On This Day /

Important events in history
on March 6 th

Events

  1. 2020

    1. 32 people are killed and 81 are injured when gunmen open fire on a ceremony in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Islamic State claims responsibility for the attack.

      1. 6 March 2020 kabul shooting

        6 March 2020 Kabul shooting

        On 6 March 2020, a mass shooting occurred in Kabul, Afghanistan. Two gunmen fired from a building that was under construction, killing 32 people and injuring another 81. It happened during a ceremony to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the murder by the Taliban of Afghan Shia leader Abdul Ali Mazari. The ceremony was attended by Afghan politician Abdullah Abdullah, who escaped unharmed. The two gunmen were killed later the same day. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack.

      2. Capital and the largest city of Afghanistan

        Kabul

        Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province; it is administratively divided into 22 municipal districts. According to 2021 estimates, the population of Kabul was 4.6 million. In contemporary times, the city has served as Afghanistan's political, cultural, and economical centre, and rapid urbanisation has made Kabul the 75th-largest city in the world and the country's primate city.

      3. Country in Central and South Asia

        Afghanistan

        Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. As of 2021, its population is 40.2 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital.

      4. Salafi jihadist militant Islamist group

        Islamic State

        The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows the Salafi jihadist branch of Sunni Islam. It was founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999 and gained global prominence in 2014, when it drove Iraqi security forces out of key cities during the Anbar campaign, which was followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre.

  2. 2018

    1. Forbes names Jeff Bezos as the world's richest person, for the first time, at $112 billion net worth.

      1. American business magazine

        Forbes

        Forbes is an American business magazine owned by Integrated Whale Media Investments and the Forbes family. Published eight times a year, it features articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics, and law. It is based in Jersey City, New Jersey. Competitors in the national business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. Forbes has an international edition in Asia as well as editions produced under license in 27 countries and regions worldwide.

      2. American business magnate (born 1964)

        Jeff Bezos

        Jeffrey Preston Bezos is an American entrepreneur, media proprietor, investor, and commercial astronaut. He is the founder, executive chairman, and former president and CEO of Amazon. With a net worth of US$114.5 billion as of November 2022, Bezos is the fourth-wealthiest person in the world and was the wealthiest from 2017 to 2021 according to both Bloomberg's Billionaires Index and Forbes.

  3. 2008

    1. A suicide bomber kills 68 people (including first responders) in Baghdad on the same day that a gunman kills eight students in Jerusalem.

      1. 2008 suicide bombing at a shopping center in Baghdad, Iraq

        6 March 2008 Baghdad bombing

        The 6 March 2008 Baghdad bombing was a suicide bombing attack on a shopping district in Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, on 6 March 2008, killing 68 people and wounding 120.

      2. Capital and largest city of Iraq

        Baghdad

        Baghdad is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon. In 762 CE, Baghdad was chosen as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and became its most notable major development project. Within a short time, the city evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".

      3. 2008 mass school shooting

        2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack

        The 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack was a mass shooting attack that occurred on 6 March 2008, in which a lone Palestinian gunman shot multiple students at the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva, a religious school in Jerusalem, after which the gunman himself was shot dead. Eight students and the perpetrator were killed. Eleven more were wounded, five of them placed in serious to critical condition.

      4. City in the Levant region, Western Asia

        Jerusalem

        Jerusalem is a city in Western Asia. Situated on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, it is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered to be a holy city for the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Because of this dispute, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.

  4. 2003

    1. Air Algérie Flight 6289 crashes at the Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport in Tamanrasset, Algeria, killing 102 out of the 103 people on board.

      1. 2003 deadly passenger plane crash in Tamanrasset, Algeria

        Air Algérie Flight 6289

        Air Algérie Flight 6289 (AH6289) was an Algerian domestic passenger flight from Tamanrasset to the nation's capital of Algiers with a stopover in Ghardaïa, operated by Algerian national airliner Air Algérie. On 6 March 2003, the aircraft operating the flight, a Boeing 737-2T4, crashed near the Trans-Sahara Highway shortly after taking off from Tamanrasset's Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport, killing all but one of the 103 people on board. At the time of the accident, it was the deadliest aviation disaster in Algerian soil.

      2. Domestic airport in Tamanrasset, Algeria

        Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport

        Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport, also known as Aguenar Airport or Tamanrasset Airport, is an airport serving Tamanrasset, a city in the Tamanrasset Province of southern Algeria. It is located 3.6 nautical miles northwest of the city.

      3. City in Tamanrasset Province, Algeria

        Tamanrasset

        Tamanrasset, also known as Tamanghasset or Tamenghest, is an oasis city and capital of Tamanrasset Province in southern Algeria, in the Ahaggar Mountains. It is the chief city of the Algerian Tuareg. It is located an altitude of 1,320 metres (4,330 ft). As of the 2008 census, it has a population of 92,635, up from 72,741 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 2.5%.

      4. Country in North Africa

        Algeria

        Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered to be a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, being more than 200 times as large as the smallest country in the continent, The Gambia. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.

  5. 2000

    1. The Marine Parade Community Building, the mural cladding of which is the largest installation art in Singapore, was opened.

      1. Community building in Singapore

        Marine Parade Community Building

        The Marine Parade Community Building is a community building located in Marine Parade, Singapore. Opened on 6 March 2000, the building houses the formerly separate Marine Parade Community Centre and Marine Parade Public Library, as well as a performing arts group, The Necessary Stage.

      2. Piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a large permanent surface

        Mural

        A mural is any piece of graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage.

  6. 1992

    1. The Michelangelo computer virus begins to affect computers.

      1. 1991 DOS boot sector computer virus

        Michelangelo (computer virus)

        The Michelangelo virus is a computer virus first discovered on 4 February 1991 in Australia. The virus was designed to infect DOS systems, but did not engage the operating system or make any OS calls. Michelangelo, like all boot sector viruses, operated at the BIOS level. Each year, the virus remained dormant until March 6, the birthday of Renaissance artist Michelangelo. There is no reference to the artist in the virus, and it is doubtful that the virus's developer(s) intended a connection between the virus and the artist. The name was chosen by researchers who noticed the coincidence of the activation date. The actual significance of the date to the author is unknown. Michelangelo is a variant of the already endemic Stoned virus.

  7. 1988

    1. The Troubles: In Operation Flavius, the Special Air Service killed three volunteers of the Provisional Irish Republican Army conspiring to bomb a parade of British military bands in Gibraltar.

      1. 1960s–1990s conflict in Northern Ireland

        The Troubles

        The Troubles were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe.

      2. 1988 British SAS military operation

        Operation Flavius

        Operation Flavius was a military operation in which three members of a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) cell were shot dead by undercover members of the British Special Air Service (SAS) in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988. The three—Seán Savage, Daniel McCann, and Mairéad Farrell who were members of Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade—were believed to be mounting a car bomb attack on British military personnel in Gibraltar. Plain-clothed SAS soldiers approached them in the forecourt of a petrol station, then opened fire, killing them. All three were found to be unarmed, and no bomb was discovered in Savage's car, leading to accusations that the British government had conspired to murder them. An inquest in Gibraltar ruled that the SAS had acted lawfully, while the European Court of Human Rights held that, although there had been no conspiracy, the planning and control of the operation was so flawed as to make the use of lethal force almost inevitable. The deaths were the first in a chain of violent events in a fourteen-day period. On 16 March, the funeral of the three IRA members was attacked by a loyalist wielding pistols and grenades, leaving three mourners dead. Then, at the funeral of one of the mourners, the IRA shot two plain clothed British soldiers who had driven into the procession in error.

      3. Special forces of the British Army

        Special Air Service

        The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army. It was founded as a regiment in 1941 by David Stirling and in 1950, it was reconstituted as a corps. The unit specialises in a number of roles including counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action and covert reconnaissance. Much of the information about the SAS is highly classified, and the unit is not commented on by either the British government or the Ministry of Defence due to the secrecy and sensitivity of its operations.

      4. Paramilitary member

        Volunteer (Irish republican)

        Volunteer, often abbreviated Vol., is a term used by a number of Irish republican paramilitary organisations to describe their members. Among these have been the various forms of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and the Irish People's Liberation Organization (IPLO). Óglach is the equivalent title in the Irish language.

      5. Irish republican paramilitary group active from 1969 to 2005

        Provisional Irish Republican Army

        The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

      6. British Overseas Territory on the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula

        Gibraltar

        Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and is bordered to the north by Spain. The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to over 32,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.

    2. Three Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers are shot dead by the SAS in Gibraltar in Operation Flavius.

      1. Irish republican paramilitary group active from 1969 to 2005

        Provisional Irish Republican Army

        The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

      2. Special forces of the British Army

        Special Air Service

        The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army. It was founded as a regiment in 1941 by David Stirling and in 1950, it was reconstituted as a corps. The unit specialises in a number of roles including counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action and covert reconnaissance. Much of the information about the SAS is highly classified, and the unit is not commented on by either the British government or the Ministry of Defence due to the secrecy and sensitivity of its operations.

      3. British Overseas Territory on the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula

        Gibraltar

        Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of 6.7 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and is bordered to the north by Spain. The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to over 32,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.

      4. 1988 British SAS military operation

        Operation Flavius

        Operation Flavius was a military operation in which three members of a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) cell were shot dead by undercover members of the British Special Air Service (SAS) in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988. The three—Seán Savage, Daniel McCann, and Mairéad Farrell who were members of Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade—were believed to be mounting a car bomb attack on British military personnel in Gibraltar. Plain-clothed SAS soldiers approached them in the forecourt of a petrol station, then opened fire, killing them. All three were found to be unarmed, and no bomb was discovered in Savage's car, leading to accusations that the British government had conspired to murder them. An inquest in Gibraltar ruled that the SAS had acted lawfully, while the European Court of Human Rights held that, although there had been no conspiracy, the planning and control of the operation was so flawed as to make the use of lethal force almost inevitable. The deaths were the first in a chain of violent events in a fourteen-day period. On 16 March, the funeral of the three IRA members was attacked by a loyalist wielding pistols and grenades, leaving three mourners dead. Then, at the funeral of one of the mourners, the IRA shot two plain clothed British soldiers who had driven into the procession in error.

  8. 1987

    1. The ferry Herald of Free Enterprise capsized while leaving the harbour of Zeebrugge, Belgium, killing 193 people on board.

      1. Car ferry that capsized at Zeebrugge in March 1987

        MS Herald of Free Enterprise

        MS Herald of Free Enterprise was a roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian port of Zeebrugge on the night of 6 March 1987, killing 193 passengers and crew.

      2. Village in Belgium

        Zeebrugge

        Zeebrugge is a village on the coast of Belgium and a subdivision of Bruges, for which it is the modern port. Zeebrugge serves as both the international port of Bruges-Zeebrugge and a seafront resort with hotels, cafés, a marina and a beach.

    2. The British ferry MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes in about 90 seconds, killing 193.

      1. Car ferry that capsized at Zeebrugge in March 1987

        MS Herald of Free Enterprise

        MS Herald of Free Enterprise was a roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian port of Zeebrugge on the night of 6 March 1987, killing 193 passengers and crew.

  9. 1984

    1. In the United Kingdom, a walkout at Cortonwood Colliery in Brampton Bierlow signals the start of a strike that lasted almost a year and involved the majority of the country's miners.

      1. Village and civil parish in South Yorkshire, England

        Brampton Bierlow

        Brampton Bierlow, often known as Brampton, is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the south side of the Dearne Valley, between Barnsley and Rotherham.

      2. Industrial action in British coal mining

        UK miners' strike (1984–85)

        The miners' strike of 1984–1985 was a major industrial action within the British coal industry in an attempt to prevent colliery closures. It was led by Arthur Scargill of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) against the National Coal Board (NCB), a government agency. Opposition to the strike was led by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who wanted to reduce the power of the trade unions.

  10. 1975

    1. For the first time the Zapruder film of the assassination of John F. Kennedy is shown in motion to a national TV audience by Robert J. Groden and Dick Gregory.

      1. 1963 film of the John F. Kennedy assassination

        Zapruder film

        The Zapruder film is a silent 8mm color motion picture sequence shot by Abraham Zapruder with a Bell & Howell home-movie camera, as United States President John F. Kennedy's motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Unexpectedly, it ended up capturing the President's assassination.

      2. 1963 murder of the U.S. President

        Assassination of John F. Kennedy

        John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. CST in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was in the vehicle with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife, Nellie, when he was fatally shot from the nearby Texas School Book Depository by Lee Harvey Oswald, a former US Marine. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack. The motorcade rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where Kennedy was pronounced dead about 30 minutes after the shooting; Connally recovered.

      3. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theorist

        Robert J. Groden

        Robert J. Groden is an American author who has written extensively about conspiracy theories regarding the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. His books include The Killing of a President: The Complete Photographic Record of the JFK Assassination, the Conspiracy, and the Cover-up; The Search for Lee Harvey Oswald: A Comprehensive Photographic Record; and JFK: The Case for Conspiracy. Groden is a photo-optics technician who served as a photographic consultant for the House Select Committee on Assassinations.

      4. American comedian, social critic and writer (1932–2017)

        Dick Gregory

        Richard Claxton Gregory was an American comedian, civil rights leader and vegetarian activist. His writings were best sellers. Gregory became popular among the African-American communities in the southern United States with his "no-holds-barred" sets, poking fun at the bigotry and racism in the United States. In 1961 he became a staple in the comedy clubs, appeared on television, and released comedy record albums.

    2. Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement of their border dispute.

      1. Agreement between Iran and Iraq on settling any border disputes and conflicts (1975)

        1975 Algiers Agreement

        The 1975 Algiers Agreement was an agreement between Iran and Iraq to settle any disputes and conflicts concerning their common border, and it served as basis for the bilateral treaties signed on 13 June and 26 December 1975. The agreement was intended to end disagreement between Iraq and Iran on their borders on the Shatt al-Arab waterway and in Khuzestan, but Iraq also wished to end the Kurdish rebellion. Less than six years after signing the treaty, on 17 September 1980, Iraq abrogated the treaty following a series of border clashes between the two countries and launched a full-scale invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980.

      2. Country in Western Asia

        Iran

        Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.

      3. Country in Western Asia

        Iraq

        Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The vast majority of the country's 44 million residents are Muslims – the notable other faiths are Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognised in specific regions are Neo-Aramaic, Turkish and Armenian.

  11. 1970

    1. An explosion at the Weather Underground safe house in Greenwich Village kills three.

      1. American far-left militant organization, 1969–77

        Weather Underground

        The Weather Underground was a far-left militant organization first active in 1969, founded on the Ann Arbor campus of the University of Michigan. Originally known as the Weathermen, the group was organized as a faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) national leadership. Officially known as the Weather Underground Organization (WUO) beginning in 1970, the group's express political goal was to create a revolutionary party to overthrow the United States government, which WUO believed to be imperialist.

  12. 1968

    1. Three rebels are executed by Rhodesia, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation.

      1. State in Southern Africa (1965–1979)

        Rhodesia

        Rhodesia, officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was a state in Southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was the de facto successor state to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia, which had been self-governing since achieving responsible government in 1923. A landlocked nation, Rhodesia was bordered by South Africa to the south, Bechuanaland to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east. From 1965 to 1979, Rhodesia was one of two independent states on the African continent governed by a white minority of European descent and culture, the other being South Africa.

      2. Rhodesian declaration of independence from UK

        Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence

        Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965, announcing that Southern Rhodesia or simply Rhodesia, a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923, now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state. The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent, it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. The UK, the Commonwealth and the United Nations all deemed Rhodesia's UDI illegal, and economic sanctions, the first in the UN's history, were imposed on the breakaway colony. Amid near-complete international isolation, Rhodesia continued as an unrecognised state with the assistance of South Africa and Portugal.

  13. 1967

    1. Cold War: Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defects to the United States.

      1. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953

        Joseph Stalin

        Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism.

      2. Youngest child of Josef Stalin who defected to the U.S. in 1967

        Svetlana Alliluyeva

        Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva, later known as Lana Peters, was the youngest child and only daughter of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his second wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva. In 1967, she became an international sensation when she defected to the United States and, in 1978, became a naturalized citizen. From 1984 to 1986, she briefly returned to the Soviet Union and had her Soviet citizenship reinstated. She was Stalin's last surviving child.

      3. Giving up of allegiance to one state for allegiance to another

        Defection

        In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, changing sides in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state. More broadly, defection involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie, as of allegiance or duty.

  14. 1965

    1. Premier Tom Playford of South Australia loses power after 27 years in office.

      1. 20th-century Australian politician and fruit grower

        Thomas Playford IV

        Sir Thomas Playford was an Australian politician from the state of South Australia. He served continuously as Premier of South Australia and leader of the Liberal and Country League (LCL) from 5 November 1938 to 10 March 1965. Though controversial, it was the longest term of any elected government leader in Australian history. His tenure as premier was marked by a period of population and economic growth unmatched by any other Australian state. He was known for his parochial style in pushing South Australia's interests, and was known for his ability to secure a disproportionate share of federal funding for the state as well as his shameless haranguing of federal leaders. His string of election wins was enabled by a system of malapportionment and gerrymander later dubbed the "Playmander".

      2. State of Australia

        South Australia

        South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of 984,321 square kilometres (380,048 sq mi), it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and second smallest state by population. It has a total of 1.8 million people. Its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia, after Western Australia, with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital Adelaide, or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier, the second-largest centre, has a population of 33,233.

  15. 1964

    1. In a radio broadcast, Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad announced that American boxer Cassius Clay would change his name to Muhammad Ali (pictured).

      1. African American political and religious movement

        Nation of Islam

        The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. A black nationalist organization, the NOI focuses its attention on the African diaspora, especially on African Americans. While it identifies itself as promoting a form of Islam, its beliefs differ considerably from mainstream Islamic traditions. Scholars of religion characterise it as a new religious movement. It operates as a centralized and hierarchical organization.

      2. African American religious leader (1897–1975)

        Elijah Muhammad

        Elijah Muhammad was an African American religious leader, black separatist, and self-proclaimed Messenger of Allah, who led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1934 until his death in 1975. Muhammad was also the teacher and mentor of Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali, and his own son, Warith Deen Mohammed.

      3. Full contact combat sport

        Boxing

        Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring.

      4. American boxer, philanthropist, and activist (1942–2016)

        Muhammad Ali

        Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century, and is frequently ranked as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time. In 1999, he was named Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated and the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC.

    2. Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad officially gives boxing champion Cassius Clay the name Muhammad Ali.

      1. African American political and religious movement

        Nation of Islam

        The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. A black nationalist organization, the NOI focuses its attention on the African diaspora, especially on African Americans. While it identifies itself as promoting a form of Islam, its beliefs differ considerably from mainstream Islamic traditions. Scholars of religion characterise it as a new religious movement. It operates as a centralized and hierarchical organization.

      2. African American religious leader (1897–1975)

        Elijah Muhammad

        Elijah Muhammad was an African American religious leader, black separatist, and self-proclaimed Messenger of Allah, who led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1934 until his death in 1975. Muhammad was also the teacher and mentor of Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali, and his own son, Warith Deen Mohammed.

      3. Full contact combat sport

        Boxing

        Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring.

      4. American boxer, philanthropist, and activist (1942–2016)

        Muhammad Ali

        Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century, and is frequently ranked as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time. In 1999, he was named Sportsman of the Century by Sports Illustrated and the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC.

    3. Constantine II becomes the last King of Greece.

      1. King of Greece from 1964 to 1973

        Constantine II of Greece

        Constantine II reigned as the last King of Greece, from 6 March 1964 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy on 1 June 1973.

  16. 1957

    1. Ghana becomes the first Sub-Saharan country to gain independence from the British.

      1. Country in West Africa

        Ghana

        Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Ghana covers an area of 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), spanning diverse biomes that range from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests. With nearly 31 million inhabitants, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa, after Nigeria. The capital and largest city is Accra; other major cities are Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi.

      2. Region south of the Sahara Desert

        Sub-Saharan Africa

        Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. Geopolitically, in addition to the African countries and territories that are situated fully in that specified region, the term may also include polities that only have part of their territory located in that region, per the definition of the United Nations (UN). While the UN geoscheme for Africa excludes the northern Sudan from its definition of sub-Saharan Africa, the African Union's regional definition includes it while instead excluding Mauritania.

  17. 1953

    1. Following Joseph Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as Premier of the Soviet Union.

      1. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953

        Joseph Stalin

        Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism.

      2. Soviet politician (1901–1988)

        Georgy Malenkov

        Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov was a Soviet politician who briefly succeeded Joseph Stalin as the leader of the Soviet Union. However, at the insistence of the rest of the Presidium, he relinquished control over the party apparatus in exchange for remaining Premier and first among equals within the Soviet collective leadership. He then became embroiled in a power struggle with Nikita Khrushchev that culminated in his removal from the premiership in 1955 as well as the Presidium in 1957.

      3. Head of government of the USSR

        Premier of the Soviet Union

        The Premier of the Soviet Union was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The office had four different names throughout its existence: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1923–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1991), Prime Minister and Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy. Long before 1991, most non-Soviet sources referred to the post as "Premier" or "Prime Minister."

    2. Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

      1. Soviet politician (1901–1988)

        Georgy Malenkov

        Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov was a Soviet politician who briefly succeeded Joseph Stalin as the leader of the Soviet Union. However, at the insistence of the rest of the Presidium, he relinquished control over the party apparatus in exchange for remaining Premier and first among equals within the Soviet collective leadership. He then became embroiled in a power struggle with Nikita Khrushchev that culminated in his removal from the premiership in 1955 as well as the Presidium in 1957.

      2. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953

        Joseph Stalin

        Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as Marxism–Leninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism.

      3. Head of government of the USSR

        Premier of the Soviet Union

        The Premier of the Soviet Union was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The office had four different names throughout its existence: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1923–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1991), Prime Minister and Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy. Long before 1991, most non-Soviet sources referred to the post as "Premier" or "Prime Minister."

      4. Leader or chief officer of an organisation

        Secretary (title)

        Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived from the Latin word secernere, "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle meaning "having been set apart", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word secret. A secretarius was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual.

      5. Founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union

        Communist Party of the Soviet Union

        The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), also known by various other names during its history, was the founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990 when the Congress of People's Deputies modified Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, which had previously granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system. The party has its roots in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). The RSDLP was founded in 1898, when Russia was ruled by an absolute monarchy. The broad anti-Tsarist ideology was the driving factor in its initial growth. Russians across the political spectrum flocked to the party, as Marxists, socialists, and centrists made up its ranks. Despite the Tsar's harsh oppression including imprisoning and even executing party members, the RSDLP continued to grow albeit underground. Initially the party operated in a unified and cohesive manner, but by 1900 cracks within party unity began to show.

  18. 1951

    1. Cold War: The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins.

      1. 1947–1991 tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies

        Cold War

        The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.

      2. American spies for the Soviet Union

        Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

        Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were convicted of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime.

  19. 1946

    1. Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.

      1. Vietnamese communist leader (1891–1969)

        Ho Chi Minh

        Hồ Chí Minh, commonly known as Bác Hồ, also known as Hồ Chủ tịch, Người cha già của dân tộc and by other aliases, was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman. He served as Prime Minister of Vietnam from 1945 to 1955 and as President from 1945 until his death in 1969. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, he served as Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam.

      2. 1946 treaty between colonial Vietnamese rebels and the French government

        Ho–Sainteny agreement

        The Ho–Sainteny agreement, officially the Accord Between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, known in Vietnamese as Hiệp định sơ bộ Pháp-Việt, was an agreement made on March 6, 1946, between Ho Chi Minh, President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and Jean Sainteny, Special Envoy of France. It recognized Vietnam as a "Free State" within the French Union, and permitted France to continue stationing troops in North Vietnam.

      3. Country in Southeast Asia

        Vietnam

        Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and largest city Ho Chi Minh City

      4. 1887–1954 French colonies in Southeast Asia

        French Indochina

        French Indochina, officially known as the Indochinese Union and after 1947 as the Indochinese Federation, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia until its demise in 1954. It comprised Cambodia, Laos, the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan, and the Vietnamese regions of Tonkin in the north, Annam in the centre, and Cochinchina in the south. The capital for most of its history (1902–45) was Hanoi; Saigon was the capital from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 to 1954.

      5. 1946–1958 political entity replacing the French colonial system

        French Union

        The French Union was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system, colloquially known as the "French Empire". It was the formal end of the "indigenous" status of French subjects in colonial areas.

  20. 1945

    1. Petru Groza of the Ploughmen's Front became the first prime minister of the Communist Party-dominated government of Romania.

      1. 20th-century Romanian politician

        Petru Groza

        Petru Groza was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician, best known as the first Prime Minister of the Communist Party-dominated government under Soviet occupation during the early stages of the Communist regime in Romania, and later as the President of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly from 1952 until his death in 1958.

      2. Romanian political party

        Ploughmen's Front

        The Ploughmen's Front was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. At its peak in 1946, the Front had over 1 million members.

      3. Head of the Government of Romania

        Prime Minister of Romania

        The prime minister of Romania, officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania, is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers, when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers. The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.

      4. Political party that promotes communist philosophy and values

        Communist party

        A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term communist party was popularized by the title of The Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As a vanguard party, the communist party guides the political education and development of the working class (proletariat). As a ruling party, the communist party exercises power through the dictatorship of the proletariat. Vladimir Lenin developed the idea of the communist party as the revolutionary vanguard, when the socialist movement in Imperial Russia was divided into ideologically opposed factions, the Bolshevik faction and the Menshevik faction. To be politically effective, Lenin proposed a small vanguard party managed with democratic centralism which allowed centralized command of a disciplined cadre of professional revolutionaries. Once a policy was agreed upon, realizing political goals required every Bolshevik's total commitment to the agreed-upon policy.

      5. 1947–1989 republic in Southeastern Europe

        Socialist Republic of Romania

        The Socialist Republic of Romania was a Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989. From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the Romanian People's Republic. The country was an Eastern Bloc state and a member of the Warsaw Pact with a dominant role for the Romanian Communist Party enshrined in its constitutions. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union to the north and east, Hungary and Yugoslavia to the west, and Bulgaria to the south.

    2. World War II: Cologne is captured by American troops. On the same day, Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of the war, begins.

      1. Largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

        Cologne

        Cologne is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 million people in the urban region. Centered on the left (west) bank of the Rhine, Cologne is about 35 km (22 mi) southeast of NRW's state capital Düsseldorf and 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Bonn, the former capital of West Germany.

      2. Last major German offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II

        Operation Spring Awakening

        Operation Spring Awakening was the last major German offensive of World War II. The operation was referred to in Germany as the Plattensee offensive and in the Soviet Union as the Balaton defensive operation. It took place in Western Hungary on the Eastern Front and lasted from 6 March until 15 March, 1945. The objective was to secure the last significant oil reserves still available to the European Axis powers and prevent the Red Army from advancing towards Vienna. It was a failure for Nazi Germany.

  21. 1944

    1. World War II: Soviet Air Forces bomb an evacuated town of Narva in German-occupied Estonia, destroying the entire historical Swedish-era town.

      1. Aerial warfare branch of the Soviet Union's armed forces

        Soviet Air Forces

        The Soviet Air Forces were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces were formed from components of the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1917, and faced their greatest test during World War II. The groups were also involved in the Korean War, and dissolved along with the Soviet Union itself in 1991–92. Former Soviet Air Forces' assets were subsequently divided into several air forces of former Soviet republics, including the new Russian Air Force. "March of the Pilots" was its song.

      2. City in Estonia

        Narva

        Narva is a municipality and city in Estonia. It is located in Ida-Viru county, at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, on the west bank of the Narva river which forms the Estonia–Russia international border. With 54,409 inhabitants Narva is Estonia's third largest city after capital Tallinn and Tartu.

      3. Period of Estonian history from 1941 to 1944

        German occupation of Estonia during World War II

        During World War II, in the course of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany invaded Estonia in July–December 1941, and occupied the country until 1944. Estonia had gained independence in 1918 from the then warring German and Russian Empires. However, in the wake of the August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Stalinist Soviet Union had invaded and occupied Estonia in June 1940, and the country was annexed into the USSR in August 1940.

      4. Empire in Northern Europe from 1611–1721

        Swedish Empire

        The Swedish Empire was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries. The beginning of the empire is usually taken as the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, who ascended the throne in 1611, and its end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the Great Northern War.

  22. 1943

    1. World War II: National Liberation Front forces defeated Italian occupiers in the Battle of Fardykambos, a major sign of the Greek Resistance's growth.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Greek resistance movement against the Axis occupation during WWII

        National Liberation Front (Greece)

        The National Liberation Front (Greek: Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο, Ethnikó Apeleftherotikó Métopo was an alliance of various political parties and organizations which fought to liberate Greece from Axis Occupation. It was the main movement of the Greek Resistance during the occupation of Greece. Its main driving force was the Communist Party of Greece, but its membership throughout the occupation included several other leftist and republican groups. ΕΑΜ became the first true mass social movement in modern Greek history. Its military wing, the Greek People's Liberation Army, quickly grew into the largest armed guerrilla force in the country, and the only one with nationwide presence. At the same time, from late 1943 onwards, the political enmity between ΕΑΜ and rival resistance groups from the centre and right evolved into a virtual civil war, while its relationship with the British and the British-backed Greek government in exile was characterized by mutual mistrust, leading EAM to establish its own government, the Political Committee of National Liberation, in the areas it had liberated in spring 1944. Tensions were resolved provisionally in the Lebanon Conference in May 1944, when EAM agreed to enter the Greek government in exile under Georgios Papandreou. The organization reached its peak after liberation in late 1944, when it controlled most of the country, before suffering a catastrophic military defeat against the British and the government forces in the Dekemvriana clashes. This marked the beginning of its gradual decline, the disarmament of ELAS, and the open persecution of its members during the "White Terror", leading eventually to the outbreak of the Greek Civil War.

      3. 1941–1945 period during World War II

        Axis occupation of Greece

        The occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers began in April 1941 after Nazi Germany invaded the Kingdom of Greece to assist its ally, Fascist Italy, which had been at war with Allied Greece since October 1940. Following the conquest of Crete, all of Greece was occupied by June 1941. The occupation of the mainland lasted until Germany and its ally Bulgaria were forced to withdraw under Allied pressure in early October 1944. However, German garrisons remained in control of Crete and some other Aegean islands until after the end of World War II in Europe, surrendering these islands in May and June 1945.

      4. 1943 World War II battle in Italian-occupied Greece

        Battle of Fardykambos

        The Battle of Fardykambos, also known as the Battle of Bougazi, was fought between the National Liberation Front (EAM-ELAS) of the Greek Resistance against the Italian troops during the Axis Occupation of Greece. The battle was notable for the large-scale and spontaneous participation of the local populace, and of officers from other groups and organizations, including right-wing rivals to ELAS.

      5. Armed resistance to the Axis occuption of Greece during WWII

        Greek resistance

        The Greek resistance, involved armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis occupation of Greece in the period 1941–1944, during World War II. The largest group was the Communist-dominated EAM-ELAS. The Greek Resistance is considered one of the strongest resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe, with partisans, known as andartes, controlling much of the countryside prior to the German withdrawal from Greece in late 1944.

    2. Norman Rockwell published Freedom from Want in The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series.

      1. American painter and illustrator (1894–1978)

        Norman Rockwell

        Norman Percevel Rockwell was an American painter and illustrator. His works have a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of the country's culture. Rockwell is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over nearly five decades. Among the best-known of Rockwell's works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He is also noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), during which he produced covers for their publication Boys' Life, calendars, and other illustrations. These works include popular images that reflect the Scout Oath and Scout Law such as The Scoutmaster, A Scout Is Reverent and A Guiding Hand, among many others.

      2. 1943 painting by Norman Rockwell

        Freedom from Want

        Freedom from Want, also known as The Thanksgiving Picture or I'll Be Home for Christmas, is the third of the Four Freedoms series of four oil paintings by American artist Norman Rockwell. The works were inspired by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union Address, known as Four Freedoms.

      3. Leading 19th- and 20th-century American mainstream weekly magazine

        The Saturday Evening Post

        The Saturday Evening Post is an American magazine, currently published six times a year. It was issued weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, then every two weeks until 1969. From the 1920s to the 1960s, it was one of the most widely circulated and influential magazines within the American middle class, with fiction, non-fiction, cartoons and features that reached two million homes every week. The magazine declined in readership through the 1960s, and in 1969 The Saturday Evening Post folded for two years before being revived as a quarterly publication with an emphasis on medical articles in 1971. As of the late 2000s, The Saturday Evening Post is published six times a year by the Saturday Evening Post Society, which purchased the magazine in 1982. The magazine was redesigned in 2013.

      4. 20th-century Filipino-American novelist

        Carlos Bulosan

        Carlos Sampayan Bulosan was an English-language Filipino novelist and poet who immigrated to America on July 1, 1930. He never returned to the Philippines and he spent most of his life in the United States. His best-known work today is the semi-autobiographical America Is in the Heart, but he first gained fame for his 1943 essay on The Freedom from Want.

      5. 1943 painting series by Norman Rockwell

        Four Freedoms (Rockwell)

        The Four Freedoms is a series of four oil paintings made in 1943 by the American artist Norman Rockwell. The paintings—Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear—are each approximately 45.75 by 35.5 inches, and are now in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The four freedoms refer to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's January 1941 Four Freedoms State of the Union address, in which he identified essential human rights that should be universally protected. The theme was incorporated into the Atlantic Charter, and became part of the Charter of the United Nations. The paintings were reproduced in The Saturday Evening Post over four consecutive weeks in 1943, alongside essays by prominent thinkers of the day. They became the highlight of a touring exhibition sponsored by The Post and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The exhibition and accompanying sales drives of war bonds raised over $132 million.

    3. World War II: Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel launches the Battle of Medenine in an attempt to slow down the British Eight Army. It fails, and he leaves Africa three days later.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. 1943 Allied offensive within the Tunisia campaign of WWII

        Battle of Medenine

        The Battle of Medenine was an Axis spoiling attack at Medenine in Tunisia on 6 March 1943. The operation was intended to delay an attack by the British Eighth Army on the Mareth Line. The British had been forewarned by Ultra decrypts of German wireless communications and rushed reinforcements from Tripoli and Benghazi before the Axis attack, which was a costly failure. General Erwin Rommel, the commander of Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika), could not afford to lose forces needed for the defence of the Mareth Line and the effort was abandoned at dusk that day.

    4. World War II: The Battle of Fardykambos, one of the first major battles between the Greek Resistance and the occupying Royal Italian Army, ends with the surrender of an entire Italian battalion, the bulk of the garrison of the town of Grevena, leading to its liberation a fortnight later.

      1. 1943 World War II battle in Italian-occupied Greece

        Battle of Fardykambos

        The Battle of Fardykambos, also known as the Battle of Bougazi, was fought between the National Liberation Front (EAM-ELAS) of the Greek Resistance against the Italian troops during the Axis Occupation of Greece. The battle was notable for the large-scale and spontaneous participation of the local populace, and of officers from other groups and organizations, including right-wing rivals to ELAS.

      2. Armed resistance to the Axis occuption of Greece during WWII

        Greek resistance

        The Greek resistance, involved armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis occupation of Greece in the period 1941–1944, during World War II. The largest group was the Communist-dominated EAM-ELAS. The Greek Resistance is considered one of the strongest resistance movements in Nazi-occupied Europe, with partisans, known as andartes, controlling much of the countryside prior to the German withdrawal from Greece in late 1944.

      3. Army from 1861 to 1946

        Royal Italian Army

        The Royal Italian Army was the land force of the Kingdom of Italy, established with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. During the 19th century Italy started to unify into one country, and in 1861 Manfredo Fanti signed a decree creating the Army of the Two Sicilies. This newly created army's first task was to defend against the repressive power in southern Italy. The Army of the Two Sicilies combated against criminals and other armies during this time of unification. After the monarchy ended in 1946, the army changed its name to become the modern Italian Army.

      4. Town in Macedonia, Greece

        Grevena

        Grevena is a town and municipality in Western Macedonia, northern Greece, capital of the Grevena regional unit. The town's current population is 13,374 citizens (2011). It lies about 420 kilometres from Athens and about 180 km from Thessaloniki. The municipality's population is 25,905. Grevena has had access to the Egnatia Odos since the early 2000s, which now connects Igoumenitsa with Thessaloniki and Alexandroupoli at the border with Turkey. Mountains surround the municipality, which is situated by the river Greveniotikos, which itself flows into the Aliakmon. Other significant towns in the municipality are Amygdaliés and Méga Seiríni. Grevena Municipal Museum is located in the town.

  23. 1933

    1. The Nazi Party took the first step in the Gleichschaltung process by passing the Enabling Act, giving the government the right to make laws without the involvement of the Reichstag.

      1. Far-right political party active in Germany (1920–1945)

        Nazi Party

        The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party, was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party, existed from 1919 to 1920. The Nazi Party emerged from the extremist German nationalist, racist and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, which fought against the communist uprisings in post–World War I Germany. The party was created to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti–big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. This was later downplayed to gain the support of business leaders, and in the 1930s, the party's main focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. The party had little popular support until the Great Depression.

      2. Process of Nazification

        Gleichschaltung

        The Nazi term Gleichschaltung or "coordination" was the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society and societies occupied by Nazi Germany "from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education". Although the Weimar Constitution remained nominally in effect until Germany's surrender following World War II, near total Nazification had been secured by the 1935 resolutions approved during the Nuremberg Rally, when the symbols of the Nazi Party and the State were fused and German Jews were deprived of their citizenship.

      3. Transfer of the Reichstag's power to the government under Hitler

        Enabling Act of 1933

        The Enabling Act of 1933, officially titled Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich, was a law that gave the German Cabinet – most importantly, the Chancellor – the powers to make and enforce laws without the involvement of the Reichstag or Weimar President Paul von Hindenburg, leading to the rise of Nazi Germany. Critically, the Enabling Act allowed the Chancellor to bypass the system of checks and balances in the government. The act rested upon Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution which gave the government emergency powers during periods of unrest. Among these powers was the ability to create and enforce laws that could explicitly violate individual rights prescribed in the constitution.

      4. Legislative body of Weimar Germany

        Reichstag (Weimar Republic)

        The Reichstag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was the lower house of Germany's parliament; the upper house was the Reichsrat, which represented the states. The Reichstag convened for the first time on 24 June 1920, taking over from the Weimar National Assembly, which had served as an interim parliament following the collapse of the German Empire in November 1918.

    2. Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "bank holiday", closing all U.S. banks and freezing all financial transactions.

      1. Worldwide economic depression (1929–1939)

        Great Depression

        The Great Depression was period of worldwide economic depression between 1929 and 1939. The Depression became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September 1929 and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24. The economic shock impacted most countries across the world to varying degrees. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.

      2. President of the United States from 1933 to 1945

        Franklin D. Roosevelt

        Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the leader of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. He built the New Deal Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended in victory shortly after he died in office.

      3. 1933 Great Depression-era U.S. legislation to stabilize the banking system

        Emergency Banking Act

        The Emergency Banking Act (EBA), Public Law 73-1, 48 Stat. 1, was an act passed by the United States Congress in March 1933 in an attempt to stabilize the banking system.

  24. 1930

    1. Organized by the Communist International, hundreds of thousands of people in major cities around the world marched to protest mass unemployment associated with the Great Depression.

      1. Political organization (1919–1943)

        Communist International

        The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to "struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state". The Comintern was preceded by the 1916 dissolution of the Second International.

      2. Worldwide marches and demonstrations against the Great Depression on March 6, 1930

        International Unemployment Day

        International Unemployment Day was a coordinated international campaign of marches and demonstrations, marked by hundreds of thousands of people in major cities around the world taking to the streets to protest mass unemployment associated with the Great Depression. The Unemployment Day marches, organized by the Communist International and coordinated by its various member parties, resulted in two deaths of protestors in Berlin, injuries at events in Vienna and the Basque city of Bilbao, and less violent outcomes in London and Sydney.

      3. Worldwide economic depression (1929–1939)

        Great Depression

        The Great Depression was period of worldwide economic depression between 1929 and 1939. The Depression became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September 1929 and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24. The economic shock impacted most countries across the world to varying degrees. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.

    2. International Unemployment Day demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern.

      1. Worldwide marches and demonstrations against the Great Depression on March 6, 1930

        International Unemployment Day

        International Unemployment Day was a coordinated international campaign of marches and demonstrations, marked by hundreds of thousands of people in major cities around the world taking to the streets to protest mass unemployment associated with the Great Depression. The Unemployment Day marches, organized by the Communist International and coordinated by its various member parties, resulted in two deaths of protestors in Berlin, injuries at events in Vienna and the Basque city of Bilbao, and less violent outcomes in London and Sydney.

  25. 1913

    1. First Balkan War: The Greek army captured Bizani Fortress, near Ioannina, from the Ottomans.

      1. 1912–1913 war between the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire

        First Balkan War

        The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success.

      2. 1913 battle between Greek and Ottoman forces during the First Balkan War

        Battle of Bizani

        The Battle of Bizani took place in Epirus on 4–6 March [O.S. 19–21 February] 1913. The battle was fought between Greek and Ottoman forces during the last stages of the First Balkan War, and revolved around the forts of Bizani, which covered the approaches to Ioannina, the largest city in the region.

      3. Capital and largest city of Ioannina and Epirus, Greece

        Ioannina

        Ioannina, often called Yannena within Greece, is the capital and largest city of the Ioannina regional unit and of Epirus, an administrative region in north-western Greece. According to the 2011 census, the city population was 65,574, while the municipality had 112,486 inhabitants. It lies at an elevation of approximately 500 metres above sea level, on the western shore of Lake Pamvotis (Παμβώτις). Ioannina is located 410 km (255 mi) northwest of Athens, 260 kilometres southwest of Thessaloniki and 80 km east of the port of Igoumenitsa in the Ionian Sea.

      4. Empire existing from 1299 to 1922

        Ottoman Empire

        The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.

  26. 1912

    1. Italo-Turkish War: Italian forces become the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.

      1. 1911–1912 war in Libya

        Italo-Turkish War

        The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911, to 18 October 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet, of which the main sub-provinces were Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and Tripoli itself. These territories became the colonies of Italian Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, which would later merge into Italian Libya.

      2. Powered lighter-than-air aircraft

        Airship

        An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air.

      3. Place in Tripoli District, Libya

        Janzur

        Janzur or Janzour, also known as Zanzur, is a city in north-western Libya, situated on the Libyan coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, located in the west of the capital Tripoli, and East of Az-Zawiya. Residents of this city are called Janazrah.

  27. 1904

    1. Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce, the Antarctic region of Coats Land was discovered from the Scotia.

      1. Expedition to the Antarctic in 1902–04

        Scottish National Antarctic Expedition

        The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE), 1902–1904, was organised and led by William Speirs Bruce, a natural scientist and former medical student from the University of Edinburgh. Although overshadowed in terms of prestige by Robert Falcon Scott's concurrent Discovery Expedition, the SNAE completed a full programme of exploration and scientific work. Its achievements included the establishment of a staffed meteorological station, the first in Antarctic territory, and the discovery of new land to the east of the Weddell Sea. Its large collection of biological and geological specimens, together with those from Bruce's earlier travels, led to the establishment of the Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory in 1906.

      2. Scottish marine biologist and polar explorer

        William Speirs Bruce

        William Speirs Bruce was a British naturalist, polar scientist and oceanographer who organized and led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition to the South Orkney Islands and the Weddell Sea. Among other achievements, the expedition established the first permanent weather station in Antarctica. Bruce later founded the Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory in Edinburgh, but his plans for a transcontinental Antarctic march via the South Pole were abandoned because of lack of public and financial support.

      3. Continent

        Antarctica

        Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).

      4. Geographic region

        Coats Land

        Coats Land is a region in Antarctica which lies westward of Queen Maud Land and forms the eastern shore of the Weddell Sea, extending in a general northeast–southwest direction between 20°00′W and 36°00′W. The northeast part was discovered from the Scotia by William S. Bruce, leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904. He gave the name Coats Land for James Coats, Jr., and Major Andrew Coats, the two chief supporters of the expedition.

      5. Steamship and research vessel

        Scotia (barque)

        Scotia was a barque that was built in 1872 as the Norwegian whaler Hekla. She was purchased in 1902 by William Speirs Bruce and refitted as a research vessel for use by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. After the expedition, she served as a sealer, patrol vessel and collier. She was destroyed by fire in January 1916.

    2. Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce, the Antarctic region of Coats Land was discovered from the Scotia.

      1. Expedition to the Antarctic in 1902–04

        Scottish National Antarctic Expedition

        The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (SNAE), 1902–1904, was organised and led by William Speirs Bruce, a natural scientist and former medical student from the University of Edinburgh. Although overshadowed in terms of prestige by Robert Falcon Scott's concurrent Discovery Expedition, the SNAE completed a full programme of exploration and scientific work. Its achievements included the establishment of a staffed meteorological station, the first in Antarctic territory, and the discovery of new land to the east of the Weddell Sea. Its large collection of biological and geological specimens, together with those from Bruce's earlier travels, led to the establishment of the Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory in 1906.

      2. Scottish marine biologist and polar explorer

        William Speirs Bruce

        William Speirs Bruce was a British naturalist, polar scientist and oceanographer who organized and led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition to the South Orkney Islands and the Weddell Sea. Among other achievements, the expedition established the first permanent weather station in Antarctica. Bruce later founded the Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory in Edinburgh, but his plans for a transcontinental Antarctic march via the South Pole were abandoned because of lack of public and financial support.

      3. Continent

        Antarctica

        Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).

      4. Geographic region

        Coats Land

        Coats Land is a region in Antarctica which lies westward of Queen Maud Land and forms the eastern shore of the Weddell Sea, extending in a general northeast–southwest direction between 20°00′W and 36°00′W. The northeast part was discovered from the Scotia by William S. Bruce, leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904. He gave the name Coats Land for James Coats, Jr., and Major Andrew Coats, the two chief supporters of the expedition.

      5. Steamship and research vessel

        Scotia (barque)

        Scotia was a barque that was built in 1872 as the Norwegian whaler Hekla. She was purchased in 1902 by William Speirs Bruce and refitted as a research vessel for use by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. After the expedition, she served as a sealer, patrol vessel and collier. She was destroyed by fire in January 1916.

  28. 1901

    1. Anarchist assassin tries to kill German Emperor Wilhelm II.

      1. German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 to 1918

        Wilhelm II, German Emperor

        Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empire's position as a great power by building a powerful navy, his tactless public statements and erratic foreign policy greatly antagonized the international community and are considered by many to be one of the underlying causes of World War I. When the German war effort collapsed after a series of crushing defeats on the Western Front in 1918, he was forced to abdicate, thereby marking the end of the German Empire and the House of Hohenzollern's 300-year reign in Prussia and 500-year reign in Brandenburg.

  29. 1899

    1. Bayer registers "Aspirin" as a trademark.

      1. German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company

        Bayer

        Bayer AG is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of business include pharmaceuticals; consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals, seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

      2. Medication

        Aspirin

        Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.

      3. Trade identifier of products or services

        Trademark

        A trademark is a type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign, design, or expression that identifies products or services from a particular source and distinguishes them from others. The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, a voucher, or on the product itself. Trademarks used to identify services are sometimes called service marks.

  30. 1882

    1. The Serbian kingdom is re-founded.

      1. 1882–1918 country in Southeast Europe

        Kingdom of Serbia

        The Kingdom of Serbia was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Principality was ruled by the Obrenović dynasty. The Principality, under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, de facto achieved full independence when the last Ottoman troops left Belgrade in 1867. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 recognized the formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, and in its composition Nišava, Pirot, Toplica and Vranje districts entered the South part of Serbia.

  31. 1869

    1. Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.

      1. Russian chemist (1834–1907)

        Dmitri Mendeleev

        Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is best known for formulating the Periodic Law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements. He used the Periodic Law not only to correct the then-accepted properties of some known elements, such as the valence and atomic weight of uranium, but also to predict the properties of three elements that were yet to be discovered.

      2. Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements ordered by atomic number

        Periodic table

        The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the (chemical) elements, is a rows and columns arrangement of the chemical elements. It is widely used in chemistry, physics, and other sciences, and is generally seen as an icon of chemistry. It is a graphic formulation of the periodic law, which states that the properties of the chemical elements exhibit an approximate periodic dependence on their atomic numbers. The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called blocks. The rows of the table are called periods, and the columns are called groups. Elements from the same group of the periodic table show similar chemical characteristics. Trends run through the periodic table, with nonmetallic character increasing from left to right across a period, and from down to up across a group, and metallic character increasing in the opposite direction. The underlying reason for these trends is electron configurations of atoms. The periodic table exclusively lists electrically neutral atoms that have an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons and puts isotopes at the same place. Other atoms, like nuclides and isotopes, are graphically collected in other tables like the tables of nuclides.

  32. 1857

    1. The Supreme Court of the United States rules 7–2 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that the Constitution does not confer citizenship on black people.

      1. 1857 U.S. Supreme Court case on the citizenship of African-Americans

        Dred Scott v. Sandford

        Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that held the United States Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, enslaved or free; thus, they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens. The Supreme Court's decision has been widely denounced, both for its overt racism and for its crucial role in the start of the American Civil War four years later. Legal scholar Bernard Schwartz said that it "stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions". Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes called it the Court's "greatest self-inflicted wound".

  33. 1853

    1. Giuseppe Verdi's La traviata premiered at La Fenice in Venice, but the performance was considered so bad that it caused him to revise portions of the opera.

      1. Italian opera composer (1813–1901)

        Giuseppe Verdi

        Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian composer best known for his operas. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, receiving a musical education with the help of a local patron. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Vincenzo Bellini, whose works significantly influenced him.

      2. 1853 opera by Giuseppe Verdi

        La traviata

        La traviata is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. It is based on La Dame aux camélias (1852), a play by Alexandre Dumas fils adapted from his own 1848 novel. The opera was originally titled Violetta, after the main character. It was first performed on 6 March 1853 at La Fenice opera house in Venice.

      3. Opera house in Venice, Italy

        La Fenice

        Teatro La Fenice is an opera house in Venice, Italy. It is one of "the most famous and renowned landmarks in the history of Italian theatre" and in the history of opera as a whole. Especially in the 19th century, La Fenice became the site of many famous operatic premieres at which the works of several of the four major bel canto era composers – Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi – were performed.

  34. 1836

    1. Texas Revolution: Mexican troops captured the Alamo Mission in San Antonio from Texian forces after a 13-day siege.

      1. Rebellion of US colonists and Tejanos against the Mexican government (1835–36)

        Texas Revolution

        The Texas Revolution was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. Although the uprising was part of a larger one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States.

      2. Major battle of the Texas Revolution

        Battle of the Alamo

        The Battle of the Alamo was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar, killing most of the occupants inside. Santa Anna's refusal to take prisoners during the battle inspired many Texians and Tejanos to join the Texian Army. Motivated by a desire for revenge, as well as their written desire to preserve a border open to immigration and the importation and practice of slavery, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the rebellion in favor of the newly formed Republic of Texas.

      3. Fort in San Antonio, Texas, US

        Alamo Mission

        The Alamo is a historic Spanish mission and fortress compound founded in the 18th century by Roman Catholic missionaries in what is now San Antonio, Texas, United States. It was the site of the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, where American folk heroes James Bowie and Davy Crockett died. Today it is a museum in the Alamo Plaza Historic District and a part of the San Antonio Missions World Heritage Site.

      4. City in Texas, United States

        San Antonio

        San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is a city in Texas, United States. The city is the seventh-most populous in the United States, the second-largest in the Southern United States, and the second-most populous in Texas. It is the 12th most-populous city in North America, with 1,434,625 residents in 2020.

      5. Sovereign state in North America from 1836 to 1846

        Republic of Texas

        The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846, that bordered Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America, although Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence despite the Treaties of Velasco of May 1836. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo residents of the area and of the republic became known as Texians.

    2. Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured.

      1. Rebellion of US colonists and Tejanos against the Mexican government (1835–36)

        Texas Revolution

        The Texas Revolution was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. Although the uprising was part of a larger one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States.

      2. Major battle of the Texas Revolution

        Battle of the Alamo

        The Battle of the Alamo was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar, killing most of the occupants inside. Santa Anna's refusal to take prisoners during the battle inspired many Texians and Tejanos to join the Texian Army. Motivated by a desire for revenge, as well as their written desire to preserve a border open to immigration and the importation and practice of slavery, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the rebellion in favor of the newly formed Republic of Texas.

      3. Military land blockade of a location

        Siege

        A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from Latin: sedere, lit. 'to sit'. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for negotiation between combatants is common, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage diplomacy. The art of conducting and resisting sieges is called siege warfare, siegecraft, or poliorcetics.

      4. American politician and folk hero (1786–1836)

        Davy Crockett

        David Crockett was an American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier, and politician. He is often referred to in popular culture as the "King of the Wild Frontier". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the Texas Revolution.

      5. Historical figure of Texas (c. 1796 – 1836)

        James Bowie

        James Bowie was a 19th-century American pioneer, slave smuggler and trader, and soldier who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He was among the Americans who died at the Battle of the Alamo. Stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman, both real and fictitious, have made him a legendary figure in Texas history and a folk hero of American culture.

      6. Fort in San Antonio, Texas, US

        Alamo Mission

        The Alamo is a historic Spanish mission and fortress compound founded in the 18th century by Roman Catholic missionaries in what is now San Antonio, Texas, United States. It was the site of the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, where American folk heroes James Bowie and Davy Crockett died. Today it is a museum in the Alamo Plaza Historic District and a part of the San Antonio Missions World Heritage Site.

  35. 1834

    1. York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.

      1. Unincorporated municipality in Home District, Upper Canada

        York, Upper Canada

        York was a town and second capital of the colony of Upper Canada. It is the predecessor to the old city of Toronto (1834–1998). It was established in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe as a "temporary" location for the capital of Upper Canada, while he made plans to build a capital near today's London, Ontario. Simcoe renamed the location York after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, George III's second son. Simcoe gave up his plan to build a capital at London, and York became the permanent capital of Upper Canada on February 1, 1796. That year Simcoe returned to Britain and was temporarily replaced by Peter Russell.

      2. Capital city of Ontario, Canada

        Toronto

        Toronto is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario, while the Greater Toronto Area proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.

  36. 1820

    1. The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free.

      1. 1820 United States federal legislation

        Missouri Compromise

        The Missouri Compromise was a federal legislation of the United States that balanced desires of northern states to prevent expansion of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and declared a policy of prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands north of the 36°30′ parallel. The 16th United States Congress passed the legislation on March 3, 1820, and President James Monroe signed it on March 6, 1820.

      2. President of the United States from 1817 to 1825

        James Monroe

        James Monroe was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation; his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, concluding the First Party System era of American politics. He is perhaps best known for issuing the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas while effectively asserting U.S. dominance, empire, and hegemony in the hemisphere. He also served as governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh Secretary of State, and the eighth Secretary of War.

      3. U.S. state

        Missouri

        Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states : Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska to the west. In the south are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Missouri River, after which the state is named, flows through the center into the Mississippi River, which makes up the eastern border. With more than six million residents, it is the 19th-most populous state of the country. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City.

      4. Process of states joining the United States

        Admission to the Union

        Admission to the Union is provided by the Admissions Clause of the United States Constitution in Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, which authorizes the United States Congress to admit new states into the Union beyond the thirteen states that already existed when the Constitution came into effect. The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788 in the nine states that had ratified it, and the U.S. federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789, when it was in effect in 11 out of the 13 states. Since then, 37 states have been admitted into the Union. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence.

      5. Division of United States' states in which slavery was either legal or illegal

        Slave states and free states

        In the United States before 1865, a slave state was a state in which slavery and the internal or domestic slave trade were legal, while a free state was one in which they were not. Between 1812 and 1850, it was considered by the slave states to be politically imperative that the number of free states not exceed the number of slave states, so new states were admitted in slave–free pairs. There were, nonetheless, some slaves in most free states up to the 1840 census, and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 specifically stated that a slave did not become free by entering a free state.

      6. U.S. state

        Maine

        Maine is a state in the New England and Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively. The largest state by total area in New England, Maine is the 12th-smallest by area, the 9th-least populous, the 13th-least densely populated, and the most rural of the 50 U.S. states. It is also the northeasternmost among the contiguous United States, the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes, the only state whose name consists of a single syllable, and the only state to border exactly one other U.S. state. Approximately half the area of Maine lies on each side of the 45th parallel north in latitude. The most populous city in Maine is Portland, while its capital is Augusta.

      7. 1803 acquisition of large region of Middle America land by the U.S. from France

        Louisiana Purchase

        The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi in Middle America. However, France only controlled a small fraction of this area, most of which was inhabited by Native Americans; effectively, for the majority of the area, the United States bought the "preemptive" right to obtain "Indian" lands by treaty or by conquest, to the exclusion of other colonial powers.

  37. 1788

    1. The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement.

      1. 11 British ships establishing an Australian penal colony

        First Fleet

        The First Fleet was a fleet of 11 ships that brought the first European and African settlers to Australia. It was made up of two Royal Navy vessels, three store ships and six convict transports. On 13 May 1787 the fleet under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, with over 1400 people, left from Portsmouth, England and took a journey of over 24,000 kilometres (15,000 mi) and over 250 days to eventually arrive in Botany Bay, New South Wales, where a penal colony would become the first European settlement in Australia.

      2. External territory of Australia

        Norfolk Island

        Norfolk Island is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. Together with the neighbouring Phillip Island and Nepean Island, the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island. At the 2021 census, it had 2188 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.

      3. Remote settlement housing convicts

        Penal colony

        A penal colony or exile colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location, it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority.

  38. 1665

    1. The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.

      1. National academy of sciences for the UK

        Royal Society

        The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world.

      2. 17th-century German-English theologian, philosopher, and scientist

        Henry Oldenburg

        Henry Oldenburg FRS, was a German theologian, diplomat, and natural philosopher, known as one of the creators of modern scientific peer review. He was one of the foremost intelligencers of 17th-century Europe, with a network of correspondents to rival those of Fabri de Peiresc, Marin Mersenne, and Ismaël Boulliau. At the foundation of the Royal Society in London, he took on the task of foreign correspondence, as the first Secretary.

      3. Scientific journal published by the Royal Society

        Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

        Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society. In its earliest days, it was a private venture of the Royal Society's secretary. It was established in 1665, making it the first journal in the world exclusively devoted to science, and therefore also the world's longest-running scientific journal. It became an official society publication in 1752. The use of the word philosophical in the title refers to natural philosophy, which was the equivalent of what would now be generally called science.

  39. 1521

    1. Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam.

      1. Portuguese explorer

        Ferdinand Magellan

        Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia.

      2. Territory of the United States

        Guam

        Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States ; its capital Hagåtña (144°45'00"E) lies further west than Melbourne, Australia (144°57'47"E). In Oceania, Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo.

  40. 1454

    1. Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.

      1. Conflict between Prussia, Poland, and the Teutonic Order

        Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)

        The Thirteen Years' War, also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict fought in 1454–1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.

      2. Organization of Prussian nobles in opposition to the Teutonic Order (1440-66)

        Prussian Confederation

        The Prussian Confederation was an organization formed on 21 February 1440 at Kwidzyn by a group of 53 nobles and clergy and 19 cities in Prussia, to oppose the arbitrariness of the Teutonic Knights. It was based on an earlier similar organization, the Lizard Union established in 1397 by the nobles of Chełmno Land.

      3. Grand Duke of Lithuania

        Casimir IV Jagiellon

        Casimir IV was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447, until his death. He was one of the most active Polish-Lithuanian rulers, under whom Poland, by defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War recovered Pomerania, and the Jagiellonian dynasty became one of the leading royal houses in Europe.

      4. Condition of a nation with self-governance

        Independence

        Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory. The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of foreign colonialism; free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations.

      5. Medieval military order founded c. 1190

        Teutonic Order

        The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for the protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages.

  41. 1447

    1. Tomaso Parentucelli became Pope Nicholas V.

      1. Head of Catholic Church from 1447 to 1455

        Pope Nicholas V

        Pope Nicholas V, born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death in March 1455. Pope Eugene made him a cardinal in 1446 after successful trips to Italy and Germany, and when Eugene died the next year Parentucelli was elected in his place. He took his name Nicholas in memory of his obligations to Niccolò Albergati.

  42. 1323

    1. Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed.

      1. Agreement which resolved territorial disputes between the counties of Zeeland and Flanders

        Treaty of Paris (1323)

        The Treaty of Paris was signed on March 6, 1323. It established clarity over the following: Count Louis I of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland and acknowledged the Count of Holland, William I, as the Count of Zeeland. William, in turn, agreed to renounce all claims on Flanders.

  43. 1204

    1. The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus.

      1. 1204 battle during the French invasion of Normandy

        Siege of Château Gaillard

        The siege of Château Gaillard was a part of Philip II's campaign to conquer John, King of England's continental properties. The French king besieged Château Gaillard, a Norman fortress, for six months. The Anglo-Normans were beaten in the battle and the consequence was the fall of Normandy.

      2. King of England (r. 1166–1216)

        John, King of England

        John was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

      3. Geographical and cultural region of France

        Normandy

        Normandy is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy.

      4. King of France from 1180 to 1223

        Philip II of France

        Philip II, byname Philip Augustus, was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks, but from 1190 onward, Philip became the first French monarch to style himself "King of France". The son of King Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed Dieudonné (God-given) because he was a first son and born late in his father's life. Philip was given the epithet "Augustus" by the chronicler Rigord for having extended the crown lands of France so remarkably.

  44. 961

    1. Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete.

      1. Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages

        Byzantine Empire

        The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

      2. City in Crete, Greece

        Heraklion

        Heraklion or Iraklion is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fourth largest city in Greece with a population of 211,370 according to the 2011 census. The population of the municipality was 177,064.

      3. Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969

        Nikephoros II Phokas

        Nikephoros II Phokas, Latinized Nicephorus II Phocas, was Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969. His career, not uniformly successful in matters of statecraft or of war, nonetheless included brilliant military exploits which contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. In the east, Nikephoros completed the conquest of Cilicia and even retook the islands of Crete and Cyprus, thus opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant; these campaigns earned him the sobriquet "pale death of the Saracens". Meanwhile in the west, he inflamed conflict with the Bulgarians and saw Sicily completely turn over to the Muslims, while he failed to make any serious gains in Italy following the incursions of Otto I. At home, Nikephoros' administrative policies caused controversy. He financed his wars with increased taxes both on the people and on the church, while maintaining unpopular theological positions and alienating many of his most powerful allies. These included his nephew John Tzimiskes, who would take the throne after killing Nikephoros in his sleep.

      4. Muslim state in the eastern Mediterranean from 824-961

        Emirate of Crete

        The Emirate of Crete was an Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961. Although the emirate recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate and maintained close ties with Tulunid Egypt, it was de facto independent.

  45. 845

    1. The Abbasid Caliphate executed 42 Byzantine officials who had been captured in the Sack of Amorium of 838 for refusing to convert to Islam.

      1. Third Islamic caliphate (750–1258)

        Abbasid Caliphate

        The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".

      2. Byzantine officials executed by the Abbasids, 845 CE

        42 Martyrs of Amorium

        The 42 Martyrs of Amorium were a group of Byzantine senior officials taken prisoner by the Abbasid Caliphate in the Sack of Amorium in 838 and executed in 845, after refusing to convert to Islam. They are commemorated by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church on March 6. Amorium is located at Hisar, Turkey.

      3. Abbasid plundering and razing of the Eastern Roman city of Amorium

        Sack of Amorium

        The Sack of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid-August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the Arab–Byzantine Wars. The Abbasid campaign was led personally by the Caliph al-Mu'tasim, in retaliation to a virtually unopposed expedition launched by the Byzantine emperor Theophilos into the Caliphate's borderlands the previous year. Mu'tasim targeted Amorium, an Eastern Roman city in western Asia Minor, because it was the birthplace of the ruling Byzantine dynasty and, at the time, one of Byzantium's largest and most important cities. The caliph gathered an exceptionally large army, which he divided in two parts, which invaded from the northeast and the south. The northeastern army defeated the Byzantine forces under Theophilos at Anzen, allowing the Abbasids to penetrate deep into Byzantine Asia Minor and converge upon Ancyra, which they found abandoned. After sacking the city, they turned south to Amorium, where they arrived on 1 August. Faced with intrigues at Constantinople and the rebellion of the large Khurramite contingent of his army, Theophilos was unable to aid the city.

    2. The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam.

      1. Byzantine officials executed by the Abbasids, 845 CE

        42 Martyrs of Amorium

        The 42 Martyrs of Amorium were a group of Byzantine senior officials taken prisoner by the Abbasid Caliphate in the Sack of Amorium in 838 and executed in 845, after refusing to convert to Islam. They are commemorated by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church on March 6. Amorium is located at Hisar, Turkey.

  46. 632

    1. The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

      1. Muhammad's final sermon

        Farewell Sermon

        The Farewell Sermon also known as Muhammad's Final Sermon or the Last Sermon, is a religious speech, delivered by the Islamic prophet Muhammad on Friday the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 10 AH in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, during the Islamic pilgrimage of Hajj. Muhammad al-Bukhari refers to the sermon and quotes part of it in his Sahih al-Bukhari. Part of it is also present in Sahih Muslim and Sunan Abu Dawood. Verse 5:3, "Today I have perfected for you your religion ...", is believed to have been recited during the address as the capstone verse of the Quran. Various versions of the sermon have been published, including several English translations. The sermon consists of a series of general exhortations for Muslims to follow the teachings that Muhammad had set forth in the Quran and sunnah.

      2. Founder and main prophet of Islam (c. 570–632)

        Muhammad

        Muhammad was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief.

  47. -12

    1. The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor.

      1. Ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period

        Roman emperor

        The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period. The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English it reflects his taking of the title augustus. Another title often used was caesar, used for heirs-apparent, and imperator, originally a military honorific. Early emperors also used the title princeps civitatis. Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably princeps senatus, consul, and pontifex maximus.

      2. First Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14

        Augustus

        Caesar Augustus, also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and Augustus is considered one of the greatest leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace, the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession.

      3. Chief high priest in ancient Rome

        Pontifex maximus

        The pontifex maximus was the chief high priest of the College of Pontiffs in ancient Rome. This was the most important position in the ancient Roman religion, open only to patricians until 254 BC, when a plebeian first occupied this post. Although in fact the most powerful office in the Roman priesthood, the pontifex maximus was officially ranked fifth in the ranking of the highest Roman priests, behind the rex sacrorum and the flamines maiores.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2021

    1. Lou Ottens, Dutch engineer and inventor (b.1926) deaths

      1. Dutch engineer (1926–2021)

        Lou Ottens

        Lodewijk Frederik Ottens was a Dutch engineer and inventor, best known as the inventor of the cassette tape, and for his work in helping to develop the compact disc. Ottens was employed by Philips for the entirety of his career.

    2. Graham Pink, British nurse (b. 1929) deaths

      1. Nurse and whistleblower (1929–2021)

        Graham Pink

        Graham Pink was a nurse and whistleblower at Stepping Hill Hospital in Stockport, Greater Manchester.

  2. 2018

    1. Peter Nicholls, Australian science fiction critic and encyclopedist (b. 1939) deaths

      1. Australian literary scholar and critic (1939–2018)

        Peter Nicholls (writer)

        Peter Douglas Nicholls was an Australian literary scholar and critic. He was the creator and a co-editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction with John Clute.

  3. 2017

    1. Robert Osborne, American actor and historian (b. 1932) deaths

      1. American film historian and actor (1932–2017)

        Robert Osborne

        Robert Jolin Osborne was an American film historian, television presenter, author, actor and the primary host for more than 20 years of the cable channel Turner Classic Movies (TCM). Prior to hosting at TCM, Osborne had been a host on The Movie Channel, and earlier, a columnist for The Hollywood Reporter. Osborne wrote the official history of the Academy Awards, originally published in 1988.

  4. 2016

    1. Nancy Reagan, American actress, 42nd First Lady of the United States (b. 1921) deaths

      1. First Lady of the United States and actress (1921–2016)

        Nancy Reagan

        Nancy Davis Reagan was an American film actress and First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was the second wife of president Ronald Reagan.

      2. List of first ladies of the United States

        The first lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the president of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents' wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady. The first lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the first lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office, although Eleanor Roosevelt earned money writing and giving lectures, but gave most of it to charity, and Jill Biden has maintained her regular job as an educator during her time in the role. The first lady has her own staff, including the White House social secretary, the chief of staff, the press secretary, the chief floral designer, and the executive chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.

    2. Sheila Varian, American horse trainer and breeder (b. 1937) deaths

      1. American horse breeder (1937–2016)

        Sheila Varian

        Sheila Varian was an American breeder of Arabian horses who lived and worked at the Varian Arabians Ranch near Arroyo Grande, California. She grew up with a strong interest in horses, and was mentored in horsemanship by Mary "Sid" Spencer, a local rancher and Morgan horse breeder who also introduced Varian to the vaquero or "Californio" tradition of western riding. She started her horse ranch, Varian Arabians, in 1954 with the assistance of her parents. Raising and training horses was her full-time occupation beginning in 1963. She used vaquero-influenced methods of training horses, although she adapted her technique over the years to fit the character of the Arabian horse, which she viewed as a horse breed requiring a smart yet gentle approach.

  5. 2015

    1. Fred Craddock, American minister and academic (b. 1928) deaths

      1. Fred Craddock

        Fred Brenning Craddock, Jr. was Bandy Distinguished Professor of Preaching and New Testament Emeritus in the Candler School of Theology at Emory University. He was an ordained minister of the Christian Church from rural Tennessee. He was the director of the Craddock Center, a non-profit service group which operates in rural Appalachia.

    2. Ram Sundar Das, Indian lawyer and politician, 18th Chief Minister of Bihar (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Indian politician

        Ram Sundar Das

        Ram Sundar Das was an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Bihar state. He was a two-time Member of Parliament from Hajipur constituency.

      2. Head of the Government of Bihar

        List of chief ministers of Bihar

        The chief minister of Bihar is the chief executive of the Indian state of Bihar. As per the Constitution of India, the governor of Bihar is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Bihar Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that they have the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.

    3. Enrique "Coco" Vicéns, Puerto Rican-American basketball player and politician (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Puerto Rican politician and professional basketball player

        Enrique "Coco" Vicéns

        Enrique "Coco" Alberto Vicéns Sastre was a Puerto Rican professional basketball player that also served as senator-at-large in the Puerto Rico State Legislature from 1973 until 1978. He played for the Leones de Ponce basketball team and was also a volleyball player and track and field athlete. His brother was basketball star Juan "Pachín" Vicéns.

  6. 2014

    1. Alemayehu Atomsa, Ethiopian educator and politician (b. 1969) deaths

      1. Ethiopian politician; President of Oromia Region from 2010 to 2014

        Alemayehu Atomsa

        Alemayehu Atomsa was an Ethiopian politician who served as the president of the Oromia Region, the largest of the country's regions, from 2010 until his resignation due to illness in 2014, from which he died in Bangkok, Thailand, on 6 March 2014.

    2. Frank Jobe, American soldier and surgeon (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American orthopedic surgeon and co-founder of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic

        Frank Jobe

        Frank James Jobe was an American orthopedic surgeon and co-founder of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic. Jobe pioneered both elbow ligament replacement and major reconstructive shoulder surgery for baseball players.

    3. Sheila MacRae, English-American actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1921) deaths

      1. American actress, singer, dancer

        Sheila MacRae

        Sheila Margaret MacRae was an English-born American actress, singer, and dancer.

    4. Martin Nesbitt, American lawyer and politician (b. 1946) deaths

      1. American politician from North Carolina (1946–2014)

        Martin Nesbitt (politician)

        Martin Luther Nesbitt Jr. was a Democratic member of the North Carolina Senate. He represented the 49th district. An attorney from Asheville, North Carolina, Nesbitt was elected to eleven terms in the state House before moving to the state senate in 2004.

    5. Manlio Sgalambro, Italian philosopher, author, and poet (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Italian philosopher and writer (1924-2014)

        Manlio Sgalambro

        Manlio Sgalambro was an Italian philosopher and writer, born in Lentini.

  7. 2013

    1. Chorão, Brazilian singer-songwriter (Charlie Brown Jr.) (b. 1970) deaths

      1. Brazilian singer-songwriter (1970–2013)

        Chorão

        Alexandre Magno Abrão, known professionally as Chorão, was a Brazilian singer-songwriter, skateboarder, filmmaker, screenwriter and businessman. Best known for being a founding member and the vocalist/main lyricist of the influential alternative rock band Charlie Brown Jr., Folha de S.Paulo critic André Barcinski considered him "the nearest thing to a punk hero Brazilian mainstream music ever had", and Eduardo Tristão Girão of Portal Uai called him "the bad boy of Brazilian rock" and "the spokesman of the youth of the 1990s". Having been born and raised for most of his childhood in São Paulo, Chorão was the only Charlie Brown Jr. member not to hail originally from Santos, and its only founding member to remain consistently in all of the group's line-ups.

      2. Brazilian alternative rock group

        Charlie Brown Jr.

        Charlie Brown Jr. was a Brazilian alternative rock band from Santos, São Paulo. The group was popular with disadvantaged youth because of their relatable commentary about social issues and the frequent use of skate punk and hip hop slang in their songs. The band won two Latin Grammy Awards and was one of the most-popular Brazilian bands of the late 1990s to mid-2000s.

    2. Stompin' Tom Connors, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1936) deaths

      1. Canadian singer-songwriter

        Stompin' Tom Connors

        Charles Thomas "Stompin' Tom" Connors, OC was a Canadian country and folk singer-songwriter. Focusing his career exclusively on his native Canada, he is credited with writing more than 300 songs and has released four dozen albums, with total sales of nearly four million copies.

    3. Alvin Lee, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944) deaths

      1. English singer, songwriter, and guitarist (1944–2013)

        Alvin Lee

        Alvin Lee was an English singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He is best known as the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of the blues rock band Ten Years After.

    4. W. Wallace Cleland, American biochemist and academic (b. 1930) deaths

      1. W. Wallace Cleland

        William Wallace Cleland (January 6, 1930 – March 6, 2013, often cited as W. W. Cleland, and known almost universally as "Mo Cleland", was a University of Wisconsin-Madison biochemistry professor. His research was concerned with enzyme reaction mechanism and enzyme kinetics, especially multiple-substrate enzymes. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1985.

  8. 2012

    1. Francisco Xavier do Amaral, East Timorese politician, 1st President of East Timor (b. 1937) deaths

      1. East Timorese politician (1937–2012)

        Francisco Xavier do Amaral

        Francisco Xavier do Amaral was an East Timorese politician. A founder of the Frente Revolucionária de Timor Leste Independente (Fretilin), Amaral was sworn in as the first President of East Timor when the country, then a Portuguese colony, made a unilateral declaration of independence on 28 November 1975. He was a member of the National Parliament for the Timorese Social Democratic Association from 2001 until his death in 2012. Amaral was also known as "Abo (Grandfather) Xavier", a term of endearment, by East Timorese.

      2. Head of state of East Timor

        President of East Timor

        The president of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste is the head of state of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste. The executive powers of the president are limited however, the president is also the ex officio head of the Council of State, able to veto legislation and is the supreme commander of the Timor Leste Defence Force.

    2. Donald M. Payne, American businessman and politician (b. 1934) deaths

      1. American politician (1934–2012)

        Donald M. Payne

        Donald Milford Payne was an American politician who was the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 10th congressional district from 1989 until his death. He was a member of the Democratic Party. The district encompassed most of the city of Newark, parts of Jersey City and Elizabeth, and some suburban communities in Essex and Union counties. He was the first African American to represent New Jersey in Congress.

    3. Helen Walulik, American baseball player (b. 1929) deaths

      1. American baseball player

        Helen Walulik

        Helen Walulik [Kiely] was a pitcher and an outfield/infield utility who played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m), 121 lb, she batted and threw right-handed.

  9. 2010

    1. Endurance Idahor, Nigerian footballer (b. 1984) deaths

      1. Nigerian footballer

        Endurance Idahor

        Endurance Idahor was a Nigerian professional football player who played for Sudanese club Al-Merreikh. On 6 March 2010, Idahor collapsed during a league game and later died on his way to the hospital.

    2. Mark Linkous, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1962) deaths

      1. American musician

        Mark Linkous

        Mark Linkous was an American singer, songwriter and musician, best known as leader of Sparklehorse. He was also known for his collaborations with such notable artists as Tom Waits, PJ Harvey, Daniel Johnston, Radiohead, Black Francis, Julian Casablancas, Nina Persson, David Lynch, Fennesz, Danger Mouse, and Sage Francis.

    3. Betty Millard, American philanthropist and activist (b. 1911) deaths

      1. American Communist feminist

        Betty Millard

        Elizabeth Boynton Millard was a writer, artist, political activist, philanthropist, and a feminist. She is known for her feminist publication "Woman against Myth", as well as her involvement with the United States Communist Party in the 1940s and 1950s.

  10. 2009

    1. Francis Magalona, Filipino rapper, producer, and actor (b. 1964) deaths

      1. Filipino rapper

        Francis Magalona

        Francis Michael Durango Magalona, also known by the moniker Francis M, was a Filipino rapper, singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, actor, and television personality. Born in Manila, He became a significant influence to artists in the Pinoy hip-hop scene and the local rap community.

  11. 2008

    1. Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918) deaths

      1. 20th and 21st-century Ghanaian Catholic cardinal

        Peter Porekuu Dery

        Peter Porekuu Dery, originally Porekuu Der, was a Ghanaian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Tamale from 1974 to 1994 and was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 2006. He was the Bishop of Wa from 1960 to 1974.

  12. 2007

    1. Jean Baudrillard, French photographer and theorist (b. 1929) deaths

      1. French sociologist and philosopher

        Jean Baudrillard

        Jean Baudrillard was a French sociologist, philosopher and poet with interest in cultural studies. He is best known for his analyses of media, contemporary culture, and technological communication, as well as his formulation of concepts such as simulation and hyperreality. Baudrillard wrote about diverse subjects, including consumerism, gender relations, critique of economy, economics, social history, art, Western foreign policy, and popular culture. Among his best known works are Seduction (1978), Simulacra and Simulation (1981), America (1986), and The Gulf War Did Not Take Place (1991). His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and specifically post-structuralism. Nevertheless, Baudrillard has also opposed post-structuralism and had distanced himself from postmodernism.

    2. Ernest Gallo, American businessman, co-founded E & J Gallo Winery (b. 1909) deaths

      1. American businessman (1909–2007)

        Ernest Gallo

        Ernest J. Gallo was an American businessman and philanthropist. Gallo co-founded the E & J Gallo Winery in Modesto, California.

      2. Winery and distributor in California

        E & J Gallo Winery

        E & J Gallo Winery is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California. It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo, and is the largest exporter of California wines. E & J Gallo Winery is the largest family-owned winery in the United States.

  13. 2006

    1. Anne Braden, American journalist and activist (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Anne Braden

        Anne McCarty Braden was an American civil rights activist, journalist, and educator dedicated to the cause of racial equality. She and her husband bought a suburban house for an African American couple during Jim Crow. White neighbors burned crosses and bombed the house. During McCarthyism, Anne was charged with sedition. She wrote and organized for the southern civil rights movement before violations became national news. Anne was among nation's most outspoken white anti-racist activists, organizing across racial divides in environmental, women's, and anti-nuclear movements.

    2. Kirby Puckett, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1960) deaths

      1. American baseball player (1960–2006)

        Kirby Puckett

        Kirby Puckett was an American professional baseball player. He played his entire 12-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career as a center fielder for the Minnesota Twins (1984–1995). Puckett is the Twins' all-time leader in career hits, runs, and total bases. At the time of his retirement, his .318 career batting average was the highest by any right-handed American League batter since Joe DiMaggio.

  14. 2005

    1. Hans Bethe, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906) deaths

      1. German-American nuclear physicist

        Hans Bethe

        Hans Albrecht Bethe was a German-American theoretical physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physics

        The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.

    2. Danny Gardella, American baseball player and trainer (b. 1920) deaths

      1. American baseball player (1920-2005)

        Danny Gardella

        Daniel Lewis Gardella was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball who played with the New York Giants (1944–45) and St. Louis Cardinals (1950). Born in New York City, he batted and threw left-handed. He is known as one of the handful of American Major League players who "jumped" their organized baseball teams to play in the "outlaw" Mexican League in 1946.

    3. Tommy Vance, English radio host (b. 1943) deaths

      1. British radio presenter (1940–2005)

        Tommy Vance

        Richard Anthony Crispian Francis Prew Hope-Weston, known professionally as Tommy Vance, was an English radio broadcaster. He was an important factor in the rise of the new wave of British heavy metal (NWOBHM), along with London-based disc jockey Neal Kay, in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Vance was one of the first radio hosts in the United Kingdom to broadcast hard rock and heavy metal in the early 1980s, providing the only national radio forum for both bands and fans. The Friday Rock Show that he hosted gave new bands airtime for their music and fans an opportunity to hear it. He used a personal tag-line of "TV on the radio". His voice was heard by millions around the world announcing the Wembley Stadium acts at Live Aid in 1985.

    4. Teresa Wright, American actress (b. 1918) deaths

      1. American actress (1918–2005)

        Teresa Wright

        Muriel Teresa Wright was an American actress. She was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress: in 1941 for her debut work in The Little Foxes, and in 1942 for Mrs. Miniver, winning for the latter. That same year, she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Pride of the Yankees, opposite Gary Cooper. She is also known for her performances in Alfred Hitchcock's Shadow of a Doubt (1943) and William Wyler's The Best Years of Our Lives (1946).

    5. Gladys Marín, Chilean activist and political figure (b.1938) deaths

      1. Gladys Marín

        Gladys del Carmen Marín Millie was a Chilean activist and political figure. She was Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Chile (PCCh) (1994–2002) and then president of the PCCh until her death. She was a staunch opponent of General Augusto Pinochet and filed the first lawsuit against him, in which she accused him of committing human rights violations during his seventeen-year dictatorship.

  15. 2004

    1. Hercules, American wrestler (b. 1957) deaths

      1. American professional wrestler

        Hercules (wrestler)

        Raymond Constantine Fernandez was an American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Hercules Hernandez, or simply Hercules.

    2. Frances Dee, American actress (b. 1909) deaths

      1. American actress (1909–2004)

        Frances Dee

        Frances Marion Dee was an American actress. Her first film was the musical Playboy of Paris (1930). She starred in the film An American Tragedy (1931). She is also known for starring in the 1943 Val Lewton psychological horror film I Walked With a Zombie.

  16. 2002

    1. Bryan Fogarty, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1969) deaths

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Bryan Fogarty

        Bryan Charles Fogarty was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman who played for the Quebec Nordiques, Pittsburgh Penguins and Montreal Canadiens. A great star in the junior leagues and a high draft choice in the National Hockey League (NHL), his career was marred by persistent alcohol and drug use, which prevented him from playing a full season at any point and led to him being frequently traded.

  17. 2000

    1. John Colicos, Canadian actor (b. 1928) deaths

      1. Canadian actor

        John Colicos

        John Colicos was a Canadian actor. He performed on stage and television in the United States and Canada.

  18. 1999

    1. Ylena In-Albon, Swiss tennis player births

      1. Swiss tennis player

        Ylena In-Albon

        Ylena In-Albon is a Swiss tennis player.

    2. Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Bahrain king (b. 1933) deaths

      1. Emir of Bahrain from 1961 to 1999

        Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa

        Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa was the first emir of Bahrain from 1961 until his death in 1999.

  19. 1997

    1. Cheddi Jagan, Guyanese politician, 4th President of Guyana (b. 1918) deaths

      1. 4th President of Guyana (1992–1997)

        Cheddi Jagan

        HE Cheddi Berret Jagan was a Guyanese politician and dentist who was first elected Chief Minister in 1953 and later Premier of British Guiana from 1961 to 1964. He later served as President of Guyana from 1992 to his death in 1997. Jagan is widely regarded in Guyana as the Father of the Nation. In 1953, he became the first Hindu and person of Indian descent to be a head of government outside of South Asia.

      2. Head of state and head of government of Guyana

        President of Guyana

        The president of Guyana is the head of state and the head of government of Guyana, as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic, according to the Constitution of Guyana. The president is also the chancellor of the Orders of Guyana. Concurrent with their constitutional role as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the President does not appoint a separate Minister of Defence. That portfolio is held by the President who fulfils all responsibilities designated to a minister of defence under the Defence Act.

    2. Michael Manley, Jamaican soldier, pilot, and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1924) deaths

      1. 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica

        Michael Manley

        Michael Norman Manley was a Jamaican politician who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1992. Manley championed a democratic socialist program, and has been described as a populist. According to opinion polls, he remains one of Jamaica's most popular prime ministers.

      2. Prime Minister of Jamaica

        The prime minister of Jamaica is Jamaica's head of government, currently Andrew Holness. Holness, as leader of the governing Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), was sworn in as prime minister on 7 September 2020, having been re-elected as a result of the JLP's landslide victory in the 2020 Jamaican general election.

    3. Ursula Torday, English author (b. 1912) deaths

      1. British writer (1912–1997)

        Ursula Torday

        Ursula Torday, was a British writer of some 60 gothic, romance and mystery novels from 1935 to 1982. She also used the pseudonyms of Paula Allardyce, Charity Blackstock, Lee Blackstock, and Charlotte Keppel. In 1961, her novel Witches' Sabbath won the Romantic Novel of the Year Award by the Romantic Novelists' Association

  20. 1996

    1. Christian Coleman, American sprinter births

      1. American sprinter

        Christian Coleman

        Christian Coleman is an American professional track and field sprinter who competes in the 100 meters and 200 meters. He is the former world champion in the 100 meters. He was a double gold medallist at the World Championships in Athletics in 2019, winning gold medals in both the 100 m and 4 × 100-meter relay. He holds personal records of 9.76 seconds for the 100 m, which made him the 6th fastest all-time in the history of 100 metres event, and 19.85 for the 200 m. Coleman is the world indoor record holder for the 60 meters with 6.34 seconds. He was IAAF Diamond League champion in 2018 and the world number one ranked runner in the 100 m for the 2017 and 2018 seasons.

    2. Tyrell Fuimaono, Australian rugby player births

      1. Australian rugby league footballer

        Tyrell Fuimaono

        Tyrell Fuimaono is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row and lock forward for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL.

    3. Timo Werner, German footballer births

      1. German footballer (born 1996)

        Timo Werner

        Timo Werner is a German professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig and the Germany national team.

  21. 1995

    1. Georgi Kitanov, Bulgarian footballer births

      1. Bulgarian footballer

        Georgi Kitanov

        Georgi Kitanov is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Maltese Premier League club Floriana.

  22. 1994

    1. Marcus Smart, American basketball player births

      1. American basketball player (born 1994)

        Marcus Smart

        Marcus Osmond Smart is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Oklahoma State Cowboys.

    2. Melina Mercouri, Greek actress and politician, 9th Greek Minister of Culture (b. 1920) deaths

      1. Greek actress, singer, activist, and politician

        Melina Mercouri

        Maria Amalia "Melina" Mercouri was a Greek actress, singer, activist, and politician. She came from a political family that was prominent over multiple generations. She received an Academy Award nomination and won a Cannes Film Festival Best Actress Award for her performance in the film Never on Sunday (1960). Mercouri was also nominated for one Tony Award, three Golden Globes and two BAFTA Awards in her acting career.

      2. Government department of Greece

        Ministry of Culture and Sports (Greece)

        The Ministry of Culture and Sports is the government department of Greece entrusted with preserving the country's cultural heritage, promoting the arts, and overseeing sport through the subordinate General Secretariat for Sports. The incumbent minister is Lina Mendoni. The Deputy Minister for Modern Culture is Nicholas Yatromanolakis, and the Deputy Minister for Sports is Lefteris Avgenakis.

  23. 1993

    1. Andrés Rentería, Colombian footballer births

      1. Colombian footballer (born 1993)

        Andrés Rentería

        Andrés Jair Rentería Morelo, commonly known as Andrés Rentería, is a Colombian footballer who plays as a forward for Independiente Santa Fe. He is a naturalized citizen of Mexico.

  24. 1992

    1. Sam Bankman-Fried, American businessman births

      1. American businessman (born 1992)

        Sam Bankman-Fried

        Samuel Bankman-Fried, also known by his initials SBF, is an American entrepreneur, investor and founder and former CEO of the cryptocurrency exchange FTX, FTX.US and cryptocurrency trading firm Alameda Research. FTX experienced a crisis in late 2022, which led to a collapse in FTX's native cryptocurrency, FTT. Amid the crisis, Bankman-Fried announced he would wind down operations at Alameda Research and resigned as CEO of FTX, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

  25. 1991

    1. Lex Luger, American keyboard player and producer births

      1. American record producer

        Lex Luger (record producer)

        Lexus Arnel Lewis, professionally known as Lex Luger, is an American record producer. His stage name is inspired by the famous WCW/WWF professional wrestler Lex Luger. He co-founded the American hip hop production team 808 Mafia with Southside. Luger is also a member of the hip hop production duo Low Pros with A-Trak and the VABP, a hip hop group that he founded in high school.

    2. Emma McDougall, English footballer (d. 2013) births

      1. English footballer

        Emma McDougall

        Emma McDougall was an English female football winger who played for Blackburn Rovers Ladies. Her married name was Emma Mincher, but she used her maiden name in her playing career. She was born in Manchester.

    3. Tyler Gregory Okonma, American rapper births

      1. American rapper and record producer (born 1991)

        Tyler, the Creator

        Tyler Gregory Okonma, known professionally as Tyler, the Creator, is an American rapper and record producer. He is one of the founding members of the music collective Odd Future.

  26. 1990

    1. Derek Drouin, Canadian athlete births

      1. Canadian track and field athlete

        Derek Drouin

        Derek Drouin is a Canadian track and field athlete who competes in the high jump. He won gold at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and was the 2015 World Champion. He also won gold at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the 2015 Pan American Games, and won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2013 World Championships. Drouin was originally awarded the bronze at the 2012 Olympics which was retroactively changed to silver when the original gold medalist Ukhov was stripped of his medal for doping violations.

  27. 1989

    1. Agnieszka Radwańska, Polish tennis player births

      1. Polish tennis player

        Agnieszka Radwańska

        Agnieszka Roma Radwańska is a Polish former professional tennis player. She won 20 career singles WTA Tour titles, two doubles titles, and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 2 on 9 July 2012. Her achievements include winning the season-ending 2015 WTA Finals, the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Fan Favourite Award six times, Shot of the Year five times, and Shot of the Month on a regular basis.

  28. 1988

    1. Agnes, Swedish singer births

      1. Swedish recording artist (born 1988)

        Agnes (singer)

        Agnes Emilia Carlsson, known mononymously as Agnes, is a Swedish recording artist. She rose to fame as the winner of Idol 2005, the second season of the Swedish Idol series. She was then signed to Sony Music, through which she released her self-titled debut album, Agnes, and follow-up, Stronger, both of which topped the Swedish Top 60 Albums Chart. In early 2008, it was announced that Agnes had parted ways with her record label, and was now signed to small independent label Roxy Recordings. Released on 28 October 2008, her third album, Dance Love Pop, reached number five in Sweden, 70 in Austria, 38 in France, 45 in Switzerland and 13 in the United Kingdom. With 200,000 albums sold worldwide this is her most successful album, 50,000 albums were sold in France, 40,000 in Sweden. Its first two singles, "On and On" and "Release Me" became international hits, reaching the top-ten in charts worldwide. "Release Me" topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs and peaked at three in the United Kingdom, selling over 900,000 copies worldwide.

    2. Marina Erakovic, New Zealand tennis player births

      1. New Zealand tennis player

        Marina Erakovic

        Marina Erakovic is a retired tennis player from New Zealand. She achieved career-high rankings of 39 in singles and 25 in doubles, and won one singles title, at Memphis in February 2013, and eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour.

    3. Simon Mignolet, Belgian footballer births

      1. Belgian footballer

        Simon Mignolet

        Simon Luc Hildebert Mignolet is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Belgian First Division A club Club Brugge and the Belgium national team.

    4. Mairéad Farrell, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1957) deaths

      1. Member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (1957–1988)

        Mairéad Farrell

        Mairéad Farrell was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). She was shot dead by the British Army in Gibraltar on 6 March 1988.

      2. Irish republican paramilitary group active from 1969 to 2005

        Provisional Irish Republican Army

        The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

    5. Daniel McCann, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1957) deaths

      1. IRA member (1957–1988)

        Daniel McCann

        Daniel McCann was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), who was murdered by the British Army on 6 March 1988 whilst being accused of attempting to plant a car bomb in Gibraltar.

      2. Irish republican paramilitary group active from 1969 to 2005

        Provisional Irish Republican Army

        The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

    6. Seán Savage, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1965) deaths

      1. Provisional IRA member (1965–1988)

        Seán Savage

        Seán Savage was a member of the Provisional IRA who was shot dead by the British Army whilst being accused attempting to plant a car bomb in Gibraltar.

      2. Irish republican paramilitary group active from 1969 to 2005

        Provisional Irish Republican Army

        The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

  29. 1987

    1. Kevin-Prince Boateng, Ghanaian-German footballer births

      1. Ghanaian footballer

        Kevin-Prince Boateng

        Kevin-Prince Boateng, also known as Prince, is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or forward for Bundesliga club Hertha BSC. Born in Germany, he represented the Ghana national team.

    2. Chico Flores, Spanish footballer births

      1. Spanish footballer

        Chico Flores

        José Manuel Flores Moreno, commonly known as Chico, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central defender.

  30. 1986

    1. Jake Arrieta, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1986)

        Jake Arrieta

        Jacob Joseph Arrieta is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies, and San Diego Padres.

    2. Francisco Cervelli, Venezuelan-Italian baseball player births

      1. Venezuelan baseball player (born 1986)

        Francisco Cervelli

        Francisco Cervelli is a Venezuelan former professional baseball catcher and current catching coach for the San Diego Padres. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, Atlanta Braves, and Miami Marlins from 2008 through 2020.

    3. Ross Detwiler, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1986)

        Ross Detwiler

        Ross Emery Detwiler is an American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Washington Nationals in the first round of the 2007 MLB draft and made his MLB debut late that season. He has also played in MLB for the Texas Rangers, Atlanta Braves, Cleveland Indians, Oakland Athletics, Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, Miami Marlins, San Diego Padres and Cincinnati Reds.

    4. Eli Marienthal, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Eli Marienthal

        Eli David Marienthal is an American actor.

    5. Charlie Mulgrew, Scottish footballer births

      1. Scottish association football player

        Charlie Mulgrew

        Charles Patrick Mulgrew is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Scottish Premiership side Dundee United.

    6. Georgia O'Keeffe, American painter (b. 1887) deaths

      1. American modernist artist (1887–1986)

        Georgia O'Keeffe

        Georgia Totto O'Keeffe was an American modernist artist. She was known for her paintings of enlarged flowers, New York skyscrapers, and New Mexico landscapes. O'Keeffe has been called the "Mother of American modernism".

  31. 1985

    1. Bakaye Traoré, French-Malian footballer births

      1. Footballer (born 1985)

        Bakaye Traoré

        Bakaye Traoré is a former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder for Amiens SC and AS Nancy in France, for A.C. Milan in Italy, and for Kayseri Erciyesspor and Bursaspor in Turkey. Born in France, he was capped 24 times at international level by Mali national team scoring twice.

  32. 1984

    1. Daniël de Ridder, Dutch footballer births

      1. Dutch footballer

        Daniël de Ridder

        Daniël Robin Frederick de Ridder is a Dutch former professional footballer. He played as a winger operating either on the right or left side but would occasionally play a more advanced role. He represented Ajax, Celta Vigo, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Hapoel Tel Aviv, Grasshopper, Heerenveen, RKC Waalwijk and Cambuur.

    2. Eskil Pedersen, Norwegian politician births

      1. Norwegian politician (born 1984)

        Eskil Pedersen

        Eskil Pedersen is a Norwegian politician and former leader from 2010 to 2014 of the Workers' Youth League (AUF), the youth organisation associated with Norway's leading Labour Party.

    3. Chris Tomson, American drummer births

      1. American singer, songwriter and musician (born 1984)

        Chris Tomson

        Christopher William Tomson is an American singer, songwriter and musician, best known as the drummer for New York-based indie rock band Vampire Weekend. He is also the lead vocalist and guitarist for a side project called Dams of the West, for which he writes and records the entirety of its music.

    4. Billy Collins Jr., American boxer (b. 1961) deaths

      1. American boxer

        Billy Collins Jr.

        William Ray Collins Jr. was an undefeated American professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1983. His career was cut short after his final fight when he sustained serious injuries against Luis Resto in their ten-round bout. Aided by his trainer Panama Lewis, Resto used illegal, tampered gloves with an ounce of the gloves' cushioning removed, along with hand wraps which had been soaked in plaster of Paris.

    5. Martin Niemöller, German pastor and theologian (b. 1892) deaths

      1. German theologian (1892–1984)

        Martin Niemöller

        Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller was a German theologian and Lutheran pastor. He is best known for his opposition to the Nazi regime during the late 1930s and for his widely quoted 1946 poem "First they came ...". The poem exists in many versions; the one featured on the United States Holocaust Memorial reads: "First they came for the Communists, and I did not speak out—Because I was not a communist. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—Because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—Because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak for me."

    6. Homer N. Wallin, American admiral (b. 1893) deaths

      1. United States Navy vice admiral

        Homer N. Wallin

        Homer Norman Wallin was a vice admiral in the United States Navy, best known for his salvage of ships sunk in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

    7. Henry Wilcoxon, Dominican-American actor and producer (b. 1905) deaths

      1. British actor

        Henry Wilcoxon

        Harry Frederick Wilcoxon, known as Henry Wilcoxon, was an actor born in Roseau, Dominica, British West Indies, and who was a leading man in many of Cecil B. DeMille's films, also serving as DeMille's associate producer on his later films.

  33. 1983

    1. Andranik Teymourian, Armenian-Iranian footballer births

      1. Iranian footballer

        Andranik Teymourian

        Andranik Timotian-Samarani, commonly known as Andranik "Ando" Teymourian is an Iranian retired professional footballer who usually played as a defensive midfielder, but could also play as a wide midfielder. He is notably the first Christian to captain the Iran national team.

  34. 1982

    1. Ayn Rand, Russian-American philosopher, author, and playwright (b. 1905) deaths

      1. American writer and philosopher (1905–1982)

        Ayn Rand

        Alice O'Connor, better known by her pen name Ayn Rand, was a Russian-born American writer and philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two Broadway plays, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, The Fountainhead. In 1957, Rand published her best-known work, the novel Atlas Shrugged. Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays.

  35. 1981

    1. Ellen Muth, American actress births

      1. American actress (b. 1981)

        Ellen Muth

        Ellen Muth is an American former actress best known for her role as Georgia "George" Lass in Showtime's series Dead Like Me.

    2. George Geary, English cricketer and coach (b. 1893) deaths

      1. English cricketer

        George Geary

        George Geary was a first-class cricketer who played for Leicestershire County Cricket Club and the England cricket team.

    3. Rambhau Mhalgi, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Indian politician

        Rambhau Mhalgi

        Ramchandra Kashinath Mhalgi (1921-1982), commonly known as Rambhau Mhalgi, was an Indian politician and a member of the Lok Sabha.

      2. Citizens and nationals of the Republic of India

        Indian people

        Indians or Indian people are the citizens and nationals of India. In 2022, the population of India stood at over 1.4 billion people, making it the world's second-most populous country, containing 17.7 percent of the global population. In addition to the Indian population, the Indian overseas diaspora also boasts large numbers, particularly in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf and the Western world. While the demonym "Indian" applies to people originating from the present-day Republic of India, it was also formerly used as the identifying term for people originating from Pakistan and Bangladesh during British colonial era until 1947.

      3. Lower house of the Parliament of India

        Lok Sabha

        The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan, New Delhi.

  36. 1980

    1. Emílson Cribari, Brazilian footballer births

      1. Brazilian footballer

        Emílson Cribari

        Emílson Sánchez Cribari is a Brazilian footballer who played as a centre back.

  37. 1979

    1. Clint Barmes, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1979)

        Clint Barmes

        Clint Harrold Barmes is an American former professional baseball second baseman and shortstop. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2003 through 2015 for the Colorado Rockies, Houston Astros, Pittsburgh Pirates, and San Diego Padres.

    2. Érik Bédard, Canadian baseball player births

      1. Canadian baseball player (born 1979)

        Érik Bédard

        Érik Joseph Bédard is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher. He pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Seattle Mariners, Boston Red Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Houston Astros and Tampa Bay Rays. With Baltimore, Bédard was the staff ace, setting the franchise single-season strikeouts per nine innings record at 10.93 in 2007.

    3. David Flair, American wrestler births

      1. American professional wrestler (born 1979)

        David Flair

        David Richard Fliehr, better known by his ring name David Flair, is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where he held the United States and World Tag Team championships. He is the son of former wrestling world champion Ric Flair, and the older half-brother of 15-time women’s champion Charlotte Flair and the late Reid Flair.

    4. Tim Howard, American soccer player births

      1. American football player

        Tim Howard

        Timothy Matthew Howard is an American former professional soccer player who played as a goalkeeper. He last played for USL Championship club Memphis 901 FC, a club of which he is a minority owner and sporting director. He is also international ambassador in the US for former club Everton. Howard is widely considered to be one of the greatest goalkeepers in American soccer history. Howard was named to the 2003–04 PFA Premier League Team of the Year and was awarded the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Glove. Referencing the American public's preference for other sports over soccer in contrast to most other countries, the Chicago Tribune described Howard as the "rarest of creatures – an American soccer hero".

  38. 1978

    1. Sage Rosenfels, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1978)

        Sage Rosenfels

        Sage Jamen Rosenfels is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Iowa State. He was then drafted by the Washington Redskins in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played with the Miami Dolphins from 2002–2005, the Houston Texans from 2006–2008, the Vikings in 2009, and the New York Giants in 2010. He spent portions of the 2011 season with the Vikings and Dolphins, after being released by the Giants during preseason. Through 2010, he had completed 351-of-562 passes for 4,156 yards, 30 touchdowns, and 29 interceptions, and had a career 81.2 quarterback rating.

    2. Chad Wicks, American wrestler births

      1. American professional wrestler

        Chad Wicks

        Charles "Chad" Wicks is an American retired professional wrestler best known for his time with the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). While part of WWE, Wicks wrestled as Chad Toland in its Ohio Valley Wrestling branch and later as Chad Dick on its SmackDown! brand.

    3. Dennis Viollet, English-American soccer player and manager (b. 1933) deaths

      1. English footballer and manager (1933–1999)

        Dennis Viollet

        Dennis Sydney Viollet was an English footballer who played for Manchester United and Stoke City as well as the England national team. He was famous as one of the Busby Babes and survived the Munich air disaster. After his retirement as player, he became a coach and spent most of his managerial career in the United States for various professional and school teams.

  39. 1977

    1. Nantie Hayward, South African cricketer births

      1. South African cricketer

        Nantie Hayward

        Mornantau 'Nantie' Hayward is a former South African cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He is a right-arm fast bowler, who, according to Peter Robinson, "has genuine pace, the ability to get bounce and abundant energy". He played for Derbyshire until his retirement from all cricket in 2012.

    2. Giorgos Karagounis, Greek international footballer births

      1. Greek footballer (born 1977)

        Giorgos Karagounis

        Georgios Karagkounis, known as Giorgos Karagounis, is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

    3. Shabani Nonda, DR Congolese footballer births

      1. Footballer (born 1977)

        Shabani Nonda

        Shabani Christophe Nonda is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in Burundi, he represented the DR Congo national team, earning 36 caps and scoring 20 goals. He was selected for DR Congo's squad for the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations.

    4. Marcus Thames, American baseball player and coach births

      1. American baseball player and coach

        Marcus Thames

        Marcus Markley Thames is an American former baseball left fielder, designated hitter, and current coach. He played for the New York Yankees, Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers and Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2002 through 2011, and coached the Yankees from 2016 through 2021.

    5. Alvin R. Dyer, American religious leader (b. 1903) deaths

      1. American Mormon leader (1903–1977)

        Alvin R. Dyer

        Alvin Rulon Dyer was an apostle in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served as a member of the church's First Presidency from 1968 to 1970.

  40. 1976

    1. Ken Anderson, American wrestler and actor births

      1. American professional wrestler

        Ken Anderson (wrestler)

        Kenneth Anderson is an American professional wrestler. Anderson is known for his tenure with WWE from 2005 to 2009 under the ring name Mr. Kennedy, and his work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as Mr. Anderson from 2010 to 2016. He is currently signed to Top Rank Boxing as their announcer

    2. Maxie Rosenbloom, American boxer (b. 1903) deaths

      1. American boxer and actor (1907–1976)

        Maxie Rosenbloom

        Max Everitt Rosenbloom was an American professional boxer, actor, and television personality. Nicknamed "Slapsie Maxie", he was inducted into The Ring's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1972, the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1984, the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1985, and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1993. He was sometimes billed as Slapsie Maxie Rosenbloom for film appearances.

  41. 1975

    1. Aracely Arámbula, Mexican actress and singer births

      1. Mexican actress, model and singer

        Aracely Arámbula

        Aracely Arámbula Jacques, known professionally as Aracely Arámbula, is a Mexican actress, model, singer, television personality and entrepreneur.

    2. Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Canadian pianist and conductor births

      1. Canadian conductor and pianist

        Yannick Nézet-Séguin

        Yannick Nézet-Séguin, CC is a Canadian (Québécois) conductor and pianist. He is currently music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain (Montréal), the Metropolitan Opera, and the Philadelphia Orchestra. He was also principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra from 2008 to 2018.

  42. 1974

    1. Guy Garvey, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. English musician, singer, songwriter and radio presenter

        Guy Garvey

        Guy Edward John Garvey is an English musician, singer, songwriter and BBC Radio 6 Music presenter. He is the lead singer and lyricist of the rock band Elbow.

    2. Matthew Guy, Australian politician births

      1. Australian politician

        Matthew Guy

        Matthew Jason Guy is an Australian politician. He has been a Liberal Party of Australia Member of the Parliament of Victoria since 2006, representing Northern Metropolitan Region in the Legislative Council (2006–2014) and Bulleen in the Legislative Assembly (2014–present). He was Leader of the Opposition in Victoria and state leader of the Liberal Party from 2014 to 2018, when he resigned the leadership after the Liberal Party's landslide defeat in the 2018 Victorian election. From 7 September 2021, Guy again served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Liberal Party in Victoria, but he again resigned after the defeat in 2022 Victorian state election.

    3. Brad Schumacher, American swimmer births

      1. American swimmer

        Brad Schumacher

        Bradley Darrell Schumacher is an American former competition swimmer, water polo player, and Olympic gold medalist. Schumacher is a two-time, two-sport Olympian. He was a member of the winning relay teams at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Four years later, he was a member of the U.S. men's water polo team at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

    4. Beanie Sigel, American rapper births

      1. American rapper (born 1974)

        Beanie Sigel

        Dwight Equan Grant, better known by his stage name Beanie Sigel, is an American rapper from South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He first became known for his association with Jay-Z and Roc-A-Fella Records, releasing his debut studio album The Truth through Roc-A-Fella in February 2000 to critical and commercial success.

    5. Ernest Becker, American anthropologist and author (b. 1924) deaths

      1. American cultural anthropologist, author (1924–1974)

        Ernest Becker

        Ernest Becker was an American cultural anthropologist and author of the 1974 Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Denial of Death.

  43. 1973

    1. Michael Finley, American basketball player births

      1. American former basketball player

        Michael Finley

        Michael Howard Finley is an American former professional basketball player who is the Vice President of Basketball Operations for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played 15 seasons in the NBA, predominantly with the Mavericks, but also for the Phoenix Suns, the San Antonio Spurs, and the Boston Celtics. He was a two-time NBA All-Star and won an NBA championship with the Spurs in 2007.

    2. Peter Lindgren, Swedish guitarist and songwriter births

      1. Swedish musician and songwriter (born 1973)

        Peter Lindgren (musician)

        Peter Lindgren is a Swedish musician and songwriter. He is best known as the former guitarist of Swedish progressive death metal band Opeth.

    3. Greg Ostertag, American basketball player births

      1. American basketball player (born 1973)

        Greg Ostertag

        Gregory Donovan Ostertag is an American former professional basketball player. He spent most of his career with the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Kansas.

    4. Trent Willmon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Trent Willmon

        Trent Willmon is an American country music artist, songwriter, and producer. Active since 1998 as a songwriter in Nashville, Tennessee, Willmon was signed to Columbia Records in 2004. He released two albums for the label and charted six singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs charts before exiting Columbia in 2006. A third album, entitled Broken In, was released on the independent Compadre label in February 2008.

    5. Pearl S. Buck, American novelist, essayist, short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892) deaths

      1. American writer (1892–1973)

        Pearl S. Buck

        Pearl Sydenstricker Buck was an American writer and novelist. She is best known for The Good Earth a bestselling novel in the United States in 1931 and 1932 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. In 1938, Buck won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China" and for her "masterpieces", two memoir-biographies of her missionary parents. She was the first American woman to win that prize.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Literature

        The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.

  44. 1972

    1. Shaquille O'Neal, American basketball player, actor, and rapper births

      1. Former American basketball player (born 1972)

        Shaquille O'Neal

        Shaquille Rashaun O'Neal, known commonly as "Shaq", is an American former professional basketball player who is a sports analyst on the television program Inside the NBA. O'Neal is regarded as one of the greatest basketball players and centers of all time. He is a 7-foot-1-inch (2.16 m) and 325-pound (147 kg) center who played for six teams over his 19-year career in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and is a four-time NBA champion.

    2. Jaret Reddick, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births

      1. American singer, songwriter and actor

        Jaret Reddick

        Jaret Ray Reddick is an American musician, singer, songwriter, composer, podcaster and actor, best known as the lead vocalist, guitarist, and primary songwriter of the rock band Bowling for Soup. As a voice actor, Reddick is known for his work on Phineas and Ferb, and he is also the current voice of Chuck E. Cheese.

  45. 1971

    1. Darrick Martin, American basketball player and coach births

      1. American basketball player

        Darrick Martin

        Darrick David Martin is an American basketball coach, most recently head coach for the Reno Bighorns of the NBA G League. He played basketball for more than a decade, shuttling between the Continental Basketball Association (CBA), where he won the 2003 CBA Playoffs MVP, and the NBA. In 2003, he even played for the Harlem Globetrotters. He then went on to play for the Los Angeles Lightning of the Independent Basketball Association (IBL). He was named the head coach of Reno in June 2016.

  46. 1970

    1. William Hopper, American actor (b. 1915) deaths

      1. American actor (1915–1970)

        William Hopper

        William DeWolf Hopper Jr. was an American stage, film, and television actor. The only child of actor DeWolf Hopper and actress and Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper, he appeared in predominantly minor roles in more than 80 feature films in the 1930s and 1940s. After serving in the United States Navy during World War II, he left acting, but in the mid-1950s, he was persuaded by director William Wellman to resume his film career. He became best known for his work as private detective Paul Drake in the CBS television series Perry Mason.

  47. 1968

    1. Moira Kelly, American actress and director births

      1. American actress (b. 1968)

        Moira Kelly

        Moira Kelly is an American actress. She is known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 film The Cutting Edge as well as single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama One Tree Hill. She is also known for playing the role of Donna Hayward in Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, replacing Lara Flynn Boyle in the prequel to the 1990 TV series Twin Peaks. Other roles include Dorothy Day in Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story, White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of The West Wing, and the voice of Simba's love interest Nala in The Lion King and its direct-to-video sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride and The Lion King 1½. She also played Hetty Kelly and Oona O'Neill in Chaplin.

  48. 1967

    1. Julio Bocca, Argentinian ballet dancer and director births

      1. Argentine ballet dancer

        Julio Bocca

        Julio Adrián Lojo Bocca is an Argentine ballet dancer. Bocca spent twenty years as a principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre. From 2010 to 2018 he served as artistic director of the National Ballet of Uruguay, administered by SODRE, the country's broadcasting and cultural authority.

    2. Connie Britton, American actress births

      1. American actress

        Connie Britton

        Constance Elaine Britton is an American actress. Britton made her feature film debut in the independent comedy-drama film The Brothers McMullen (1995), and the following year, she was cast as Nikki Faber on the ABC sitcom Spin City. She later starred in the short-lived sitcoms The Fighting Fitzgeralds (2001) and Lost at Home (2003), and appeared in several films, most notably the sports drama film Friday Night Lights (2004) and the thriller film The Last Winter (2006).

    3. Glenn Greenwald, American journalist and author births

      1. American journalist, lawyer and writer

        Glenn Greenwald

        Glenn Edward Greenwald is an American journalist, author and lawyer. In 2014, he cofounded The Intercept, of which he was an editor until he resigned in October 2020. Greenwald subsequently started publishing on Substack.

    4. Shuler Hensley, American actor and singer births

      1. American singer and actor (born 1967)

        Shuler Hensley

        Shuler Paul Hensley is an American singer and actor.

    5. John Haden Badley, English author and educator, founded the Bedales School (b. 1865) deaths

      1. John Haden Badley

        John Haden Badley was an English author, educator, and founder of Bedales School, which claims to have become the first coeducational public boarding school in England in 1893.

      2. Public school in Steep near Petersfield, Hampshire, England

        Bedales School

        Bedales School is a co-educational, boarding and day independent school in the village of Steep, near the market town of Petersfield in Hampshire, England. It was founded in 1893 by John Haden Badley in reaction to the limitations of conventional Victorian schools and has been co-educational since 1898.

    6. Nelson Eddy, American actor and singer (b. 1901) deaths

      1. American actor, operatic baritone (1901–1967)

        Nelson Eddy

        Nelson Ackerman Eddy was an American actor and baritone singer who appeared in 19 musical films during the 1930s and 1940s, as well as in opera and on the concert stage, radio, television, and in nightclubs. A classically trained baritone, he is best remembered for the eight films in which he costarred with soprano Jeanette MacDonald. He was one of the first "crossover" stars, a superstar appealing both to shrieking bobby soxers and opera purists, and in his heyday, he was the highest paid singer in the world.

    7. Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer, linguist, and philosopher (b. 1882) deaths

      1. Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, pedagogue

        Zoltán Kodály

        Zoltán Kodály was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, pedagogue, linguist, and philosopher. He is well known internationally as the creator of the Kodály method of music education.

  49. 1966

    1. Alan Davies, English comedian, actor and screenwriter births

      1. English comedian, presenter and actor

        Alan Davies

        Alan Roger Davies is an English stand-up comedian, writer, actor and TV presenter. He is best known for his portrayal of the title role in the BBC mystery drama series Jonathan Creek (1997–2016) and as the only permanent panellist on the BBC panel show QI since its premiere in 2003, outlasting its original host Stephen Fry.

  50. 1965

    1. Allan Bateman, Welsh rugby player births

      1. Former GB & Wales dual-code rugby international footballer

        Allan Bateman

        Allan Glen Bateman is a Welsh former rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. He is a dual-code rugby international centre who represented the British and Irish Lions at rugby union, and Great Britain at rugby league.

    2. Jim Knight, English politician births

      1. British Labour Co-op politician

        Jim Knight

        James Philip Knight, Baron Knight of Weymouth, is a British politician who served as Minister for the South West and Minister of State for Employment and Welfare Reform from 2009 to 2010. A member of the Labour Party and Co-operative Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for South Dorset from 2001 to 2010.

    3. Margaret Dumont, American actress (b. 1889) deaths

      1. American actress (1882–1965)

        Margaret Dumont

        Margaret Dumont was an American stage and film actress. She is best remembered as the comic foil to the Marx Brothers in seven of their films; Groucho Marx called her "practically the fifth Marx brother."

  51. 1964

    1. Linda Pearson, Scottish sport shooter births

      1. Clay target shooter

        Linda Pearson

        Linda Pearson is a Scottish clay target shooter. She competed in the women's double trap event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, winning the bronze medal.

    2. Paul of Greece (b. 1901) deaths

      1. King of Greece from 1947 to 1964

        Paul of Greece

        Paul was King of Greece from 1 April 1947 until his death in 1964. He was succeeded by his son, Constantine II.

  52. 1963

    1. D. L. Hughley, American actor, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American actor and comedian

        D. L. Hughley

        Darryl Lynn Hughley is an American actor and stand-up comedian. Hughley is best known as the original host of BET's ComicView from 1992 to 1993, the eponymous character on the ABC/UPN sitcom The Hughleys, and as one of the "Big Four" comedians in The Original Kings of Comedy. Additionally, he has been the host of CNN's D. L. Hughley Breaks the News, a correspondent for The Jay Leno Show on NBC, and a local radio personality and interviewer in New York City. In early 2013, D.L. Hughley landed in 9th place on Dancing with the Stars.

  53. 1962

    1. Alison Nicholas, British golfer births

      1. English professional golfer

        Alison Nicholas

        Alison Nicholas, is an English professional golfer.

  54. 1961

    1. George Formby, English singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1904) deaths

      1. English actor, singer-songwriter and comedian

        George Formby

        George Formby, was an English actor, singer-songwriter and comedian who became known to a worldwide audience through his films of the 1930s and 1940s. On stage, screen and record he sang light, comical songs, usually playing the ukulele or banjolele, and became the United Kingdom's highest-paid entertainer.

  55. 1960

    1. Sleepy Floyd, American basketball player and coach births

      1. American basketball player

        Sleepy Floyd

        Eric Augustus "Sleepy" Floyd is an American former professional basketball player. An NBA All-Star in 1987 as a Warrior, he is perhaps best known for his tenures for Golden State and Houston.

  56. 1956

    1. Peter Roebuck, English cricketer, journalist, and sportcaster (d. 2011) births

      1. English cricketer

        Peter Roebuck

        Peter Michael Roebuck was an English cricketer who later became an Australian newspaper columnist and radio commentator.

    2. Steve Vizard, Australian television host, actor, and producer births

      1. Australian businessman and television personality (born 1956)

        Steve Vizard

        Stephen William Vizard AM is an Australian television and radio presenter, producer, writer, lawyer and businessman. He is an adjunct professor at Monash University and University of Adelaide.

  57. 1955

    1. Cyprien Ntaryamira, Burundian politician, 5th President of Burundi (d. 1994) births

      1. 5th President of Burundi

        Cyprien Ntaryamira

        Cyprien Ntaryamira was a Burundian politician who served as President of Burundi from 5 February 1994 until his death two months later. A Hutu born in Burundi, Ntaryamira studied there before fleeing to Rwanda to avoid ethnic violence and complete his education. Active in a Burundian student movement, he cofounded the socialist Burundi Workers' Party and earned an agricultural degree. In 1983 he returned to Burundi and worked agricultural jobs, though he was briefly detained as a political prisoner. In 1986 he cofounded the Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), and in 1993 FRODEBU won Burundi's general elections. He subsequently became the Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry on 10 July, but in October Tutsi soldiers killed the president and other top officials in an attempted coup.

      2. Head of state of the Republic of Burundi

        President of Burundi

        The president of Burundi, officially the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Burundi. The president is also commander-in-chief of the National Defence Force. The office of the presidency was established when Michel Micombero declared Burundi a republic on 28 November 1966. The first constitution to specify the powers and duties of the president was the constitution of 1974 adopted in 1976. The constitution, written by Micombero, affirmed Micombero's position as the first president of Burundi. The powers of the president currently derive from the 2005 constitution implemented as a result of the 2000 Arusha Accords after the Burundian Civil War. The current president since 18 June 2020 is Évariste Ndayishimiye.

    2. Alberta Watson, Canadian actress (d. 2015) births

      1. Canadian actress

        Alberta Watson

        Faith Susan Alberta Watson, better known as Alberta Watson, was a Canadian film and television actress.

    3. Mammad Amin Rasulzade, Azerbaijani scholar and politician (b. 1884) deaths

      1. Azerbaijani politician (1884–1955)

        Mahammad Amin Rasulzade

        Mahammad Amin Akhund Haji Mulla Alekber oghlu Rasulzade was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and the head of the Azerbaijani National Council. His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the early 20th century.

  58. 1954

    1. Jeff Greenwald, American author, photographer, and monologist births

      1. Jeff Greenwald

        Jeff Greenwald is a best-selling author, photographer, and monologist. He now resides in Oakland, California.

    2. Harald Schumacher, German footballer and manager births

      1. German footballer (born 1954)

        Toni Schumacher

        Harald Anton "Toni" Schumacher is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. At club level, he won a Bundesliga title and three DFB-Pokal titles with 1. FC Köln. At international level, he represented West Germany. Schumacher won the 1980 European Championship and lost two World Cup finals, in 1982 and 1986. In the 1982 FIFA World Cup semi-final, he controversially collided with and seriously injured French defender Patrick Battiston. Schumacher was voted German Footballer of the Year in 1984 and 1986. Since April 2012, he has served as vice president at 1. FC Köln.

  59. 1953

    1. Madhav Kumar Nepal, Nepali banker and politician, 34th Prime Minister of Nepal births

      1. Former Prime Minister of Nepal

        Madhav Kumar Nepal

        Madhav Kumar Nepal, is a Nepalese politician and former Prime Minister of Nepal. He served as Prime Minister of Nepal from 25 May 2009 to 6 February 2011 for nearly two years.

      2. Head of government of Nepal

        Prime Minister of Nepal

        The Prime Minister of Nepal is the head of government of Nepal. The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers of Nepal and the chief adviser to the President of Nepal.

    2. Carolyn Porco, American astronomer and academic births

      1. American planetary scientist

        Carolyn Porco

        Carolyn C. Porco is an American planetary scientist who explores the outer Solar System, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the 1980s. She led the imaging science team on the Cassini mission in orbit around Saturn. She is an expert on planetary rings and the Saturnian moon, Enceladus.

    3. Phil Alvin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer and guitarist

        Phil Alvin

        Philip Joseph Alvin is an American singer and guitarist known primarily as the leader of the rock band The Blasters. His voice has been described as "robust...powerful...rich, resonant, [and] supremely confident."

  60. 1952

    1. Denis Napthine, Australian politician, 47th Premier of Victoria births

      1. 47th Premier of Victoria

        Denis Napthine

        Denis Vincent Napthine is a former Australian politician who was the 47th Premier of Victoria. Napthine was a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, representing the electoral district of Portland from 1988 to 2002 and South-West Coast from 2002 to 2015. He was elected leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party on 6 March 2013 following the resignation of Ted Baillieu and was sworn in as premier on the same day. His party lost the Victorian state election on 29 November 2014 and he announced he would step down as leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party, with Matthew Guy being elected his successor on 4 December.

      2. Head of government in the state of Victoria

        Premier of Victoria

        The premier of Victoria is the head of government in the Australian state of Victoria. The premier is appointed by the governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly.

    2. Jürgen Stroop, German general (b. 1895) deaths

      1. SS officer

        Jürgen Stroop

        Jürgen Stroop was a German SS commander during the Nazi era, who served as SS and Police Leader in occupied Poland and Greece. He led the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and wrote the Stroop Report, a book-length account of the operation. Following the defeat of Germany, Stroop was prosecuted during the Dachau Trials and convicted of murdering nine U.S. prisoners of war. After his extradition to Poland, Stroop was tried, convicted, and executed for crimes against humanity.

  61. 1951

    1. Gerrie Knetemann, Dutch cyclist (d. 2004) births

      1. Dutch cyclist

        Gerrie Knetemann

        Gerard Friedrich "Gerrie" Knetemann was a Dutch road bicycle racer who won the 1978 World Championship. He wore the Yellow Jersey early in each Tour de France for four consecutive years between 1977 and 1980.

    2. Ivor Novello, Welsh singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1893) deaths

      1. Welsh composer and actor (1893–1951)

        Ivor Novello

        Ivor Novello was a Welsh actor, dramatist, singer and composer who became one of the most popular British entertainers of the first half of the 20th century.

    3. Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian playwright and politician, Prime Minister of Ukraine (b. 1880) deaths

      1. Prime Minister of Ukraine in 1917 and 1918

        Volodymyr Vynnychenko

        Volodymyr Kyrylovych Vynnychenko was a Ukrainian statesman, political activist, writer, playwright, artist, who served as the first Prime Minister of Ukraine.

      2. Head of government of Ukraine

        Prime Minister of Ukraine

        The prime minister of Ukraine is the head of government of Ukraine. The prime minister presides over the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, which is the highest body of the executive branch of the Ukrainian government. The position replaced the Soviet post of chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, which was established on March 25, 1946.

  62. 1950

    1. Arthur Roche, English archbishop births

      1. English prelate of the Catholic Church (born 1950)

        Arthur Roche

        Arthur Roche is an English cardinal of the Catholic Church who has served as prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship since 2021. He previously served as secretary of the congregation from 2012 to 2021.

    2. Albert François Lebrun, French engineer and politician, 15th President of France (b. 1871) deaths

      1. 15th President of the French Republic

        Albert Lebrun

        Albert François Lebrun was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic. He was a member of the centre-right Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD).

      2. Head of state of France

        President of France

        The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic.

  63. 1949

    1. Shaukat Aziz, Pakistani economist and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan births

      1. Pakistani banker

        Shaukat Aziz

        Shaukat Aziz is a Pakistani former banker and financier who served as 17th prime minister of Pakistan from 28 August 2004 to 15 November 2007, as well as the finance minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007. During his childhood he studied at St Patrick's High School, Karachi. Aziz graduated from the Institute of Business Administration in Karachi, and joined the corporate staff of the CitiBank Pakistan in 1969. He served in various countries' governments as CitiBank financier, and became executive vice-president of Citibank in 1999. After accepting a personal request by General Pervez Musharraf, Aziz returned to Pakistan from the United States to assume charge of the Finance Ministry as its finance minister while taking control of the country's economy. In 2004, Aziz was nominated by the Musharraf loyalist government led by Pakistan Muslim League (Q), to the position of prime minister after the resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 6 June 2004.

      2. Leader of the executive branch of the Government of Pakistan

        Prime Minister of Pakistan

        The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of the House. Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".

    2. Martin Buchan, Scottish footballer and manager births

      1. Scottish footballer (born 1949)

        Martin Buchan

        Martin McLean Buchan is a Scottish former international footballer. He played as a centre back for Aberdeen, Manchester United and Oldham Athletic. He also played in 34 international matches for Scotland between 1971 and 1978 including at two World Cups. Buchan later managed Burnley.

  64. 1948

    1. Stephen Schwartz, American composer and producer births

      1. American musical theatre lyricist and composer (b1948)

        Stephen Schwartz (composer)

        Stephen Lawrence Schwartz is an American musical theater lyricist and composer. In a career spanning over five decades, Schwartz has written such hit musicals as Godspell (1971), Pippin (1972), and Wicked (2003). He has contributed lyrics to a number of successful films, including Pocahontas (1995), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), The Prince of Egypt, and Enchanted (2007). Schwartz has won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics, three Grammy Awards, three Academy Awards, and has been nominated for six Tony Awards. He received the 2015 Isabelle Stevenson Award, a special Tony Award, for his commitment to serving artists and fostering new talent.

    2. Ross Lockridge Jr., American author, poet, and academic (b. 1914) deaths

      1. American novelist (1914–1948)

        Ross Lockridge Jr.

        Ross Franklin Lockridge Jr. was an American writer known for his novel Raintree County (1948). The novel became a bestseller and has been praised by readers and critics alike. Some have considered it a "Great American Novel". Lockridge committed suicide at the peak of his novel's success at age 33.

    3. Alice Woodby McKane, First Black woman doctor in Savannah, Georgia (b. 1865) deaths

      1. American physician

        Alice Woodby McKane

        Alice Woodby McKane was the first woman to work as a doctor in Savannah, Georgia. She was not only known as a physician but also as a politician and an author. She and her husband Cornelius McKane contributed an important part in medical history. She opened the first school of nurse training for black people in Savannah. She also helped her husband to make his dream which was opening the Hospital in Liberia come true. After returning from Liberia, they established the MCKane Hospital for Women and Children and later was known as Charity Hospital to treat for all people in Savannah, especially for African American people.

  65. 1947

    1. Kiki Dee, English singer-songwriter births

      1. English pop singer

        Kiki Dee

        Pauline Matthews, better known by her stage name Kiki Dee, is an English singer. Known for her blue-eyed soul vocals, she was the first female singer from the UK to sign with Motown's Tamla Records.

    2. Dick Fosbury, American high jumper births

      1. American retired high jumper

        Dick Fosbury

        Richard Douglas Fosbury is an American retired high jumper, who is considered one of the most influential athletes in the history of track and field. Besides winning a gold medal at the 1968 Olympics, he revolutionized the high jump event with a "back-first" technique, now known as the Fosbury Flop, adopted by almost all high jumpers today. His method was to sprint diagonally towards the bar, then curve and leap backwards over the bar, which gave him a much lower center of mass in flight than traditional techniques. He continues to be involved in athletics and serves on the executive board of the World Olympians Association.

    3. Anna Maria Horsford, American actress births

      1. American actress (born 1948)

        Anna Maria Horsford

        Anna Maria Horsford is an American actress, known for her performances in television comedies.

    4. Rob Reiner, American actor, director, producer, and activist births

      1. American actor and film director

        Rob Reiner

        Robert Norman Reiner is an American actor and filmmaker. As an actor, Reiner first came to national prominence with the role of Michael "Meathead" Stivic on the CBS sitcom All in the Family (1971–1979), a performance that earned him two Primetime Emmy Awards.

    5. Jean Seaton, English historian and academic births

      1. Jean Seaton

        Jean Seaton is Professor of Media History at the University of Westminster and the Official Historian of the BBC. She is the Director of the Orwell Prize and on the editorial board of Political Quarterly. She is the widow of Ben Pimlott, the British historian.

    6. John Stossel, American journalist and author births

      1. American reporter, investigative journalist, author, and libertarian columnist

        John Stossel

        John Frank Stossel is an American libertarian television presenter, author, consumer journalist, and pundit. He is known for his career as a host on ABC News, Fox Business Network, and Reason TV.

  66. 1946

    1. David Gilmour, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. English musician, member of Pink Floyd (born 1946)

        David Gilmour

        David Jon Gilmour is an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, and member of the rock band Pink Floyd. He joined as guitarist and co-lead vocalist in 1967, shortly before the departure of founding member Syd Barrett. Pink Floyd achieved international success with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), The Wall (1979), and The Final Cut (1983). By the early 1980s, they had become one of the highest-selling and most acclaimed acts in music history; by 2012, they had sold more than 250 million records worldwide, including 75 million in the United States. Following the departure of Roger Waters in 1985, Pink Floyd continued under Gilmour's leadership and released three more studio albums.

    2. Richard Noble, Scottish race car driver and businessman births

      1. Scottish entrepreneur; holder of the land speed record from 1983 to 1997

        Richard Noble

        Richard James Anthony Noble, OBE is a Scottish entrepreneur who was holder of the land speed record between 1983 and 1997. He was also the project director of ThrustSSC, the vehicle which holds the current land speed record, set at Black Rock Desert, Nevada in 1997.

  67. 1945

    1. Angelo Castro Jr., Filipino actor and journalist (d. 2012) births

      1. Angelo Castro Jr.

        Angelo Ylagan Castro Jr. was a Filipino broadcast journalist and actor. He was a news anchor for The World Tonight, the flagship news program of ABS-CBN and ANC. He anchored several ABS-CBN and ANC news and current events programs for the past 25 years. Castro is a recipient of the Ka Doroy Broadcaster of the Year award from the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas.

  68. 1944

    1. Richard Corliss, American journalist and critic (d. 2015) births

      1. American editor and film critic for Time magazine

        Richard Corliss

        Richard Nelson Corliss was an American film critic and magazine editor for Time. He focused on movies, with occasional articles on other subjects.

    2. Kiri Te Kanawa, New Zealand soprano and actress births

      1. New Zealand opera singer

        Kiri Te Kanawa

        Dame Kiri Jeanette Claire Te Kanawa, is a retired New Zealand opera singer. She had a full lyric soprano voice, which has been described as "mellow yet vibrant, warm, ample and unforced". Te Kanawa had three top 40 albums in Australia in the mid-1980s.

    3. Mary Wilson, American singer (d. 2021) births

      1. American singer (1944–2021)

        Mary Wilson (singer)

        Mary Wilson was an American singer. She gained worldwide recognition as a founding member of The Supremes, the most successful Motown act of the 1960s and the best-charting female group in U.S. chart history, as well as one of the best-selling girl groups of all-time. The trio reached number one on Billboard's Hot 100 with 12 of their singles, ten of which feature Wilson on backing vocals.

  69. 1942

    1. Ben Murphy, American actor births

      1. American actor (born 1942)

        Ben Murphy

        Benjamin Edward Murphy is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Kid Curry in the ABC television series Alias Smith and Jones.

  70. 1941

    1. Peter Brötzmann, German saxophonist and clarinet player births

      1. German saxophonist and clarinetist

        Peter Brötzmann

        Peter Brötzmann is a German saxophonist and clarinetist.

    2. Marilyn Strathern, Welsh anthropologist and academic births

      1. British anthropologist, born 1941

        Marilyn Strathern

        Dame Ann Marilyn Strathern, DBE, FBA is a British anthropologist, who has worked largely with the Mount Hagen people of Papua New Guinea and dealt with issues in the UK of reproductive technologies. She was William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge from 1993 to 2008, and Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge from 1998 to 2009.

    3. Francis Aveling, Canadian priest, psychologist, and author (b. 1875) deaths

      1. Francis Aveling

        Francis Arthur Powell Aveling MC ComC was a Canadian psychologist and Catholic priest. He married Ethel Dancy of Steyning, Sussex in 1925.

    4. Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor and academic, designed Mount Rushmore (b. 1867) deaths

      1. American sculptor

        Gutzon Borglum

        John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was an American sculptor best known for his work on Mount Rushmore. He is also associated with various other public works of art across the U.S., including Stone Mountain in Georgia, the statue of Union General Philip Sheridan in Washington, D.C., as well as a bust of Abraham Lincoln which was exhibited in the White House by Theodore Roosevelt and which is now held in the United States Capitol crypt in Washington, D.C.

      2. Mountain in South Dakota featuring a sculpture of four US presidents

        Mount Rushmore

        Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a national memorial centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum. The sculpture features the 60-foot-tall (18 m) heads of four United States Presidents recommended by Borglum: George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). The four presidents were chosen to represent the nation's birth, growth, development and preservation, respectively. The memorial park covers 1,278 acres and the mountain itself has an elevation of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.

  71. 1940

    1. Ken Danby, Canadian painter (d. 2007) births

      1. Canadian painter

        Ken Danby

        Ken Danby, D.F.A. was a Canadian painter. Danby is best known for creating highly realistic paintings that study everyday life. His 1972 painting At the Crease, portraying a masked hockey goalie defending his net, is widely recognized and reproduced in Canada.

    2. Joanna Miles, French-born American actress births

      1. American actress (b. 1940)

        Joanna Miles

        Joanna Miles is an American actress. She received two Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Laura Wingfield in the 1973 film production of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie.

    3. R. H. Sikes, American golfer births

      1. American professional golfer

        R. H. Sikes

        Richard Horace Sikes is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour in the 1960s and 1970s.

    4. Willie Stargell, American baseball player and coach (d. 2001) births

      1. American professional baseball player and coach (1940–2001)

        Willie Stargell

        Wilver Dornell Stargell, nicknamed "Pops" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962–1982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Among the most feared power hitters in baseball history, Stargell had the most home runs (296) of any player in the 1970s decade. During his career, he batted .282 with 2,232 hits, 1,194 runs, 423 doubles, 475 home runs, and 1,540 runs batted in, helping his team win six National League (NL) East division titles, two NL pennants, and two World Series championships in 1971 and 1979, both over the Baltimore Orioles. Stargell was a seven-time All-Star and two-time NL home run leader. In 1979, he became the first and currently only player to win the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award, the NL Championship Series MVP Award and the World Series MVP Award in one season. In 1982, the Pirates retired his uniform number 8. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988.

    5. Jeff Wooller, English accountant and banker births

      1. English accountant and educationalist (born 1940)

        Jeff Wooller

        Herbert Jeffrey Wooller is an English accountant and educationalist. He is noted for his accountancy tuition initiatives, and for campaigning for reform of his professional institute, the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. The institute eventually excluded him from its membership because of his association with the Irish International University, Irish University Business School and International University Business School. Wooller has founded several educational institutions such as the Jeff Wooller College, Institute of Professional Financial Managers and Irish University Business School.

  72. 1939

    1. Kit Bond, American lawyer and politician, 47th Governor of Missouri births

      1. Former United States Senator from and Governor of Missouri

        Kit Bond

        Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond is an American attorney, politician and former United States Senator from Missouri and a member of the Republican Party. First elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, he defeated Democrat Harriett Woods by a margin of 53%–47%. He was re-elected in 1992, 1998, and 2004. On January 8, 2009, he announced that he would not seek re-election to a fifth term in 2010, and was succeeded by fellow Republican Roy Blunt on January 3, 2011. Following his retirement from the Senate, Bond became a partner at Thompson Coburn.

      2. List of governors of Missouri

        The governor of Missouri is the head of government of the U.S. state of Missouri and the commander-in-chief of the Missouri National Guard. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Missouri Legislature,to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.

    2. Adam Osborne, Thai-Indian engineer and businessman, founded the Osborne Computer Corporation (d. 2003) births

      1. British computer designer (1939–2003)

        Adam Osborne

        Adam Osborne was a British author, book and software publisher, and computer designer who founded several companies in the United States and elsewhere. He introduced the Osborne 1, the first commercially successful portable computer.

      2. American portable computer maker

        Osborne Computer Corporation

        The Osborne Computer Corporation (OCC) was a pioneering maker of portable computers. It was located in the Silicon Valley of the southern San Francisco Bay Area in California. Adam Osborne, the founder of the company, developed, with design work from Lee Felsenstein, the world's first mass-produced portable computer in 1981.

    3. Ferdinand von Lindemann, German mathematician and academic (b. 1852) deaths

      1. German mathematician

        Ferdinand von Lindemann

        Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann was a German mathematician, noted for his proof, published in 1882, that π (pi) is a transcendental number, meaning it is not a root of any polynomial with rational coefficients.

  73. 1938

    1. Keishu Tanaka, Japanese politician, 17th Japanese Minister of Justice births

      1. Japanese politician (1938–2022)

        Keishu Tanaka

        Keishu Tanaka was a Japanese politician, who served in the House of Representatives in the Diet as a member of the Democratic Party of Japan. A native of Sōma District, Fukushima and graduate of Tokai University, he was elected for the first time in 1983. He was Minister of Justice under Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda from 1 to 23 October 2012 before resigning due to scandals over financial donations and organized crime links.

      2. Minister of Justice (Japan)

        The Minister of Justice is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Justice. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.

  74. 1937

    1. Ivan Boesky, American businessman births

      1. American investor, white-collar criminal

        Ivan Boesky

        Ivan Frederick Boesky is a former American stock trader who became infamous for his prominent role in an insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States during the mid-1980s. He was charged and pled guilty to insider trading, was fined a record $100 million, served three years in prison and became an informant.

    2. Valentina Tereshkova, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut births

      1. Russian cosmonaut and first woman in space

        Valentina Tereshkova

        Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova is an engineer, member of the Russian State Duma, and former Soviet cosmonaut. She is known for being the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on the Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. She orbited the Earth 48 times, spent almost three days in space, and remains the only woman to have been on a solo space mission.

  75. 1936

    1. Bob Akin, American race car driver and journalist (d. 2002) births

      1. Bob Akin

        Robert Macomber "Bob" Akin, III was an American business executive, journalist, television commentator and champion sports car racing driver.

    2. Marion Barry, American lawyer and politician, 2nd Mayor of the District of Columbia (d. 2014) births

      1. Mayor of the District of Columbia (1979–1991; 1995–1999)

        Marion Barry

        Marion Shepilov Barry was an American politician who served as the second and fourth mayor of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 1991 and 1995 to 1999. A Democrat, Barry had served three tenures on the Council of the District of Columbia, representing as an at-large member from 1975 to 1979 and in Ward 8 from 1993 to 1995, and again from 2005 to 2014.

      2. Head of the executive branch of the government of Washington, D.C.

        Mayor of the District of Columbia

        The mayor of the District of Columbia is the head of the executive branch of the government of the District of Columbia, in the United States. The mayor has the duty to enforce district laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Council of the District of Columbia, in the United States. In addition, the mayor oversees all district services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and the public school system within the District of Columbia. The mayor's office oversees an annual district budget of $8.8 billion. The mayor's executive office is located in the John A. Wilson Building in downtown Washington, D.C. The mayor appoints several officers, including the deputy mayors for Education and Planning & Economic Development, the district administrator, the chancellor of the district's public schools, and the department heads of the district agencies.

    3. Choummaly Sayasone, Laotian politician, 5th President of Laos births

      1. Laotian politician

        Choummaly Sayasone

        Lieutenant General Choummaly Sayasone is a Laotian politician who was General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) and President of Laos from 2006 to 2016.

      2. Head of state of Laos

        President of Laos

        The president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the head of state of Laos. The current president is Thongloun Sisoulith, since 22 March 2021. He was previously elected as the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Laos' most powerful position in January 2021, ranking him first in the Politburo.

  76. 1935

    1. Ron Delany, Irish runner and coach births

      1. Irish middle-distance runner

        Ron Delany

        Ronald Michael Delany is an Irish former athlete who specialised in middle-distance running. He won a gold medal in the 1500 metres event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He later earned a bronze medal in the 1500 metres event at the 1958 European Athletics Championships in Stockholm.

    2. Derek Kevan, English footballer (d. 2013) births

      1. English footballer

        Derek Kevan

        Derek Tennyson Kevan was an English footballer. He spent the majority of his club career playing as a centre-forward for West Bromwich Albion, where he earned the nickname "The Tank". In 1961–62 he was joint leading scorer in Division One – alongside Ray Crawford of Ipswich Town – with 33 goals. He also won 14 caps for the England national team, scoring a total of eight goals, including two in the 1958 FIFA World Cup Finals.

    3. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., American colonel, lawyer, and jurist (b. 1841) deaths

      1. US Supreme Court justice from 1902 to 1932

        Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

        Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was an American jurist and legal scholar who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932. He is one of the most widely cited U.S. Supreme Court justices and most influential American common law judges in history, noted for his long service, pithy opinions—particularly those on civil liberties and American constitutional democracy—and deference to the decisions of elected legislatures. Holmes retired from the court at the age of 90, an unbeaten record for oldest justice on the Supreme Court. He previously served as a Brevet Colonel in the American Civil War, in which he was wounded three times, as an associate justice and chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and as Weld Professor of Law at his alma mater, Harvard Law School. His positions, distinctive personality, and writing style made him a popular figure, especially with American progressives.

  77. 1934

    1. Red Simpson, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016) births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Red Simpson

        Joe Cecil "Red" Simpson was an American country music singer and songwriter best known for his trucker-themed country songs.

  78. 1933

    1. Ted Abernathy, American baseball player (d. 2004) births

      1. American baseball player

        Ted Abernathy

        Ted Wade Abernathy was an American professional baseball player and right-handed pitcher. He appeared in 681 games in Major League Baseball, 647 as a relief pitcher, for seven different clubs over all or parts of 14 seasons between 1955 and 1972, amassed 148 saves, and twice led the National League in that category. He batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) tall, and weighed 215 pounds (98 kg).

    2. William Davis, German-English journalist and economist (d. 2019) births

      1. William Davis (journalist)

        William Davis, was a journalist, broadcaster and editor. He was born in Germany but came to Britain in his teens, working for the Financial Times, Evening Standard and Guardian. He broadcast for the BBC and was a pioneering presenter of The Money Programme and The World at One. He became editor of Punch and was the founder of the British Airways in-flight magazine High Life. He became chairman of the British Tourist Authority and English Tourist Board in the 1990s and remained an active commentator, broadcaster and writer until his death in February 2019.

    3. Augusto Odone, Italian economist and inventor of Lorenzo's oil (d. 2013) births

      1. Parents of Lorenzo Odone

        Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo Odone

        Augusto Daniel Odone and Michaela Teresa Murphy Odone were the parents of Lorenzo Michael Murphy Odone, a child with the illness adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). They became famous for developing a controversial treatment using Lorenzo's oil for their son's incurable illness. This quest was recounted in the film Lorenzo's Oil (1992). Augusto had previously been an economist for the World Bank.

      2. A particular mixture of modified vegetable oils used in treating adrenoleukodystrophy

        Lorenzo's oil

        Lorenzo’s oil is liquid solution, made of 4 parts glycerol trioleate and 1 part glycerol trierucate, which are the triacylglycerol forms of oleic acid and erucic acid. It is prepared from olive oil and rapeseed oil. It is used in the investigational treatment of asymptomatic patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a nervous system disorder.

    4. Anton Cermak, Czech-American lawyer and politician, 44th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1873) deaths

      1. American politician (1873–1933)

        Anton Cermak

        Anton Joseph Cermak was an American politician who served as the 44th mayor of Chicago, Illinois from April 7, 1931 until his death on March 6, 1933. He was killed by an assassin, whose likely target was President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the assassin shot Cermak instead after a bystander hit the assassin with a purse.

      2. American politician

        Mayor of Chicago

        The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments, submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, and members of city boards and commissions.

  79. 1932

    1. Marc Bazin, Haitian lawyer and politician, 49th President of Haiti (d. 2010) births

      1. Haitian politician (1932–2010)

        Marc Bazin

        Marc Louis Bazin was a World Bank official, former United Nations functionary and Haitian Minister of Finance and Economy under the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier. He was prime minister of Haiti appointed on June 4, 1992 by the military government that had seized power on September 30, 1991.

      2. Head of state of Haiti

        President of Haiti

        The president of Haiti, officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti, is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of Haiti. There is currently no president in Haiti following the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse on 7 July 2021.

    2. Bronisław Geremek, Polish historian and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2008) births

      1. Polish social historian and politician (1932–2008)

        Bronisław Geremek

        Bronisław Geremek was a Polish social historian and politician. He served as Member of Parliament (1991–2001), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1997–2000), leader of the Freedom Union (2000–2001), as well as Member of the European Parliament (2004–2008).

      2. Poland Ministry of Foreign Affairs

        Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)

        The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the Polish government department tasked with maintaining Poland's international relations and coordinating its participation in international and regional supra-national political organisations such as the European Union and United Nations. The head of the ministry holds a place in the Council of Ministers.

    3. John Philip Sousa, American conductor and composer (b. 1854) deaths

      1. Luso-American conductor and composer (1854–1932)

        John Philip Sousa

        John Philip Sousa was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era known primarily for American military marches. He is known as "The March King" or the "American March King", to distinguish him from his British counterpart Kenneth J. Alford. Among his best-known marches are "The Stars and Stripes Forever", "Semper Fidelis", "The Liberty Bell", "The Thunderer", and "The Washington Post".

  80. 1930

    1. Lorin Maazel, French-American violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 2014) births

      1. French-American conductor

        Lorin Maazel

        Lorin Varencove Maazel was an American conductor, violinist and composer. He began conducting at the age of eight and by 1953 had decided to pursue a career in music. He had established a reputation in the concert halls of Europe by 1960 but, by comparison, his career in the U.S. progressed far more slowly. He served as music director of The Cleveland Orchestra, Orchestre National de France, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic, among other posts. Maazel was well-regarded in baton technique and possessed a photographic memory for scores. Described as mercurial and forbidding in rehearsal, he mellowed in old age.

  81. 1929

    1. Tom Foley, American lawyer and politician, 57th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 2013) births

      1. American politician from Washington (1929–2013)

        Tom Foley

        Thomas Stephen Foley was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 49th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1989 to 1995. A member of the Democratic Party, Foley represented Washington's fifth district for thirty years (1965–1995). He was the first Speaker of the House since Galusha Grow in 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign.

      2. Presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives

        Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

        The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House and is simultaneously its presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Nor does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.

    2. David Sheppard, English cricketer and bishop (d. 2005) births

      1. English cleric and cricketer (1929–2005)

        David Sheppard

        David Stuart Sheppard, Baron Sheppard of Liverpool was a Church of England Bishop of Liverpool who played cricket for Sussex and England in his youth. Sheppard remains the only ordained minister to have played Test cricket, though others such as Tom Killick were ordained after playing Tests.

  82. 1927

    1. William J. Bell, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2005) births

      1. American screenwriter

        William J. Bell

        William Joseph Bell was an American screenwriter and television producer, best known as the creator of the soap operas Another World, The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful.

    2. Gordon Cooper, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2004) births

      1. American astronaut (1927–2004)

        Gordon Cooper

        Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper Jr. was an American aerospace engineer, test pilot, United States Air Force pilot, and the youngest of the seven original astronauts in Project Mercury, the first human space program of the United States. Cooper learned to fly as a child, and after service in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, he was commissioned into the United States Air Force in 1949. After service as a fighter pilot, he qualified as a test pilot in 1956, and was selected as an astronaut in 1959.

    3. Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014) births

      1. Colombian writer and Nobel laureate (1927–2014)

        Gabriel García Márquez

        Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America. Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, particularly in the Spanish language, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in leaving law school for a career in journalism. From early on he showed no inhibitions in his criticism of Colombian and foreign politics. In 1958, he married Mercedes Barcha Pardo; they had two sons, Rodrigo and Gonzalo.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Literature

        The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.

  83. 1926

    1. Ann Curtis, American swimmer (d. 2012) births

      1. American swimmer

        Ann Curtis

        Ann Cuneo was an American competition swimmer and two-time Olympic champion.

    2. Alan Greenspan, American economist and politician births

      1. 13th chair of the US Federal Reserve (born 1926)

        Alan Greenspan

        Alan Greenspan is an American economist who served as the 13th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 to 2006. He works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC.

    3. Ray O'Connor, Australian politician, 22nd Premier of Western Australia (d. 2013) births

      1. Australian politician

        Ray O'Connor

        Raymond James O'Connor was an Australian politician who served as the premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 to 25 February 1983. He was a member of parliament from 1959 to 1984, and a minister in the governments of David Brand and Charles Court. A controversial figure, he served six months jail in 1994 for stealing a $25,000 cheque from the Bond Corporation.

      2. Head of the executive branch of the state government of Western Australia

        Premier of Western Australia

        The premier of Western Australia is the head of government of the state of Western Australia. The role of premier at a state level is similar to the role of the prime minister of Australia at a federal level. The premier leads the executive branch of the Government of Western Australia and is accountable to the Parliament of Western Australia. The premier is appointed by the governor of Western Australia. By convention, the governor appoints as premier whoever has the support of the majority of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. In practice, this means that the premier is the leader of the political party or group of parties with a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. Since Western Australia achieved self-governance in 1890, there have been 31 premiers. Mark McGowan is the current premier, having been appointed to the position on 17 March 2017.

    4. Andrzej Wajda, Polish director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2016) births

      1. Polish film director (1926–2016)

        Andrzej Wajda

        Andrzej Witold Wajda was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an Honorary Oscar, the Palme d'Or, as well as Honorary Golden Lion and Honorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the "Polish Film School". He was known especially for his trilogy of war films consisting of A Generation (1955), Kanał (1957) and Ashes and Diamonds (1958).

  84. 1924

    1. Ottmar Walter, German footballer (d. 2013) births

      1. German footballer

        Ottmar Walter

        Ottmar Kurt Herrmann Walter was a German footballer who played as a striker.

    2. William H. Webster, American lawyer and jurist, 14th Director of Central Intelligence births

      1. American judge, FBI director, and CIA director

        William H. Webster

        William Hedgcock Webster is an American attorney and jurist who most recently served as chair of the Homeland Security Advisory Council from 2005 until 2020. He was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before becoming director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1978 to 1987 and director of Central Intelligence (CIA) from 1987 to 1991. He is the only person to have held both positions.

      2. Head of the US Central Intelligence Agency (1946–2005)

        Director of Central Intelligence

        The director of central intelligence (DCI) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2005, acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the president of the United States and the United States National Security Council, as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various US intelligence agencies.

  85. 1923

    1. Ed McMahon, American comedian, game show host, and announcer (d. 2009) births

      1. American television announcer (1923–2009)

        Ed McMahon

        Edward Leo Peter McMahon Jr. was an American announcer, game show host, comedian, actor, singer, and combat aviator. McMahon and Johnny Carson began their association in their first TV series, the ABC game show Who Do You Trust?, running from 1957 to 1962. McMahon then made his famous thirty-year mark as Carson's sidekick, announcer and second banana on NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from 1962 to 1992.

    2. Wes Montgomery, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 1968) births

      1. American jazz guitarist (1923-1968)

        Wes Montgomery

        John Leslie "Wes" Montgomery was an American jazz guitarist. Montgomery was known for an unusual technique of plucking the strings with the side of his thumb and his extensive use of octaves, which gave him a distinctive sound.

  86. 1921

    1. Leo Bretholz, Austrian-American holocaust survivor and author (d. 2014) births

      1. Holocaust survivor

        Leo Bretholz

        Leo Bretholz was a Holocaust survivor who, in 1942, escaped from a train heading for Auschwitz. He has also written a book on his experiences, titled Leap into Darkness.

      2. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany

        The Holocaust

        The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.

  87. 1920

    1. Lewis Gilbert, English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2018) births

      1. English film director, producer and screenwriter

        Lewis Gilbert

        Lewis Gilbert was an English film director, producer and screenwriter who directed more than 40 films during six decades; among them such varied titles as Reach for the Sky (1956), Sink the Bismarck! (1960), Alfie (1966), Educating Rita (1983) and Shirley Valentine (1989), as well as three James Bond films: You Only Live Twice (1967), The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979).

    2. Ömer Seyfettin, Turkish author and educator (b. 1884) deaths

      1. Turkish Writer of early 20th Century

        Ömer Seyfettin

        Ömer Seyfettin, was a Turkish writer from the late-19th to early-20th-century, considered to be one of the greatest modern Turkish authors. His work is much praised for simplifying the Turkish language from the Persian and Arabic words and phrases that were common at the time.

  88. 1919

    1. Oskars Kalpaks, Latvian colonel (b. 1882) deaths

      1. Oskars Kalpaks

        Oskars Kalpaks was the commander of 1st Latvian Independent Battalion, also known as "Kalpaks Battalion".

  89. 1918

    1. Howard McGhee, American trumpeter (d. 1987) births

      1. American jazz trumpeter

        Howard McGhee

        Howard McGhee was one of the first American bebop jazz trumpeters, with Dizzy Gillespie, Fats Navarro and Idrees Sulieman. He was known for his fast fingering and high notes. He had an influence on younger bebop trumpeters such as Fats Navarro.

  90. 1917

    1. Donald Davidson, American philosopher and academic (d. 2003) births

      1. American philosopher (1917–2003)

        Donald Davidson (philosopher)

        Donald Herbert Davidson was an American philosopher. He served as Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1981 to 2003 after having also held teaching appointments at Stanford University, Rockefeller University, Princeton University, and the University of Chicago. Davidson was known for his charismatic personality and the depth and difficulty of his thought. His work exerted considerable influence in many areas of philosophy from the 1960s onward, particularly in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and action theory. While Davidson was an analytic philosopher, and most of his influence lies in that tradition, his work has attracted attention in continental philosophy as well, particularly in literary theory and related areas.

    2. Will Eisner, American illustrator and publisher (d. 2005) births

      1. American cartoonist

        Will Eisner

        William Erwin Eisner was an American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur. He was one of the earliest cartoonists to work in the American comic book industry, and his series The Spirit (1940–1952) was noted for its experiments in content and form. In 1978, he popularized the term "graphic novel" with the publication of his book A Contract with God. He was an early contributor to formal comics studies with his book Comics and Sequential Art (1985). The Eisner Award was named in his honor and is given to recognize achievements each year in the comics medium; he was one of the three inaugural inductees to the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame.

    3. Frankie Howerd, English comedian (d. 1992) births

      1. English actor and comedian (1917–1992)

        Frankie Howerd

        Francis Alick Howard, better known by his stage-name Frankie Howerd, was an English actor and comedian.

  91. 1913

    1. Ella Logan, Scottish-American singer and actress (d. 1969) births

      1. Scottish-American actress and singer

        Ella Logan

        Ella Logan was a Scottish-American actress and singer who appeared on Broadway, recorded and had a nightclub career in the United States and internationally.

  92. 1912

    1. Mohammed Burhanuddin, Indian spiritual leader, 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq (d. 2014) births

      1. 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra (1915-2014)

        Mohammed Burhanuddin

        Mohammed Burhanuddin was the 52nd Dā'ī al-Mutlaq of Dawoodi Bohras. He led the community for 49 years in a period of social, economic, and educational prosperity; strengthened and re-institutionalized the fundamental core of the community's faith; revived its culture, tradition, and heritage. In successfully achieving coexistence of traditional Islamic values and modern Western practices within the community, Burhanuddin completed the work his predecessor Taher Saifuddin had started. Burhanuddin was presented the highest national civilian honors of the states of Egypt and Jordan recognising his revivalism and restoration efforts. He was known in Arab countries as Azamat us-Sultan. Owing to extensive travels for community reach-out, he was the first Dā'ī al-Mutlaq to visit Europe, Australia, and America.

      2. Religious leader

        Da'i al-Mutlaq

        The term Da'i al-Mutlaq literally meaning 'the absolute, or unrestricted, missionary', is the most senior spiritual rank and office in Tayyibi Isma'ilism. The Da'i al-Mutlaq has headed the Tayyibi community since the seclusion of the 21st Tayyibi Imam, at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim, traditionally placed in 528 AH/1134 AD.

  93. 1910

    1. Emma Bailey, American auctioneer and author (d. 1999) births

      1. Emma Bailey

        Emma Bailey was an American auctioneer and author, credited with being the first American woman auctioneer. She held her first auction in Brattleboro, Vermont, on May 12, 1950 as a way to supplement her family's income. In 1952 she became the first woman admitted to the National Auctioneers Association. She continued auctioneering for nearly 20 years and wrote a book about her experiences, entitled Sold to the Lady in the Green Hat (1962), before retiring in the late 1960s.

  94. 1909

    1. Obafemi Awolowo, Nigerian lawyer and politician (d. 1987) births

      1. Nigerian politician (1909–1987)

        Obafemi Awolowo

        Chief Obafemi Jeremiah Oyeniyi AwolowoListen was a Yoruba nationalist and Nigerian statesman who played a key role in Nigeria's independence movement (1957-1960). Awolowo founded the Yoruba nationalist group Egbe Omo Oduduwa, and was the first Leader of Government Business and Minister of Local Government and Finance, and first Premier of the Western Region under Nigeria's parliamentary system, from 1952 to 1959. He was the official Leader of the Opposition in the federal parliament to the Balewa government from 1959 to 1963.

    2. Stanisław Jerzy Lec, Polish poet and author (d. 1966) births

      1. Stanisław Jerzy Lec

        Stanisław Jerzy Lec, born Baron Stanisław Jerzy de Tusch-Letz, was a Polish aphorist and poet. Often mentioned among the greatest writers of post-war Poland, he was one of the most influential aphorists of the 20th century, known for lyric poetry and skeptical philosophical-moral aphorisms, often with a political subtext.

  95. 1906

    1. Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (d. 1959) births

      1. American actor and comedian (1906-1959)

        Lou Costello

        Louis Francis Cristillo, professionally known as Lou Costello, was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known for his double act with straight man Bud Abbott and their routine "Who's on First?".

  96. 1905

    1. Bob Wills, American Western swing musician, songwriter, and bandleader (d. 1975) births

      1. American musician (1905–1975)

        Bob Wills

        James Robert Wills was an American Western swing musician, songwriter, and bandleader. Considered by music authorities as the founder of Western swing, he was known widely as the King of Western Swing.

    2. John Henninger Reagan, American surveyor, judge, and politician, 3rd Confederate States of America Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1818) deaths

      1. American politician

        John Henninger Reagan

        John Henninger Reagan was an American politician from Texas. A Democrat, Reagan resigned from the U.S. House of Representatives when Texas seceded from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America. He served in the cabinet of Jefferson Davis as Postmaster General.

      2. Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury

        The Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury was the head of the Confederate States Department of the Treasury. Three men served in this post throughout the Confederacy's brief existence from 1861 to 1865.

    3. Makar Yekmalyan, Armenian composer (b. 1856) deaths

      1. Makar Yekmalyan

        Makar Grigori Yekmalyan was an Armenian composer.

  97. 1904

    1. José Antonio Aguirre, Spanish lawyer and politician, 1st President of the Basque Country (d. 1960) births

      1. Basque nationalist leader in the mid-20th century

        José Antonio Aguirre (politician)

        José Antonio Aguirre y Lecube was a Basque politician and activist in the Basque Nationalist Party. He was the first president of the Provisional Government of the Basque Country and the executive defense advisor during the Spanish Civil War. Under his mandate, the Provisional Government formed the Basque Army and fought for the Second Spanish Republic.

      2. Head of government of the Basque Autonomous Community

        Lehendakari

        The President of the Basque Government, usually known in the Basque language as the Lehendakari, is the head of government of the Basque Autonomous Community. The lehendakari leads the executive branch of the regional government.

  98. 1903

    1. Empress Kōjun of Japan (d. 2000) births

      1. 20th-century Empress of Japan

        Empress Kōjun

        Empress Kōjun , born Princess Nagako , was a member of the Imperial House of Japan, the wife of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) and the mother of Shigeko Higashikuni, Princess Sachiko Hisa-nomiya, Kazuko Takatsukasa, Atsuko Ikeda, the Emperor Emeritus Akihito, Prince Masahito Hitachi-nomiya and Takako Shimazu.

  99. 1900

    1. Gina Cigna, French-Italian soprano and actress (d. 2001) births

      1. French-Italian dramatic soprano

        Gina Cigna

        Gina Cigna was a French-Italian dramatic soprano.

    2. Lefty Grove, American baseball player (d. 1975) births

      1. American baseball player

        Lefty Grove

        Robert Moses "Lefty" Grove was an American professional baseball pitcher. After having success in the minor leagues during the early 1920s, Grove became a star in Major League Baseball with the American League's Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox. One of the greatest pitchers in history, Grove led the American League in wins in four separate seasons, in strikeouts seven years in a row, and had the league's lowest earned run average a record nine times. Over the course of the three years from 1929 to 1931, he twice won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the league in wins, strikeouts, and ERA, while amassing a 79–15 record and leading the Athletics to three straight AL championships. Overall, Grove won 300 games in his 17-year MLB career. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947.

    3. Henri Jeanson, French journalist and author (d. 1970) births

      1. French writer and journalist

        Henri Jeanson

        Henri Jules Louis Jeanson was a French writer and journalist. He was a "satrap" in the "College of 'Pataphysics".

    4. Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and businessman, co-founded Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (b. 1834) deaths

      1. German businessman

        Gottlieb Daimler

        Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler was a German engineer, industrial designer and industrialist born in Schorndorf, in what is now Germany. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development. He invented the high-speed liquid petroleum-fueled engine.

      2. Defunct German manufacturer

        Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft

        Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft was a German engineering company and later automobile manufacturer, in operation from 1890 until 1926. Founded by Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900) and Wilhelm Maybach (1846–1929), it was based first in Cannstatt. Daimler died in 1900, and their business moved in 1903 to Stuttgart-Untertürkheim after the original factory was destroyed by fire, and again to Berlin in 1922. Other factories were located in Marienfelde and Sindelfingen.

  100. 1899

    1. Kaʻiulani of Hawaii (b. 1875) deaths

      1. Princess of the Hawaiian Islands

        Kaʻiulani

        Kaʻiulani was the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike, and the last heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom. She was the niece of King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani. After the death of her mother, Princess Kaʻiulani was sent to Europe at age 13 to complete her education under the guardianship of British businessman and Hawaiian sugar investor Theo H. Davies. She had not yet reached her eighteenth birthday when the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom altered her life. The Provisional Government of Hawaii rejected pleas from both her father Archibald Scott Cleghorn, and provisional president Sanford B. Dole, to seat Kaʻiulani on the throne, conditional upon the abdication of Liliʻuokalani. The Queen thought the Kingdom's best chance at justice was to relinquish her power temporarily to the United States.

  101. 1898

    1. Gus Sonnenberg, American football player and wrestler (d. 1944) births

      1. American football player and professional wrestler (1898–1944)

        Gus Sonnenberg

        Gustave Adolph Sonnenberg was an American football player and professional wrestler of German descent and World Heavyweight Champion. As a wrestler, he was National Wrestling Association world heavyweight champion. He played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1923 until 1930, for the Buffalo All-Americans, Columbus Tigers, Detroit Panthers, and Providence Steam Roller, where he was a member of the 1928 NFL championship team.

  102. 1895

    1. Albert Tessier, Canadian priest and historian (d. 1976) births

      1. Albert Tessier

        Albert Tessier was a French-speaking Canadian priest, historian and a film maker.

    2. Camilla Collett, Norwegian novelist and activist (b. 1813) deaths

      1. Norwegian writer

        Camilla Collett

        Jacobine Camilla Collett was a Norwegian writer, often referred to as the first Norwegian feminist. She was also the younger sister of Norwegian poet Henrik Wergeland, and is recognized as being one of the first contributors to realism in Norwegian literature. Her younger brother was Major General Joseph Frantz Oscar Wergeland. She became an honorary member of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights when the association was founded in 1884.

  103. 1893

    1. Furry Lewis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1981) births

      1. American blues guitarist and songwriter

        Furry Lewis

        Walter E. "Furry" Lewis was an American country blues guitarist and songwriter from Memphis, Tennessee. He was one of the first of the blues musicians active in the 1920s to be brought out of retirement and given new opportunities to record during the folk blues revival of the 1960s.

    2. Ella P. Stewart, pioneering Black American pharmacist (d. 1987) births

      1. Ella P. Stewart

        Ella Nora Phillips Stewart was one of the first African American female pharmacists in the United States.

  104. 1892

    1. Bert Smith, English international footballer (d. 1969) births

      1. English footballer

        Bert Smith (footballer, born 1892)

        Bertram "Bert" Smith was a professional footballer, who played for Huddersfield Town, Tottenham Hotspur and played international football for England.

  105. 1888

    1. Louisa May Alcott, American novelist and poet (b. 1832) deaths

      1. American novelist (1832–1888)

        Louisa May Alcott

        Louisa May Alcott was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many well-known intellectuals of the day, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

  106. 1885

    1. Ring Lardner, American journalist and author (d. 1933) births

      1. American writer (1885–1933)

        Ring Lardner

        Ringgold Wilmer Lardner was an American sports columnist and short story writer best known for his satirical writings on sports, marriage, and the theatre. His contemporaries Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Woolf, and F. Scott Fitzgerald all professed strong admiration for his writing, and author John O'Hara directly attributed his understanding of dialogue to him.

  107. 1884

    1. Molla Mallory, Norwegian-American tennis player (d. 1959) births

      1. Norwegian-American tennis player

        Molla Mallory

        Anna Margrethe "Molla" Bjurstedt Mallory was a Norwegian tennis player, naturalized American. She won a record eight singles titles at the U.S. National Championships. She was the first woman to represent Norway at the Olympics.

  108. 1882

    1. F. Burrall Hoffman, American architect, co-designed Villa Vizcaya (d. 1980) births

      1. American architect (1882 - 1980)

        F. Burrall Hoffman

        Francis Burrall Hoffman was an American-born architect, best known for his work with James Deering’s Villa Vizcaya in Miami, Florida.

      2. Historic house in Florida, United States

        Vizcaya Museum and Gardens

        The Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, previously known as Villa Vizcaya, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering, of the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune, on Biscayne Bay in the present-day Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida. The early 20th-century Vizcaya estate also includes extensive Italian Renaissance gardens, native woodland landscape, and a historic village outbuildings compound.

    2. Guy Kibbee, American actor and singer (d. 1956) births

      1. American actor (1882–1956)

        Guy Kibbee

        Guy Bridges Kibbee was an American stage and film actor.

  109. 1879

    1. Jimmy Hunter, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1962) births

      1. Rugby player

        Jimmy Hunter

        James Hunter was a rugby union footballer who played for New Zealand's national team, the All Blacks. He played mainly at second five-eighth, although he could play any position in the backline. He played for Hawera Club before being selected for Taranaki in 1898 and the North Island in 1904 before his first All Blacks selection in 1905. He toured with the 1905 All Blacks that travelled to Great Britain, France and North America. After returning he continued to be selected for the All Blacks until retiring after the 1908 season.

  110. 1877

    1. Rose Fyleman, English writer and poet (d. 1957) births

      1. English writer and poet

        Rose Fyleman

        Rose Amy Fyleman was an English writer and poet, noted for her works on the fairy folk, for children. Her poem "There are fairies at the bottom of our garden" was set to music by English composer Liza Lehmann. Her carol "Lift your hidden faces", set to a French carol tune, was included in the Anglican hymnal Songs of Praise (1925), The Oxford Book of Carols (1928) as well as in the Hutterian Brotherhood's Songs of Light (1977).

  111. 1872

    1. Ben Harney, American pianist and composer (d. 1938) births

      1. Ben Harney

        Benjamin Robertson "Ben" Harney was an American songwriter, entertainer, and pioneer of ragtime music. His 1896 composition "You've Been a Good Old Wagon but You Done Broke Down" is the second ragtime composition to be published and the first ragtime hit to reach the mainstream. The first Ragtime composition published was La Pas Ma La written by Ernest Hogan in 1895. During the early years of Harney's career, he falsely promoted himself as being the inventor of ragtime but never acknowledged the genre's black origin. Many contemporary musicians criticized him for it. Although ragtime is now probably more associated with Scott Joplin, in 1924 The New York Times wrote that Ben Harney "Probably did more to popularize ragtime than any other person." Time magazine called him "Ragtime's Father" in 1938.

  112. 1871

    1. Afonso Costa, Portuguese lawyer and politician, 59th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1937) births

      1. Portuguese lawyer and politician

        Afonso Costa

        Afonso Augusto da Costa, GCTE, GCL was a Portuguese lawyer, professor and republican politician.

      2. Head of the Portuguese government

        Prime Minister of Portugal

        The prime minister of Portugal is the head of government of Portugal. As head of government, the prime minister coordinates the actions of ministers, represents the Government of Portugal to the other bodies of state, is accountable to parliament and keeps the president informed. The prime minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries.

  113. 1870

    1. Oscar Straus, Viennese composer and conductor (d. 1954) births

      1. Viennese composer (1870-1954)

        Oscar Straus (composer)

        Oscar Nathan Straus was a Viennese composer of operettas, film scores, and songs. He also wrote about 500 cabaret songs, chamber music, and orchestral and choral works. His original name was actually Strauss, but for professional purposes he deliberately omitted the final 's'. He wished not to be associated with the musical Strauss family of Vienna. However, he did follow the advice of Johann Strauss II in 1898 about abandoning the prospective lure of writing waltzes for the more lucrative business of writing for the theatre.

  114. 1867

    1. Charles Farrar Browne, American-English author and educator (b. 1834) deaths

      1. American writer

        Charles Farrar Browne

        Charles Farrar Browne was an American humor writer, better known under his nom de plume, Artemus Ward, which as a character, an illiterate rube with "Yankee common sense", Browne also played in public performances. He is considered to be America's first stand-up comedian. His birth name was Brown but he added the "e" after he became famous.

  115. 1866

    1. William Whewell, English priest, historian, and philosopher (b. 1794) deaths

      1. 19th-century English scientist and theologian

        William Whewell

        William Whewell was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In his time as a student there, he achieved distinction in both poetry and mathematics.

  116. 1865

    1. Duan Qirui, Chinese warlord and politician (d. 1936) births

      1. Chinese Warlord and Politician

        Duan Qirui

        Duan Qirui was a Chinese warlord and politician, a commander of the Beiyang Army and the acting Chief Executive of the Republic of China from 1924 to 1926. He was also the Premier of the Republic of China on four occasions between 1913 and 1918. He was arguably the most powerful man in China from 1916 to 1920.

      2. List of indexes to lists on a topic

        List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era

        The Warlord Era was a historical period of the Republic of China that began from 1916 and lasted until the mid-1930s, during which the country was divided and ruled by various military cliques following the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916. Communist revolution broke out in the later part of the warlord period, beginning the Chinese Civil War. The era nominally ended in 1928 at the conclusion of the Northern Expedition with the Northeast Flag Replacement, beginning the "Nanjing decade". However, "residual warlords" continued to exist into the 1930s under de jure Kuomintang rule, and remained until the end of the Communist victory in 1949.

  117. 1864

    1. Richard Rushall, British businessman (d. 1953) births

      1. British businessman and mayor of Rangoon

        Richard Rushall

        Captain Richard Boswell Rushall was a British sea captain and businessman who served as mayor of Rangoon, Burma, during the 1930s. He was the first Englishman to hold this position. Born in Braunston, Northamptonshire, Rushall was the eldest of eight children. After finishing school he left for sea, joined the UK's Merchant Navy, and became a ship's captain. He spent 20 years with the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, of which 17 were in command of steamships belonging to the company. In 1908 he settled in Rangoon with his family, resigned from the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company and founded Rushall & Co. Ltd., a stevedoring and contracting business that employed between 3,000 and 4,000 men.

  118. 1854

    1. Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, Irish colonel and diplomat, Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies (b. 1778) deaths

      1. Anglo-Irish nobleman

        Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry

        Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry,, was an Anglo-Irish nobleman, British soldier and politician. He served in the French Revolutionary Wars, in the suppression of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and in the Napoleonic wars. He excelled as a cavalry commander in the Peninsular War under John Moore and Arthur Wellesley.

      2. Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies

        The Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was a junior Ministerial post in the United Kingdom government, subordinate to the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.

  119. 1849

    1. Georg Luger, Austrian gun designer, designed the Luger pistol (d. 1923) births

      1. Austrian firearm designer

        Georg Luger

        Georg Johann Luger was an Austrian designer of the famous Luger pistol and the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge.

      2. Semi-automatic pistol

        Luger pistol

        The Pistole Parabellum—or Parabellum-Pistole, commonly known as just Luger or Luger P08 is a toggle-locked recoil-operated semi-automatic pistol. The Luger was produced in several models and by several nations from 1898 to 1949.

  120. 1841

    1. Viktor Burenin, Russian author, poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1926) births

      1. Russian critic and satirist

        Viktor Burenin

        Viktor Petrovich Burenin was a Russian literary and theatre critic, publicist, novelist, dramatist, translator and satirical poet notorious for his confrontational articles and satirical poems, mostly targeting leftist writers. He was the author of several popular plays, novels and opera librettos.

  121. 1836

    1. Deaths at the Battle of the Alamo: deaths

      1. James Bonham

        James Butler Bonham was a 19th-century American soldier who died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. He was a second cousin of William B. Travis and was a messenger of the Battle of the Alamo. His younger brother, Milledge Luke Bonham, was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War, and served as Governor of South Carolina from 1862 to 1864.

    2. Deaths at the Battle of the Alamo: deaths

      1. Historical figure of Texas (c. 1796 – 1836)

        James Bowie

        James Bowie was a 19th-century American pioneer, slave smuggler and trader, and soldier who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He was among the Americans who died at the Battle of the Alamo. Stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman, both real and fictitious, have made him a legendary figure in Texas history and a folk hero of American culture.

    3. Deaths at the Battle of the Alamo: deaths

      1. American politician and folk hero (1786–1836)

        Davy Crockett

        David Crockett was an American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier, and politician. He is often referred to in popular culture as the "King of the Wild Frontier". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the Texas Revolution.

    4. Deaths at the Battle of the Alamo: deaths

      1. 19th century American lawyer and soldier

        William B. Travis

        William Barret "Buck" Travis was a 19th-century American lawyer and soldier. At the age of 26, he was a lieutenant colonel in the Texas Army. He died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. Travis County and Travis Park were named after him for being the commander of the Republic of Texas at the Battle of the Alamo.

  122. 1834

    1. George du Maurier, French-English author and illustrator (d. 1896) births

      1. French-born cartoonist and novelist, 1834–1896

        George du Maurier

        George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier was a Franco-British cartoonist and writer known for work in Punch and a Gothic novel Trilby, featuring the character Svengali. His son was the actor Sir Gerald du Maurier. The writers Angela du Maurier and Dame Daphne du Maurier and the artist Jeanne du Maurier were all granddaughters of George. He was also father of Sylvia Llewelyn Davies and grandfather of the five boys who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan.

  123. 1831

    1. Philip Sheridan, Irish-American general (d. 1888) births

      1. United States Army general (1831–1888)

        Philip Sheridan

        General of the Army Philip Henry Sheridan was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. His career was noted for his rapid rise to major general and his close association with General-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant, who transferred Sheridan from command of an infantry division in the Western Theater to lead the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac in the East. In 1864, he defeated Confederate forces under General Jubal Early in the Shenandoah Valley and his destruction of the economic infrastructure of the Valley, called "The Burning" by residents, was one of the first uses of scorched-earth tactics in the war. In 1865, his cavalry pursued Gen. Robert E. Lee and was instrumental in forcing his surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.

  124. 1826

    1. Annie Feray Mutrie, British painter (d. 1893) births

      1. British still-life painter (1826–1893)

        Annie Feray Mutrie

        Annie Feray Mutrie was a British still-life painter. She exhibited regularly and she and her sister Martha were considered the best flower painters in oils.

  125. 1823

    1. Charles I of Württemberg (d. 1891) births

      1. King of Württemberg

        Charles I of Württemberg

        Charles was King of Württemberg, from 25 June 1864 until his death in 1891.

  126. 1818

    1. William Claflin, American businessman and politician, 27th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1905) births

      1. American politician

        William Claflin

        William Claflin was an American politician, industrialist and philanthropist from Massachusetts. He served as the 27th Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1869 to 1872 and as a member of the United States Congress from 1877 to 1881. He also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1868 to 1872, serving as a moderating force between the Radical and moderate wings of the Republican Party. His name is given to Claflin University in South Carolina, a historically black college founded with funding from him and his father.

      2. Head of government of U.S. state of Massachusetts

        Governor of Massachusetts

        The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.

  127. 1817

    1. Princess Clémentine of Orléans (d. 1907) births

      1. French princess

        Princess Clémentine of Orléans

        Princess Clémentine of Orléans, princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and duchess in Saxony, was the sixth child of ten and youngest daughter of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, and his wife Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies. She was the mother of Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria.

  128. 1812

    1. Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American businessman, co-founded the Waltham Watch Company (d. 1895) births

      1. American watchmaker and businessman (1812–1895)

        Aaron Lufkin Dennison

        Aaron Lufkin Dennison was an American watchmaker and businessman who founded a number of companies.

      2. Company

        Waltham Watch Company

        The Waltham Watch Company, also known as the American Waltham Watch Co. and the American Watch Co., was a company that produced about 40 million watches, clocks, speedometers, compasses, time delay fuses, and other precision instruments in the United States of America between 1850 and 1957. The company's historic 19th-century manufacturing facilities in Waltham, Massachusetts have been preserved as the American Waltham Watch Company Historic District.

  129. 1806

    1. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English-Italian poet and translator (d. 1861) births

      1. English poet (1806–1861)

        Elizabeth Barrett Browning

        Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet of the Victorian era, popular in Britain and the United States during her lifetime.

  130. 1796

    1. Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French historian and author (b. 1713) deaths

      1. French writer (1713–1796)

        Guillaume Thomas François Raynal

        Guillaume Thomas Raynal was a French writer and man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment.

  131. 1787

    1. Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist and astronomer (d. 1826) births

      1. German physicist (1787–1826)

        Joseph von Fraunhofer

        Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer was a German physicist and optical lens manufacturer. He made optical glass, an achromatic telescope, and objective lenses. He also invented the spectroscope and developed diffraction grating. In 1814, he discovered and studied the dark absorption lines in the spectrum of the sun now known as Fraunhofer lines.

  132. 1785

    1. Karol Kurpiński, Polish composer and conductor (d. 1857) births

      1. Polish composer and conductor

        Karol Kurpiński

        Karol Kazimierz Kurpiński was a Polish composer, conductor and pedagogue. He was a representative of late classicism and a member of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning. He is also known for having composed the music to the 1831 patriotic song La Varsovienne with lyrics by Casimir Delavigne. He was also a mentor and influence of a young Chopin.

  133. 1780

    1. Lucy Barnes, American writer (d. 1809) births

      1. 19th-century American writer

        Lucy Barnes (writer)

        Lucy Barnes was an 18th-century American writer. Her book The Female Christian may have been the first written by a woman in defense of Universalism.

  134. 1779

    1. Antoine-Henri Jomini, Swiss-French general (d. 1869) births

      1. French-Swiss general and writer on the art of war (1779–1869)

        Antoine-Henri Jomini

        Antoine-Henri Jomini was a Swiss military officer who served as a general in French and later in Russian service, and one of the most celebrated writers on the Napoleonic art of war. Jomini's ideas are a staple at military academies, the United States Military Academy at West Point being a prominent example; his theories were thought to have affected many officers who later served in the American Civil War. He may have coined the term logistics in his Summary of the Art of War (1838).

  135. 1764

    1. Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, English lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom (b. 1690) deaths

      1. British lawyer and statesman

        Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke

        Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, was an English lawyer and politician who served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. He was a close confidant of the Duke of Newcastle, Prime Minister between 1754 and 1756 and 1757 until 1762.

      2. Highest-ranking regularly-appointed Great Officer of State of the United Kingdom

        Lord Chancellor

        The lord chancellor, formally the lord high chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest-ranking traditional minister among the Great Officers of State in Scotland and England in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking the prime minister. The lord chancellor is appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister. Prior to their Union into the Kingdom of Great Britain, there were separate lord chancellors for the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland; there were lord chancellors of Ireland until 1922.

  136. 1761

    1. Antoine-François Andréossy, French general and diplomat (d. 1828) births

      1. Antoine-François Andréossy

        Comte Antoine-François Andréossy was a Franco-Italian nobleman, who served as a French Army artillery general, diplomat and parliamentarian.

  137. 1758

    1. Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Durham (b. 1705) deaths

      1. British politician

        Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington

        Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington, PC, known as Lord Barnard between 1753 and 1754, was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1726 to 1753 when he succeeded to a peerage as Baron Barnard.

      2. Lord Lieutenant of Durham

        This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Durham.

  138. 1754

    1. Henry Pelham, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1694) deaths

      1. 3rd Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1743 to 1754

        Henry Pelham

        Henry Pelham was a British Whig statesman who served as 3rd Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1743 until his death in 1754. He was the younger brother of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, who served in Pelham's government and succeeded him as prime minister. Pelham is generally considered to have been Britain's third prime minister, after Robert Walpole and the Earl of Wilmington.

      2. Head of Government in the United Kingdom

        Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

        The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.

  139. 1724

    1. Henry Laurens, English-American merchant and politician, 5th President of the Continental Congress (d. 1792) births

      1. American merchant

        Henry Laurens

        Henry Laurens was an American Founding Father, merchant, slave trader, and rice planter from South Carolina who became a political leader during the Revolutionary War. A delegate to the Second Continental Congress, Laurens succeeded John Hancock as its president. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation and, as president, presided over its passage.

      2. Presiding officer of the U.S. Continental Congress

        President of the Continental Congress

        The president of the United States in Congress Assembled, known unofficially as the president of the Continental Congress and later as the president of the Congress of the Confederation, was the presiding officer of the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates that emerged as the first (transitional) national government of the United States during the American Revolution. The president was a member of Congress elected by the other delegates to serve as a neutral discussion moderator during meetings of Congress. Designed to be a largely ceremonial position without much influence, the office was unrelated to the later office of President of the United States. Upon the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union in March 1781, the Continental Congress became the Congress of the Confederation. The membership of the Second Continental Congress carried over without interruption to the First Congress of the Confederation, as did the office of president.

  140. 1716

    1. Pehr Kalm, Swedish-Finnish botanist and explorer (d. 1779) births

      1. Finnish scientist and priest (1716-1779)

        Pehr Kalm

        Pehr Kalm, also known as Peter Kalm, was a Finnish explorer, botanist, naturalist, and agricultural economist. He was one of the most important apostles of Carl Linnaeus.

  141. 1706

    1. George Pocock, English admiral (d. 1792) births

      1. British admiral (1706–1792)

        George Pocock

        Admiral Sir George Pocock or Pococke, KB was a British officer of the Royal Navy.

  142. 1663

    1. Francis Atterbury, English bishop and poet (d. 1732) births

      1. English man of letters, politician and bishop

        Francis Atterbury

        Francis Atterbury was an English man of letters, politician and bishop. A High Church Tory and Jacobite, he gained patronage under Queen Anne, but was mistrusted by the Hanoverian Whig ministries, and banished for communicating with the Old Pretender in the Atterbury Plot. He was a noted wit and a gifted preacher.

  143. 1619

    1. Cyrano de Bergerac, French author and playwright (d. 1655) births

      1. French novelist and dramatist (1619–1655)

        Cyrano de Bergerac

        Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac was a French novelist, playwright, epistolarian, and duelist.

  144. 1616

    1. Francis Beaumont, English playwright (b. 1584) deaths

      1. English playwright (1584–1616)

        Francis Beaumont

        Francis Beaumont was a dramatist in the English Renaissance theatre, most famous for his collaborations with John Fletcher.

  145. 1536

    1. Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603) births

      1. Italian painter

        Santi di Tito

        Santi di Tito was one of the most influential and leading Italian painters of the proto-Baroque style – what is sometimes referred to as "Counter-Maniera" or Counter-Mannerism.

  146. 1531

    1. Pedro Arias Dávila, Spanish explorer and diplomat (b. 1440) deaths

      1. Royal Governor of Panama

        Pedro Arias Dávila

        Pedro Arias de Ávila was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator. He led the first great Spanish expedition to the mainland of the New World. There he served as governor of Panama (1514–1526) and Nicaragua (1527–1531), and founded Panama City (1519).

  147. 1495

    1. Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet and diplomat (d. 1556) births

      1. Italian poet and statesman

        Luigi Alamanni

        Luigi Alamanni was an Italian poet and statesman. He was regarded as a prolific and versatile poet. He was credited with introducing the epigram into Italian poetry.

  148. 1493

    1. Juan Luis Vives, Spanish scholar and humanist (d. 1540) births

      1. Humanist scholar

        Juan Luis Vives

        Juan Luis Vives March was a Spanish (Valencian) scholar and Renaissance humanist who spent most of his adult life in the Southern Netherlands. His beliefs on the soul, insight into early medical practice, and perspective on emotions, memory and learning earned him the title of the "father" of modern psychology. Vives was the first to shed light on some key ideas that established how psychology is perceived today.

  149. 1491

    1. Richard Woodville, 3rd Earl Rivers deaths

      1. Richard Woodville, 3rd Earl Rivers

        Richard Woodville, 3rd Earl Rivers succeeded his brother, Anthony Woodville, as the third Earl Rivers. He was the son of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers, and Jacquetta of Luxembourg. Richard was the brother of the English queen Elizabeth Woodville.

  150. 1490

    1. Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (b. 1458) deaths

      1. Medieval Russian royal

        Ivan the Young

        Ivan Ivanovich, was the eldest son and heir of Ivan III of Russia from his first marriage to Maria of Tver.

  151. 1483

    1. Francesco Guicciardini, Italian historian and politician (d. 1540) births

      1. Italian writer, historian and politician (1483–1540)

        Francesco Guicciardini

        Francesco Guicciardini was an Italian historian and statesman. A friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli, he is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance. In his masterpiece, The History of Italy, Guicciardini paved the way for a new style in historiography with his use of government sources to support arguments and the realistic analysis of the people and events of his time.

  152. 1475

    1. Michelangelo, Italian painter and sculptor (d. 1564) births

      1. Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet (1475–1564)

        Michelangelo

        Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was inspired by models from classical antiquity and had a lasting influence on Western art. Michelangelo's creative abilities and mastery in a range of artistic arenas define him as an archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and elder contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci. Given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches, and reminiscences, Michelangelo is one of the best-documented artists of the 16th century. He was lauded by contemporary biographers as the most accomplished artist of his era.

  153. 1466

    1. Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1393) deaths

      1. 15th-century Venetian nobleman and captain

        Alvise Loredan

        Alvise Loredan was a Venetian nobleman of the Loredan family. At a young age he became a galley captain, and served with distinction as a military commander, with a long record of battles against the Ottomans, from the naval expeditions to aid Thessalonica, to the Crusade of Varna, and the opening stages of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1463–1479, as well as the Wars in Lombardy against the Duchy of Milan. He also served in a number of high government positions, as provincial governor, savio del consiglio, and Procuratore de Supra of Saint Mark's Basilica.

  154. 1459

    1. Jakob Fugger, German merchant and banker (d. 1525) births

      1. German merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker (1459–1525)

        Jakob Fugger

        Jakob Fugger of the Lily, also known as Jakob Fugger the Rich or sometimes Jakob II, was a major German merchant, mining entrepreneur, and banker. He was a descendant of the Fugger merchant family located in the Mixed Imperial City of Augsburg, where he was born and later also elevated through marriage to Grand Burgher of Augsburg. Within a few decades, he expanded the family firm to a business operating in all of Europe. He began his education at the age of 14 in Venice, which also remained his main residence until 1487. At the same time, he was a cleric and held several prebendaries, even though he lived in a monastery, Jakob found time to study the history of investment in early Asian markets. American journalist Greg Steinmetz has estimated his overall wealth to be around $400 billion in today’s money, equivalent to 2% of the GDP of Europe at that time.

  155. 1447

    1. Colette of Corbie, French abbess and saint in the Catholic Church (b. 1381) deaths

      1. Christian saint

        Colette of Corbie

        Colette of Corbie, PCC was a French abbess and the foundress of the Colettine Poor Clares, a reform branch of the Order of Saint Clare, better known as the Poor Clares. She is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church. Due to a number of miraculous events claimed during her life, she is venerated as a patron saint of women seeking to conceive, expectant mothers, and sick children.

  156. 1405

    1. John II of Castile (d. 1454) births

      1. Spanish king from 1406 to 1454

        John II of Castile

        John II of Castile was King of Castile and León from 1406 to 1454. He succeeded his older sister, Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon, as Prince of Asturias in 1405.

  157. 1353

    1. Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn deaths

      1. Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Ruthin

        Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Ruthin was summoned to parliament in 1324. He saw much service as a soldier.

  158. 1340

    1. John of Gaunt (probable; d. 1399) births

      1. 14th-century English prince, Duke of Lancaster

        John of Gaunt

        John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster was an English royal prince, military leader, and statesman. He was the fourth son of King Edward III of England, and the father of King Henry IV. Due to Gaunt's royal origin, advantageous marriages, and some generous land grants, he was one of the richest men of his era, and was an influential figure during the reigns of both his father and his nephew, Richard II. As Duke of Lancaster, he is the founder of the royal House of Lancaster, whose members would ascend the throne after his death. His birthplace, Ghent in Flanders, then known in English as Gaunt, was the origin of his name. When he became unpopular later in life, a scurrilous rumour circulated, along with lampoons, claiming that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher. This rumour, which infuriated him, may have been inspired by the fact that Edward III had not been present at his birth.

  159. 1251

    1. Rose of Viterbo, Italian saint (b. 1235) deaths

      1. Christian saint

        Rose of Viterbo

        Rose of Viterbo, T.O.S.F., was a young woman born in Viterbo, then a contested commune of the Papal States. She spent her brief life as a recluse, who was outspoken in her support of the papacy. Otherwise leading an unremarkable life, she later became known for her mystical gifts of prophecy and having miraculous powers. She is honoured as a saint by the Catholic Church.

  160. 1070

    1. Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola deaths

      1. Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola

        Ulric I, also Odalric or Udalrich, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde, was margrave of Carniola from 1045 and of Istria from 1060 to his death.

  161. 903

    1. Lu Guangqi, Chinese official and chancellor deaths

      1. Lu Guangqi

        Lu Guangqi (盧光啟), courtesy name Zizhong (子忠), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as chancellor from 901 to 902, while Emperor Zhaozong was under the physical control of the warlord Li Maozhen the military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengxiang Circuit and Li's eunuch allies, led by Han Quanhui. After Li Maozhen was forced to surrender Emperor Zhaozong to another warlord, Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit, Lu was forced to commit suicide.

      2. Imperial Chinese position

        Chancellor of the Tang dynasty

        The chancellor was a semi-formally designated office position for a number of high-level officials at one time during the Tang dynasty of China. This list also includes chancellors of the short-lived Wu Zhou dynasty, which is typically treated as an interregnum of the Tang dynasty by historians.

    2. Su Jian, Chinese official and chancellor deaths

      1. Su Jian

        Su Jian (蘇檢), courtesy name Shengyong (聖用), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as chancellor from 902 to 903, while Emperor Zhaozong was under the physical control of the warlord Li Maozhen the military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengxiang Circuit and Li's eunuch allies, led by Han Quanhui. After Li Maozhen was forced to surrender Emperor Zhaozong to another warlord, Zhu Quanzhong, the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit, Su was forced to commit suicide.

  162. 766

    1. Chrodegang, Frankish bishop and saint deaths

      1. 8th-century Frankish Bishop of Metz and Catholic saint

        Chrodegang

        Chrodegang was the Frankish Bishop of Metz from 742 or 748 until his death. He served as chancellor for his kinsman, Charles Martel. Chrodegang is claimed to be a progenitor of the Frankish dynasty of the Robertians. He is recognized as a saint in the Catholic Church

  163. 653

    1. Li Ke, prince of the Tang Dynasty (b. 619) deaths

      1. Prince of Yulin

        Li Ke

        Li Ke, posthumously known as the Prince of Yùlín (鬱林王), often known by his greater title as the Prince of Wú (吳王), was an imperial prince of the Tang Dynasty. As a highly honored son of Emperor Taizong, he was one time considered a possible candidate as crown prince after both his older brother Li Chengqian and younger brother Li Tai were both deposed in 643, but eventually, his younger brother Li Zhi, as a son of Emperor Taizong's wife Empress Zhangsun, was created crown prince and inherited the throne after Emperor Taizong's death in 649, under the insistence of Li Zhi's uncle and Emperor Taizong's brother-in-law Zhangsun Wuji. Zhangsun, however, detested Li Ke, and in 653, he implicated Li Ke in a plot by the official Fang Yi'ai (房遺愛) and had Emperor Gaozong order Li Ke to commit suicide.

  164. 190

    1. Liu Bian (poisoned by Dong Zhuo) (b. 176) deaths

      1. Emperor of the Han dynasty in 189

        Liu Bian

        Liu Bian, also known as Emperor Shao of Han and the Prince of Hongnong, was the 13th emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He became emperor around the age of 13 upon the death of his father, Emperor Ling, and ruled briefly from 15 May to 28 September 189 before he was deposed, after which he became known as the "Prince of Hongnong". His emperor title, "Emperor Shao", was also used by other emperors who were in power for very short periods of time. In 190, he was poisoned by Dong Zhuo, the warlord who deposed him and replaced him with his younger half-brother, Liu Xie.

      2. 2nd-century Chinese military general and warlord

        Dong Zhuo

        Dong Zhuo, courtesy name Zhongying, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han, Dong Zhuo was a general and powerful minister of the imperial government. Yet he forced the young Emperor Shao of Han to abdicate and replaced him with his half-brother Emperor Xian of Han while he sought to become the de facto ruler of China in the boy-emperor's name. The Eastern Han dynasty regime survived in name only.

Holidays

  1. Christian feast day: Chrodegang

    1. 8th-century Frankish Bishop of Metz and Catholic saint

      Chrodegang

      Chrodegang was the Frankish Bishop of Metz from 742 or 748 until his death. He served as chancellor for his kinsman, Charles Martel. Chrodegang is claimed to be a progenitor of the Frankish dynasty of the Robertians. He is recognized as a saint in the Catholic Church

  2. Christian feast day: Colette of Corbie

    1. Christian saint

      Colette of Corbie

      Colette of Corbie, PCC was a French abbess and the foundress of the Colettine Poor Clares, a reform branch of the Order of Saint Clare, better known as the Poor Clares. She is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church. Due to a number of miraculous events claimed during her life, she is venerated as a patron saint of women seeking to conceive, expectant mothers, and sick children.

  3. Christian feast day: Fridolin of Säckingen

    1. Irish missionary

      Fridolin of Säckingen

      Saint Fridolin, otherwise Fridolin of Säckingen is a legendary Irish missionary, apostle of the Alamanni and founder of Säckingen Abbey on the Upper Rhine. He is also the patron saint of the Swiss canton of Glarus.

  4. Christian feast day: Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba

    1. Canonized 7th-century Mercian princesses

      Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba

      Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba were female members of the Mercian royal family in 7th century England who were venerated as saints.

  5. Christian feast day: Marcian of Tortona

    1. Marcian of Tortona

      Saint Marcian of Tortona is a saint of Roman Catholic church. He is traditionally said to have been the first bishop of Tortona, in what is now north-western Italy, a post he held for forty-five years.

  6. Christian feast day: March 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

    1. March 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

      March 5 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 7

  7. European Day of the Righteous, commemorates those who have stood up against crimes against humanity and totalitarianism with their own moral responsibility. (Europe)

    1. European Day of the Righteous

      The European Day of the Righteous is a celebration established in 2012 by the European Parliament to commemorate those who have stood up against crimes against humanity and totalitarism with their own moral responsibility. By this celebration the concept of Righteous as worked out by Yad Vashem is broadened to all genocide cases and forms of totalitarianism thanks to the commitment of Moshe Bejski.

    2. Continent

      Europe

      Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, it shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea and the waterways of the Turkish Straits.

  8. Foundation Day (Norfolk Island), the founding of Norfolk Island in 1788.

    1. Foundation Day

      Foundation Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the founding of a nation, state or a creation of a military unit. This day is for countries that came into existence without the necessity of gaining independence. The term overlaps with national days.

  9. Independence Day (Ghana), celebrates the independence of Ghana from the UK in 1957.

    1. Holiday in Ghana

      Independence Day (Ghana)

      The Independence Day of Ghana is a national holiday celebrated yearly. This day is an official state holiday for the citizens of Ghana both within and in the diaspora to honour and celebrate the Heroes of Ghana who led the country to attain its independence. The Independence Day is celebrated on March 6 every year. Independence Day is also remembrance of the day that marks the declaration of Ghanaian independence from the British colonial rule. The first Prime Minister of Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah became the Head of Government from 1957 to 1960. On 6 March 1957 Kwame Nkrumah declared to the people of Ghana about their freedom, he added that, "the African People are capable of managing their own affairs and Ghana our beloved country is free forever." Ghana was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve its independence from European colonial rule. Many Ghanaians who have had the opportunity to serve as president have remembered the occasion and made Ghana Independence Day a public holiday to celebrate. Granting the day as a national holiday is well recognized such that, if 6 March of a year fell on a weekend of the Independence Day celebration, the working day that follows which is a Monday will be granted and observed as a holiday by the whole nation. Many Presidents from other African countries and Europe have been invited to Ghana to join in the celebration either as Guest Speakers or Invited Guests since the reign of former President Kwame Nkrumah till now.

    2. Country in West Africa

      Ghana

      Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Ghana covers an area of 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), spanning diverse biomes that range from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests. With nearly 31 million inhabitants, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa, after Nigeria. The capital and largest city is Accra; other major cities are Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi.