Important events in history
on March 12 ^th

Events

2020
1. The United States suspends travel from Europe due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  1. United States
    
    The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or informally America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
  2. COVID-19 pandemic
    
    The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified from an outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Attempts to contain failed, allowing the virus to spread to other areas of Asia and later worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 1 December 2022, the pandemic had caused more than 643 million cases and 6.63 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.
2019
1. In the House of Commons, the revised EU Withdrawal Bill was rejected by a margin of 149 votes.
  1. European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
    
    The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that provides both for repeal of the European Communities Act 1972, and for parliamentary approval to be required for any withdrawal agreement negotiated between the Government of the United Kingdom and the European Union. The bill's passage through both Houses of Parliament was completed on 20 June 2018 and it became law by Royal Assent on 26 June.
2014
1. A gas leak caused an explosion in the East Harlem neighborhood of New York City, destroying two apartment buildings and causing eight deaths.
  1. 2014 East Harlem gas explosion
    
    On March 12, 2014, an explosion occurred at 9:31 a.m. in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The explosion leveled two apartment buildings located just north of 116th Street at 1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, killing eight people, injuring at least 70 others, and displacing 100 families. City officials initially pointed to a gas leak as the cause of the blast. In June 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) blamed the explosion on failures by Consolidated Edison and the city. The NTSB also agreed to review Whistleblower Gas Explosion Audit Findings from the 2009 Floral Park Queens gas explosion as part of their East Harlem Gas Explosion Investigation. The NTSB were unable to resolve these hazards found with merit by the New York State Public Service Commission (NYSPSC) and they remain a Public Safety Hazard today.
  2. East Harlem
    
    East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio and historically known as Italian Harlem, is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, New York City, roughly encompassing the area north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, Fifth Avenue to the west, and the East and Harlem Rivers to the east and north. Despite its name, it is generally not considered to be a part of Harlem proper, but it is one of the neighborhoods included in Greater Harlem.
2. A gas explosion in the New York City neighborhood of East Harlem kills eight and injures 70 others.
  1. 2014 East Harlem gas explosion
    
    On March 12, 2014, an explosion occurred at 9:31 a.m. in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The explosion leveled two apartment buildings located just north of 116th Street at 1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, killing eight people, injuring at least 70 others, and displacing 100 families. City officials initially pointed to a gas leak as the cause of the blast. In June 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) blamed the explosion on failures by Consolidated Edison and the city. The NTSB also agreed to review Whistleblower Gas Explosion Audit Findings from the 2009 Floral Park Queens gas explosion as part of their East Harlem Gas Explosion Investigation. The NTSB were unable to resolve these hazards found with merit by the New York State Public Service Commission (NYSPSC) and they remain a Public Safety Hazard today.
  2. New York City
    
    New York, often called New York City or the acronym NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States, and is more than twice as populous as second-place Los Angeles. New York City lies at the southern tip of New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. New York is the most photographed city in the world. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.
  3. East Harlem
    
    East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio and historically known as Italian Harlem, is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, New York City, roughly encompassing the area north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, Fifth Avenue to the west, and the East and Harlem Rivers to the east and north. Despite its name, it is generally not considered to be a part of Harlem proper, but it is one of the neighborhoods included in Greater Harlem.
2011
1. A reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant explodes and releases radioactivity into the atmosphere a day after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
  1. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
    
    The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is a disabled nuclear power plant located on a 3.5-square-kilometre (860-acre) site in the towns of Ōkuma and Futaba in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The plant suffered major damage from the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011. The chain of events caused radiation leaks and permanently damaged several of its American-designed reactors, making them impossible to restart. By political decision, the remaining reactors were not restarted.
  2. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
    
    The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami occurred at 14:46 JST on 11 March. The magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake had an epicenter in the Pacific Ocean, 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of the Tōhoku region, and lasted approximately six minutes, causing a tsunami. It is sometimes known in Japan as the "Great East Japan Earthquake" , among other names. The disaster is often referred to in both Japanese and English as simply 3.11.
2009
1. Financier Bernie Madoff pleads guilty to one of the largest frauds in Wall Street's history.
  1. Bernie Madoff
    
    Bernard Lawrence Madoff was an American fraudster and financier who ran the largest Ponzi scheme in history, worth about $64.8 billion. He was at one time chairman of the NASDAQ stock exchange. He advanced the proliferation of electronic trading platforms and the concept of payment for order flow, which has been described as a "legal kickback."
  2. Ponzi scheme
    
    A Ponzi scheme is a form of fraud that lures investors and pays profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors. Named after Italian businessman Charles Ponzi, the scheme leads victims to believe that profits are coming from legitimate business activity, and they remain unaware that other investors are the source of funds. A Ponzi scheme can maintain the illusion of a sustainable business as long as new investors contribute new funds, and as long as most of the investors do not demand full repayment and still believe in the non-existent assets they are purported to own.
  3. Wall Street
    
    Wall Street is an eight-block-long street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It runs between Broadway in the west to South Street and the East River in the east. The term "Wall Street" has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial services industry, New York–based financial interests, or the Financial District itself. Anchored by Wall Street, New York has been described as the world's principal financial center.
2004
1. The President of South Korea, Roh Moo-hyun, is impeached by its National Assembly: the first such impeachment in the nation's history.
  1. President of South Korea
    
    The president of the Republic of Korea, also known as the president of South Korea, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Korea. The president leads the State Council, and is the chief of the executive branch of the national government as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.
  2. Roh Moo-hyun
    
    Roh Moo-hyun was a South Korean politician and lawyer who served as the ninth president of South Korea between 2003 and 2008.
  3. National Assembly (South Korea)
    
    The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, often shortened to the National Assembly in domestic English-language media, is the unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years. The latest legislative elections were held on 15 April 2020. The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 253 constituency seats and 47 proportional representation seats; 30 of the PR seats are assigned on additional member system, while 17 PR seats use the parallel voting method.
  4. Impeachment
    
    Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.
2003
1. Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia, is assassinated in Belgrade.
  1. Zoran Đinđić
    
    Zoran Đinđić was a Serbian politician who served as the prime minister of Serbia from 2001 until his assassination in 2003. He was the mayor of Belgrade in 1997. Đinđić was a long-time opposition politician, and held a doctorate in philosophy.
  2. Prime minister
    
    A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not the head of state, but rather the head of government, serving under either a monarch in a democratic constitutional monarchy or under a president in a republican form of government.
  3. Serbia
    
    Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest, and claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia with Kosovo has about 8.6 million inhabitants. Its capital Belgrade is also the largest city.
  4. Assassination of Zoran Đinđić
    
    Zoran Đinđić, the sixth Prime Minister of the Republic of Serbia, was assassinated on Wednesday 12 March 2003, in Belgrade, Serbia. Đinđić was fatally shot by a sniper while exiting his vehicle outside of the back entrance of the Serbian government headquarters.
  5. Belgrade
    
    Belgrade is the capital and largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 2.5 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade. It is the third largest of all cities on the Danube river.
2. The World Health Organization officially release a global warning of outbreaks of Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
  1. World Health Organization
    
    The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health". Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.
  2. SARS
    
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, the first identified strain of the SARS coronavirus species severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. In the 2010s, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan.
1999
1. Former Warsaw Pact members the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland join NATO.
  1. Warsaw Pact
    
    The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The term "Warsaw Pact" commonly refers to both the treaty itself and its resultant defensive alliance, the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO). The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1955 as per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954.
  2. Czech Republic
    
    The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec.
  3. Hungary
    
    Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi) of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary has a population of nearly 9 million, mostly ethnic Hungarians and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian, the official language, is the world's most widely spoken Uralic language and among the few non-Indo-European languages widely spoken in Europe. Budapest is the country's capital and largest city; other major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs, and Győr.
  4. Poland
    
    Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.
  5. NATO
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implemented the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the perceived threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber.
1993
1. Several bombs explode in Mumbai, India, killing about 300 people and injuring hundreds more.
  1. 1993 Bombay bombings
    
    The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of 12 terrorist bombings that took place in Bombay, Maharashtra, on 12 March 1993. The single-day attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries. The attacks were coordinated by Dawood Ibrahim, leader of the Mumbai-based international organised crime syndicate D-Company. Ibrahim was believed to have ordered and helped organize the bombings through his subordinates Tiger Memon and Yakub Memon.
  2. Mumbai
    
    Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the de facto financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second-most populous city in India after Delhi and the eighth-most populous city in the world with a population of roughly 20 million ). As per the Indian government population census of 2011, Mumbai was the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore) living under the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million. Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India.
2. North Korea announces that it will withdraw from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and refuses to allow inspectors access to its nuclear sites.
  1. North Korea
    
    North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.
  2. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
    
    The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.
1992
1. Mauritius becomes a republic while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
  1. Mauritius
    
    Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island, as well as Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon. The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, along with nearby Réunion, are part of the Mascarene Islands. The main island of Mauritius, where most of the population is concentrated, hosts the capital and largest city, Port Louis. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) and has an exclusive economic zone covering 2,300,000 square kilometres.
  2. Republic
    
    A republic is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term was used to imply a state with a democratic or representative constitution, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.
  3. Commonwealth of Nations
    
    The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations amongst member states. Numerous organisations are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.
1989
1. Tim Berners-Lee submitted a memorandum at CERN with details of an information-management system, the first proposal for what would become the World Wide Web.
  1. Tim Berners-Lee
    
    Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer Science at the University of Oxford and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989, then implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
  2. CERN
    
    The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN, is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 23 member states, and Israel is currently the only non-European country holding full membership. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.
  3. World Wide Web
    
    The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet.
2. Sir Tim Berners-Lee submits his proposal to CERN for an information management system, which subsequently develops into the World Wide Web.
  1. Tim Berners-Lee
    
    Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer Science at the University of Oxford and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989, then implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November.
  2. CERN
    
    The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN, is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 23 member states, and Israel is currently the only non-European country holding full membership. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.
  3. World Wide Web
    
    The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet.
1986
1. Souh Korean film director Shin Sang-ok and his ex-wife, actress Choi Eun-hee, who had been abducted by North Korea to make propaganda films, escaped while in Vienna.
  1. Shin Sang-ok
    
    Shin Sang-ok was a South Korean filmmaker with more than 100 producer and 70 director credits to his name. His best-known films were made in the 1950s and 60s, many of them collaborations with his wife Choi Eun-hee, when he was known as "The Prince of South Korean Cinema". He received the Gold Crown Cultural Medal, the country's top honor for an artist.
  2. Choi Eun-hee
    
    Choi Eun-hee was a South Korean actress, who was one of the country's most popular stars of the 1960s and 1970s. In 1978, Choi and her then ex-husband, movie director Shin Sang-ok, were abducted to North Korea, where they were forced to make films until they sought asylum at the U.S. embassy in Vienna in 1986. They returned to South Korea in 1999 after spending a decade in the United States.
  3. Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee
    
    The abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee occurred in North Korea between 1978 and 1986. Shin Sang-ok was a famous South Korean film director who had been married to actress Choi Eun-hee. Together, they established Shin Film and made many films through the 1960s which garnered recognition for South Korea at various film festivals. In 1978, Choi was abducted in Hong Kong and taken to North Korea to the country's future supreme leader Kim Jong-il. The abduction of Shin followed six months later.
  4. Vienna
    
    Vienna is the capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city and its primate city, with about two million inhabitants, and its cultural, economic, and political center. It is the 6th-largest city proper by population in the European Union and the largest of all cities on the Danube river.
1971
1. The Turkish Armed Forces executed a "coup by memorandum", forcing the resignation of Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel.
  1. Turkish Armed Forces
    
    The Turkish Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. Turkish Armed Forces consist of the General Staff, the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The current Chief of the General staff is General Yaşar Güler. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Coordinating the military relations of the TAF with other NATO member states and friendly states is the responsibility of the General Staff.
  2. 1971 Turkish military memorandum
    
    The 1971 Turkish military memorandum, issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey, coming 11 years after its 1960 predecessor. It is known as the "coup by memorandum", which the military delivered in lieu of sending out tanks, as it had done previously. The event came amid worsening domestic strife, but ultimately did little to halt this phenomenon.
  3. Süleyman Demirel
    
    Süleyman Sami Demirel was a Turkish politician, engineer, and statesman who served as the 9th President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000. He previously served as the Prime Minister of Turkey seven times between the years 1965 and 1993. He was the leader of the Justice Party (AP) from 1964 to 1980 and the leader of the True Path Party (DYP) from 1987 to 1993.
2. The 1971 Turkish military memorandum is sent to the Süleyman Demirel government of Turkey and the government resigns.
  1. 1971 Turkish military memorandum
    
    The 1971 Turkish military memorandum, issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey, coming 11 years after its 1960 predecessor. It is known as the "coup by memorandum", which the military delivered in lieu of sending out tanks, as it had done previously. The event came amid worsening domestic strife, but ultimately did little to halt this phenomenon.
  2. Süleyman Demirel
    
    Süleyman Sami Demirel was a Turkish politician, engineer, and statesman who served as the 9th President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000. He previously served as the Prime Minister of Turkey seven times between the years 1965 and 1993. He was the leader of the Justice Party (AP) from 1964 to 1980 and the leader of the True Path Party (DYP) from 1987 to 1993.
  3. Turkey
    
    Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. It shares borders with the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest. Cyprus is located off the south coast. Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population and Kurds are the largest minority. Ankara is Turkey's capital, while Istanbul is its largest city and financial centre.
1968
1. Mauritius achieves independence from the United Kingdom.
  1. Mauritius
    
    Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island, as well as Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon. The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, along with nearby Réunion, are part of the Mascarene Islands. The main island of Mauritius, where most of the population is concentrated, hosts the capital and largest city, Port Louis. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) and has an exclusive economic zone covering 2,300,000 square kilometres.
  2. United Kingdom
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
1967
1. Suharto takes power from Sukarno when the People's Consultative Assembly inaugurate him as Acting President of Indonesia.
  1. Suharto
    
    Suharto was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto led Indonesia through a dictatorship for 31 years, from the fall of Sukarno in 1967 until his own resignation in 1998. The legacy of his 31-year rule, and his US$38 billion net worth, is still debated at home and abroad.
  2. Sukarno
    
    Sukarno was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
  3. People's Consultative Assembly
    
    The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of the People's Representative Council (DPR) and the Regional Representative Council (DPD). Before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia.
  4. Indonesia
    
    Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres. With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
1952
1. British diplomat Lord Ismay (pictured) was appointed the first secretary general of NATO.
  1. Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay
    
    Hastings Lionel Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay, was a diplomat and general in the British Indian Army who was the first Secretary General of NATO. He also was Winston Churchill's chief military assistant during the Second World War.
  2. Secretary General of NATO
    
    The secretary general of NATO is the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The officeholder is an international diplomat responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, as well as acting as NATO's spokesperson. The secretary general does not have a military command role; political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chair of the NATO Military Committee and the supreme allied commander, the officeholder is one of the foremost officials of NATO.
1950
1. The Llandow air disaster kills 80 people when the aircraft they are travelling in crashes near Sigingstone, Wales. At the time this was the world's deadliest air disaster.
  1. Llandow air disaster
    
    The Llandow air disaster was an aircraft accident in Wales in 1950. At that time it was the world's worst air disaster with a total of 80 fatalities. The aircraft, an Avro Tudor V, had been privately hired to fly rugby union enthusiasts to and from an international game in Ireland. On the return flight the aircraft stalled and crashed on its approach to land.
  2. Sigingstone
    
    Sigingstone is a small hamlet in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.
  3. Wales
    
    Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2021 of 3,107,500 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,680 miles (2,700 km) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate. The capital and largest city is Cardiff.
1947
1. Cold War: U.S. president Harry S. Truman proclaimed the Truman Doctrine to help stem the spread of communism.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Harry S. Truman
    
    Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin Roosevelt and as a United States senator from Missouri from 1935 to January 1945. Assuming the presidency after Roosevelt's death, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition which dominated the Congress.
  3. Truman Doctrine
    
    The Truman Doctrine is an American foreign policy that pledged American "support for democracies against authoritarian threats." The doctrine originated with the primary goal of containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to contain the communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey. Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations thought to be threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that still exists. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War.
  4. Communism
    
    Communism is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society. Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist state followed by the withering away of the state.
2. Cold War: The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Truman Doctrine
    
    The Truman Doctrine is an American foreign policy that pledged American "support for democracies against authoritarian threats." The doctrine originated with the primary goal of containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to contain the communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey. Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations thought to be threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that still exists. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War.
  3. Communism
    
    Communism is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society. Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist state followed by the withering away of the state.
1942
1. The Battle of Java ends with the surrender of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command to the Japanese Empire in Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies.
  1. Battle of Java (1942)
    
    The Battle of Java was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II. It occurred on the island of Java from 28 February – 12 March 1942. It involved forces from the Empire of Japan, which invaded on 28 February 1942, and Allied personnel. Allied commanders signed a formal surrender at Japanese headquarters at Bandung on 12 March.
  2. American-British-Dutch-Australian Command
    
    The American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command, or ABDACOM, was a short-lived, supreme command for all Allied forces in South East Asia in early 1942, during the Pacific War in World War II. The command consists of the forces of Australia, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and the United States. The main objective of the command, led by General Sir Archibald Wavell, was to maintain control of the "Malay Barrier", a notional line running down the Malayan Peninsula, through Singapore and the southernmost islands of Dutch East Indies. ABDACOM was also known in British military circles as the "South West Pacific Command", although it should not be confused with the later South West Pacific Area command.
  3. Empire of Japan
    
    The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent formation of modern Japan. It encompassed the Japanese archipelago and several colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories.
  4. Bandung
    
    Bandung is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most populous city in Indonesia. Greater Bandung is the country's third-largest metropolitan area, with nearly nine million inhabitants. Located 768 metres above sea level, the highest point in the North area with an altitude of 1,050 meters and the lowest in the South is 675 meters above sea level, approximately 140 kilometres southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities. The city lies on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provides a natural defence system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia to Bandung.
  5. West Java
    
    West Java is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. With Banten, this province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia.
  6. Dutch East Indies
    
    The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
1940
1. The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed, ending the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union.
  1. Moscow Peace Treaty
    
    The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March. It marked the end of the 105-day Winter War, upon which Finland ceded border areas to the Soviet Union. The treaty was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky for the Soviet Union, and Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden and Väinö Voionmaa for Finland. The terms of the treaty were not reversed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Karelian question refers to the debate within Finland over the possible reacquisition of this ceded territory.
  2. Winter War
    
    The Winter War, also known as the First Soviet-Finnish War, was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and aircraft, the Soviet Union suffered severe losses and initially made little headway. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the organisation.
2. Winter War: Finland signs the Moscow Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union, ceding almost all of Finnish Karelia.
  1. Winter War
    
    The Winter War, also known as the First Soviet-Finnish War, was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and aircraft, the Soviet Union suffered severe losses and initially made little headway. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the organisation.
  2. Finland
    
    Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
  3. Moscow Peace Treaty
    
    The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March. It marked the end of the 105-day Winter War, upon which Finland ceded border areas to the Soviet Union. The treaty was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrei Zhdanov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky for the Soviet Union, and Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden and Väinö Voionmaa for Finland. The terms of the treaty were not reversed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Karelian question refers to the debate within Finland over the possible reacquisition of this ceded territory.
  4. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  5. Karelia (historical province of Finland)
    
    Karelia is a historical province of Finland which Finland partly ceded to the Soviet Union after the Winter War of 1939–40. The Finnish Karelians include the present-day inhabitants of North and South Karelia and the still-surviving evacuees from the ceded territories. Present-day Finnish Karelia has 315,000 inhabitants. The more than 400,000 evacuees from the ceded territories re-settled in various parts of Finland.
1938
1. Anschluss: German troops occupy and absorb Austria.
  1. Anschluss
    
    The Anschluss, also known as the Anschluß Österreichs, was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.
  2. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
  3. Austria
    
    The Republic of Austria, commonly just Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state. A landlocked country, Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The country occupies an area of 83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi) and has a population of 9 million.
1934
1. Supported by the Estonian army, Konstantin Päts staged a coup d'état, beginning the Era of Silence.
  1. Konstantin Päts
    
    Konstantin Päts was an Estonian statesman and the country's president in 1938–1940. Päts was one of the most influential politicians of the independent democratic Republic of Estonia, and during the two decades prior to World War II he also served five times as the country's prime minister.
  2. Era of Silence
    
    The era of silence was the period between 1934 and 1938 in Estonian history. The period began with the preemptive self-coup of 12 March 1934, which the then Prime Minister of Estonia Konstantin Päts carried out to avert a feared takeover of the state apparatus by the popular Vaps Movement.
1933
1. U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered the first of his fireside chats, addressing the nation directly via radio.
  1. Franklin D. Roosevelt
    
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the leader of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. He built the New Deal Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended in victory shortly after he died in office.
  2. Fireside chats
    
    The fireside chats were a series of evening radio addresses given by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, between 1933 and 1944. Roosevelt spoke with familiarity to millions of Americans about recovery from the Great Depression, the promulgation of the Emergency Banking Act in response to the banking crisis, the 1936 recession, New Deal initiatives, and the course of World War II. On radio, he quelled rumors, countered conservative-dominated newspapers, and explained his policies directly to the American people. His tone and demeanor communicated self-assurance during times of despair and uncertainty. Roosevelt was regarded as an effective communicator on radio, and the fireside chats kept him in high public regard throughout his presidency. Their introduction was later described as a "revolutionary experiment with a nascent media platform."
2. Great Depression: Franklin D. Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States. This is also the first of his "fireside chats".
  1. Great Depression
    
    The Great Depression was period of worldwide economic depression between 1929 and 1939. The Depression became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September 1929 and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24. The economic shock impacted most countries across the world to varying degrees. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.
  2. Franklin D. Roosevelt
    
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the leader of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. He built the New Deal Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended in victory shortly after he died in office.
  3. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  4. Fireside chats
    
    The fireside chats were a series of evening radio addresses given by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, between 1933 and 1944. Roosevelt spoke with familiarity to millions of Americans about recovery from the Great Depression, the promulgation of the Emergency Banking Act in response to the banking crisis, the 1936 recession, New Deal initiatives, and the course of World War II. On radio, he quelled rumors, countered conservative-dominated newspapers, and explained his policies directly to the American people. His tone and demeanor communicated self-assurance during times of despair and uncertainty. Roosevelt was regarded as an effective communicator on radio, and the fireside chats kept him in high public regard throughout his presidency. Their introduction was later described as a "revolutionary experiment with a nascent media platform."
1930
1. Mahatma Gandhi began the Salt March, a 24-day nonviolent walk to defy the British salt tax in colonial India.
  1. Mahatma Gandhi
    
    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā, first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.
  2. Salt March
    
    The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. The twenty-four day march lasted from 12 March to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Another reason for this march was that the Civil Disobedience Movement needed a strong inauguration that would inspire more people to follow Gandhi's example. Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march spanned 385 kilometres (239 mi), from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, which was called Navsari at that time. Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the British Raj salt laws at 8:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the salt laws by millions of Indians.
  3. Nonviolence
    
    Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition. It may come from the belief that hurting people, animals and/or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome and it may refer to a general philosophy of abstention from violence. It may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles, or the reasons for it may be strategic or pragmatic. Failure to distinguish between the two types of nonviolent approaches can lead to distortion in the concept's meaning and effectiveness, which can subsequently result in confusion among the audience. Although both principled and pragmatic nonviolent approaches preach for nonviolence, they may have distinct motives, goals, philosophies, and techniques. However, rather than debating the best practice between the two approaches, both can indicate alternative paths for those who do not want to use violence. These forms of nonviolence approaches will be discussed in the later section of this article.
  4. History of the salt tax in British India
    
    Taxation of salt has occurred in India since the earliest times. However, this tax was greatly increased when the British East India Company began to establish its rule over provinces in India. In 1835, special taxes were imposed on Indian salt to facilitate its import. This paid huge dividends for the traders of the British East India Company. When the Crown took over the administration of India from the Company in 1858, the taxes were not replaced.
  5. Colonial India
    
    Colonial India was the part of the Indian subcontinent that was occupied by European colonial powers during the Age of Discovery. European power was exerted both by conquest and trade, especially in spices. The search for the wealth and prosperity of India led to the colonisation of the Americas after Christopher Columbus went to the Americas in 1492. Only a few years later, near the end of the 15th century, Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama became the first European to re-establish direct trade links with India since Roman times by being the first to arrive by circumnavigating Africa. Having arrived in Calicut, which by then was one of the major trading ports of the eastern world, he obtained permission to trade in the city from the Saamoothiri Rajah. The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. Their expansion into India was halted after their defeat in the Battle of Colachel by the Kingdom of Travancore, during the Travancore–Dutch War.
2. Mahatma Gandhi begins the Salt March, a 200-mile march to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt in India.
  1. Mahatma Gandhi
    
    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā, first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.
  2. Salt March
    
    The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. The twenty-four day march lasted from 12 March to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Another reason for this march was that the Civil Disobedience Movement needed a strong inauguration that would inspire more people to follow Gandhi's example. Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march spanned 385 kilometres (239 mi), from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, which was called Navsari at that time. Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the British Raj salt laws at 8:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the salt laws by millions of Indians.
  3. British Empire
    
    The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.
  4. India
    
    India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. The nation's capital city is New Delhi.
1928
1. In California, the St. Francis Dam fails; the resulting floods kill 431 people.
  1. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
  2. St. Francis Dam
    
    The St. Francis Dam was a concrete gravity dam located in San Francisquito Canyon in Los Angeles County, California, United States, built from 1924 to 1926 to serve Los Angeles's growing water needs. It catastrophically failed in 1928 due to a defective soil foundation and design flaws, triggering a flood that claimed the lives of at least 431 people. The collapse of the dam is considered to be one of the worst American civil engineering disasters of the 20th century and remains the second-greatest loss of life in California's history, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.
1920
1. The Kapp Putsch begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is ordered to march on Berlin.
  1. Kapp Putsch
    
    The Kapp Putsch, also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch, was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920. Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz, its goal was to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic, and establish an autocratic government in its place. It was supported by parts of the Reichswehr, as well as nationalist and monarchist factions.
  2. Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
    
    The Marinebrigade Ehrhardt was a Free Corps (Freikorps) group of around 6,000 men formed by Lieutenant-Commander (Korvettenkapitän) Hermann Ehrhardt in the aftermath of World War I. It is also known as II Marine Brigade or the Ehrhardt Brigade. It took part in the fighting for the cities of central Germany and the northwestern ports, in addition to participating in the Kapp Putsch.
1918
1. Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for most of the period since 1713.
  1. Moscow
    
    Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million residents within the city limits, over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area. The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi), and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi). Moscow is among the world's largest cities; being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent.
  2. Russia
    
    Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering over 17,098,246 square kilometres (6,601,670 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries, more than any other country but China. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow, the largest city entirely within Europe. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan.
  3. Saint Petersburg
    
    Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, with a population of roughly 5.4 million residents. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe after Istanbul, Moscow and London, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.
1913
1. At a ceremony at Kurrajong Hill, Lady Denman, wife of Governor-General Lord Denman, announced that Canberra would be the name of the future capital of Australia.
  1. Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory
    
    Capital Hill is the location of Parliament House, Canberra, at the south apex of the land axis of the Parliamentary Triangle.
  2. Gertrude Denman, Baroness Denman
    
    Gertrude Mary Denman, Lady Denman, GBE was a British woman active in women's rights issues including the promotion of Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. She was also the wife of Lord Denman, the 3rd Baron Denman, fifth Governor-General of Australia, and she officially named Australia's capital city Canberra in 1913.
  3. Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman
    
    Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman,, was a British aristocrat and politician who served as the fifth Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1911 to 1914.
  4. Canberra
    
    Canberra is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory at the northern tip of the Australian Alps, the country's highest mountain range. As of June 2021, Canberra's estimated population was 453,558.
2. The future capital of Australia is officially named Canberra.
  1. Australia
    
    Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi), Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, and mountain ranges in the south-east.
  2. Canberra
    
    Canberra is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory at the northern tip of the Australian Alps, the country's highest mountain range. As of June 2021, Canberra's estimated population was 453,558.
1912
1. The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts of the USA) are founded in the United States.
  1. Girl Guides
    
    Girl Guides is a worldwide movement, originally and largely still designed for girls and women only. The movement began in 1909 when girls requested to join the then-grassroots Boy Scout Movement.
  2. Girl Scouts of the USA
    
    Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA), commonly referred to as simply Girl Scouts, is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. Founded by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912, it was organized after Low met Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, in 1911. Upon returning to Savannah, Georgia, she telephoned a distant cousin, saying, "I've got something for the girls of Savannah, and all of America, and all the world, and we're going to start it tonight!"
  3. United States
    
    The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or informally America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
1881
1. Andrew Watson captained the Scotland national football team against England, becoming the world's first black international footballer.
  1. Andrew Watson (footballer, born 1856)
    
    Andrew Watson was a Scottish footballer who is widely considered to be the first black person to play association football at international level. He played three matches for Scotland between 1881 and 1882. Arthur Wharton was previously commonly thought to be the first black player, as he was the first black professional footballer to play in the Football League, but Watson's career predated him by over a decade. There is evidence that Watson was paid professionally when at Bootle in 1887, two years prior to Wharton becoming a professional with Rotherham Town; however, the Merseyside club did not play in the Football League at the time Watson played there.
  2. Scotland national football team
    
    The Scotland national football team represents Scotland in men's international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. It competes in the three major professional tournaments: the FIFA World Cup, UEFA Nations League and the UEFA European Championship. Scotland, as a country of the United Kingdom, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee, and therefore the national team does not compete in the Olympic Games. The majority of Scotland's home matches are played at the national stadium, Hampden Park.
  3. England national football team
    
    The England national football team has represented England in international football since the first international match in 1872. It is controlled by The Football Association (FA), the governing body for football in England, which is affiliated with UEFA and comes under the global jurisdiction of world football's governing body FIFA. England competes in the three major international tournaments contested by European nations: the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA European Championship, and the UEFA Nations League.
  4. Association football
    
    Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45 minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries, it is considered the world's most popular sport.
1811
1. Peninsular War: A day after a successful rearguard action, French Marshal Michel Ney once again successfully delays the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha.
  1. Peninsular War
    
    The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. The war started when the French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 by transiting through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France occupied Spain, which had been its ally. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation. It is also significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.
  2. Rearguard
    
    A rearguard is a part of a military force that protects it from attack from the rear, either during an advance or withdrawal. The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines, such as communication lines, behind an army. Even more generally, a rearguard action may refer idiomatically to an attempt at preventing something though it is likely too late to be prevented; this idiomatic meaning may apply in either a military- or in a non-military, perhaps-figurative context.
  3. Marshal of France
    
    Marshal of France is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire.
  4. Michel Ney
    
    Michel Ney, 1st Duke of Elchingen, 1st Prince of the Moskva, was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original 18 Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon I.
  5. Portugal
    
    Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe, and its Iberian portion is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Its two archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. Lisbon is the capital and largest city by population.
  6. Battle of Redinha
    
    The Battle of Redinha was a rearguard action which took place on March 12, 1811, during Masséna's retreat from Portugal, by a French division under Marshal Ney against a considerably larger Anglo-Portuguese force under Wellington. Challenging the Allies with only one or two divisions, Ney's 7,000 troops were pitched against 25,000 men. In a typical rearguard action, Ney delayed the Allied advance for a day and bought valuable time for the withdrawal of the main body of the French army.
1689
1. James II of England landed at Kinsale, starting the Williamite War in Ireland.
  1. James II of England
    
    James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religious tolerance, but it also involved struggles over the principles of absolutism and the divine right of kings. His deposition ended a century of political and civil strife in England by confirming the primacy of the English Parliament over the Crown.
  2. Kinsale
    
    Kinsale is a historic port and fishing town in County Cork, Ireland. Located approximately 25 km (16 mi) south of Cork City on the southeast coast near the Old Head of Kinsale, it sits at the mouth of the River Bandon, and has a population of 5,281 which increases in the summer when tourism peaks.
  3. Williamite War in Ireland
    
    The Williamite War in Ireland, was a conflict between Jacobite supporters of deposed monarch James II and Williamite supporters of his successor, William III. It is also called the Jacobite War in Ireland, Williamite Conquest of Ireland, or the Williamite–Jacobite War in Ireland.
1622
1. Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, founders of the Jesuits, were canonized by Pope Gregory XV.
  1. Ignatius of Loyola
    
    Ignatius of Loyola, S.J., venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, who, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus, and became its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541. He envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching. In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff. Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation.
  2. Francis Xavier
    
    Francis Xavier, venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Navarrese Catholic missionary and saint who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.
  3. Jesuits
    
    The Society of Jesus abbreviated SJ, also known as the Jesuits, is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.
  4. Canonization
    
    Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of saints, or authorized list of that communion's recognized saints.
  5. Pope Gregory XV
    
    Pope Gregory XV, born Alessandro Ludovisi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 February 1621 to his death in July 1623.
2. Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, founders of the Society of Jesus, are canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
  1. Ignatius of Loyola
    
    Ignatius of Loyola, S.J., venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, who, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus, and became its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541. He envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching. In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff. Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation.
  2. Francis Xavier
    
    Francis Xavier, venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Navarrese Catholic missionary and saint who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.
  3. Jesuits
    
    The Society of Jesus abbreviated SJ, also known as the Jesuits, is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.
  4. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
1579
1. Start of the Siege of Maastricht, part of the Eighty Years' War.
  1. Siege of Maastricht (1579)
    
    The siege of Maastricht was a battle of the Eighty Years' War which lasted from March 12 – July 1, 1579. The Spanish were victorious.
  2. Eighty Years' War
    
    The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (c.1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, taxation, and the rights and privileges of the nobility and cities. After the initial stages, Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebel-held territories. However, widespread mutinies in the Spanish army caused a general uprising. Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic- and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself. Despite Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma's steady military and diplomatic successes, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration, and establishing the Protestant-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588. In the Ten Years thereafter, the Republic made remarkable conquests in the north and east against a struggling Spanish Empire, and received diplomatic recognition from France and England in 1596. The Dutch colonial empire emerged, which began with Dutch attacks on Portugal's overseas territories.
1158
1. German city Munich (München) is first mentioned as forum apud Munichen in the Augsburg arbitration by Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich I.
  1. Frederick Barbarossa
    
    Frederick Barbarossa, also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. Two years later, the term sacrum ("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which means "Emperor Redbeard" in English. The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career.
1088
1. Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Catholic Church. He is best known for initiating the Crusades.
  1. 1088 papal election
    
    A papal election subsequent to the death of Pope Victor III in 1087 was held on 12 March 1088. Six cardinal-bishops, assisted by two lower-ranking cardinals, elected Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia Odon de Lagery as the new Pope. He assumed the name Urban II.
  2. Pope Urban II
    
    Pope Urban II, otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening the Council of Clermont which served as the catalyst for the Crusades.
  3. List of popes
    
    This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani", excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the Annuario Pontificio no longer identifies popes by regnal number, stating that it is impossible to decide which pope represented the legitimate succession at various times. The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced "almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes, from St Peter to John Paul II". The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope.
  4. Pope
    
    The pope, also known as supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome, head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has also served as the head of state or sovereign of the Papal States and later the Vatican City State since the eighth century. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.
  5. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
  6. Crusades
    
    The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule. Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries.
538
1. Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
  1. Vitiges
    
    Vitiges or Vitigis or Witiges was king of Ostrogothic Italy from 536 to 540.
  2. Germanic kingship
    
    Germanic kingship is a thesis regarding the role of kings among the pre-Christianized Germanic tribes of the Migration period and Early Middle Ages. The thesis holds that the institution of feudal monarchy developed, through contact with the Roman Empire and the Christian Church, from an earlier custom of sacral and military kingship based on both birth status and consent from subjects.
  3. Ostrogoths
    
    The Ostrogoths were a Roman-era Germanic people. In the 5th century, they followed the Visigoths in creating one of the two great Gothic kingdoms within the Roman Empire, based upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the Balkans in the 4th century, having crossed the Lower Danube. While the Visigoths had formed under the leadership of Alaric I, the new Ostrogothic political entity which came to rule Italy was formed in the Balkans under the influence of the Amal dynasty, the family of Theodoric the Great.
  4. Siege of Rome (537–538)
    
    The First Siege of Rome during the Gothic War lasted for a year and nine days, from 2 March 537 to 12 March 538. The city was besieged by the Ostrogothic army under their king Vitiges; the defending East Romans were commanded by Belisarius, one of the most famous and successful Roman generals. The siege was the first major encounter between the forces of the two opponents, and played a decisive role in the subsequent development of the war.
  5. Ravenna
    
    Ravenna is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 408 until its collapse in 476. It then served as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom until it was re-conquered in 540 by the Byzantine Empire. Afterwards, the city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the last exarch was executed by the Lombards in 751. Although it is an inland city, Ravenna is connected to the Adriatic Sea by the Candiano Canal. It is known for its well-preserved late Roman and Byzantine architecture, with eight buildings comprising the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna".
  6. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
  7. Belisarius
    
    Flavius Belisarius was a military commander of the Byzantine Empire under the emperor Justinian I. He was instrumental in the reconquest of much of the Mediterranean territory belonging to the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century prior.

Births & Deaths

2021
1. Ronald DeFeo Jr., American criminal (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Ronald DeFeo Jr.
    
    Ronald Joseph DeFeo Jr. was an American mass murderer who was tried and convicted for the 1974 killings of his father, mother, two brothers, and two sisters in Amityville, Long Island, New York. Condemned to six sentences of 25 years to life, DeFeo died in prison on March 12, 2021. The case inspired the book and film versions of The Amityville Horror.
2016
1. Rafiq Azad, Bangladeshi poet and author (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Rafiq Azad
    
    Rafiq Azad was a Bangladeshi poet, editor and writer. He is credited with 45 collections of poetry including Prakriti O Premer Kabita, Asambhaber Paye, Sahasra Sundar, Haturir Nichae Jiban, Khub Beshi Durea Noy, Khamakaro Bahaman Hey Udar Amiyo Batas and others. He is most well known for his poem "Bhaat De Haramjada" which was written during the famine of 1974. The poet participated in the war against the Pakistani occupation forces in 1971 Liberation War and was awarded ‘Notable Freedom Fighter Award” in 1997. He received Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1984 and national award Ekushey Padak in 2013, for his contribution to Bangla language and literature.
2. Felix Ibru, Nigerian architect and politician, Governor of Delta State (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Felix Ibru
    
    Felix Ovudoroye Ibru was a Nigerian architect the first democratically elected Governor of Delta State and Senator for Delta Central Senatorial District. Until his death he held the position of President General of the Urhobo Progressive Union (UPU). As a traditional chieftain of his homeland, Ibru bore the tribal honorific Olorogun and often used it as a pre-nominal style. This title is also borne by many of the members of his large family in the same way.
  2. List of governors of Delta State
    
    This is a list of administrators and governors of Delta State, Nigeria, which was formed on 27 August 1991, when the old Bendel State was split into Edo State and Delta State.
3. Lloyd Shapley, American mathematician and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Lloyd Shapley
    
    Lloyd Stowell Shapley was an American mathematician and Nobel Prize-winning economist. He contributed to the fields of mathematical economics and especially game theory. Shapley is generally considered one of the most important contributors to the development of game theory since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern. With Alvin E. Roth, Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design."
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
2015
1. Willie Barrow, American minister and activist (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Willie Barrow
    
    Willie Beatrice Barrow was an American civil rights activist and minister. Barrow was the co-founder of Operation PUSH, which was named Operation Breadbasket at the time of its creation alongside Rev. Jesse Jackson. In 1984, Barrow became the first woman executive director of a civil rights organization, serving as Push's CEO. Barrow was the godmother of President Barack Obama.
2. Michael Graves, American architect and academic, designed the Portland Building and the Humana Building (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Michael Graves
    
    Michael Graves was an American architect, designer, and educator, as well as principal of Michael Graves and Associates and Michael Graves Design Group. He was a member of The New York Five and the Memphis Group – and a professor of architecture at Princeton University for nearly forty years. Following his own partial paralysis in 2003, Graves became an internationally recognized advocate of health care design.
  2. Portland Building
    
    The Portland Building, alternatively referenced as the Portland Municipal Services Building, is a 15-story municipal office building located at 1120 SW 5th Avenue in downtown Portland, Oregon. Built at a cost of US$29 million, it opened in 1982 and was considered architecturally groundbreaking at the time.
  3. Humana Building
    
    The Humana Building, also known as the Humana Tower, is a 1985 skyscraper in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, located at 500 West Main Street and headquarters of the Humana Corporation. It was built by The Auchter Company.
3. Ada Jafri, Pakistani poet and author (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Ada Jafri
    
    Ada Jafarey, often spelled Ada Jafri, was a Pakistani poet who is regarded as the first major female Urdu poet to be published and has been called "The First Lady of Urdu Poetry". She was also an author and was considered a prominent figure in contemporary Urdu literature. She received awards from the Government of Pakistan, the Pakistan Writers' Guild, and literary societies of North America and Europe in recognition of her efforts.
4. Terry Pratchett, English journalist, author, and screenwriter (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Terry Pratchett
    
    Sir Terence David John Pratchett was an English humourist, satirist, and author of fantasy novels, especially comical works. He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels.
2014
1. Věra Chytilová, Czech actress, director, and screenwriter (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Věra Chytilová
    
    Věra Chytilová was an avant-garde Czech film director and pioneer of Czech cinema. Banned by the Czechoslovak government in the 1960s, she is best known for her Czech New Wave film, Sedmikrásky (Daisies). Her subsequent films screened at international film festivals, including Vlčí bouda (1987), which screened at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival, A Hoof Here, a Hoof There (1989), which screened at the 16th Moscow International Film Festival, and The Inheritance or Fuckoffguysgoodday (1992), which screened at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival. For her work, she received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Medal of Merit and the Czech Lion award.
2. Paul C. Donnelly, American scientist and engineer (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Paul C. Donnelly
    
    Paul Charles Donnelly was an American guided missile pioneer and a senior NASA manager during the Apollo Moon landing program at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Responsible for the checkout of all Apollo launch vehicles and spacecraft, he was also involved in every U.S. manned launch from Alan Shepard's Mercury suborbital flight in 1961 through the tenth Space Shuttle mission (STS-41B) in 1984.
3. José Policarpo, Portuguese cardinal (b. 1936) deaths
  1. José Policarpo
    
    José da Cruz Policarpo, GCC, officially referred to as José IV, Patriarch of Lisbon, though usually referred to as "D. José Policarpo", was Patriarch of Lisbon from 24 March 1998 to 18 May 2013. Pope John Paul II made him a Cardinal in 2001. Policarpo held a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.
2013
1. Michael Grigsby, English director and producer (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Michael Grigsby
    
    Michael Kenneth Christian Grigsby was an English documentary filmmaker.
2. Ganesh Pyne, Indian painter and illustrator (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Ganesh Pyne
    
    Ganesh Pyne was an Indian painter and draughtsman, born in Kolkata, West Bengal. Pyne is one of the most notable contemporary artists of the Bengal School of Art, who had also developed his own style of "poetic surrealism", fantasy and dark imagery, around the themes of Bengali folklore and mythology.
2012
1. Dick Harter, American basketball player and coach (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Dick Harter
    
    Richard Alvin Harter was an American basketball coach who served as both a head and assistant coach in both the NBA and NCAA.
2. Michael Hossack, American drummer (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Michael Hossack
    
    Michael Joseph Hossack was an American drummer for the rock band The Doobie Brothers.
3. Friedhelm Konietzka, German-Swiss footballer and manager (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Friedhelm Konietzka
    
    Friedhelm "Timo" Konietzka was a German professional football player and manager who played as a striker. He earned his nickname "Timo" due to a supposed resemblance to the Soviet commander Semyon Timoshenko.
2011
1. Nilla Pizzi, Italian singer (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Nilla Pizzi
    
    Nilla Pizzi, stage name of Adionilla Pizzi, was an Italian singer and actress.
2010
1. Miguel Delibes, Spanish journalist and author (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Miguel Delibes
    
    Miguel Delibes Setién MML was a Spanish novelist, journalist and newspaper editor associated with the Generation of '36 movement. From 1975 until his death, he was a member of the Royal Spanish Academy, where he occupied letter "e" seat. Educated in commerce, he began his career as a cartoonist and columnist. He later became the editor for the regional newspaper El Norte de Castilla before gradually devoting himself exclusively to writing novels.
2008
1. Jorge Guinzburg, Argentinian journalist and producer (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Jorge Guinzburg
    
    Jorge Ariel Guinzburg was an Argentine journalist, theatrical producer, humorist, and TV and radio host.
2. Lazare Ponticelli, Italian-French soldier and supercentenarian (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Lazare Ponticelli
    
    Lazare Ponticelli, Knight of Vittorio Veneto, was at 110, the last surviving officially recognized veteran of the First World War from France and the last poilu of its trenches to die.
2006
1. Victor Sokolov, Russian-American priest and journalist (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Victor Sokolov
    
    Victor Sokolov was a Russian-American former dissident Soviet journalist and an Eastern Orthodox priest.
2004
1. Milton Resnick, Russian-American painter (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Milton Resnick
    
    Milton Resnick was an American artist noted for abstract paintings that coupled scale with density of incident. It was not uncommon for some of the largest paintings to weigh in excess three hundred pounds, almost all of it pigment. He had a long and varied career, lasting about sixty-five years. He produced at least eight hundred canvases and eight thousand works on paper and board.
2003
1. Zoran Đinđić, Serbian philosopher and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Zoran Đinđić
    
    Zoran Đinđić was a Serbian politician who served as the prime minister of Serbia from 2001 until his assassination in 2003. He was the mayor of Belgrade in 1997. Đinđić was a long-time opposition politician, and held a doctorate in philosophy.
  2. Prime Minister of Serbia
    
    The prime minister of Serbia, officially the president of the Government of the Republic of Serbia is the principal executive minister of the Government of Serbia. The prime minister directs the work of the government, and submits to the National Assembly the government's program, including a list of proposed ministers. The resignation of the prime minister results in the dismissal of the government.
2. Howard Fast, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Howard Fast
    
    Howard Melvin Fast was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E.V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson.
3. Lynne Thigpen, American actress and singer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Lynne Thigpen
    
    Cherlynne Theresa Thigpen was an American actress of stage and screen. She was known for her role as "The Chief" of ACME Crimenet in the game show Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? and various spinoffs, and for her role as "Luna" in the Playhouse Disney children's series Bear in the Big Blue House. For her varied television work, Thigpen was nominated for six Daytime Emmy Awards. She won a Tony Award in 1997 for portraying Dr. Judith Kaufman in An American Daughter, and also played Ella Farmer on The District (2000–2003).
2002
1. Spyros Kyprianou, Cypriot lawyer and politician, 2nd President of Cyprus (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Spyros Kyprianou
    
    Spyros Achilleos Kyprianou was one of the most prominent politicians and barristers of modern Cyprus. He served as the second president of Cyprus from 1977 to 1988.
  2. President of Cyprus
    
    The president of Cyprus, officially the president of the Republic of Cyprus, is the head of state and the head of government of Cyprus. The office was created in 1960, after Cyprus gained its independence from the United Kingdom.
2. Jean-Paul Riopelle, Canadian painter and sculptor (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Jean-Paul Riopelle
    
    Jean-Paul Riopelle, was a Canadian painter and sculptor from Quebec. He had one of the longest and most important international careers of the sixteen signatories of the Refus Global, the 1948 manifesto that announced the Quebecois artistic community's refusal of clericalism and provincialism. He is best known for his abstract painting style, in particular his "mosaic" works of the 1950s when he famously abandoned the paintbrush, using only a palette knife to apply paint to canvas, giving his works a distinctive sculptural quality. He became the first Canadian painter since James Wilson Morrice to attain widespread international recognition.
2001
1. Kim Min-kyu, South Korean singer and actor births
  1. Kim Min-kyu (entertainer)
    
    Kim Min-kyu, better known by his stage name Minkyu, is a South Korean actor, singer, television host, and model under Jellyfish Entertainment. He has been cast in the Playlist's web drama "Pop Out Boy!" as the male lead Chun Nam-wook in 2020 and as Seo Ji-han in Idol: The Coup.
2. Morton Downey Jr., American singer-songwriter, actor, and talk show host (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Morton Downey Jr.
    
    Sean Morton Downey Jr. was an American television talk show host and actor who pioneered the "trash TV" format in the late-1980s on his program The Morton Downey Jr. Show.
3. Robert Ludlum, American author (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Robert Ludlum
    
    Robert Ludlum was an American author of 27 thriller novels, best known as the creator of Jason Bourne from the original The Bourne Trilogy series. The number of copies of his books in print is estimated between 300 million and 500 million. They have been published in 33 languages and 40 countries. Ludlum also published books under the pseudonyms Jonathan Ryder and Michael Shepherd.
4. Victor Westhoff, Dutch botanist and academic (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Victor Westhoff
    
    Victor Westhoff was a botanist at the Radboud University Nijmegen.
2000
1. Aleksandar Nikolić, Yugoslav basketball coach (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Aleksandar Nikolić
    
    Aleksandar "Aca" Nikolić was a Serbian professional basketball player and coach. He was also a professor at the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. He is often referred to as the Father of Yugoslav Basketball.
1999
1. Yehudi Menuhin, American-Swiss violinist and conductor (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Yehudi Menuhin
    
    Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, was an American-born violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in Britain. He is widely considered one of the great violinists of the 20th century. He played the Soil Stradivarius, considered one of the finest violins made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari.
2. Bidu Sayão, Brazilian-American soprano (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Bidu Sayão
    
    Balduína "Bidú" de Oliveira Sayão was a Brazilian opera soprano. One of Brazil's most famous musicians, Sayão was a leading artist of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1937 to 1952.
1998
1. Mecole Hardman, American football player births
  1. Mecole Hardman
    
    Carey Mecole Hardman Jr. is an American football wide receiver and return specialist for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia and was drafted by the Chiefs in the second round of the 2019 NFL Draft.
2. Daniel Samohin, Israeli figure skater births
  1. Daniel Samohin
    
    Daniel Samohin is an Israeli figure skater. He is the 2016 World Junior champion, and has won two ISU Challenger Series medals, including a gold medal at the 2015 U.S. International Classic. Samohin is one of the few skaters to have landed two quad jumps in a short program, three quads in a free program, and five quads in one competition. He was a member of the Israeli delegation to the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
3. Elizaveta Ukolova, Czech figure skater births
  1. Elizaveta Ukolova
    
    Elizaveta Ukolova is a Czech figure skater. She has won three senior international medals and is a two-time Czech national silver medalist. She competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics and qualified for the free skate.
4. Beatrice Wood, American painter and potter (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Beatrice Wood
    
    Beatrice Wood was an American artist and studio potter involved in the Avant Garde movement in the United States; she founded and edited The Blind Man and Rongwrong magazines in New York City with French artist Marcel Duchamp and writer Henri-Pierre Roché in 1917. She had earlier studied art and theater in Paris, and was working in New York as an actress. She later worked at sculpture and pottery. Wood was characterized as the "Mama of Dada".
1997
1. Dean Henderson, English footballer births
  1. Dean Henderson
    
    Dean Bradley Henderson is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Nottingham Forest, on loan from Manchester United, and the England national team.
2. Allan Saint-Maximin, French footballer births
  1. Allan Saint-Maximin
    
    Allan Irénée Saint-Maximin is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Premier League club Newcastle United. He previously played for Saint-Étienne, Monaco and Nice.
3. Felipe Vizeu, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Felipe Vizeu
    
    Felipe dos Reis Pereira Vizeu do Carmo, known as just Felipe Vizeu, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Moldovan club Sheriff Tiraspol. He has been a member of Brazil U20 team with 10 appearances.
1996
1. Sehrou Guirassy, French footballer births
  1. Serhou Guirassy
    
    Serhou Yadaly Guirassy is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bundesliga club VfB Stuttgart, on loan from Ligue 1 club Rennes. Born in France, he plays for the Guinea national team.
2. Karim Hafez, Egyptian footballer births
  1. Karim Hafez
    
    Karim Hafez Ramadan Seifeldin is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays for Pyramids and the Egyptian national team as a left-back.
3. Robert Murić, Croatian footballer births
  1. Robert Murić
    
    Robert Murić is a Croatian professional footballer who plays for Turkish club Konyaspor, as a winger.
4. Cene Prevc, Slovenian ski jumper births
  1. Cene Prevc
    
    Cene Prevc is a retired Slovenian ski jumper.
1994
1. Katie Archibald, Scottish track cyclist births
  1. Katie Archibald
    
    Katie Archibald, is an elite Scottish and British racing cyclist, specialising in endurance track cycling events in which she represents Great Britain and Scotland.
2. Jerami Grant, American basketball player births
  1. Jerami Grant
    
    Houston Jerami Grant is an American professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Syracuse Orange and was drafted by the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round of the 2014 NBA draft. Grant also played for the Oklahoma City Thunder, Denver Nuggets, and Detroit Pistons. He won a gold medal with the 2020 U.S. Olympic team.
3. Christina Grimmie, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016) births
  1. Christina Grimmie
    
    Christina Victoria Grimmie was an American singer and YouTuber. In 2009, she began posting covers of popular songs onto YouTube. After releasing her debut EP, Find Me (2011), her YouTube channel reached one million subscribers. After she reached two million subscribers, she released her debut studio album, With Love (2013).
1993
1. Shehu Abdullahi, Nigerian footballer births
  1. Shehu Abdullahi
    
    Shehu Usman Abdullahi is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder and defender for Bulgarian First League club Levski Sofia.
2. Amjad Attwan, Iraqi footballer births
  1. Amjad Attwan
    
    Amjad Attwan is an Iraqi professional footballer who currently plays for Al-Shamal in the Qatar Stars League. He can be deployed as a defensive midfielder or central midfielder.
3. Anton Shramchenko, Belarusian footballer births
  1. Anton Shramchenko
    
    Anton Shramchenko is a Belarusian footballer who plays for FC Minsk.
1992
1. Daniele Baselli, Italian footballer births
  1. Daniele Baselli
    
    Daniele Baselli is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie B club Como. He has also appeared for the Italy national team, earning one cap in 2018.
2. Jordan Ferri, French footballer births
  1. Jordan Ferri
    
    Jordan Ferri is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Montpellier. He principally plays as a central midfielder and is known for his passing ability.
3. Ciara Mageean, Irish middle-distance runner births
  1. Ciara Mageean
    
    Ciara Mageean is a middle-distance runner from Portaferry in Northern Ireland who specialises in the 1500 metres. She is a three-time European Athletics Championship medallist at the event, with bronze in 2016 and silver in 2022 outdoors, and bronze in 2019 indoors. Mageean won also silver at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.
4. Jiří Skalák, Czech footballer births
  1. Jiří Skalák
    
    Jiří Skalák is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a winger for Czech First League side Mladá Boleslav. He has represented the Czech Republic internationally at youth levels U16 through U21.
5. Lucy M. Lewis, American potter (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Lucy M. Lewis
    
    Lucy Martin Lewis was a Native American potter from Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico. She is known for her black-on-white decorative ceramics made using traditional techniques.
1991
1. Felix Kroos, German footballer births
  1. Felix Kroos
    
    Felix Kroos is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played for Hansa Rostock, Werder Bremen, Union Berlin, and Eintracht Braunschweig and represented Germany at international levels U16 through U21. He is the younger brother of German International midfielder Toni Kroos.
2. Niclas Heimann, German footballer births
  1. Niclas Heimann
    
    Niclas Heimann is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Regionalliga Südwest club SGV Freiberg.
3. Leandro Fernandez, Argentine footballer births
  1. Leandro Fernández (footballer, born 1991)
    
    Leandro Miguel Fernández is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward for Club Atlético Independiente.
4. Ragnar Granit, Finnish-Swedish neuroscientist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Ragnar Granit
    
    Ragnar Arthur Granit was a Finnish-Swedish scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 along with Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye".
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
5. William Heinesen, Faroese author, poet, and author (b. 1900) deaths
  1. William Heinesen
    
    Andreas William Heinesen was a poet, novel writer, short story writer, children's book writer, composer and painter from the Faroe Islands.
1990
1. Alexander Kröckel, German skeleton racer births
  1. Alexander Kröckel
    
    Alexander Kröckel is a German skeleton racer who has competed since 2003. 2007 he joined the German national squad. He won Junior World Championships in 2011 and was second in 2010. 2011–12 Skeleton World Cup he finished 5th.
2. Irakli Kvekveskiri, Georgian footballer births
  1. Irakli Kvekveskiri
    
    Irakli Kvekveskiri is a Georgian football player who plays for Russian club Fakel Voronezh.
3. Dawid Kubacki, Polish ski jumper births
  1. Dawid Kubacki
    
    Dawid Grzegorz Kubacki is a Polish ski jumper. He is a member of the national team and competed at the Winter Olympics in 2014, 2018 and 2022 winning two bronze medals. He is the 2019 World Champion on the normal hill and winner of the 2019-20 Four Hills Tournament, as well as the 2017 World Champion and bronze medal winner at the 2013 World Championships in the large hill team competitions.
4. Matias Myttynen, Finnish ice hockey player births
  1. Matias Myttynen
    
    Matias Myttynen is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward. He is currently playing for Jokerit of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
5. Ilija Nestorovski, Macedonian footballer births
  1. Ilija Nestorovski
    
    Ilija Nestorovski is a Macedonian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Udinese and Macedonia national football team.
6. Milena Raičević, Montenegrin handballer births
  1. Milena Raičević
    
    Milena Raičević née Knežević, is a Montenegrin international handballer for ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica and the Montenegrin national team.
7. Mikko Sumusalo, Finnish footballer births
  1. Mikko Sumusalo
    
    Mikko Sumusalo, is a Finnish professional football defender who plays for IFK Mariehamn and the Finnish national team. Sumusalo was born in Porvoo, Finland. Sumusalo began his senior club career playing for Klubi-04, before making his league debut for HJK at age 19 in 2009. He can play either leftback or wingback.
1989
1. Jordan Adéoti, French footballer births
  1. Jordan Adéoti
    
    Jordan Souleymane Adéoti is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Ligue 2 club Laval. Born in France, he represents Benin at international level.
2. Vytautas Černiauskas, Lithuanian footballer births
  1. Vytautas Černiauskas
    
    Vytautas Černiauskas is a Lithuanian international footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for RFS.
3. Tyler Clary, former American swimmer births
  1. Tyler Clary
    
    Scott Tyler Clary is an American former competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist. In his Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Clary won gold in the 200-meter backstroke in Olympic record time. In total, he won sixteen medals in major international competitions: three gold, eight silver, and five bronze spanning the Summer Olympics, the FINA World Championships, the Pan Pacific Championships, and the Pan American Games.
4. Richard Eckersley, English footballer births
  1. Richard Eckersley (footballer)
    
    Richard Jon Eckersley is an English former professional footballer who played as a full-back.
5. Chen Jianghua, Chinese basketball player births
  1. Chen Jianghua
    
    Chen Jianghua is a Chinese former professional basketball player.
6. Siim Luts, Estonian footballer births
  1. Siim Luts
    
    Siim Luts is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Paide Linnameeskond and the Estonia national team.
7. Maurice Evans, English-American actor (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Maurice Evans (actor)
    
    Maurice Herbert Evans was an English actor, noted for his interpretations of Shakespearean characters. His best-known screen roles are Dr. Zaius in the 1968 film Planet of the Apes and Samantha Stephens's father, Maurice, on Bewitched.
1988
1. Sebastian Brendel, German canoe racer births
  1. Sebastian Brendel
    
    Sebastian Brendel is a German sprint canoeist who has competed since 2007. Brendel is the 2016 Olympic champion in the C-1 1000 metres and C-2 1000 metres events.
2. Kostas Mitroglou, Greek footballer births
  1. Kostas Mitroglou
    
    Konstantinos "Kostas" Mitroglou is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a striker. He is nicknamed "Mitrogoal" and "Pistolero" by fans due to his goalscoring abilities.
3. Cristian Chagas Tarouco, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Titi (footballer, born 1988)
    
    Cristian Chagas Tarouco or simply Titi, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Fortaleza.
1987
1. Manuele Boaro, Italian cyclist births
  1. Manuele Boaro
    
    Manuele Boaro is an Italian professional road bicycle racer, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana Qazaqstan Team.
2. Jessica Hardy, American swimmer births
  1. Jessica Hardy
    
    Jessica Adele Hardy Meichtry is an American competition swimmer who specializes in breaststroke and freestyle events. Hardy earned a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle and a gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relays at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
3. Maxwell Holt, American volleyball player births
  1. Maxwell Holt
    
    Maxwell Philip Holt is an American professional volleyball player. He is a member of the US national team, and a bronze medalist at the Olympic Games Rio 2016. The 2014 World League and the 2015 World Cup winner. At the professional club level, he plays for Beijing BAIC Motor.
4. Teimour Radjabov, Azerbaijani chess player births
  1. Teimour Radjabov
    
    Teimour Boris oghlu Radjabov is an Azerbaijani chess grandmaster, ranked number 18 in the world as of July 2022.
5. Chris Seitz, American soccer player births
  1. Chris Seitz
    
    Christopher Seitz is an American former soccer player. He played as a goalkeeper in Major League Soccer from 2007 until his retirement in 2021.
6. Vadim Shipachyov, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Vadim Shipachyov
    
    Vadim Alexandrovich Shipachyov is a Russian professional ice hockey forward for Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He previously played for Severstal Cherepovets, SKA Saint Petersburg, HC Dynamo Moscow of the KHL and the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL).
7. Pablo Velázquez, Paraguayan footballer births
  1. Pablo Velázquez
    
    Pablo César Leonardo Velázquez Centurión is a Paraguayan footballer who plays as a striker. He currently plays for 12 De Octubre.
1986
1. Martynas Andriuškevičius, Lithuanian basketball player births
  1. Martynas Andriuškevičius
    
    Martynas Andriuškevičius is a Lithuanian former professional basketball player. He is a 2.18 m tall and 113 kg (250 lb) center. Andriuškevičius has noted perimeter skill for a player of his size, and has trained with former NBA center Arvydas Sabonis.
2. Oleh Dopilka, Ukrainian footballer births
  1. Oleh Dopilka
    
    Oleh Dopilka is a Ukrainian football defender who plays for FC Uzhhorod.
3. Danny Jones, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births
  1. Danny Jones
    
    Daniel Alan David Jones is an English singer-songwriter and musician who is one of the lead vocalists and the lead guitarist for pop-rock band McFly. Jones's fellow band members are Tom Fletcher, Dougie Poynter, and Harry Judd (drums). Jones is married to former Miss England, Georgia Horsley.
4. Ben Offereins, Australian runner births
  1. Ben Offereins
    
    Ben Offereins is an Australian track & field athlete. He became national 400 m champion and also represented Australia internationally.
5. František Rajtoral, Czech footballer (d. 2017) births
  1. František Rajtoral
    
    František Rajtoral was a Czech professional footballer who played as a right winger or right-back. He was best known for his stint at Viktoria Plzeň. He was a member of the Czech Republic national football team.
1985
1. Marco Bonanomi, Italian racing driver births
  1. Marco Bonanomi
    
    Marco Bonanomi is an Italian professional racing driver.
2. Aleksandr Bukharov, Russian footballer births
  1. Aleksandr Bukharov
    
    Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Bukharov is a Russian former footballer who played as a striker.
3. Ed Clancy, English track and road cyclist births
  1. Ed Clancy
    
    Edward Franklin Clancy is a British former professional track and road bicycle racer, who competed between 2004 and 2021.
4. Andriy Tovt, Ukrainian footballer births
  1. Andriy Tovt
    
    Andriy Volodymyrovych Tovt is a Ukrainian former professional football goalkeeper and current goalkeeping coach at Lyubomyr Stavyshche.
5. Eugene Ormandy, Hungarian-American violinist and conductor (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Eugene Ormandy
    
    Eugene Ormandy was a Hungarian-born American conductor and violinist, best known for his association with the Philadelphia Orchestra, as its music director. His 44-year association with the orchestra is one of the longest enjoyed by any conductor with any American orchestra. Ormandy made numerous recordings with the orchestra, and as guest conductor with European orchestras, and achieved three gold records and two Grammy Awards. His reputation was as a skilled technician and expert orchestral builder.
1984
1. Shreya Ghoshal, Indian singer births
  1. Shreya Ghoshal
    
    Shreya Ghoshal is an Indian singer and television personality. One of the highest-paid and most well-established playback singers of Indian cinema, she has received four National Film Awards, four Kerala State Film Awards, two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, two BFJA Awards, seven Filmfare Awards and ten Filmfare Awards South. She has recorded songs for films and albums in various Indian languages and has established herself as one of the leading playback singers of Indian cinema.
2. Jaimie Alexander, American actress births
  1. Jaimie Alexander
    
    Jaimie Lauren Alexander is an American actress. She is known for portraying Jessi on the TV series Kyle XY and Lady Sif in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor (2011), Thor: The Dark World (2013), and Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), as well as the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020) and the Disney+ series Loki (2021). From 2015 until 2020, she starred in the NBC series Blindspot.
1983
1. Atif Aslam, Pakistani singer and actor births
  1. Atif Aslam
    
    Atif Aslam is a Pakistani playback singer, songwriter, composer, and actor.The has recorded many songs in both Pakistan and India, and is known for his vocal belting technique.
1982
1. Lili Bordán, Hungarian-American actress births
  1. Lili Bordán
    
    Lili Bordán is a Hungarian-American film and television actress.
2. Samm Levine, American actor and comedian births
  1. Samm Levine
    
    Samuel Franklin Levine is an American actor, comedian and podcaster. He is known for his portrayal of Neal Schweiber on NBC's Freaks and Geeks and PFC Hirschberg in the 2009 film Inglourious Basterds. Levine was also the sidekick and fill-in host on the internet talk show Kevin Pollak's Chat Show. Levine was a regular competitor on Collider's Movie Trivia Schmoedown. He returned to the Schmoedown in 2019 and was the manager of The Usual Suspects faction until he disbanded them before the start of the 2022 season. He returned to the Schmoedown as a competitor for the 2022 season, defeating Marisol McKee for the singles championship.
3. Ilya Nikulin, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Ilya Nikulin
    
    Ilya Vladimirovich Nikulin is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for HC Dynamo Moscow and Ak Bars Kazan in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Nikulin was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers in the second round, 31st overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft.
4. Hisato Satō, Japanese footballer births
  1. Hisato Satō
    
    Hisato Sato is a Japanese former football player. He played for Japan national team. His brother Yuto Sato is also a footballer.
5. Yūto Satō, Japanese footballer births
  1. Yūto Satō
    
    Yuto Sato is a Japanese retired football player. He played for Japan national team. His brother Hisato Sato is also footballer.
6. Tobias Schweinsteiger, German footballer births
  1. Tobias Schweinsteiger
    
    Tobias Schweinsteiger is a retired German footballer, who is the head coach of VfL Osnabrück. As player he was deployed as a midfielder or forward. He is the older brother of former German international Bastian Schweinsteiger.
1981
1. Kenta Kobayashi, Japanese wrestler and kick-boxer births
  1. Kenta Kobayashi
    
    Kenta Kobayashi is a Japanese professional wrestler signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he performs under the mononymous ring name Kenta, and is a member of the Bullet Club stable. He also makes occasional appearances for All Elite Wrestling (AEW).
2. Katarina Srebotnik, Slovenian tennis player births
  1. Katarina Srebotnik
    
    Katarina Srebotnik is a Slovenian retired professional tennis player. She reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 20 on 7 August 2006. On 4 July 2011, she reached No. 1 of the WTA doubles rankings, holding this ranking for 10 weeks.
3. Holly Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Holly Williams (musician)
    
    Holly Audrey Williams is an American singer-songwriter. She is the granddaughter of Hank Williams, the niece of Jett Williams, daughter of Hank Williams Jr. and half-sister of Hank Williams III. Williams has released three studio albums: The Ones We Never Knew in 2004, Here with Me in 2009 and The Highway in 2013. The Highway was released on Williams' own label, Georgiana Records, and reached No. 146 on the Billboard 200.
1980
1. Césinha, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Césinha
    
    Carlos César dos Santos, known as Césinha, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a left winger.
2. Becky Holliday, American pole vaulter births
  1. Becky Holliday
    
    Rebecca "Becky" Holliday is an American pole vaulter, born March 12, 1980. She placed 2nd at the 2012 US Olympic trials in Eugene, Oregon with a final clearance of 14-11 (4.55m), qualifying her for the 2012 Summer Olympics where she finished 9th in the finals. In 2003, as a senior competing for the University of Oregon, Holliday placed 1st at the NCAA Outdoor Championships. Her personal record is 4.60m, set in Des Moines, Iowa in 2010.
3. Jens Mouris, Dutch cyclist births
  1. Jens Mouris
    
    Jens Mouris is a Dutch former professional racing cyclist.
4. Douglas Murray, Swedish ice hockey player births
  1. Douglas Murray (ice hockey)
    
    Douglas Thomas Lars Murray, nickname "Crankshaft", is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman. He was drafted in the 8th round, 241st overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. On March 13, 2015, Murray joined the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL) on a tryout basis.
1979
1. Rhys Coiro, American actor births
  1. Rhys Coiro
    
    John Rhys Coiro is an American film, television, and stage actor. He began acting on Broadway but is best known for on-screen roles such as Billy Walsh on the television series Entourage.
2. Pete Doherty, English musician, songwriter, actor, poet, writer, and artist births
  1. Pete Doherty
    
    Peter Doherty is an English musician, songwriter, actor, poet, writer, and artist. He is best known for being co-frontman of The Libertines, which he formed with Carl Barât in 1997. His other musical projects are indie band Babyshambles and Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres.
3. Jamie Dwyer, Australian field hockey player and coach births
  1. Jamie Dwyer
    
    Jamie Dwyer is an Australian field hockey player. He currently plays for YMCC Coastal City Hockey Club in the Melville Toyota League in Perth, Western Australia. He also played for the Queensland Blades in the Australian Hockey League. He debuted for Australia as a junior player in 1995, and for the senior side in 2001. He has played over 350 matches for Australia and scored over 220 goals. He has represented Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics where he won a gold medal and the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics where Australia won bronze medals. He has also represented Australia at the 2006 Commonwealth Games where he won a gold medal and the 2010 Commonwealth Games where he also won gold. He has won silver medals at the 2002 Men's Hockey World Cup and the 2006 Men's Hockey World Cup. He won a gold medal at the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players to ever play the game.
4. Gerard López, former Spanish footballer births
  1. Gerard López
    
    Gerard López Segú, usually known as just Gerard, is a Spanish former professional footballer, and a manager. An all-around midfielder, he was known for precision passes and ball control skills. During his career, he played for several clubs including Barcelona and Valencia, helping the latter reach the 2000 Champions League final.
5. Ben Sandford, New Zealand skeleton racer births
  1. Ben Sandford
    
    Ben Sandford, is a New Zealand skeleton racer who has competed since 2002. He finished tenth in the men's skeleton event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He finished 11th at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
6. Tim Wieskötter, German sprint canoer births
  1. Tim Wieskötter
    
    Tim Wieskötter is a German sprint canoer who has competed since the late 1990s. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he won a complete set of medals in the K-2 500 m event with Ronald Rauhe.
7. Edwin Villafuerte, Ecuadorian goalkeeper births
  1. Edwin Villafuerte
    
    Edwin Alberto Villafuerte Posligua is an Ecuadorian former goalkeeper who last played for Club Deportivo Quevedo.
1978
1. Casey Mears, American race car driver births
  1. Casey Mears
    
    Casey James Mears is an American professional off-road and stock car racing driver. He has raced in IndyCar, NASCAR's three national series including 15 seasons in the Cup Series, SCORE International, and the Stadium Super Trucks. A former winner of the Coca-Cola 600, Mears is the nephew of four-time Indianapolis 500 winner Rick Mears and the son of IndyCar and off-road veteran Roger Mears. He also works as a NASCAR analyst for Fox Sports 1.
2. Marco Ferreira, Portuguese footballer births
  1. Marco Ferreira
    
    Marco Júlio Castanheira Afonso Alves Ferreira is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a winger.
3. Arina Tanemura, Japanese author and illustrator births
  1. Arina Tanemura
    
    Arina Tanemura is a Japanese manga artist, illustrator, and character designer. She made her professional manga debut in 1996 with the one-shot The Style of the Second Love in the shōjo manga magazine Ribon Original and later published her first series, I.O.N, in 1997, in the main Ribon magazine. She gained mainstream popularity from the late 1990s to mid-2000s with her series Phantom Thief Jeanne, Full Moon o Sagashite, and The Gentlemen's Alliance Cross.
1977
1. Michelle Burgher, track and field athlete births
  1. Michelle Burgher
    
    Michelle Burgher is a track and field athlete, competing internationally for Jamaica.
2. Ramiro Corrales, American soccer player births
  1. Ramiro Corrales
    
    Ramiro Corrales is an American former professional soccer player who is currently a technical advisor and assistant coach for USL Championship expansion side Monterey Bay FC. He spent most of his professional career with the San Jose Earthquakes in Major League Soccer.
3. Amdy Faye, former Senegalese footballer births
  1. Amdy Faye
    
    Amdy Moustapha Faye is a Senegalese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder and could also play as a centre back.
4. Brent Johnson, American ice hockey player births
  1. Brent Johnson
    
    Brent Spencer Johnson is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League for the St. Louis Blues, Phoenix Coyotes, Washington Capitals, and the Pittsburgh Penguins. He is currently a studio analyst for NBC Sports Washington.
1976
1. Deron Quint, American ice hockey defenseman births
  1. Deron Quint
    
    Deron Timothy Quint is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. His playing experience included spending time in the National Hockey League with the Winnipeg Jets, Phoenix Coyotes, New Jersey Devils, Columbus Blue Jackets, Chicago Blackhawks and New York Islanders.
2. Zhao Wei, Chinese actress, film director, producer and pop singer births
  1. Zhao Wei
    
    Zhao Wei, also known as Vicky Zhao or Vicki Zhao, is a Chinese actress, businesswoman, film director, producer and pop singer. She is considered one of the most popular actresses in China and Chinese-speaking regions, and one of the highest paid actresses as well.
1975
1. Nicolae Grigore, former Romanian footballer births
  1. Nicolae Grigore (footballer, born 1975)
    
    Nicolae Grigore is a former Romanian football player.
2. Edgaras Jankauskas, former Lithuanian footballer births
  1. Edgaras Jankauskas
    
    Edgaras Jankauskas is a Lithuanian football manager and former professional player.
3. Srđan Pecelj, Bosnian footballer births
  1. Srđan Pecelj
    
    Srđan Pecelj is a Serbian-Bosnian retired football defender.
1974
1. Charles Akonnor, former Ghanaian footballer births
  1. Charles Akonnor
    
    Charles Kwabla Akonnor is a former Ghanaian international footballer who is the former manager of the Ghana national team. He played as a versatile midfielder, mostly in Germany.
2. Walid Badir, former Israeli footballer births
  1. Walid Badir
    
    Walid Badir is an Arab-Israeli former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
3. George D. Sax, American banker and businessman (b. 1904) deaths
  1. George D. Sax
    
    George D. Sax was the chairman of the board of Exchange International Corporation and Chicago's former Exchange National Bank. He was president of Sax Enterprises, Inc and was a business entrepreneur who owned the Saxony Hotel, the first luxury hotel to be built in Miami Beach.
1973
1. Frankie Frisch, American baseball player and manager (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Frankie Frisch
    
    Frank Francis Frisch, nicknamed "The Fordham Flash" or "The Old Flash", was an American Major League Baseball player and manager of the first half of the twentieth century.
1972
1. Doron Sheffer, Israeli basketball player births
  1. Doron Sheffer
    
    Doron Sheffer, is an Israeli retired professional basketball player. He spent most of his club career playing with Maccabi Tel Aviv. During his playing career he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions. During his playing days, his nickname was "The Iceman".
1971
1. Isaiah Rider, American basketball player and rapper births
  1. Isaiah Rider
    
    Isaiah Rider Jr., nicknamed J.R., is an American former professional basketball player who played 9 seasons in the NBA.
2. Dragutin Topić, Serbian high jumper births
  1. Dragutin Topić
    
    Dragutin Topić is a Serbian former high jumper.
3. Eugene Lindsay Opie, American physician and pathologist (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Eugene Lindsay Opie
    
    Eugene Lindsay Opie was an American physician and pathologist who conducted research on the causes, transmission, and diagnosis of tuberculosis and on immunization against the disease. He served as professor of pathology at several U.S. medical schools and as Dean of the Washington University School of Medicine.
1970
1. Karen Bradley, British politician births
  1. Karen Bradley
    
    Karen Anne Bradley is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2018 to 2019, and has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Staffordshire Moorlands since 2010.
2. Dave Eggers, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Dave Eggers
    
    Dave Eggers is an American writer, editor, and publisher. He wrote the 2000 best-selling memoir A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. Eggers is also the founder of Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern, a literary journal; a co-founder of the literacy project 826 Valencia and the human rights nonprofit Voice of Witness; and the founder of ScholarMatch, a program that matches donors with students needing funds for college tuition. His writing has appeared in several magazines.
3. Mathias Grönberg, Swedish golfer births
  1. Mathias Grönberg
    
    Mathias David Grönberg is a Swedish professional golfer who has played on the European Tour, PGA Tour, and their second-tier tours.
4. Rex Walters, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Rex Walters
    
    Rex Andrew Walters is an American professional basketball coach and former player who serves as an assistant coach for the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Previously, he was the Associate Head Coach at Wake Forest University under Danny Manning. Prior to Wake Forest, he spent time at Nevada under Eric Musselman. He has made head coaching stops with the Grand Rapid Drive, the University of San Francisco and Florida Atlantic University. Walters pedigree for coaching began as a player, receiving tutelage from some of the game legendary coaches. Roy Williams at the University of Kansas and the NBA's Chuck Daly, Larry Brown and Pat Riley all mentored Walters during his years as a player. Walters played college basketball at Northwestern and Kansas. In 1993, he received a Bachelor of Science in Education degree from the University of Kansas. After Kansas, he played professionally for ten years, including seven seasons in the NBA from 1993 to 2000. Walters has been active on Apple Podcasts hosting his own show Real Talk Basketball with Rex Walters.
1969
1. Graham Coxon, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Graham Coxon
    
    Graham Leslie Coxon is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and painter who came to prominence as a founding member of the rock band Blur. As the group's lead guitarist and secondary vocalist, Coxon is featured on all eight of Blur's studio albums. He has also led a solo career since 1998, which all of his solo albums were produced and all the instruments played by himself. As well as being a musician, Coxon is a visual artist: he designed the cover art for all his solo albums as well as Blur's 13 (1999).
2. Jake Tapper, American journalist and author births
  1. Jake Tapper
    
    Jacob Paul Tapper is an American journalist, author, and cartoonist. He is the lead Washington anchor for CNN, and hosts the weekday television news show The Lead with Jake Tapper and hosts the Sunday morning public affairs program State of the Union.
1968
1. Tammy Duckworth, Thai-American colonel, pilot, and politician births
  1. Tammy Duckworth
    
    Ladda Tammy Duckworth is an American politician and retired Army National Guard lieutenant colonel serving as the junior United States senator from Illinois since 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, she represented Illinois's 8th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2017.
2. Aaron Eckhart, American actor and producer births
  1. Aaron Eckhart
    
    Aaron Edward Eckhart is an American actor. Born in Cupertino, California, Eckhart moved to the United Kingdom at an early age. He began his acting career by performing in school plays, before moving to Australia for his high school senior year. He left high school without graduating, but earned a diploma through a professional education course, and then graduated from Brigham Young University (BYU) in Utah, U.S., in 1994 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film.
1967
1. Julio Dely Valdés, Panamanian footballer and manager births
  1. Julio Dely Valdés
    
    Julio César Dely Valdés is a Panamanian former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is a twin brother of Jorge Dely Valdés and younger brother of Armando Dely Valdés.
1966
1. David Daniels, American countertenor births
  1. David Daniels (countertenor)
    
    David Daniels is an American countertenor.
2. Grant Long, American basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Grant Long
    
    Grant Andrew Long is an American former professional basketball player. He played over 1,000 games for the National Basketball Association over a 15-year career. Long had two relatives who were playing in the NBA during his tenure in the league: his uncle John Long, and his cousin Terry Mills. His brother is professional boxer Julius Long.
1965
1. Steve Finley, American baseball player births
  1. Steve Finley
    
    Steven Allen Finley is a former center fielder in Major League Baseball who played for eight teams between 1989 and 2007, most notably the Houston Astros, San Diego Padres and Arizona Diamondbacks; he is one of only two players, along with Matt Herges, to play for all five National League West teams. An outstanding all-around player with power, speed and defensive skill, he is one of only four players since 1945 with 300 home runs and 100 triples, along with Stan Musial, Willie Mays and George Brett. He is also one of three players, along with Mays and Ken Griffey Jr., to have 2,500 hits and win five Gold Glove Awards in center field.
2. Ivari Padar, former Minister of Finance and Minister of Agriculture of the Estonian Social Democratic Party births
  1. Ivari Padar
    
    Ivari Padar is an Estonian politician. He is a former Minister of Finance, Minister of Agriculture and chairman of the Estonian Social Democratic Party.
  2. Social Democratic Party (Estonia)
    
    The Social Democratic Party is a centre-left political party in Estonia. It is currently led by Lauri Läänemets.
1964
1. Dieter Eckstein, retired German footballer births
  1. Dieter Eckstein
    
    Dieter Eckstein is a retired German football player.
2. Umirzak Shukeyev, Kazakh chairman of Samruk-Kazyna births
  1. Umirzak Shukeyev
    
    Umirzak Shukeyev is a Kazakh politician who's serving as the akim of Turkistan Region since 2019. Prior to that, he served as the Minister of Agriculture from 2017 to 2019, chairman of Samruk-Kazyna, Kazakhstan's sovereign wealth fund from 2011 to 2017, First Deputy Prime Minister from 2009 to 2011, and prior to that, Deputy Prime Minister from 2007, akim of South Kazakhstan from 2006 to 2007, akim of Astana from 2004 to 2006, akim of Kostanay Region from 1998 to 2004, Minister of Economy and Trade from 1995 to 1997 while serving as Deputy Prime Minister.
  2. Samruk-Kazyna
    
    Samruk-Kazyna, officially known as the National Welfare Fund "Samruk-Kazyna", is a sovereign wealth fund and joint stock company in Kazakhstan which owns, either in whole or in part, a number of major companies in the country. This includes the national rail and postal service, the state oil and gas company KazMunayGas, the state uranium company Kazatomprom, Air Astana, and others. The state is the sole shareholder of the fund.
1963
1. John Andretti, American race car driver (d. 2020) births
  1. John Andretti
    
    John Andrew Andretti was an American race car driver. He won individual races in CART, IMSA GTP, Rolex Sports Car Series, and NASCAR during his career. He was the son of Aldo Andretti, older brother of racer Adam Andretti, nephew of Mario Andretti, and first cousin to IndyCar champion Michael and Jeff Andretti.
2. Candy Costie, American swimmer births
  1. Candy Costie
    
    Candace Costie is an American competitor and Olympic champion in synchronized swimming.
3. Joaquim Cruz, Brazilian runner and coach births
  1. Joaquim Cruz
    
    Joaquim Carvalho Cruz is a Brazilian former middle-distance runner, winner of the 800 meters at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He is one of only five men to run the 800 metres in less than 1 minute, 42 seconds.
4. Reiner Gies, German boxer births
  1. Reiner Gies
    
    Reiner Gies is a former German boxer who won a Light Welterweight Bronze Medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics for West Germany. Four years earlier, when Los Angeles, California hosted the Games, he was eliminated in the quarterfinals.
5. Ian Holloway, English footballer and manager births
  1. Ian Holloway
    
    Ian Scott Holloway is an English professional football manager, former player, media personality and television pundit who was most recently the manager of Grimsby Town.
6. Paul Way, English golfer births
  1. Paul Way
    
    Paul Graham Albert Way is an English professional golfer.
7. Jake Weber, English actor births
  1. Jake Weber
    
    Jake T. Weber is an English actor, known in film for his role as Michael in Dawn of the Dead and for his role as Drew in Meet Joe Black. On television, he is best-known for playing Joe DuBois, the sleep-deprived husband of psychic Allison DuBois, in the long running drama series Medium.
1962
1. Julia Campbell, American actress births
  1. Julia Campbell
    
    Julia Campbell is an American film and television actress. Her most noted role to date was "mean girl" Christie Masters in Romy and Michele's High School Reunion.
2. Andreas Köpke, former German footballer births
  1. Andreas Köpke
    
    Andreas "Andy" Köpke is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. After being selected for the Germany national team squads that won the 1990 FIFA World Cup and reached the quarter-finals of the 1994 FIFA World Cup, he succeeded Bodo Illgner to become Germany's first-choice goalkeeper at UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup.
3. Chris Sanders, American illustrator and voice actor births
  1. Chris Sanders
    
    Christopher Michael Sanders is an American director, screenwriter, producer, illustrator, and voice actor. His credits include Lilo & Stitch (2002) and How to Train Your Dragon (2010), both of which he co-wrote and co-directed with Dean DeBlois, The Croods (2013) with Kirk DeMicco, and The Call of the Wild (2020). He is also known for creating the story behind Lilo & Stitch and for creating and voicing its latter title character in the film and its franchise.
4. Darryl Strawberry, American baseball player and minister births
  1. Darryl Strawberry
    
    Darryl Eugene Strawberry is an American former professional baseball right fielder and author who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Throughout his career, Strawberry was one of the most feared sluggers in the sport, known for his prodigious home runs and his intimidating presence in the batter's box with his 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) frame and his long, looping swing that elicited comparisons to Ted Williams.
1960
1. Jason Beghe, American actor births
  1. Jason Beghe
    
    Jason Deneen Beghe is an American actor. Since 2014, he has starred in the NBC TV series Chicago P.D. as sergeant Hank Voight. He is also known for starring in the 1988 George A. Romero film Monkey Shines, playing Demi Moore's love interest in G.I. Jane, appearing as a police officer in the film Thelma & Louise, starring opposite Moira Kelly in the television series To Have & to Hold, and having recurring roles on Picket Fences, Melrose Place, Chicago Hope, American Dreams, Cane, and Californication.
2. Courtney B. Vance, American actor and painter births
  1. Courtney B. Vance
    
    Courtney Bernard Vance is an American actor. Vance started his career on the Broadway stage in the original productions of August Wilson's Fences in 1985, John Guare's Six Degrees of Separation in 1990 and Nora Ephron's Lucky Guy in 2013 for which he won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. He is known for his roles in films such as Hamburger Hill (1987), The Hunt for Red October (1990), The Preacher's Wife (1996), Cookie's Fortune (1999), Terminator Genisys (2015), and Isle of Dogs (2018).
1959
1. Milorad Dodik, Bosnian Serb politician and president of Republika Srpska births
  1. Milorad Dodik
    
    Milorad Dodik is a Bosnian Serb politician serving as the 8th president of Republika Srpska since November 2022. Previously, he served as the 7th Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the collective federal head of state, from 2018 to 2022.
  2. Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
    
    The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina are one of the three constitutive nations of the country, predominantly residing in the political-territorial entity of Republika Srpska.
  3. Republika Srpska
    
    Republika Srpska is one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the north and east of the country. Its largest city and administrative centre is Banja Luka, lying on the Vrbas river.
2. Luenell, American comedian and actress births
  1. Luenell
    
    Luenell Campbell, known mononymously as Luenell, is an American comedian and actress.
3. Michael Walter, German luger (d. 2016) births
  1. Michael Walter (luger)
    
    Michael Walter was a German luger who competed during the 1980s. He won two medals in the men's singles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a gold in 1985 and a silver in 1981.
1958
1. Phil Anderson, English-Australian cyclist births
  1. Phil Anderson (cyclist)
    
    Philip Grant Anderson is a British-born Australian former professional racing cyclist who was the first non-European to wear the yellow jersey of the Tour de France.
1957
1. Patrick Battiston, French footballer and coach births
  1. Patrick Battiston
    
    Patrick Raymond Jean Battiston is a French former footballer who played as a defender for the France national team in three World Cups and won the 1984 European Football Championship. At club level, he played for Metz, Saint-Étienne, Bordeaux, and Monaco, winning five Ligue 1 titles and one Coupe de France.
2. Marlon Jackson, American singer-songwriter and dancer births
  1. Marlon Jackson
    
    Marlon David Jackson is an American entertainer, singer and dancer best known as a member of the Jackson 5. He is the sixth child of the Jackson family. Marlon now runs Study Peace Foundation to promote peace and unity worldwide.
3. Andrey Lopatov, Soviet basketball player births
  1. Andrey Lopatov
    
    Andrey Vyacheslavovich Lopatov was a Russian basketball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1980 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal.
4. Josephine Hull, American actress (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Josephine Hull
    
    Marie Josephine Hull was an American stage and film actress who also was a director of plays. She had a successful 50-year career on stage while taking some of her better known roles to film. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the movie Harvey (1950), a role she originally played on the Broadway stage. She was sometimes credited as Josephine Sherwood.
1956
1. Ove Aunli, former Norwegian cross-country skier births
  1. Ove Aunli
    
    Ove Robert Aunli is a Norwegian former cross-country skier. He took the Olympic bronze medal in 1980 Lake Placid when Thomas Wassberg beat Juha Mieto by one-hundredth of a second for the gold medal, and won a silver medal as part of Norway's 4 × 10 km relay team.
2. Stanisław Bobak, Polish ski jumper (d. 2010) births
  1. Stanisław Bobak
    
    Stanisław Bobak was a Polish ski jumper.
3. Steve Harris, English bass player and songwriter births
  1. Steve Harris (musician)
    
    Stephen Percy Harris is an English musician who is the bassist, keyboardist, backing vocalist, primary songwriter and founder/leader of heavy metal band Iron Maiden. He has been the band's only constant member since their inception in 1975 and, along with guitarist Dave Murray, the only member to appear on every album.
4. Lesley Manville, English actress births
  1. Lesley Manville
    
    Lesley Ann Manville is an English actress known for her frequent collaborations with Mike Leigh, appearing in the films Grown-Ups (1980), High Hopes (1988), Secrets & Lies (1996), Topsy-Turvy (1999), All or Nothing (2002), Vera Drake (2004), Another Year (2010), and Mr. Turner (2014). She has been nominated for two British Academy Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles in Another Year (2010) and Phantom Thread (2017); with the latter earning her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
5. Dale Murphy, American baseball player births
  1. Dale Murphy
    
    Dale Bryan Murphy is an American former professional baseball player. During an 18-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1976–1993), he played as an outfielder, catcher, and first baseman for the Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies, and Colorado Rockies; Murphy is best noted for his many years with the Braves. His entire MLB career was spent in the National League (NL), during which time he won consecutive Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards (1982–1983), the Silver Slugger Award for four straight years (1982–1985), and the Gold Glove Award for five straight years (1982–1986). Murphy is a member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame, Georgia Sports Hall of Fame, and World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame.
6. Pim Verbeek, Dutch football manager (d. 2019) births
  1. Pim Verbeek
    
    Peter Tim Dirk "Pim" Verbeek was a Dutch football manager who last coached the Oman national football team.
1955
1. Charlie Parker, American saxophonist and composer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Charlie Parker
    
    Charles Parker Jr., nicknamed "Bird" or "Yardbird", was an American jazz saxophonist, band leader and composer. Parker was a highly influential soloist and leading figure in the development of bebop, a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, virtuosic technique, and advanced harmonies. Parker was an extremely brilliant virtuoso and introduced revolutionary rhythmic and harmonic ideas into jazz, including rapid passing chords, new variants of altered chords, and chord substitutions. Primarily a player of the alto saxophone, Parker's tone ranged from clean and penetrating to sweet and somber.
2. Theodor Plievier, German author best known for his anti-war novel (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Theodor Plievier
    
    Theodor Otto Richard Plievier was a German writer and communist, best known for his 1948 anti-war novel Stalingrad.
1954
1. Anish Kapoor, Indian-English sculptor births
  1. Anish Kapoor
    
    Sir Anish Mikhail Kapoor is a British-Indian sculptor specializing in installation art and conceptual art. Born in Mumbai, Kapoor attended the elite all-boys Indian boarding school The Doon School, before moving to the UK to begin his art training at Hornsey College of Art and, later, Chelsea School of Art and Design.
2. Marianne Weber, German sociologist and suffragist (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Marianne Weber
    
    Marianne Weber was a German sociologist, women's rights activist and the wife of Max Weber.
1953
1. Pavel Pinigin, former Soviet wrestler and Olympic champion births
  1. Pavel Pinigin
    
    Pavel Pinigin is a former Soviet wrestler and Olympic champion in Freestyle wrestling. He is also three times world champion in freestyle wrestling. He is married to athlete and Olympic champion Mariya Pinigina.
1952
1. André Comte-Sponville, French philosopher births
  1. André Comte-Sponville
    
    André Comte-Sponville is a French philosopher.
2. Yasuhiko Okudera, former Japanese footballer births
  1. Yasuhiko Okudera
    
    Yasuhiko Okudera is a Japanese former football player and manager. He is the president of J2 League club Yokohama FC and was formerly the president of English club Plymouth Argyle. Okudera was the first Japanese footballer to play professionally in Europe, as well as being the first Asian football player to score in the European Cup, while playing for 1. FC Köln in the 1979 semi-final match against Nottingham Forest and made 32 appearances – scoring nine goals – with the Japan national team.
3. John Mitchell, English footballer births
  1. John Mitchell (footballer, born 1952)
    
    John Mitchell is an English former footballer who played as a forward in the Football League.
1950
1. Javier Clemente, Spanish footballer and manager births
  1. Javier Clemente
    
    Javier Clemente Lázaro is a Spanish football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.
1949
1. Rob Cohen, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Rob Cohen
    
    Rob Cohen is an American director and producer of film and television. Beginning his career as an executive producer at 20th Century Fox, Cohen produced and developed numerous high-profile film and television programs, including The Wiz, The Witches of Eastwick, and Light of Day until he began focusing on full-time directing in the 1990s. He directed the action films The Fast and the Furious and XXX.
2. David Mellor, British politician births
  1. David Mellor
    
    David John Mellor is a British broadcaster, barrister, and former politician. As a member of the Conservative Party, he served in the Cabinet of Prime Minister John Major as Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1990–92) and Secretary of State for National Heritage, before resigning in 1992. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Putney from 1979 to 1997.
3. Wilhelm Steinkopf, German chemist (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Steinkopf
    
    Georg Wilhelm Steinkopf was a German chemist. Today he is mostly remembered for his work on the production of mustard gas during World War I.
1948
1. Virginia Bottomley, Scottish social worker and politician, Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport births
  1. Virginia Bottomley
    
    Virginia Hilda Brunette Maxwell Bottomley, Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone, is a British Conservative Party politician, and headhunter. She was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons from 1984 to 2005. She was raised to the peerage in 2005.
  2. Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport
    
    The secretary of state for digital, culture, media and sport, also referred to as the culture secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for strategy and policy across the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 21st in the ministerial ranking. The office has been dubbed "Minister of Fun".
2. Kent Conrad, American politician births
  1. Kent Conrad
    
    Gaylord Kent Conrad is a former American politician who was a United States Senator from North Dakota. He is a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party, the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1986, he served as chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Budget Committee for 12 years.
3. James Taylor, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. James Taylor
    
    James Vernon Taylor is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. A six-time Grammy Award winner, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 100 million records worldwide.
1947
1. Peter Harry Carstensen, German educator and politician births
  1. Peter Harry Carstensen
    
    Peter Harry Carstensen is a German politician, in the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party.
2. Jan-Erik Enestam, Finland-Swedish politician births
  1. Jan-Erik Enestam
    
    Jan-Erik Enestam is a Finland-Swedish politician from the Swedish People's Party. He has a degree from the Åbo Akademi university in Turku.
3. David Rigert, Soviet Olympic weightlifter births
  1. David Rigert
    
    David Adamovich Rigert is a retired Soviet weightlifter and weightlifting coach of Austrian ancestry. During his career he set 65 ratified world records and won an Olympic gold medal in 1976 and six world titles. In 1999 he was inducted to the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame.
4. Mitt Romney, American businessman and politician, 70th Governor of Massachusetts births
  1. Mitt Romney
    
    Willard Mitt Romney is an American politician, businessman, and lawyer serving as the junior United States senator from Utah since January 2019, succeeding Orrin Hatch. He served as the 70th governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and was the Republican Party's nominee for president of the United States in the 2012 election, losing to Barack Obama.
  2. Governor of Massachusetts
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.
1946
1. Dean Cundey, American cinematographer and film director births
  1. Dean Cundey
    
    Dean Raymond Cundey, A.S.C. is an American cinematographer and film director. He is known for his collaborations with John Carpenter, Steven Spielberg, Robert Zemeckis, as well as his extensive work in the horror genre, in addition to numerous family and comedy films. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on Who Framed Roger Rabbit and has been nominated for numerous BAFTAs and BSC Awards.
2. Liza Minnelli, American actress, singer and dancer births
  1. Liza Minnelli
    
    Liza May Minnelli is an American actress, singer, dancer, and choreographer. Known for her commanding stage presence and powerful alto singing voice, Minnelli is among a rare group of performers awarded an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony (EGOT). Minnelli is a Knight of the French Legion of Honour.
3. Frank Welker, American voice actor and singer births
  1. Frank Welker
    
    Franklin Wendell Welker is an American voice actor. He began his career in the 1960s, and holds over 860 film, television, and video game credits as of 2022, making him one of the most prolific voice actors of all time. With a total worldwide box-office gross of $17.4 billion, he is also the third-highest-grossing actor of all time.
4. Ferenc Szálasi, Hungarian soldier and politician, Head of State of Hungary (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Ferenc Szálasi
    
    Ferenc Szálasi, the leader of the Arrow Cross Party – Hungarist Movement, became the "Leader of the Nation" (Nemzetvezető) as head of state and simultaneously prime minister of the Kingdom of Hungary's "Government of National Unity" during the final six months of Hungary's participation in World War II, after Germany occupied Hungary and removed the Regent by force in October 1944. During Szálasi's brief rule, his followers murdered 10,000–15,000 Jews. After the war, he was tried by a Hungarian court and sentenced to be executed for war crimes and for crimes against humanity committed during World War II.
  2. List of heads of state of Hungary
    
    This article lists the heads of state of Hungary, from the Hungarian Declaration of Independence and the establishment of the Hungarian State in 1849 until the present day.
1945
1. Anne Summers, Australian feminist writer, editor, publisher and public servant births
  1. Anne Summers
    
    Anne Summers AO is an Australian writer and columnist, best known as a leading feminist, editor and publisher. She was formerly First Assistant Secretary of the Office of the Status of Women in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
1944
1. Erwin Mueller, former American basketball player (d. 2018) births
  1. Erwin Mueller
    
    Erwin Louis Mueller was an American basketball player. A 6'8" forward/center,he attended the University of San Francisco where he was All-Coast, All Conference & All-America and was selected by the Chicago Bulls in the second round of the 1966 NBA draft.
1943
1. Ratko Mladić, Serbian general births
  1. Ratko Mladić
    
    Ratko Mladić is a Bosnian Serb convicted war criminal and colonel-general who led the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Yugoslav Wars. In 2017, he was found guilty of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
2. Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor (b. 1869) deaths
  1. Gustav Vigeland
    
    Gustav Vigeland, born as Adolf Gustav Thorsen, was a Norwegian sculptor. Gustav Vigeland occupies a special position among Norwegian sculptors, both in the power of his creative imagination and in his productivity. He is most associated with the Vigeland installation (Vigelandsanlegget) in Frogner Park, Oslo. He was also the designer of the Nobel Peace Prize medal.
1942
1. Jimmy Wynn, American baseball player (d. 2020) births
  1. Jimmy Wynn
    
    James Sherman Wynn, nicknamed "The Toy Cannon", was an American professional baseball player. He played 15 seasons as a center fielder; he spent ten of his fifteen seasons with the Houston Colt .45s / Astros before playing for four other teams. Wynn was nicknamed "The Toy Cannon" because his bat was described as having a lot of "pop" for his small size at 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and 160 lb (73 kg).
2. William Henry Bragg, English physicist, chemist, and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862) deaths
  1. William Henry Bragg
    
    Sir William Henry Bragg was an English physicist, chemist, mathematician, and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics: "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". The mineral Braggite is named after him and his son. He was knighted in 1920.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1941
1. Josip Skoblar, former Croatian footballer births
  1. Josip Skoblar
    
    Josip Skoblar is a Croatian former professional football player and manager. He was primarily a forward, and also capable of playing on both wings.
1940
1. Al Jarreau, American singer (d. 2017) births
  1. Al Jarreau
    
    Alwin Lopez Jarreau was an American singer and musician. His 1981 album Breakin' Away spent two years on the Billboard 200 and is considered one of the finest examples of the Los Angeles pop and R&B sound. The album won Jarreau the 1982 Grammy for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. In all, he won seven Grammy Awards and was nominated for over a dozen more during his career.
1938
1. Vladimir Msryan, Armenian actor (d. 2010) births
  1. Vladimir Msryan
    
    Vladimir Ivanovich Msryan was an Armenian stage and film actor.
2. Johnny Rutherford, American race car driver and sportscaster births
  1. Johnny Rutherford
    
    John Sherman "Johnny" Rutherford III, also known as "Lone Star JR", is an American former automobile racing driver. During an Indy Car career that spanned more than three decades, he scored 27 wins and 23 pole positions in 314 starts. He became one of ten drivers to win the Indianapolis 500 at least three times, winning in 1974, 1976, and 1980. He also won the CART championship in 1980.
3. Ken Spears, American writer (d. 2020) births
  1. Ken Spears
    
    Charles Kenneth Spears was an American animator, writer, television producer and sound editor. He was best known as a co-creator of the Scooby-Doo franchise, together with Joe Ruby. In 1977, they co-founded the television animation production company Ruby-Spears Productions.
4. Juan Horacio Suárez, Argentine bishop births
  1. Juan Horacio Suárez
    
    Juan Horacio Suárez is an Argentine Roman Catholic bishop.
5. Ron Tutt, American drummer births
  1. Ron Tutt
    
    Ronald Ellis Tutt was an American drummer who played concerts and recording sessions for Elvis Presley, the Carpenters, Roy Orbison, Neil Diamond, and Jerry Garcia.
1937
1. Zoltán Horvath, Hungarian sabre fencer births
  1. Zoltán Horváth (fencer)
    
    Zoltán Horváth is a Hungarian retired sabre fencer. At the 1960 Olympics, he won the gold medal in the team competition, and the individual silver medal behind teammate Rudolf Kárpáti. Horváth also took part in the 1964 Olympics, placing fifth in the team competition.
2. Zurab Sotkilava, Georgian operatic tenor (d. 2017) births
  1. Zurab Sotkilava
    
    Zurab Lavrentievich Sotkilava was a Georgian operatic tenor and People's Artist of the USSR recipient.
1936
1. Virginia Hamilton, American children's books author (d. 2002) births
  1. Virginia Hamilton
    
    Virginia Esther Hamilton was an American children's books author. She wrote 41 books, including M. C. Higgins, the Great (1974), for which she won the U.S. National Book Award in category Children's Books and the Newbery Medal in 1975.
2. Michał Heller, Polish professor of philosophy births
  1. Michał Heller
    
    Michał Kazimierz Heller is a Polish professor of philosophy at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Kraków, Poland, and an adjunct member of the Vatican Observatory staff.
3. Eddie Sutton, American basketball player and coach (d. 2020) births
  1. Eddie Sutton
    
    Edward Eugene Sutton was an American college basketball coach. A native of Bucklin, Kansas, Sutton played college basketball at Oklahoma A&M and was a head coach at the high school, junior college, and college levels spanning six decades.
1935
1. Mihajlo Pupin, Serbian-American physicist and chemist (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Mihajlo Pupin
    
    Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin, also known as Michael Pupin, was a Serbian physicist, physical chemist and philanthropist based in the United States.
1934
1. Francisco J. Ayala, Spanish-American evolutionary biologist and philosopher births
  1. Francisco J. Ayala
    
    Francisco José Ayala Pereda is a Spanish-American evolutionary biologist, philosopher, and former Catholic priest who was a longtime faculty member at the University of California, Irvine and University of California, Davis.
1933
1. Myrna Fahey, American actress (d. 1973) births
  1. Myrna Fahey
    
    Myrna Fahey was an American actress known for her role as Maria Crespo in Walt Disney's Zorro and as Madeline Usher in The Fall of the House of Usher.
2. Barbara Feldon, American actress births
  1. Barbara Feldon
    
    Barbara Feldon is an American actress primarily known for her roles on television. Her most prominent role was that of Agent 99 in the 1965–1970 sitcom Get Smart.
1932
1. Bob Houbregs, Canadian basketball player (d. 2014) births
  1. Bob Houbregs
    
    Robert J. Houbregs was a Canadian professional basketball player. Houbregs was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 1987.
2. Andrew Young, American pastor and politician, 14th United States Ambassador to the United Nations births
  1. Andrew Young
    
    Andrew Jackson Young Jr. is an American politician, diplomat, and activist. Beginning his career as a pastor, Young was an early leader in the civil rights movement, serving as executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and a close confidant to Martin Luther King Jr. Young later became active in politics, serving as a U.S. Congressman from Georgia, United States Ambassador to the United Nations in the Carter Administration, and 55th Mayor of Atlanta. Since leaving office, Young has founded or served in many organizations working on issues of public policy and political lobbying.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations
    
    The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is formally known as the permanent representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and representative of the United States of America in the United Nations Security Council.
1931
1. Józef Tischner, Polish priest and philosopher (d. 2000) births
  1. Józef Tischner
    
    Józef Stanisław Tischner was a Polish priest and philosopher. The first chaplain of the trade union, "Solidarity".
1930
1. Antony Acland, British former diplomat and Provost of Eton College (d. 2021) births
  1. Antony Acland
    
    Sir Antony Arthur Acland was a British diplomat and a provost of Eton College.
  2. Eton College
    
    Eton College is a public school in Eton, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1440 by Henry VI under the name Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore, intended as a sister institution to King's College, Cambridge, making it the 18th-oldest Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) school. Eton is particularly well-known for its history, wealth, and notable alumni, called Old Etonians.
1929
1. Win Tin, Burmese journalist and politician, co-founded the National League for Democracy (d. 2014) births
  1. Win Tin
    
    Win Tin was a Burmese journalist, politician and political prisoner. He co-founded the National League for Democracy (NLD). He was imprisoned by the military government for 19 years (1989–2008) for his writings and his leadership position in the NLD.
  2. National League for Democracy
    
    The National League for Democracy is a liberal democratic political party in Myanmar (Burma). It became the country's ruling party after a landslide victory in the 2015 general election but was overthrown in a military coup d'état in early 2021 following another landslide election victory in 2020.
2. Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician, 44th Mayor of Atlanta (b. 1851) deaths
  1. Asa Griggs Candler
    
    Asa Griggs Candler was an American business tycoon and politician who in 1888 purchased the Coca-Cola recipe for $238.98 from chemist John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. Candler founded The Coca-Cola Company in 1892 and developed it as a major company.
  2. List of mayors of Atlanta
    
    Here is a list of mayors of Atlanta, Georgia. The mayor is the highest elected official in Atlanta. Since its incorporation in 1847, the city has had 61 mayors. The current mayor is Andre Dickens who was elected in the 2021 election and took office in January, 2022.
1928
1. Edward Albee, American director and playwright (d. 2016) births
  1. Edward Albee
    
    Edward Franklin Albee III was an American playwright known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), A Delicate Balance (1966), and Three Tall Women (1994). Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified and named the Theater of the Absurd. Three of his plays won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and two of his other works won the Tony Award for Best Play.
1927
1. Raúl Alfonsín, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 46th President of Argentina (d. 2009) births
  1. Raúl Alfonsín
    
    Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín was an Argentine lawyer and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 8 July 1989. He was the first democratically elected president after more than seven years of military dictatorship, and is considered the "father of modern democracy in Argentina". Ideologically, he identified as a Radical and a social democrat, serving as the leader of the Radical Civic Union from 1983 to 1991, 1993 to 1995, 1999 to 2001, with his political approach being known as "Alfonsinism".
  2. President of Argentina
    
    The president of Argentina, officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national constitution, the president is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
2. Emmett Leith, professor of electrical engineering and co-inventor of three-dimensional holography (d. 2005) births
  1. Emmett Leith
    
    Emmett Norman Leith was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Michigan and, with Juris Upatnieks of the University of Michigan, the co-inventor of three-dimensional holography.
3. Sudharmono, 5th Vice President of Indonesia (d. 2006) births
  1. Sudharmono
    
    Sudharmono, also known by his nickname, Pak Dar, was an Indonesian politician and army officer, who served as the 5th Vice President of Indonesia, under the New Order regime of president Suharto, serving from 1988 until 1993. Previously, he served in a number of positions in the government and military, including as the Chairman of Golkar, State Secretary of Indonesia, and a Lieutenant General in the army.
1926
1. George Ariyoshi, American lawyer and politician, 3rd Governor of Hawaii births
  1. George Ariyoshi
    
    George Ryoichi Ariyoshi is an American lawyer and politician who served as the third governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986. A Democrat, he is Hawaii's longest-serving governor and the first American of Asian descent to serve as governor of a U.S. state. He assumed gubernatorial powers and duties when Governor John A. Burns was declared incapacitated in October 1973 and was elected in 1974, becoming the first Asian-American to be elected governor of a U.S. state or territory. His lengthy tenure is a record likely to remain unbroken due to term limits enacted after he left office. Ariyoshi is now considered an elder statesman of the Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi.
  2. Governor of Hawaii
    
    The governor of Hawaii is the head of government of the U.S. state of Hawaii and its various agencies and departments, as provided in the Hawaii State Constitution Article V, Sections 1 through 6. It is a directly elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enforcing laws passed by the Hawaii State Legislature and upholding rulings of the Hawaii State Judiciary. The role includes being commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Hawaii and having the power to use those forces to execute laws, suppress insurrection and violence and repel invasion. The lieutenant governor of Hawaii becomes acting governor upon the officeholder's absence from the state or if the person is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office. Historically, the Governor of Hawaii has been from either the Democratic Party of Hawaii or Hawaii Republican Party.
2. Arthur A. Hartman, American career diplomat (d. 2015) births
  1. Arthur A. Hartman
    
    Arthur Adair Hartman was an American career diplomat who served as Ambassador to France under Jimmy Carter and Ambassador to the Soviet Union under Ronald Reagan.
3. John Clellon Holmes, American author and professor (d. 1988) births
  1. John Clellon Holmes
    
    John Clellon Holmes was an American author, poet and professor, best known for his 1952 novel Go. Considered the first "Beat" novel, Go depicted events in his life with his friends Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady and Allen Ginsberg. He was often referred to as the "quiet Beat" and was one of Kerouac's closest friends. Holmes also wrote what is considered the definitive jazz novel of the Beat Generation, The Horn.
4. David Nadien, American violinist (d. 2014) births
  1. David Nadien
    
    David Nadien was an American virtuoso violinist and violin teacher. He was the concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic from 1966 to 1970. His playing style, characterized by fast vibrato, audible shifting noises, and superb bow control, has been compared to that of Jascha Heifetz, who is considered by some to be the greatest violinist of all time.
1925
1. Leo Esaki, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Leo Esaki
    
    Reona Esaki, also known as Leo Esaki, is a Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his work in electron tunneling in semiconductor materials which finally led to his invention of the Esaki diode, which exploited that phenomenon. This research was done when he was with Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo. He has also contributed in being a pioneer of the semiconductor superlattices.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. Harry Harrison, American author and illustrator (d. 2012) births
  1. Harry Harrison (writer)
    
    Harry Max Harrison was an American science fiction author, known mostly for his character The Stainless Steel Rat and for his novel Make Room! Make Room! (1966). The latter was the rough basis for the motion picture Soylent Green (1973). Long resident in both Ireland and the United Kingdom, Harrison was involved in the foundation of the Irish Science Fiction Association, and was, with Brian Aldiss, co-president of the Birmingham Science Fiction Group.
3. Sun Yat-sen, Chinese physician and politician, 1st President of the Republic of China (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Sun Yat-sen
    
    Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese statesman, physician, and political philosopher, who served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang. He is called the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China, and the "Forerunner of the Revolution" in the People's Republic of China for his instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun is unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for being widely revered in both Mainland China and Taiwan.
  2. List of presidents of the Republic of China
    
    This is a list of the presidents of the Republic of China.
1923
1. Hjalmar Andersen, Norwegian speed skater and cyclist (d. 2013) births
  1. Hjalmar Andersen
    
    Hjalmar "Hjallis" Johan Andersen was a speed skater from Norway who won three gold medals at the 1952 Winter Olympic Games of Oslo, Norway. He was the only triple gold medalist at the 1952 Winter Olympics, and as such, became the most successful athlete there.
2. Norbert Brainin, Austrian violinist (d. 2005) births
  1. Norbert Brainin
    
    Norbert Brainin, OBE was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most highly regarded string quartets.
3. Wally Schirra, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2007) births
  1. Wally Schirra
    
    Walter Marty Schirra Jr. was an American naval aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. In 1959, he became one of the original seven astronauts chosen for Project Mercury, which was the United States' first effort to put human beings into space. On October 3, 1962, he flew the six-orbit, nine-hour, Mercury-Atlas 8 mission, in a spacecraft he nicknamed Sigma 7. At the time of his mission in Sigma 7, Schirra became the fifth American and ninth human to travel into space. In the two-man Gemini program, he achieved the first space rendezvous, station-keeping his Gemini 6A spacecraft within 1 foot (30 cm) of the sister Gemini 7 spacecraft in December 1965. In October 1968, he commanded Apollo 7, an 11-day low Earth orbit shakedown test of the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module and the first crewed launch for the Apollo program.
4. Mae Young, American wrestler (d. 2014) births
  1. Mae Young
    
    Johnnie Mae Young was an American professional wrestler. She wrestled throughout the United States and Canada and won multiple titles in the National Wrestling Alliance. Young is considered one of the pioneers in women's wrestling as she helped to increase the popularity of the sport throughout the 1940s and during World War II. In 1954, she and Mildred Burke were among the first female competitors to tour post-war Japan.
1922
1. Jack Kerouac, American author and poet (d. 1969) births
  1. Jack Kerouac
    
    Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac, known as Jack Kerouac, was an American novelist and poet who, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, was a pioneer of the Beat Generation.
2. Lane Kirkland, American sailor and union leader (d. 1999) births
  1. Lane Kirkland
    
    Joseph Lane Kirkland was an American labor union leader who served as President of the AFL–CIO from 1979 to 1995.
1921
1. Gianni Agnelli, Italian businessman (d. 2001) births
  1. Gianni Agnelli
    
    Giovanni "Gianni" Agnelli, nicknamed L'Avvocato, was an Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat. As the head of Fiat, he controlled 4.4% of Italy's GDP, 3.1% of its industrial workforce and 16.5% of its industrial investment in research. He was the richest man in modern Italian history.
2. Gordon MacRae, American actor and singer (d. 1986) births
  1. Gordon MacRae
    
    Albert Gordon MacRae was an American actor, singer and radio/television host who appeared in the film versions of two Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals Oklahoma! (1955) and Carousel (1956) and who played the leading man opposite Doris Day in On Moonlight Bay (1951) and sequel By The Light of the Silvery Moon (1953).
1918
1. Pádraig Faulkner, Irish Fianna Fáil politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Pádraig Faulkner
    
    Pádraig Faulkner was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Ceann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1980 to 1981, Minister for Defence 1979 to 1980, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs and Minister for Tourism and Transport from 1977 to 1979, Minister for Education from 1969 to 1973, Minister for the Gaeltacht and Minister for Lands from 1968 to 1969 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Gaeltacht from 1965 to 1968. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Louth constituency from 1957 to 1987.
  2. Fianna Fáil
    
    Fianna Fáil, officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party, is a conservative and Christian-democratic political party in Ireland.
2. Elaine de Kooning, American painter and academic (d. 1989) births
  1. Elaine de Kooning
    
    Elaine Marie Catherine de Kooning was an Abstract Expressionist and Figurative Expressionist painter in the post-World War II era. She wrote extensively on the art of the period and was an editorial associate for Art News magazine.
1917
1. Leonard Chess, American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d. 1969) births
  1. Leonard Chess
    
    Lejzor Szmuel Czyż, best known as Leonard Sam Chess, was a Polish-American record company executive and the co-founder of Chess Records. He was influential in the development of electric blues, Chicago blues, and rock and roll.
  2. Chess Records
    
    Chess Records was an American record company established in 1950 in Chicago, specializing in blues and rhythm and blues. It was the successor to Aristocrat Records, founded in 1947. It expanded into soul music, gospel music, early rock and roll, and jazz and comedy recordings, released on the Chess and its subsidiary labels Checker and Argo/Cadet. The Chess catalogue is owned by Universal Music Group and managed by Geffen Records.
2. Millard Kaufman, American author and screenwriter (d. 2009) births
  1. Millard Kaufman
    
    Millard Kaufman was an American screenwriter and novelist. His works include the Academy Award-nominated Bad Day at Black Rock (1955). He was also one of the creators of Mr. Magoo.
3. Googie Withers, Indian-Australian actress (d. 2011) births
  1. Googie Withers
    
    Georgette Lizette Withers, CBE, AO, known professionally as Googie Withers, was an English entertainer who was a dancer and actress with a lengthy career spanning some nine decades in theatre, film, and television. She was a well-known actress and star of British films during the Second World War and postwar years.
1916
1. Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Austrian author (b. 1830) deaths
  1. Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
    
    Countess Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach was an Austrian writer. Noted for her psychological novels, she is regarded as one of the most important German-language writers of the latter portion of the 19th century.
1915
1. Alberto Burri, Italian painter and sculptor (d. 1995) births
  1. Alberto Burri
    
    Alberto Burri was an Italian visual artist, painter, sculptor, and physician based in Città di Castello. He is associated with the matterism of the European informal art movement and described his style as a polymaterialist. He had connections with Lucio Fontana's spatialism and, with Antoni Tàpies, an influence on the revival of the art of post-war assembly in America as in Europe.
2. Jiří Mucha, Czech journalist (d. 1991) births
  1. Jiří Mucha
    
    Jiří Mucha was a Czech journalist, writer, screenwriter, author of autobiographical novels and studies of the works of his father, the painter Alphonse Mucha.
1913
1. Yashwantrao Chavan, Indian politician, 5th Deputy Prime Minister of India (d. 1984) births
  1. Yashwantrao Chavan
    
    Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan was an Indian politician. He served as the last Chief Minister of Bombay State and the first of Maharashtra after latter was created by the division of Bombay state. His last significant ministerial post was as the Deputy Prime Minister of India in the short lived Charan Singh government in 1979. He was a strong Congress leader, co-operative leader, social activist and writer. He was popularly known as Leader of Common People. He advocated social democracy in his speeches and articles and was instrumental in establishing co-operatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the farmers.
  2. Deputy Prime Minister of India
    
    The deputy prime minister of India is the second highest ranking minister of the Union in the executive branch of the Government of India and is a senior member of the Union Council of Ministers. The office holder also deputises for the prime minister in their absence.
2. Agathe von Trapp, Hungarian-American singer and author (d. 2010) births
  1. Agathe von Trapp
    
    Agathe Johanna Erwina Gobertina von Trapp was the eldest daughter of Georg von Trapp and his first wife, Agathe Whitehead von Trapp. She was also a member of the Trapp Family Singers, whose lives were the inspiration for the 1959 musical play and 1965 film The Sound of Music. She was portrayed as the character "Liesl".
1912
1. Willie Hall, English international footballer (d. 1967) births
  1. Willie Hall (English footballer)
    
    George William Hall was an English footballer who played for Notts County, Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team during the 1930s.
2. Irving Layton, Romanian-Canadian poet and academic (d. 2006) births
  1. Irving Layton
    
    Irving Peter Layton, OC was a Romanian-born Canadian poet. He was known for his "tell it like it is" style which won him a wide following, but also made him enemies. As T. Jacobs notes in his biography (2001), Layton fought Puritanism throughout his life:Layton's work had provided the bolt of lightning that was needed to split open the thin skin of conservatism and complacency in the poetry scene of the preceding century, allowing modern poetry to expose previously unseen richness and depth.
1911
1. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Mexican academic and politician, 49th President of Mexico (d. 1979) births
  1. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
    
    Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños was a Mexican politician and member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as the President of Mexico from 1964 to 1970.
  2. President of Mexico
    
    The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.
1910
1. Masayoshi Ōhira, Japanese politician, 68th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1980) births
  1. Masayoshi Ōhira
    
    Masayoshi Ōhira was a Japanese politician who was Prime Minister of Japan from 1978 to 1980. Ōhira's time in office was cut short when he died in office; he remains the most recent Japanese Prime Minister to die in office.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
2. László Lékai, Archbishop of Esztergom and Cardinal (d. 1986) births
  1. László Lékai
    
    László Lékai was Archbishop of Esztergom and a Cardinal.
1909
1. Petras Cvirka, Lithuanian author (d. 1947) births
  1. Petras Cvirka
    
    Petras Cvirka was a Lithuanian writer of several novels, children's books, and short story collections. He wrote under a variety of pen names: A. Cvingelis, Cezaris Petrėnas, J. K. Pavilionis, K. Cvirka, Kanapeikus, Kazys Gerutis, Klangis, Klangis Petras, Klangių Petras, L. P. Cvirka, Laumakys, P. Cvinglis, P. Cvirka-Rymantas, P. Gelmė, P. Veliuoniškis, Petras Serapinas, and S. Laumakys. His works have been translated into Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, English, Estonian, Hungarian, Latvian, Polish, Romanian, and Uzbek.
1908
1. Rita Angus, New Zealand painter (d. 1970) births
  1. Rita Angus
    
    Rita Angus, a New Zealand painter, has a reputation - along with Colin McCahon and Toss Woollaston - as one of the leading figures in twentieth-century New Zealand art. She worked primarily in oil and water colour, and became well known for her portraits and landscapes.
2. David Marshall, Singaporean lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Singapore (d. 1995) births
  1. David Marshall (Singaporean politician)
    
    David Saul Marshall, born David Saul Mashal, was a Singaporean lawyer and politician who served as Chief Minister of Singapore from 1955 until his resignation in 1956, after his delegation to London regarding the negotiation for complete home rule and eventual independence of Singapore failed however, Marshall was instrumental in forging the idea as well as in subsequent negotiations that led to the eventual self-governance of Singapore from the United Kingdom.
  2. Chief Minister of Singapore
    
    The chief minister of Singapore was the head of government of the Colony of Singapore until its abolition on 3 June 1959. It was replaced by the office of Prime Minister. The chief minister was appointed by the governor of Singapore. The chief minister was the party leader of the majority in the Legislative Assembly.
1907
1. Dorrit Hoffleit, American astronomer and academic (d. 2007) births
  1. Dorrit Hoffleit
    
    Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit was an American senior research astronomer at Yale University. She is best known for her work in variable stars, astrometry, spectroscopy, meteors, and the Bright Star Catalog. She is also known for her mentorship of many young women and generations of astronomers.
1905
1. Takashi Shimura, Japanese actor (d. 1982) births
  1. Takashi Shimura
    
    Takashi Shimura was a Japanese actor who appeared in over 200 films between 1934 and 1981. He appeared in 21 of Akira Kurosawa's 30 films, including as a lead actor in Drunken Angel (1948), Rashomon (1950), Ikiru (1952) and Seven Samurai (1954). He played Professor Kyohei Yamane in Ishirō Honda's original Godzilla (1954). For his contributions to the arts, the Japanese government decorated Shimura with the Medal with Purple Ribbon in 1974 and the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette in 1980.
1904
1. Lyudmila Keldysh, Russian mathematician (d. 1976) births
  1. Lyudmila Keldysh
    
    Lyudmila Keldysh (1904–1976) was a Soviet mathematician known for set theory and geometric topology.
1900
1. Rinus van den Berge, Dutch athlete (d. 1972) births
  1. Rinus van den Berge
    
    Marinus ("Rinus") van den Berge was a Dutch athlete, who competed mainly in the 100 metres.
2. Sylvi Kekkonen, Finnish writer and wife of President of Finland Urho Kekkonen (d. 1974) births
  1. Sylvi Kekkonen
    
    Sylvi Kekkonen was a Finnish writer and the longest-serving First Lady of Finland.
  2. Urho Kekkonen
    
    Urho Kaleva Kekkonen, often referred to by his initials UKK, was a Finnish politician who served as the eighth and longest-serving president of Finland from 1956 to 1982. He also served as prime minister, and held various other cabinet positions. He was the third and most recent president from the Agrarian League/Centre Party. Head of state for nearly 26 years, he dominated Finnish politics for 31 years overall. Holding a large amount of power, he won his later elections with little opposition and has often been classified as an autocrat. Nevertheless, he remains a respected figure.
3. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, 19th President of Colombia (d. 1975) births
  1. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
    
    Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was a Colombian Army general, civil engineer and dictator who ruled as 19th President of Colombia as from June 1953 to May 1957.
1899
1. Ramón Muttis, Argentine footballer (d. 1955) births
  1. Ramón Muttis
    
    Ramón Alfredo Muttis was an Argentine football defender who spent most of his career with Boca Juniors. He also played for the Argentina national team winning the 1925 South American Championship.
1898
1. Tian Han, Chinese playwright (d. 1968) births
  1. Tian Han
    
    Tian Han, formerly romanized as T'ien Han, was a Chinese drama activist, playwright, a leader of revolutionary music and films, as well as a translator and poet. He emerged at the time of the New Culture Movement of the early 20th century and continued to be active until the Cultural Revolution, when he was denounced and jailed for two years until his death, before being "posthumously rehabilitated" by the Chinese authorities in 1979. He is considered by drama historians as one of the three founders of Chinese spoken drama, together with Ouyang Yuqian and Hong Shen. His most famous legacy may be the lyrics he wrote for "March of the Volunteers" in 1934, which were later adopted as the national anthem of the People's Republic of China.
2. Luitpold Steidle, German army officer and politician (d. 1984) births
  1. Luitpold Steidle
    
    Luitpold Steidle was a German army officer and an East German politician. During his political career he belonged to the CDU.
3. Zachris Topelius, Finnish-Swedish journalist, historian, and author (b. 1818) deaths
  1. Zachris Topelius
    
    Zachris Topelius was a Finnish author, poet, journalist, historian, and rector of the University of Helsinki who wrote novels related to Finnish history in Swedish.
1896
1. Jesse Fuller, American singer-songwriter and musician (d. 1976) births
  1. Jesse Fuller
    
    Jesse Fuller was an American one-man band musician, best known for his song "San Francisco Bay Blues".
1890
1. Evert Taube, Swedish singer-songwriter and lute player (d. 1976) births
  1. Evert Taube
    
    Axel Evert Taube was a Swedish author, artist, composer and singer. He is widely regarded as one of Sweden's most respected musicians and the foremost troubadour of the Swedish ballad tradition in the 20th century.
1888
1. Walter Hermann Bucher, German-American geologist and paleontologist (d. 1965) births
  1. Walter Hermann Bucher
    
    Dr. Walter Hermann Bucher was a German-American geologist and paleontologist.
2. Hans Knappertsbusch, German conductor (d. 1965) births
  1. Hans Knappertsbusch
    
    Hans Knappertsbusch was a German conductor, best known for his performances of the music of Wagner, Bruckner and Richard Strauss.
1883
1. Sándor Jávorka, Hungarian botanist (d. 1961) births
  1. Sándor Jávorka
    
    Sándor Jávorka was a Hungarian botanist. His birthplace was Hegybánya, then in the Kingdom of Hungary, now in Slovakia and now called Štiavnické Bane. He died in Budapest. Occasionally he has been referred to as Alexander Jávorka; the Hungarian style of his name is Jávorka Sándor.
1882
1. Carlos Blanco Galindo, Bolivian politician (d. 1943) births
  1. Carlos Blanco Galindo
    
    Carlos Blanco Galindo was a Bolivian general who served as the 32nd president of Bolivia on a de facto interim basis from 1930 to 1931.
1881
1. Väinö Tanner, Finnish politician of Social Democratic Party of Finland; the Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1966) births
  1. Väinö Tanner
    
    Väinö Alfred Tanner was a leading figure in the Social Democratic Party of Finland, and a pioneer and leader of the cooperative movement in Finland. He was Prime Minister of Finland in 1926–1927.
  2. Social Democratic Party of Finland
    
    The Social Democratic Party of Finland, shortened to the Social Democrats and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit, is a social-democratic political party in Finland. It is currently the largest party in the Parliament of Finland with 40 seats.
  3. Prime Minister of Finland
    
    The prime minister of Finland is the leader of the Finnish Government. The prime minister and their cabinet exercise executive authority in the state. The prime minister is formally ranked third in the protocol after the president of Finland and the speaker of the Parliament. Finland's first prime minister, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, was appointed on 27 November 1917, just a few days before the country declared independence from Russia.
1880
1. Henry Drysdale Dakin, English-American chemist and academic (d. 1952) births
  1. Henry Drysdale Dakin
    
    Henry Drysdale Dakin FRS was an English chemist.
1878
1. Gemma Galgani, Italian mystic and saint (d. 1903) births
  1. Gemma Galgani
    
    Maria Gemma Umberta Galgani, also known as Saint Gemma of Lucca, was an Italian mystic, venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church since 1940. She has been called the "Daughter of the Passion" because of her profound imitation of the Passion of Christ. She is especially venerated in the Congregation of the Passion (Passionists).
1877
1. Wilhelm Frick, German lawyer and politician, German Federal Minister of the Interior (d. 1946) births
  1. Wilhelm Frick
    
    Wilhelm Frick was a prominent German politician of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), who served as Reich Minister of the Interior in Adolf Hitler's cabinet from 1933 to 1943 and as the last governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
  2. Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community
    
    The Federal Ministry of the Interior and for Community, abbreviated BMI, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its main office is in Berlin, with a secondary seat in Bonn. The current minister of the Interior and Community is Nancy Faeser. It is comparable to the British Home Office or a combination of the US Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice, because both manage several law enforcement agencies.
1874
1. Edmund Eysler, Austrian composer (d. 1949) births
  1. Edmund Eysler
    
    Edmund Samuel Eysler, was an Austrian composer.
1869
1. George Forbes, New Zealand politician, 22nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1947) births
  1. George Forbes (New Zealand politician)
    
    George William Forbes was a New Zealand politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of New Zealand from 28 May 1930 to 6 December 1935.
  2. Prime Minister of New Zealand
    
    The prime minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The incumbent prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, took office on 26 October 2017.
1864
1. W. H. R. Rivers, English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist, and psychiatrist (d. 1922) births
  1. W. H. R. Rivers
    
    William Halse Rivers Rivers FRS FRAI was an English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist and psychiatrist known for treatment of First World War officers suffering shell shock, so they could be returned to combat. Rivers' most famous patient was the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, with whom he remained close friends until his own sudden death.
2. Alice Tegnér, Swedish organist, composer, and educator (d. 1943) births
  1. Alice Tegnér
    
    Alice Charlotta Tegnér was a Swedish music teacher, poet and composer. She is the foremost composer of Swedish children's songs during the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.
1863
1. Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian soldier, journalist, poet, and playwright (d. 1938) births
  1. Gabriele D'Annunzio
    
    General Gabriele D'Annunzio, Prince of Montenevoso, sometimes written d'Annunzio, was an Italian poet, playwright, orator, journalist, aristocrat, and Royal Italian Army officer during World War I. He occupied a prominent place in Italian literature from 1889 to 1910 and later political life from 1914 to 1924. He was often referred to under the epithets Il Vate, or Il Profeta.
2. Vladimir Vernadsky, Russian and Ukrainian mineralogist and chemist (d. 1945) births
  1. Vladimir Vernadsky
    
    Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky or Volodymyr Ivanovych Vernadsky was a Russian, Ukrainian and Soviet mineralogist and geochemist who is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Vladimir Vernadsky is most noted for his 1926 book The Biosphere in which he inadvertently worked to popularize Eduard Suess' 1885 term biosphere, by hypothesizing that life is the geological force that shapes the earth. In 1943 he was awarded the Stalin Prize. Vernadsky's portrait is depicted on the Ukrainian ₴1,000 hryvnia banknote.
1860
1. Eric Stenbock, Estonian poet and author (d. 1895) births
  1. Eric Stenbock
    
    Count Eric Stanislaus Stenbock was a Baltic Swedish poet and writer of macabre fantastic fiction.
1859
1. Ernesto Cesàro, Italian mathematician (d. 1906) births
  1. Ernesto Cesàro
    
    Ernesto Cesàro was an Italian mathematician who worked in the field of differential geometry. He wrote a book, Lezioni di geometria intrinseca, on this topic, in which he also describes fractal, space-filling curves, partly covered by the larger class of de Rham curves, but are still known today in his honor as Cesàro curves. He is known also for his 'averaging' method for the 'Cesàro-summation' of divergent series, known as the Cesàro mean.
1858
1. Adolph Ochs, American publisher (d. 1935) births
  1. Adolph Ochs
    
    Adolph Simon Ochs was an American newspaper publisher and former owner of The New York Times and The Chattanooga Times.
1857
1. William V. Ranous, American actor and director (d. 1915) births
  1. William V. Ranous
    
    William V. Ranous was an American silent film actor and director and Shakespearean stage actor.
1855
1. Eduard Birnbaum, Polish-born German cantor (d. 1920) births
  1. Eduard Birnbaum
    
    Eduard Birnbaum (1855–1920) was a Polish-born German hazzan (cantor) and one of the first explorers of Jewish music.
1843
1. Gabriel Tarde, French sociologist and criminologist (d. 1904) births
  1. Gabriel Tarde
    
    Gabriel Tarde was a French sociologist, criminologist and social psychologist who conceived sociology as based on small psychological interactions among individuals, the fundamental forces being imitation and innovation.
1838
1. William Henry Perkin, English chemist and academic (d. 1907) births
  1. William Henry Perkin
    
    Sir William Henry Perkin was a British chemist and entrepreneur best known for his serendipitous discovery of the first commercial synthetic organic dye, mauveine, made from aniline. Though he failed in trying to synthesise quinine for the treatment of malaria, he became successful in the field of dyes after his first discovery at the age of 18.
1837
1. Alexandre Guilmant, French organist and composer (d. 1911) births
  1. Alexandre Guilmant
    
    Félix-Alexandre Guilmant was a French organist and composer. He was the organist of La Trinité from 1871 until 1901. A noted pedagogue, performer, and improviser, Guilmant helped found the Schola Cantorum de Paris. He was appointed as Professor of Organ at the Paris Conservatoire in 1896.
1835
1. Simon Newcomb, Canadian-American astronomer and mathematician (d. 1909) births
  1. Simon Newcomb
    
    Simon Newcomb was a Canadian–American astronomer, applied mathematician, and autodidactic polymath. He served as Professor of Mathematics in the United States Navy and at Johns Hopkins University. Born in Nova Scotia, at the age of 19 Newcomb left an apprenticeship to join his father in Massachusetts, where the latter was teaching.
2. Sigismondo Savona, Maltese educator and politician (d. 1908) births
  1. Sigismondo Savona
    
    Sigismondo Savona was a Maltese educator and politician who played a prominent role in the Language Question which defined the politics of the Crown Colony of Malta in the late 19th century.
1834
1. Hilary A. Herbert, Secretary of the Navy (d. 1919) births
  1. Hilary A. Herbert
    
    Hilary Abner Herbert was Secretary of the Navy in the second administration of President Grover Cleveland. He also served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama.
  2. United States Secretary of the Navy
    
    The secretary of the Navy is a statutory officer and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the United States Department of Defense.
1832
1. Charles Boycott, English farmer and agent (d. 1897) births
  1. Charles Boycott
    
    Charles Cunningham Boycott was an English land agent whose ostracism by his local community in Ireland gave the English language the verb "to boycott". He had served in the British Army 39th Foot, which brought him to Ireland. After retiring from the army, Boycott worked as a land agent for Lord Erne, a landowner in the Lough Mask area of County Mayo.
1824
1. Gustav Kirchhoff, Russian-German physicist and academic (d. 1887) births
  1. Gustav Kirchhoff
    
    Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation by heated objects.
1823
1. Katsu Kaishū, Japanese statesman (d. 1899) births
  1. Katsu Kaishū
    
    Count Katsu Yasuyoshi , best known by his nickname Katsu Kaishū , was a Japanese statesman and naval engineer during the late Tokugawa shogunate and early Meiji period. Kaishū was a nickname which he took from a piece of calligraphy by Sakuma Shōzan. He went through a series of given names throughout his life; his childhood name was Rintarō (麟太郎). He was often called Awa (安房) from his title Awano-kami (安房守) during the late Tokugawa shogunate and later changed his name to Yasuyoshi after the Meiji Restoration.
1821
1. John Abbott, Canadian lawyer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1893) births
  1. John Abbott
    
    Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the third prime minister of Canada from 1891 to 1892. He held office as the leader of the Conservative Party.
  2. Prime Minister of Canada
    
    The prime minister of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Under the Westminster system, the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority the elected House of Commons; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the prime minister selects ministers to form the Cabinet, and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Cabinet, which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons.
2. Medo Pucić, Croatian writer and politician (d. 1882) births
  1. Medo Pucić
    
    Orsat "Medo" Pucić, was a Ragusan writer and an important member of the Catholic Serb movement.
1815
1. Louis-Jules Trochu, French military leader and politician (d. 1896) births
  1. Louis-Jules Trochu
    
    Louis-Jules Trochu was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's de facto head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 22 January 1871.
1807
1. James Abbott, Indian Army officer (d. 1896) births
  1. James Abbott (Indian Army officer)
    
    General Sir James Abbott, was a British military officer in the Bengal Army of British India and an administrator in British India. The city of Abbottabad, in Pakistan, was founded by and named after him.
1806
1. Jane Pierce, American wife of Franklin Pierce, 15th First Lady of the United States (d. 1863) births
  1. Jane Pierce
    
    Jane Means Pierce was the wife of Franklin Pierce and the first lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857. She married Franklin Pierce, then a Congressman, in 1834 despite her family's misgivings. She refused to live in Washington, D.C., and in 1842, she convinced her husband to retire from politics. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination without her knowledge in 1852 and was elected president later that year. Their only surviving son, Benjamin, was killed in a train accident prior to Franklin's inauguration, sending Jane into a deep depression that would afflict her for the remainder of her life. Pierce was reclusive in her role as first lady, spending the first two years of her husband's presidency in a period of mourning for her son. Her duties at this time were often fulfilled by Abby Kent-Means. After the conclusion of Franklin's presidency they traveled abroad for two years before settling in Massachusetts. Pierce died of tuberculosis in 1863.
  2. Franklin Pierce
    
    Franklin Pierce was the 14th president of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. He was a northern Democrat who believed that the abolitionist movement was a fundamental threat to the nation's unity. He alienated anti-slavery groups by signing the Kansas–Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act. Conflict between North and South persisted until Southern states seceded and the American Civil War began in 1861.
  3. First Lady of the United States
    
    The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States. Since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by official staff, now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House.
1795
1. William Lyon Mackenzie, Scottish-Canadian journalist and politician, 1st Mayor of Toronto (d. 1861) births
  1. William Lyon Mackenzie
    
    William Lyon Mackenzie was a Scottish Canadian-American journalist and politician. He founded newspapers critical of the Family Compact, a term used to identify elite members of Upper Canada. He represented York County in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada and aligned with Reformers. He led the rebels in the Upper Canada Rebellion; after its defeat, he unsuccessfully rallied American support for an invasion of Upper Canada as part of the Patriot War. Although popular for criticising government officials, he failed to implement most of his policy objectives. He is one of the most recognizable Reformers of the early 19th century.
  2. Mayor of Toronto
    
    The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in office, mayors are styled His/Her Worship.
2. George Tyler Wood, American military officer and politician (d. 1858) births
  1. George Tyler Wood
    
    George Tyler Wood was an American military officer and politician who served as the second Governor of Texas.
1784
1. William Buckland, English geologist and paleontologist; Dean of Westminster (d. 1856) births
  1. William Buckland
    
    William Buckland DD, FRS was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster. He was also a geologist and palaeontologist.
  2. Dean of Westminster
    
    The Dean of Westminster is the head of the chapter at Westminster Abbey. Due to the Abbey's status as a Royal Peculiar, the dean answers directly to the British monarch. Initially, the office was a successor to that of Abbot of Westminster, and was for the first 10 years cathedral dean for the Diocese of Westminster. The current dean is David Hoyle.
1781
1. Frederica of Baden, Queen consort to Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (d. 1826) births
  1. Frederica of Baden
    
    Princess Frederica Dorothea Wilhelmina of Baden was Queen of Sweden from 1797 to 1809 as the consort of King Gustav IV Adolf.
  2. Gustav IV Adolf
    
    Gustav IV Adolf or Gustav IV Adolph was King of Sweden from 1792 until he was deposed in a coup in 1809. He was also the last Swedish monarch to be the ruler of Finland.
1766
1. Claudius Buchanan, Scottish theologian (d. 1815) births
  1. Claudius Buchanan
    
    Claudius Buchanan FRSE was a Scottish theologian, an ordained minister of the Church of England, and an evangelical missionary for the Church Missionary Society. He served as Vice Provost of the College of Calcutta in India.
1753
1. Jean Denis, French politician, lawyer, jurist, journalist, and historian (d. 1827) births
  1. Jean-Denis Lanjuinais
    
    Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais, was a French politician, lawyer, jurist, journalist, and historian.
1735
1. François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest, French politician and diplomat (d. 1821) births
  1. François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest
    
    François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest, was a French politician and diplomat during the Ancien Régime and French Revolution.
1710
1. Thomas Arne, English composer (d. 1778) births
  1. Thomas Arne
    
    Thomas Augustine Arne was an English composer. He is best known for his patriotic song "Rule, Britannia!" and the song "A-Hunting We Will Go", the latter composed for a 1777 production of The Beggar's Opera, which has since become popular as a folk song and a nursery rhyme. Arne was a leading British theatre composer of the 18th century, working at the West End's Drury Lane and Covent Garden. He wrote many operatic entertainments for the London theatres and pleasure gardens, as well as concertos, sinfonias, and sonatas.
1699
1. Peder Griffenfeld, Danish politician (b. 1635) deaths
  1. Peder Griffenfeld
    
    Count Peder Griffenfeld was a Danish statesman and royal favourite. He became the principal adviser to King Christian V of Denmark from 1670 and the de facto ruler of the dual kingdom of Denmark-Norway in the first half of the 1670s. In 1673 he was appointed as Chancellor of Denmark, elevated to count, the highest aristocratic rank in Denmark-Norway, and received the Order of the Elephant, the country's highest order. At the behest of his enemies at court, Griffenfeld was arrested in early 1676 and convicted of treason, a charge that historians agree was false. He was imprisoned for 22 years, mainly at Munkholmen in Norway.
1685
1. George Berkeley, Irish bishop and philosopher (d. 1753) births
  1. George Berkeley
    
    George Berkeley – known as Bishop Berkeley – was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism". This theory denies the existence of material substance and instead contends that familiar objects like tables and chairs are ideas perceived by the mind and, as a result, cannot exist without being perceived. Berkeley is also known for his critique of abstraction, an important premise in his argument for immaterialism.
1672
1. Richard Steele, Irish-Welsh journalist and politician (d. 1729) births
  1. Richard Steele
    
    Sir Richard Steele was an Anglo-Irish writer, playwright, and politician, remembered as co-founder, with his friend Joseph Addison, of the magazine The Spectator.
1637
1. Anne Hyde, Duchess of York and Albany (d. 1671) births
  1. Anne Hyde
    
    Anne Hyde was Duchess of York and Albany as the first wife of James, Duke of York, who later became King James II and VII.
  2. Duchess of York
    
    Duchess of York is the principal courtesy title held by the wife of the duke of York. Three of the eleven dukes of York either did not marry or had already assumed the throne prior to marriage, whilst two of the dukes married twice, therefore there have been only ten duchesses of York.
  3. Duke of Albany
    
    Duke of Albany is a peerage title that has occasionally been bestowed on the younger sons in the Scottish and later the British royal family, particularly in the Houses of Stuart and Hanover.
1626
1. John Aubrey, English historian and philosopher (d. 1697) births
  1. John Aubrey
    
    John Aubrey was an English antiquary, natural philosopher and writer. He is perhaps best known as the author of the Brief Lives, his collection of short biographical pieces. He was a pioneer archaeologist, who recorded numerous megalithic and other field monuments in southern England, and who is particularly noted for his systematic examination of the Avebury henge monument. The Aubrey holes at Stonehenge are named after him, although there is considerable doubt as to whether the holes that he observed are those that currently bear the name. He was also a pioneer folklorist, collecting together a miscellany of material on customs, traditions and beliefs under the title "Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme". He set out to compile county histories of both Wiltshire and Surrey, although both projects remained unfinished. His "Interpretation of Villare Anglicanum" was the first attempt to compile a full-length study of English place-names. He had wider interests in applied mathematics and astronomy, and was friendly with many of the greatest scientists of the day.
1613
1. André Le Nôtre, French gardener and architect (d. 1700) births
  1. André Le Nôtre
    
    André Le Nôtre, originally rendered as André Le Nostre, was a French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France. He was the landscape architect who designed the gardens of the Palace of Versailles; his work represents the height of the French formal garden style, or jardin à la française.
1607
1. Paul Gerhardt, German poet and composer (d. 1676) births
  1. Paul Gerhardt
    
    Paul Gerhardt was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist.
1539
1. Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat and politician (b. 1477) deaths
  1. Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire
    
    Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire, 1st Earl of Ormond, 1st Viscount Rochford KG KB, of Hever Castle in Kent, was an English diplomat and politician who was the father of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII, and was thus the maternal grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I. By Henry VIII he was made a knight of the Garter in 1523 and was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Rochford in 1525 and in 1529 was further ennobled as Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond.
1515
1. Caspar Othmayr, German Lutheran pastor and composer (d. 1553) births
  1. Caspar Othmayr
    
    Caspar Othmayr was a German Lutheran pastor and composer.
1316
1. Stefan Dragutin (b. c. 1244) deaths
  1. Stefan Dragutin
    
    Stefan Dragutin was King of Serbia from 1276 to 1282. From 1282, he ruled a separate kingdom which included northern Serbia, and the neighboring Hungarian banates, for which he was unofficially styled "King of Syrmia".
1270
1. Charles, Count of Valois (d. 1325) births
  1. Charles, Count of Valois
    
    Charles of Valois, the fourth son of King Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon, was a member of the House of Capet and founder of the House of Valois, whose rule over France would start in 1328.
1160
1. Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1096) deaths
  1. Al-Muqtafi
    
    Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, better known by his regnal name al-Muqtafi li-Amr Allah, was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1136 to 1160, succeeding his nephew al-Rashid, who had been forced to abdicate by the Seljuks. The continued disunion and contests between Seljuk Turks afforded al-Muqtafi opportunity of not only maintaining his authority in Baghdad, but also extending it throughout Iraq.
  2. Abbasid Caliphate
    
    The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".
1022
1. Symeon the New Theologian (b. 949) deaths
  1. Symeon the New Theologian
    
    Symeon the New Theologian was an Eastern Orthodox Christian monk and poet who was the last of three saints canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church and given the title of "Theologian". "Theologian" was not applied to Symeon in the modern academic sense of theological study; the title was designed only to recognize someone who spoke from personal experience of the vision of God. One of his principal teachings was that humans could and should experience theoria.
604
1. Gregory I, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 540) deaths
  1. Pope Gregory I
    
    Pope Gregory I, commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregorian mission, to convert the then largely pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Gregory is also well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope. The epithet Saint Gregory the Dialogist has been attached to him in Eastern Christianity because of his Dialogues. English translations of Eastern texts sometimes list him as Gregory "Dialogos", or the Anglo-Latinate equivalent "Dialogus".
417
1. Innocent I, pope of the Catholic Church deaths
  1. Pope Innocent I
    
    Pope Innocent I was the bishop of Rome from 401 to his death on 12 March 417. He may have been the son of his predecessor, Anastasius I. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Thessalonica, and issued a decretal on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of Rouen. He defended the exiled John Chrysostom and consulted with the bishops of Africa concerning the Pelagian controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods. The Catholic priest-scholar Johann Peter Kirsch, 1500 years later, described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".

Holidays

Arbor Day (China)
1. Arbor Day
  
  Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
Arbor Day (Taiwan)
1. Arbor Day
  
  Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
Aztec New Year
1. Aztec New Year
  
  The Mexica New Year is the celebration of the new year according to the Aztec calendar. The date on which the holiday falls in the Gregorian calendar depends on the version of the calendar used, but it is generally considered to occur at sunrise on 12 March. The holiday is observed in some Nahua communities in Mexico. To celebrate, ocote (pitch-pine) candles are lit on the eve of the new year, along with fireworks, drumming, and singing. Some of the most important events occur in Huauchinango, Naupan, Mexico City, Zongolica, and Xicotepec.
Christian feast day: Alphege
1. Ælfheah the Bald
  
  Ælfheah the Bald is the commonly used name for Ælfheah, the first English Bishop of Winchester of that name. He is sometimes known as Alphege, an older translation of his Old English name.
Christian feast day: Bernard of Carinola (or of Capua)
1. Bernard of Carinola
  
  Bernard of Carinola, also known as Bernard of Capua, was Bishop of Carinola. He was the confessor of Duke Richard II of Capua until appointed the Bishop of Forum Claudii in 1087 by Pope Victor III. He was later transferred to the see of Carinola in 1100. He died in extreme old age in 1109 and is now venerated as the principal patron of Carinola.
Christian feast day: Gorgonius, Peter Cubicularius and Dorotheus of Nicomedia
1. Gorgonius
  
  Saint Gorgonius of Nicomedia was a Christian martyr, part of the group Gorgonius, Peter Cubicularius and Dorotheus, who died in 304 AD at Nicomedia during the Diocletianic Persecution.
Christian feast day: Mura (McFeredach)
1. Saint Mura
  
  Saint Mura was the first abbot of the monastery at Fahan, County Donegal, Ireland. He is the patron saint of Fahan. His feast is March 12.
Christian feast day: Fina
1. Saint Fina
  
  Fina (Serafina)(1238–1253) was an Italian Christian girl who is venerated in the Tuscan town of San Gimignano. She developed a paralytic illness and spent the rest of her life on a bed made from a wooden pallet, where Saint Gregory the Great allegedly appeared to her to predict her death. Miraculous healings were later attributed to her intercession.
Christian feast day: Maximilian of Tebessa
1. Maximilian of Tebessa
  
  Saint Maximilian of Tebessa, also known as Maximilian of Numidia, was a Christian saint and martyr, whose feast day is observed on 12 March. Born in AD 274, the son of Fabius Victor, an official connected to the Roman army, Maximilian was obliged to enlist at the age of 21. He is noted as the earliest recorded conscientious objector, although it is believed that other Christians at the time also refused military service and were executed.
Christian feast day: Paul Aurelian
1. Paul Aurelian
  
  Paul Aurelian was a 6th-century Welshman who became first bishop of the See of Léon and one of the seven founder saints of Brittany. He allegedly died in 575, rumoured to have lived to the age of 140, after having been assisted in his labors by three successive coadjutors. This suggests that several Pauls have been conflated. Gilbert Hunter Doble thought that he might have been Saint Paulinus of Wales.
Christian feast day: Pope Gregory I (Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Church, and Anglican Communion)
1. Pope Gregory I
  
  Pope Gregory I, commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregorian mission, to convert the then largely pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Gregory is also well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope. The epithet Saint Gregory the Dialogist has been attached to him in Eastern Christianity because of his Dialogues. English translations of Eastern texts sometimes list him as Gregory "Dialogos", or the Anglo-Latinate equivalent "Dialogus".
2. Eastern Orthodox Church
  
  The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via local synods. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Roman Catholic Church—the Pope—but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognized by them as primus inter pares, which may be explained as a representative of the church. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially calls itself the Orthodox Catholic Church.
3. Eastern Catholic Churches
  
  The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Pope in Rome. Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from the Latin Church, they are all in full communion with it and with each other. Eastern Catholics are a distinct minority within the Catholic Church; of the 1.3 billion Catholics in communion with the Pope, approximately 18 million are members of the eastern churches.
4. Anglican Communion
  
  The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Founded in 1867 in London, the communion has more than 85 million members within the Church of England and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion. The traditional origins of Anglican doctrine are summarised in the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). The Archbishop of Canterbury in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as primus inter parescode: lat promoted to code: la , but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside of the Church of England. Most, but not all, member churches of the communion are the historic national or regional Anglican churches.
Christian feast day: Theophanes the Confessor
1. Theophanes the Confessor
  
  Theophanes the Confessor was a member of the Byzantine aristocracy who became a monk and chronicler. He served in the court of Emperor Leo IV the Khazar before taking up the religious life. Theophanes attended the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 and resisted the iconoclasm of Leo V the Armenian, for which he was imprisoned. He died shortly after his release.
Christian feast day: March 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. March 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  March 11 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 13
National Day (Mauritius)
1. Culture of Mauritius
  
  Mauritius is a multi-ethnic and multi-language society; it is also a plural society with its population mainly composed of four ethnic groups and four major religious groups; it is often depicted as a "rainbow nation". The island of Mauritius did not have any indigenous population; historically, it was characterized by successive waves of European colonization and multiple immigrations. Under the French rule between 1715 and 1810, slaves were imported on the island from mainland Africa and Madagascar; slavery were only abolished in 1835 under the British rule. Indian migrants from Pondicherry first came in Mauritius under the French rule in 1736; The 18th century also saw one the earliest influx of Chinese migrants in Mauritius, who mostly came from Fujian. Under the British rule, more Indian migrants came to Mauritius following the slave emancipation of 1835. Since the 1800s Chinese migrants from Southern China arrived in Mauritius since the 1800s first as indentured labourers and later as free merchants. Since 1860, Hakka immigration started and continued until they become the dominant Chinese population in Mauritius since the beginning of the 20th century. The co-existence of Mauritians of Indian, African, European, and Chinese ancestry eventually led to a sharing of values and cultures, a collective participation in festivals, and an increased understanding between people of different ethnic backgrounds. Mauritians from different cultural backgrounds are very distinct from each other, and it is also highly unpopular to encourage the dissolution of cultural boundaries in Mauritius. In present days, the Mauritian society continues to be culturally and linguistically French-dominated.
World Day Against Cyber Censorship
1. World Day Against Cyber Censorship
  
  World Day Against Cyber Censorship is an online event held each year on March 12 to draw attention to the ways that governments around the world are deterring and censoring free speech online. The day was first observed on 12 March 2008 at the request of Reporters Without Borders and Amnesty International. A letter written by Jean-François Julliard, Secretary-General of Reporters Without Borders, and Larry Cox, Executive Director of Amnesty International, was sent to the Chief Executive Officers of Google, Yahoo!, Inc., and Microsoft Corporation to request observation of the day. The annual event is symbolized by a logo created by Reporters Without Borders consisting of a computer mouse breaking free from a chain.
Youth Day (Zambia)
1. Public holidays in Zambia
  
  There are approximately thirteen nationally recognized public holidays celebrated in the Republic of Zambia, a country in Southern Africa.

Important events in history on March 12 th

Events

United States

COVID-19 pandemic

European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018

2014 East Harlem gas explosion

East Harlem

2014 East Harlem gas explosion

New York City

East Harlem

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Bernie Madoff

Ponzi scheme

Wall Street

President of South Korea

Roh Moo-hyun

National Assembly (South Korea)

Impeachment

Zoran Đinđić

Prime minister

Serbia

Assassination of Zoran Đinđić

Belgrade

World Health Organization

SARS

Warsaw Pact

Czech Republic

Hungary

Poland

NATO

1993 Bombay bombings

Mumbai

North Korea

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Mauritius

Republic

Commonwealth of Nations

Tim Berners-Lee

CERN

World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee

CERN

World Wide Web

Shin Sang-ok

Choi Eun-hee

Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee

Vienna

Turkish Armed Forces

1971 Turkish military memorandum

Süleyman Demirel

1971 Turkish military memorandum

Süleyman Demirel

Turkey

Mauritius

United Kingdom

Suharto

Sukarno

People's Consultative Assembly

Indonesia

Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay

Secretary General of NATO

Llandow air disaster

Sigingstone

Wales

Cold War

Harry S. Truman

Truman Doctrine

Communism

Cold War

Truman Doctrine

Communism

Battle of Java (1942)

American-British-Dutch-Australian Command

Empire of Japan

Bandung

West Java

Dutch East Indies

Moscow Peace Treaty

Winter War

Important events in history
on March 12 ^th