd Riisnæs (1953–). The brothers are both known from a variety of recordings in Norway and internationally.

  63. 1944

    1. Timmy Thomas, American singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer births

      1. American R&B singer (1944–2022)

        Timmy Thomas

        Timothy Earle Thomas was an American R&B singer, keyboardist, songwriter, and record producer, best known for the hit song, "Why Can't We Live Together".

  64. 1943

    1. Roberto Boninsegna, Italian footballer and manager births

      1. Italian former football player

        Roberto Boninsegna

        Roberto Boninsegna is an Italian former football player, who mainly played as a forward. After retiring, he worked as a football manager. As a player, he represented the Italian national side at two World Cups, reaching the final in 1970.

    2. Jay Sigel, American golfer births

      1. American professional golfer

        Jay Sigel

        Robert Jay Sigel is an American professional golfer. He enjoyed one of the more illustrious careers in the history of U.S. amateur golf, before turning pro in 1993 at age 50, when he became a member of the Senior PGA Tour, now known as the PGA Tour Champions.

    3. Howard Wilkinson, English footballer and manager births

      1. British footballer (born 1943)

        Howard Wilkinson

        Howard Wilkinson is an English former footballer and manager. Despite having a low-profile playing career, Wilkinson embarked on a successful managerial career. He won the First Division championship in 1992 with Leeds United, the final season before the creation of the Premier League. As FA Technical Director he was instrumental in the planning and development of English football's first National Football Centre. To date, he remains the last English manager to win the top-flight league in England. He later had spells as caretaker manager of the England senior and U21 teams.

  65. 1942

    1. John P. Hammond, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American musician

        John P. Hammond

        John Paul Hammond is an American singer and musician. The son of record producer John H. Hammond, he is sometimes referred to as John Hammond Jr.

    2. Daniel J. Callaghan, American admiral (b. 1890) deaths

      1. United States Navy Admiral

        Daniel J. Callaghan

        Daniel Judson Callaghan was a United States Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. In a three-decades-long career, he served his country in two wars. Callaghan served on several ships during his first 20 years of service, including escort duties during World War I, and also filled some shore-based administrative roles. He later came to the attention of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed Callaghan as his naval aide in 1938. A few years later, he returned to command duties during the early stages of World War II. An enemy shell killed Callaghan on the bridge of his flagship, USS San Francisco, during a surface action against a larger Japanese force off Savo Island. The battle ended in a strategic victory for the Allied side.

  66. 1941

    1. Eberhard Diepgen, German lawyer and politician, 10th Mayor of Berlin births

      1. German politician

        Eberhard Diepgen

        Eberhard Diepgen is a German lawyer and politician who served as Mayor of West Berlin from 1984 to 1989 and again as Mayor of (united) Berlin, from 1991 until 2001, as member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

      2. List of mayors of Berlin

        The following is a chronological list of mayors of Berlin, the capital city and city-state of Germany. The mayors are the head of the city-state, part of the senate of Berlin.

    2. David Green, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Hobby Lobby births

      1. American businessman

        David Green (entrepreneur)

        David Green is an American businessman and the founder of Hobby Lobby, a chain of arts and crafts stores. He is a major financial supporter of Evangelical organizations in the United States and funded the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C.

      2. American arts-and-crafts store chain based in Oklahoma

        Hobby Lobby

        Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., formerly Hobby Lobby Creative Centers, is an American retail company. It owns a chain of arts and crafts stores with a volume of over $5 billion in 2018. The chain has 969 stores in 47 states. Hobby Lobby is owned by Christians and incorporates American conservative values and Christian media.

    3. Dack Rambo, American actor (d. 1994) births

      1. American actor

        Dack Rambo

        Norman Jay Rambo, professionally known as Dack Rambo, was an American actor, widely known for his role as Walter Brennan's grandson Jeff in the series The Guns of Will Sonnett, as Steve Jacobi in the soap opera All My Children, as cousin Jack Ewing on Dallas, and as Grant Harrison on the soap opera Another World.

    4. Mel Stottlemyre, American baseball player and coach (d. 2019) births

      1. American baseball player and coach (1941–2019)

        Mel Stottlemyre

        Melvin Leon Stottlemyre Sr. was an American professional baseball pitcher and pitching coach. He played for 11 seasons in Major League Baseball, all for the New York Yankees, and coached for 23 seasons, for the Yankees, New York Mets, Houston Astros, and Seattle Mariners. He was a five-time MLB All-Star as a player and a five-time World Series champion as a coach.

    5. William Taubman, American political scientist and author births

      1. American political scientist

        William Taubman

        William Chase Taubman is an American political scientist. His biography of Nikita Khrushchev won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 2004 and the National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography in 2003.

  67. 1940

    1. Saul Kripke, American philosopher and academic (d. 2022) births

      1. American philosopher and logician (1940–2022)

        Saul Kripke

        Saul Aaron Kripke was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition. He was a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and emeritus professor at Princeton University. Since the 1960s, Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, modal logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and recursion theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape recordings and privately circulated manuscripts.

    2. Janet Lawson, American jazz singer and educator births

      1. American jazz singer (1940–2021)

        Janet Lawson

        Janet Lawson was a jazz singer and educator. Her primary influences as a singer were saxophonists such as Charlie Parker, Lester Young and Sonny Rollins. Her voice was described by jazz critic John S. Wilson in a 1977 New York Times article entitled Janet Lawson: The Dream Jazz Voice writing that she "has the kind of voice that most jazz singers probably wish they had. It is a full, well‐developed, remarkably pliant voice with a lower range whose dark sonorities compare favorably with the deep power of Sarah Vaughan, and a high register in which she does not have to strain to project very fast, often complex, lines."

    3. Baby Washington, American soul singer births

      1. American singer

        Baby Washington

        Justine Washington, usually credited as Baby Washington, but credited on some early records as Jeanette (Baby) Washington, is an American soul music vocalist, who had 16 Billboard R&B chart entries in 15 years, most of them during the 1960s. Her biggest hit, "That's How Heartaches Are Made" in 1963, also entered the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100.

  68. 1939

    1. Karel Brückner, Czech footballer and manager births

      1. Czech footballer and coach

        Karel Brückner

        Karel Brückner is a Czech retired football coach.

    2. Idris Muhammad, American drummer and composer (d. 2014) births

      1. American drummer

        Idris Muhammad

        Idris Muhammad was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. He had an extensive career performing jazz, funk, R&B, and soul music and recorded with musicians such as Ahmad Jamal, Lou Donaldson, Pharoah Sanders, Bob James, and Tete Montoliu.

  69. 1938

    1. Gérald Godin, Canadian journalist, poet, and politician (d. 1994) births

      1. Gérald Godin

        Gérald Godin was a Quebec poet and politician.

    2. Jack Rule, Jr., American golfer births

      1. American golfer

        Jack Rule Jr.

        Jack D. Rule Jr. is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour in the 1960s.

    3. Jean Seberg, American-French actress and singer (d. 1979) births

      1. American actress (1938–1979)

        Jean Seberg

        Jean Dorothy Seberg was an American actress who lived half of her life in France. Her performance in Jean-Luc Godard's 1960 film Breathless immortalized her as an icon of French New Wave cinema.

  70. 1937

    1. Mrs. Leslie Carter, American actress (b. 1857) deaths

      1. American silent film and stage actress (1857-1937)

        Mrs. Leslie Carter

        Caroline Louise Dudley was an American silent film and stage actress who found fame on Broadway through collaborations with impresario David Belasco. She was a strikingly beautiful and vivacious performer, known as "The American Sarah Bernhardt". She acted under her married name, Mrs. Leslie Carter, which she continued to use even after her divorce.

  71. 1936

    1. Salim Kallas, Syrian actor and politician (d. 2013) births

      1. Salim Kallas

        Salim Kallas was a Syrian actor and politician.

  72. 1935

    1. George Carey, English archbishop and theologian births

      1. Anglican bishop (born 1935)

        George Carey

        George Leonard Carey, Baron Carey of Clifton is a retired Anglican bishop who was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1991 to 2002, having previously been the Bishop of Bath and Wells.

  73. 1934

    1. Peter Arnett, New Zealand-American journalist and academic births

      1. New Zealand-born journalist

        Peter Arnett

        Peter Gregg Arnett is a New Zealand-born American journalist. He is known for his coverage of the Vietnam War and the Gulf War. He was awarded the 1966 Pulitzer Prize in International Reporting for his work in Vietnam from 1962 to 1965, mostly reporting for the Associated Press.

    2. Jimmy Fontana, Italian singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2013) births

      1. Italian actor, composer and singer-songwriter

        Jimmy Fontana

        Jimmy Fontana was an Italian actor, composer and singer-songwriter. Two of his most famous songs are "Che sarà", performed also by José Feliciano with Ricchi e Poveri and "Il Mondo".

    3. Kamahl, Malaysian-Australian singer births

      1. Malaysian–Australian singer and entertainer

        Kamahl

        Kandiah Kamalesvaran, better known by his stage name Kamahl, is a Malaysian-born Australian singer and recording artist. His highest charting Australian single, "Sounds of Goodbye" (1969), reached the top 20 on the Kent Music Report singles chart. Another single, "The Elephant Song" (1975), peaked at number one in both the Netherlands and Belgium. Generally, his repertoire comprises pop and adult contemporary music.

    4. Garry Marshall, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2016) births

      1. American filmmaker (1934–2016)

        Garry Marshall

        Garry Kent Marshall was an American filmmaker and actor. He started his career in the 1960s writing for The Lucy Show and The Dick Van Dyke Show before he developed Neil Simon's 1965 play The Odd Couple for television in 1970. He gained fame for creating Happy Days (1974–1984), Laverne and Shirley (1976–1983), and Mork and Mindy (1978–1982). He is also known for directing The Flamingo Kid (1984), Overboard (1987), Beaches (1988), Pretty Woman (1990), Runaway Bride (1999), and the family films The Princess Diaries (2001) and The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004). He also directed the romantic comedy ensemble films Valentine's Day (2010), New Year's Eve (2011), and Mother's Day (2016).

  74. 1933

    1. Don Lane, American-Australian actor, singer, and television host (d. 2009) births

      1. American talk show host

        Don Lane

        Don Lane was an American-born talk show host and singer, best known for his television career in Australia, especially for hosting Tonight with Don Lane and The Don Lane Show which aired on the Nine Network from 1975 to 1983, and his appearances with Bert Newton.

    2. Ojārs Vācietis, Latvian author and poet (d. 1983) births

      1. Latvian writer and poet

        Ojārs Vācietis

        Ojārs Vācietis was a Latvian writer and poet. He is often considered one of the most famous and influential poets in the Latvian SSR.

  75. 1932

    1. Buddy Killen, American record producer and music publisher (d. 2006) births

      1. American songwriter

        Buddy Killen

        William Doyce “Buddy” Killen was an American record producer and music publisher, and a former owner of Trinity Broadcasting Network and Tree International Publishing, the largest country music publishing business, before he sold it to CBS Records in 1989. He was also the owner of Killen Music Group, involved with more diverse genres of music, such as pop and rap.

    2. Richard Mulligan, American actor (d. 2000) births

      1. American actor (1932–2000)

        Richard Mulligan

        Richard Mulligan was an American character actor known for his roles in the sitcoms Soap (1977–1981) and Empty Nest (1988–1995),. Mulligan was the winner of two Emmy Awards and one Golden Globe Award (1989). Mulligan was the younger brother of film director Robert Mulligan.

    3. Francisco Lagos Cházaro, acting president of Mexico (1915) (b. 1878) deaths

      1. Mexican politician

        Francisco Lagos Cházaro

        Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagos Cházaro Mortero was the acting President of Mexico designated by the Convention of Aguascalientes from June 10, 1915 to October 10, 1915.

  76. 1931

    1. Adrienne Corri, Scottish actress (d. 2016) births

      1. Scottish actress (1931–2016)

        Adrienne Corri

        Adrienne Corri was a Scottish actress.

  77. 1930

    1. Benny Andrews, American painter and academic (d. 2006) births

      1. American painter

        Benny Andrews

        Benny Andrews was an African-American artist, activist and educator.

  78. 1929

    1. Robert Bonnaud, French historian and academic (d. 2013) births

      1. Robert Bonnaud

        Robert Bonnaud was a French anti-colonialist historian and professor of history at the Paris Diderot University.

    2. Fred Phelps, American lawyer, pastor, and activist, founded the Westboro Baptist Church (d. 2014) births

      1. American pastor and activist

        Fred Phelps

        Fred Waldron Phelps Sr. was an American minister who served as the pastor of the Westboro Baptist Church, worked as a civil rights attorney, and ran for statewide election in Kansas. He gained national attention for his homophobic views and protests near the funerals of gay people, military veterans, and disaster victims who he believed were killed as a result of God punishing the U.S. for having "bankrupt values" and tolerating homosexuality.

      2. American hyper-Calvinist hate group

        Westboro Baptist Church

        The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is a small American, unaffiliated Primitive Baptist church in Topeka, Kansas, founded in 1955 by pastor Fred Phelps. Labeled a hate group, WBC is known for engaging in homophobic and anti-American pickets, as well as hate speech against atheists, Jews, Muslims, transgender people, and numerous Christian denominations. Their theology and practises have been rejected almost universally by Christian churches.

    3. Asashio Tarō III, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 46th Yokozuna (d. 1988) births

      1. Japanese sumo wrestler

        Asashio Tarō III

        Asashio Tarō III was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Tokunoshima in the Amami Islands. He was the sport's 46th yokozuna. He was also a sumo coach and head of Takasago stable.

      2. Highest-ranking of the six divisions of professional sumo

        Makuuchi

        Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.

    4. Princess Viktoria of Prussia (b. 1866) deaths

      1. Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe

        Princess Viktoria of Prussia

        Princess Friederike Amalia Wilhelmine Viktoria of Prussia was the second daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor and his wife Victoria, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. Born a member of the Prussian royal house of Hohenzollern, she became Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe following her first marriage in 1890.

  79. 1928

    1. Helena Carroll, Scottish-American actress (d. 2013) births

      1. Scottish-born U.S. based stage/film and television actress

        Helena Carroll

        Helena Winifred Carroll was a veteran film, television and stage actress.

    2. Hampton Hawes, American pianist and author (d. 1977) births

      1. American jazz pianist

        Hampton Hawes

        Hampton Barnett Hawes Jr. was an American jazz pianist. He was the author of the memoir Raise Up Off Me, which won the Deems-Taylor Award for music writing in 1975.

  80. 1927

    1. Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid, American mathematician and theorist (d. 1985) births

      1. American mathematician (1927–1985)

        Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid

        Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid was an American mathematician and theorist who worked extensively on probability theory, Markov chains, and statistics. The author of more than 70 papers and 6 books, his work touched on such diverse fields as economics, physics, and biology.

  81. 1926

    1. Harry Hughes, American lawyer and politician, 57th Governor of Maryland (d. 2019) births

      1. American politician (1926–2019)

        Harry Hughes

        Harry Roe Hughes was an American politician from the Democratic Party who served as the 57th Governor of Maryland from 1979 to 1987.

      2. Head of state and of the executive branch of government of the U.S. State of Maryland

        Governor of Maryland

        The governor of the State of Maryland is the head of government of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the state's National Guard units. The governor is the highest-ranking official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the state and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution. Because of the extent of these constitutional powers, the governor of Maryland has been ranked as being among the most powerful governors in the United States.

  82. 1924

    1. Motoo Kimura, Japanese biologist and geneticist (d. 1994) births

      1. Japanese biologist

        Motoo Kimura

        Motoo Kimura was a Japanese biologist best known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968. He became one of the most influential theoretical population geneticists. He is remembered in genetics for his innovative use of diffusion equations to calculate the probability of fixation of beneficial, deleterious, or neutral alleles. Combining theoretical population genetics with molecular evolution data, he also developed the neutral theory of molecular evolution in which genetic drift is the main force changing allele frequencies. James F. Crow, himself a renowned population geneticist, considered Kimura to be one of the two greatest evolutionary geneticists, along with Gustave Malécot, after the great trio of the modern synthesis, Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright.

  83. 1923

    1. Leonard Boyle, Irish and Canadian medievalist and palaeographer (d. 1999) births

      1. Canadian priest and scholar

        Leonard Boyle

        Leonard Eugene Boyle, OP,, was an Irish and Canadian scholar in medieval studies and palaeography. He was the first Irish and North American Prefect of the Vatican Library in Rome from 1984 to 1997.

    2. Linda Christian, Mexican-American actress (d. 2011) births

      1. Mexican-born American actress

        Linda Christian

        Linda Christian was a Mexican film actress, who appeared in Mexican and Hollywood films. Her career reached its peak in the 1940s and 1950s. She played Mara in the last Johnny Weissmuller Tarzan film Tarzan and the Mermaids (1948). She is also noted for being the first Bond girl, appearing in a 1954 television adaptation of the James Bond novel Casino Royale. In 1963 she starred as Eva Ashley in an episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour titled "An Out for Oscar".

  84. 1922

    1. Jack Narz, American game show host and announcer (d. 2008) births

      1. American radio personality, television host, and singer

        Jack Narz

        John Lawrence Narz Jr. was an American radio personality, television host, and singer.

    2. Oskar Werner, Austrian-German actor (d. 1984) births

      1. Austrian actor

        Oskar Werner

        Oskar Werner was an Austrian stage and cinema actor whose prominent roles include two 1965 films, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold and Ship of Fools. Other notable films include Decision Before Dawn (1951), Jules and Jim (1962), Fahrenheit 451 (1966), The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968) and Voyage of the Damned (1976).

  85. 1921

    1. Joonas Kokkonen, Finnish pianist and composer (d. 1996) births

      1. Joonas Kokkonen

        Joonas Kokkonen was a Finnish composer. He was one of the most internationally famous Finnish composers of the 20th century after Sibelius; his opera The Last Temptations has received over 500 performances worldwide, and is considered by many to be Finland's most distinguished national opera.

    2. Ignác Goldziher, Hungarian scholar of Islam (b. 1850) deaths

      1. Hungarian scholar of Islam (1850–1921)

        Ignác Goldziher

        Ignác Goldziher, often credited as Ignaz Goldziher, was a Hungarian scholar of Islam. Along with the German Theodor Nöldeke and the Dutch Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, he is considered the founder of modern Islamic studies in Europe. Goldziher is also known for his foundational work of esoteric exegesis of the Hebrew Bible in the seminal work on the topic in "Mythology among the Hebrews," in which he defended Jewish mythology from accusations by the racists of the time that the Jews "stole" the myths of other peoples by explaining the similarities as a consequence of an origination in star lore and astral theology.

  86. 1920

    1. Guillermina Bravo, Mexican dancer, choreographer, and director (d. 2013) births

      1. Mexican ballet dancer, choreographer and ballet director (1920–2013)

        Guillermina Bravo

        Guillermina Nicolasa Bravo Canales was a Mexican ballet dancer, choreographer and ballet director. She was co-founder of the academy of Mexican dance in 1947 and established together with Josefina Lavalle the national ballet company in Mexico City in 1948, which has been located in Querétaro since 1991, where she also established the national center of contemporary dance. Bravo is considered as main figure of modern Mexican dance. Her sister Lola (1918–2004) was a notable stage actress.

    2. Jack Elam, American actor (d. 2003) births

      1. American actor (1920–2003)

        Jack Elam

        William Scott "Jack" Elam was an American film and television actor best known for his numerous roles as villains in Western films and, later in his career, comedies. His most distinguishing physical quality was his misaligned eye. Before his career in acting, he took several jobs in finance and served two years in the United States Navy during World War II.

  87. 1918

    1. George Grant, Canadian philosopher and academic (d. 1988) births

      1. Canadian philosopher

        George Grant (philosopher)

        George Parkin Grant was a Canadian philosopher and political commentator. He is best known for his Canadian nationalism, political conservatism, and his views on technology, pacifism, and Christian faith. He is often seen as one of Canada's most original thinkers.

  88. 1917

    1. Vasantdada Patil, Indian farmer and politician, 9th Governor of Rajasthan (d. 1989) births

      1. Indian politician

        Vasantdada Patil

        Vasantrao Banduji "Vasantdada" Patil was an Indian politician from Sangli, Maharashtra. He was known as the first modern Maratha strongman and first mass leader in Maharashtrian politics.

      2. Governors of Indian state of Rajasthan

        List of governors of Rajasthan

        The governor of Rajasthan is the nominal head of state and the representative of the president of India of the state of Rajasthan. The governor's powers are mostly ceremonial and the executive powers of the governor are exercised by the chief minister of Rajasthan, who is the head of the executive of the state government of Rajasthan. The following is a list of governors of Rajasthan.

    2. Robert Sterling, American actor (d. 2006) births

      1. American actor

        Robert Sterling

        Robert Sterling was an American actor. He was best known for starring in the television series Topper (1953–1955).

  89. 1914

    1. Amelia Bence, Argentinian actress (d. 2016) births

      1. Argentine actress

        Amelia Bence

        Amelia Bence was an Argentine film actress and one of the divas of the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema (1940–60).

    2. Alberto Lattuada, Italian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2005) births

      1. Italian film director

        Alberto Lattuada

        Alberto Lattuada was an Italian film director.

  90. 1913

    1. V. Appapillai, Sri Lankan physicist and academic (d. 2001) births

      1. V. Appapillai

        Velupillai Appapillai was a Sri Lankan physicist and academic. He was the dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya.

    2. Lon Nol, Cambodian general and politician, 37th Prime Minister of Cambodia (d. 1985) births

      1. Cambodian politician and military leader (1913–1985)

        Lon Nol

        Marshal Lon Nol was a Cambodian politician and general who served as Prime Minister of Cambodia twice, as well as serving repeatedly as defence minister and provincial governor. As a nationalist and conservative, he led the military coup of 1970 against Prince Norodom Sihanouk, abolished the monarchy, and established the short-lived Khmer Republic. Constitutionally a semi-presidential republic, Cambodia was de facto governed under a military dictatorship. He was the commander-in-chief of the Khmer National Armed Forces during the Cambodian Civil War. On April 1st, 1975, 16 days before the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh, Lon Nol fled to the United States, first to Hawaii and Michigan and then to California, where he remained until his death in 1985.

      2. Head of government of Cambodia

        Prime Minister of Cambodia

        The prime minister of Cambodia is the head of government of Cambodia. The prime minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet and leads the executive branch of the Royal Government of Cambodia. The prime minister is a member of parliament, and is appointed by the monarch for a term of five years. Since 1945, 36 individuals have served as prime minister; 32 as official prime ministers, and 4 in acting capacities.Hun Sen, of the Cambodian People's Party, has been the incumbent prime minister since 1985. He served from 1985 to 1993 and was Second Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998 alongside Norodom Ranariddh (1993–1997) and Ung Huot (1997–1998). Elected as prime minister in his own right in 1998, he is the longest serving prime minister in Cambodian history.

    3. Dimitrios Hatzis, Greek novelist and journalist (d. 1981) births

      1. Greek novelist and journalist

        Dimitrios Hatzis

        Dimitrios Hatzis was a Greek novelist and journalist.

  91. 1911

    1. Buck O'Neil, American baseball player and manager (d. 2006) births

      1. American baseball player (1911–2006)

        Buck O'Neil

        John Jordan "Buck" O'Neil Jr. was a first baseman and manager in the Negro American League, mostly with the Kansas City Monarchs. After his playing days, he worked as a scout and became the first African American coach in Major League Baseball. In his later years he became a popular and renowned speaker and interview subject, helping to renew widespread interest in the Negro leagues, and played a major role in establishing the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Missouri. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2022 as an executive.

  92. 1910

    1. William Bradford Huie, American journalist and author (d. 1986) births

      1. American journalist and novelist

        William Bradford Huie

        William Bradford Huie was an American writer, investigative reporter, editor, national lecturer, and television host. His credits include twenty-one books that sold over 30 million copies worldwide. In addition to writing 14 bestsellers, he wrote hundreds of articles that appeared in all of the major magazines and newspapers of the day.

    2. Pat Reid, Indian-English soldier and author (d. 1990) births

      1. British Army officer, prisoner of war, author

        Pat Reid

        Patrick Robert Reid, was a British Army officer and author of history. As a British prisoner of war during the Second World War, he was held captive at Colditz Castle when it was designated Oflag IV-C. Reid was one of the few to escape from Colditz, crossing the border into neutral Switzerland in late 1942.

  93. 1909

    1. Vincent Apap, Maltese sculptor (d. 2003) births

      1. Maltese sculptor

        Vincent Apap

        Vincent Apap, OBE was a Maltese sculptor who is well known for designing various public monuments and church statues, most notably the Triton Fountain in Valletta. He has been called "one of Malta's foremost sculptors of the Modern Period" by the studio of Renzo Piano.

  94. 1908

    1. C. Vann Woodward, American historian, author, and academic (d. 1999) births

      1. American historian

        C. Vann Woodward

        Comer Vann Woodward was an American historian who focused primarily on the American South and race relations. He was long a supporter of the approach of Charles A. Beard, stressing the influence of unseen economic motivations in politics. Stylistically, he was a master of irony and counterpoint. Woodward was on the left end of the history profession in the 1930s. By the 1950s he was a leading liberal and supporter of civil rights. His book The Strange Career of Jim Crow, which demonstrated that racial segregation was an invention of the late 19th century rather than an inevitable post-Civil-War development, was endorsed by Martin Luther King Jr. as "the historical Bible of the civil rights movement". After attacks on him by the New Left in the late 1960s, he moved to the right politically. He won a Pulitzer Prize for History for his annotated edition of Mary Chestnut's Civil War diaries.

  95. 1906

    1. Hermione Baddeley, English actress (d. 1986) births

      1. English actress (1906–1986)

        Hermione Baddeley

        Hermione Youlanda Ruby Clinton-Baddeley was an English actress of theatre, film and television. She typically played brash, vulgar characters, often referred to as "brassy" or "blowsy". She found her milieu in revue, in which she played from the 1930s to the 1950s, co-starring several times with the English actress Hermione Gingold.

    2. A. W. Mailvaganam, Sri Lankan physicist and academic (d. 1987) births

      1. A. W. Mailvaganam

        Vidya Jyothi Arumugam Wisvalingam Mailvaganam, OBE was a leading Ceylon Tamil physicist, academic and the dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Ceylon.

    3. Eva Zeisel, Hungarian-American potter and designer (d. 2011) births

      1. Hungarian artist (1906–2011)

        Eva Zeisel

        Eva Striker Zeisel was a Hungarian-born American industrial designer known for her work with ceramics, primarily from the period after she immigrated to the United States. Her forms are often abstractions of the natural world and human relationships. Work from throughout her prodigious career is included in important museum collections across the world. Zeisel declared herself a "maker of useful things."

  96. 1904

    1. H. C. Potter, American director and producer (d. 1977) births

      1. American director

        H. C. Potter

        Henry Codman Potter was an American theatrical producer and director as well as movie director.

  97. 1903

    1. Camille Pissarro, Virgin Islander-French painter (b. 1830) deaths

      1. French painter (1830–1903)

        Camille Pissarro

        Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas. His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54.

  98. 1900

    1. David Marshall Williams, American convicted murderer and firearms designer (d. 1975) births

      1. American murderer and firearms designer

        David Marshall Williams

        David Marshall Williams was an American firearms designer and convicted murderer who invented the floating chamber and the short-stroke piston. Both designs used the high-pressure gas generated in or near the breech of the firearm to operate the action of semi-automatic firearms like the M1 Carbine.

    2. Edward Buzzell, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1985) births

      1. American actor and director (1895–1985)

        Edward Buzzell

        Edward Buzzell was an American film actor and director whose credits include Child of Manhattan (1933); Honolulu (1939); the Marx Brothers films At the Circus (1939) and Go West (1940); the musicals Best Foot Forward (1943), Song of the Thin Man (1947), and Neptune's Daughter (1949); and Easy to Wed (1946).

  99. 1899

    1. Iskander Mirza, Pakistani general and politician, 1st President of Pakistan (d. 1969) births

      1. Pakistani general, civil servant and first President (1899–1969)

        Iskandar Ali Mirza

        Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OSS, OBE, was a Pakistani Bengali general officer and civil servant who was the first President of Pakistan. He was served in this capacity in 1956 until he was dismissed by his appointed army commander, General Ayub Khan, in 1958.

      2. Head of state of Pakistan

        President of Pakistan

        The president of Pakistan, officially the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces.

  100. 1897

    1. Gertrude Olmstead, American actress (d. 1975) births

      1. American actress

        Gertrude Olmstead

        Gertrude Olmstead was an American actress of the silent era. She appeared in 56 films between 1920 and 1929. Her last name was sometimes seen as Olmsted.

  101. 1894

    1. Bennie Moten, American pianist and bandleader (d. 1935) births

      1. American jazz pianist and band leader

        Bennie Moten

        Benjamin Moten was an American jazz pianist and band leader born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, United States.

    2. Arthur Nebe, German SS officer (d. 1945) births

      1. German SS functionary and Holocaust perpetrator

        Arthur Nebe

        Arthur Nebe was a German SS functionary who was key in the security and police apparatus of Nazi Germany and from 1941, a major perpetrator of the Holocaust.

      2. Nazi paramilitary organization

        Schutzstaffel

        The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

  102. 1893

    1. Edward Adelbert Doisy, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) births

      1. American biochemist

        Edward Adelbert Doisy

        Edward Adelbert Doisy was an American biochemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943 with Henrik Dam for their discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

  103. 1886

    1. Mary Wigman, German dancer and choreographer (d. 1973) births

      1. German dancer and choreographer (1886–1973)

        Mary Wigman

        Mary Wigman was a German dancer and choreographer, notable as the pioneer of expressionist dance, dance therapy, and movement training without pointe shoes. She is considered one of the most important figures in the history of modern dance. She became one of the most iconic figures of Weimar German culture and her work was hailed for bringing the deepest of existential experiences to the stage.

  104. 1883

    1. Leo Goodwin, American swimmer, diver, and water polo player (d. 1957) births

      1. American swimmer

        Leo Goodwin (swimmer)

        Leo Joseph Goodwin was an American swimmer, diver, and water polo player. He competed in the 1904 and 1908 Summer Olympics and won medals in all three disciplines.

    2. J. Marion Sims, American physician and gynecologist (b. 1813) deaths

      1. American physician and gynecologist (1813-1883)

        J. Marion Sims

        James Marion Sims was an American physician in the field of surgery, known as the "father of gynecology". His most famous work was the development of a surgical technique for the repair of vesicovaginal fistula, a severe complication of obstructed childbirth. He is also remembered for inventing Sims speculum, Sims sigmoid catheter, and the Sims position. Against significant opposition, he established, in New York, the first hospital specifically for women. He was forced out of the hospital he founded because he insisted on treating cancer patients; he played a small role in the creation of the nation's first cancer hospital, which opened after his death.

  105. 1881

    1. Jesús García, Mexican railroad brakeman (d. 1907) births

      1. Mexican national hero

        Jesús García

        Jesús García Corona was a Mexican railroad brakeman who died while preventing a train loaded with dynamite from exploding near Nacozari, Sonora, in 1907. As "el héroe de Nacozari", he is revered as a national hero and many streets, plazas, and schools across Mexico are named after him.

  106. 1879

    1. John Grieb, American gymnast and triathlete (d. 1939) births

      1. American gymnast

        John Grieb

        John William Grieb was an American gymnast and track and field athlete who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. He was born in Philadelphia. In 1904 he won the gold medal in the gymnastics' team event and silver medal in the athletics' triathlon event. He was also sixth in athletics' all-around event, 52nd in gymnastics' all-around event and 90th in gymnastics' triathlon event.

  107. 1878

    1. Max Dehn, German-American mathematician and academic (d. 1952) births

      1. German-American mathematician

        Max Dehn

        Max Wilhelm Dehn was a German mathematician most famous for his work in geometry, topology and geometric group theory. Born to a Jewish family in Germany, Dehn's early life and career took place in Germany. However, he was forced to retire in 1935 and eventually fled Germany in 1939 and emigrated to the United States.

  108. 1872

    1. John M. Lyle, Irish-Canadian architect and educator, designed the Royal Alexandra Theatre (d. 1945) births

      1. Canadian architect

        John M. Lyle

        John MacIntosh Lyle was an Irish-Canadian architect, designer, urban planner, and teacher active in the late 19th century and into the first half of the 20th century. He was a leading Canadian architect in the Beaux Arts style and was involved in the City Beautiful movement in several Canadian cities. In the 1920s, he worked to develop his vision of a uniquely Canadian style of architecture.

      2. Theatre in Toronto, Canada

        Royal Alexandra Theatre

        The Royal Alexandra Theatre, commonly known as the Royal Alex, is a theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located near King and Simcoe Street. Built in 1907, the 1,244-seat Royal Alex is the oldest continuously operating legitimate theatre in North America.

    2. Margaret Sarah Carpenter, English painter (b. 1793) deaths

      1. Portrait painter from England

        Margaret Sarah Carpenter

        Margaret Sarah Carpenter was an English painter. Noted in her time, she mostly painted portraits in the manner of Sir Thomas Lawrence. She was a close friend of Richard Parkes Bonington.

  109. 1869

    1. Helene Stöcker, German author and activist (d. 1943) births

      1. Helene Stöcker

        Helene Stöcker was a German feminist, pacifist and gender activist. She successfully campaigned keep same sex relationships between women legal, but she was unsuccessful in her campaign to legalise abortion. She was a pacifist in Germany. As war emerged she fled to Norway and as that was invaded she moved to Japan and emigrated to America in 1942.

    2. Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams, Russian-American activist, journalist, and politician (d. 1962) births

      1. Russian feminist revolutionary (1869–1962)

        Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams

        Ariadna Vladimirovna Tyrkova-Williams was a liberal politician, journalist, writer and feminist in Russia during the revolutionary period until 1920. Afterwards, she lived as a writer in Britain (1920–1951) and the United States (1951–1962).

  110. 1868

    1. Gioachino Rossini, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1792) deaths

      1. Italian opera composer (1792–1868)

        Gioachino Rossini

        Gioachino Antonio Rossini was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some chamber music and piano pieces, and some sacred music. He set new standards for both comic and serious opera before retiring from large-scale composition while still in his thirties, at the height of his popularity.

  111. 1867

    1. Adolphe Napoléon Didron, French archaeologist and historian (b. 1806) deaths

      1. Adolphe Napoléon Didron

        Adolphe Napoléon Didron (1806–1867) was a French art historian and archaeologist.

  112. 1866

    1. Abraham Flexner, American educator, founded the Institute for Advanced Study (d. 1959) births

      1. American educator

        Abraham Flexner

        Abraham Flexner was an American educator, best known for his role in the 20th century reform of medical and higher education in the United States and Canada.

      2. Postgraduate center in Princeton, New Jersey, US

        Institute for Advanced Study

        The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholars, including J. Robert Oppenheimer, Albert Einstein, Hermann Weyl, John von Neumann, and Kurt Gödel, many of whom had emigrated from Europe to the United States.

  113. 1864

    1. James Cannon Jr., American Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (d. 1944) births

      1. American bishop

        James Cannon Jr.

        James Cannon Jr. was an American bishop of t