Important events in history
on May 28 ^th

Events

2017
1. Former Formula One driver Takuma Sato wins his first Indianapolis 500, the first Japanese and Asian driver to do so. Double world champion Fernando Alonso retires from an engine issue in his first entry of the event.
  1. Formula One
    
    Formula One is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The World Drivers' Championship, which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981, has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, which take place worldwide on both purpose-built circuits and closed public roads.
  2. Takuma Sato
    
    Takuma Sato , nicknamed "Taku", is a Japanese professional racing driver. Sato is a two time winner of the Indianapolis 500, having won the event in 2017 and 2020. He was the first Asian driver to win the Indianapolis 500, and the twentieth driver to win the race more than once. Before winning the Indianapolis 500, Sato became the first Japanese-born driver to win an IndyCar Series race when he won the 2013 Grand Prix of Long Beach. He currently drives for Dale Coyne Racing with Rick Ware Racing.
  3. 2017 Indianapolis 500
    
    The 2017 Indianapolis 500 was a Verizon IndyCar Series race held on Sunday May 28, 2017, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, United States. The race was the premier event and the sixth race of the 2017 Verizon IndyCar Series season.
  4. Fernando Alonso
    
    Fernando Alonso Díaz is a Spanish racing driver currently competing for Alpine in Formula One. He won the series' World Drivers' Championship in 2005 and 2006 with Renault, and has also driven for McLaren, Ferrari, and Minardi. With Toyota, Alonso won the 24 Hours of Le Mans twice, in 2018 and 2019, and the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2018–19. He also won the 24 Hours of Daytona with Wayne Taylor Racing in 2019.
2016
1. Harambe, a gorilla, is shot to death after grabbing a three-year-old boy in his enclosure at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, resulting in widespread criticism and sparking various internet memes.
  1. Harambe
    
    Harambe was a western lowland gorilla who lived at the Cincinnati Zoo from 2014 to 2016, and previously at the Gladys Porter Zoo for 15 years. On May 28, 2016, a three-year-old boy climbed into a gorilla enclosure at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden where he was grabbed and dragged by Harambe. Fearing for the boy's life, a zoo worker shot and killed Harambe. The incident was recorded on video and received broad international coverage and commentary, including controversy over the choice to use lethal force. A number of primatologists and conservationists wrote later that the zoo had no other choice under the circumstances, and that it highlighted the danger of zoo animals near humans and the need for better standards of care.
  2. Gorilla
    
    Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus Gorilla is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans, from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimpanzees and bonobos.
  3. Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden
    
    The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden is the sixth oldest zoo in the United States, founded in 1873 and officially opening in 1875. It is located in the Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. It originally began with 64.5 acres (26.1 ha) in the middle of the city, but has spread into the neighboring blocks and several reserves in Cincinnati's outer suburbs. It was appointed as a National Historic Landmark in 1987.
  4. Internet meme
    
    An Internet meme, commonly known simply as a meme, is an idea, behavior, style, or image that is spread via the Internet, often through social media platforms. What is considered a meme may vary across different communities on the Internet and is subject to change over time. Traditionally, the term mostly applied to images, concepts, or catchphrases, but it has since become broader and more multi-faceted, evolving to include more elaborate structures such as challenges, GIFs, videos, and viral sensations. The retronym derives from the earlier concept of a meme as any cultural idea, behavior or style that propagates through imitation.
2011
1. Malta votes on the introduction of divorce; the proposal was approved by 53% of voters, resulting in a law allowing divorce under certain conditions being enacted later in the year.
  1. Malta
    
    Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily (Italy), 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia, and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya. The official languages are Maltese and English, and 66% of the current Maltese population is at least conversational in the Italian language.
  2. 2011 Maltese divorce referendum
    
    A referendum on divorce was held in Malta on 28 May 2011. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new law to introduce allowing divorces, as at that time, Malta was one of only three countries in the world in which divorce was not permitted. The proposal was approved by 53% of voters, resulting in a law allowing divorce under certain conditions being enacted later in the year.
2010
1. A train derailment and collision in the West Midnapore district of West Bengal, India, caused the deaths of at least 148 passengers.
  1. Jnaneswari Express train derailment
    
    On 28 May 2010, a Jnaneshwari Express train derailed at about 1 am in the West Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. It was disputed as to whether sabotage or a bomb caused damage on the railway track, which in turn led to the derailment, before an oncoming goods train hit the loose carriages and resulted in the deaths of at least 148 passengers.
  2. Paschim Medinipur district
    
    Paschim Medinipur district or West Midnapore district is one of the districts of the state of West Bengal, India. It was formed on 1 January 2002 after the Partition of Midnapore into Paschim Medinipur and Purba Medinipur. On 4 April 2017, the Jhargram subdivision was converted into a district. GDP of West Midnapore district is 12 billion USD.
  3. West Bengal
    
    West Bengal is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi). West Bengal is the fourth-most populous and thirteenth-largest state by area in India, as well as the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. As a part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, it borders Bangladesh in the east, and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam.
2. In West Bengal, India, the Jnaneswari Express train derailment and subsequent collision kills 148 passengers.
  1. West Bengal
    
    West Bengal is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of 88,752 km2 (34,267 sq mi). West Bengal is the fourth-most populous and thirteenth-largest state by area in India, as well as the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. As a part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, it borders Bangladesh in the east, and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam.
  2. India
    
    India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. The nation's capital city is New Delhi.
  3. Jnaneswari Express train derailment
    
    On 28 May 2010, a Jnaneshwari Express train derailed at about 1 am in the West Midnapore district of West Bengal, India. It was disputed as to whether sabotage or a bomb caused damage on the railway track, which in turn led to the derailment, before an oncoming goods train hit the loose carriages and resulted in the deaths of at least 148 passengers.
2008
1. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal formally declares Nepal a republic, ending the 240-year reign of the Shah dynasty.
  1. Nepal
    
    Nepal, formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, and India in the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural state, with Nepali as the official language. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the largest city.
  2. Shah dynasty
    
    The Shah dynasty, also known as the Shahs of Gorkha or the Royal House of Gorkha, was the ruling Chaubise Thakuri dynasty ; and the founder of Gorkha Kingdom from 1559 to 1768 and later the unified Kingdom of Nepal from 1768 to 28 May 2008.
2004
1. The Iraqi Governing Council chooses Ayad Allawi, a longtime anti-Saddam Hussein exile, as prime minister of Iraq's interim government.
  1. Iraqi Governing Council
    
    The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) was the provisional government of Iraq from 13 July 2003 to 1 June 2004. It was established by and served under the United States-led Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). The IGC consisted of various Iraqi political and tribal leaders who were appointed by the CPA to provide advice and leadership of the country until the June 2004 transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government.
  2. Ayad Allawi
    
    Ayad Allawi is an Iraqi politician. He served as the vice president of Iraq from 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2018. Previously he was interim prime minister of Iraq from 2004 to 2005 and the president of the Governing Council of Iraq in 2003.
  3. Saddam Hussein
    
    Saddam Hussein was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization, the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to power in Iraq.
  4. Iraq
    
    Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The vast majority of the country's 44 million residents are Muslims – the notable other faiths are Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognised in specific regions are Neo-Aramaic, Turkish and Armenian.
2003
1. As a result of criticism of his conduct, Peter Hollingworth resigned from his post as Governor-General of Australia.
  1. Peter Hollingworth
    
    Peter John Hollingworth is an Australian retired Anglican bishop. Engaged in social work for several decades, he served as the archbishop of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane in Queensland for 11 years from 1989 and was the 1991 Australian of the Year. He served as the 23rd governor-general of Australia from 2001 until 2003. He is also an author and recipient of various civil and ecclesiastical honours. In May 2003 Hollingworth became the third Australian governor-general to resign, after criticisms were aired over his conduct as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane in the 1990s.
  2. Governor-General of Australia
    
    The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Australia. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of government ministers. The governor-general has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force. The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers, judges, and ambassadors; giving royal assent to legislation passed by parliament; issuing writs for election; and bestowing Australian honours.
2. Peter Hollingworth resigns as Governor-General of Australia following criticism of his handling of child sexual abuse allegations during his tenure as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane.
  1. Peter Hollingworth
    
    Peter John Hollingworth is an Australian retired Anglican bishop. Engaged in social work for several decades, he served as the archbishop of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane in Queensland for 11 years from 1989 and was the 1991 Australian of the Year. He served as the 23rd governor-general of Australia from 2001 until 2003. He is also an author and recipient of various civil and ecclesiastical honours. In May 2003 Hollingworth became the third Australian governor-general to resign, after criticisms were aired over his conduct as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane in the 1990s.
  2. Governor-General of Australia
    
    The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Australia. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of government ministers. The governor-general has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force. The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers, judges, and ambassadors; giving royal assent to legislation passed by parliament; issuing writs for election; and bestowing Australian honours.
  3. Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane
    
    The Archbishop of Brisbane is the diocesan bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane, Australia, and ex officio metropolitan bishop of the ecclesiastical Province of Queensland.
2002
1. An independent commission appointed by the Football Association voted two-to-one to allow Wimbledon F.C. to relocate from London to Milton Keynes.
  1. The Football Association
    
    The Football Association is the governing body of association football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the amateur and professional game in its territory.
  2. Wimbledon F.C.
    
    Wimbledon Football Club was an English football club formed in Wimbledon, south-west London, in 1889 and based at Plough Lane from 1912 to 1991. Founded as Wimbledon Old Centrals, the club were a non-League team for most of their history. Nicknamed "the Dons" and latterly also "the Wombles", they won eight Isthmian League titles, the FA Amateur Cup in 1963 and three successive Southern League championships between 1975 and 1977, and were then elected to the Football League. The team rose quickly from obscurity during the 1980s and were promoted to the then top-flight First Division in 1986, just four seasons after being in the Fourth Division.
  3. Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes
    
    Wimbledon Football Club relocated to Milton Keynes in September 2003, 16 months after receiving permission to do so from the Football Association on the basis of a two-to-one decision in favour by an FA-appointed independent commission. The move took the team from south London, where it had been based since its foundation in 1889, to Milton Keynes, a new town in Buckinghamshire, about 56 miles (90 km) to the northwest of the club's traditional home district Wimbledon. Hugely controversial, the move's authorisation prompted disaffected Wimbledon supporters to form AFC Wimbledon, a new club, in June 2002. The relocated team played home matches in Milton Keynes under the Wimbledon name from September 2003 until June 2004, when following the end of the 2003–04 season it renamed itself Milton Keynes Dons F.C..
  4. Milton Keynes
    
    Milton Keynes is a city and the largest settlement in Buckinghamshire, England, about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. At the 2021 Census, the population of its urban area was over 256,000. The River Great Ouse forms its northern boundary; a tributary, the River Ouzel, meanders through its linear parks and balancing lakes. Approximately 25% of the urban area is parkland or woodland and includes two Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).
2. The last steel girder is removed from the original World Trade Center site. Cleanup duties officially end with closing ceremonies at Ground Zero in Manhattan, New York City.
  1. World Trade Center site
    
    The World Trade Center site, often referred to as "Ground Zero" or "the Pile" immediately after the September 11 attacks, is a 14.6-acre (5.9 ha) area in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, the West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, and Church Street to the east. The Port Authority owns the site's land. The original World Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks.
  2. Manhattan
    
    Manhattan, known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state of New York. Located near the southern tip of New York State, Manhattan is based in the Eastern Time Zone and constitutes both the geographical and demographic center of the Northeast megalopolis and the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. Over 58 million people live within 250 miles of Manhattan, which serves as New York City’s economic and administrative center, cultural identifier, and the city’s historical birthplace. Manhattan has been described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world, is considered a safe haven for global real estate investors, and hosts the United Nations headquarters. New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, centered in Manhattan.
1999
1. After 21 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's mural painting The Last Supper (pictured), in Milan, Italy, was returned to display.
  1. Conservation and restoration of paintings
    
    The conservation and restoration of paintings is carried out by professional painting conservators. Paintings cover a wide range of various mediums, materials, and their supports. Painting types include fine art to decorative and functional objects spanning from acrylics, frescoes, and oil paint on various surfaces, egg tempera on panels and canvas, lacquer painting, water color and more. Knowing the materials of any given painting and its support allows for the proper restoration and conservation practices. All components of a painting will react to its environment differently, and impact the artwork as a whole. These material components along with collections care will determine the longevity of a painting. The first steps to conservation and restoration is preventive conservation followed by active restoration with the artist's intent in mind.
  2. Leonardo da Vinci
    
    Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a genius who epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo.
  3. The Last Supper (Leonardo)
    
    The Last Supper is a mural painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, dated to c. 1495–1498. The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with the Twelve Apostles, as it is told in the Gospel of John – specifically the moment after Jesus announces that one of his apostles will betray him. Its handling of space, mastery of perspective, treatment of motion and complex display of human emotion has made it one of the Western world's most recognizable paintings and among Leonardo's most celebrated works. Some commentators consider it pivotal in inaugurating the transition into what is now termed the High Renaissance.
  4. Milan
    
    Milan is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants. Its continuously built-up urban area is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area, is estimated between 8.2 million and 12.5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.
2. In Milan, Italy, after 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece The Last Supper is put back on display.
  1. Milan
    
    Milan is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants. Its continuously built-up urban area is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area, is estimated between 8.2 million and 12.5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.
  2. Leonardo da Vinci
    
    Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology. Leonardo is widely regarded to have been a genius who epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works comprise a contribution to later generations of artists matched only by that of his younger contemporary, Michelangelo.
  3. The Last Supper (Leonardo)
    
    The Last Supper is a mural painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, dated to c. 1495–1498. The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with the Twelve Apostles, as it is told in the Gospel of John – specifically the moment after Jesus announces that one of his apostles will betray him. Its handling of space, mastery of perspective, treatment of motion and complex display of human emotion has made it one of the Western world's most recognizable paintings and among Leonardo's most celebrated works. Some commentators consider it pivotal in inaugurating the transition into what is now termed the High Renaissance.
1998
1. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission carried out five underground nuclear tests, becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and publicly test nuclear weapons.
  1. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
    
    Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclear technology.
  2. Chagai-I
    
    Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15 hrs PKT on 28 May 1998. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province.
  3. List of states with nuclear weapons
    
    Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons. Five are considered to be nuclear-weapon states (NWS) under the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons, these are the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China.
  4. Nuclear weapon
    
    A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion reactions, producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.
2. Nuclear testing: Pakistan responds to a series of nuclear tests by India with five of its own codenamed Chagai-I, prompting the United States, Japan, and other nations to impose economic sanctions. Pakistan celebrates Youm-e-Takbir annually.
  1. Nuclear weapons testing
    
    Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine nuclear weapons' effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability. Testing nuclear weapons offers practical information about how the weapons function, how detonations are affected by different conditions, and how personnel, structures, and equipment are affected when subjected to nuclear explosions. However, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength. Many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status through a nuclear test.
  2. Chagai-I
    
    Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15 hrs PKT on 28 May 1998. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province.
  3. Economic sanctions
    
    Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted self-governing state, group, or individual. Economic sanctions are not necessarily imposed because of economic circumstances—they may also be imposed for a variety of political, military, and social issues. Economic sanctions can be used for achieving domestic and international purposes.
  4. Youm-e-Takbir
    
    Youm-e-Takbir is celebrated as a national day in Pakistan on May 28 in commemoration of Chagai-I and Chagai-II series of nuclear tests. The nuclear tests made Pakistan the seventh nation to possess nuclear weapons and the first in the Muslim world.
1996
1. U.S. President Bill Clinton's former business partners in the Whitewater land deal, Jim McDougal and Susan McDougal, and the Governor of Arkansas, Jim Guy Tucker, are convicted of fraud.
  1. Bill Clinton
    
    William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary Clinton, who was a senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election.
  2. Whitewater controversy
    
    The Whitewater controversy, Whitewater scandal, Whitewatergate, or simply Whitewater, was an American political controversy during the 1990s. It began with an investigation into the real estate investments of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, Jim McDougal and Susan McDougal, in the Whitewater Development Corporation. This failed business venture was incorporated in 1979 with the purpose of developing vacation properties on land along the White River near Flippin, Arkansas.
  3. Jim McDougal
    
    James B. McDougal was a native of White County, Arkansas, and his wife, Susan McDougal, were financial partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton in the real estate venture that led to the Whitewater political scandal of the 1990s. Starting in 1982, McDougal operated Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan Association.
  4. Susan McDougal
    
    Susan Carol McDougal is a real estate investor who served prison time as a result of the Whitewater controversy.
  5. List of governors of Arkansas
    
    The governor of Arkansas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arkansas government and is charged with enforcing state laws. They have the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arkansas General Assembly, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.
  6. Jim Guy Tucker
    
    James Guy Tucker Jr. is an American politician and attorney from Arkansas. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 43rd governor of Arkansas, the 15th lieutenant governor, state attorney general, and U.S. representative. Tucker resigned the governorship and was replaced by Mike Huckabee on July 16, 1996, after his conviction for fraud during the Whitewater affair.
1995
1. The 7.0 Mw  Neftegorsk earthquake shakes the former Russian settlement of Neftegorsk with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Total damage was $64.1–300 million, with 1,989 deaths and 750 injured. The settlement was not rebuilt.
  1. 1995 Neftegorsk earthquake
    
    The 1995 Neftegorsk earthquake occurred on 28 May at 1:04 local time on northern Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. It was the most destructive earthquake known within the current territory of Russia, with a magnitude of Ms7.1 and maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) that devastated the oil town of Neftegorsk, where 1,989 of its 3,977 citizens were killed, and another 750 injured.
  2. Neftegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast
    
    Neftegorsk, formerly Vostok before 1970, is a ghost town in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia.
  3. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
    
    The Modified Mercalli intensity scale, developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales. While shaking is caused by the seismic energy released by an earthquake, earthquakes differ in how much of their energy is radiated as seismic waves. Deeper earthquakes also have less interaction with the surface, and their energy is spread out across a larger volume. Shaking intensity is localized, generally diminishing with distance from the earthquake's epicenter, but can be amplified in sedimentary basins and certain kinds of unconsolidated soils.
  4. United States dollar
    
    The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. dollar at par with the Spanish silver dollar, divided it into 100 cents, and authorized the minting of coins denominated in dollars and cents. U.S. banknotes are issued in the form of Federal Reserve Notes, popularly called greenbacks due to their predominantly green color.
1991
1. The capital city of Addis Ababa falls to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, ending both the Derg regime in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Civil War.
  1. Addis Ababa
    
    Addis Ababa, also known as Finfinne, is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It also serves as the seat of the government of Oromia: while being outside of Oromia regional state boundaries. In the 2007 census, the city's population was estimated to be 2,739,551 inhabitants. Addis Ababa is a highly developed and important cultural, artistic, financial and administrative centre of Ethiopia.
  2. Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
    
    The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front was an ethnic federalist political coalition in Ethiopia that existed from 1988 to 2019. It consisted of four political parties, namely Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Amhara Democratic Party (ADP), Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) and Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM). After leading the overthrow of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it dominated Ethiopian politics from 1991 to 2019. In November 2019, the EPRDF was dissolved, and Prime Minister and EPDRF chairman Abiy Ahmed merged three of the constituent parties into his new Prosperity Party, which was officially founded on 1 December 2019.
  3. Derg
    
    The Derg, officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia, then including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when the military leadership formally "civilianized" the administration but stayed in power until 1991.
  4. Ethiopia
    
    Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres. As of 2022, it is home to around 113.5 million inhabitants, making it the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
  5. Ethiopian Civil War
    
    The Ethiopian Civil War was a civil war in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea, fought between the Ethiopian military junta known as the Derg and Ethiopian-Eritrean anti-government rebels from 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991.
1987
1. Mathias Rust, a West German aviator, flew his Cessna 172 from Helsinki, Finland, through Soviet air defences, landing illegally near Red Square in Moscow.
  1. Mathias Rust
    
    Mathias Rust is a German aviator known for his flight that ended with a landing near Red Square in Moscow on 28 May 1987. A teenage amateur pilot, he flew from Helsinki, Finland, to Moscow, being tracked several times by Soviet Air Defence Forces and civilian air traffic controllers, as well as Soviet Air Force interceptor aircraft. The Soviet fighters did not receive permission to shoot him down, and his aeroplane was mistaken for a friendly aircraft several times. He landed on Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge, next to Red Square near the Kremlin in the capital of the Soviet Union.
  2. Cessna 172
    
    The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is an American four-seat, single-engine, high wing, fixed-wing aircraft made by the Cessna Aircraft Company. First flown in 1955, more 172s have been built than any other aircraft. It was developed from the 1948 Cessna 170 but with tricycle landing gear rather than conventional landing gear. The Skyhawk name was originally used for a trim package, but was later applied to all standard-production 172 aircraft, while some upgraded versions were marketed as the Cutlass.
  3. Red Square
    
    Red Square is one of the oldest and largest squares in Moscow, the capital of Russia. Owing to its historical significance and the adjacent historical buildings, it is regarded as one of the most famous squares in Europe and the world. It is located in Moscow's historic centre, in the eastern walls of the Kremlin. It is the city landmark of Moscow, with iconic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral, Lenin's Mausoleum and the GUM. In addition, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.
2. An 18-year-old West German pilot, Mathias Rust, evades Soviet Union air defences and lands a private plane in Red Square in Moscow, Russia.
  1. Mathias Rust
    
    Mathias Rust is a German aviator known for his flight that ended with a landing near Red Square in Moscow on 28 May 1987. A teenage amateur pilot, he flew from Helsinki, Finland, to Moscow, being tracked several times by Soviet Air Defence Forces and civilian air traffic controllers, as well as Soviet Air Force interceptor aircraft. The Soviet fighters did not receive permission to shoot him down, and his aeroplane was mistaken for a friendly aircraft several times. He landed on Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge, next to Red Square near the Kremlin in the capital of the Soviet Union.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Red Square
    
    Red Square is one of the oldest and largest squares in Moscow, the capital of Russia. Owing to its historical significance and the adjacent historical buildings, it is regarded as one of the most famous squares in Europe and the world. It is located in Moscow's historic centre, in the eastern walls of the Kremlin. It is the city landmark of Moscow, with iconic buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral, Lenin's Mausoleum and the GUM. In addition, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.
1979
1. Konstantinos Karamanlis signs the full treaty of the accession of Greece with the European Economic Community.
  1. Konstantinos Karamanlis
    
    Konstantinos G. Karamanlis, commonly anglicised to Constantine Karamanlis or just Caramanlis, was a four-time prime minister and twice as the president of the Third Hellenic Republic, and a towering figure of Greek politics, whose political career spanned much of the latter half of the 20th century.
  2. European Economic Community
    
    The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organization created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957, aiming to foster economic integration among its member states. It was subsequently renamed the European Community (EC) upon becoming integrated into the first pillar of the newly formed European Union in 1993. In the popular language, however, the singular European Community was sometimes inaccuratelly used in the wider sense of the plural European Communities, in spite of the latter designation covering all the three constituent entities of the first pillar.
1977
1. In Southgate, Kentucky, the Beverly Hills Supper Club is engulfed in fire, killing 165 people inside.
  1. Southgate, Kentucky
    
    Southgate is a home rule-class city in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 3,803 at the 2010 census.
  2. Beverly Hills Supper Club fire
    
    The Beverly Hills Supper Club fire in Southgate, Kentucky, is the seventh deadliest nightclub fire in history. It occurred on the night of May 28, 1977, during the Memorial Day holiday weekend. A total of 165 people died and more than 200 were injured as a result of the blaze.
1975
1. Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States.
  1. West Africa
    
    West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. The population of West Africa is estimated at about 419 million people as of 2021, and at 381,981,000 as of 2017, of which 189,672,000 are female and 192,309,000 male. The region is demographically and economically one of the fastest growing on the African continent.
  2. Treaty of Lagos
    
    The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was created by the Treaty of Lagos on May 28, 1975, in Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria. ECOWAS was established to promote cooperation and integration in order to create an economic and monetary union for promoting economic growth and development in West Africa.
  3. Economic Community of West African States
    
    The Economic Community of West African States is a regional political and economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa. Collectively, these countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), and in 2015 had an estimated population of over 349 million.
1974
1. Northern Ireland's power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement collapses following a general strike by loyalists.
  1. Northern Ireland
    
    Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2021, its population was 1,903,100, making up about 27% of Ireland's population and about 3% of the UK's population. The Northern Ireland Assembly, established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the UK Government. Northern Ireland cooperates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas.
  2. Sunningdale Agreement
    
    The Sunningdale Agreement was an attempt to establish a power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive and a cross-border Council of Ireland. The agreement was signed at Sunningdale Park located in Sunningdale, Berkshire, on 9 December 1973. Unionist opposition, violence and general strike caused the collapse of the agreement in May 1974.
  3. Ulster Workers' Council strike
    
    The Ulster Workers' Council (UWC) strike was a general strike that took place in Northern Ireland between 15 May and 28 May 1974, during "the Troubles". The strike was called by unionists who were against the Sunningdale Agreement, which had been signed in December 1973. Specifically, the strikers opposed the sharing of political power with Irish nationalists, and the proposed role for the Republic of Ireland's government in running Northern Ireland.
  4. Ulster loyalism
    
    Ulster loyalism is a strand of Ulster unionism associated with working class Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland. Like other unionists, loyalists support the continued existence of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and oppose a united Ireland. Unlike other strands of unionism, loyalism has been described as an ethnic nationalism of Ulster Protestants and "a variation of British nationalism". Loyalists are often said to have a conditional loyalty to the British state so long as it defends their interests. They see themselves as loyal primarily to the Protestant British monarchy rather than to British governments and institutions, while Garret FitzGerald argued they are loyal to 'Ulster' over 'the Union'. A small minority of loyalists have called for an independent Ulster Protestant state, believing they cannot rely on British governments to support them. The term 'loyalism' is usually associated with paramilitarism.
1968
1. Garuda Indonesia Flight 892 crashes near Nala Sopara in India, killing 30.
  1. Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892
    
    Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892 was a scheduled international passenger flight of Garuda Indonesian Airways from Jakarta, Indonesia, to Amsterdam, the Netherlands, with stopovers in Singapore, Bangkok, Bombay, Karachi, Cairo, and Rome. On 28 May 1968, while operating the fourth segment of the flight from Bombay to Karachi, the Convair CV-990-30A-5 jet airliner crashed during climb-out from Bombay–Santacruz Airport. The aircraft crashed in Bilalpada village near the town of Nala Sopara, killing all 15 passengers and 14 crew onboard, as well as one person on the ground. Although the cause of the accident is not clearly known, the accident was caused presumably by loss of control that resulted from engine failure due to misfueling while the aircraft was making its stopover in Bombay. The accident was the second hull loss of the Convair 990; it is also the first accident involving the type to result in fatalities.
  2. Nala Sopara
    
    Nala Sopara or Nallasopara formerly known as Sopara or Supara, is a town within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The town lies in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India and is governed by Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation (VVMC). Nalla Sopara railway station is part of the Western Railway Zone.
1964
1. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded, with Yasser Arafat elected as its first leader.
  1. Palestine Liberation Organization
    
    The Palestine Liberation Organization is a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, in opposition to the State of Israel. In 1993, alongside the Oslo I Accord, the PLO's aspiration for Arab statehood was revised to be specifically for the Palestinian territories under an Israeli occupation since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War. It is headquartered in the city of Al-Bireh in the West Bank, and is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by over 100 countries that it has diplomatic relations with. As the official recognized government of the de jure State of Palestine, it has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations (UN) since 1974. Due to its militant activities, including acts of violence primarily aimed at Israeli civilians, the PLO was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987, although a later presidential waiver has permitted American contact with the organization since 1988. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted Resolution 242 of the United Nations Security Council, and rejected "violence and terrorism". In response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as a legitimate authority representing the Palestinian people. However, despite its participation in the Oslo Accords, the PLO continued to employ tactics of violence in the following years, particularly during the Second Intifada of 2000–2005. On 29 October 2018, the Palestinian Central Council suspended the Palestinian recognition of Israel, and subsequently halted all forms of security and economic cooperation with it.
  2. Yasser Arafat
    
    Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, popularly known as Yasser Arafat or by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian political leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004 and President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004. Ideologically an Arab nationalist and a socialist, he was a founding member of the Fatah political party, which he led from 1959 until 2004.
1961
1. Peter Benenson's article The Forgotten Prisoners is published in several internationally read newspapers. This will later be thought of as the founding of the human rights organization Amnesty International.
  1. Peter Benenson
    
    Peter Benenson was a British barrister, human rights activist and the founder of the human rights group Amnesty International (AI). He refused all honours for most of his life, but in his 80s, largely to please his family, he accepted the Pride of Britain Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2001.
  2. The Forgotten Prisoners
    
    "The Forgotten Prisoners" is an article by Peter Benenson published in The Observer on 28 May 1961. Citing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights articles 18 and 19, it announced a campaign on "Appeal for Amnesty, 1961" and called for "common action". The article also launched the book Persecution 1961 and its stories of doctor Agostinho Neto, philosopher Constantin Noica, lawyer Antonio Amat and Ashton Jones and Patrick Duncan.
  3. Newspaper
    
    A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.
  4. Human rights
    
    Human rights are moral principles or norms for certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as inalienable, fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being" and which are "inherent in all human beings", regardless of their age, ethnic origin, location, language, religion, ethnicity, or any other status. They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They are regarded as requiring empathy and the rule of law and imposing an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others, and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances.
  5. Amnesty International
    
    Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world. The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments." The organization has played a notable role on human rights issues due to its frequent citation in media and by world leaders.
1958
1. Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, heavily reinforced by Frank Pais Militia, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero.
  1. Cuban Revolution
    
    The Cuban Revolution was carried out after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. After failing to contest Batista in court Fidel Castro organized an armed attack on the Cuban military's Moncada Barracks. The rebels were arrested and while in prison formed the 26th of July Movement. After gaining amnesty the M-26-7 rebels organized an expedition from Mexico on the Granma yacht to invade Cuba. In the following years the M-26-7 rebel army would slowly defeat the Cuban army in the countryside, while its urban wing would engage in sabotage and rebel army recruitment. Over time the originally critical and ambivalent Popular Socialist Party would come to support the 26th of July Movement in late 1958. By the time the rebels were to oust Batista the revolution was being driven by the Popular Socialist Party, 26th of July Movement, and the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil.
  2. Fidel Castro
    
    Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.
  3. 26th of July Movement
    
    The 26th of July Movement was a Cuban vanguard revolutionary organization and later a political party led by Fidel Castro. The movement's name commemorates its 26 July 1953 attack on the army barracks on Santiago de Cuba in an attempt to start the overthrowing of the dictator Fulgencio Batista.
1948
1. Daniel François Malan is elected as Prime Minister of South Africa. He later goes on to implement Apartheid.
  1. D. F. Malan
    
    Daniël François Malan was a South African politician who served as the fourth prime minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. The National Party implemented the system of apartheid, which enforced racial segregation laws, during his tenure as Prime Minister.
  2. Prime Minister of South Africa
    
    The prime minister of South Africa was the head of government in South Africa between 1910 and 1984.
  3. Apartheid
    
    Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed by Indians and Coloureds, then black Africans. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day.
1940
1. World War II: Belgium surrenders to Nazi Germany to end the Battle of Belgium.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
  3. German invasion of Belgium (1940)
    
    The invasion of Belgium or Belgian campaign, often referred to within Belgium as the 18 Days' Campaign, formed part of the greater Battle of France, an offensive campaign by Germany during the Second World War. It took place over 18 days in May 1940 and ended with the German occupation of Belgium following the surrender of the Belgian Army.
2. World War II: Norwegian, French, Polish and British forces recapture Narvik in Norway. This is the first Allied infantry victory of the War.
  1. Battles of Narvik
    
    The Battles of Narvik were fought from 9 April to 8 June 1940 as a naval battle of the Ofotfjord and as a land battle in the mountains surrounding the north Norwegian town of Narvik as part of the Norwegian Campaign of the Second World War.
  2. Narvik
    
    Narvik (help·info) is the third-largest municipality in Nordland county, Norway, by population. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Narvik. Some of the notable villages in the municipality include Ankenesstranda, Ballangen, Beisfjord, Bjerkvik, Bjørnfjell, Elvegård, Kjøpsvik, Skjomen, Håkvik, Hergot, Straumsnes, and Vidrek. The Elvegårdsmoen army camp is located near Bjerkvik.
1937
1. The rise of Neville Chamberlain culminated with his accession as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
  1. Rise of Neville Chamberlain
    
    The early life, business career and political rise of Neville Chamberlain culminated on 28 May 1937, when he was summoned to Buckingham Palace to "kiss hands" and accept the office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Chamberlain had long been regarded as Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's political heir, and when Baldwin announced his retirement, Chamberlain was seen as the only possible successor.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
2. Volkswagen, the German automobile manufacturer, is founded.
  1. Volkswagen
    
    Volkswagen, abbreviated as VW, is a German motor vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front under the Nazi Party and revived into a global brand post-World War II by the British Army Officer Ivan Hirst, it is known for the iconic Beetle and serves as the flagship brand of the Volkswagen Group, the largest automotive manufacturer by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017. The group's biggest market is in China, which delivers 40 percent of its sales and profits. Its name is derived from the German-language terms Volk and Wagen, translating to "people's car" when combined.
1936
1. Alan Turing submits On Computable Numbers for publication.
  1. Alan Turing
    
    Alan Mathison Turing was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. He is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.
  2. Turing's proof
    
    Turing's proof is a proof by Alan Turing, first published in January 1937 with the title "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". It was the second proof of the negation of Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem; that is, the conjecture that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation; more technically, that some decision problems are "undecidable" in the sense that there is no single algorithm that infallibly gives a correct "yes" or "no" answer to each instance of the problem. In Turing's own words: "what I shall prove is quite different from the well-known results of Gödel ... I shall now show that there is no general method which tells whether a given formula U is provable in K [Principia Mathematica]".
1934
1. Near Callander, Ontario, Canada, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne; they will be the first quintuplets to survive infancy.
  1. Callander, Ontario
    
    The Municipality of Callander is a township in central Ontario, Canada, located at the southeast end of Lake Nipissing in the Almaguin Highlands region of the District of Parry Sound. The municipality is located on Callander Bay, just south of North Bay.
  2. Dionne quintuplets
    
    The Dionne quintuplets are the first quintuplets known to have survived their infancy. The identical girls were born just outside Callander, Ontario, near the village of Corbeil. All five survived to adulthood.
  3. Multiple birth
    
    A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy, wherein the mother gives birth to two or more babies. A term most applicable to vertebrate species, multiple births occur in most kinds of mammals, with varying frequencies. Such births are often named according to the number of offspring, as in twins and triplets. In non-humans, the whole group may also be referred to as a litter, and multiple births may be more common than single births. Multiple births in humans are the exception and can be exceptionally rare in the largest mammals.
  4. Infant
    
    An infant or baby is the very young offspring of human beings. Infant is a formal or specialised synonym for the common term baby. The terms may also be used to refer to juveniles of other organisms. A newborn is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, a newborn or neonate is an infant in the first 28 days after birth; the term applies to premature, full term, and postmature infants.
1932
1. In the Netherlands, construction of the Afsluitdijk is completed and the Zuiderzee bay is converted to the freshwater IJsselmeer.
  1. Afsluitdijk
    
    The Afsluitdijk is a major dam and causeway in the Netherlands. It was constructed between 1927 and 1932 and runs from Den Oever in North Holland province to the village of Zurich in Friesland province, over a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi) and a width of 90 metres (300 ft), at an initial height of 7.25 metres (23.8 ft) above sea level.
  2. Zuiderzee
    
    The Zuiderzee or Zuider Zee was a shallow bay of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands, extending about 100 km inland and at most 50 km wide, with an overall depth of about 4 to 5 metres (13–16 feet) and a coastline of about 300 km. It covered 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi). Its name is Dutch for "southern sea", indicating that the name originates in Friesland, to the north of the Zuiderzee. In the 20th century the majority of the Zuiderzee was closed off from the North Sea by the construction of the Afsluitdijk, leaving the mouth of the inlet to become part of the Wadden Sea. The salt water inlet changed into a fresh water lake now called the IJsselmeer after the river that drains into it, and by means of drainage and polders, an area of some 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi) was reclaimed as land. This land eventually became the province of Flevoland, with a population of nearly 400,000 (2011).
  3. Zuiderzee Works
    
    The Zuiderzee Works is a man-made system of dams and dikes, land reclamation and water drainage work, in total the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century. The project involved the damming of the Zuiderzee, a large, shallow inlet of the North Sea, and the reclamation of land in the newly enclosed water using polders. Its main purposes are to improve flood protection and create additional land for agriculture.
  4. IJsselmeer
    
    The IJsselmeer, also known as Lake IJssel in English, is a closed off inland bay in the central Netherlands bordering the provinces of Flevoland, North Holland and Friesland. It covers an area of 1,100 km2 (420 sq mi) with an average depth of 5.5 m (18 ft). The river IJssel flows into the IJsselmeer.
1926
1. The 28 May 1926 coup d'état: Ditadura Nacional is established in Portugal to suppress the unrest of the First Republic.
  1. 28 May 1926 coup d'état
    
    The 28 May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28 May Revolution or, during the period of the authoritarian Estado Novo, the National Revolution, was a military coup of a nationalist origin, that put an end to the unstable Portuguese First Republic and initiated 48 years of authoritarian rule in Portugal. The regime that immediately resulted from the coup, the Ditadura Nacional, would be later refashioned into the Estado Novo, which in turn would last until the Carnation Revolution in 1974.
  2. Ditadura Nacional
    
    The Ditadura Nacional was the name given to the regime that governed Portugal from 1926, after the re-election of General Óscar Carmona to the post of President, until 1933. The preceding period of military dictatorship that started after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état is known as Ditadura Militar. After adopting a new constitution in 1933, the regime changed its name to Estado Novo. The Ditadura Nacional, together with the Estado Novo, forms the historical period of the Portuguese Second Republic (1926–1974).
  3. Portugal
    
    Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe, and its Iberian portion is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Its two archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. Lisbon is the capital and largest city by population.
  4. History of Portugal
    
    The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis.
1918
1. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia declare their independence.
  1. Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
    
    The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was the first secular democratic republic in the Turkic and Muslim worlds. The ADR was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council in Tiflis on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, and ceased to exist on April 28, 1920. Its established borders were with Russia to the north, the Democratic Republic of Georgia to the north-west, the Republic of Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. It had a population of around 3 million. Ganja was the temporary capital of the Republic as Baku was under Bolshevik control. The name of "Azerbaijan" which the leading Musavat party adopted, for political reasons, was, prior to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, exclusively used to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran.
  2. First Republic of Armenia
    
    The First Republic of Armenia, officially known at the time of its existence as the Republic of Armenia, was the first modern Armenian state since the loss of Armenian statehood in the Middle Ages.
1907
1. The first Isle of Man TT race is held.
  1. Isle of Man TT
    
    The Isle of Man TT or Tourist Trophy races are an annual motorcycle racing event run on the Isle of Man in May/June of most years since its inaugural race in 1907. The event is often called one of the most dangerous racing events in the world as many competitors have died.
1905
1. Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima ends with the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet by Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō and the Imperial Japanese Navy.
  1. Russo-Japanese War
    
    The Russo-Japanese War was fought between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire during 1904 and 1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The major theatres of military operations were located in Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria, and the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean both for its navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok remained ice-free and operational only during the summer; Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by the Qing dynasty of China from 1897, was operational year round. Russia had pursued an expansionist policy east of the Urals, in Siberia and the Far East, since the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. Since the end of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Japan had feared Russian encroachment would interfere with its plans to establish a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria.
  2. Battle of Tsushima
    
    The Battle of Tsushima, also known as the Battle of Tsushima Strait and the Naval Battle of Sea of Japan in Japan, was a major naval battle fought between Russia and Japan during the Russo-Japanese War. It was naval history's first, and so far the last, decisive sea battle fought by modern steel battleship fleets and the first naval battle in which wireless telegraphy (radio) played a critically important role. It has been characterized as the "dying echo of the old era – for the last time in the history of naval warfare, ships of the line of a beaten fleet surrendered on the high seas".
  3. Baltic Fleet
    
    The Baltic Fleet is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.
  4. Admiral
    
    Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, or fleet admiral.
  5. Tōgō Heihachirō
    
    Marshal-Admiral Marquis Tōgō Heihachirō , served as a gensui or admiral of the fleet in the Imperial Japanese Navy and became one of Japan's greatest naval heroes. He claimed descent from Samurai Shijo Kingo, and he was an integral part of preserving Japanese artwork. As Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, he successfully confined the Russian Pacific naval forces to Port Arthur before winning a decisive victory over a relieving fleet at Tsushima in May 1905. Western journalists called Tōgō "the Nelson of the East". He remains deeply revered as a national hero in Japan, with shrines and streets named in his honour.
  6. Imperial Japanese Navy
    
    The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed between 1952–1954 after the dissolution of the IJN.
1901
1. Mozaffar ad-Din, Shah of Persia, granted exclusive rights to prospect for oil in the country to William Knox D'Arcy.
  1. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
    
    Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, was the fifth shah of Qajar Iran, reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907. He is often credited with the creation of the Persian Constitution of 1906, which he approved of as one of his final actions as Shah.
  2. Qajar Iran
    
    Qajar Iran, also referred to as Qajar Persia, the Qajar Empire, Sublime State of Persia, officially the Sublime State of Iran and also known then as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was an Iranian state ruled by the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic origin, specifically from the Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease, putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. He was formally crowned as Shah after his punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects.
  3. D'Arcy Concession
    
    The D'Arcy Concession was a petroleum oil concession that was signed in 1901 between William Knox D'Arcy and Mozzafar al-Din, Shah of Persia. The oil concession gave D'Arcy the exclusive rights to prospect for oil in Persia. During this exploration for oil, D'Arcy and his team encountered financial troubles and struggled to find sellable amounts of oil. Facing high costs, they were about to give up but eventually struck large commercial quantities of oil in 1908. The Burmah Oil Company created the Anglo-Persian Oil Company to take over the concession in 1909.
  4. William Knox D'Arcy
    
    William Knox D'Arcy was a British businessman who was one of the principal founders of the oil and petrochemical industry in Persia (Iran). The D’Arcy Concession was signed in 1901 and allowed D'Arcy to explore, obtain, and market oil, natural gas, asphalt, and ozokerite in Persia.
1892
1. Scottish-American preservationist John Muir founded the environmental organization Sierra Club in San Francisco, California.
  1. John Muir
    
    John Muir, also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks", was an influential Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America.
  2. Sierra Club
    
    The Sierra Club is an environmental organization with chapters in all 50 United States, Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico. The club was founded on May 28, 1892, in San Francisco, California, by Scottish-American preservationist John Muir, who became the first president as well as the longest-serving president, at approximately 20 years in this leadership position. The Sierra Club operates only in the United States and holds the legal status of 501(c)(4) nonprofit social welfare organization. Sierra Club Canada is a separate entity.
2. In San Francisco, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.
  1. San Francisco
    
    San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th most populous in the United States, with 815,201 residents as of 2021. It covers a land area of 46.9 square miles, at the end of the San Francisco Peninsula, making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city after New York City, and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs. Among the 331 U.S. cities proper with more than 100,000 residents, San Francisco was ranked first by per capita income and fifth by aggregate income as of 2019. Colloquial nicknames for San Francisco include SF, San Fran, The City, Frisco, and Baghdad by the Bay.
  2. John Muir
    
    John Muir, also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks", was an influential Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America.
  3. Sierra Club
    
    The Sierra Club is an environmental organization with chapters in all 50 United States, Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico. The club was founded on May 28, 1892, in San Francisco, California, by Scottish-American preservationist John Muir, who became the first president as well as the longest-serving president, at approximately 20 years in this leadership position. The Sierra Club operates only in the United States and holds the legal status of 501(c)(4) nonprofit social welfare organization. Sierra Club Canada is a separate entity.
1871
1. The Paris Commune falls after two months.
  1. Paris Commune
    
    The Paris Commune was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, the capital of France, from 18 March to 28 May 1871.
1830
1. U.S. president Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, authorizing him to negotiate with Native Americans for their removal from their ancestral homelands.
  1. Andrew Jackson
    
    Andrew Jackson was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans.
  2. Indian Removal Act
    
    The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President Andrew Jackson. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi." During the Presidency of Jackson (1829-1837) and his successor Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) more than 60,000 Indians from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The northern tribes were resettled initially in Kansas. With a few exceptions the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes was emptied of its Indian population. The movement westward of the Indian tribes was characterized by a large number of deaths occasioned by the hardships of the journey.
  3. Native Americans in the United States
    
    Native Americans, also known as American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Americans, and other terms, are the Indigenous peoples of the mainland United States.. There are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. As defined by the United States Census, "Native Americans" are Indigenous tribes that are originally from the contiguous United States, along with Alaska Natives. Indigenous peoples of the United States who are not listed as American Indian or Alaska Native include Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, and the Chamorro people. The US Census groups these peoples as "Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders".
  4. Indian removal
    
    Indian removal was the United States government policy of forced displacement of self-governing tribes of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River – specifically, to a designated Indian Territory. The Indian Removal Act, the key law which authorized the removal of Native tribes, was signed by Andrew Jackson in 1830. Although Jackson took a hard line on Indian removal, the law was enforced primarily during the Martin Van Buren administration. After the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830, approximately 60,000 members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands, with thousands dying during the Trail of Tears.
2. U.S. President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act which denies Native Americans their land rights and forcibly relocates them.
  1. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  2. Andrew Jackson
    
    Andrew Jackson was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans.
  3. Indian Removal Act
    
    The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President Andrew Jackson. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi." During the Presidency of Jackson (1829-1837) and his successor Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) more than 60,000 Indians from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The northern tribes were resettled initially in Kansas. With a few exceptions the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes was emptied of its Indian population. The movement westward of the Indian tribes was characterized by a large number of deaths occasioned by the hardships of the journey.
  4. Native Americans in the United States
    
    Native Americans, also known as American Indians, First Americans, Indigenous Americans, and other terms, are the Indigenous peoples of the mainland United States.. There are 574 federally recognized tribes living within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. As defined by the United States Census, "Native Americans" are Indigenous tribes that are originally from the contiguous United States, along with Alaska Natives. Indigenous peoples of the United States who are not listed as American Indian or Alaska Native include Native Hawaiians, Samoan Americans, and the Chamorro people. The US Census groups these peoples as "Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders".
1802
1. In an attempt to resist the reintroduction of slavery in Guadeloupe, Louis Delgrès and hundreds of his followers blew themselves up, killing many French troops in the process.
  1. Guadeloupe
    
    Guadeloupe is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the two inhabited Îles des Saintes—as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings. It is south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat, north of the Commonwealth of Dominica. The region's capital city is Basse-Terre, located on the southern west coast of Basse-Terre Island; however, the most populous city is Les Abymes and the main centre of business is neighbouring Pointe-à-Pitre, both located on Grande-Terre Island. It had a population of 384,239 in 2019.
  2. Louis Delgrès
    
    Louis Delgrès was a leader of the movement in Guadeloupe resisting reoccupation and thus the reinstitution of slavery by Napoleonic France in 1802.
2. In Guadeloupe, 400 rebellious slaves, led by Louis Delgrès, blow themselves up rather than submit to Napoleon's troops.
  1. Guadeloupe
    
    Guadeloupe is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the two inhabited Îles des Saintes—as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings. It is south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat, north of the Commonwealth of Dominica. The region's capital city is Basse-Terre, located on the southern west coast of Basse-Terre Island; however, the most populous city is Les Abymes and the main centre of business is neighbouring Pointe-à-Pitre, both located on Grande-Terre Island. It had a population of 384,239 in 2019.
  2. Louis Delgrès
    
    Louis Delgrès was a leader of the movement in Guadeloupe resisting reoccupation and thus the reinstitution of slavery by Napoleonic France in 1802.
  3. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
1754
1. French and Indian War: Led by 22-year-old George Washington, a company of Virginia colonial militiamen ambushed a force of 35 Canadiens at the Battle of Jumonville Glen (depicted).
  1. French and Indian War
    
    The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on their native allies.
  2. George Washington
    
    George Washington was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as the president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of his Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country.
  3. Colony of Virginia
    
    The Colony of Virginia, chartered in 1606 and settled in 1607, was the first enduring English colony in North America, following failed attempts at settlement on Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 and the colony of Roanoke by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 1580s.
  4. Militia (United States)
    
    The militia of the United States, as defined by the U.S. Congress, has changed over time. During colonial America, all able-bodied men of a certain age range were members of the militia, depending on each colony's rule. Individual towns formed local independent militias for their own defense. The year before the US Constitution was ratified, The Federalist Papers detailed the founders' paramount vision of the militia in 1787. The new Constitution empowered Congress to "organize, arm, and discipline" this national military force, leaving significant control in the hands of each state government.
  5. French Canadians
    
    French Canadians, or Franco-Canadians, are an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada beginning in the 17th century.
  6. Battle of Jumonville Glen
    
    The Battle of Jumonville Glen, also known as the Jumonville affair, was the opening battle of the French and Indian War, fought on May 28, 1754, near present-day Hopwood and Uniontown in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. A company of provincial troops from Virginia under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, and a small number of Mingo warriors led by the chieftain Tanacharison, ambushed a force of 35 Canadiens under the command of Joseph Coulon de Jumonville.
2. French and Indian War: In the first engagement of the war, Virginia militia under the 22-year-old Lieutenant colonel George Washington defeat a French reconnaissance party in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in what is now Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania.
  1. French and Indian War
    
    The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on their native allies.
  2. Virginia
    
    Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most-populous city, and Fairfax County is the most-populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population in 2020 was over 8.65 million, with 36% of them living in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.
  3. Militia
    
    A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel; or, historically, to members of a warrior-nobility class. Generally unable to hold ground against regular forces, militias commonly support regular troops by skirmishing, holding fortifications, or conducting irregular warfare, instead of undertaking offensive campaigns by themselves. Local civilian laws often limit militias to serve only in their home region, and to serve only for a limited time; this further reduces their use in long military campaigns.
  4. Lieutenant colonel
    
    Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply "colonel" in conversation and in unofficial correspondence. Sometimes, the term 'half-colonel' is used in casual conversation in the British Army. In the United States Air Force, the term 'light bird' or 'light bird colonel' is an acceptable casual reference to the rank but is never used directly towards the rank holder. A lieutenant colonel is typically in charge of a battalion or regiment in the army.
  5. George Washington
    
    George Washington was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as the president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of his Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country.
  6. Battle of Jumonville Glen
    
    The Battle of Jumonville Glen, also known as the Jumonville affair, was the opening battle of the French and Indian War, fought on May 28, 1754, near present-day Hopwood and Uniontown in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. A company of provincial troops from Virginia under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, and a small number of Mingo warriors led by the chieftain Tanacharison, ambushed a force of 35 Canadiens under the command of Joseph Coulon de Jumonville.
  7. Fayette County, Pennsylvania
    
    Fayette County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in southwestern Pennsylvania, adjacent to Maryland and West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 128,804. Its county seat is Uniontown. The county was created on September 26, 1783, from part of Westmoreland County and named after the Marquis de Lafayette.
  8. Pennsylvania
    
    Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and the Delaware River and New Jersey to the east.
1644
1. English Civil War: Royalist troops stormed and captured the Parliamentarian stronghold of Bolton, leading to a massacre of defenders and local residents.
  1. English Civil War
    
    The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
  2. Cavalier
    
    The term 'Cavalier' was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration. It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.
  3. Storming of Bolton
    
    The Storming of Bolton, sometimes referred to as the "Bolton massacre", was an event in the First English Civil War which happened on 28 May 1644. The strongly Parliamentarian town was stormed and captured by Royalist forces under Prince Rupert. It was alleged that up to 1,600 of Bolton's defenders and inhabitants were slaughtered during and after the fighting. The "massacre at Bolton" became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda.
  4. Roundhead
    
    Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundheads was to give to Parliament the supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom.
  5. Bolton
    
    Bolton is a large town in Greater Manchester in North West England, formerly a part of Lancashire. A former mill town, Bolton has been a production centre for textiles since Flemish weavers settled in the area in the 14th century, introducing a wool and cotton-weaving tradition. The urbanisation and development of the town largely coincided with the introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Bolton was a 19th-century boomtown and, at its zenith in 1929, its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War and, by the 1980s, cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton.
2. English Civil War: Bolton Massacre by Royalist troops under the command of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby.
  1. English Civil War
    
    The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
  2. Storming of Bolton
    
    The Storming of Bolton, sometimes referred to as the "Bolton massacre", was an event in the First English Civil War which happened on 28 May 1644. The strongly Parliamentarian town was stormed and captured by Royalist forces under Prince Rupert. It was alleged that up to 1,600 of Bolton's defenders and inhabitants were slaughtered during and after the fighting. The "massacre at Bolton" became a staple of Parliamentarian propaganda.
  3. Cavalier
    
    The term 'Cavalier' was first used by Roundheads as a term of abuse for the wealthier royalist supporters of King Charles I and his son Charles II of England during the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration. It was later adopted by the Royalists themselves. Although it referred originally to political and social attitudes and behaviour, of which clothing was a very small part, it has subsequently become strongly identified with the fashionable clothing of the court at the time. Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered to be an archetypal Cavalier.
  4. James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby
    
    James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, KG was an English nobleman, politician, and supporter of the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Before inheriting the title in 1642 he was known as Lord Strange. He was feudal Lord of the Isle of Man, where he was known as "Yn Stanlagh Mooar".
1608
1. Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi debuted his second opera L'Arianna, now one of his lost works, at a royal wedding in Mantua.
  1. Claudio Monteverdi
    
    Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered a crucial transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history.
  2. L'Arianna
    
    L'Arianna is the lost second opera by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. One of the earliest operas in general, it was composed in 1607–1608 and first performed on 28 May 1608, as part of the musical festivities for a royal wedding at the court of Duke Vincenzo Gonzaga in Mantua. All the music is lost apart from the extended recitative known as "Lamento d'Arianna". The libretto, which survives complete, was written in eight scenes by Ottavio Rinuccini, who used Ovid's Heroides and other classical sources to relate the story of Ariadne's abandonment by Theseus on the island of Naxos and her subsequent elevation as bride to the god Bacchus.
  3. Lost operas by Claudio Monteverdi
    
    The Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), in addition to a large output of church music and madrigals, wrote prolifically for the stage. His theatrical works were written between 1604 and 1643 and included operas, of which three—L'Orfeo (1607), Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1640) and L'incoronazione di Poppea (1643)—have survived with their music and librettos intact. In the case of the other seven operas, the music has disappeared almost entirely, although some of the librettos exist. The loss of these works, written during a critical period of early opera history, has been much regretted by commentators and musicologists.
  4. Mantua
    
    Mantua is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name.
1588
1. The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, heading for the English Channel. (It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port.)
  1. Spanish Armada
    
    The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by Philip II of Spain. His orders were to sail up the English Channel, link up with the Duke of Parma in Flanders, and escort an invasion force that would land in England and overthrow Elizabeth I. Its purpose was to reinstate Catholicism in England, end support for the Dutch Republic, and prevent attacks by English and Dutch privateers against Spanish interests in the Americas.
  2. Lisbon
    
    Lisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people, being the 11th-most populous urban area in the European Union. About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Iberian Peninsula, after Madrid and Barcelona. It represents approximately 27% of the country's population. It is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus. The westernmost portions of its metro area, the Portuguese Riviera, form the westernmost point of Continental Europe, culminating at Cabo da Roca.
  3. English Channel
    
    The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest shipping area in the world.
1533
1. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declares the marriage of King Henry VIII of England to Anne Boleyn valid.
  1. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
  2. Thomas Cranmer
    
    Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation also called Protestant Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of royal supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.
  3. Henry VIII
    
    Henry VIII was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy" as he invested heavily in the navy and increased its size from a few to more than 50 ships, and established the Navy Board.
  4. Anne Boleyn
    
    Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and of her execution by beheading for treason and other charges made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead, she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon.
621
1. Tang forces led by Li Shimin defeated and captured Dou Jiande at the Battle of Hulao in the civil war that followed the collapse of the Sui dynasty.
  1. Tang dynasty
    
    The Tang dynasty, or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty.
  2. Emperor Taizong of Tang
    
    Emperor Taizong of Tang, previously Prince of Qin, personal name Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty for his role in encouraging Li Yuan, his father, to rebel against the Sui dynasty at Jinyang in 617. Taizong subsequently played a pivotal role in defeating several of the dynasty's most dangerous opponents and solidifying its rule over China.
  3. Dou Jiande
    
    Dou Jiande was a leader of the agrarian rebels who rose against the rule of Emperor Yang of Sui near the end of the Chinese Sui dynasty. Generally considered the kindest and most able of the agrarian rebel leaders of the time, he was eventually able to capture the modern Hebei region and declare himself initially the Prince of Changle, and then the Prince of Xia. In 621, when the Tang dynasty general Li Shimin attacked Wang Shichong the Emperor of Zheng, who ruled the modern Henan region, Dou believed that if Tang were able to destroy Zheng, his own Xia state would suffer the same fate, and therefore went to Wang's aid, against the advice of his strategist Ling Jing (凌敬) and his wife Empress Cao. Li defeated him at the Battle of Hulao, capturing him. Li's father Emperor Gaozu of Tang subsequently put Dou to death. Xia territory was briefly seized by Tang, but soon Dou's general Liu Heita rose against Tang rule, recapturing Dou's territory, and held out against Tang until 623.
  4. Battle of Hulao
    
    The Battle of Hulao or Battle of Sishui, on 28 May 621 was the main and final battle of the Luoyang–Hulao campaign between the rival Tang, Zheng, and Xia regimes during the transition from Sui to Tang. It was a decisive victory for the Tang prince Li Shimin, through which he was able to subdue two rival warlords, Dou Jiande who headed the Xia regime in Hebei, and Wang Shichong, the self-declared emperor of the Zheng dynasty. The battle was fought at the strategically important Hulao Pass, east of Luoyang.
  5. Transition from Sui to Tang
    
    The transition from Sui to Tang (613–628) was the period of Chinese history between the end of the Sui dynasty and the start of the Tang dynasty. The Sui dynasty's territories were carved into a handful of short-lived states by its officials, generals, and agrarian rebel leaders. A process of elimination and annexation followed that ultimately culminated in the consolidation of the Tang dynasty by the former Sui general Li Yuan. Near the end of the Sui, Li Yuan installed the puppet child emperor Yang You. Li later executed Yang and proclaimed himself emperor of the new Tang dynasty.
  6. Sui dynasty
    
    The Sui dynasty was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that lasted from 581 to 618. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties, thus ending the long period of division following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, and laying the foundations for the much longer lasting Tang dynasty.
2. Battle of Hulao: Li Shimin, the son of the Chinese emperor Gaozu, defeats the numerically superior forces of Dou Jiande near the Hulao Pass (Henan). This victory decides the outcome of the civil war that followed the Sui dynasty's collapse in favour of the Tang dynasty.
  1. Battle of Hulao
    
    The Battle of Hulao or Battle of Sishui, on 28 May 621 was the main and final battle of the Luoyang–Hulao campaign between the rival Tang, Zheng, and Xia regimes during the transition from Sui to Tang. It was a decisive victory for the Tang prince Li Shimin, through which he was able to subdue two rival warlords, Dou Jiande who headed the Xia regime in Hebei, and Wang Shichong, the self-declared emperor of the Zheng dynasty. The battle was fought at the strategically important Hulao Pass, east of Luoyang.
  2. Emperor Taizong of Tang
    
    Emperor Taizong of Tang, previously Prince of Qin, personal name Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, ruling from 626 to 649. He is traditionally regarded as a co-founder of the dynasty for his role in encouraging Li Yuan, his father, to rebel against the Sui dynasty at Jinyang in 617. Taizong subsequently played a pivotal role in defeating several of the dynasty's most dangerous opponents and solidifying its rule over China.
  3. Emperor Gaozu of Tang
    
    Emperor Gaozu of Tang was the founding emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyuan.
  4. Dou Jiande
    
    Dou Jiande was a leader of the agrarian rebels who rose against the rule of Emperor Yang of Sui near the end of the Chinese Sui dynasty. Generally considered the kindest and most able of the agrarian rebel leaders of the time, he was eventually able to capture the modern Hebei region and declare himself initially the Prince of Changle, and then the Prince of Xia. In 621, when the Tang dynasty general Li Shimin attacked Wang Shichong the Emperor of Zheng, who ruled the modern Henan region, Dou believed that if Tang were able to destroy Zheng, his own Xia state would suffer the same fate, and therefore went to Wang's aid, against the advice of his strategist Ling Jing (凌敬) and his wife Empress Cao. Li defeated him at the Battle of Hulao, capturing him. Li's father Emperor Gaozu of Tang subsequently put Dou to death. Xia territory was briefly seized by Tang, but soon Dou's general Liu Heita rose against Tang rule, recapturing Dou's territory, and held out against Tang until 623.
  5. Hulao Pass
    
    Hulao Pass is a choke point northwest of Xingyang, Henan province, China in the foothills of Mount Song. It is the site of many historical battles, being the eastern guard for the capital Luoyang for several dynasties. With Mount Song to the south, the Yellow River to the north, the pass holds up a formidable defense. Many defensive structures have been set up here throughout history, dating from the Warring States period when a checkpoint is set up here. The pass became fortified in the Tang Dynasty.
  6. Henan
    
    Henan is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (中州), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is a birthplace of Han Chinese civilization, with over 3,200 years of recorded history and remained China's cultural, economic and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago.
  7. Transition from Sui to Tang
    
    The transition from Sui to Tang (613–628) was the period of Chinese history between the end of the Sui dynasty and the start of the Tang dynasty. The Sui dynasty's territories were carved into a handful of short-lived states by its officials, generals, and agrarian rebel leaders. A process of elimination and annexation followed that ultimately culminated in the consolidation of the Tang dynasty by the former Sui general Li Yuan. Near the end of the Sui, Li Yuan installed the puppet child emperor Yang You. Li later executed Yang and proclaimed himself emperor of the new Tang dynasty.
  8. Sui dynasty
    
    The Sui dynasty was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that lasted from 581 to 618. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties, thus ending the long period of division following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, and laying the foundations for the much longer lasting Tang dynasty.
  9. Tang dynasty
    
    The Tang dynasty, or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty.
-585
1. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, a solar eclipse, accurately predicted by Thales of Miletus, abruptly ended the Battle of Halys between the Lydians and the Medes.
  1. 580s BC
    
    This article concerns the period 589 BC – 580 BC.
  2. Herodotus
    
    Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria (Italy). He is known for having written the Histories – a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus was the first writer to perform systematic investigation of historical events. He is referred to as "The Father of History", a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Cicero.
  3. Eclipse of Thales
    
    The eclipse of Thales was a solar eclipse that was, according to ancient Greek historian Herodotus, accurately predicted by the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus. If Herodotus' account is accurate, this eclipse is the earliest recorded as being known in advance of its occurrence. Many historians believe that the predicted eclipse was the solar eclipse of 28 May 585 BC. How exactly Thales predicted the eclipse remains uncertain; some scholars assert the eclipse was never predicted at all. Others have argued for different dates, but only the eclipse of May 585 BC matches the conditions of visibility necessary to explain the historical event.
  4. Thales of Miletus
    
    Thales of Miletus was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor. He was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regarded him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, and he is otherwise historically recognized as the first individual known to have entertained and engaged in scientific philosophy. He is often referred to as the Father of Science.
  5. Battle of the Eclipse
    
    The Battle of the Eclipse was fought in the early 6th century BC in Anatolia between the Medes and the Lydians. According to ancient Greek historian Herodotus, the battle was interrupted by "day turning into night" – presumably a solar eclipse – and the result was a draw which led to both parties negotiating a peace treaty and ending a six-year war.
  6. Lydia
    
    Lydia was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern western Turkish provinces of Uşak, Manisa and inland Izmir. The ethnic group inhabiting this kingdom are known as the Lydians, and their language, known as Lydian, was a member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. The capital of Lydia was Sardis.
  7. Medes
    
    The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia located in the region of Hamadan (Ecbatana). Their consolidation in Iran is believed to have occurred during the 8th century BC. In the 7th century BC, all of western Iran and some other territories were under Median rule, but their precise geographic extent remains unknown.
2. A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated.
  1. Eclipse of Thales
    
    The eclipse of Thales was a solar eclipse that was, according to ancient Greek historian Herodotus, accurately predicted by the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus. If Herodotus' account is accurate, this eclipse is the earliest recorded as being known in advance of its occurrence. Many historians believe that the predicted eclipse was the solar eclipse of 28 May 585 BC. How exactly Thales predicted the eclipse remains uncertain; some scholars assert the eclipse was never predicted at all. Others have argued for different dates, but only the eclipse of May 585 BC matches the conditions of visibility necessary to explain the historical event.
  2. Thales of Miletus
    
    Thales of Miletus was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor. He was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regarded him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, and he is otherwise historically recognized as the first individual known to have entertained and engaged in scientific philosophy. He is often referred to as the Father of Science.
  3. Alyattes
    
    Alyattes, sometimes described as Alyattes I, was the fourth king of the Mermnad dynasty in Lydia, the son of Sadyattes, grandson of Ardys, and great-grandson of Gyges. He died after a reign of 57 years and was succeeded by his son Croesus.
  4. Cyaxares
    
    Cyaxares was the third king of the Medes.
  5. Battle of the Eclipse
    
    The Battle of the Eclipse was fought in the early 6th century BC in Anatolia between the Medes and the Lydians. According to ancient Greek historian Herodotus, the battle was interrupted by "day turning into night" – presumably a solar eclipse – and the result was a draw which led to both parties negotiating a peace treaty and ending a six-year war.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Patricia Brake, English actress (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Patricia Brake
    
    Patricia Ann Brake was an English actress.
2021
1. Mark Eaton, American basketball player (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Mark Eaton
    
    Mark Edward Eaton was an American professional basketball player who spent his entire career (1982–1993) with the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Named an NBA All-Star in 1989, he was twice voted the NBA Defensive Player of the Year and was a five-time member of the NBA All-Defensive Team. Though limited offensively, the 7-foot-4-inch (2.24 m) Eaton became one of the best defensive centers in NBA history. He led the league in blocks four times and holds the NBA single-season records for blocks (456) and blocked shots per game average (5.6), as well as career blocked shots per game (3.5). His No. 53 was retired by the Jazz.
2018
1. Neale Cooper, Scottish footballer (b. 1963) deaths
  1. Neale Cooper
    
    Neale James Cooper was a Scottish football player and coach. He played as a midfielder during the 1980s and 1990s, most prominently for the Aberdeen team managed by Alex Ferguson, and later played for Aston Villa, Rangers, Reading, Dunfermline Athletic and Ross County. Cooper then became a coach, and worked as a manager in England with Hartlepool United (twice) and Gillingham, and in Scotland with Ross County and Peterhead.
2. Jens Christian Skou, Danish medical doctor and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Jens Christian Skou
    
    Jens Christian Skou was a Danish biochemist and Nobel laureate.
3. Cornelia Frances, English-Australian actress (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Cornelia Frances
    
    Cornelia Frances Zulver, OAM, credited professionally as Cornelia Frances, was an English-Australian actress. After starting her career in small cameos in films in her native England, she became best known for her acting career in Australia after emigrating there in the 1960s, particularly her iconic television soap opera roles with portrayals of nasty characters.
2015
1. Steven Gerber, American pianist and composer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Steven Gerber
    
    Steven Roy Gerber was an American composer of classical music. He attended Haverford College, graduating in 1969 at the age of twenty. He then attended Princeton University with a fellowship to study musical composition.
2. Johnny Keating, Scottish trombonist, composer, and producer (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Johnny Keating
    
    John Keating was a Scottish musician, songwriter, arranger and trombonist.
3. Reynaldo Rey, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Reynaldo Rey
    
    Reynaldo Rey was an American actor, comedian, and television personality.
2014
1. Maya Angelou, American memoirist and poet (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Maya Angelou
    
    Maya Angelou was an American memoirist, popular poet, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim.
2. Stan Crowther, English footballer (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Stan Crowther (footballer)
    
    Stanley Crowther was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Aston Villa, Manchester United, Chelsea and Brighton & Hove Albion during the 1950s and early 1960s. He won three caps for the England under-23 team, though he was never selected at senior level.
3. Oscar Dystel, American publisher (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Oscar Dystel
    
    Oscar Dystel was an American publisher and paperback books pioneer whose firm Bantam Books published bestselling paperback editions of Catcher in the Rye, Jaws and Ragtime among many others. His management made Bantam the main publisher of mass-market paperbacks.
4. Malcolm Glazer, American businessman (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Malcolm Glazer
    
    Malcolm Irving Glazer was an American businessman and sports team owner. He was the president and chief executive officer of First Allied Corporation, a holding company for his varied business interests, and owned both Manchester United of the Premier League and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League.
5. Bob Houbregs, Canadian-American basketball player and manager (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Bob Houbregs
    
    Robert J. Houbregs was a Canadian professional basketball player. Houbregs was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 1987.
6. Isaac Kungwane, South African footballer (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Isaac Kungwane
    
    Isaac Ramaitsane "Shakes" Kungwane was a South African football midfielder who played for Kaizer Chiefs, Jomo Cosmos, Pretoria City and Manning Rangers. During his spell at Kaizer Chiefs he wore the number 11 jersey after Nelson Dladla.
2013
1. Viktor Kulikov, Russian commander (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Viktor Kulikov
    
    Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov was the Warsaw Pact commander-in-chief from 1977 to 1989. He was awarded the rank of the Marshal of the Soviet Union on 14 January 1977.
2. Eddie Romero, Filipino director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Eddie Romero
    
    Edgar Sinco Romero,, commonly known as Eddie Romero, was a Filipino film director, film producer and screenwriter.
3. Gerd Schmückle, German general (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Gerd Schmückle
    
    Gerd Schmückle was a German four-star general. Schmückle served in the 7th Panzer Division under Erwin Rommel during the Fall of France. With this division he later fought in the Soviet Union where he was wounded six times. In early 1944, he was promoted to the German General Staff, major and artillery battalion commander. After the surrender of the Wehrmacht in 1945 he operated a farm in Bavaria and worked as a journalist. In 1956, he joined the Bundeswehr where he was promoted to general in 1978.
2012
1. Bob Edwards, English journalist (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Bob Edwards (British journalist)
    
    Robert John Edwards was a British journalist.
2. Yuri Susloparov, Ukrainian-Russian footballer and manager (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Yuri Susloparov
    
    Yuri Vladimirovich Susloparov was a Soviet football player and manager, born in Kharkiv.
2011
1. Gino Valenzano, Italian racing driver (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Gino Valenzano
    
    Luigi "Gino" Valenzano was an Italian racing driver. He entered 39 races between 1947 and 1955 in Abarths, Maseratis and Lancias as a teammate of drivers like Robert Manzon and Froilán González.
2010
1. Gary Coleman, American actor (b. 1968) deaths
  1. Gary Coleman
    
    Gary Wayne Coleman was an American actor and comedian. Coleman was the highest-paid child actor on television throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. He was rated first on a list of VH1's "100 Greatest Kid Stars".
2008
1. Beryl Cook, English painter and illustrator (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Beryl Cook
    
    Beryl Cook, OBE was a British artist best known for her original and instantly recognisable paintings. Often comical, her works pictured people whom she encountered in everyday life, including people enjoying themselves in pubs, girls shopping or out on a hen night, drag queen shows or a family picnicking by the seaside or abroad. She had no formal training and did not take up painting until her thirties. She was a shy and private person, and in her art often depicted the flamboyant and extrovert characters so different to herself.
2007
1. Jörg Immendorff, German painter, sculptor, and academic (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Jörg Immendorff
    
    Jörg Immendorff was a German painter, sculptor, stage designer and art professor. He was a member of the art movement Neue Wilde.
2. Toshikatsu Matsuoka, Japanese politician, Japanese Minister of Agriculture (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Toshikatsu Matsuoka
    
    Toshikatsu Matsuoka was a Japanese politician who served as the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from 2006 until his suicide in 2007 amid a financial scandal.
  2. Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
    
    The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.
2006
1. Thorleif Schjelderup, Norwegian ski jumper and author (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Thorleif Schjelderup
    
    Thorleif Schjelderup was a Norwegian ski jumper, author and environmentalist.
2004
1. Michael Buonauro, American author and illustrator (b. 1979) deaths
  1. Michael Buonauro
    
    Michael A. Buonauro, born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was an American webcomic artist, and author. Best known for his webcomic Marvelous Bob, Buonauro had co-created various other webcomics in collaboration with Jeff Lofvers. Buonauro committed suicide in 2004. His parents established the Michael Buonauro Foundation in response, a charity organization which seeks to fund a suicide awareness program.
2. John Tolos, Greek-Canadian wrestler (b. 1930) deaths
  1. John Tolos
    
    John Tolos, nicknamed "The Golden Greek", was a Canadian professional wrestler, and professional wrestling manager.
2003
1. Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov, Russian engineer and astronaut (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Oleg Makarov (cosmonaut)
    
    Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov was a Soviet cosmonaut.
2. Ilya Prigogine, Russian-Belgian chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ilya Prigogine
    
    Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine was a physical chemist and Nobel laureate noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
3. Martha Scott, American actress (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Martha Scott
    
    Martha Ellen Scott was an American actress. She was featured in major films such as Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments (1956), and William Wyler's Ben-Hur (1959), playing the mother of Charlton Heston's character in both films. She originated the role of Emily Webb in Thornton Wilder's Our Town on Broadway in 1938 and later recreated the role in the 1940 film version, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.
2002
1. Mildred Benson, American journalist and author (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Mildred Benson
    
    Mildred Augustine Wirt Benson was an American journalist and writer of children's books. She wrote some of the earliest Nancy Drew mysteries and created the detective's adventurous personality. Benson wrote under the Stratemeyer Syndicate pen name, Carolyn Keene, from 1929 to 1947 and contributed to 23 of the first 30 Nancy Drew mysteries, which were bestsellers.
2001
1. Joe Moakley, American lawyer and politician (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Joe Moakley
    
    John Joseph Moakley was an American politician who served as the United States representative for Massachusetts's 9th congressional district from 1973 until his death in 2001. Moakley won the seat from incumbent Louise Day Hicks in a 1972 rematch; the seat had been held two years earlier by the retiring Speaker of the House John William McCormack. Moakley was the last Democratic chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Rules before Republicans took control of the chamber in 1995. He is the namesake of Joe Moakley Park in Boston, Massachusetts which was renamed in his honor in 2001 after his death. The beach is known for its beautiful, rocky shoreline and splendid views of the Atlantic Ocean.
2. Francisco Varela, Chilean biologist and philosopher (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Francisco Varela
    
    Francisco Javier Varela García was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, cybernetician, and neuroscientist who, together with his mentor Humberto Maturana, is best known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology, and for co-founding the Mind and Life Institute to promote dialog between science and Buddhism.
2000
1. Phil Foden, English footballer births
  1. Phil Foden
    
    Philip Walter Foden is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Manchester City and the England national team. He is considered one of the best young players in the world.
2. Risi Pouri-Lane, New Zealand rugby sevens player births
  1. Risi Pouri-Lane
    
    Risealeaana "Risi" Pouri-Lane is a New Zealand rugby sevens player.
3. George Irving Bell, American physicist, biologist, and mountaineer (b. 1926) deaths
  1. George Irving Bell
    
    George Irving Bell was an American physicist, biologist and mountaineer, and a grandson of John Joseph Seerley. He died in 2000 from complications of leukemia after surgery.
1999
1. Jodie Burrage, British tennis player births
  1. Jodie Burrage
    
    Jodie Anna Burrage is a British tennis player. She has a career-high WTA singles ranking of 136, achieved on 3 October 2022, and a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 329, set on 12 July 2021. She has won four singles and five doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
2. Michael Barkai, Israeli commander (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Michael Barkai
    
    Michael (Yomi) Barkai was the Commander of the Israeli Navy, a recipient of the Medal of Distinguished Service for his command of the missile ships during the Yom Kippur War.
3. B. Vittalacharya, Indian director and producer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. B. Vittalacharya
    
    B. Vittalacharya was an Indian film director and producer known for his works in Telugu and Kannada cinema. He was known as Janapada Brahma in the Telugu film industry. Vittalacharya formed his film production company Vittal Productions, which produced the first film directed by him, Rajya Lakshmi.
1998
1. Kim Dahyun, South Korean rapper and singer births
  1. Dahyun
    
    Kim Da-hyun, known mononymously as Dahyun, is a South Korean singer and rapper. She is a member of the South Korean girl group Twice, formed by JYP Entertainment in 2015.
2. Phil Hartman, Canadian-American actor and comedian (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Phil Hartman
    
    Philip Edward Hartman was a Canadian-American actor, comedian, screenwriter and graphic designer. Hartman was born in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, and his family moved to the United States when he was ten years old. After graduating from California State University, Northridge with a degree in graphic arts, he designed album covers for bands including Poco and America. In 1975, he joined the comedy group The Groundlings, where he helped Paul Reubens develop his character, Pee-wee Herman. Hartman co-wrote the film Pee-wee's Big Adventure and made recurring appearances as Captain Carl on Reubens' show Pee-wee's Playhouse.
1994
1. John Stones, English footballer births
  1. John Stones
    
    John Stones is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Premier League club Manchester City and the England national team.
2. Julius Boros, American golfer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Julius Boros
    
    Julius Nicholas Boros was an American professional golfer noted for his effortless-looking swing and strong record on difficult golf courses, particularly at the U.S. Open.
3. Ely Jacques Kahn, Jr., American author and academic (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Ely Jacques Kahn Jr.
    
    Ely Jacques Kahn Jr. was an American writer with The New Yorker for five decades.
1993
1. Daniel Alvaro, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Daniel Alvaro
    
    Daniel Alvaro is an Italy international rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Toulouse Olympique in the Betfred Super League.
2. Bárbara Luz, Portuguese tennis player births
  1. Bárbara Luz
    
    Bárbara Luz is a former professional tennis player from Portugal.
1991
1. Sharrif Floyd, American football player births
  1. Sharrif Floyd
    
    Sharrif Kalil Floyd is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football for the University of Florida, where he was recognized as an All-American in 2012. Floyd was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft.
2. Alexandre Lacazette, French footballer births
  1. Alexandre Lacazette
    
    Alexandre Lacazette is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for and is the captain of Ligue 1 club Lyon. He plays mainly as a striker but has also been deployed as a second striker and wide forward.
3. Danielle Lao, American tennis player births
  1. Danielle Lao
    
    Danielle Marie Lao is an American professional tennis player.
4. Kail Piho, Estonian skier births
  1. Kail Piho
    
    Kail Piho is an Estonian Nordic combined skier. He was born in Võru. He competed in the World Cup 2015 season.
1990
1. Kyle Walker, English footballer births
  1. Kyle Walker
    
    Kyle Andrew Walker is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Premier League club Manchester City and the England national team.
2. Julius Eastman, American composer (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Julius Eastman
    
    Julius Eastman was an American composer, pianist, vocalist, and performance artist whose work is associated with musical minimalism. He was among the first composers to combine minimalist processes with elements of pop music, and involve experimental methods of extending and modifying music in creating what he called "organic music". He often gave his pieces titles with provocative political intent, such as Evil Nigger and Gay Guerrilla, and has been acclaimed following new performances and reissues of his music.
1988
1. NaVorro Bowman, American football player births
  1. NaVorro Bowman
    
    NaVorro Roderick Bowman is a former American football linebacker who played eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Penn State, and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He has also played a season for the Oakland Raiders.
2. Percy Harvin, American football player births
  1. Percy Harvin
    
    William Percival Harvin III is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Florida, when the Gators won the BCS National Championship in 2006 and 2008, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Harvin also played for the Seattle Seahawks, New York Jets and Buffalo Bills. He was named the Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year in 2009 and won Super Bowl XLVIII with the Seahawks in 2013 over the Denver Broncos. He attended and played football for Landstown High School in Virginia Beach, where his team won the high school state championship in 2004.
3. Craig Kimbrel, American baseball player births
  1. Craig Kimbrel
    
    Craig Michael Kimbrel is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Boston Red Sox, Atlanta Braves, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox and Los Angeles Dodgers. He is an eight-time All-Star, two-time Reliever of the Year, and a 2018 World Series champion. He is known for his triple-digit fastball, as well as his unique pre-pitch stare. Listed at 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m) and 210 pounds (95 kg), he both throws and bats right-handed.
4. Sy Oliver, American trumpet player, composer, and bandleader (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Sy Oliver
    
    Melvin James "Sy" Oliver was an American jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer and bandleader.
1987
1. T.J. Yates, American football player births
  1. T. J. Yates
    
    Taylor Jonathan Yates is a former American football quarterback who is currently the wide receivers coach for the Atlanta Falcons. He played college football at North Carolina and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Atlanta Falcons, Miami Dolphins, and Buffalo Bills.
1986
1. Berrick Barnes, Australian rugby player births
  1. Berrick Barnes
    
    Berrick Steven Barnes is a former Australian professional rugby union footballer. His usual position is fly-half or inside centre. He is currently signed with Japanese Top League club Panasonic Wild Knights, but previously played in the Super Rugby competition with the NSW Waratahs and Queensland Reds. He also played for the Wallabies in international matches.
2. Bryant Dunston, American-Armenian basketball player births
  1. Bryant Dunston
    
    Bryant Kevin Dunston Jr. is an American-born naturalized Armenian professional basketball player who plays at the center position for Anadolu Efes of the Turkish Basketball Super League (BSL) and the EuroLeague. He also represents the senior Armenian national team internationally.
3. Seth Rollins, American wrestler births
  1. Seth Rollins
    
    Colby Daniel Lopez is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Seth Rollins.
4. Ingmar Vos, Dutch decathlete births
  1. Ingmar Vos
    
    Ingmar Vos is a former Dutch athlete who specialised in the Decathlon and Heptathlon.
5. Edip Cansever, Turkish poet and author (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Edip Cansever
    
    Edip Cansever was a Turkish poet.
1985
1. Colbie Caillat, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Colbie Caillat
    
    Colbie Marie Caillat is an American singer-songwriter. She rose to fame through social networking website Myspace. At that time, she was the number one unsigned artist of her genre.
2. Pablo Andrés González, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Pablo González (Argentine footballer)
    
    Pablo Andrés González is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward for Italian Serie C Group A club Novara. He is the younger brother of Mariano González.
3. Kostas Mendrinos, Greek footballer births
  1. Kostas Mendrinos
    
    Kostas Mendrinos is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Keratsini. He has previously played for Olympiacos, Atromitos, Ionikos, PAS Giannina, Aris, Panachaiki and Panionios.
4. Carey Mulligan, English actress and singer births
  1. Carey Mulligan
    
    Carey Hannah Mulligan is an English actress. Known for her repertoire of complex female characters, she has received various accolades, including a British Academy Film Award, in addition to nominations for two Academy Awards and a Tony Award.
1984
1. Eric Morecambe, English actor and comedian (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Eric Morecambe
    
    John Eric Bartholomew,, known by his stage name Eric Morecambe, was an English comedian who together with Ernie Wise formed the double act Morecambe and Wise. The partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambe's death in 1984. Morecambe took his stage name from his home town, the seaside resort of Morecambe in Lancashire.
1983
1. Steve Cronin, American soccer player births
  1. Steve Cronin
    
    Steve Michael Cronin is a retired American soccer player who most recently played for D.C. United of Major League Soccer.
2. Humberto Sánchez, Dominican-American baseball player births
  1. Humberto Sánchez
    
    Humberto A. Sánchez is a Dominican minor league pitching coach and former professional baseball pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL). He threw a fastball in the low to mid 90s, as well as a low 90s slider, a curveball, and a changeup.
3. Roman Atwood, American YouTube star births
  1. Roman Atwood
    
    Roman Bernard Atwood is an American YouTube personality and prankster. He is best known for his vlogs, where he posts updates about his life. His vlogging channel, "RomanAtwoodVlogs", has a total of 5 billion views and 15 million subscribers. He also has another YouTube channel called "RomanAtwood", where he used to post prank videos. The channel has been inactive since 2016. His pranks have gained over 1.4 billion views and 10.4 million subscribers. He became the second YouTuber after Germán Garmendia to receive two Diamond Play Buttons for his first two channels.
4. Erastus Corning 2nd, American soldier and politician, 72nd Mayor of Albany (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Erastus Corning 2nd
    
    Erastus Corning 2nd was an American politician. A Democrat, Corning served as the 72nd mayor of Albany, New York from 1942 to 1983, when Albany County was controlled by one of the last classic urban political machines in the United States.
  2. List of mayors of Albany, New York
    
    From its formal chartering on 22 July 1686 until 1779, the mayors of Albany, New York, were appointed by the royal governor of New York, per the provisions of the original city charter, issued by Governor Thomas Dongan.
1982
1. Alexa Davalos, French-American actress births
  1. Alexa Davalos
    
    Alexa Davalos Dunas is an American actress. Her early role as Gwen Raiden on the fourth season of the TV series Angel (2002–03) was followed by some Hollywood films, including The Chronicles of Riddick (2004), Feast of Love (2007), The Mist (2007), Defiance (2008) and Clash of the Titans (2010). She has also appeared on the television series Reunion (2005–06) and in Frank Darabont's Mob City (2013). She starred as Juliana Crain, the main character in the Amazon Studios series The Man in the High Castle (2015–2019). She also plays Special Agent Kristin Gaines in the CBS drama series FBI: Most Wanted (2021–present).
2. Jhonny Peralta, Dominican-American baseball player births
  1. Jhonny Peralta
    
    Jhonny Antonio Peralta is a Dominican former professional baseball shortstop and third baseman who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). The Cleveland Indians signed him as an amateur free agent in his native Dominican Republic in 1999, and he made his major league debut for the Indians on June 12, 2003. He subsequently played for the Detroit Tigers and St. Louis Cardinals. A solid hitter with power, Peralta has rated average defensively. He throws and bats right-handed, stands 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m), and weighs 225 pounds (102 kg).
3. H. Jones, English colonel, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1940) deaths
  1. H. Jones
    
    Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Jones,, known as H. Jones, was a British Army officer and posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC). He was awarded the VC after being killed in action during the Battle of Goose Green for his actions as commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, during the Falklands War.
  2. Victoria Cross
    
    The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded by countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two-thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. The investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.
1981
1. Daniel Cabrera, Dominican-American baseball player births
  1. Daniel Cabrera
    
    Daniel Alberto Cabrera Cruz is a Dominican former professional baseball right-handed starting pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Washington Nationals and Arizona Diamondbacks and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons. He is a tall pitcher, standing at 6' 7" and 225 lb.
2. Eric Ghiaciuc, American football player births
  1. Eric Ghiaciuc
    
    Eric M. Ghiaciuc [GUY-check] is a former American football offensive lineman. He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Central Michigan.
3. Adam Green, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Adam Green (musician)
    
    Adam Green is an American singer-songwriter, artist and filmmaker.
4. Mary Lou Williams, American pianist and composer (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Mary Lou Williams
    
    Mary Lou Williams was an American jazz pianist, arranger, and composer. She wrote hundreds of compositions and arrangements and recorded more than one hundred records. Williams wrote and arranged for Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman, and she was friend, mentor, and teacher to Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Tadd Dameron, Bud Powell, and Dizzy Gillespie.
5. Stefan Wyszyński, Polish cardinal (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Stefan Wyszyński
    
    Stefan Wyszyński was a Polish prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the bishop of Lublin from 1946 to 1948, archbishop of Warsaw and archbishop of Gniezno from 1948 to 1981. He was created a cardinal on 12 January 1953 by Pope Pius XII. He assumed the title of Primate of Poland.
1980
1. Miguel Pérez, Spanish footballer births
  1. Miguel Pérez (footballer, born 1980)
    
    Miguel Alfonso Pérez Aracil is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a midfielder.
2. Lucy Shuker, English tennis player births
  1. Lucy Shuker
    
    Lucy Shuker is a British wheelchair tennis player who is currently the highest ranked woman in the sport in Britain. A previous singles & doubles National Champion, Lucy has represented Great Britain at three successive Paralympic Games, twice winning a bronze medal in the women's doubles and is former World Doubles Champion and World Team Cup Silver Medallist amongst a number of other National and International successes.
3. Rolf Nevanlinna, Finnish mathematician and academic (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Rolf Nevanlinna
    
    Rolf Herman Nevanlinna was a Finnish mathematician who made significant contributions to complex analysis.
1979
1. Abdulaziz al-Omari, Saudi Arabian terrorist, hijacker of American Airlines Flight 11 (d. 2001) births
  1. Abdulaziz al-Omari
    
    Abdulaziz al-Omari was a Saudi terrorist who was one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11 as part of the September 11 attacks in 2001. Prior to the terrorist attack, al-Omari was an airport security guard and imam.
  2. American Airlines Flight 11
    
    American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger flight that was hijacked by five al-Qaeda attackers on September 11, 2001 as part of the September 11 attacks. Lead hijacker Mohamed Atta deliberately crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing all 92 people aboard and ensuring the deaths of everybody who was at, above, and immediately below the aircraft's impact zone. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767-223ER, registration N334AA, was flying American Airlines' daily scheduled morning transcontinental service from Logan International Airport in Boston to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles.
2. Ronald Curry, American football player and coach births
  1. Ronald Curry
    
    Ronald Antonio Curry is an American football coach and former wide receiver who is the quarterbacks coach for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as an assistant coach for the San Francisco 49ers.
1978
1. Jake Johnson, American actor births
  1. Jake Johnson
    
    Mark Jake Johnson Weinberger is an American actor, comedian, film producer and screenwriter best known for his role as Nick Miller in the Fox sitcom New Girl (2011–2018), for which he was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series in 2018, and as Peter B. Parker / Spider-Man in the Oscar-winning animated film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018), a role he will reprise in its sequel (2023). He also starred in Let's Be Cops (2014), and appeared in Paper Heart (2009), Get Him to the Greek (2010), Safety Not Guaranteed (2012), 21 Jump Street (2012), Drinking Buddies (2013), Jurassic World (2015), The Mummy (2017), and Tag (2018). He co-starred as Greyson "Grey" McConnell in the ABC drama series Stumptown (2019–2020).
1977
1. Elisabeth Hasselbeck, American talk show host and author births
  1. Elisabeth Hasselbeck
    
    Elisabeth DelPadre Hasselbeck is an American retired television personality and talk show host. Hasselbeck first rose to prominence in 2001 as a contestant on the second season of the American version of Survivor, where she finished in fourth place. She married NFL quarterback Tim Hasselbeck the following year.
1976
1. Steven Bell, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Steven Bell
    
    Steven "Steve" Bell is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who last played for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League. A Queensland State of Origin representative three-quarter, he previously played club football in the NRL for the Melbourne Storm, then the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles.
2. Zaza Enden, Georgian-Turkish wrestler, basketball player, and coach births
  1. Zaza Enden
    
    Zaza Enden (born Zaza Eladze on 28 May 1976 in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union is a professional wrestler and a Turkish professional basketball player of Georgian descent. He is 2.06 m tall and weighs 116 kg. His well-known nickname is "Tatu". Zaza Enden plays at the power forward position. He came to Turkey in 1992, firstly to Trabzon, afterwards he had his Turkish citizenship.
3. Roberto Goretti, Italian footballer births
  1. Roberto Goretti
    
    Roberto Goretti is an Italian professional football technical director and former player, who is the technical director of Reggiana. He played as a midfielder.
4. Glenn Morrison, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Glenn Morrison
    
    Glenn Adam Morrison, also known by the nickname of "Silver Surfer", is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer and coach. He played for the Parramatta Eels, the Balmain Tigers, the North Sydney Bears and the North Queensland Cowboys in the National Rugby League before moving to England to play for the Bradford Bulls and then the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats (captain). He was later the head coach of the Dewsbury Rams. In 2021, Morrison was appointed Head coach of Cleveland Rugby League, in the newly created North American Rugby League.
5. Zainul Abedin, Bangladeshi painter and sculptor (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Zainul Abedin
    
    Zainul Abedin was a Bangladeshi painter born in Mymensingh, East Bengal, British India. He became well known in 1944 through his series of paintings depicting some of the great famines in Bengal during its British colonial period. After the Partition of Indian subcontinent he moved to East Pakistan. In 1948, he helped to establish the Institute of Arts and Crafts at the University of Dhaka. The Indian Express has described him as a legendary Bangladeshi painter and activist. Like many of his contemporaries, his paintings on the Bengal famine of 1943 are viewed as his most characteristic works. His homeland honored him with given the title "Shilpacharya" "Great teacher of the arts" for his artistic and visionary attributes. He was the pioneer of the modern art movement that took place in Bangladesh and was rightly considered by Syed Manzoorul Islam as the founding father of Bangladeshi modern arts, soon after Bangladesh earned the status of an independent republic.
1975
1. Maura Johnston, American journalist, critic, and academic births
  1. Maura Johnston
    
    Maura K. Johnston is a writer, editor and music critic. A member of Boston College's journalism faculty, she has written for Rolling Stone, The Boston Globe, Pitchfork, The Awl, The New York Times, Spin and The Guardian. She is working on a critical biography of Madonna for the Harlequin Enterprises subsidiary Hanover Square Press.
2. Ezzard Charles, American boxer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Ezzard Charles
    
    Ezzard Mack Charles, known as the Cincinnati Cobra, was an American professional boxer and World Heavyweight Champion. Known for his slick defense and precision, he is often considered the greatest light heavyweight boxer of all time. Charles defeated numerous Hall of Fame fighters in three different weight classes. Charles retired with a record of 95 wins, 25 losses and 1 draw. He was posthumously inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1990.
1974
1. Hans-Jörg Butt, German footballer births
  1. Hans-Jörg Butt
    
    Hans-Jörg Butt is a German former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
2. Misbah-ul-Haq, Pakistani cricketer births
  1. Misbah-ul-Haq
    
    Misbah-ul-Haq Khan Niazi PP SI is a former Pakistani cricket coach and former international cricketer. Misbah captained Pakistan in all formats and is former head coach and former chief selector of the Pakistan national team.
1973
1. Marco Paulo Faria Lemos, Portuguese footballer and manager births
  1. Marco Paulo (footballer, born 1973)
    
    Marco Paulo Faria de Lemos, known as Marco Paulo, is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a central midfielder, currently a manager.
1972
1. Doriva, Brazilian footballer and manager births
  1. Doriva
    
    Dorival Guidoni Júnior, known simply as Doriva is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a central midfielder.
2. Michael Boogerd, Dutch cyclist and manager births
  1. Michael Boogerd
    
    Michael Boogerd is a Dutch former professional road bicycle racer. He was one of the leaders of a generation of Dutch cyclists in the late 1990s and early 2000s, together with teammate Erik Dekker and female cyclist Leontien van Moorsel.
3. Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Edward VIII
    
    Edward VIII, later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.
1971
1. Isabelle Carré, French actress and singer births
  1. Isabelle Carré
    
    Isabelle Carré is a French actress. She has appeared in more than 70 films since 1989. She won a César Award for Best Actress for her role in Se souvenir des belles choses (2001), and has been nominated a further six times for Beau fixe (1992), Le Hussard sur le toit (1995), La Femme défendue (1997), Les Sentiments (2003), Entre ses mains (2005) and Anna M. (2007).
2. Ekaterina Gordeeva, Russian figure skater and sportscaster births
  1. Ekaterina Gordeeva
    
    Ekaterina "Katia" Alexandrovna Gordeeva is a Russian figure skater. Together with her husband, the late Sergei Grinkov, she was the 1988 and 1994 Olympic Champion and four-time World Champion in pair skating. After Grinkov's death, Gordeeva continued performing as a singles skater.
3. Marco Rubio, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Marco Rubio
    
    Marco Antonio Rubio is an American politician and lawyer serving as the senior United States senator from Florida, a seat he has held since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives from 2006 to 2008. Rubio unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016, winning presidential primaries in Minnesota, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
4. Audie Murphy, American soldier and actor, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Audie Murphy
    
    Audie Leon Murphy was an American soldier, actor and songwriter. He was one of the most decorated American combat soldiers of World War II. He received every military combat award for valor available from the United States Army, as well as French and Belgian awards for heroism. Murphy received the Medal of Honor for valor that he demonstrated at the age of 19 for single-handedly holding off a company of German soldiers for an hour at the Colmar Pocket in France in January 1945, before leading a successful counterattack while wounded and out of ammunition.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1970
1. Glenn Quinn, American actor (d. 2002) births
  1. Glenn Quinn
    
    Glenn Martin Christopher Francis Quinn was an Irish actor, best known for his portrayal of Mark Healy on the 1990s family sitcom Roseanne and his role as the half-demon Allen Francis Doyle on Angel, a spin-off series of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
1969
1. Mike DiFelice, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Mike DiFelice
    
    Michael William DiFelice is a former Major League Baseball journeyman catcher. He is a graduate from the University of Tennessee, and was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 11th round of the 1991 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut in 1996 with the Cards. On April 17, 1997, he recorded his first stolen base with a steal of home against pitcher Kevin Brown who threw a wild pitchout.
2. Rob Ford, Canadian politician, 64th Mayor of Toronto (d. 2016) births
  1. Rob Ford
    
    Robert Bruce Ford was a Canadian politician and businessman who served as the 64th mayor of Toronto from 2010 to 2014. Before and after his term as mayor, Ford was a city councillor representing Ward 2 Etobicoke North. He was first elected to Toronto City Council in the 2000 Toronto municipal election, and was re-elected to his council seat twice.
  2. Mayor of Toronto
    
    The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in office, mayors are styled His/Her Worship.
1968
1. Kylie Minogue, Australian singer-songwriter, producer, and actress births
  1. Kylie Minogue
    
    Kylie Ann Minogue, also known mononymously as Kylie, is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress. She is the highest-selling female Australian artist of all time, having sold over 80 million records worldwide. She has been recognised for reinventing herself in music and fashion, for which she is referred to by the European press as the "Princess of Pop" and a style icon. Her accolades include a Grammy Award, three Brit Awards and 17 ARIA Music Awards.
2. Fyodor Okhlopkov, Russian sergeant and sniper (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Fyodor Okhlopkov
    
    Fyodor Matveyevich Okhlopkov was a Soviet sniper during World War II credited with 429 kills. Nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union in 1944 after tallying his first 420 sniper kills but rejected for unclear reasons, he was belatedly awarded the title in May 1965 over twenty years later to coincide with the anniversary of Victory Day.
1967
1. Glen Rice, American basketball player births
  1. Glen Rice
    
    Glen Anthony Rice Sr. is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a small forward, Rice was a three-time NBA All-Star and made 1,559 three-point field goals during his 15-year career. Rice won both an NCAA championship and NBA championship during his collegiate and professional career. In recent years, Rice has taken up mixed martial arts fight promotion as owner of G-Force Fights based in Miami, Florida.
1966
1. Roger Kumble, American director, screenwriter, and playwright births
  1. Roger Kumble
    
    Roger Kumble is an American film director, screenwriter, and playwright.
2. Miljenko Jergović, Bosnian novelist and journalist births
  1. Miljenko Jergović
    
    Miljenko Jergović is a prominent Bosnian writer.
3. Gavin Robertson, Australian cricketer births
  1. Gavin Robertson
    
    Gavin Ron Robertson is a former Australian cricketer. He was a right-handed offbreak bowler and a lower-order batsman.
1965
1. Chris Ballew, American singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Chris Ballew
    
    Christopher Ballew is an American musician best known as the lead singer and bassist of the alternative rock group the Presidents of the United States of America. He also performs and records as a children's artist under the pseudonym Caspar Babypants.
2. Mary Coughlan, Irish politician births
  1. Mary Coughlan (politician)
    
    Mary Anne Coughlan is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as Tánaiste from 2008 to 2011, Deputy Leader of Fianna Fáil from 2008 to 2011, Minister for Health and Children from January 2011 to March 2011, Minister for Education and Skills from 2010 to 2011, Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment from 2008 to 2010, Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food from 2004 to 2008, Minister for Social and Family Affairs from 2002 to 2004 and Minister of State for the Gaeltacht and the Islands from 2001 to 2002. She served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Donegal South-West constituency from 1987 to 2011.
1964
1. Jeff Fenech, Australian boxer and trainer births
  1. Jeff Fenech
    
    Jeff Fenech is an Australian former professional boxer who competed between 1984 and 2008. He won world titles in four weight divisions, having held the IBF bantamweight title from 1985 to 1987, the WBC super-bantamweight title from 1987 to 1988, the WBC featherweight title from 1988 to 1990, and the WBC super-featherweight title in 1991, although this was only awarded somewhat strangely in November 2022 after the WBC recounted the bout. He is known for his trilogy with Ghanaian boxer Azumah Nelson. Fenech was trained by renowned Sydney-based trainer Johnny Lewis.
2. Armen Gilliam, American basketball player and coach (d. 2011) births
  1. Armen Gilliam
    
    Armen Louis Gilliam was an American professional basketball player who played 13 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1987 to 2000. He also played one season for the Pittsburgh Xplosion of the American Basketball Association. Gilliam returned to the court after retirement as the head basketball coach for the (NCAA) Division III Penn State Altoona Lions from 2002 to 2005.
3. Zsa Zsa Padilla, Filipino singer and actress births
  1. Zsa Zsa Padilla
    
    Esperanza Perez Padilla, known professionally as Zsa Zsa Padilla, is a singer and actress from the Philippines. As a vocalist, she has performed in prestigious local and international stages.
4. Phil Vassar, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Phil Vassar
    
    Phillip George Vassar Jr. is an American country music artist. Vassar made his debut on the country music scene in the late 1990s, co-writing singles for several country artists, including Tim McGraw, Jo Dee Messina, Collin Raye, and Alan Jackson. In 1999, he was named by American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) as Country Songwriter of the Year.
5. Terry Dillon, American football player (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Terry Dillon
    
    Terrance Gilbert Dillon was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL). Dillon played with the Minnesota Vikings during the 1963 NFL season. He had also been drafted in the 19th round of the 1963 American Football League Draft by the Oakland Raiders.
1963
1. Houman Younessi, Australian-American biologist and academic (d. 2016) births
  1. Houman Younessi
    
    Houman Younessi was an American educator, practitioner, consultant and investigator in informatics, large scale software development processes, computer science, decision science, molecular biology and functional genomics. He was a research professor at University of Connecticut, and was previously the head of faculty and professor at Hartford Graduate Campus of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Hartford, Connecticut and prior to that, a member of the faculty at Swinburne University of Technology in Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia where he attained tenure in 1997.
1960
1. Mark Sanford, American military veteran (USAF) and politician, 115th Governor of South Carolina births
  1. Mark Sanford
    
    Marshall Clement "Mark" Sanford Jr. is an American politician and author. A Republican, Sanford is a former governor of South Carolina and a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
  2. Governor of South Carolina
    
    The governor of South Carolina is the head of government of South Carolina. The governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal service. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced.
2. Mary Portas, English journalist and author births
  1. Mary Portas
    
    Mary Portas is an English retail consultant and broadcaster, known for her retail- and business-related television shows, founding her creative agency Portas and her appointment by David Cameron, the British Prime Minister, to lead a review into the future of Britain's high streets.
1959
1. Risto Mannisenmäki, Finnish racing driver births
  1. Risto Mannisenmäki
    
    Risto Mannisenmäki is a former rally co-driver and two-times world champion with driver Tommi Mäkinen.
1957
1. Colin Barnes, English footballer births
  1. Colin Barnes
    
    Colin Barnes is an English former professional footballer born in Notting Hill, London, who played as a forward in the Football League for Torquay United.
2. Kirk Gibson, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Kirk Gibson
    
    Kirk Harold Gibson is an American former professional baseball player and manager. He is currently a color commentator for the Detroit Tigers on Bally Sports Detroit and a special assistant for the Tigers. As a player, Gibson was an outfielder who batted and threw left-handed. He spent most of his career with the Detroit Tigers, and also played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Kansas City Royals, and Pittsburgh Pirates.
3. Ben Howland, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Ben Howland
    
    Benjamin Clark Howland is an American college basketball coach who most recently served as the men's head coach at Mississippi State University from to 2015 to 2022. He served as the head men's basketball coach at Northern Arizona University from 1994 to 1999, the University of Pittsburgh from 1999 to 2003, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) from 2003 to 2013. Howland became the first men's coach in modern college basketball history to be fired shortly after winning an outright power-conference title. He is one of the few NCAA Division I coaches to take four teams to the NCAA tournament.
1956
1. Jerry Douglas, American guitarist and producer births
  1. Jerry Douglas
    
    Gerald Calvin "Jerry" Douglas is an American Dobro and lap steel guitar player and record producer.
2. Jeff Dujon, Jamaican cricketer births
  1. Jeff Dujon
    
    Peter Jeffrey Leroy Dujon is a retired West Indian cricketer and current commentator.
3. Markus Höttinger, Austrian racing driver (d. 1980) births
  1. Markus Höttinger
    
    Markus Höttinger was an Austrian racing driver who died after an accident at Germany's Hockenheimring during the third lap of the second round of the 1980 European Formula Two Championship, on 13 April 1980. He was 23 years old at the time.
4. Peter Wilkinson, English admiral births
  1. Peter Wilkinson (Royal Navy officer)
    
    Vice Admiral Peter John Wilkinson is a former Royal Navy officer who served as Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel) from 2007 to 2010. He was National President of the Royal British Legion from 2012 until 2016.
1955
1. Laura Amy Schlitz, American author and librarian births
  1. Laura Amy Schlitz
    
    Laura Amy Schlitz is an American author of children's literature. She is a librarian and storyteller at the Park School of Baltimore in Brooklandville, Maryland.
2. Mark Howe, American ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Mark Howe
    
    Mark Steven Howe is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman and left winger who played sixteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) following six seasons in the World Hockey Association (WHA). He is currently serving as the director of pro scouting for the Detroit Red Wings.
1954
1. João Carlos de Oliveira, Brazilian jumper (d. 1999) births
  1. João Carlos de Oliveira
    
    João Carlos de Oliveira, also known as "João do Pulo" was a Brazilian athlete who competed in the triple jump and the long jump.
2. Youri Egorov, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1988) births
  1. Youri Egorov
    
    Youri Aleksandrovich Egorov was a Soviet and Monegasque classical pianist.
3. Charles Saumarez Smith, English historian and academic births
  1. Charles Saumarez Smith
    
    Sir Charles Robert Saumarez Smith is a British cultural historian specialising in the history of art, design and architecture. He was the Secretary and Chief Executive of the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 2007 until he stepped down in 2018. He was replaced by Axel Rϋger, who took up the position in 2019.
4. Péter Szilágyi, Hungarian conductor and politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Péter Szilágyi (conductor)
    
    Péter Szilágyi was a Hungarian music conductor and politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) for Berettyóújfalu between 1994 and 2002. He was a member of the Committee on Education and Science.
5. John Tory, Canadian lawyer and politician, 65th Mayor of Toronto births
  1. John Tory
    
    John Howard Tory is a Canadian politician who has served as the 65th and current mayor of Toronto since 2014.
  2. Mayor of Toronto
    
    The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in office, mayors are styled His/Her Worship.
1953
1. Pierre Gauthier, Canadian ice hockey player and manager births
  1. Pierre Gauthier
    
    Pierre Gauthier is a former General Manager of the Montreal Canadiens, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, and Ottawa Senators. He is currently the director of player personnel of the Chicago Blackhawks.
2. Tatsuo Hori, Japanese author and poet (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Tatsuo Hori
    
    Tatsuo Hori was a Japanese translator and writer of poetry, short stories and novels.
1952
1. Roger Briggs, American pianist, composer, conductor, and educator births
  1. Roger Briggs
    
    Roger Briggs is an American composer, conductor, pianist, and educator.
2. Philippe Desranleau, Canadian archbishop (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Philippe Desranleau
    
    Philippe-Servulo Desranleau was a Canadian Roman Catholic priest and the Archbishop of Sherbrooke from 1951 to 1952.
1949
1. Martin Kelner, English journalist, author, comedian, singer, actor and radio presenter births
  1. Martin Kelner
    
    Martin Barry Kelner is a British journalist, author, comedian, singer, actor and TV presenter, whose primary career is in radio presenting. He has spent over 40 years hosting radio shows, mostly for the BBC, in particular Radio Leeds. He has been regularly accompanied throughout his career by comedy sidekick Edouard Lapaglie.
2. Wendy O. Williams, American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress (d. 1998) births
  1. Wendy O. Williams
    
    Wendy Orlean Williams was an American singer, best known as the lead singer of the punk rock band Plasmatics. She was noted for her onstage theatrics, which included partial nudity, exploding equipment, firing a shotgun, and chainsawing guitars. Performing her own stunts in videos, she often sported a mohawk hairstyle. In 1985, during the height of her popularity as a solo artist, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.
1948
1. Michael Field, Australian politician, 38th Premier of Tasmania births
  1. Michael Field (politician)
    
    Michael Walter Field, a former Australian politician, he held office as the Premier of Tasmania between 1989 and 1992. Field is also the former chancellor of the University of Tasmania, he held that position from January 2013 to 30 June 2021; he is also the former leader of the Tasmanian Labor Party his tenure was from 1988 until his retirement in 1996. Field is best known for operating in minority government with the support of the Independents, Tasmania's nascent Green party, with an agreement known as the Labor–Green Accord.
  2. Premier of Tasmania
    
    The premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the leader of the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly is invited by the governor of Tasmania to be premier and principal adviser.
2. Pierre Rapsat, Belgian singer and songwriter (d. 2002) births
  1. Pierre Rapsat
    
    Pierre Rapsat was a Belgian singer-songwriter who had a very successful career in his homeland and also spells of popularity in other Francophone countries. Outside these areas, he is best known for his participation in the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest.
1947
1. Zahi Hawass, Egyptian archaeologist and academic births
  1. Zahi Hawass
    
    Zahi Abass Hawass is an Egyptian archaeologist, Egyptologist, and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, serving twice. He has also worked at archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, the Western Desert, and the Upper Nile Valley.
2. Lynn Johnston, Canadian author and illustrator births
  1. Lynn Johnston
    
    Lynn Johnston is a Canadian cartoonist and author, best known for her newspaper comic strip For Better or For Worse. She was the first woman and first Canadian to win the National Cartoonist Society's Reuben Award.
3. Leland Sklar, American singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Leland Sklar
    
    Leland Bruce Sklar is an American bassist and session musician. He was a member of the Los Angeles-based instrumental group The Section, who served as the de facto house band of Asylum Records and were one of the progenitors of the soft rock sound prevalent on top-40 radio in the 1970s and 1980s. Besides appearing as the backing band on numerous recordings by artists such as James Taylor, Jackson Browne, Carole King, and Linda Ronstadt, The Section released three solo albums of instrumental rock. Both in The Section and separately, Sklar has contributed to over 2,000 albums as a session and touring musician. He has toured with James Taylor, Phil Collins, Toto, Lyle Lovett and other major acts. He has also been recorded on many soundtracks to motion pictures and television shows.
4. August Eigruber, Austrian-German politician (b. 1907) deaths
  1. August Eigruber
    
    August Eigruber was an Austrian-born Nazi Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter of Reichsgau Oberdonau and Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria. He was convicted of war crimes at Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp and hanged.
1946
1. Bruce Alexander, English actor births
  1. Bruce Alexander (actor)
    
    Bruce John Alexander is a British actor, best known for his portrayal of Superintendent Norman Mullett in the ITV television series A Touch of Frost, in which he plays the superior of the main character Jack Frost, played by David Jason.
2. Skip Jutze, American baseball player births
  1. Skip Jutze
    
    Alfred Henry "Skip" Jutze is a former professional baseball player. He played all or part of six seasons in Major League Baseball, primarily as a catcher.
3. Janet Paraskeva, Welsh politician births
  1. Janet Paraskeva
    
    Dame Janet Paraskeva is a British government official.
4. K. Satchidanandan, Indian poet and critic births
  1. K. Satchidanandan
    
    K. Satchidanandan (1946) is an Indian poet and critic, writing in Malayalam and English. A pioneer of modern poetry in Malayalam, a bilingual literary critic, playwright, editor, columnist and translator, he is the former editor of Indian Literature journal and the former secretary of Sahitya Akademi. He is also social advocate for secular anti-caste views, supporting causes like environment, human rights and free software and is a well known speaker on issues concerning contemporary Indian literature. He is the festival director of Kerala Literature Festival.
5. William Shawcross, English journalist and author births
  1. William Shawcross
    
    William Hartley Hume Shawcross is a British writer and commentator, and a former Chairman of the Charity Commission for England and Wales.
6. Carter Glass, American publisher and politician, 47th United States Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Carter Glass
    
    Carter Glass was an American newspaper publisher and Democratic politician from Lynchburg, Virginia. He represented Virginia in both houses of Congress and served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Woodrow Wilson. He played a major role in the establishment of the U.S. financial regulatory system, helping to establish the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
  2. United States Secretary of the Treasury
    
    The United States secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, and is the chief financial officer of the federal government of the United States. The secretary of the treasury serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all matters pertaining to economic and fiscal policy. The secretary is a statutory member of the Cabinet of the United States, and is fifth in the presidential line of succession.
1945
1. Patch Adams, American physician and author, founded the Gesundheit! Institute births
  1. Patch Adams
    
    Hunter Doherty "Patch" Adams is an American physician, comedian, social activist, clown, and author. He founded the Gesundheit! Institute in 1971. Each year he also organizes volunteers from around the world to travel to various countries where they dress as clowns to bring humor to orphans, patients, and other people.
2. John N. Bambacus, American military veteran (USMC) and politician births
  1. John N. Bambacus
    
    John N. Bambacus is an American politician, and represented District 1 in the Maryland Senate, which covers Garrett, Allegany, and Washington Counties.
3. John Fogerty, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. John Fogerty
    
    John Cameron Fogerty is an American musician, singer, and songwriter. Together with Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, and his brother Tom Fogerty, he founded the band Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR), for which he was the lead singer, lead guitarist, and principal songwriter. The group had nine top-10 singles and eight gold albums between 1968 and 1972, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.
4. Jean Perrault, Canadian politician, Mayor of Sherbrooke, Quebec births
  1. Jean Perrault
    
    Jean Perrault, is a Canadian politician, who served as mayor of Sherbrooke, Quebec from 1994 to 2009, and as president of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
  2. List of mayors of Sherbrooke
    
    This is a list of mayors of Sherbrooke, Quebec.1852-1853 : George Frederick Bowen 1854-1855 : Joseph Gibb Robertson 1855-1857 : Albert Philips Ball 1858-1868 : Joseph Gibb Robertson 1868-1869 : Richard William Heneker 1869-1872 : Joseph Gibb Robertson 1873-1875 : Richard Dalby Morkill 1875-1876 : John Griffith 1876-1877 : Eleazar Clark 1877 : Richard William Heneker 1877-1878 : Eleazar Clark 1878-1879 : William Bullock Ives 1880-1881 : Hubert-Charon Cabana 1881-1882 : John Griffith 1882-1883 : James William Wigget 1883-1885 : Alexander Galt Lomas 1885 : Hubert-Charon Cabana 1885-1887 : William Thomas White 1887-1888 : William Murray 1888-1889 : Louis-Edmond Panneton 1889-1890 : George Gilman Bryant 1890-1891 : Jérome-Adolphe Chicoyne 1891-1892 : Israël Wood 1893-1894 : Daniel McManamy 1894-1895 : Gordon Clark 1895-1896 : Louis-Charles Bélanger 1897-1898 : Harry Redfern Fraser 1898 : Stanilas Fortier 1899 : Harry Redfern Fraser 1900 : Louis-Charles Bélanger 1901 : Arthur Norreys Worthington 1902 : Judes-Olivier Camirand 1903 : William Farwell 1904 : Judes-Olivier Camirand 1905 : John Leonard 1906 : Charles-Frédéric Olivier 1907 : William Farwell 1908-1909 : Léonilde-Charles Bachand 1910-1911 : Charles-Walter Cate 1912-1913 : Félix-Herménégilde Hébert 1914-1915 : James MacKinnon 1916-1918 : Ernest Sylvestre 1918-1920 : Charles Dickinson White 1920-1922 : Donat Oscar Edouard Denault 1922-1924 : William Morris 1924-1926 : William Brault 1926-1928 : James Keith Edwards 1928-1930 : Joseph-Sylvini Tétreault 1930-1932 : Albert Carlos Skinner 1932-1934 : Ludger Forest 1934-1936 : Frédérick Hamilton Bradley 1936-1938 : Émile Rioux 1938-1940 : Marcus Trenholm Armitage 1940-1942 : Joseph Labrecque 1942-1944 : Alexander Clark Ross 1944-1946 : Joseph-Wencelas Genest 1946-1948 : James Guy Dixon Bryant 1948-1950 : Alphonse Trudeau 1950-1952 : Charles Benjamin Howard 1952-1955 : J. Émile Levesque 1955-1970 : Armand Nadeau 1970-1974 : Marc Bureau 1974-1982 : Jacques O'Bready 1982-1990 : Jean-Paul Pelletier 1990-1994 : Paul Gervais 1994-2009 : Jean Perrault 2009-2017 : Bernard Sévigny 2017-2021 : Steve Lussier 2021-Present : Évelyne Beaudin
5. Helena Shovelton, English physician births
  1. Helena Shovelton
    
    Dame Helena Shovelton, DBE, FRSA, Hon. FRCP is former Chair of the UK National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, former Chair of the UK National Lottery Commission, and former Chief Executive of the British Lung Foundation.
1944
1. Faith Brown, English actress and singer births
  1. Faith Brown
    
    Faith Brown is an English actress, singer, comedian and impressionist. She was a star of the ITV impressions show Who Do You Do?, and was The Voice in the TV show Trapped!.
2. Rudy Giuliani, American lawyer and politician, 107th mayor of New York City births
  1. Rudy Giuliani
    
    Rudolph William Louis Giuliani is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1983 to 1989.
  2. Mayor of New York City
    
    The mayor of New York City, officially Mayor of the City of New York, is head of the executive branch of the government of New York City and the chief executive of New York City. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.
3. Gladys Knight, American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Gladys Knight
    
    Gladys Maria Knight, known as the "Empress of Soul", is an American singer, actress and businesswoman. A seven-time Grammy Award-winner, Knight is known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s with her group The Pips, which also included her brother Merald "Bubba" Knight and cousins William Guest and Edward Patten.
4. Sondra Locke, American actress and director (d. 2018) births
  1. Sondra Locke
    
    Sandra Louise Anderson, professionally known as Sondra Locke, was an American actress and director. She achieved worldwide recognition for her relationship with Clint Eastwood and the six hit films they made together.
5. Rita MacNeil, Canadian singer and actress (d. 2013) births
  1. Rita MacNeil
    
    Rita MacNeil was a Canadian singer from the community of Big Pond on Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Island. Her biggest hit, "Flying On Your Own", was a crossover Top 40 hit in 1987 and was covered by Anne Murray the following year, although she had hits on the country and adult contemporary charts throughout her career. In the United Kingdom, MacNeil's song "Working Man" was a No. 11 hit in 1990.
6. Gary Stewart, American singer-songwriter (d. 2003) births
  1. Gary Stewart (singer)
    
    Gary Ronnie Stewart was an American musician and songwriter, known for his distinctive vibrato voice and his outlaw country sound influenced by southern rock. At the height of his popularity in the mid-1970s, Time magazine described him as the "king of honkytonk." He had a series of country chart hits from the mid- to late 1970s, the biggest of which was "She's Actin' Single ", which topped the U.S. country singles chart in 1975.
7. Billy Vera, American singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Billy Vera
    
    Billy Vera is an American singer, songwriter, actor, author, and music historian. He has been a singer and songwriter since the 1960s, his most successful record being "At This Moment", a US number 1 hit in 1987. He continues to perform with his group Billy Vera & The Beaters and won a Grammy Award in 2013.
1943
1. Terry Crisp, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Terry Crisp
    
    Terrance Arthur Crisp is a Canadian former professional ice hockey coach and player. Crisp played ten seasons in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins, St. Louis Blues, New York Islanders and Philadelphia Flyers between 1965 and 1977. Crisp coached for 11 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Philadelphia Flyers, Calgary Flames and Tampa Bay Lightning. He currently is a radio and TV broadcaster for the Nashville Predators. On October 30, 2021, the Predators announced Crisp will be retiring from his broadcast duties at the end of the 2021-22 season.
1942
1. Stanley B. Prusiner, American neurologist and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Stanley B. Prusiner
    
    Stanley Benjamin Prusiner is an American neurologist and biochemist. He is the director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Prusiner discovered prions, a class of infectious self-reproducing pathogens primarily or solely composed of protein. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1994 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997 for prion research developed by him and his team of experts beginning in the early 1970s.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1941
1. Beth Howland, American actress and singer (d. 2015) births
  1. Beth Howland
    
    Elizabeth Howland was an American actress. She worked on stage and television, and was best known for playing Vera Gorman in the sitcom Alice.
1940
1. David William Brewer, English politician, Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London births
  1. David Brewer (broker)
    
    Sir David William Brewer, is an English marine insurance broker who served as Lord Mayor of London (2005–06) and Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London to Elizabeth II (2008–15).
  2. Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London
    
    The Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London is the personal representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Greater London.
2. Shlomo Riskin, American rabbi and academic, founded the Lincoln Square Synagogue births
  1. Shlomo Riskin
    
    Shlomo Riskin is an Orthodox rabbi, and the founding rabbi of Lincoln Square Synagogue on the Upper West Side of New York City, which he led for 20 years; founding chief rabbi of the Israeli settlement of Efrat in the Israeli-occupied West Bank; dean of Manhattan Day School in New York City; and founder and Chancellor of the Ohr Torah Stone Institutions, a network of high schools, colleges, and graduate Programs in the United States and Israel.
  2. Lincoln Square Synagogue
    
    The Lincoln Square Synagogue is a Modern Orthodox synagogue located at 180 Amsterdam Avenue between West 68th and 69th Streets in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. Founded in 1964, the physical location of the congregation has changed several times. The most recent move took place in January 2013. The new building is the largest synagogue to be built in New York City in over 50 years. The current senior Rabbi is Rabbi Shaul Robinson.
1939
1. Maeve Binchy, Irish novelist (d. 2012) births
  1. Maeve Binchy
    
    Anne Maeve Binchy Snell was an Irish novelist, playwright, short story writer, columnist, and speaker. Her novels were characterised by a sympathetic and often humorous portrayal of small-town life in Ireland, and surprise endings. Her novels, which were translated into 37 languages, sold more than 40 million copies worldwide. Her death at age 73, announced by Vincent Browne on Irish television late on 30 July 2012, was mourned as the death of one of Ireland's best-loved and most recognisable writers.
1938
1. Jerry West, American basketball player, coach, and executive births
  1. Jerry West
    
    Jerome Alan West is an American basketball executive and former player. He played professionally for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His nicknames included "Mr. Clutch", for his ability to make a big play in a clutch situation, such as his famous buzzer-beating 60-foot shot that tied Game 3 of the 1970 NBA Finals against the New York Knicks; "the Logo", in reference to his silhouette being incorporated into the NBA logo; "Mr. Outside", in reference to his perimeter play with the Los Angeles Lakers; and "Zeke from Cabin Creek", for the creek near his birthplace of Chelyan, West Virginia. West played the small forward position early in his career, and he was a standout at East Bank High School and at West Virginia University, where he led the Mountaineers to the 1959 NCAA championship game. He earned the NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player honor despite the loss. He then embarked on a 14-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers, and was the co-captain of the 1960 U.S. Olympic gold medal team, a squad that was inducted as a unit into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010.
1937
1. Alfred Adler, Austrian-Scottish ophthalmologist and psychologist (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Alfred Adler
    
    Alfred Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology. His emphasis on the importance of feelings of belonging, family constellation and birth order set him apart from Freud and other members of the Vienna Circle. He proposed that contributing to others was how the individual feels a sense of worth and belonging in the family and society. His earlier work focused on inferiority, the inferiority complex, an isolating element which plays a key role in personality development. Alfred Adler considered a human being as an individual whole, and therefore he called his psychology "Individual Psychology".
1936
1. Claude Forget, Canadian academic and politician births
  1. Claude Forget
    
    Claude E. Forget, is a Canadian economist and former politician.
2. Ole K. Sara, Norwegian politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Ole K. Sara
    
    Ole Klemet J. Sara was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
3. Betty Shabazz, American educator and activist (d. 1997) births
  1. Betty Shabazz
    
    Betty Shabazz, also known as Betty X, was an American educator and civil rights advocate. She was married to Malcolm X.
1933
1. John Karlen, American actor (d. 2020) births
  1. John Karlen
    
    John Karlen was an American character actor who played multiple roles on the ABC serial Dark Shadows on and off from 1967 to 1971.
2. Zelda Rubinstein, American actress and activist (d. 2010) births
  1. Zelda Rubinstein
    
    Zelda May Rubinstein was an American actress and human rights activist, known as eccentric medium Tangina Barrons in the Poltergeist film series. Playing "Ginny", she was a regular on David E. Kelley's Emmy Award-winning television series Picket Fences for two seasons. She also made guest appearances in the TV show Poltergeist: The Legacy (1996), as seer Christina, and was the voice of Skittles candies in their long-running "Taste the Rainbow" ad campaign. Rubinstein was also known for her outspoken activism for little people and her early participation in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
1932
1. Tim Renton, Baron Renton of Mount Harry, English politician, Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries (d. 2020) births
  1. Tim Renton
    
    Ronald Timothy Renton, Baron Renton of Mount Harry, was a British Conservative politician.
  2. Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Arts
    
    In the Government of the United Kingdom, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Arts and Heritage is a ministerial post in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
1931
1. Carroll Baker, American actress births
  1. Carroll Baker
    
    Carroll Baker is an American former actress. After studying under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio, Baker began performing on Broadway in 1954. From there, she was recruited by director Elia Kazan to play the lead in the adaptation of two Tennessee Williams plays into the film Baby Doll in 1956. Her role in the film as a coquettish but sexually naïve Southern bride earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.
2. Gordon Willis, American cinematographer (d. 2014) births
  1. Gordon Willis
    
    Gordon Hugh Willis Jr., ASC was an American cinematographer and film director. He is best known for his photographic work on eight Woody Allen films, six Alan J. Pakula films, four James Bridges films, and all three films from Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather series.
1930
1. Edward Seaga, American-Jamaican academic and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2019) births
  1. Edward Seaga
    
    Edward Philip George Seaga was a Jamaican politician. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1980 to 1989, and the leader of the Jamaica Labour Party from 1974 to 2005. He served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980, and again from 1989 until January 2005.
  2. Prime Minister of Jamaica
    
    The prime minister of Jamaica is Jamaica's head of government, currently Andrew Holness. Holness, as leader of the governing Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), was sworn in as prime minister on 7 September 2020, having been re-elected as a result of the JLP's landslide victory in the 2020 Jamaican general election.
1929
1. Patrick McNair-Wilson, English politician births
  1. Patrick McNair-Wilson
    
    Sir Patrick Michael Ernest David McNair-Wilson is a British former Conservative Member of Parliament and consultant.
1928
1. Sally Forrest, American actress and dancer (d. 2015) births
  1. Sally Forrest
    
    Sally Forrest, was an American film, stage and TV actress of the 1940s and 1950s. She studied dance from a young age and shortly out of high school was signed to a contract by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
1927
1. Boris Kustodiev, Russian painter and stage designer (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Boris Kustodiev
    
    Boris Mikhaylovich Kustodiev was a Russian and Soviet painter and stage designer.
1925
1. Bülent Ecevit, Turkish journalist, scholar, and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2006) births
  1. Bülent Ecevit
    
    Mustafa Bülent Ecevit was a Turkish politician, statesman, poet, writer, scholar, and journalist, who served as the Prime Minister of Turkey four times between 1974 and 2002. He served as prime minister in 1974, 1977, 1978–1979, and 1999–2002. Ecevit was chairman of the Republican People's Party (CHP) between 1972 and 1980, and in 1987 he became chairman of the Democratic Left Party (DSP).
  2. Prime Minister of Turkey
    
    The prime minister of the Republic of Turkey was the head of government of the Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Turkish Parliament and presided over the cabinet. Throughout the political history of Turkey, functions and powers of the post have changed occasionally. Prior to its dissolution as a result of the 2017 Constitutional Referendum, the prime minister was generally the dominant figure in Turkish politics, outweighing the president.
2. Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German opera singer and conductor (d. 2012) births
  1. Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau
    
    Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau was a German lyric baritone and conductor of classical music, one of the most famous Lieder performers of the post-war period, best known as a singer of Franz Schubert's Lieder, particularly "Winterreise" of which his recordings with accompanists Gerald Moore and Jörg Demus are still critically acclaimed half a century after their release.
1924
1. Edward du Cann, English naval officer and politician (d. 2017) births
  1. Edward du Cann
    
    Sir Edward Dillon Lott du Cann was a British politician and businessman. He was a member of Parliament (MP) from 1956 to 1987 and served as Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1967 and as chairman of the party's 1922 Committee from 1972 to 1984.
2. Paul Hébert, Canadian actor (d. 2017) births
  1. Paul Hébert
    
    Paul Hébert, OC, CQ was a French Canadian television and stage actor and director, and the founder of six theatres in Quebec. He is best known for his role as Siméon Desrosiers in Le Temps d’une paix, a Canadian soap opera.
1923
1. György Ligeti, Hungarian-Austrian composer and educator (d. 2006) births
  1. György Ligeti
    
    György Sándor Ligeti was a Hungarian-Austrian composer of contemporary classical music. He has been described as "one of the most important avant-garde composers in the latter half of the twentieth century" and "one of the most innovative and influential among progressive figures of his time".
2. N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, director, producer, and politician, 10th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (d. 1996) births
  1. N. T. Rama Rao
    
    Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, often referred to by his initials NTR, was an Indian actor, filmmaker and politician who served as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for seven years over three terms. He starred in over 300 films, predominantly in Telugu cinema, and was referred to as Viswa Vikhyatha Nata Sarwa Bhouma. Rao received three National Film Awards for co-producing Thodu Dongalu (1954) and Seetharama Kalyanam (1960) under National Art Theater, Madras, and for directing Varakatnam (1970). Known for his breakthrough performances in Raju Peda (1954) and Lava Kusa (1963), Rao garnered the Nandi Award for Best Actor for Kodalu Diddina Kapuram in 1970, and the Inaugural Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu in 1972 for Badi Panthulu.
  2. List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh
    
    The chief minister of Andhra Pradesh is the chief executive of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. In accordance with the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
1922
1. Lou Duva, American boxer, trainer, and manager (d. 2017) births
  1. Lou Duva
    
    Louis Duva was a boxing trainer, manager and boxing promoter who handled nineteen world champions. The Duva family promoted boxing events in over twenty countries on six continents. Lou Duva was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame, the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame, and The Meadowlands Sports Hall of Fame.
2. Roger Fisher, American author and academic (d. 2012) births
  1. Roger Fisher (academic)
    
    Roger D. Fisher was Samuel Williston Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and director of the Harvard Negotiation Project.
3. Tuomas Gerdt, Finnish soldier (d. 2020) births
  1. Tuomas Gerdt
    
    Kaiho Tuomas Albin Gerdt was a Finnish soldier and Knight of the Mannerheim Cross, numbered #95. He was born in Heinävesi. Gerdt, serving as a junior runner officer in the infantry regiment 7, was awarded the Mannerheim Cross on 8 September 1942. At that time he held the rank of a Sergeant. After coming home from the war on 13 November 1944, Gerdt worked as a manager in Oy Wilh. Schauman Ab and as an office manager in Oy Kaukas Ab and Kymmene Oy. Gerdt, serving as the chairman of the Mannerheim Cross Knight Foundation, was the last living Knight of the Mannerheim Cross.
1921
1. D. V. Paluskar, Indian Hindustani classical musician (d. 1955) births
  1. D. V. Paluskar
    
    Pandit Dattatreya Vishnu Paluskar, was a Hindustani classical vocalist. He was considered a child prodigy.
2. Heinz G. Konsalik, German journalist and author (d. 1999) births
  1. Heinz G. Konsalik
    
    Heinz G. Konsalik, pseudonym of Heinz Günther was a German novelist. Konsalik was his mother's maiden name.
3. Tom Uren, Australian soldier, boxer, and politician (d. 2015) births
  1. Tom Uren
    
    Thomas Uren was an Australian politician and Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1975 to 1977. Uren served as the Member for Reid in the Australian House of Representatives from 1958 to 1990, being appointed Minister for Urban and Regional Development (1972–75), Minister for Territories and Local Government (1983–84) and Minister for Local Government and Administrative Services (1984–87). He helped establish the heritage and conservation movement in Australia and, in particular, worked to preserve the heritage of inner Sydney.
1918
1. Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990) births
  1. Johnny Wayne
    
    Johnny Wayne was a Canadian comedian and comedy writer best known for his work as part of the comedy duo Wayne and Shuster alongside Frank Shuster.
1917
1. Barry Commoner, American biologist, academic, and politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Barry Commoner
    
    Barry Commoner was an American cellular biologist, college professor, and politician. He was a leading ecologist and among the founders of the modern environmental movement. He was the director of the Center for Biology of Natural Systems and its Critical Genetics Project. He ran as the Citizens Party candidate in the 1980 U.S. presidential election. His work studying the radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing led to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.
1916
1. Walker Percy, American novelist and essayist (d. 1990) births
  1. Walker Percy
    
    Walker Percy, Obl.S.B. was an American writer whose interests included philosophy and semiotics. Percy is noted for his philosophical novels set in and around New Orleans; his first, The Moviegoer, won the National Book Award for Fiction.
2. Ivan Franko, Ukrainian economist, journalist, and poet (b. 1856) deaths
  1. Ivan Franko
    
    Ivan Yakovych Franko was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, interpreter, economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy, ethnographer, and the author of the first detective novels and modern poetry in the Ukrainian language.
1915
1. Joseph Greenberg, American linguist and academic (d. 2001) births
  1. Joseph Greenberg
    
    Joseph Harold Greenberg was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages.
1914
1. W. G. G. Duncan Smith, English captain and pilot (d. 1996) births
  1. W. G. G. Duncan Smith
    
    Group Captain Wilfrid George Gerald Duncan Smith, was a Royal Air Force flying ace of the Second World War. He was the father of Iain Duncan Smith, a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1992 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2001 to 2003.
1912
1. Herman Johannes, Indonesian scientist, academic, and politician (d. 1992) births
  1. Herman Johannes
    
    Herman Johannes was an Indonesian professor, scientist, politician and National Hero. Johannes was the rector of Universitas Gadjah Mada in Yogyakarta (1961–1966), Coordinator for Higher Education from 1966 to 1979, a member of Indonesia's Presidential Supreme Advisory Council from 1968 to 1978, and the Minister for Public Works and Energy (1950–1951). He was also a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO from 1954 to 1957.
2. Ruby Payne-Scott, Australian physicist and astronomer (d. 1981) births
  1. Ruby Payne-Scott
    
    Ruby Violet Payne-Scott, BSc (Phys) MSc DipEd (Syd) was an Australian pioneer in radiophysics and radio astronomy, and was one of two Antipodean women pioneers in radio astronomy and radio physics at the end of the second world war, Ruby Payne-Scott the Australian and Elizabeth Alexander the New Zealander. Both women suffered misogyny in their careers, and an unnecessary argument half a century later introduced competitiveness which did not exist at the time. The resolution of in favour of Alexander in no way detracts from the achievements of Ruby Payne-Scott.
3. Patrick White, Australian novelist, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990) births
  1. Patrick White
    
    Patrick Victor Martindale White was a British-born Australian writer who published 12 novels, three short-story collections, and eight plays, from 1935 to 1987.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1911
1. Bob Crisp, South African cricketer (d. 1994) births
  1. Bob Crisp
    
    Robert James Crisp was a South African cricketer who played in nine Test matches between 1935 and 1936. He appeared for Rhodesia, Western Province, Worcestershire and South Africa. Though his Test bowling average lay over 37.00, Crisp had a successful first-class cricket career, with 276 wickets at 19.88. He is the only bowler in first-class cricket to have taken four wickets in four balls more than once.
2. Thora Hird, English actress (d. 2003) births
  1. Thora Hird
    
    Dame Thora Hird was an English actress and comedian, presenter and writer. In a career spanning over 70 years, she appeared in more than 100 film and television roles, becoming a household name and a British institution.
3. Fritz Hochwälder, Austrian playwright (d. 1986) births
  1. Fritz Hochwälder
    
    Fritz Hochwälder also known as Fritz Hochwaelder, was an Austrian playwright. Known for his spare prose and strong moralist themes, Hochwälder won several literary awards, including the Grand Austrian State Prize for Literature in 1966. Most of his plays were first performed at the Burgtheater in Vienna.
1910
1. Georg Gaßmann, German politician, Mayor of Marburg (d. 1987) births
  1. Georg Gaßmann
    
    Georg Gaßmann was a German politician.
  2. List of mayors of Marburg
    
    This is a list of all the mayors of Marburg in Germany since 1835.
2. Rachel Kempson, English actress (d. 2003) births
  1. Rachel Kempson
    
    Rachel, Lady Redgrave, known primarily by her birth name Rachel Kempson, was an English actress. She married Sir Michael Redgrave, and was the matriarch of the famous acting dynasty.
3. T-Bone Walker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1975) births
  1. T-Bone Walker
    
    Aaron Thibeaux "T-Bone" Walker was an American blues musician, composer, songwriter and bandleader, who was a pioneer and innovator of the jump blues, West Coast blues, and electric blues sounds. In 2018 Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 67 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
1909
1. Red Horner, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2005) births
  1. Red Horner
    
    George Reginald "Red" Horner was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League from 1928 to 1940. He was the Leafs captain from 1938 until his retirement. He helped the Leafs win their third Stanley Cup in 1932. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965.
1908
1. Léo Cadieux, Canadian journalist and politician, 17th Canadian Minister of National Defence (d. 2005) births
  1. Léo Cadieux
    
    Joseph Alphonse Léo Cadieux, was a Canadian politician.
  2. Minister of National Defence (Canada)
    
    The minister of national defence is a minister of the Crown in the Cabinet of Canada responsible for the management and direction of all matters relating to the national defence of Canada.
2. Ian Fleming, English journalist and author, created James Bond (d. 1964) births
  1. Ian Fleming
    
    Ian Lancaster Fleming was a British writer who is best known for his postwar James Bond series of spy novels. Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co., and his father was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing.
  2. James Bond
    
    The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd, and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is With a Mind to Kill by Anthony Horowitz, published in May 2022. Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.
1906
1. Henry Thambiah, Sri Lankan lawyer, judge, and diplomat, Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Canada (d. 1997) births
  1. Henry Thambiah
    
    Deshamanya Justice Henry Wijeyakone Thambiah (1906–1997) was a Ceylonese academic, diplomat, lawyer and judge, born in Sri Lanka during British colonial rule. He was a Commissioner of Assize, High Commissioner and judge of the Supreme Courts of Ceylon and Sierra Leone.
  2. Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Canada
    
    The Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Canada is the Sri Lankan envoy to Canada. Countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations typically exchange High Commissioners, rather than Ambassadors. Though there are a few technical differences, they are in practice one and the same office. Sri Lanka also maintains a Consul-General in Toronto.
1904
1. Kicking Bear, Native American tribal leader (b. 1846) deaths
  1. Kicking Bear
    
    Kicking Bear was an Oglala Lakota who became a band chief of the Miniconjou Lakota Sioux. He fought in several battles with his brother, Flying Hawk, and first cousin, Crazy Horse, during the War for the Black Hills, including the Battle of the Greasy Grass.
1903
1. S. L. Kirloskar, Indian businessman, founded Kirloskar Group (d. 1994) births
  1. S. L. Kirloskar
    
    Shantanurao Laxmanrao Kirloskar was an Indian businessman who was instrumental in the rapid growth of the Kirloskar Group.
  2. Kirloskar Group
    
    Kirloskar Group is an Indian conglomerate, headquartered in Pune. The group exports to over 70 countries over most of Africa, Southeast Asia and Europe. The flagship and holding company, Kirloskar Brothers Ltd, established in 1888, is India's largest maker of pumps and valves. It was the manufacturer of India's first modern iron plough. One of the group companies is a major component supplier for the indigenous Arihant Nuclear Submarine program.
1900
1. Tommy Ladnier, American trumpet player (d. 1939) births
  1. Tommy Ladnier
    
    Thomas James Ladnier was an American jazz trumpeter. Hugues Panassié – an influential French critic, jazz historian, and renowned exponent of New Orleans jazz – rated Ladnier, sometime on or before 1956, second only to Louis Armstrong.
1892
1. Minna Gombell, American actress (d. 1973) births
  1. Minna Gombell
    
    Minna Marie Gombell was an American stage and film actress.
1889
1. Richard Réti, Slovak-Czech chess player and author (d. 1929) births
  1. Richard Réti
    
    Richard Selig Réti was an Austro-Hungarian, later Czechoslovakian, chess player, chess author, and composer of endgame studies.
1888
1. Kaarel Eenpalu, Estonian journalist and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1942) births
  1. Kaarel Eenpalu
    
    Kaarel Eenpalu was an Estonian journalist, politician and head of state, who served as 7th Prime Minister of Estonia.
  2. Prime Minister of Estonia
    
    The Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the president after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and confirmed by the parliament (Riigikogu). In case of disagreement, the Parliament can reject the president's nomination and choose their own candidate. In practice, since the prime minister must maintain the confidence of Parliament in order to remain in office, they are usually the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition. The current prime minister is Kaja Kallas of the Reform Party. She took the office on 26 January 2021 following the resignation of Jüri Ratas.
2. Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot, English author and educator (d. 1947) births
  1. Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot
    
    Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot, also spelt Vivien, was the first wife of American-British poet T. S. Eliot, whom she married in 1915, less than three months after their introduction by mutual friends, when Vivienne was a governess in Cambridge and Eliot was studying at Oxford.
3. Jim Thorpe, American decathlete, football player, and coach (d. 1953) births
  1. Jim Thorpe
    
    James Francis Thorpe was an American athlete and Olympic gold medalist. A member of the Sac and Fox Nation, Thorpe was the first Native American to win a gold medal for the United States in the Olympics. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won two Olympic gold medals in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He also played American football, professional baseball, and basketball.
1886
1. Santo Trafficante, Sr., Italian-American mobster (d. 1954) births
  1. Santo Trafficante Sr.
    
    Santo Trafficante Sr. was a Sicilian-born mobster, and father of the powerful mobster Santo Trafficante Jr.
1884
1. Edvard Beneš, Czech academic and politician, 2nd and 4th President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1948) births
  1. Edvard Beneš
    
    Edvard Beneš was a Czech politician and statesman who served as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938, and again from 1945 to 1948. He also led the Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1939 to 1945 during World War II.
  2. List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
    
    The president of Czechoslovakia was the head of state of Czechoslovakia, from the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 until the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 1 January 1993.
1883
1. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Indian poet and politician (d. 1966) births
  1. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
    
    Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (pronunciation , Marathi pronunciation: [ʋinaːjək saːʋəɾkəɾ]; also commonly known as Veer Savarkar, was an Indian politician, activist, and writer.
2. Clough Williams-Ellis, English-Welsh architect, designed the Portmeirion Village (d. 1978) births
  1. Clough Williams-Ellis
    
    Sir Bertram Clough Williams-Ellis, CBE, MC was a Welsh architect known chiefly as the creator of the Italianate village of Portmeirion in North Wales. He became a major figure in the development of Welsh architecture in the first half of the 20th century, in a variety of styles and building types.
  2. Portmeirion
    
    Portmeirion is a tourist village in Gwynedd, North Wales. It was designed and built by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis between 1925 and 1975 in the style of an Italian village, and is now owned by a charitable trust. The village is located in the community of Penrhyndeudraeth, on the estuary of the River Dwyryd, 2 miles (3.2 km) south east of Porthmadog, and 1 mile (1.6 km) from Minffordd railway station. Portmeirion has served as the location for numerous films and television shows, most famously as "The Village" in the 1960s television show The Prisoner.
1879
1. Milutin Milanković, Serbian mathematician, astronomer, and geophysicist (d. 1958) births
  1. Milutin Milanković
    
    Milutin Milanković was a Serbian mathematician, astronomer, climatologist, geophysicist, civil engineer and popularizer of science.
1878
1. Paul Pelliot, French sinologist and explorer (d. 1945) births
  1. Paul Pelliot
    
    Paul Eugène Pelliot was a French Sinologist and Orientalist best known for his explorations of Central Asia and his discovery of many important Chinese texts such as the Dunhuang manuscripts.
2. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1792) deaths
  1. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
    
    John Russell, 1st Earl Russell,, known by his courtesy title Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1872
1. Marian Smoluchowski, Polish physicist and mountaineer (d. 1917) births
  1. Marian Smoluchowski
    
    Marian Smoluchowski was a Polish physicist who worked in the Polish territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was a pioneer of statistical physics, and an avid mountaineer.
1864
1. Simion Bărnuțiu, Romanian historian and politician (b. 1808) deaths
  1. Simion Bărnuțiu
    
    Simion Bărnuțiu was a Transylvanian, later Romanian historian, academic, philosopher, jurist, and liberal politician. A leader of the 1848 revolutionary movement of Transylvanian Romanians, he represented its Eastern Rite Catholic wing. Bărnuțiu lived for a large part of his life in Moldavia, and was for long a professor of philosophy at Academia Mihăileană and at the University of Iași.
1858
1. Carl Richard Nyberg, Swedish inventor and businessman, developed the blow torch (d. 1939) births
  1. Carl Richard Nyberg
    
    Carl Richard Nyberg was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. Nyberg was a pioneer in mechanical engineering. He received a patent for a blow lamp and was an aviation pioneer.
  2. Blowtorch
    
    A blowtorch, also referred to as a blowlamp, is an ambient air fuel-burning gas lamp used for applying flame and heat to various applications, usually metalworking.
1853
1. Carl Larsson, Swedish painter and author (d. 1919) births
  1. Carl Larsson
    
    Carl Olof Larsson was a Swedish painter representative of the Arts and Crafts movement. His many paintings include oils, watercolors, and frescoes. He is principally known for his watercolors of idyllic family life. He considered his finest work to be Midvinterblot, a large painting now displayed inside the Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts.
1849
1. Anne Brontë, English novelist and poet (b. 1820) deaths
  1. Anne Brontë
    
    Anne Brontë was an English novelist and poet, and the youngest member of the Brontë literary family.
1843
1. Noah Webster, American lexicographer (b. 1758) deaths
  1. Noah Webster
    
    Noah Webster Jr. was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education". His "Blue-backed Speller" books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language.
1841
1. Sakaigawa Namiemon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 14th Yokozuna (d. 1887) births
  1. Sakaigawa Namiemon
    
    Sakaigawa Namiemon was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Katsushika District, Shimōsa Province. He was the sport's 14th yokozuna.
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
1837
1. George Ashlin, Irish architect, co-designed St Colman's Cathedral (d. 1921) births
  1. George Ashlin
    
    George Coppinger Ashlin was an Irish architect, particularly noted for his work on churches and cathedrals, and who became President of the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland.
  2. St Colman's Cathedral, Cobh
    
    The Cathedral Church of St Colman, usually known as Cobh Cathedral, or previously Queenstown Cathedral, is a single-spire cathedral in Cobh, Ireland. It is a Roman Catholic cathedral and was completed in 1919. Built on Cathedral Place, it overlooks Cork harbour from a prominent position, and is dedicated to Colmán of Cloyne, patron saint of the Diocese of Cloyne. It serves as the cathedral church of the diocese.
2. Tony Pastor, American impresario, variety performer and theatre owner (d. 1908) births
  1. Tony Pastor
    
    Antonio Pastor was an American impresario, variety performer and theatre owner who became one of the founding forces behind American vaudeville in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. He was sometimes referred to as the "Dean of Vaudeville." The strongest elements of his entertainments were an almost jingoistic brand of United States patriotism and a strong commitment to attracting a "mixed-gender" audience, the latter being something revolutionary in the male-oriented variety halls of the mid-century. Although he was a performer and producer, Pastor is best known for "cleaning up" bawdy variety acts and presenting a clean and family friendly genre called vaudeville.
1836
1. Friedrich Baumfelder, German pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1916) births
  1. Friedrich Baumfelder
    
    Friedrich August Wilhelm Baumfelder was a German composer of classical music, conductor, and pianist. He started in the Leipzig Conservatory, and went on to become a well-known composer of his time. His many works were mostly solo salon music, but also included symphonies, piano concertos, operas, and choral works. Though many publishers published his work, they have since fallen into obscurity.
2. Alexander Mitscherlich, German chemist and academic (d. 1918) births
  1. Alexander Mitscherlich (chemist)
    
    Alexander Mitscherlich was a German chemist and son of Eilhard Mitscherlich.
1831
1. William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk, Scottish-English admiral (b. 1756) deaths
  1. William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk
    
    Admiral William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk was a British naval officer who served during the American Revolutionary War, French Revolutionary War, and Napoleonic Wars. While in command of HMS Monmouth he was caught in the Nore Mutiny of 1797 and was the officer selected to relay the demands of the mutineers to George III. He most notably served as third-in-command of the Mediterranean Fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in HMS Britannia. He later became Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom and Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.
1818
1. P. G. T. Beauregard, American general (d. 1893) births
  1. P. G. T. Beauregard
    
    Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard was a Confederate general officer of Louisiana Creole descent who started the American Civil War by leading the attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Today, he is commonly referred to as P. G. T. Beauregard, but he rarely used his first name as an adult. He signed correspondence as G. T. Beauregard.
1811
1. Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, Scottish lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for War (b. 1742) deaths
  1. Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
    
    Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, PC, FRSE, styled as Lord Melville from 1802, was the trusted lieutenant of British Prime Minister William Pitt and the most powerful politician in Scotland in the late 18th century.
  2. Secretary of State for War
    
    The Secretary of State for War, commonly called War Secretary, was a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, which existed from 1794 to 1801 and from 1854 to 1964. The Secretary of State for War headed the War Office and was assisted by a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War, a Parliamentary Private Secretary who was also a Member of Parliament (MP), and a Military Secretary, who was a general.
1808
1. Richard Hurd, English bishop (b. 1720) deaths
  1. Richard Hurd (bishop)
    
    Richard Hurd was an English divine and writer, and bishop of Worcester.
1807
1. Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American paleontologist and geologist (d. 1873) births
  1. Louis Agassiz
    
    Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz FRS (For) FRSE was a Swiss-born American biologist and geologist who is recognized as a scholar of Earth's natural history.
1805
1. Luigi Boccherini, Italian cellist and composer (b. 1743) deaths
  1. Luigi Boccherini
    
    Ridolfo Luigi Boccherini was an Italian, later Spanish, composer and cellist of the Classical era whose music retained a courtly and galante style even while he matured somewhat apart from the major European musical centers. He is best known for a minuet from his String Quintet in E, Op. 11, No. 5, and the Cello Concerto in B flat major. The latter work was long known in the heavily altered version by German cellist and prolific arranger Friedrich Grützmacher, but has recently been restored to its original version.
1787
1. Leopold Mozart, Austrian violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1719) deaths
  1. Leopold Mozart
    
    Johann Georg Leopold Mozart was a German composer, violinist and theorist. He is best known today as the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and for his violin textbook Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule (1756).
1779
1. Thomas Moore, Irish poet and composer (d. 1852) births
  1. Thomas Moore
    
    Thomas Moore was an Irish writer, poet, and lyricist celebrated for his Irish Melodies. Their setting of English-language verse to old Irish tunes marked the transition in popular Irish culture from Irish to English. Politically, Moore was recognised in England as a press, or "squib", writer for the aristocratic Whigs; in Ireland he was accounted a Catholic patriot.
1764
1. Edward Livingston, American jurist and politician, 11th United States Secretary of State (d. 1836) births
  1. Edward Livingston
    
    Edward Livingston was an American jurist and statesman. He was an influential figure in the drafting of the Louisiana Civil Code of 1825, a civil code based largely on the Napoleonic Code. Livingston represented both New York and then Louisiana in Congress and served as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1831 to 1833 and Minister to France from 1833 to 1835 under President Andrew Jackson.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
1763
1. Manuel Alberti, Argentinian priest and journalist (d. 1811) births
  1. Manuel Alberti
    
    Manuel Máximiliano Alberti was an Argentine priest from Buenos Aires, when the city was part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He had a curacy at Maldonado, Uruguay during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata, and returned to Buenos Aires in time to take part in the May Revolution of 1810. He was chosen as one of the seven members of the Primera Junta, considered the first national government of Argentina. He supported most of the proposals of Mariano Moreno and worked at the Gazeta de Buenos Ayres newspaper. The internal disputes of the Junta had a negative effect on his health, and he died of a heart attack in 1811.
1759
1. William Pitt the Younger, English lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1806) births
  1. William Pitt the Younger
    
    William Pitt the Younger was a British statesman, the youngest and last prime minister of Great Britain and then first prime minister of the United Kingdom as of January 1801. He left office in March 1801, but served as prime minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806. He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer for all of his time as prime minister. He is known as "Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, who had previously served as prime minister and is referred to as "William Pitt the Elder".
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1750
1. Emperor Sakuramachi of Japan (b. 1720) deaths
  1. Emperor Sakuramachi
    
    Emperor Sakuramachi was the 115th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Sakuramachi's birth name was Teruhito before he became enthroned as Emperor in 1735, a reign that would last until 1747 with his retirement. As with previous Emperors during the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate had control over Japan. The Emperor's role was a religious figure who performed limited duties. This changed when Sakuramachi was granted permission from the Shōgun to restore some Imperial rites. Ceremonies such as the Harvest Festival that had previously been absent for over 250 years were now allowed. Sakuramachi had one wife and a concubine with whom he fathered 4 children. His first son would go on to become Emperor Momozono, while his second daughter would later be Empress Go-Sakuramachi. Sakuramachi died on 28 May 1750, which was almost three years after his abdication.
1747
1. Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French author (b. 1715) deaths
  1. Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues
    
    Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues was a French writer and moralist. He died at age 31, in broken health, having published the year prior—anonymously—a collection of essays and aphorisms with the encouragement of Voltaire, his friend. He first received public notice under his own name in 1797, and from 1857 on, his aphorisms became popular. In the history of French literature, his significance lies chiefly in his friendship with Voltaire.
1738
1. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, French physician (d. 1814) births
  1. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
    
    Joseph-Ignace Guillotin was a French physician, politician, and freemason who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a device to carry out death penalties in France, as a less painful method of execution than existing methods. Although he did not invent the guillotine and opposed the death penalty, his name became an eponym for it. The actual inventor of the prototype was a man named Tobias Schmidt, working with the king's physician, Antoine Louis.
1692
1. Geminiano Giacomelli, Italian composer (d. 1740) births
  1. Geminiano Giacomelli
    
    Geminiano Giacomelli was an Italian composer.
1676
1. Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician and academic (d. 1754) births
  1. Jacopo Riccati
    
    Jacopo Francesco Riccati was a Venetian mathematician and jurist from Venice. He is best known for having studied the equation which bears his name.
1672
1. John Trevor, Welsh politician, Secretary of State for the Northern Department (b. 1626) deaths
  1. John Trevor (1626–1672)
    
    Sir John Trevor was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1646 and 1672.
  2. Secretary of State for the Northern Department
    
    The Secretary of State for the Northern Department was a position in the Cabinet of the government of Great Britain up to 1782, when the Northern Department became the Foreign Office.
1663
1. António Manoel de Vilhena, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. 1736) births
  1. António Manoel de Vilhena
    
    António Manoel de Vilhena was a Portuguese nobleman who was the 66th Prince and Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem from 19 June 1722 to his death in 1736. Unlike a number of the other Grand Masters, he was benevolent and popular with the Maltese people. Vilhena is mostly remembered for the founding of Floriana, the construction of Fort Manoel and the Manoel Theatre, and the renovation of the city of Mdina.
1651
1. Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent, English politician (b. 1594) deaths
  1. Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent
    
    Henry Grey, 10th Earl of Kent, known as Lord Ruthin from 1639 to 1643, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640 and succeeded to the title Earl of Kent in 1643.
1626
1. Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (b. 1561) deaths
  1. Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk
    
    Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, of Audley End House in the parish of Saffron Walden in Essex, and of Suffolk House near Westminster, a member of the House of Howard, was the second son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk by his second wife Margaret Audley, the daughter and eventual sole heiress of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, of Audley End.
1589
1. Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, French writer (d. 1674) births
  1. Robert Arnauld d'Andilly
    
    Robert Arnauld d’Andilly was a French conseiller d’État, specialising in financial questions, in the court of Marie de' Medici. By the elegance of his language, he was among the major poets, writers and translators of 17th century French classicism. A fervent Catholic, he played an important role in the history of Jansenism and was one of the Solitaires of Port-Royal-des-Champs. He was also renowned for his part in the development of the pruning of fruit trees, to which he was devoted.
1588
1. Pierre Séguier, French politician, Lord Chancellor of France (d. 1672) births
  1. Pierre Séguier
    
    Pierre Séguier was a French statesman, chancellor of France from 1635.
  2. Chancellor of France
    
    In France, under the Ancien Régime, the officer of state responsible for the judiciary was the Chancellor of France. The Chancellor was responsible for seeing that royal decrees were enrolled and registered by the sundry parlements, provincial appellate courts. However, since the Chancellor was appointed for life, and might fall from favour, or be too ill to carry out his duties, his duties would occasionally fall to his deputy, the Keeper of the Seals of France.
1556
1. Saitō Dōsan, Japanese samurai (b. 1494) deaths
  1. Saitō Dōsan
    
    Saitō Dōsan , also known as Saitō Toshimasa, was a Japanese samurai during the Sengoku period. He was also known as the "Viper of Mino" for his ruthless tactics. His honorific title from the Imperial Court was Yamashirō-no-kami (山城守). After entering monkhood in his later years, he was also called Saitō Yamashirō-nyudō-no-kami (斎藤山城入道守).
1427
1. Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (b. 1397) deaths
  1. Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg
    
    Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg was Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and Duke of Schleswig from 1404 until his death.
1371
1. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1419) births
  1. John the Fearless
    
    John I was a scion of the French royal family who ruled the Burgundian State from 1404 until his death in 1419. He played a key role in French national affairs during the early 15th century, particularly in the struggles to rule the country for the mentally ill King Charles VI, his cousin, and the Hundred Years' War with England. A rash, ruthless and unscrupulous politician, John murdered the King's brother, the Duke of Orléans, in an attempt to gain control of the government, which led to the eruption of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in France and in turn culminated in his own assassination in 1419.
1357
1. Afonso IV of Portugal (b. 1291) deaths
  1. Afonso IV of Portugal
    
    Afonso IV, called the Brave, was King of Portugal from 1325 until his death in 1357. He was the only legitimate son of King Denis of Portugal and Elizabeth of Aragon.
1327
1. Robert Baldock, Lord Privy Seal and Lord Chancellor of England deaths
  1. Robert Baldock
    
    Robert Baldock was the Lord Privy Seal and Lord Chancellor of England, during the reign of King Edward II of England.
  2. Lord Privy Seal
    
    The Lord Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord President of the Council and above the Lord Great Chamberlain. Originally, its holder was responsible for the monarch's personal (privy) seal until the use of such a seal became obsolete. Though one of the oldest offices in European governments, it has no particular function today because the use of a privy seal has been obsolete for centuries; it may be regarded as a traditional sinecure, but today, the holder of the office is invariably given a seat in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, and is sometimes referred to as a Minister without Portfolio.
  3. Lord Chancellor
    
    The lord chancellor, formally the lord high chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest-ranking traditional minister among the Great Officers of State in Scotland and England in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking the prime minister. The lord chancellor is appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister. Prior to their Union into the Kingdom of Great Britain, there were separate lord chancellors for the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland; there were lord chancellors of Ireland until 1922.
1279
1. William Wishart, Scottish bishop deaths
  1. William Wishart
    
    William Wishart was a 13th-century Bishop of St. Andrews. He was postulated to the see of St. Andrews while holding the position as Bishop-elect of Glasgow, which he resigned when, on 2 June 1271, he was elected to that vacant see. He was succeeded at Glasgow by his cousin (consanguieus), Robert Wishart. His election to St. Andrews was notable, because apparently the bishopric's Céli Dé community were excluded from the election. Pope Gregory X charged the Bishop of Moray, the Bishop of Aberdeen, and the Bishop of Argyll, to look over the character of the elect and to investigate the legitimacy of the election, of the latter of which the Pope had suspicions. William, however, emerged successfully, and was consecrated at Scone on 15 October 1273.
1140
1. Xin Qiji, Chinese poet, general, and politician (d. 1207) births
  1. Xin Qiji
    
    Xin Qiji was a Chinese calligrapher, military general, and poet during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279).
1023
1. Wulfstan, English archbishop deaths
  1. Wulfstan (died 1023)
    
    Wulfstan was an English Bishop of London, Bishop of Worcester, and Archbishop of York. He is thought to have begun his ecclesiastical career as a Benedictine monk. He became the Bishop of London in 996. In 1002 he was elected simultaneously to the diocese of Worcester and the archdiocese of York, holding both in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester; he remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was at London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or homilies, on the topic of Antichrist. In 1014, as archbishop, he wrote his most famous work, a homily which he titled the Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, or the Sermon of the Wolf to the English.
926
1. Kong Qian, official of Later Tang deaths
  1. Kong Qian
    
    Kong Qian was a Chinese economist and politician of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang (and Later Tang's predecessor state Jin. He was credited with making sure that the campaigns of Later Tang's founding emperor Emperor Zhuangzong was well-financed, but his methods of extracting funds from the people were also said to be so exacting that the people eventually became resentful of Emperor Zhuangzong, helping to lead to Emperor Zhuangzong's downfall.
2. Li Jiji, prince of Later Tang deaths
  1. Li Jiji
    
    Li Jiji (李繼岌), formally the Prince of Wei (魏王), nickname Hege (和哥), was an imperial prince of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang. He was Later Tang's founder Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang 's oldest son, and was commonly regarded at the time to be Emperor Zhuangzong's heir apparent. As such, he served as the titular commander of Later Tang's campaign to destroy its neighbor Former Shu, albeit with the major general Guo Chongtao in effective control. After Later Tang conquered Former Shu, however, under the command of his mother Empress Liu, Li Jiji killed Guo, leading to a chain reaction of mutinies that doomed Later Tang.
741
1. Ucha'an K'in B'alam, Mayan king deaths
  1. Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam
    
    Uchaʼan Kʼin Bʼalam was the fourth Mayan king of Dos Pilas. He is also known as the Ruler 3, Master of Sun Jaguar, Scroll-head God K, Spangle-head and Jewelled-head. His title was "He of Five Captives".
576
1. Germain of Paris, French bishop and saint (b. 496) deaths
  1. Germain of Paris
    
    Germain was the bishop of Paris and is venerated as a saint in both the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. According to an early biography, he was known as Germain d'Autun, rendered in modern times as the "Father of the Poor".

Holidays

Armed Forces Day (Croatia)
1. Armed Forces Day
  
  Many nations around the world observe some kind of Armed Forces Day to honor their military forces. This day is not to be confused with Veterans Day or Memorial Day.
Christian feast day: Bernard of Menthon
1. Bernard of Menthon
  
  Bernard of Menthon was a canon regular and founder of the Great St Bernard Hospice, as well as its associated Canons Regular of the Hospitaller Congregation of Great Saint Bernard. He gave his name to the Saint Bernard breed of dog, originally bred for the cold environment of the hospice.
Christian feast day: Germain of Paris
1. Germain of Paris
  
  Germain was the bishop of Paris and is venerated as a saint in both the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. According to an early biography, he was known as Germain d'Autun, rendered in modern times as the "Father of the Poor".
Christian feast day: John Calvin (Episcopal Church)
1. John Calvin
  
  John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation. Calvinist doctrines were influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions. Various Congregational, Reformed and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world.
2. Episcopal Church (United States)
  
  The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.
Christian feast day: Lanfranc
1. Lanfranc
  
  Lanfranc, OSB was a celebrated Italian jurist who renounced his career to become a Benedictine monk at Bec in Normandy. He served successively as prior of Bec Abbey and abbot of St Stephen in Normandy and then as Archbishop of Canterbury in England, following its Conquest by William the Conqueror. He is also variously known as Lanfranc of Pavia, Lanfranc of Bec, and Lanfranc of Canterbury.
Christian feast day: Margaret Pole
1. Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury
  
  Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury, also called Margaret Pole, as a result of her marriage to Sir Richard Pole, was the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III, by his wife Isabel Neville. Margaret was one of just two women in 16th-century England to be a peeress in her own right without a husband in the House of Lords. As one of the few members of the House of Plantagenet to have survived the Wars of the Roses, she was executed in 1541 at the command of King Henry VIII, the second monarch of the House of Tudor, who was the son of her first cousin Elizabeth of York. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886.
Christian feast day: William of Gellone
1. William of Gellone
  
  William of Gellone, the medieval William of Orange, was the second Duke of Toulouse from 790 until 811. In 804, he founded the abbey of Gellone. He was canonized a saint in 1066 by Pope Alexander II.
Christian feast day: May 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. May 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  May 27 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 29
Downfall of the Derg (Ethiopia)
1. Downfall of the Derg (holiday)
  
  The Downfall of the Derg is a national holiday in Ethiopia celebrated on 28 May in commemoration of the fall of communist military junta Derg by the rebel coalition Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. The day also pay homage to victims of the Ethiopian Civil War casualties and the Red Terror. Visitors often visited memorial places in this day such as "Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum in Addis Ababa.
2. Ethiopia
  
  Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east and northeast, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west, and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres. As of 2022, it is home to around 113.5 million inhabitants, making it the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa after Nigeria. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
Flag Day (Philippines)
1. Public holidays in the Philippines
  
  Public holidays in the Philippines are of two types, regular holidays and special non-working days.
Menstrual Hygiene Day
1. Menstrual Hygiene Day
  
  Menstrual Hygiene Day is an annual awareness day on May 28 to highlight the importance of good menstrual hygiene management (MHM) at a global level. It was initiated by the German-based NGO WASH United in 2013 and observed for the first time in 2014.
Republic Day (Nepal)
1. Republic Day (Nepal)
  
  Republic Day is a national holiday in Nepal. It commemorates the date on which the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal took place on 28 May 2008, which ended the 240-year reign of the Shah kings and declared Nepal a republic. The establishment of the republic put an end to the civil war that lasted for almost a decade. According to the Nepali calendar, the republic day is marked on Jestha 15 every year. Celebrations include a military parade in Kathmandu and several small-scale programs organised by various government agencies across the country.
TDFR Republic Day, celebrates the declaration of independence of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918. (Azerbaijan and Armenia)
1. Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
  
  The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as parts of Russia and Turkey. The state lasted only for a month before Georgia declared independence, followed shortly after by Armenia and Azerbaijan.
2. First Republic of Armenia
  
  The First Republic of Armenia, officially known at the time of its existence as the Republic of Armenia, was the first modern Armenian state since the loss of Armenian statehood in the Middle Ages.
3. Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
  
  The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was the first secular democratic republic in the Turkic and Muslim worlds. The ADR was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council in Tiflis on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, and ceased to exist on April 28, 1920. Its established borders were with Russia to the north, the Democratic Republic of Georgia to the north-west, the Republic of Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. It had a population of around 3 million. Ganja was the temporary capital of the Republic as Baku was under Bolshevik control. The name of "Azerbaijan" which the leading Musavat party adopted, for political reasons, was, prior to the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918, exclusively used to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran.
4. Azerbaijan
  
  Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region, and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
5. Armenia
  
  Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and the financial center.
Youm-e-Takbir (Pakistan)
1. Youm-e-Takbir
  
  Youm-e-Takbir is celebrated as a national day in Pakistan on May 28 in commemoration of Chagai-I and Chagai-II series of nuclear tests. The nuclear tests made Pakistan the seventh nation to possess nuclear weapons and the first in the Muslim world.
2. Pakistan
  
  Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population just behind Indonesia. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and 2nd largest in South Asia, spanning 881,913 square kilometres. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre.

Important events in history on May 28 th

Events

Formula One

Takuma Sato

2017 Indianapolis 500

Fernando Alonso

Harambe

Gorilla

Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden

Internet meme

Malta

2011 Maltese divorce referendum

Jnaneswari Express train derailment

Paschim Medinipur district

West Bengal

West Bengal

India

Jnaneswari Express train derailment

Nepal

Shah dynasty

Iraqi Governing Council

Ayad Allawi

Saddam Hussein

Iraq

Peter Hollingworth

Governor-General of Australia

Peter Hollingworth

Governor-General of Australia

Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane

The Football Association

Wimbledon F.C.

Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes

Milton Keynes

World Trade Center site

Manhattan

Conservation and restoration of paintings

Leonardo da Vinci

The Last Supper (Leonardo)

Milan

Milan

Leonardo da Vinci

The Last Supper (Leonardo)

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

Chagai-I

List of states with nuclear weapons

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear weapons testing

Chagai-I

Economic sanctions

Youm-e-Takbir

Bill Clinton

Whitewater controversy

Jim McDougal

Susan McDougal

List of governors of Arkansas

Jim Guy Tucker

1995 Neftegorsk earthquake

Neftegorsk, Sakhalin Oblast

Modified Mercalli intensity scale

United States dollar

Addis Ababa

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front

Derg

Ethiopia

Ethiopian Civil War

Mathias Rust

Cessna 172

Red Square

Mathias Rust

Soviet Union

Red Square

Konstantinos Karamanlis

European Economic Community

Southgate, Kentucky

Beverly Hills Supper Club fire

West Africa

Treaty of Lagos

Economic Community of West African States

Northern Ireland

Sunningdale Agreement

Important events in history
on May 28 ^th