Important events in history
on March 31 ^st

Events

2018
1. Nikol Pashinyan began his protest walk, starting in the city of Gyumri, opening the 2018 Armenian revolution.
  1. Gyumri
    
    Gyumri is an urban municipal community and the second-largest city in Armenia, serving as the administrative center of Shirak Province in the northwestern part of the country. By the end of the 19th century, when the city was known as Alexandropol, it became the largest city of Russian-ruled Eastern Armenia with a population above that of Yerevan. The city became renown as a cultural hub, while also carrying significance as a major center of Russian troops during Russo-Turkish wars of the 19th century.
  2. 2018 Armenian revolution
    
    The 2018 Armenian Revolution, most commonly known in Armenia as #MerzhirSerzhin, was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — Nikol Pashinyan. Protests and marches took place initially in response to Serzh Sargsyan's third consecutive term as the most powerful figure in the government of Armenia and later against the Republican Party-controlled government in general. Pashinyan declared it a Velvet Revolution.
2. Start of the 2018 Armenian revolution.
  1. 2018 Armenian revolution
    
    The 2018 Armenian Revolution, most commonly known in Armenia as #MerzhirSerzhin, was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — Nikol Pashinyan. Protests and marches took place initially in response to Serzh Sargsyan's third consecutive term as the most powerful figure in the government of Armenia and later against the Republican Party-controlled government in general. Pashinyan declared it a Velvet Revolution.
2016
1. NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Roscosmos cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko return to Earth after a yearlong mission at the International Space Station.
  1. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  2. Scott Kelly (astronaut)
    
    Scott Joseph Kelly is an American engineer, retired astronaut, and naval aviator. A veteran of four space flights, Kelly commanded the International Space Station (ISS) on Expeditions 26, 45, and 46.
  3. Roscosmos
    
    The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos", commonly known simply as Roscosmos, is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.
  4. Mikhail Kornienko
    
    Mikhail Borisovich Kornienko is a Russian cosmonaut. Kornienko served as a flight engineer on the International Space Station during Expedition 23/24 and was selected along with Scott Kelly for a year-long mission aboard the ISS.
  5. ISS year-long mission
    
    The ISS year-long mission was an 11-month-long scientific research project aboard the International Space Station, which studied the health effects of long-term spaceflight. Astronaut Scott Kelly and Cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko spent 340 days in space, with scientists performing medical experiments. Kelly and Kornienko launched on 27 March 2015 on Soyuz TMA-16M along with Gennady Padalka. The mission encompassed Expeditions 43, 44, 45 and 46. The pair safely landed in Kazakhstan on March 2, 2016, returning aboard Soyuz TMA-18M with Sergey Volkov. The mission supported the NASA Twins study, which helps shed light on the health effects of long-duration spaceflight, which is of interest for Mars missions especially.
  6. International Space Station
    
    The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. The ISS is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.
2004
1. The Old National Library Building in Singapore was closed to make way for a tunnel, despite widespread protests.
  1. Old National Library Building
    
    The Old National Library Building was a demolished historical library building at Stamford Road in the Museum Planning Area of Singapore. Originally completed in 1960, the library building was a national icon for many Singaporeans. Despite a huge groundswell of public dissent, the library was closed on 31 March 2004, and was demolished in July that year to make way for the construction of the Fort Canning Tunnel to ease road traffic to the city. The controversy surrounding the building's demise has been credited for sparking greater awareness of local cultural roots and an unprecedented wave in favour of heritage conservation among Singaporeans.
  2. Fort Canning Tunnel
    
    Fort Canning Tunnel, abbreviated as FCT, is a vehicular tunnel in the Central Area of Singapore.
2. Iraq War in Anbar Province: In Fallujah, Iraq, four American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA, are killed after being ambushed.
  1. Anbar campaign (2003–2011)
    
    The Anbar campaign consisted of fighting between the United States military, together with Iraqi Government forces, and Sunni insurgents in the western Iraqi governorate of Al Anbar. The Iraq War lasted from 2003 to 2011, but the majority of the fighting and counterinsurgency campaign in Anbar took place between April 2004 and September 2007. Although the fighting initially featured heavy urban warfare primarily between insurgents and U.S. Marines, insurgents in later years focused on ambushing the American and Iraqi security forces with improvised explosive devices (IEDs), large scale attacks on combat outposts, and car bombings. Almost 9,000 Iraqis and 1,335 Americans were killed in the campaign, many in the Euphrates River Valley and the Sunni Triangle around the cities of Fallujah and Ramadi.
  2. Fallujah
    
    Fallujah is a city in the Iraqi province of Al Anbar, located roughly 69 kilometers (43 mi) west of Baghdad on the Euphrates. Fallujah dates from Babylonian times and was host to important Jewish academies for many centuries.
  3. Private military company
    
    A private military company (PMC) or private military and security company (PMSC) is a private company providing armed combat or security services for financial gain. PMCs refer to their personnel as "security contractors" or "private military contractors".
  4. Blackwater (company)
    
    Blackwater was an American private military company founded on December 26, 1996 by former Navy SEAL officer Erik Prince. It was renamed Xe Services in 2009 and known as Academi since 2011 after it was acquired by a group of private investors. In 2014, Academi merged with Triple Canopy, a subsidiary of Constellis Group. Later Academi was fully integrated into parent company and therefore now operates under the name Constellis.
  5. 2004 Fallujah ambush
    
    The 2004 Fallujah Blackwater incident occurred on March 31, 2004, when Iraqi insurgents attacked a convoy containing four American contractors from the private military company Blackwater USA who were conducting a delivery for food caterers ESS.
1998
1. Netscape releases Mozilla source code under an open source license.
  1. Netscape
    
    Netscape Communications Corporation was an American independent computer services company with headquarters in Mountain View, California and then Dulles, Virginia. Its Netscape web browser was once dominant but lost to Internet Explorer and other competitors in the so-called first browser war, with its market share falling from more than 90 percent in the mid-1990s to less than 1 percent in 2006. An early Netscape employee Brendan Eich created the JavaScript programming language, the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages and a founding engineer of Netscape Lou Montulli created HTTP cookies. The company also developed SSL which was used for securing online communications before its successor TLS took over.
  2. Mozilla
    
    Mozilla is a free software community founded in 1998 by members of Netscape. The Mozilla community uses, develops, spreads and supports Mozilla products, thereby promoting exclusively free software and open standards, with only minor exceptions. The community is supported institutionally by the non-profit Mozilla Foundation and its tax-paying subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation.
1995
1. American singer-songwriter Selena, known as the "queen of Tejano music", was murdered by the president of her fan club, Yolanda Saldívar, in Corpus Christi, Texas, deeply affecting the Latino community.
  1. Selena
    
    Selena Quintanilla Pérez, known mononymously as Selena, was an American Tejano singer. Called the "Queen of Tejano music", her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican-American entertainers of the late 20th century. In 2020, Billboard magazine put her in third place on their list of "Greatest Latino Artists of All Time", based on both Latin albums and Latin songs chart. Media outlets called her the "Tejano Madonna" for her clothing choices. She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all time and is credited for catapulting the Tejano genre into the mainstream market.
  2. Tejano music
    
    Tejano music, also known as Tex-Mex music, is a popular music style fusing Mexican and US influences. Typically, Tejano combines Mexican Spanish vocal styles with dance rhythms from Czech and German genres – particularly polka or waltz. Tejano music is traditionally played by small groups featuring accordion and guitar or bajo sexto. Its evolution began in northern Mexico.
  3. Murder of Selena
    
    Selena Quintanilla Pérez was an American singer who achieved international fame as a member of Selena y Los Dinos and for her subsequent solo career in both Spanish and English. Her father and manager, Abraham Quintanilla Jr., appointed Yolanda Saldívar president of Selena's fan club in 1991 after Saldívar had repeatedly asked permission to start one. In January 1994, Saldívar was promoted to manager of the singer's boutiques. Soon Selena's employees, fashion designer, and cousin began complaining about Saldívar's management style. In January 1995, Quintanilla Jr. began receiving telephone calls and letters from angry fans who had sent membership payments and had received nothing in return. He began investigating their complaints and found evidence that Saldívar had embezzled $60,000 from the fan club and the boutiques using forged checks. After the Quintanilla family confronted her about this, Saldívar fatally shot Selena with a .38 special revolver on the morning of March 31, 1995, at the Days Inn in Corpus Christi, Texas. Although the healthcare team tried to revive Selena, she died of hypovolemic shock.
  4. Yolanda Saldívar
    
    Yolanda Saldívar is an American former nurse who was convicted of the murder of Selena in 1995. Saldívar had been the president of Selena's fan club and the manager of her boutiques, but she lost both positions a short time before the murder, when the singer's family discovered that she had been embezzling money from both organizations.
  5. Corpus Christi, Texas
    
    Corpus Christi is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat and largest city of Nueces County, it also extends into Aransas, Kleberg, and San Patricio Counties. It is 130 miles (210 km) southeast of San Antonio. Its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay. Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties.
  6. Hispanic and Latino Americans
    
    Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Spanish and/or Latin American ancestry. More broadly, these demographics include all Americans who identify as Hispanic or Latino regardless of ancestry. As of 2020, the Census Bureau estimated that there were almost 65.3 million Hispanics and Latinos living in the United States and its territories.
2. Selena is murdered by her fan club president Yolanda Saldívar at a Days Inn in Corpus Christi, Texas.
  1. Selena
    
    Selena Quintanilla Pérez, known mononymously as Selena, was an American Tejano singer. Called the "Queen of Tejano music", her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican-American entertainers of the late 20th century. In 2020, Billboard magazine put her in third place on their list of "Greatest Latino Artists of All Time", based on both Latin albums and Latin songs chart. Media outlets called her the "Tejano Madonna" for her clothing choices. She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all time and is credited for catapulting the Tejano genre into the mainstream market.
  2. Murder of Selena
    
    Selena Quintanilla Pérez was an American singer who achieved international fame as a member of Selena y Los Dinos and for her subsequent solo career in both Spanish and English. Her father and manager, Abraham Quintanilla Jr., appointed Yolanda Saldívar president of Selena's fan club in 1991 after Saldívar had repeatedly asked permission to start one. In January 1994, Saldívar was promoted to manager of the singer's boutiques. Soon Selena's employees, fashion designer, and cousin began complaining about Saldívar's management style. In January 1995, Quintanilla Jr. began receiving telephone calls and letters from angry fans who had sent membership payments and had received nothing in return. He began investigating their complaints and found evidence that Saldívar had embezzled $60,000 from the fan club and the boutiques using forged checks. After the Quintanilla family confronted her about this, Saldívar fatally shot Selena with a .38 special revolver on the morning of March 31, 1995, at the Days Inn in Corpus Christi, Texas. Although the healthcare team tried to revive Selena, she died of hypovolemic shock.
  3. Yolanda Saldívar
    
    Yolanda Saldívar is an American former nurse who was convicted of the murder of Selena in 1995. Saldívar had been the president of Selena's fan club and the manager of her boutiques, but she lost both positions a short time before the murder, when the singer's family discovered that she had been embezzling money from both organizations.
  4. Days Inn
    
    Days Inn is a hotel chain headquartered in the United States. It was founded in 1970 by Cecil B. Day, who opened the first location in Tybee Island, Georgia. The brand is now a part of the Wyndham Hotels and Resorts, headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey, which used to be a part of Cendant. As of December 31, 2018, Days Inn includes 1,728 locations worldwide with 137,678 rooms.
  5. Corpus Christi, Texas
    
    Corpus Christi is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat and largest city of Nueces County, it also extends into Aransas, Kleberg, and San Patricio Counties. It is 130 miles (210 km) southeast of San Antonio. Its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay. Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties.
3. TAROM Flight 371, an Airbus A310-300, crashes near Balotesti, Romania, killing all 60 people on board.
  1. TAROM Flight 371
    
    TAROM Flight 371 was a scheduled international passenger flight, with an Airbus A310 from Otopeni International Airport in Romania's capital Bucharest to Brussels Airport in Brussels, Belgium. The flight was operated by TAROM, the flag carrier of Romania. On 31 March 1995, the Airbus A310-324, registered as YR-LCC, entered a nose-down dive after takeoff and crashed near Balotești in Romania. All 60 people aboard were killed in the crash.
  2. Airbus A310
    
    The Airbus A310 is a wide-body aircraft, designed and manufactured by Airbus Industrie, then a consortium of European aerospace manufacturers. Airbus had identified a demand for an aircraft smaller than the A300, the first twin-jet wide-body. On 7 July 1978, the A310 was launched with orders from Swissair and Lufthansa. On 3 April 1982, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight, and the A310 received its type certification on 11 March 1983.
  3. Balotești
    
    Balotești is a commune in the northwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Two small rivers flow through this location: Cociovaliștea and Vlăsia. It is composed of three villages: Balotești, Dumbrăveni and Săftica.
  4. Romania
    
    Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi), with a population of around 19 million. Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
1993
1. The Macao Basic Law is adopted by the Eighth National People's Congress of China to take effect December 20, 1999. Resumption by China of the Exercise of Sovereignty over Macao
  1. Macao Basic Law
    
    The Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is the constitutional document of Macau, replacing the Estatuto Orgânico de Macau. It was adopted on 31 March 1993 by China's National People's Congress and promulgated by President Jiang Zemin; it came into effect on 20 December 1999, following the transfer of sovereignty over Macau from Portugal to China.
  2. 8th National People's Congress
    
    The 8th National People's Congress was in session from 1993 to 1998. It succeeded the 7th National People's Congress. It held five sessions in this period.
1992
1. USS Missouri (pictured), the last active United States Navy battleship, was decommissioned in Long Beach, California.
  1. USS Missouri (BB-63)
    
    USS Missouri (BB-63) is an Iowa-class battleship built for the United States Navy (USN) in the 1940s and is currently a museum ship. Completed in 1944, she is the last battleship commissioned by the United States. The ship was assigned to the Pacific Theater during World War II, where she participated in the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and shelled the Japanese home islands. Her quarterdeck was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan, which ended World War II. She has been called the most historic battleship in the world.
  2. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  3. Long Beach, California
    
    Long Beach is a city in Los Angeles County, California. It is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 466,742 as of 2020. A charter city, Long Beach is the seventh-most populous city in California.
2. The USS Missouri, the last active United States Navy battleship, is decommissioned in Long Beach, California.
  1. USS Missouri (BB-63)
    
    USS Missouri (BB-63) is an Iowa-class battleship built for the United States Navy (USN) in the 1940s and is currently a museum ship. Completed in 1944, she is the last battleship commissioned by the United States. The ship was assigned to the Pacific Theater during World War II, where she participated in the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and shelled the Japanese home islands. Her quarterdeck was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan, which ended World War II. She has been called the most historic battleship in the world.
  2. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  3. Battleship
    
    A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. It dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
  4. Long Beach, California
    
    Long Beach is a city in Los Angeles County, California. It is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 466,742 as of 2020. A charter city, Long Beach is the seventh-most populous city in California.
3. The Treaty of Federation is signed in Moscow.
  1. Treaty of Federation
    
    The Treaty of Federation was a treaty signed on 31 March 1992 in Moscow between the Russian government and 86 of 89 federal subjects of Russia.
  2. Moscow
    
    Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million residents within the city limits, over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area. The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi), and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi). Moscow is among the world's largest cities; being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent.
1991
1. Georgian independence referendum: Nearly 99 percent of the voters support the country's independence from the Soviet Union.
  1. 1991 Georgian independence referendum
    
    An independence referendum was held in the Republic of Georgia on 31 March 1991. It was approved by 99.5% of voters.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
2. The Warsaw Pact formally disbands.
  1. Warsaw Pact
    
    The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The term "Warsaw Pact" commonly refers to both the treaty itself and its resultant defensive alliance, the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO). The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1955 as per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954.
1990
1. Approximately 200,000 protesters take to the streets of London to protest against the newly introduced Poll Tax.
  1. Poll tax riots
    
    The poll tax riots were a series of riots in British towns and cities during protests against the Community Charge, introduced by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The largest protest occurred in central London on Saturday 31 March 1990, shortly before the tax was due to come into force in England and Wales.
  2. Poll tax (Great Britain)
    
    The Community Charge, commonly known as the poll tax, was a system of taxation introduced by Margaret Thatcher's government in replacement of domestic rates in Scotland from 1989, prior to its introduction in England and Wales from 1990. It provided for a single flat-rate, per-capita tax on every adult, at a rate set by the local authority. The charge was replaced by Council Tax in 1993, two years after its abolition was announced.
1980
1. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad operates its final train after being ordered to liquidate its assets because of bankruptcy and debts owed to creditors.
  1. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
    
    The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad was an American Class I railroad. It was also known as the Rock Island Line, or, in its final years, The Rock.
  2. Liquidation
    
    Liquidation is the process in accounting by which a company is brought to an end in Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, and many other countries. The assets and property of the company are redistributed. Liquidation is also sometimes referred to as winding-up or dissolution, although dissolution technically refers to the last stage of liquidation. The process of liquidation also arises when customs, an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties, determines the final computation or ascertainment of the duties or drawback accruing on an entry.
  3. Bankruptcy
    
    Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor.
  4. Debt
    
    Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money or other agreed-upon value to another party, the creditor. Debt is a deferred payment, or series of payments, which differentiates it from an immediate purchase. The debt may be owed by sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding the amount and timing of repayments of principal and interest. Loans, bonds, notes, and mortgages are all types of debt. In financial accounting, debt is a type of financial transaction, as distinct from equity.
  5. Creditor
    
    A creditor or lender is a party that has a claim on the services of a second party. It is a person or institution to whom money is owed. The first party, in general, has provided some property or service to the second party under the assumption that the second party will return an equivalent property and service. The second party is frequently called a debtor or borrower. The first party is called the creditor, which is the lender of property, service, or money.
1970
1. Nine Japanese communists armed with samurai swords and pipe bombs hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 351 en route from Tokyo to Fukuoka.
  1. Japan Air Lines Flight 351
    
    Japan Air Lines Flight 351 was a scheduled passenger flight from Tokyo Haneda Airport to Fukuoka that was hijacked by members of the Red Army Faction of the Japan Communist League on March 31, 1970, in an incident usually referred to in Japanese as the Yodogo Hijacking Incident .
  2. Tokyo
    
    Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 million residents as of 2018; the city proper has a population of 13.99 million people. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central coast of Honshu, Japan's largest island. Tokyo serves as Japan's economic center and is the seat of both the Japanese government and the Emperor of Japan.
  3. Fukuoka
    
    Fukuoka is the sixth-largest city in Japan, the second-largest port city after Yokohama, and the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The city is built along the shores of Hakata Bay, and has been a center of international commerce since ancient times. The area has long been considered the gateway to the country, as it is the nearest point among Japan's main islands to the Asian mainland. Although humans occupied the area since the Jomon period, some of the earliest settlers of the Yayoi period arrived in the Fukuoka area. The city rose to prominence during the Yamato period. Because of the cross-cultural exposure, and the relatively great distance from the social and political centers of Kyoto, Osaka, and later, Edo (Tokyo), Fukuoka gained a distinctive local culture and dialect that has persisted to the present.
2. Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.
  1. Explorer 1
    
    Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States in 1958 and was part of the U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year; the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations.
  2. Atmosphere of Earth
    
    The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, known collectively as air, retained by Earth's gravity that surrounds the planet and forms its planetary atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention, and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.
1968
1. American President Lyndon B. Johnson speaks to the nation of "Steps to Limit the War in Vietnam" in a television address. At the conclusion of his speech, he announces: "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President."
  1. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  2. Lyndon B. Johnson
    
    Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level.
1966
1. The Soviet Union launches Luna 10 which later becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon.
  1. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  2. Luna 10
    
    Luna 10 was a 1966 Soviet lunar robotic spacecraft mission in the Luna program. It was the first artificial satellite of the Moon.
  3. Space probe
    
    A space probe is an artificial satellite that travels through space to collect scientific data. A space probe may orbit Earth; approach the Moon; travel through interplanetary space; flyby, orbit, or land or fly on other planetary bodies; or enter interstellar space.
2. The Labour Party under Harold Wilson wins the 1966 United Kingdom general election.
  1. Labour Party (UK)
    
    The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists. The Labour Party sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum. In all general elections since 1922, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition. There have been six Labour prime ministers and thirteen Labour ministries. The party holds the annual Labour Party Conference, at which party policy is formulated.
  2. Harold Wilson
    
    James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from October 1964 to June 1970, and again from March 1974 to April 1976. He was the Leader of the Labour Party from 1963 to 1976, and was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 to 1983. Wilson is the only Labour leader to have formed administrations following four general elections.
  3. 1966 United Kingdom general election
    
    The 1966 United Kingdom general election was held on 31 March 1966. The result was a landslide victory for the Labour Party led by incumbent Prime Minister Harold Wilson.
1964
1. Brazilian General Olímpio Mourão Filho orders his troops to move towards Rio de Janeiro, beginning the coup d'état and 21 years of military dictatorship.
  1. Olímpio Mourão Filho
    
    Olímpio Mourão Filho was a Brazilian general who actively participated in the integralist movement and in the 1964 coup d'état. He was the editor of the Cohen Plan, a document falsely attributed to the Communist International, which was used as justification for the instatement of the Estado Novo regime of Getúlio Vargas. On 31 March 1964 he ordered the troops of the 4th infantry division under his command in Juiz de Fora to march on the city of Rio de Janeiro, an action that precipitated the military coup a few days before the date planned by the conspirators. Between 1967 and 1969 he was president of the Supreme Military Tribunal.
  2. Rio de Janeiro
    
    Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a beta global city, Rio de Janeiro is the sixth-most populous city in the Americas. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named "Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea", on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.
  3. 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
    
    The 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, colloquially known in Brazil as the Coup of 64, was a series of events in Brazil from March 31 to April 1 that led to the overthrow of President João Goulart by members of the Brazilian Armed Forces, supported by the United States government. The following day, with the military already in control of the country, the speaker of the Brazilian Congress came out in support of the coup and endorsed it by declaring vacant the office of the presidency. The coup put an end to the government of Goulart, a member of the Brazilian Labour Party, who had been democratically elected vice president in the same election in which conservative Jânio Quadros, from the National Labour Party and backed by the National Democratic Union, won the presidency.
  4. Military dictatorship in Brazil
    
    The military dictatorship in Brazil was established on 1 April 1964, after a coup d'état by the Brazilian Armed Forces, with support from the United States government, against President João Goulart. The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985. The military coup was fomented by José de Magalhães Pinto, Adhemar de Barros, and Carlos Lacerda, then governors of the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Guanabara, respectively. The coup was planned and executed by the most forefront commanders of the Brazilian Army and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative elements in society, like the Catholic Church and anti-communist civil movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. Internationally, it was supported by the State Department of the United States through its embassy in Brasilia.
1959
1. After a two-week escape journey from Tibet, the 14th Dalai Lama reached the Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh in India.
  1. Dalai Lama's escape from China
    
    In March 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama escaped from China, together with members of his family and his government. They fled the Chinese authorities, who were suspected of wanting to detain him. From Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, the Dalai Lama and his entourage travelled southwards to Tawang in India, where he was welcomed by the Indian authorities.
  2. 14th Dalai Lama
    
    The 14th Dalai Lama, known as Gyalwa Rinpoche to the Tibetan people, is the current Dalai Lama. He is the highest spiritual leader and former head of state of Tibet. He was born on 6 July 1935, or in the Tibetan calendar, in the Wood-Pig Year, 5th month, 5th day. He is considered a living Bodhisattva, specifically, an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959.
  3. Tawang Monastery
    
    Tawang Monastery, located in Tawang city of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, is the largest monastery in India. It is situated in the valley of the Tawang Chu, near the small town of the same name in the northwestern part of Arunachal Pradesh, in close proximity to the Chinese and Bhutanese border.
  4. Arunachal Pradesh
    
    Arunachal Pradesh is a state in Northeastern India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the McMahon Line. Itanagar is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129 km border with China's Tibet Autonomous Region.
2. The 14th Dalai Lama, crosses the border into India and is granted political asylum.
  1. 14th Dalai Lama
    
    The 14th Dalai Lama, known as Gyalwa Rinpoche to the Tibetan people, is the current Dalai Lama. He is the highest spiritual leader and former head of state of Tibet. He was born on 6 July 1935, or in the Tibetan calendar, in the Wood-Pig Year, 5th month, 5th day. He is considered a living Bodhisattva, specifically, an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959.
  2. Right of asylum
    
    The right of asylum is an ancient juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, like a second country or another entity which in medieval times could offer sanctuary. This right was recognized by the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, from whom it was adopted into Western tradition. René Descartes fled to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, and Thomas Hobbes to France, because each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners.
1958
1. In the Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservatives, led by John Diefenbaker, win the largest percentage of seats in Canadian history, with 208 seats of 265.
  1. 1958 Canadian federal election
    
    The 1958 Canadian federal election was held to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 24th Parliament of Canada on March 31, 1958, just nine months after the 23rd election. It transformed Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's minority into the largest majority government in Canadian history and the second largest percentage of the popular vote. Although the Tories would surpass their 1958 seat total in the 1984 election, the 1958 result remains unmatched both in terms of percentage of seats (78.5%) and the size of the Government majority over all opposition parties. Voter turnout was 79.4%.
  2. Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
    
    The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a centre-right federal political party in Canada that existed from 1942 to 2003.
  3. John Diefenbaker
    
    John George Diefenbaker was the 13th prime minister of Canada, serving from 1957 to 1963. He was the only Progressive Conservative party leader between 1930 and 1979 to lead the party to an election victory, doing so three times, although only once with a majority of the seats in the House of Commons.
1957
1. Elections to the Territorial Assembly of the French colony Upper Volta are held. After the elections PDU and MDV form a government.
  1. 1957 Upper Voltan Territorial Assembly election
    
    Territorial Assembly elections were held in French Upper Volta on 31 March 1957. The result was a victory for the Unified Democratic Party, which won 33 of the 68 seats in the Assembly.
  2. French Upper Volta
    
    Upper Volta was a colony of French West Africa established in 1919 in the territory occupied by present-day Burkina Faso. It was formed from territories that had been part of the colonies of Upper Senegal and Niger and the Côte d'Ivoire. The colony was dissolved on 5 September 1932, with parts being administered by the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and the Colony of Niger.
  3. Unified Democratic Party
    
    Unified Democratic Party, was, despite its name, not a political party but an electoral alliance of two parties, the Voltaic Democratic Party (PDV-RDA) and the Social Party for the Emancipation of the African Masses (PSEMA), ahead of the 1957 territorial assembly elections in Upper Volta. PDU won 33 out of 70 seats.
  4. Voltaic Democratic Movement
    
    The Voltaic Democratic Movement was a political party in Upper Volta, led by Gérard Kango Ouédraogo. MDV was founded in 1955.
1951
1. Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.
  1. Remington Rand
    
    Remington Rand was an early American business machine manufacturer, originally a typewriter manufacturer and in a later incarnation the manufacturer of the UNIVAC line of mainframe computers. Formed in 1927 following a merger, Remington Rand was a diversified conglomerate making other office equipment, electric shavers, etc. The Remington Rand Building at 315 Park Avenue South in New York City is a 20-floor skyscraper completed in 1911. After 1955, Remington Rand had a long series of mergers and acquisitions that eventually resulted in the formation of Unisys.
  2. UNIVAC I
    
    The UNIVAC I was the first general-purpose electronic digital computer design for business application produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was started by their company, Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand. In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I appeared, the machine was simply known as "the UNIVAC".
  3. United States Census Bureau
    
    The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureau is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States.
1949
1. The Dominion of Newfoundland joins the Canadian Confederation and becomes the 10th Province of Canada.
  1. Dominion of Newfoundland
    
    Newfoundland was a British dominion in eastern North America, today the modern Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It was established on 26 September 1907, and confirmed by the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster of 1931. It included the island of Newfoundland, and Labrador on the continental mainland. Newfoundland was one of the original dominions within the meaning of the Balfour Declaration and accordingly enjoyed a constitutional status equivalent to the other dominions of the time.
  2. Canadian Confederation
    
    Canadian Confederation was the process by which three British North American provinces, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, were united into one federation called the Dominion of Canada, on July 1, 1867. Upon Confederation, Canada consisted of four provinces: Ontario and Quebec, which had been split out from the Province of Canada, and the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current number of ten provinces and three territories.
  3. Provinces and territories of Canada
    
    Within the geographical areas of Canada, the ten provinces and three territories are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada —united to form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the world's second-largest country by area.
1945
1. World War II: A defecting German pilot delivers a Messerschmitt Me 262A-1, the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft, to the Americans, the first to fall into Allied hands.
  1. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
  2. Messerschmitt Me 262 variants
    
    The Messerschmitt Me 262 was a German World War II fighter aircraft built by Messerschmitt in the later stages of the war, and under license by Avia post-war.
  3. Turbojet
    
    The turbojet is an airbreathing jet engine which is typically used in aircraft. It consists of a gas turbine with a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine has an air inlet which includes inlet guide vanes, a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. The compressed air from the compressor is heated by burning fuel in the combustion chamber and then allowed to expand through the turbine. The turbine exhaust is then expanded in the propelling nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide thrust. Two engineers, Frank Whittle in the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain in Germany, developed the concept independently into practical engines during the late 1930s.
  4. Fighter aircraft
    
    Fighter aircraft are fixed-wing military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat. In military conflict, the role of fighter aircraft is to establish air superiority of the battlespace. Domination of the airspace above a battlefield permits bombers and attack aircraft to engage in tactical and strategic bombing of enemy targets.
1942
1. Second World War: Because of a mutiny by Indian soldiers against their British officers, Japanese troops captured Christmas Island without any resistance.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. British Indian Army
    
    The British Indian Army, commonly referred to as the Indian Army, was the main military of the British Raj before its dissolution in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of the British Indian Empire, including the princely states, which could also have their own armies. As quoted in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, "The British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within: its army is organized for the defence not merely of British India, but of all possessions under the suzerainty of the King-Emperor." The Indian Army was an important part of the British Empire's forces, both in India and abroad, particularly during the First World War and the Second World War.
  3. Battle of Christmas Island
    
    The battle of Christmas Island was a small engagement which began on 31 March 1942, during World War II. Assisted by a mutiny of soldiers of the British Indian Army against their British officers, Imperial Japanese Army troops were able to occupy Christmas Island without any land-based resistance. The United States Navy submarine Seawolf caused severe damage to the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser Naka during the landings.
2. World War II: Japanese forces invade Christmas Island, then a British possession.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Battle of Christmas Island
    
    The battle of Christmas Island was a small engagement which began on 31 March 1942, during World War II. Assisted by a mutiny of soldiers of the British Indian Army against their British officers, Imperial Japanese Army troops were able to occupy Christmas Island without any land-based resistance. The United States Navy submarine Seawolf caused severe damage to the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser Naka during the landings.
1939
1. Events preceding World War II in Europe: Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain pledges British military support to the Second Polish Republic in the event of an invasion by Nazi Germany.
  1. Events preceding World War II in Europe
    
    The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the bellicosity of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan, as well as the Great Depression. The peace movement led to appeasement and disarmament.
  2. Neville Chamberlain
    
    Arthur Neville Chamberlain was a British politician of the Conservative Party who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. He is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement on 30 September 1938, ceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler. Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, which marked the beginning of the Second World War, Chamberlain announced the declaration of war on Germany two days later and led the United Kingdom through the first eight months of the war until his resignation as prime minister on 10 May 1940.
  3. Second Polish Republic
    
    The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established in 1918, in the aftermath of the First World War. The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War.
  4. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
1933
1. The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States.
  1. Civilian Conservation Corps
    
    The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal that supplied manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. The CCC was designed to supply jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States
  2. United States
    
    The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or informally America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
1931
1. An earthquake in Nicaragua destroys Managua; killing 2,000.
  1. 1931 Nicaragua earthquake
    
    The 1931 Nicaragua earthquake devastated Nicaragua's capital city Managua on 31 March. It had a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum MSK intensity of VI (Strong). Between 1,000 and 2,450 people were killed. A major fire started and destroyed thousands of structures, burning into the next day. At least 45,000 were left homeless and losses of $35 million were recorded.
  2. Managua
    
    Managua is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua, and the center of an eponymous department. Located on the southwestern shore of Lake Managua and inside the Managua Department, it has an estimated population of 1,055,247 in 2020 within the city's administrative limits and a population of 1,401,687 in the metropolitan area, which additionally includes the municipalities of Ciudad Sandino, El Crucero, Ticuantepe and Tipitapa.
2. A Transcontinental & Western Air airliner crashes near Bazaar, Kansas, killing eight, including University of Notre Dame head football coach Knute Rockne.
  1. 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash
    
    On March 31, 1931, a Fokker F-10 belonging to Transcontinental and Western Air crashed near Bazaar, Kansas after taking off from Kansas City Municipal Airport, Kansas City, Missouri.
  2. Bazaar, Kansas
    
    Bazaar is an unincorporated community in Chase County, Kansas, United States. It is located about halfway between Strong City and Matfield Green near the intersection of K-177 highway and Sharps Creek Rd.
  3. University of Notre Dame
    
    The University of Notre Dame du Lac, known simply as Notre Dame or ND, is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana, outside the city of South Bend. French priest Edward Sorin founded the school in 1842. The main campus covers 1,261 acres in a suburban setting and contains landmarks such as the Golden Dome, the Word of Life mural, Notre Dame Stadium, and the Basilica. Originally for men, although some women earned degrees in 1918, the University began formally accepting numerous undergraduate female students in 1972.
  4. Knute Rockne
    
    Knute Kenneth Rockne was a Norwegian-American player and coach of American football at the University of Notre Dame. Leading Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne would accumulate over 100 wins and three national championships.
1930
1. To avoid government censorship, Hollywood movie studios instituted their own set of industry censorship guidelines, popularly known as the Hays Code.
  1. Hollywood
    
    Hollywood usually refers to:Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California Hollywood, a metonym for the major studio system of American cinema
  2. Hays Code
    
    The Motion Picture Production Code was a set of industry guidelines for the self-censorship of content that was applied to most motion pictures released by major studios in the United States from 1934 to 1968. It is also popularly known as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays, president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) from 1922 to 1945. Under Hays's leadership, the MPPDA, later the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Motion Picture Association (MPA), adopted the Production Code in 1930 and began rigidly enforcing it in 1934. The Production Code spelled out acceptable and unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States.
2. The Motion Picture Production Code is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in film, in the U.S., for the next thirty-eight years.
  1. Hays Code
    
    The Motion Picture Production Code was a set of industry guidelines for the self-censorship of content that was applied to most motion pictures released by major studios in the United States from 1934 to 1968. It is also popularly known as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays, president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) from 1922 to 1945. Under Hays's leadership, the MPPDA, later the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Motion Picture Association (MPA), adopted the Production Code in 1930 and began rigidly enforcing it in 1934. The Production Code spelled out acceptable and unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States.
1921
1. The Australian Air Force was formed, replacing the short-lived Australian Air Corps and separating it from the Army.
  1. Royal Australian Air Force
    
    The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the principal air and space force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Australian Army. Constitutionally, the Governor-General of Australia, is the de jure Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force. The Royal Australian Air Force is commanded by the Chief of Air Force (CAF), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF). The CAF is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Air Force.
  2. Australian Air Corps
    
    The Australian Air Corps (AAC) was a temporary formation of the Australian military that existed in the period between the disbandment of the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) of World War I and the establishment of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in March 1921. Raised in January 1920, the AAC was commanded by Major William Anderson, a former AFC pilot. Many of the AAC's members were also from the AFC and would go on to join the RAAF. Although part of the Australian Army, for most of its existence the AAC was overseen by a board of senior officers that included members of the Royal Australian Navy.
  3. Australian Army
    
    The Australian Army is the principal land warfare force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (CA), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) who commands the ADF. The CA is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Army.
2. The Royal Australian Air Force is formed.
  1. Royal Australian Air Force
    
    The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the principal air and space force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Australian Army. Constitutionally, the Governor-General of Australia, is the de jure Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force. The Royal Australian Air Force is commanded by the Chief of Air Force (CAF), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF). The CAF is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Air Force.
1918
1. Massacre of ethnic Azerbaijanis is committed by allied armed groups of Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Bolsheviks. Nearly 12,000 Azerbaijani Muslims are killed.
  1. March Days
    
    The March Days or March Events was a period of inter-ethnic strife and clashes which led to the death of about 12,000 Azerbaijani and other Muslim civilians that took place between 30 March – 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
  2. Armenian Revolutionary Federation
    
    The Armenian Revolutionary Federation also known as Dashnaktsutyun, is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. Today the party operates in Armenia, Artsakh, Lebanon, Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present. Although it has long been the most influential political party in the Armenian diaspora, it has a comparatively smaller presence in modern-day Armenia. As of October 2021, the party was represented in three national parliaments with ten seats in the National Assembly of Armenia, three seats in the National Assembly of Artsakh and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon as part of the March 8 Alliance.
  3. Bolsheviks
    
    The Bolsheviks, also known in English as the Bolshevists, were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898, at its Second Party Congress in 1903.
  4. Azerbaijanis
    
    Azerbaijanis, Azeris, or Azerbaijani Turks are a Turkic people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. They are the second-most numerous ethnic group among the Turkic-speaking peoples after Turkish people and are predominantly Shia Muslims. They comprise the largest ethnic group in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the second-largest ethnic group in neighboring Iran and Georgia. They speak the Azerbaijani language, belonging to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and carry a mixed heritage of Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic elements.
2. Daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
  1. Daylight saving time
    
    Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time or simply daylight time, and summer time, is the practice of advancing clocks during warmer months so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in the spring, and to set clocks back by one hour in the fall to return to standard time. As a result, there is one 23-hour day in late winter or early spring and one 25-hour day in autumn.
1917
1. According to the terms of the Treaty of the Danish West Indies, the islands become American possessions.
  1. Treaty of the Danish West Indies
    
    The Treaty of the Danish West Indies, officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies, was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Virgin Islands in the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.
1913
1. Arnold Schoenberg conducted the Vienna Concert Society in a concert of expressionist music that so shocked the audience that they began to riot.
  1. Arnold Schoenberg
    
    Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. As a Jewish composer, Schoenberg was targeted by the Nazi Party, which labeled his works as degenerate music and forbade them from being published. He immigrated to the United States in 1933, becoming an American citizen in 1941.
  2. Skandalkonzert
    
    The Skandalkonzert was a concert conducted by Arnold Schoenberg, held on 31 March 1913. The concert was held by the Vienna Concert Society in the Great Hall of the Musikverein in Vienna. The concert consisted of music by composers of the Second Viennese School.
  3. Expressionist music
    
    The term expressionism "was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg", because like the painter Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944) he avoided "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in his music. Theodor Adorno interprets the expressionist movement in music as seeking to "eliminate all of traditional music's conventional elements, everything formulaically rigid". This he sees as analogous "to the literary ideal of the 'scream' ". As well Adorno sees expressionist music as seeking "the truthfulness of subjective feeling without illusions, disguises or euphemisms". Adorno also describes it as concerned with the unconscious, and states that "the depiction of fear lies at the centre" of expressionist music, with dissonance predominating, so that the "harmonious, affirmative element of art is banished". Expressionist music would "thus reject the depictive, sensual qualities that had come to be associated with impressionist music. It would endeavor instead to realize its own purely musical nature—in part by disregarding compositional conventions that placed 'outer' restrictions on the expression of 'inner' visions".
2. The Vienna Concert Society rioted during a performance of modernist music by Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Alexander von Zemlinsky, and Anton von Webern, causing a premature end to the concert due to violence; this concert became known as the Skandalkonzert.
  1. Modernism (music)
    
    In music, modernism is an aesthetic stance underlying the period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20th century, a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that led to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of modernism in the arts of the time. The operative word most associated with it is "innovation". Its leading feature is a "linguistic plurality", which is to say that no one music genre ever assumed a dominant position.Inherent within musical modernism is the conviction that music is not a static phenomenon defined by timeless truths and classical principles, but rather something which is intrinsically historical and developmental. While belief in musical progress or in the principle of innovation is not new or unique to modernism, such values are particularly important within modernist aesthetic stances.
  2. Arnold Schoenberg
    
    Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. As a Jewish composer, Schoenberg was targeted by the Nazi Party, which labeled his works as degenerate music and forbade them from being published. He immigrated to the United States in 1933, becoming an American citizen in 1941.
  3. Alban Berg
    
    Alban Maria Johannes Berg was an Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School. His compositional style combined Romantic lyricism with the twelve-tone technique. Although he left a relatively small oeuvre, he is remembered as one of the most important composers of the 20th century for his expressive style encompassing "entire worlds of emotion and structure".
  4. Alexander von Zemlinsky
    
    Alexander Zemlinsky or Alexander von Zemlinsky was an Austrian composer, conductor, and teacher.
  5. Anton Webern
    
    Anton Friedrich Wilhelm von Webern, better known as Anton Webern, was an Austrian composer and conductor whose music was among the most radical of its milieu in its sheer concision, even aphorism, and steadfast embrace of then novel atonal and twelve-tone techniques. With his mentor Arnold Schoenberg and his colleague Alban Berg, Webern was at the core of those within the broader circle of the Second Viennese School.
  6. Skandalkonzert
    
    The Skandalkonzert was a concert conducted by Arnold Schoenberg, held on 31 March 1913. The concert was held by the Vienna Concert Society in the Great Hall of the Musikverein in Vienna. The concert consisted of music by composers of the Second Viennese School.
1910
1. Six English towns amalgamated to form a single county borough called Stoke-on-Trent, the first union of its type.
  1. Federation of Stoke-on-Trent
    
    The federation of Stoke-on-Trent was the 1910 amalgamation of the six Staffordshire Potteries towns of Burslem, Tunstall, Stoke-upon-Trent, Hanley, Fenton and Longton into the single county borough of Stoke-on-Trent. An anomaly in the history of English local government, this was the first union of its type and the only such event to take place until the 1960s. The 1910 federation was the culmination of a process of urban growth and municipal change that started in the early 19th century.
  2. County borough
    
    County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to refer to a borough or a city independent of county council control, similar to the unitary authorities created since the 1990s. An equivalent term used in Scotland was a county of city. They were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 in England and Wales, but continue in use for lieutenancy and shrievalty in Northern Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland they remain in existence but have been renamed cities under the provisions of the Local Government Act 2001. The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 re-introduced the term for certain "principal areas" in Wales. Scotland did not have county boroughs but instead had counties of cities. These were abolished on 16 May 1975. All four Scottish cities of the time—Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow—were included in this category. There was an additional category of large burgh in the Scottish system, which were responsible for all services apart from police, education and fire.
  3. Stoke-on-Trent
    
    Stoke-on-Trent is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England, with an area of 36 square miles (93 km2). In 2019, the city had an estimated population of 256,375. It is the largest settlement in Staffordshire and is surrounded by the towns of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Alsager, Kidsgrove, Biddulph and Stone, which form a conurbation around the city.
1909
1. Serbia formally withdraws its opposition to Austro-Hungarian actions in the Bosnian Crisis.
  1. Bosnian Crisis
    
    The Bosnian Crisis, also known as the Annexation Crisis or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted on 5 October 1908 when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire but under Austro-Hungarian administration since 1878.
1906
1. The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later the National Collegiate Athletic Association) is established to set rules for college sports in the United States.
  1. National Collegiate Athletic Association
    
    The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletics among about 1,100 schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. It also organizes the athletic programs of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada and helps over 500,000 college student athletes who compete annually in college sports. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana.
  2. College athletics in the United States
    
    College athletics in the United States or college sports in the United States refers primarily to sports and athletic competition organized and funded by institutions of tertiary education.
1905
1. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany declares his support for Moroccan independence in Tangier, beginning the First Moroccan Crisis.
  1. Wilhelm II, German Emperor
    
    Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empire's position as a great power by building a powerful navy, his tactless public statements and erratic foreign policy greatly antagonized the international community and are considered by many to be one of the underlying causes of World War I. When the German war effort collapsed after a series of crushing defeats on the Western Front in 1918, he was forced to abdicate, thereby marking the end of the German Empire and the House of Hohenzollern's 300-year reign in Prussia and 500-year reign in Brandenburg.
  2. Tangier
    
    Tangier is a city in northwestern Morocco. It is on the Moroccan coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. The town is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region, as well as the Ṭanja-Aẓila Prefecture of Morocco.
  3. First Moroccan Crisis
    
    The First Moroccan Crisis or the Tangier Crisis was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco. Germany wanted to challenge France's growing control over Morocco, aggravating France and Great Britain. The crisis was resolved by the Algeciras Conference of 1906, a conference of mostly European countries that affirmed French control; this worsened German relations with both France and Britain, and helped enhance the new Anglo-French Entente.
1901
1. A magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck the Black Sea, the most powerful ever recorded in the area.
  1. Moment magnitude scale
    
    The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.
  2. 1901 Black Sea earthquake
    
    The 1901 Black Sea earthquake was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the Black Sea. The earthquake epicenter was located in the east of Cape Kaliakra, 30 kilometres (19 mi) off northeast coast of Bulgaria. The mainshock occurred at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi) and generated a 4–5-metre (13–16 ft) high tsunami that devastated the coastal areas of Romania and Bulgaria. In Romania, the earthquake was felt not only throughout Northern Dobruja, but also in Oltenia and Muntenia, and even in southern Moldova.
  3. Black Sea
    
    The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube, Dnieper, and Don. Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its drainage basin includes parts of 24 countries in Europe.
2. Rusalka by Antonín Dvořák premieres at the National Opera House in Prague.
  1. Rusalka (opera)
    
    Rusalka, Op. 114, is an opera by Antonín Dvořák. The Czech libretto was written by the poet Jaroslav Kvapil (1868–1950) based on the fairy tales of Karel Jaromír Erben and Božena Němcová. A rusalka is a water sprite from Slavic mythology, usually inhabiting a lake or river. Rusalka was the ninth opera Dvořák composed. It is one of the most successful Czech operas, and represents a cornerstone of the repertoire of Czech opera houses.
  2. Antonín Dvořák
    
    Antonín Leopold Dvořák was a Czech composer. Dvořák frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia, following the Romantic-era nationalist example of his predecessor Bedřich Smetana. Dvořák's style has been described as "the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition, absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them".
1899
1. Philippine–American War: Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, was captured by American forces.
  1. Philippine–American War
    
    The Philippine–American War or the Filipino–American War, previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that started on February 4, 1899, and ended on July 2, 1902. The conflict arose in 1898 when the United States, rather than acknowledging the Philippines' declaration of independence, annexed the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. The war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
  2. Malolos
    
    Malolos, officially known as the City of Malolos, is a 3rd class component city and capital of the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 261,189 people.
  3. First Philippine Republic
    
    The Philippine Republic, now officially known as the First Philippine Republic, also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1897) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 22, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. It was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. It maintained governance until April 1, 1901.
  4. Capture of Malolos
    
    The Capture of Malolos, also known as the Battle of Malolos, occurred on March 31, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine–American War. General Arthur MacArthur Jr.'s division advanced to Malolos along the Manila-Dagupan Railway. By March 30, American forces were advancing toward Malolos. Meanwhile, the Aguinaldo government moved its seat from Malolos to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
2. Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by American forces.
  1. Malolos
    
    Malolos, officially known as the City of Malolos, is a 3rd class component city and capital of the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 261,189 people.
  2. First Philippine Republic
    
    The Philippine Republic, now officially known as the First Philippine Republic, also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1897) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 22, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. It was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. It maintained governance until April 1, 1901.
  3. Capture of Malolos
    
    The Capture of Malolos, also known as the Battle of Malolos, occurred on March 31, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine–American War. General Arthur MacArthur Jr.'s division advanced to Malolos along the Manila-Dagupan Railway. By March 30, American forces were advancing toward Malolos. Meanwhile, the Aguinaldo government moved its seat from Malolos to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
1889
1. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, was inaugurated.
  1. Eiffel Tower
    
    The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
2. The Eiffel Tower is officially opened.
  1. Eiffel Tower
    
    The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
1885
1. The United Kingdom establishes the Bechuanaland Protectorate.
  1. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in the British Isles that existed between 1801 and 1922, when it included all of Ireland. It was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into a unified state. The establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927.
  2. Bechuanaland Protectorate
    
    The Bechuanaland Protectorate was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in Southern Africa. It became the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966.
1854
1. U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry and the Tokugawa shogunate signed the Convention of Kanagawa, forcing the opening of Japanese ports to American trade.
  1. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  2. Matthew C. Perry
    
    Matthew Calbraith Perry was a commodore of the United States Navy who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
  3. Tokugawa shogunate
    
    The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Edo shogunate , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.
  4. Convention of Kanagawa
    
    The Convention of Kanagawa, also known as the Kanagawa Treaty or the Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity, was a treaty signed between the United States and the Tokugawa Shogunate on March 31, 1854. Signed under threat of force, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku) by opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels. It also ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American consul in Japan. The treaty precipitated the signing of similar treaties establishing diplomatic relations with other Western powers.
2. Commodore Matthew Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Tokugawa Shogunate, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade.
  1. Commodore (United States)
    
    Commodore was an early title and later a rank in the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard and the Confederate States Navy, and also has been a rank in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps and its ancestor organizations. For over two centuries, the designation has been given varying levels of authority and formality.
  2. Matthew C. Perry
    
    Matthew Calbraith Perry was a commodore of the United States Navy who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
  3. Convention of Kanagawa
    
    The Convention of Kanagawa, also known as the Kanagawa Treaty or the Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity, was a treaty signed between the United States and the Tokugawa Shogunate on March 31, 1854. Signed under threat of force, it effectively meant the end of Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (sakoku) by opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels. It also ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American consul in Japan. The treaty precipitated the signing of similar treaties establishing diplomatic relations with other Western powers.
  4. Tokugawa shogunate
    
    The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Edo shogunate , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.
  5. Shimoda, Shizuoka
    
    Shimoda is a city and port located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 August 2019, the city had an estimated population of 21,402 in 10,787 households, and a population density of 200 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 104.71 square kilometres (40.43 sq mi). In the 1850s, Japan was in political crisis over its increasing inability to maintain its national seclusion policy and the issue of what relations, if any, it should have with foreign powers. For a few years, Shimoda was central to this debate.
  6. Hakodate
    
    Hakodate is a city and port located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of July 31, 2011, the city has an estimated population of 279,851 with 143,221 households, and a population density of 412.83 persons per km2. The total area is 677.77 square kilometres (261.69 sq mi). The city is the third biggest in Hokkaido after Sapporo and Asahikawa.
1814
1. The Sixth Coalition occupies Paris after Napoleon's Grande Armée capitulates.
  1. War of the Sixth Coalition
    
    In the War of the Sixth Coalition, sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia of 1812 in which they had been forced to support France, Prussia and Austria joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Portugal, and the rebels in Spain who were already at war with France.
  2. Battle of Paris (1814)
    
    The Battle of Paris was fought on 30–31 March 1814 between the Sixth Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, against the French Empire. After a day of fighting in the suburbs of Paris, the French surrendered on March 31, ending the War of the Sixth Coalition and forcing Emperor Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
  3. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
  4. Grande Armée
    
    La Grande Armée was the main military component of the French Imperial Army commanded by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars. From 1804 to 1808, it won a series of military victories that allowed the French Empire to exercise unprecedented control over most of Europe. Widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever assembled in history, it suffered enormous losses during the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, after which it never recovered its strategic superiority.
1774
1. American Revolution: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed pursuant to the Boston Port Act.
  1. American Revolution
    
    The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America as the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy.
  2. Kingdom of Great Britain
    
    The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.
  3. Boston
    
    Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th-most populous city in the country. The city boundaries encompass an area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a population of 675,647 as of 2020. It is the seat of Suffolk County. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country. A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area and including Providence, Rhode Island, is home to approximately 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.
  4. Massachusetts
    
    Massachusetts, officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to the east, Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state's capital and most populous city, as well as its cultural and financial center, is Boston. Massachusetts is also home to the urban core of Greater Boston, the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American history, academia, and the research economy, Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing, and trade. Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.
  5. Boston Port Act
    
    The Boston Port Act, also called the Trade Act 1774, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which became law on March 31, 1774, and took effect on June 1, 1774. It was one of five measures that were enacted during the spring of 1774 to punish Boston for the December 16, 1773, Boston Tea Party.
1761
1. Lisbon experienced its second major earthquake in six years, with effects felt as far north as Scotland.
  1. 1761 Lisbon earthquake
    
    The 1761 Lisbon earthquake and its subsequent tsunami occurred in the north Atlantic Ocean and south of the Iberian Peninsula. This violent shock which struck just after noon on 31 March 1761, was felt across many parts of Western Europe. Its direct effects were even observed far north in Scotland and Amsterdam, and to the south in the Canary Islands of Spain. The estimated surface-wave magnitude 8.5 event was the largest in the region, and the most significant earthquake in Europe since the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755.
2. The 1761 Lisbon earthquake strikes off the Iberian Peninsula with an estimated magnitude of 8.5, six years after another quake destroyed the city.
  1. 1761 Lisbon earthquake
    
    The 1761 Lisbon earthquake and its subsequent tsunami occurred in the north Atlantic Ocean and south of the Iberian Peninsula. This violent shock which struck just after noon on 31 March 1761, was felt across many parts of Western Europe. Its direct effects were even observed far north in Scotland and Amsterdam, and to the south in the Canary Islands of Spain. The estimated surface-wave magnitude 8.5 event was the largest in the region, and the most significant earthquake in Europe since the Great Lisbon earthquake of 1755.
  2. Iberian Peninsula
    
    The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. It is principally divided between Spain and Portugal, comprising most of their territory, as well as a small area of Southern France, Andorra, and Gibraltar. With an area of approximately 583,254 square kilometres (225,196 sq mi), and a population of roughly 53 million, it is the second largest European peninsula by area, after the Scandinavian Peninsula.
  3. Richter magnitude scale
    
    The Richter scale —also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale—is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Francis Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". This was later revised and renamed the local magnitude scale, denoted as ML or ML .
1717
1. A sermon on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, preached in the presence of King George I of Great Britain, provokes the Bangorian Controversy.
  1. Sermon
    
    A sermon is a religious discourse or oration by a preacher, usually a member of clergy. Sermons address a scriptural, theological, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law, or behavior within both past and present contexts. Elements of the sermon often include exposition, exhortation, and practical application. The act of delivering a sermon is called preaching. In secular usage, the word sermon may refer, often disparagingly, to a lecture on morals.
  2. Benjamin Hoadly
    
    Benjamin Hoadly was an English clergyman, who was successively Bishop of Bangor, of Hereford, of Salisbury, and finally of Winchester. He is best known as the initiator of the Bangorian Controversy.
  3. Bishop of Bangor
    
    The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor. The see is based in the city of Bangor where the bishop's seat (cathedra) is at Cathedral Church of Saint Deiniol.
  4. George I of Great Britain
    
    George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Electorate of Hanover within the Holy Roman Empire from 23 January 1698 until his death in 1727. He was the first British monarch of the House of Hanover as the most senior Protestant descendant of his great-grandfather James VI and I.
  5. Bangorian Controversy
    
    The Bangorian Controversy was a theological argument within the Church of England in the early 18th century, with strong political overtones. The origins of the controversy lay in the 1716 posthumous publication of George Hickes's Constitution of the Catholic Church, and the Nature and Consequences of Schism. In it, Hickes, as Bishop of Thetford, on behalf of the minority non-juror faction that had broken away from the Church of England after the Glorious Revolution, excommunicated all but the non-juror churchmen. Benjamin Hoadly, the Bishop of Bangor, wrote a reply, Preservative against the Principles and Practices of Non-Jurors; his own Erastian position was sincerely proposed as the only test of truth.
1657
1. The Long Parliament presents the Humble Petition and Advice offering Oliver Cromwell the British throne, which he eventually declines.
  1. Long Parliament
    
    The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament, which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640 after an 11-year parliamentary absence. In September 1640, King Charles I issued writs summoning a parliament to convene on 3 November 1640. He intended it to pass financial bills, a step made necessary by the costs of the Bishops' Wars in Scotland. The Long Parliament received its name from the fact that, by Act of Parliament, it stipulated it could be dissolved only with agreement of the members; and those members did not agree to its dissolution until 16 March 1660, after the English Civil War and near the close of the Interregnum.
  2. Humble Petition and Advice
    
    The Humble Petition and Advice was the second and last codified constitution of England after the Instrument of Government.
  3. Oliver Cromwell
    
    Oliver Cromwell was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, first as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and then as a politician. A leading advocate of the execution of Charles I in January 1649, which led to the establishment of the Republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, he ruled as Lord Protector from December 1653 until his death in September 1658. Cromwell nevertheless remains a deeply controversial figure in both Britain and Ireland, due to his use of the military to first acquire, then retain political power, and the brutality of his 1649 Irish campaign.
1521
1. Ferdinand Magellan and fifty members of his crew went ashore at present-day Limasawa to participate in the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines.
  1. Ferdinand Magellan
    
    Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia.
  2. Magellan expedition
    
    The Magellan expedition, also known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition, was the first voyage around the world in recorded history. It was a 16th century Spanish expedition initially led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the Moluccas, which departed from Spain in 1519, and completed in 1522 by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, culminating in the first circumnavigation of the world.
  3. Limasawa
    
    Limasawa, officially the Municipality of Limasawa, is an island municipality in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 6,191 people.
  4. First Mass in the Philippines
    
    The first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It was conducted by Father Pedro de Valderrama of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition along the shores of what was referred to in the journals of Antonio Pigafetta as "Mazaua".
2. Ferdinand Magellan and fifty of his men came ashore to present-day Limasawa to participate in the first Catholic mass in the Philippines.
  1. Ferdinand Magellan
    
    Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia.
  2. Magellan expedition
    
    The Magellan expedition, also known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition, was the first voyage around the world in recorded history. It was a 16th century Spanish expedition initially led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the Moluccas, which departed from Spain in 1519, and completed in 1522 by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, culminating in the first circumnavigation of the world.
  3. Limasawa
    
    Limasawa, officially the Municipality of Limasawa, is an island municipality in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 6,191 people.
  4. First Mass in the Philippines
    
    The first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It was conducted by Father Pedro de Valderrama of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition along the shores of what was referred to in the journals of Antonio Pigafetta as "Mazaua".
1492
1. Queen Isabella of Castile issues the Alhambra Decree, ordering her 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.
  1. Isabella I of Castile
    
    Isabella I, also called Isabella the Catholic, was Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, as well as Queen consort of Aragon from 1479 until 1504 by virtue of her marriage to King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Reigning together over a dynastically unified Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand are known as the Catholic Monarchs.
  2. Alhambra Decree
    
    The Alhambra Decree was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate the influence of practising Jews on Spain's large formerly-Jewish converso New Christian population, to ensure the latter and their descendants did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391. Due to continuing attacks, around 50,000 more had converted by 1415. A further number of those remaining chose to convert to avoid expulsion. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in the years leading up to the expulsion, of Spain's estimated 300,000 Jewish origin population, a total of over 200,000 had converted to Catholicism to remain in Spain, and between 40,000 and 100,000 remained Jewish and suffered expulsion. An unknown number of the expelled eventually succumbed to the pressures of life in exile away from formerly-Jewish relatives and networks back in Spain, and so converted to Catholicism to be allowed to return in the years following expulsion.:17
  3. Spanish and Portuguese Jews
    
    Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also called Western Sephardim, Iberian Jews, or Peninsular Jews, are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardic Jews who are largely descended from Jews who lived as New Christians in the Iberian Peninsula during the immediate generations following the forced expulsion of unconverted Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497.
  4. Moors
    
    The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
  5. Christianity
    
    Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global population. Its adherents, known as Christians, are estimated to make up a majority of the population in 157 countries and territories and are a minority in all others.
1146
1. French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux preached a sermon to a crowd at a council in Vézelay, with King Louis VII in attendance, urging the necessity of a Second Crusade.
  1. Abbot
    
    Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various Western religious traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not the head of a monastery. The female equivalent is abbess.
  2. Bernard of Clairvaux
    
    Bernard of Clairvaux, O. Cist., venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templars, and a major leader in the reformation of the Benedictine Order through the nascent Cistercian Order.
  3. Council of Vézelay
    
    On 31 March, 1146, the French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux preached at Vézelay to encourage support for the Second Crusade.
  4. Vézelay
    
    Vézelay is a commune in the department of Yonne in the north-central French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is a defensible hill town famous for Vézelay Abbey. The town and its 11th-century Romanesque Basilica of St Magdalene are designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
  5. Louis VII of France
    
    Louis VII, called the Younger, or the Young, was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI and married Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the Capetian lands to the Pyrenees.
  6. Second Crusade
    
    The Second Crusade (1145–1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade (1096–1099) by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1098. While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall.
2. Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the necessity of a Second Crusade. Louis VII is present, and joins the Crusade.
  1. Bernard of Clairvaux
    
    Bernard of Clairvaux, O. Cist., venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templars, and a major leader in the reformation of the Benedictine Order through the nascent Cistercian Order.
  2. Vézelay
    
    Vézelay is a commune in the department of Yonne in the north-central French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is a defensible hill town famous for Vézelay Abbey. The town and its 11th-century Romanesque Basilica of St Magdalene are designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
  3. Second Crusade
    
    The Second Crusade (1145–1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade (1096–1099) by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1098. While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall.
  4. Louis VII of France
    
    Louis VII, called the Younger, or the Young, was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI and married Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the Capetian lands to the Pyrenees.
307
1. After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
  1. Minervina
    
    Minervina was the first wife of Constantine the Great. She was of Syrian origin. Constantine either took her as a concubine or married her in 303, and the couple had one son, Crispus.
  2. Constantine the Great
    
    Constantine I, also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, and the first to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea, he was the son of Flavius Constantius, a Roman army officer of Illyrian origin who had been one of the four rulers of the Tetrarchy. His mother, Helena, was a Greek Christian of low birth. Constantine served with distinction under the Roman emperors Diocletian and Galerius. He began his career by campaigning in the eastern provinces before being recalled in the west to fight alongside his father in Britain. After his father's death in 306, Constantine became emperor. He was acclaimed by his army at Eboracum, and eventually emerged victorious in the civil wars against emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324.
  3. Fausta
    
    Flavia Maxima Fausta Augusta was a Roman empress. She was the daughter of Maximian and second wife of Constantine the Great, who had her executed and excluded from all official accounts for unknown reasons. Historians Zosimus and Zonaras reported that she was executed for adultery with her stepson, Crispus.
  4. Roman emperor
    
    The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period. The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English it reflects his taking of the title augustus. Another title often used was caesar, used for heirs-apparent, and imperator, originally a military honorific. Early emperors also used the title princeps civitatis. Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably princeps senatus, consul, and pontifex maximus.
  5. Maximian
    
    Maximian, nicknamed Herculius, was Roman emperor from 286 to 305. He was Caesar from 285 to 286, then Augustus from 286 to 305. He shared the latter title with his co-emperor and superior, Diocletian, whose political brain complemented Maximian's military brawn. Maximian established his residence at Trier but spent most of his time on campaign. In late 285, he suppressed rebels in Gaul known as the Bagaudae. From 285 to 288, he fought against Germanic tribes along the Rhine frontier. Together with Diocletian, he launched a scorched earth campaign deep into Alamannic territory in 288, refortifying the frontier.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Shirley Burkovich, former American All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) player (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Shirley Burkovich
    
    Shirley Burkovich was an American professional baseball infielder, outfielder and pitcher who played from 1949 through 1951 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) and 150 pounds (68 kg), she batted and threw right-handed.
  2. All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
    
    The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) was a professional women's baseball league founded by Philip K. Wrigley which existed from 1943 to 1954. The AAGPBL is the forerunner of women's professional league sports in the United States. Over 600 women played in the league, which consisted of eventually 10 teams located in the American Midwest. In 1948, league attendance peaked at over 900,000 spectators. The most successful team, the Rockford Peaches, won a league-best four championships. The 1992 film A League of Their Own is a mostly fictionalized account of the early days of the league and its stars.
2. Patrick Demarchelier, French fashion photographer (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Patrick Demarchelier
    
    Patrick Demarchelier was a French fashion photographer.
3. Moana Jackson, New Zealand lawyer specialising in constitutional law (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Moana Jackson
    
    Moana Jackson was a New Zealand lawyer specialising in constitutional law, the Treaty of Waitangi and international indigenous issues. Jackson was of Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāti Porou descent. He was an advocate and activist for Māori rights, arguing that the New Zealand criminal justice system was discriminatory and leading work on constitutional reforms. In 1987 he co-founded Ngā Kaiwhakamarama i Ngā Ture. He also supported the rights of indigenous people internationally – for example, through leading the working group that drafted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and sitting as a judge on the International Tribunal of Indigenous Rights in the 1990s.
2021
1. Ken Reitz, American baseball player (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Ken Reitz
    
    Kenneth John Reitz was an American baseball third baseman who played 11 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Nicknamed "Zamboni", he played for the St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs, and Pittsburgh Pirates from 1972 to 1982. He won the Gold Glove Award in 1975 and was an All-Star in 1980. He retired with the highest all-time career fielding percentage for National League third basemen at .970 after leading the National League in fielding percentage a record six times.
2. Muhammad Wakkas, Bangladeshi teacher and parliamentarian (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Muhammad Wakkas
    
    Muḥammad Waqqāṣ ibn Muḥammad Ismāʿīl al-Jasarī, or simply known as Muhammad Wakkas, was a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar, teacher, former Member of Parliament and State Minister. He was the founder of Jamia Imdadia Madaninagar Madrasa, the largest madrasa in South Bengal, accommodating roughly 2000 students.
2020
1. Gita Ramjee, Ugandan-South African scientist and researcher (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Gita Ramjee
    
    Gita Ramjee was a Ugandan-South African scientist and researcher in HIV prevention. In 2018, she was awarded the ‘Outstanding Female Scientist’ award from the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership. She died in Umhlanga, Durban, South Africa, from COVID-19 related complications.
2019
1. Nipsey Hussle, American rapper (b. 1985) deaths
  1. Nipsey Hussle
    
    Airmiess Joseph Asghedom, known professionally as Nipsey Hussle, was an American rapper. Emerging from the West Coast hip hop scene in the mid-2000s, Hussle independently released his debut mixtape, Slauson Boy Volume 1, to moderate local success, which led to him being signed to Cinematic Music Group and Epic Records.
2018
1. Nick Newton, inventor of the Newton Starting Blocks (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Nick Newton
    
    Milton "Nick" Newton was the inventor of the Newton Starting Blocks. Newton blocks are considered by many to be the best in the world, used at many major track meets like the Mt. SAC Relays.
2017
1. Gilbert Baker, American artist and LGBT rights activist (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Gilbert Baker (artist)
    
    Gilbert Baker was an American artist, designer, and activist, best known as the creator of the rainbow flag.
2. James Rosenquist, American artist (b. 1933) deaths
  1. James Rosenquist
    
    James Rosenquist was an American artist and one of the proponents of the pop art movement. Drawing from his background working in sign painting, Rosenquist's pieces often explored the role of advertising and consumer culture in art and society, utilizing techniques he learned making commercial art to depict popular cultural icons and mundane everyday objects. While his works have often been compared to those from other key figures of the pop art movement, such as Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein, Rosenquist's pieces were unique in the way that they often employed elements of surrealism using fragments of advertisements and cultural imagery to emphasize the overwhelming nature of ads. He was a 2001 inductee into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame.
2016
1. Ronnie Corbett, Scottish comedian, actor and screenwriter (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Ronnie Corbett
    
    Ronald Balfour Corbett was a Scottish actor, broadcaster, comedian and writer. He had a long association with Ronnie Barker in the BBC television comedy sketch show The Two Ronnies. He achieved prominence in David Frost's 1960s satirical comedy programme The Frost Report and subsequently starred in sitcoms such as No – That's Me Over Here!, Now Look Here, and Sorry!.
2. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Hans-Dietrich Genscher
    
    Hans-Dietrich Genscher was a German statesman and a member of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP), who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 1969 to 1974, and as Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1992, making him the longest-serving occupant of either post and the only person to have held one of these positions under two different Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1991 he was chairman of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
3. Zaha Hadid, Iraqi-born English architect and academic, designed the Bridge Pavilion (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Zaha Hadid
    
    Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid was an Iraqi-British architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Born in Baghdad, Iraq, Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by Suprematism and the Russian avant-garde, Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building."
  2. Bridge Pavilion
    
    The Bridge Pavilion is a building designed by British-Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid that was constructed for the Expo 2008 in Zaragoza (Spain) as one of its main landmarks. It is an innovative 280-metre-long (919 ft) covered bridge that imitates a gladiola over the river Ebro, connecting the neighbourhood of La Almozara with the exposition site, and thus becoming its main entrance. The new bridge is, at the same time, a multi-level exhibition area; 10,000 visitors per hour were expected to frequent the Pavilion during world exhibition.
4. Imre Kertész, Hungarian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Imre Kertész
    
    Imre Kertész was a Hungarian author and recipient of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Literature, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". He was the first Hungarian to win the Nobel in Literature. His works deal with themes of the Holocaust, dictatorship and personal freedom.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
5. Denise Robertson, British writer and television broadcaster (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Denise Robertson
    
    Denise Robertson was a British writer and television broadcaster. She made her television debut as the presenter of the Junior Advice Line segment of the BBC's Breakfast Time programme in 1985, though she is best known as the resident agony aunt on the ITV show This Morning from its first broadcast on 3 October 1988 until her death. In the course of her career, she dealt with over 200,000 letters from viewers seeking advice. In 2006 she was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to broadcasting.
2015
1. Betty Churcher, Australian painter, historian, and curator (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Betty Churcher
    
    Elizabeth Ann Dewar Churcher was an Australian arts administrator, best known as director of the National Gallery of Australia from 1990 to 1997. She was also a painter in her own right earlier in her life.
2. Cocoa Fujiwara, Japanese author and illustrator (b. 1983) deaths
  1. Cocoa Fujiwara
    
    Cocoa Fujiwara was a Japanese manga artist and illustrator from Fukuoka Prefecture. Her debut was with a work called Calling, which she made when she was only fifteen. She chose not to go to high school so that she could draw manga. Fujiwara was a fan of RPGs such as Final Fantasy, which shows in her works. She was also good friends of Jun Mochizuki and Yana Toboso.
3. Carlos Gaviria Díaz, Colombian lawyer and politician (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Carlos Gaviria Díaz
    
    Carlos Emilio Gaviria Díaz was a Colombian lawyer, professor and politician. He served as the 5th Chief Magistrate of the Constitutional Court of Colombia, where he served as a Magistrate from 1993 to 2001. After retiring from the Court, he went into politics becoming a Senator of Colombia in 2002, and running for President as an Alternative Democratic Pole candidate in the 2006 presidential election, ultimately losing to ex-president Álvaro Uribe Vélez, who was seeking his second term in office.
4. Dalibor Vesely, Czech-English historian, author, and academic (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Dalibor Vesely
    
    Dalibor Vesely was a Czech-born architectural historian and theorist who was influential through his teaching and writing in promoting the role of hermeneutics and phenomenology as part of the discourse of architecture and of architectural design.
2014
1. Eva Diana Kidisyuk,Ukrainian-American YouTuber births
  1. Kids Diana Show
    
    Eva Diana Kidisyuk, known online as ✿ Kids Diana Show, is a Ukrainian YouTuber. Together with her brother Roma and parents Volodymyr and Olena, she hosts several YouTube channels producing roleplay-oriented children's content. Her main channel is the 6th most-viewed and 6th most-subscribed in the world.
  2. YouTuber
    
    A YouTuber is an online personality and/or influencer who produces videos on the video-sharing platform YouTube, typically posting to their personal YouTube channel. The term was first used in the English language in 2006.
2. Gonzalo Anes, Spanish economist, historian, and academic (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Gonzalo Anes
    
    Gonzalo Anes Álvarez de Castrillón was a Spanish economist, professor and historian. He was director of the Royal Academy of History.
3. Roger Somville, Belgian painter (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Roger Somville
    
    Roger Somville was a modern Belgian painter. · He defended realism against modern abstract art, which he believed de-humanize human beings.
2013
1. Charles Amarin Brand, French archbishop (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Charles Amarin Brand
    
    Charles-Amarin Brand was a French prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.
2. Ernie Bridge, Australian singer and politician (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Ernie Bridge
    
    Ernest Francis Bridge, AM was an Australian parliamentarian and country music singer. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 1980 to 2001, representing the electorate of Kimberley, first as a Labor Party representative (1980–1996) and then as a Labor Independent MP (1996–2001). He was the first indigenous Australian to be a Cabinet minister in any Australian government.
3. Bob Clarke, American illustrator (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Bob Clarke (illustrator)
    
    Robert J. "Bob" Clarke was an American illustrator whose work appeared in advertisements and MAD Magazine. The label of the Cutty Sark bottle is his creation. Clarke was born in Mamaroneck, New York. He resided in Seaford, Delaware.
4. Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer and politician, Iranian Minister of Interior (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ahmad Sayyed Javadi
    
    Ahmad Sayyed Javadi was an Iranian lawyer, political activist and politician, who served as interior minister and justice minister. He was the first interior minister after the 1979 revolution in Iran.
  2. Ministry of Interior (Iran)
    
    The Ministry of Interior of the Islamic Republic of Iran is in charge of performing, supervising and reporting elections, policing, and other responsibilities related to an interior ministry.
5. Dmitri Uchaykin, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1980) deaths
  1. Dmitri Uchaykin
    
    Dmitri Viktorovich Uchaykin was a Russian ice hockey left-winger.
2012
1. Judith Adams, New Zealand-Australian nurse and politician (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Judith Adams
    
    Judith Anne Adams was a New Zealand-born Australian politician, midwife, nurse, and farmer, who served as a member of the Australian Senate between 2005 and 2012, representing the state of Western Australia.
2. Dale R. Corson, American physicist and academic (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Dale R. Corson
    
    Dale Raymond Corson was the eighth president of Cornell University. Born in Pittsburg, Kansas, in 1914, Corson received a B.A. degree from the College of Emporia in 1934, his M.A. degree from the University of Kansas in 1935, and his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1938.
3. Bernard O. Gruenke, American stained glass artist (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Bernard Gruenke
    
    Bernard Otto Gruenke was an American stained glass artist who produced one of the first faceted glass windows in the United States in 1949. He was born in Sheboygan, Wisconsin.
  2. Stained glass
    
    Stained glass is coloured glass as a material or works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant religious buildings. Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture. Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic lead light and objets d'art created from foil glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany.
4. Jerry Lynch, American baseball player (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Jerry Lynch
    
    Gerald Thomas Lynch, nicknamed "The Hat", "Lynch The Pinch" and "The Allison Park Sweeper", was an American professional baseball outfielder who ranked among the most prolific pinch hitters in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. He played 13 seasons (1954-1966) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and Cincinnati Reds.
5. Alberto Sughi, Italian painter (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Alberto Sughi
    
    Alberto Sughi was an Italian painter.
6. Halbert White, American economist and academic (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Halbert White
    
    Halbert Lynn White Jr. was the Chancellor’s Associates Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of California, San Diego, and a Fellow of the Econometric Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. A native of Kansas City, Missouri, White graduated salutatorian from Southwest High School in 1968. He earned his PhD in Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976, and spent his first years as an assistant professor in the University of Rochester before moving to UCSD in 1979.
2011
1. Gil Clancy, American boxer and trainer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Gil Clancy
    
    Gilbert Thomas Clancy was a Hall of Fame boxing trainer and one of the most noted boxing commentators of the 1980s and 1990s.
2. Alan Fitzgerald, Australian journalist and author (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Alan Fitzgerald (satirist)
    
    Alan John Fitzgerald was an Australian author, journalist and satirist. He was known for his unwavering opposition to the Australian republican movement and worked alongside Tony Abbott during Abbott's tenure as president of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (ACM) during the 1990s.
3. Mary Greyeyes, the first First Nations woman to join the Canadian Armed Forces (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Mary Greyeyes
    
    Mary Greyeyes Reid was a Canadian World War II servicewoman. A Cree from the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation in Saskatchewan, she was the first First Nations woman to enlist in the Canadian Armed Forces. After joining the Canadian Women's Army Corps (CWAC) in 1942, she became the subject of an internationally famous army publicity photograph, and was sent overseas to serve in London, England, where she was introduced to public figures such as George VI and his daughter Elizabeth. Greyeyes remained in London until being discharged in 1946, after which she returned to Canada.
  2. First Nations in Canada
    
    First Nations is a term used to identify those Indigenous Canadian peoples who are neither Inuit nor Métis. Traditionally, First Nations in Canada were peoples who lived south of the tree line, and mainly south of the Arctic Circle. There are 634 recognized First Nations governments or bands across Canada. Roughly half are located in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia.
  3. Canadian Armed Forces
    
    The Canadian Armed Forces are the unified military forces of Canada, including sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force.
4. Oddvar Hansen, Norwegian footballer and coach (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Oddvar Hansen
    
    Oddvar Ingolf Hansen was a Norwegian footballer and coach, who represented Brann in his hometown Bergen.
5. Ishbel MacAskill, Scottish singer and actress (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Ishbel MacAskill
    
    Isabella Margaret MacAskill was a heritage activist and traditional Scottish Gaelic singer and teacher, often referred to as the "Gaelic diva".
6. Henry Taub, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Henry Taub
    
    Henry Taub was an American businessman and philanthropist of Hungarian-Jewish descent who was a co-founder of ADP.
2010
1. Jerald terHorst, American journalist (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Jerald terHorst
    
    Jerald Franklin "Jerry" terHorst was an American journalist who served as the 14th White House Press Secretary during the first month of Gerald Ford's presidency. His resignation in protest of Ford's unconditional pardon of former president Richard Nixon is still regarded as a rare act of conscience by a high-ranking public official.
2. Roger Addison, Welsh rugby union player (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Roger Addison
    
    Roger Addison was a Welsh rugby union player. A prop forward, he represented Wales at youth level and played club rugby for Pontypool RFC. He suffered a serious neck injury during a match in 1966 that left him paralysed. He lived in hospital for more than 40 years after the incident.
  2. Rugby union
    
    Rugby union, commonly known simply as rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped goalposts at both ends.
2009
1. Raúl Alfonsín, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 46th President of Argentina (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Raúl Alfonsín
    
    Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín was an Argentine lawyer and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 8 July 1989. He was the first democratically elected president after more than seven years of military dictatorship, and is considered the "father of modern democracy in Argentina". Ideologically, he identified as a Radical and a social democrat, serving as the leader of the Radical Civic Union from 1983 to 1991, 1993 to 1995, 1999 to 2001, with his political approach being known as "Alfonsinism".
  2. President of Argentina
    
    The president of Argentina, officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national constitution, the president is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
2. Choor Singh, Indian-Singaporean lawyer and judge (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Choor Singh
    
    Choor Singh Sidhu, known professionally as Choor Singh, was a Singaporean lawyer who served as a judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore and, particularly after his retirement from the bench, a philanthropist and writer of books about Sikhism. Born to a family of modest means in Punjab, India, he came to Singapore at four years of age. He completed his secondary education in the top class at Raffles Institution in 1929, then worked as a clerk in a law firm before becoming a civil servant in the Official Assignee's office.
2008
1. Jules Dassin, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Jules Dassin
    
    Julius "Jules" Dassin was an American film and theatre director, producer, writer and actor. A subject of the Hollywood blacklist in the McCarthy era, he subsequently moved to France, and later Greece, where he continued his career. He was a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Screen Directors' Guild.
2. Bill Keightley, American equipment manager (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Bill Keightley
    
    William (Bill) Bond Keightley was the equipment manager for the University of Kentucky men's basketball team, a position he held for 48 years. Known affectionately to most as "Mr. Wildcat," players referred to him as "Mr. Bill" or "Big Smooth."
2007
1. Paul Watzlawick, Austrian-American psychologist and philosopher (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Paul Watzlawick
    
    Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian-American family therapist, psychologist, communication theorist, and philosopher. A theoretician in communication theory and radical constructivism, he commented in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. Watzlawick believed that people create their own suffering in the very act of trying to fix their emotional problems. He was one of the most influential figures at the Mental Research Institute and lived and worked in Palo Alto, California.
2006
1. Jackie McLean, American saxophonist and composer (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Jackie McLean
    
    John Lenwood "Jackie" McLean was an American jazz alto saxophonist, composer, bandleader, and educator, and is one of the few musicians to be elected to the DownBeat Hall of Fame in the year of their death.
2005
1. Reed Baker-Whiting, American professional footballer births
  1. Reed Baker-Whiting
    
    Reed Baker-Whiting is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC.
2. Stanley J. Korsmeyer, American oncologist and academic (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Stanley J. Korsmeyer
    
    Stanley Joel Korsmeyer was an American research scientist known for his work on B cell lymphomas and apoptosis. Born and educated in Illinois, Korsmeyer spent most of his career as a professor at Washington University School of Medicine and later the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. He rose to prominence in the early 1980s as a research fellow at the National Cancer Institute. There he co-discovered the genetic cause of most cases of the cancer follicular lymphoma – the misregulation of the gene Bcl-2. Korsmeyer went on to start his own laboratory at Washington University, further studying the role of Bcl-2 in cell biology. His group's work expanded the paradigm of cancer-causing genes, providing the first example of how interfering with programmed cell death could lead to cancer development. Korsmeyer authored over 250 scientific papers over the course of his career. He was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Science at the age of 45. Korsmeyer died of lung cancer in 2005, at the age of 54.
3. Justiniano Montano, Filipino lawyer and politician (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Justiniano Montano
    
    Justiniano Solis Montano Sr. was a Filipino politician who was elected for one term to the Philippine Senate and for multiple terms as a member of the House of Representatives.
4. Frank Perdue, American businessman (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Frank Perdue
    
    Franklin Parsons Perdue, born in Salisbury, Maryland, was for many years the president and CEO of Perdue Farms, now one of the largest chicken-producing companies in the United States.
2004
1. Gleb Lutfullin, Russian figure skater births
  1. Gleb Lutfullin
    
    Gleb Olegovich Lutfullin is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2021 JGP Russia champion, the 2021 JGP Poland champion and the 2019 JGP U.S. bronze medalist.
2. Feng He, Chinese snowboarder births
3. Mateo Sanabria, Argentine professional footballer births
  1. Mateo Sanabria
    
    Mateo Sanabria is an Argentine footballer currently playing as a forward for Lanús. His nickname is "El Proctologo de Lanus"
4. Alex Luna, Argentine professional footballer births
  1. Alex Luna (footballer)
    
    Alex Nahuel Luna is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Atlético de Rafaela.
5. Scott Helvenston, American soldier (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Scott Helvenston
    
    Stephen "Scott" Helvenston was a United States Navy SEAL. He was working as a security contractor for Blackwater Security when he was killed in the 31 March 2004 Fallujah ambush within days of arriving in Iraq.
2003
1. Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter, English-Canadian mathematician and academic (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter
    
    Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter, was a British and later also Canadian geometer. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.
2. Anne Gwynne, American actress (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Anne Gwynne
    
    Anne Gwynne was an American actress who was known as one of the first scream queens because of her numerous appearances in horror films. Gwynne was also one of the most popular pin-ups of World War II. She is the maternal grandmother of actor Chris Pine.
3. Tommy Seebach, Danish singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Tommy Seebach
    
    Tommy Seebach, born Tommy Seebach Mortensen in Copenhagen, Denmark, was a popular Danish singer, composer, organist, pianist and producer. He is best known as front man of Sir Henry and his Butlers and for numerous contributions to the Danish qualifier for the Eurovision Song Contest, the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix, which he won three times. He was the father of songwriter/producer Nicolai Seebach and singer/songwriter/producer Rasmus Seebach.
2002
1. Barry Took, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Barry Took
    
    Barry Took was an English writer, television presenter and comedian. His decade-and-a-half writing partnership with Marty Feldman led to the television series Bootsie and Snudge, the radio comedy Round the Horne and other projects.
2. Moturu Udayam, Indian activist and politician (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Moturu Udayam
    
    Moturu Udayam was an Indian politician and women's rights activist. She was the General Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Mahila Sangham for eighteen years, and then the honorary president of the organisation between 1992 and 2001. She was also Vice President of the All India Democratic Women's Association, to which the APMS is affiliated, between 1981 and 2001.
3. Carlos J. Gradin, Argentine Archaeologist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Carlos J. Gradin
    
    Carlos Joaquín Gradin, also known as Carlos Gradín, was an Argentine surveyor and archaeologist. He carried out numerous studies in the Patagonian region, and is known for his extensive studies of Cueva de las Manos. He was a member of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET).
2001
1. David Rocastle, English footballer (b. 1967) deaths
  1. David Rocastle
    
    David Carlyle Rocastle was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder in the roles of a playmaker and a winger.
2. Clifford Shull, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Clifford Shull
    
    Clifford Glenwood Shull was a Nobel Prize-winning American physicist.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2000
1. Gisèle Freund, German-born French photographer and photojournalist (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Gisèle Freund
    
    Gisèle Freund was a German-born French photographer and photojournalist, famous for her documentary photography and portraits of writers and artists. Her best-known book, Photographie et société (1974), is about the uses and abuses of the photographic medium in the age of technological reproduction. In 1977, she became president of the French Association of Photographers, and in 1981, she took the official portrait of French President François Mitterrand.
2. Adrian Fisher, English guitarist and member of the band Toby (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Adrian Fisher (musician)
    
    Adrian Fisher was an English guitarist and member of the band Toby, Sparks and Boxer. Fisher played on Sparks' first two albums under Island Records, Kimono My House and Propaganda.
  2. Guitarist
    
    A guitarist is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica, or both.
1999
1. Japhet Tanganga, English footballer births
  1. Japhet Tanganga
    
    Japhet Manzambi Tanganga is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur.
2. Brooke Scullion, Irish Singer births
  1. Brooke Scullion
    
    Brooke Scullion, sometimes performing under the mononym Brooke, is an Irish singer. She was a contestant on series 9 of The Voice UK, finishing in third place. She represented Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 with the song "That's Rich".
3. Jens Odgaard, Danish professional footballer births
  1. Jens Odgaard
    
    Jens Odgaard is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Dutch club AZ.
4. Denys Strekalin, Ukrainian-born pair skater who competes for France births
  1. Denys Strekalin
    
    Denys Strekalin is a Ukrainian-born pair skater who competes for France. With his former skating partner, Cléo Hamon, he is a two-time French national champion, 2018 Volvo Open Cup champion, and has competed in the final segment at three World Junior Championships (2017–2019).
  2. Pair skating
    
    Pair skating is a figure skating discipline defined by the International Skating Union (ISU) as "the skating of two persons in unison who perform their movements in such harmony with each other as to give the impression of genuine Pair Skating as compared with independent Single Skating". The ISU also states that a pairs team consists of "one Woman and one Man". Pair skating, along with men's and women's single skating, has been an Olympic discipline since figure skating, the oldest Winter Olympic sport, was introduced at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. The ISU World Figure Skating Championships introduced pair skating in 1908.
5. Adam Chrzanowski, Polish professional footballer births
  1. Adam Chrzanowski
    
    Adam Chrzanowski is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Ekstraklasa side Wisła Płock.
6. Santiago Chocobares, Argentine rugby union player who plays for the Jaguares births
  1. Santiago Chocobares
    
    Santiago Chocobares is an Argentine rugby union player who plays for the Jaguares. On 21 November 2019, he was named in the Jaguares squad for the 2020 Super Rugby season.
  2. Jaguares (Super Rugby)
    
    The Jaguares was an Argentine professional rugby union team based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. They were founded in 2015 and are the first Argentine team to play in SANZAAR's Super Rugby competition, participating from the 2016 Super Rugby season onwards. They were the runners up during the 2019 Super Rugby season, losing to the Crusaders 19–3 in the Super Rugby Final, played on July 6, 2019. They participated in Super Rugby until the end of the 2020 Super Rugby season, before they departed the competition having not been named in any of the regionalised formats for the 2021 Super Rugby season. With no competition in sight, players moved to different clubs in Europe and the national group disintegrated.
7. Ballou Tabla, Canadian professional soccer player births
  1. Ballou Tabla
    
    Ballou Jean-Yves Tabla is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a winger for Canadian Premier League club Atlético Ottawa.
8. Elžbieta Kropa, Lithuanian figure skater births
  1. Elžbieta Kropa
    
    Elžbieta Kropa is a Lithuanian figure skater. She is the 2017 Kaunas Ice Autumn Cup champion and the 2017 Lithuanian national champion. She qualified to the final segment at the 2018 European Championships in Moscow, Russia, and finished 22nd overall. She also represented Lithuania at the 2018 World Championships in Milan, Italy.
  2. Figure skating
    
    Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games, when contested at the 1908 Olympics in London. The Olympic disciplines are men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance; the four individual disciplines are also combined into a team event, first included in the Winter Olympics in 2014. The non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating, Theater on Ice, and four skating. From intermediate through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs, which, depending on the discipline, may include spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, death spirals, and other elements or moves.
9. Edon Zhegrova, German born professional footballer births
  1. Edon Zhegrova
    
    Edon Lulzim Zhegrova is a professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Ligue 1 club Lille. Born in Germany, he plays for the Kosovo national team.
10. Shiann Salmon, Jamaican track and field athlete births
  1. Shiann Salmon
    
    Shiann Salmon is a Jamaican track and field athlete who specializes in the 400 metres hurdles and 400 metres. She represented Jamaica at the 2019 World Athletics Championships, competing in women's 400 metres hurdles. She also competed at the 2018 IAAF World U20 Championships, placing second in the Women's 400 meters hurdles event and third in the Women's 400 meters relay. She won the 400 m hurdles and the 400 m mixed relay gold medals in the 2021 NACAC U23 Championships.
11. Ben Williams, Welsh professional footballer births
  1. Ben Williams (footballer, born 1999)
    
    Benjamin Joseph Williams is a Welsh professional footballer who plays for Cheltenham Town, as a defender.
12. Luca Pizzul, Italian professional footballer births
  1. Luca Pizzul
    
    Luca Pizzul is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Serie D club Mestre.
13. Sander Raieste, Estonian professional basketball player births
  1. Sander Raieste
    
    Sander Raieste is an Estonian professional basketball player for Kirolbet Baskonia of the Spanish Liga ACB and the EuroLeague. Standing at 2.04 m, he plays at the small forward position.
14. Marko Ilić, Serbian footballer births
  1. Marko Ilić (footballer, born 1999)
    
    Marko Ilić is a Serbian footballer who plays for Real Podunavci.
15. Jonas Røndbjerg, Danish professional ice hockey forward births
  1. Jonas Røndbjerg
    
    Jonas Røndbjerg is a Danish professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing with the Henderson Silver Knights in the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract as a prospect for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). At the 2017 NHL Entry Draft, Røndbjerg was selected 65th overall by the Golden Knights.
16. Adele Tan, Singaporean sports shooter births
  1. Adele Tan
    
    Adele Tan Qian Xiu is a Singaporean sports shooter. She competed in the women's 10 metre air rifle event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
  2. Shooting sports
    
    Shooting sports is a group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy, precision and speed in shooting — the art of using ranged weapons, mainly small arms and bows/crossbows.
17. Nuno Pina, Portuguese football player births
  1. Nuno Pina
    
    Nuno Henrique Pina Nunes is a Portuguese professional footballer, who plays for Torreense.
18. Tereza Jančová, former alpine skier from Slovakia births
  1. Tereza Jančová
    
    Tereza Jančová (born 31 March 1999 is a former alpine skier from Slovakia. She competed for Slovakia at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2017, winning silver in the team event. Jančová was named 'most successful athlete in Zvolen' in 2017, and was also named as the winner in the junior category in 2019. She announced her retirement in March 2019, after having won the Slovak championship slalom event the same month.
  2. Alpine skiing
    
    Alpine skiing, or downhill skiing, is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings, unlike other types of skiing, which use skis with free-heel bindings. Whether for recreation or for sport, it is typically practiced at ski resorts, which provide such services as ski lifts, artificial snow making, snow grooming, restaurants, and ski patrol.
19. Maren Lutz, German female canoeist births
  1. Maren Lutz
    
    Maren Lutz is a German female canoeist who won five medals at senior level at the Wildwater Canoeing World Championships.
  2. Canoeing
    
    Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle. Common meanings of the term are limited to when the canoeing is the central purpose of the activity. Broader meanings include when it is combined with other activities such as canoe camping, or where canoeing is merely a transportation method used to accomplish other activities. Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity. In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an open canoe.
20. Shehana Vithana, Sri Lankan born Australian professional squash player births
  1. Shehana Vithana
    
    Shehana Vithana is a Sri Lankan born Australian professional squash player .She achieved her highest career PSA singles ranking of 119 in October 2018 as a part of the 2018-19 PSA World Tour.
21. Providence Cowdrill, English cricketer births
  1. Providence Cowdrill
    
    Providence Ann Courtenay Cowdrill is an English cricketer who plays as a right-arm leg break bowler. She has played for Hampshire and Southern Vipers.
22. Ricardo Felipe, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Ricardo Felipe
    
    Ricardo Felipe da Silva is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Decisão.
23. Dimitris Dalakouras, Greek professional footballer births
  1. Dimitrios Dalakouras
    
    Dimitrios Dalakouras is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Panionios.
24. Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist and ethnographer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Yuri Knorozov
    
    Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov was a Russian linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, who is particularly renowned for the pivotal role his research played in the decipherment of the Maya script, the writing system used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica.
1998
1. Jakob Chychrun, American-born Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Jakob Chychrun
    
    Jakob Chychrun is an American-born Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman and alternate captain for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted sixteenth overall by the Coyotes at the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.
2. Bella Abzug, American lawyer, activist, and politician (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Bella Abzug
    
    Bella Savitzky Abzug, nicknamed "Battling Bella", was an American lawyer, politician, social activist, and a leader in the women's movement. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists such as Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and Betty Friedan to found the National Women's Political Caucus. She was a leading figure in what came to be known as eco-feminism.
3. Tim Flock, American race car driver (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Tim Flock
    
    Julius Timothy Flock was an American stock car racer. He was a two-time NASCAR series champion. He was a brother to NASCAR's second female driver Ethel Mobley and Bob and Fonty Flock.
4. Joel Ryce-Menuhin, American pianist (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Joel Ryce-Menuhin
    
    Joel Ryce-Menuhin was an American pianist, who later became a Jungian psychologist in private practice.
1996
1. Liza Koshy, American actress, comedian, and television host births
  1. Liza Koshy
    
    Elizabeth Shaila "Liza" Koshy, is an American media personality and actress. Her main YouTube channel has amassed more than 17 million subscribers, and her two channels have a combined total of over 3 billion views. She has received four Streamy Awards, four Teen Choice Awards, and a Kids' Choice Award.
2. Dante Giacosa, Italian automobile designer and engineer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Dante Giacosa
    
    Dante Giacosa was an Italian automobile designer and engineer responsible for a range of Italian automobile designs — and for refining the front-wheel drive layout to an industry-standard configuration.
3. Jeffrey Lee Pierce, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Jeffrey Lee Pierce
    
    Jeffrey Lee Pierce was an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and author. He was one of the founding members of the band The Gun Club, and released material as a solo artist.
1995
1. Fiona Brown, footballer births
  1. Fiona Brown (footballer)
    
    Fiona Alison Brown is a Scottish footballer who plays as a forward for FC Rosengård in the Damallsvenskan and the Scotland national team.
2. Selena, American singer-songwriter (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Selena
    
    Selena Quintanilla Pérez, known mononymously as Selena, was an American Tejano singer. Called the "Queen of Tejano music", her contributions to music and fashion made her one of the most celebrated Mexican-American entertainers of the late 20th century. In 2020, Billboard magazine put her in third place on their list of "Greatest Latino Artists of All Time", based on both Latin albums and Latin songs chart. Media outlets called her the "Tejano Madonna" for her clothing choices. She also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all time and is credited for catapulting the Tejano genre into the mainstream market.
1994
1. Samira Asghari, Afghan member of the International Olympic Committee births
  1. Samira Asghari
    
    Samira Asghari is a member of the International Olympic Committee for Afghanistan since 2018. Upon her election at the age of 24, Asghari became the first representative from Afghanistan and one of the youngest ever members to join the IOC. Before being selected for the IOC, Asghari played for the Afghanistan women's national basketball team and worked for the Afghanistan National Olympic Committee during the 2010s. With the ANOC, Asghari briefly held the finance director and Deputy Secretary General positions in the early to mid 2010s.
2. Tyler Wright, Australian surfer births
  1. Tyler Wright (surfer)
    
    Tyler Wright is an Australian professional surfer on the WSL World Tour. She is a consecutive WSL Women's World Champion.
3. Mads Würtz Schmidt, Danish road cyclist births
  1. Mads Würtz Schmidt
    
    Mads Würtz Schmidt is a Danish racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Israel–Premier Tech. He rode at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships. In May 2018, he was named in the startlist for the 2018 Giro d'Italia. In July 2019, he was named in the startlist for the 2019 Tour de France. In June 2021, he won the Danish National Road Race Championships.
1993
1. Mikael Ishak, Swedish footballer births
  1. Mikael Ishak
    
    Mikael Ishak is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ekstraklasa club Lech Poznań. Beginning his career with Assyriska FF in 2010, he has gone on to play professionally in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Denmark, and Poland. A full international since 2015, he has won seven caps and scored one goal for the Sweden national team. He represented the Sweden Olympic team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
2. Brandon Lee, American actor and martial artist (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Brandon Lee
    
    Brandon Bruce Lee was an American actor and martial artist. Establishing himself as a rising action star in the early 1990s, he landed his breakthrough role as Eric Draven in the dark fantasy film The Crow (1994). Lee's career, however, was cut short by his accidental death during The Crow's production.
3. Mitchell Parish, Lithuanian-American songwriter (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Mitchell Parish
    
    Mitchell Parish was an American lyricist.
1992
1. Stijn de Looijer, Dutch footballer births
  1. Stijn de Looijer
    
    Stijn de Looijer is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He formerly played for FC Den Bosch and NEC.
2. Adam Zampa, Australian cricketer births
  1. Adam Zampa
    
    Adam Zampa is an Australian international cricketer who represents Australian cricket team in limited-overs cricket.
1991
1. Milan Milanović, Serbian footballer births
  1. Milan Milanović
    
    Milan Milanović is a Serbian professional footballer.
2. Rodney Sneijder, Dutch footballer births
  1. Rodney Sneijder
    
    Rodney Sneijder is a Dutch footballer who plays for Hoofdklasse team DHSC as a midfielder. He has previously played for AFC Ajax, FC Utrecht, RKC Waalwijk, Almere City in the Netherlands and for Scottish side Dundee United. He is the brother of Wesley Sneijder and Jeffrey Sneijder.
3. Theofylaktos Papakonstantinou, Greek columnist, political and social analyst and historian (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Theofylaktos Papakonstantinou
    
    Theofylaktos F. Papakonstantinou (1905–1991) was a Greek columnist, political and social analyst and historian. He used the pen name Petros Monastiriotis.
1990
1. George Iloka, American football player births
  1. George Iloka
    
    George Arinze Iloka is an American football safety who is a free agent. He played college football at Boise State and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fifth round of the 2012 NFL Draft.
2. Lyra McKee, Irish journalist (d. 2019) births
  1. Lyra McKee
    
    Lyra Catherine McKee was a journalist from Northern Ireland who wrote for several publications about the consequences of the Troubles. She also served as an editor for Mediagazer, a news aggregator website. On 18 April 2019, McKee was fatally shot during rioting in the Creggan area of Derry.
3. Sandra Roma, Swedish tennis player births
  1. Sandra Roma
    
    Sandra Roma is a former tennis player from Sweden.
1989
1. Alberto Martín Romo García Adámez, Spanish footballer births
  1. Alberto Martín (footballer)
    
    Alberto Martín Romo García Adámez, known simply as Alberto, is a Spanish footballer who plays for UD Melilla as a midfielder.
2. Nejc Vidmar, Slovenian footballer births
  1. Nejc Vidmar
    
    Nejc Vidmar is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Slovenian PrvaLiga side Mura.
3. Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer births
  1. Liu Zige
    
    Liu Zige is a world record holding swimmer from China. She swam for China at the 2008 Olympics, where she won the women's 200m butterfly in a new world record of 2:04.18.
1988
1. Thomas De Corte, Belgian footballer births
  1. Thomas De Corte
    
    Thomas De Corte is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a right back. He formerly played for Lierse and AGOVV.
2. Conrad Sewell, Australian singer and songwriter births
  1. Conrad Sewell
    
    Conrad Ignatius Mario Maximilian Sewell is an Australian singer and songwriter. Sewell is best known for his vocals on Kygo's single "Firestone" and his number-one single "Start Again".
3. Dorin Dickerson, American football player births
  1. Dorin Dickerson
    
    Dorin R. Dickerson is a former American football tight end and wide receiver of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Pittsburgh. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the seventh round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers, New England Patriots, Buffalo Bills, and Tennessee Titans.
4. DeAndre Liggins, American basketball player births
  1. DeAndre Liggins
    
    DeAndre Desmond Liggins is an American professional basketball player who plays for the New Taipei Kings of the P. League+. He played college basketball for Kentucky.
5. Louis van der Westhuizen, Namibian cricketer births
  1. Louis van der Westhuizen
    
    Louis van der Westhuizen is a Namibian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a slow left-arm bowler. He has played first-class cricket for the senior Namibian cricket team since 2006, having previously lined up for the Under-19s. He made his first-class cricket debut on 11 May 2006, for Namibia against Scotland in the 2006–07 ICC Intercontinental Cup.
6. William McMahon, Australian lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908) deaths
  1. William McMahon
    
    Sir William McMahon was an Australian politician who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Australia, in office from 1971 to 1972 as leader of the Liberal Party. He was a government minister for over 21 years, the longest continuous ministerial service in Australian history.
  2. Prime Minister of Australia
    
    The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who became prime minister on 23 May 2022.
1987
1. Nordin Amrabat, Dutch footballer births
  1. Nordin Amrabat
    
    Noureddine "Nordin" Amrabat is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Greek Super League club AEK Athens.
2. Hugo Ayala, Mexican footballer births
  1. Hugo Ayala
    
    Hugo Ayala Castro is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Liga MX club Tigres UANL.
3. Amaury Bischoff, Portuguese footballer births
  1. Amaury Bischoff
    
    Amaury Armindo Bischoff is a Franco-Portuguese professional footballer who plays for French club SR Colmar as a central midfielder.
4. Humpy Koneru, Indian chess player births
  1. Koneru Humpy
    
    Koneru Humpy is an Indian chess player best known for winning the FIDE Women's rapid chess championship in 2019. In 2002, she became the youngest woman ever to achieve the title of Grandmaster (GM) at the age of 15 years, 1 month, 27 days, beating Judit Polgár's previous record by three months. In October 2007, Humpy became the second female player, after Polgár, to exceed the 2600 Elo rating mark, being rated 2606.
5. Kirill Starkov, Danish ice hockey player births
  1. Kirill Starkov
    
    Kirill Olegovich Starkov is a Russian-born Danish professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for HC Château-d'Oex in the Swiss 2. Liga, the fifth tier of the Swiss hockey system.
6. Nelli Zhiganshina, Russian figure skater births
  1. Nelli Zhiganshina
    
    Nelli Nailevna Zhiganshina is a Russian-born German ice dancer. With Alexander Gazsi, she is a six-time German national champion and has won twelve international medals. They have placed as high as 6th at the European Championships and 10th at the World Championships.
1986
1. Andreas Dober, Austrian footballer births
  1. Andreas Dober
    
    Andreas Dober is an Austrian footballer who plays for Rapid Wien II as a defender.
2. James King, Scottish rugby player births
  1. James King (rugby union, born 1986)
    
    James King is a Scottish rugby union player who plays for Edinburgh Rugby in the Pro14.
3. Paulo Machado, Portuguese footballer births
  1. Paulo Machado
    
    Paulo Ricardo Ribeiro de Jesus Machado is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.
4. Jerry Paris, American actor and director (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Jerry Paris
    
    William Gerald Paris was an American actor and director best known for playing Jerry Helper, the dentist and next-door neighbor of Rob and Laura Petrie, on The Dick Van Dyke Show, and for directing the majority of the episodes of the sitcom Happy Days.
1985
1. Steve Bernier, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Steve Bernier
    
    Steve Bernier is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. Selected in the first round, 16th overall, in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the San Jose Sharks, Bernier would play for the Sharks, Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, New Jersey Devils and the New York Islanders during his time in the NHL.
2. Jo-Lonn Dunbar, American football player births
  1. Jo-Lonn Dunbar
    
    Jo-Lonn D. Dunbar is a former American football linebacker who played eight seasons in the NFL. He was signed by the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He has also played for the St. Louis Rams. He played college football at Boston College.
3. Jesper Hansen, Danish footballer births
  1. Jesper Hansen (footballer, born 1985)
    
    Jesper Hansen is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for AGF. He accumulated 18 youth caps for Denmark at six different age groups.
4. Ivan Mishyn, Ukrainian race car driver births
  1. Ivan Mishyn
    
    Ivan Mishyn is a Ukrainian rally codriver, Ukrainian rally vice-champion, European rally champion in ERC Production Cup category, and The Boar ProRacing team codriver.
5. Kory Sheets, American football player births
  1. Kory Sheets
    
    Kory Gerren Sheets is a former American football running back. He played college football at Purdue and he was signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. Sheets was also a member of the Miami Dolphins, Carolina Panthers and Oakland Raiders of the NFL and the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League.
6. Jalmar Sjöberg, Swedish wrestler births
  1. Jalmar Sjöberg
    
    Jalmar Leonard Sjöberg is an amateur Swedish Greco-Roman wrestler. He won a silver medal for the super heavyweight division at the 2009 European Wrestling Championships in Vilnius, Lithuania, and two bronze medals at the 2007 European Wrestling Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, and at the 2009 FILA World Championships in Herning, Denmark.
1984
1. David Clarkson, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. David Clarkson (ice hockey)
    
    David Clarkson is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently the head coach for the U16 Colorado Thunderbirds ice hockey team in the Tier 1 Elite Hockey League. Clarkson was a member of the 2003 Memorial Cup-winning Kitchener Rangers.
2. Eddie Johnson, American soccer player births
  1. Eddie Johnson (American soccer)
    
    Edward Abraham Johnson is an American former soccer player. He played the majority of his fourteen-year club career in the U.S. with FC Dallas, Kansas City Wizards, Seattle Sounders FC, and D.C. United. Johnson also spent three and a half years with several European clubs.
3. James Jones, American football player births
  1. James Jones (wide receiver)
    
    James DeAndre Jones is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at San Jose State and was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft. With the Packers, he helped them win Super Bowl XLV over the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was also a member of the Oakland Raiders. He is an NFL Network analyst.
4. Martins Dukurs, Latvian sled racer births
  1. Martins Dukurs
    
    Martins Dukurs is a Latvian skeleton racer who has competed since 1998. He is a six-time world champion in men's skeleton, a double Olympic silver winner, and the athlete with the most World Cup titles with a total of 11, having won eight consecutive titles between 2010 and 2017, plus another three consecutive titles between 2020 and 2022.
5. Kaie Kand, Estonian heptathlete births
  1. Kaie Kand
    
    Kaie Kand is a retired Estonian heptathlete. Her personal best score is 5979 points, achieved in May 2009 in Götzis. In 2009, she set an Estonian national indoor record in the pentathlon. Her coach was Remigija Nazarovienė.
6. Alberto Junior Rodríguez, Peruvian footballer births
  1. Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1984)
    
    Alberto Junior Rodríguez Valdelomar, nicknamed El mudo (mute), is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a central defender.
7. Ed Williamson, English rugby player births
  1. Ed Williamson (rugby union)
    
    Ed Williamson is a professional contemporary artist and former professional rugby union player. He retired in 2016 after playing for Union Athletic Libournaise. Williamson started his career with Newcastle Falcons who he had played for since the age of 18. He made his first team debut in the 2004/2005 season against Leicester Tigers. He went on to play over 80 games for the club. He has represented England at the U19 level.
1983
1. Hashim Amla, South African cricketer births
  1. Hashim Amla
    
    Hashim Mahomed Amla OIS is a South African former international cricketer who played for South Africa in all three formats of the game. Amla holds the record for being the fastest ever to score 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000 and 7000 ODI runs. He also became the fastest cricketer to reach 10 ODI centuries. Amla is an occasional off break bowler, and was South Africa's Test captain from June 2014 to January 2016.
2. Ashleigh Ball, Canadian voice actress and musician births
  1. Ashleigh Ball
    
    Ashleigh Adele Ball is a Canadian voice actress and musician, known for performing with the rock band Hey Ocean!, as well as voicing characters in several toyetic movies and television series, notably the Barbie film series, Bratz, Johnny Test, Littlest Pet Shop, and My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. She is the subject of the documentary A Brony Tale directed by Brent Hodge, which follows her through her first interactions with the brony community at BronyCon 2012.
3. Sophie Hunger, Swiss-German musician births
  1. Sophie Hunger
    
    Sophie Hunger is a Swiss singer-songwriter, film composer, multi-instrumentalist and bandleader, currently living in Berlin.
4. Vlasios Maras, Greek gymnast births
  1. Vlasios Maras
    
    Vlasios Maras is a Greek gymnast.
5. Nigel Plum, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Nigel Plum
    
    Nigel Plum is a journeyman Australian former professional rugby league footballer. He played for the Sydney Roosters, Canberra Raiders and Penrith Panthers in the National Rugby League. He was known for his tackling technique, most notably cutting the ball runner in half. He now works at Murrumbidgee Regional High School in Griffith, NSW
6. Christina Stead, Australian author and academic (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Christina Stead
    
    Christina Stead was an Australian novelist and short-story writer acclaimed for her satirical wit and penetrating psychological characterisations. Christina Stead was a committed Marxist, although she was never a member of the Communist Party. She spent much of her life outside Australia, although she returned before her death.
1982
1. Tal Ben Haim, Israeli footballer births
  1. Tal Ben Haim
    
    Tal Ben Haim is an Israeli footballer who last played for Beitar Jerusalem. He can play at either centre back or right back. He has played for Maccabi Tel Aviv, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, Manchester City, Sunderland, Portsmouth, West Ham United, Queens Park Rangers, Standard Liége and Charlton Athletic.
2. Bam Childress, American football player births
  1. Bam Childress
    
    Brandon "Bam" Childress is a former gridiron football wide receiver. He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at Ohio State. Childress was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles and Saskatchewan Roughriders.
3. Audrey Kawasaki, American painter births
  1. Audrey Kawasaki
    
    Audrey Kawasaki is a Los Angeles-based painter, known for her distinctive, erotically charged portrayals of young, adolescent women. Her works are oil paintings painted directly onto wood panels, and her style has been described as a fusion of Art Nouveau and Japanese manga, with primary influences like Gustav Klimt and Alphonse Mucha, saying “The merging of realistically molded faces and bodies against the contrast of flat lines and patterns is so stimulating to me.”
1981
1. Ryan Bingham, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Ryan Bingham
    
    George Ryan Bingham is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and actor whose music spans multiple genres. He is currently based in Los Angeles. As of 2019, Bingham has released six studio albums and one live album, the last four of which were released under his own label, Axster Bingham Records.
2. Thomas Chatelle, Belgian footballer births
  1. Thomas Chatelle
    
    Thomas Chatelle is a retired Belgian footballer, who last played for Mons. He normally played as a winger and has gained 3 caps for the Belgian national team.
3. Han Tae-you, South Korean footballer births
  1. Han Tae-you
    
    Han Tae-you is a South Korean football player.
4. Pa Dembo Touray, Gambian footballer births
  1. Pa Dembo Touray
    
    Pa Dembo Touray, is the goalkeeper coach of Prespa Birlik. He is a former Gambian football goalkeeper and national team player for Gambia.
5. Maarten van der Weijden, Dutch swimmer births
  1. Maarten van der Weijden
    
    Maarten van der Weijden is a Dutch long distance and marathon swimmer born in Alkmaar. In 2019 Van der Weijden swam the Elfstedentocht for charity. He raised more than €6.1 million.
6. Enid Bagnold, English author and playwright (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Enid Bagnold
    
    Enid Algerine Bagnold, Lady Jones, was a British writer and playwright known for the 1935 story National Velvet.
1980
1. Martin Albrechtsen, Danish footballer births
  1. Martin Albrechtsen
    
    Martin Albrechtsen is a Danish football player who plays for VB 1968. He can play in any position across the back four and has played four games for the Danish national team. He is the older brother of Jacob Albrechtsen.
2. Karolina Lassbo, Swedish lawyer and blogger births
  1. Karolina Lassbo
    
    Karolina Charlotte Lassbo is a Swedish blogger, internet personality and lawyer.
3. Matias Concha, Swedish footballer births
  1. Matias Concha
    
    Hernán Matias Arsenio Concha is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He started off his career with Malmö FF in 2000 and then represented Djurgårdens IF and VfL Bochum before returning to Malmö FF in 2012. A full international between 2006 and 2008, he won eight caps for the Sweden national team.
4. Kate Micucci, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress births
  1. Kate Micucci
    
    Kate Micucci is an American actress, comedian and musician who is half of the musical comedy duo Garfunkel and Oates. Some of her roles include Stephanie Gooch in Scrubs, Shelley in Raising Hope, Lucy in The Big Bang Theory, Sadie Miller in Steven Universe, Sara Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law, Daisy in Nature Cat, Clayface in The Lego Batman Movie, Velma Dinkley in Scooby-Doo since 2015, Webby Vanderquack in DuckTales, and Dr. Fox in Unikitty!
5. Michael Ryder, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Michael Ryder
    
    Michael Glen Wayne Ryder is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. Ryder played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins, Dallas Stars, and New Jersey Devils.
6. Maaya Sakamoto, Japanese actress, voice actress and singer births
  1. Maaya Sakamoto
    
    Maaya Sakamoto is a Japanese actress and singer. She made her debut as a voice actress in 1992 as the voice of Chifuru in the anime Little Twins, and became known as the voice of Hitomi Kanzaki in The Vision of Escaflowne. Other major roles in anime include Leila Malcal in Code Geass: Akito the Exiled, Jeanne d'Arc in Fate/Apocrypha, Shiki Ryōgi in The Garden of Sinners, Riho Yamazaki in Nightwalker: The Midnight Detective, Moe Katsuragi in Risky Safety, Princess Tomoyo in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, Haruhi Fujioka in Ouran High School Host Club, Sayaka Nakasugi in Birdy the Mighty, Ciel Phantomhive in Black Butler, Shinobu Oshino in Monogatari, Merlin in The Seven Deadly Sins, Motoko Kusanagi in Ghost in the Shell: Arise, Quinella in season 3 of Sword Art Online, and Echidna in Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World.
7. Vladimír Holan, Czech poet and author (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Vladimír Holan
    
    Vladimír Holan was a Czechoslovak poet famous for employing obscure language, dark topics and pessimistic views in his poems. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in the late 1960s.
8. Jesse Owens, American sprinter and long jumper (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Jesse Owens
    
    James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens was an American track and field athlete who won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games.
1979
1. Omri Afek, Israeli footballer births
  1. Omri Afek
    
    Omri Afek is a retired Israeli footballer who last played for Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv.
2. Euan Burton, Scottish martial artist and coach births
  1. Euan Burton
    
    Euan Michael Burton MBE is a Scottish judoka.
3. Alexis Ferrero, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Alexis Ferrero
    
    Alexis Javier Ferrero is an Argentine former football centre back who last played for San Martín Mendoza.
4. Charlie Manning, American baseball player births
  1. Charlie Manning
    
    Charles Nelson Manning is a former professional baseball relief pitcher who last played for the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs. He played part of the 2008 season in Major League Baseball for the Washington Nationals. He went to the University of Tampa and is listed with a height of 6'2 and weight of 180 pounds. Manning throws and bats left-handed.
5. Jonna Mendes, American skier births
  1. Jonna Mendes
    
    Jonna Mendes is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from the United States. She specialized in the speed events and raced for nine seasons on the World Cup circuit. Mendes competed in two Winter Olympics and four World Championships. She was the bronze medalist in the Super G at the 2003 World Championships in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
6. Rhys Wesser, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Rhys Wesser
    
    Rhys Joseph Wesser is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a fullback. During his 14 seasons in the NRL, he played for the Penrith Panthers, with whom he won the 2003 NRL Premiership, and the South Sydney Rabbitohs. His 113 tries for the Penrith Panthers is a club record. Wesser was also a Queensland and Indigenous Dreamtime representative.
1978
1. Michael Clark, Australian cricketer and footballer births
  1. Michael Clark (sportsman)
    
    Michael Wayne Clark is an Australian former cricketer and Australian rules footballer.
2. Stephen Clemence, English footballer and manager births
  1. Stephen Clemence
    
    Stephen Neal Clemence is an English football coach and former player, who made nearly 250 appearances in the Premier League and Football League playing as a midfielder.
3. Jarrod Cooper, American football player births
  1. Jarrod Cooper
    
    Jarrod Alexander Cooper is a former American football safety with the Oakland Raiders and Carolina Panthers. He was drafted by the Panthers in the fifth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kansas State.
4. Jérôme Rothen, French footballer births
  1. Jérôme Rothen
    
    Jérôme René Marcel Rothen is a French former professional footballer who played as a winger.
5. Astrid Allwyn, American actress (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Astrid Allwyn
    
    Astrid Allwyn was an American stage and film actress.
6. Charles Herbert Best, American-Canadian physiologist and biochemist, co-discovered Insulin (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Charles Best (medical scientist)
    
    Charles Herbert Best was an American-Canadian medical scientist and one of the co-discoverers of insulin.
  2. Insulin
    
    Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the INS gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism, especially of reserve body fat.
1977
1. Toshiya, Japanese bass player, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Dir En Grey
    
    Dir En Grey is a Japanese heavy metal band formed in February 1997 and currently signed to Firewall Div., a sub-division of Free-Will. With a consistent lineup of guitarists Kaoru and Die, vocalist Kyo, drummer Shinya and bassist Toshiya, they have released eleven full-length records. Numerous stylistic changes have made the genre of their music difficult to determine, though it is generally considered to be a form of metal. Originally a visual kei band, the members later opted for more subtle attire, but have continued to maintain a dramatic image on stage.
2. Garth Tander, Australian race car driver births
  1. Garth Tander
    
    Garth Tander is a multiple-championship winning Australian motor racing driver competing in the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship's Enduro Cup, co-driving the No. 97 Holden ZB Commodore for Triple Eight Race Engineering. He was the 2007 series champion for the HSV Dealer Team and is a five-time winner in Australia's most prestigious motor race, the Bathurst 1000.
1976
1. Howard Frier, American basketball player births
  1. Howard Frier
    
    Howard Fletcher Frier is a retired American-Estonian basketball player.
2. Igors Sļesarčuks, Latvian-Russian footballer births
  1. Igors Sļesarčuks
    
    Igors Sļesarčuks is a Latvian-Russian football coach and former player.
3. Graeme Smith, Scottish swimmer births
  1. Graeme Smith (swimmer)
    
    Graeme Smith is a former British freestyle swimmer.
4. Paul Strand, American photographer and director (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Paul Strand
    
    Paul Strand was an American photographer and filmmaker who, along with fellow modernist photographers like Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Weston, helped establish photography as an art form in the 20th century. In 1936, he helped found the Photo League, a cooperative of photographers who banded together around a range of common social and creative causes. His diverse body of work, spanning six decades, covers numerous genres and subjects throughout the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
1975
1. Makis Dreliozis, Greek basketball player births
  1. Makis Dreliozis
    
    Prodromos "Makis" Dreliozis, is a retired Greek professional basketball player. At 2.01 m in height and 91 kg. (200 lbs.) in weight, he played at the shooting guard and small forward positions.
2. Adam Green, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Adam Green (filmmaker)
    
    Adam Green is an American actor, filmmaker and musician, best known for his work in horror and comedy films, including the Hatchet franchise, 2010's Frozen, and the television series Holliston.
3. Nathan Grey, Australian rugby player and coach births
  1. Nathan Grey (rugby union)
    
    Nathan Patrick Grey is a former Australian rugby union footballer, who played mostly at centre, sometimes flyhalf. He is currently the defence coach for the New South Wales Waratahs and the Australian national team.
4. Cameron Murray, Scottish rugby player births
  1. Cameron Murray (rugby union)
    
    Cameron Murray is a former Scotland international rugby union player.
5. Ryan Rupe, American baseball player births
  1. Ryan Rupe
    
    Ryan Kittman Rupe is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. Rupe played in the majors for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and Boston Red Sox.
6. Percy Alliss, English golfer (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Percy Alliss
    
    Percy Alliss was one of the leading English professional golfers in the 1920s and 1930s, winning many tournaments in Britain and Continental Europe. He was the father of commentator and former golfer Peter Alliss.
1974
1. Benjamin Eicher, German director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Benjamin Eicher
    
    Benjamin Eicher is a film director famous for his cult film sequel Dei Mudder Sei Gesicht II and further feature-length gangster comedies.
2. Natali, Russian singer, composer and songwriter births
  1. Natali (singer)
    
    Natalia Anatolievna Rudina, better known by stage name Natali, is a Russian singer, composer, songwriter, and TV presenter.
3. Stefan Olsdal, Swedish bass player births
  1. Stefan Olsdal
    
    Bo Stefan Alexander Olsdal is a Swedish-Luxembourgish bassist/guitarist of the alternative rock band Placebo, he is part of the electronic band Digital 21 + Stefan Olsdal and launched the electronic/dance remix at Hotel Persona.
4. Jani Sievinen, Finnish swimmer births
  1. Jani Sievinen
    
    Jani Nikanor Sievinen is a former medley swimmer from Finland, who won the silver medal in the 200 m individual medley at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. In winning the World Championship 200m individual medley title in 1994, he established a new world record of 1:58.16 which lasted for almost nine years until it was broken by Michael Phelps (USA).
1973
1. Christopher Hampson, English ballet dancer and choreographer births
  1. Christopher Hampson
    
    Christopher Hampson is an English ballet choreographer and director and former ballet dancer. In August 2012, Hampson succeeded Ashley Page as artistic director of Scottish Ballet, and was appointed CEO/Artistic Director in 2015.
1972
1. Alejandro Amenábar, Chilean-Spanish director and screenwriter births
  1. Alejandro Amenábar
    
    Alejandro Fernando Amenábar Cantos is a Spanish-Chilean film director, screenwriter and composer. He has won nine Goyas—including a Goya Award for Best Director for his 2001 film The Others— two European Film Awards and one Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for The Sea Inside among other honors. He has written the screenplays to all seven of his films and composed almost all of their soundtracks.
2. Andrew Bowen, American actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Andrew Bowen
    
    Andrew Bowen is an American actor and comedian. He was a cast member on Mad TV and voices Johnny Cage in Mortal Kombat.
3. Luca Gentili, Italian footballer and coach births
  1. Luca Gentili (footballer, born 1972)
    
    Luca Gentili is a former Italian footballer.
4. Hristos Polihroniou, Greek hammer thrower births
  1. Hristos Polihroniou
    
    Hristos Polihroniou is retired a Greek hammer thrower.
5. Evan Williams, American businessman, co-founded Twitter and Pyra Labs births
  1. Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)
    
    Evan "Ev" Clark Williams is an American billionaire technology entrepreneur and executive. He is a co-founder of Twitter, and served as CEO of Twitter, Inc. from 2008 to 2010 and as a member of its board from 2007 to 2019. He founded Blogger and Medium, two of the largest blogging internet platforms. In 2014, he co-founded the venture capital firm Obvious Ventures. As of February 2022, his net worth is estimated at US$2.1 billion.
  2. Twitter
    
    Twitter is a microblogging, social networking service owned by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, while unregistered users only have the ability to read public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs. Before April 2020, services were accessible via SMS. Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but the limit was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017. Audio and video tweets remain limited to 140 seconds for most accounts.
  3. Pyra Labs
    
    Pyra Labs is a subsidiary of Google (Alphabet) that created the Blogger service in 1999. Google acquired Pyra Labs in 2003.
1971
1. Demetris Assiotis, Cypriot footballer births
  1. Demetris Assiotis
    
    Demetris Assiotis is a Cypriot former international football midfielder.
2. Martin Atkinson, English footballer and referee births
  1. Martin Atkinson
    
    Martin Atkinson is an English referee coach and retired professional football referee who officiated primarily in the Premier League. He is a member of the West Riding County Football Association.
3. Pavel Bure, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Pavel Bure
    
    Pavel Vladimirovich Bure is a Russian former professional ice hockey player who played the right wing position. Nicknamed "the Russian Rocket" for his speed, Bure played for 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers and New York Rangers. Trained in the Soviet Union, he played three seasons with the Central Red Army team before his NHL career.
4. Craig McCracken, American animator, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Craig McCracken
    
    Craig McCracken is an American animator, writer, producer, director, storyboard artist, and designer known for creating the Cartoon Network's The Powerpuff Girls and Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Disney Channel and Disney XD's Wander Over Yonder and Netflix's Kid Cosmic.
5. Ewan McGregor, Scottish actor births
  1. Ewan McGregor
    
    Ewan Gordon McGregor is a Scottish actor. His accolades include a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and the BAFTA Britannia Humanitarian Award. In 2013, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his services to drama and charity.
1970
1. Alenka Bratušek, Slovenian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Slovenia births
  1. Alenka Bratušek
    
    Alenka Bratušek is a Slovenian politician. She was Prime Minister of Slovenia from March 2013 until May 2014, the first woman in Slovenia to hold this position. She was president pro tempore of the Positive Slovenia party from January 2013 until April 2014. On 5 May 2014, Bratušek submitted her resignation as prime minister.
  2. Prime Minister of Slovenia
    
    The prime minister of Slovenia, officially the president of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, is the head of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia. There have been nine officeholders since the country gained parliamentary democracy in 1989 and independence in 1991.
2. Semyon Timoshenko, Soviet Commander during the Winter War and the Eastern Front of World War II (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Semyon Timoshenko
    
    Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union.
  2. Winter War
    
    The Winter War, also known as the First Soviet-Finnish War, was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and aircraft, the Soviet Union suffered severe losses and initially made little headway. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the organisation.
  3. Eastern Front (World War II)
    
    The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers against the Soviet Union (USSR), Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. It was known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union – and still is in some of its successor states, while almost everywhere else it has been called the Eastern Front. In present-day German and Ukrainian historiography the name German-Soviet War is typically used.
1969
1. Nyamko Sabuni, Burundian-Swedish politician births
  1. Nyamko Sabuni
    
    Nyamko Ana Sabuni is a Swedish politician who was Leader of the Liberals between June 2019 and April 2022. She previously served as Minister for Integration from 2006 to 2010 and as Minister for Gender Equality from 2006 to 2013 in the Swedish government. A member of the Liberal Party, Sabuni was elected a Member of Parliament in 2002. Sabuni made history in June 2019, by becoming the first party leader in the Swedish parliament coming from an ethnic minority and the first party leader of a refugee background. In April 2022, Sabuni resigned as party leader.
2. Steve Smith, American basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Steve Smith (basketball)
    
    Steven Delano Smith is an American former professional basketball player who is a basketball analyst for Turner Sports. After a collegiate career with Michigan State, he played with several teams in his 14-season National Basketball Association career, including the Miami Heat, the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs, but is perhaps best known for his five-year stint with the Atlanta Hawks which included an All-Star Game appearance in 1998. He won a championship with the Spurs in 2003. Smith was widely regarded as an excellent three-point shooter, and is one of three players to make seven 3-pointers in a quarter.
1968
1. César Sampaio, Brazilian footballer births
  1. César Sampaio
    
    Carlos César Sampaio Campos is a Brazilian football pundit and retired footballer, who played as a midfielder.
2. Grover Lowdermilk, American baseball player (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Grover Lowdermilk
    
    Grover Cleveland "Slim" Lowdermilk was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox between 1909 and 1920. Lowdermilk batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Sandborn, Indiana.
1966
1. Roger Black, English runner and journalist births
  1. Roger Black
    
    Roger Anthony Black MBE is a retired English athlete who competed internationally for Great Britain and England. During his athletics career, he won individual silver medals in the 400 metres sprint at both the Olympic Games and World Championships, two individual gold medals at the European Championships, and 4 × 400 metres relay gold medals at both the World and European Championships.
2. Nick Firestone, American race car driver births
  1. Nick Firestone
    
    Nicholas Stanley Firestone is an American former race car driver.
1965
1. Tom Barrasso, American ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Tom Barrasso
    
    Thomas Patrick Barrasso is an American professional ice hockey coach and former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 18 seasons. He began his time in the NHL with the Buffalo Sabres, who selected him fifth overall in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft out of high school. He was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1988, where he would best be remembered and spend the majority of his career. He spent parts of 12 seasons with the Penguins, and was a Stanley Cup champion in 1991 and 1992. After being traded to the Ottawa Senators in March 2000 and sitting out the 2000–01 season, his final two seasons were split playing for the Carolina Hurricanes, Toronto Maple Leafs, and St. Louis Blues. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009.
2. Patty Fendick, American tennis player and coach births
  1. Patty Fendick
    
    Patty Fendick is a former professional tennis player and the former women's tennis program head coach at University of Texas.
3. Jean-Christophe Lafaille, French mountaineer (d. 2006) births
  1. Jean-Christophe Lafaille
    
    Jean-Christophe Lafaille was a French mountaineer noted for a number of difficult ascents in the Alps and Himalaya, and for what has been described as "perhaps the finest self-rescue ever performed in the Himalaya", when he was forced to descend the mile-high south face of Annapurna alone with a broken arm, after his climbing partner had been killed in a fall. He climbed eleven of the fourteen eight-thousand-metre peaks, many of them alone or by previously unclimbed routes, but disappeared during a solo attempt to make the first winter ascent of Makalu, the world's fifth highest mountain.
4. William McNamara, American actor and producer births
  1. William McNamara
    
    William West McNamara is an American film and television actor.
5. Steven T. Seagle, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Steven T. Seagle
    
    Steven T. Seagle is an American writer who works in the comic book, television, film, live theater, video game and animation industries.
1964
1. Mark Hoban, English accountant and politician births
  1. Mark Hoban
    
    Mark Gerard Hoban is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he is a former Member of Parliament for Fareham (2001–2015) and former Minister of State for Work and Pensions (2012–2013).
1963
1. Paul Mercurio, Australian actor and dancer births
  1. Paul Mercurio
    
    Paul Joseph Mercurio is an Australian actor, dancer, TV presenter and politician. Mercurio is best known for his lead role in Strictly Ballroom 1992 and his role as a judge on TV series Dancing with the Stars.
1962
1. Olli Rehn, Finnish footballer and politician births
  1. Olli Rehn
    
    Olli Ilmari Rehn is a Finnish economist and public official who has been serving as governor of the Bank of Finland since 2018. A member of the Centre Party, he previously served as the European Commissioner for Enlargement from 2004 to 2010, European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro from 2010 to 2014, and Minister of Economic Affairs in Juha Sipilä's cabinet from 2015 until 2016.
2. Georgios Stefanopoulos, Greek boxer births
  1. Georgios Stefanopoulos
    
    Georgios Stefanopoulos is a former boxer from Greece, who participated in two Summer Olympics for his native country in the men's heavyweight division, starting in 1984 in Los Angeles, California. He twice won a medal at the European Championships in the early 1990s. Georgios also had some success in kickboxing, winning a gold medal in the Full-Contact heavyweight category at the W.A.K.O. European Championships 1986.
1961
1. Ron Brown, American sprinter and football player births
  1. Ron Brown (wide receiver)
    
    Ronald James Brown is an American former athlete and American football wide receiver, winner of the gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He went to Arizona State University.
2. Howard Gordon, American screenwriter and producer births
  1. Howard Gordon
    
    Howard Gordon is an American television writer and producer.
3. Pyrros Spyromilios, officer of the Greek Navy and director of the Greek Radio Orchestra (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Pyrros Spyromilios
    
    Pyrros Spyromilios was a Greek officer of the Greek Navy in World War II and later director of the Greek Radio Orchestra.
1959
1. Markus Hediger, Swiss poet and translator births
  1. Markus Hediger
    
    Markus Hediger is a Swiss writer and translator.
1957
1. Alan Duncan, English businessman and politician, former Shadow Leader of the House of Commons births
  1. Alan Duncan
    
    Sir Alan James Carter Duncan is a British former Conservative Party politician who served as Minister of State for International Development from 2010 to 2014 and as Minister of State for Europe and the Americas from 2016 to 2019. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rutland and Melton from 1992 to 2019.
  2. Shadow Leader of the House of Commons
    
    The Shadow Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet responsible for working with the Leader of the House in arranging Commons business and holding the Government to account in its overall management of the House. The Shadow Leader also responds to the Business Statement of Leader of House each Thursday, though the Leader of the Opposition exercised this role until the late 1980s. The office is roughly equivalent to the Shadow Leader of the House of Lords.
1956
1. Ralph DePalma, Italian-American race car driver and actor (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Ralph DePalma
    
    Raffaele "Ralph" De Palma was an Italian-American racecar driving champion who won the 1915 Indianapolis 500. His entry at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame estimates that he won about 2,000 races. DePalma won the 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911 American AAA national dirt track championships and is credited with winning 24 American Champ car races. He won the Canadian national championship in 1929. DePalma estimated that he had earned $1.5 million by 1934 after racing for 27 years. He is inducted in numerous halls of fame. He competed on boards and dirt road courses and ovals.
2. Nellah Massey Bailey, American politician and librarian (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Nellah Massey Bailey
    
    Nellah Izora Massey Bailey was an American politician and librarian. She was the first lady of Mississippi from 1944 to 1946 and the Mississippi state tax collector from 1948 to 1956. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the first woman elected to statewide office in Mississippi.
1955
1. Svetozar Marović, President of Serbia and Montenegro births
  1. Svetozar Marović
    
    Svetozar Marović is a Montenegrin lawyer and politician who served as the last head of state and head of government of Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 until Montenegro's declaration of independence in 2006.
2. Angus Young, Scottish-Australian guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Angus Young
    
    Angus McKinnon Young is an Australian musician, best known as the co-founder, lead guitarist, songwriter, and only remaining original member of the hard rock band AC/DC. He is known for his energetic performances, schoolboy-uniform stage outfits and his own version of Chuck Berry's duckwalk. Young was ranked 24th in Rolling Stone's 100 greatest guitarists of all-time list. In 2003, Young and the other members of AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
1953
1. Dennis Kamakahi, American guitarist and composer (d. 2014) births
  1. Dennis Kamakahi
    
    Dennis David Kahekilimamaoikalanikeha Kamakahi was a Hawaiian slack key guitarist, recording artist, music composer, and Christian minister. He was a three-time Grammy Award winner, and in 2009 he was inducted into the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame.
1952
1. Wallace H. White, Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1877) deaths

Important events in history on March 31 st

Events

Gyumri

2018 Armenian revolution

2018 Armenian revolution

NASA

Scott Kelly (astronaut)

Roscosmos

Mikhail Kornienko

ISS year-long mission

International Space Station

Old National Library Building

Fort Canning Tunnel

Anbar campaign (2003–2011)

Fallujah

Private military company

Blackwater (company)

2004 Fallujah ambush

Netscape

Mozilla

Selena

Tejano music

Murder of Selena

Yolanda Saldívar

Corpus Christi, Texas

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Selena

Murder of Selena

Yolanda Saldívar

Days Inn

Corpus Christi, Texas

TAROM Flight 371

Airbus A310

Balotești

Romania

Macao Basic Law

8th National People's Congress

USS Missouri (BB-63)

United States Navy

Long Beach, California

USS Missouri (BB-63)

United States Navy

Battleship

Long Beach, California

Treaty of Federation

Moscow

1991 Georgian independence referendum

Soviet Union

Warsaw Pact

Poll tax riots

Poll tax (Great Britain)

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad

Liquidation

Bankruptcy

Debt

Creditor

Japan Air Lines Flight 351

Tokyo

Fukuoka

Explorer 1

Atmosphere of Earth

President of the United States

Lyndon B. Johnson

Soviet Union

Luna 10

Space probe

Labour Party (UK)

Harold Wilson

1966 United Kingdom general election

Olímpio Mourão Filho

Rio de Janeiro

1964 Brazilian coup d'état

Military dictatorship in Brazil

Dalai Lama's escape from China

14th Dalai Lama

Tawang Monastery

Arunachal Pradesh

14th Dalai Lama

Right of asylum

1958 Canadian federal election

Important events in history
on March 31 ^st