Important events in history
on June 25 ^th

Events

2022
1. The prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina inaugurates the longest bridge of Bangladesh, Padma Bridge.
  1. Sheikh Hasina
    
    Sheikh Hasina Wazed is a Bangladeshi politician and stateswoman who has served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh since January 2009. Hasina is the daughter of the founding father and first President of Bangladesh, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. She previously served as prime minister from June 1996 to July 2001. She is the longest serving prime minister in the history of Bangladesh, having served for a combined total of over 18 years. As of 3 December 2022, she is the world's longest-serving female Head of Government in history.
  2. Padma Bridge
    
    The Padma Multipurpose Bridge, commonly known as the Padma Bridge, is a two-level road-rail bridge across the Padma River, the main distributary of the Ganges in Bangladesh. It connects Louhajang Upazila of Munshiganj and Zazira Upazila of Shariatpur and a small part of Shibchar Upazila of Madaripur, linking the less developed southwest of the country to the northern and eastern regions. The bridge was inaugurated on 25 June 2022 by the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.
2. Russo-Ukrainian War: The Battle of Sievierodonetsk ends after weeks of heavy fighting with the Russian capture of the city, leading to the Battle of Lysychansk.
  1. Russo-Ukrainian War
    
    The Russo-Ukrainian War has been ongoing between Russia and Ukraine since February 2014. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian separatists in the war in Donbas against Ukrainian government forces; fighting for the first eight years of the conflict also included naval incidents, cyberwarfare, and heightened political tensions. In February 2022, the conflict saw a major escalation as Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
  2. Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)
    
    The Battle of Sievierodonetsk was a military engagement in the wider battle of Donbas of the Eastern Ukraine offensive during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The city of Sievierodonetsk acted as the administrative center of Luhansk Oblast before the invasion. By May 2022, Sievierodonetsk and the neighbouring city of Lysychansk were the only notable parts of the oblast that remained under Ukrainian control. By 14 June 2022, Russian forces gained control of most of the city and cut off all escape routes.
  3. Battle of Lysychansk
    
    The Battle of Lysychansk was a military engagement between Russia and Ukraine in the wider Battle of Donbas of the Eastern Ukraine offensive during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. By May 2022, Lysychansk and its twin city of Sievierodonetsk were the two largest cities of the Luhansk Oblast not under Russian control.
3. Two people are killed and 21 more injured after a gunman opens fire at three sites in Oslo in a suspected Islamist anti-LGBTQ+ attack.
  1. Oslo
    
    Oslo is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of 702,543 in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of 1,019,513 in 2019, and the metropolitan area had an estimated population of 1,546,706 in 2021.
  2. 2022 Oslo shooting
    
    On 25 June 2022, two people were killed and twenty-one people were wounded in a mass shooting in Oslo, Norway. Police are treating the incident as an "act of Islamist terrorism". The target may have been the Oslo LGBTQ pride event, which was hosted by the local branch of the Norwegian Organisation for Sexual and Gender Diversity.
2013
1. In response to a Freedom of Information Act request, the CIA acknowledged the existence of Area 51, a secretive U.S. Air Force facility in Nevada and a subject of various UFO, and other, conspiracy theories.
  1. Freedom of Information Act (United States)
    
    The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. § 552, is the U.S. federal freedom of information law that requires the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased or uncirculated information and documents controlled by the United States government, state, or other public authority upon request. The act defines agency records subject to disclosure, outlines mandatory disclosure procedures, and includes nine exemptions that define categories of information not subject to disclosure. The act was intended to make U.S. government agencies' functions more transparent so that the American public could more easily identify problems in government functioning and put pressure on Congress, agency officials, and the president to address them. The FOIA has been changed repeatedly by both the legislative and executive branches.
  2. Central Intelligence Agency
    
    The Central Intelligence Agency, known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and performing covert actions. As a principal member of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the President and Cabinet of the United States. President Harry S. Truman had created the Central Intelligence Group under the direction of a Director of Central Intelligence by presidential directive on January 22, 1946, and this group was transformed into the Central Intelligence Agency by implementation of the National Security Act of 1947.
  3. Area 51
    
    Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport or Groom Lake. Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range, and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems. The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft.
  4. United States Air Force
    
    The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Signal Corps, the USAF was established as a separate branch of the United States Armed Forces in 1947 with the enactment of the National Security Act of 1947. It is the second youngest branch of the United States Armed Forces and the fourth in order of precedence. The United States Air Force articulates its core missions as air supremacy, global integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control.
  5. Nevada
    
    Nevada is a state in the Western region of the United States. It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, and Utah to the east. Nevada is the 7th-most extensive, the 32nd-most populous, and the 9th-least densely populated of the U.S. states. Nearly three-quarters of Nevada's people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area, including three of the state's four largest incorporated cities. Nevada's capital is Carson City. Las Vegas is the largest city in the state.
  6. Unidentified flying object
    
    An unidentified flying object (UFO), more recently renamed by US officials as a UAP, is any perceived aerial phenomenon that cannot be immediately identified or explained. On investigation, most UFOs are identified as known objects or atmospheric phenomena, while a small number remain unexplained.
  7. Conspiracy theory
    
    A conspiracy theory is an explanation for an event or situation that invokes a conspiracy by sinister and powerful groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable. The term has a negative connotation, implying that the appeal to a conspiracy is based on prejudice or insufficient evidence. A conspiracy theory is not the same as a conspiracy; instead, it refers to a hypothesized conspiracy with specific characteristics, such as an opposition to the mainstream consensus among those people who are qualified to evaluate its accuracy.
2009
1. Singer Michael Jackson (pictured) died as a result of the combination of drugs in his body.
  1. Michael Jackson
    
    Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture. Jackson influenced artists across many music genres; through stage and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, to which he gave the name, as well as the robot. He is the most awarded musician in history.
  2. Death of Michael Jackson
    
    On June 25, 2009, American singer Michael Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication at his home on North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. His physician, Conrad Murray, said that he found Jackson in his room not breathing and with a weak pulse; he administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to no avail, and security called 9-1-1 at 12:21 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time (UTC–7). Paramedics treated Jackson at the scene, but he was pronounced dead at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center.
  3. Drug interaction
    
    Drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is disturbed by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. The cause is often the inhibition of the specific receptors available to the drug, forcing the drug molecules to bind to other non-intended targets which results in an array of side-effects.
2006
1. Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was captured in a cross-border raid near the Kerem Shalom crossing with the Gaza Strip, and held hostage by Hamas until 2011.
  1. Gilad Shalit
    
    Gilad Shalit is a former MIA soldier of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who on 25 June 2006, was captured by Palestinian militants in a cross-border raid via tunnels near the Israeli border. Hamas held him captive for over five years, until his release on 18 October 2011 as part of a prisoner exchange deal.
  2. Kerem Shalom
    
    Kerem Shalom is a kibbutz in southern Israel. Located on the Gaza Strip-Israel-Egypt border, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In 2019 it had a population of 183.
  3. Gaza Strip
    
    The Gaza Strip, or simply Gaza, is a Palestinian exclave on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The smaller of the two Palestinian territories, it borders Egypt on the southwest for 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) and Israel on the east and north along a 51 km (32 mi) border. Together, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank make up the State of Palestine, while being under Israeli military occupation since 1967.
  4. Hamas
    
    Hamas is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. It won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and became the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip following the 2007 Battle of Gaza. It also holds a majority in the parliament of the Palestinian National Authority.
1998
1. In Clinton v. City of New York, the United States Supreme Court decides that the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 is unconstitutional.
  1. Clinton v. City of New York
    
    Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 6–3, that the line-item veto, as granted in the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, violated the Presentment Clause of the United States Constitution because it impermissibly gave the President of the United States the power to unilaterally amend or repeal parts of statutes that had been duly passed by the United States Congress. Justice John Paul Stevens wrote for the six-justice majority that the line-item veto gave the President power over legislation unintended by the Constitution, and was therefore an overstep in their duties.
  2. Supreme Court of the United States
    
    The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point of federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." The court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The court may decide cases having political overtones, but has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.
  3. Line Item Veto Act of 1996
    
    The Line Item Veto Act Pub.L. 104–130 (text) (PDF) was a federal law of the United States that granted the President the power to line-item veto budget bills passed by Congress, but its effect was brief as the act was soon ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Clinton v. City of New York.
  4. Constitution of the United States
    
    The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Article IV, Article V, and Article VI embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article VII establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force.
1997
1. An uncrewed Progress spacecraft collides with the Russian space station Mir.
  1. Progress (spacecraft)
    
    The Progress is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver the supplies needed to sustain a human presence in orbit. While it does not carry a crew, it can be boarded by astronauts when docked to a space station, hence it is classified as crewed by its manufacturer. Progress is derived from the crewed Soyuz spacecraft and launches on the same launch vehicle, a Soyuz rocket.
  2. Space station
    
    A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite. Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program. Space stations have most often been launched for scientific purposes, but military launches have also occurred.
  3. Mir
    
    Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft. At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit, succeeded by the International Space Station (ISS) after Mir's orbit decayed. The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space.
2. The National Hockey League approved expansion franchises for Nashville (1998), Atlanta (1999), Columbus (2000), and Minneapolis-Saint Paul (2000).
  1. National Hockey League
    
    The National Hockey League is a professional ice hockey league in North America comprising 32 teams—25 in the United States and 7 in Canada. It is considered to be the top ranked professional ice hockey league in the world, and is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season. The NHL is the fifth-wealthiest professional sport league in the world by revenue, after the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the English Premier League (EPL).
  2. Nashville Predators
    
    The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They compete in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Central Division in the Western Conference, and have played their home games at Bridgestone Arena since 1998. Their television broadcasting rights are held by Bally Sports South, and the Nashville Predators Radio Network flagship station is WPRT-FM. The Predators are currently affiliated with one minor league team: the Milwaukee Admirals of the American Hockey League (AHL).
  3. Atlanta Thrashers
    
    The Atlanta Thrashers were a professional ice hockey team based in Atlanta. Atlanta was granted a franchise in the National Hockey League (NHL) on June 25, 1997, and became the League's 28th franchise when it began play in the 1999–2000 season. They were members of the Southeast Division of the NHL's Eastern Conference, and played their home games at what is now known as State Farm Arena in downtown Atlanta. The Thrashers qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs in the 2006–07 season, after winning the Southeast Division, but were swept in the first round by the New York Rangers.
  4. Columbus Blue Jackets
    
    The Columbus Blue Jackets are a professional ice hockey team based in Columbus, Ohio. They compete in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Metropolitan Division in the Eastern Conference, and began play as an expansion team in 2000.
  5. Minnesota Wild
    
    The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Wild competes in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Central Division in the Western Conference and play their home games at the Xcel Energy Center.
1996
1. The Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia kills 19 U.S. servicemen.
  1. Khobar Towers bombing
    
    The Khobar Towers bombing was a terrorist attack on part of a housing complex in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia, near the national oil company headquarters of Dhahran and nearby King Abdulaziz Air Base on 25 June 1996. At that time, Khobar Towers was being used as living quarters for coalition forces who were assigned to Operation Southern Watch, a no-fly zone operation in southern Iraq, as part of the Iraqi no-fly zones.
  2. Saudi Arabia
    
    Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world, and the largest in Western Asia and the Middle East. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. Bahrain is an island country off the east coast. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. Its capital and largest city is Riyadh. The country is home to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest cities in Islam.
  3. United States Armed Forces
    
    The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), both federal executive departments, acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out. All six armed services are among the eight uniformed services of the United States.
1993
1. Kim Campbell is sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Canada.
  1. Kim Campbell
    
    Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell is a Canadian politician, diplomat, lawyer, and writer who served as the 19th prime minister of Canada from June 25 to November 4, 1993. Campbell is the first and so far only female prime minister of Canada. Prior to becoming the final Progressive Conservative (PC) prime minister, she was also the first woman to serve as minister of justice in Canadian history and the first woman to become minister of defence in a NATO member state.
  2. List of prime ministers of Canada
    
    The prime minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Twenty-three people have served as prime minister. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the governor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.
1991
1. The breakup of Yugoslavia begins when Slovenia and Croatia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.
  1. Breakup of Yugoslavia
    
    The breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s. After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. The wars primarily affected Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbouring parts of Croatia and, some years later, Kosovo.
  2. Slovenia
    
    Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Slovenia is mostly mountainous and forested, covers 20,271 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi), and has a population of 2.1 million. Slovenes constitute over 80% of the country's population. Slovene, a South Slavic language, is the official language. Slovenia has a predominantly temperate continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral and the Julian Alps. A sub-mediterranean climate reaches to the northern extensions of the Dinaric Alps that traverse the country in a northwest–southeast direction. The Julian Alps in the northwest have an alpine climate. Toward the northeastern Pannonian Basin, a continental climate is more pronounced. Ljubljana, the capital and largest city of Slovenia, is geographically situated near the centre of the country.
  3. Croatia
    
    Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe. It shares a coastline along the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and southwest. Croatia's capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. The country spans an area of 56,594 square kilometres, hosting a population of nearly 3.9 million.
  4. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    
    The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yugoslavia occurring as a consequence of the Yugoslav Wars. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the Balkans, Yugoslavia was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, by Austria and Hungary to the north, by Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and by Albania and Greece to the south. It was a one-party socialist state and federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and had six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina.
1981
1. Microsoft is restructured to become an incorporated business in its home state of Washington.
  1. Microsoft
    
    Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta.
  2. Washington (state)
    
    Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. Named for George Washington—the first U.S. president—the state was formed from the western part of the Washington Territory, which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846, by the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. The state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, Oregon to the south, Idaho to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital; the state's largest city is Seattle. Washington is often referred to as Washington state to distinguish it from the nation's capital, Washington, D.C.
1978
1. The rainbow flag representing gay pride was first flown at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day parade.
  1. Rainbow flag (LGBT)
    
    The rainbow flag, also known as the (gay) pride flag, is a symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) pride and LGBT social movements. The colors reflect the diversity of the LGBT community and the spectrum of human sexuality and gender. Using a rainbow flag as a symbol of gay pride began in San Francisco, California, but eventually became common at LGBT rights events worldwide.
  2. LGBT pride
    
    LGBT pride is the promotion of the self-affirmation, dignity, equality, and increased visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people as a social group. Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma, is the predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBT rights movements. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals, a cable TV station, and the Pride Library.
  3. San Francisco Pride
    
    The San Francisco Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Celebration, usually known as San Francisco Pride, is a parade and festival held at the end of June most years in San Francisco, California, to celebrate the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and their allies. The 49th annual parade in 2019 included 289 parade contingents, and is described on the official website as "the largest gathering of LGBT people and allies in the nation".
2. The rainbow flag representing gay pride is flown for the first time during the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.
  1. Rainbow flag (LGBT)
    
    The rainbow flag, also known as the (gay) pride flag, is a symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) pride and LGBT social movements. The colors reflect the diversity of the LGBT community and the spectrum of human sexuality and gender. Using a rainbow flag as a symbol of gay pride began in San Francisco, California, but eventually became common at LGBT rights events worldwide.
  2. LGBT pride
    
    LGBT pride is the promotion of the self-affirmation, dignity, equality, and increased visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people as a social group. Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma, is the predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBT rights movements. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals, a cable TV station, and the Pride Library.
  3. San Francisco Pride
    
    The San Francisco Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Celebration, usually known as San Francisco Pride, is a parade and festival held at the end of June most years in San Francisco, California, to celebrate the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and their allies. The 49th annual parade in 2019 included 289 parade contingents, and is described on the official website as "the largest gathering of LGBT people and allies in the nation".
1976
1. Missouri Governor Kit Bond issues an executive order rescinding the Extermination Order, formally apologizing on behalf of the state of Missouri for the suffering it had caused to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
  1. Missouri
    
    Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states : Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska to the west. In the south are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Missouri River, after which the state is named, flows through the center into the Mississippi River, which makes up the eastern border. With more than six million residents, it is the 19th-most populous state of the country. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City.
  2. Kit Bond
    
    Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond is an American attorney, politician and former United States Senator from Missouri and a member of the Republican Party. First elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, he defeated Democrat Harriett Woods by a margin of 53%–47%. He was re-elected in 1992, 1998, and 2004. On January 8, 2009, he announced that he would not seek re-election to a fifth term in 2010, and was succeeded by fellow Republican Roy Blunt on January 3, 2011. Following his retirement from the Senate, Bond became a partner at Thompson Coburn.
  3. Mormon Extermination Order
    
    Missouri Executive Order 44, commonly known as the Mormon Extermination Order, was an executive order issued on October 27, 1838, by the then Governor of Missouri, Lilburn Boggs. The order was issued in the aftermath of the Battle of Crooked River, a clash between Mormons and a unit of the Missouri State Militia in northern Ray County, Missouri, during the 1838 Mormon War. Claiming that the Mormons had committed open and avowed defiance of the law and had made war upon the people of Missouri, Governor Boggs directed that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description". The Militia and other state authorities—General John B. Clark, among them—used the executive order to violently expel the Mormons from their lands in the state following their capitulation, which in turn led to their forced migration to Nauvoo, Illinois.
  4. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
    
    The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian Christian church that considers itself to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in the United States in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 16.8 million members and 54,539 full-time volunteer missionaries. The church is the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States, with over 6.7 million US members as of 2021. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the early 19th-century period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening.
1975
1. Mozambique achieves independence from Portugal.
  1. Mozambique
    
    Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.
  2. Portugal
    
    Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe, and its Iberian portion is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Its two archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. Lisbon is the capital and largest city by population.
2. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of internal emergency in India.
  1. Indira Gandhi
    
    Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was elected as third prime minister of India in 1966 and was also the first and, to date, only female prime minister of India. Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as prime minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father.
  2. The Emergency (India)
    
    The Emergency in India was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution because of prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 to its withdrawal on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be cancelled and civil liberties to be suspended. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other human rights violations were reported from the time, including a mass campaign for vasectomy spearheaded by her son Sanjay Gandhi. The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of Indian history since its independence.
1967
1. More than an estimated 400 million people viewed Our World, the first live international satellite television production.
  1. Our World (1967 TV program)
    
    Our World was the first live multinational multi-satellite television production. National broadcasters from fourteen countries around the world, coordinated by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), participated in the program. The two-hour event, which was broadcast on Sunday 25 June 1967 in twenty-four countries, had an estimated audience of 400 to 700 million people, the largest television audience up to that date. Four communications satellites were used to provide a worldwide coverage, which was a technological milestone in television broadcasting.
  2. Satellite television
    
    Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna commonly referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter.
1960
1. Two cryptographers working for the U.S. National Security Agency left on vacation to Mexico, and proceeded to defect to the Soviet Union.
  1. Cryptography
    
    Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications.
  2. National Security Agency
    
    The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems. The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are clandestine. The existence of the NSA was not revealed until 1975. The NSA has roughly 32,000 employees.
  3. Martin and Mitchell defection
    
    In September 1960, two U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) cryptologists, William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, defected to the Soviet Union. A secret 1963 NSA study said that: "Beyond any doubt, no other event has had, or is likely to have in the future, a greater impact on the Agency's security program."
2. Cold War: Two cryptographers working for the United States National Security Agency left for vacation to Mexico, and from there defected to the Soviet Union.
  1. Cryptography
    
    Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications.
  2. National Security Agency
    
    The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems. The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are clandestine. The existence of the NSA was not revealed until 1975. The NSA has roughly 32,000 employees.
  3. Martin and Mitchell defection
    
    In September 1960, two U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) cryptologists, William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, defected to the Soviet Union. A secret 1963 NSA study said that: "Beyond any doubt, no other event has had, or is likely to have in the future, a greater impact on the Agency's security program."
1950
1. The Korean War began with North Korean forces launching a pre-dawn raid over the 38th parallel into South Korea.
  1. Korean War
    
    The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.
  2. 38th parallel north
    
    The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The 38th parallel north formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War.
2. The Korean War begins with the invasion of South Korea by North Korea.
  1. Korean War
    
    The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.
  2. First Republic of Korea
    
    The first Republic of Korea was the government of South Korea from August 1948 to April 1960. The first republic was founded on 15 August 1948 after the transfer from the United States Army Military Government that governed South Korea since the end of Japanese rule in 1945, becoming the first independent republican government in Korea. Syngman Rhee became the first president of South Korea following the May 1948 general election, and the National Assembly in Seoul promulgated South Korea's first constitution in July, establishing a presidential system of government.
  3. North Korea
    
    North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.
1948
1. The United States Congress passes the Displaced Persons Act to allow World War II refugees to immigrate to the United States above quota restrictions.
  1. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  2. Displaced Persons Act
    
    The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 authorized for a limited period of time the admission into the United States of 200,000 certain European displaced persons (DPs) for permanent residence.
  3. World War II evacuation and expulsion
    
    Mass evacuation, forced displacement, expulsion, and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in World War II. A number of these phenomena were categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms by the Nuremberg Tribunal after the war ended. The mass movement of people – most of them refugees – had either been caused by the hostilities, or enforced by the former Axis and the Allied powers based on ideologies of race and ethnicity, culminating in the postwar border changes enacted by international settlements. The refugee crisis created across formerly occupied territories in World War II provided the context for much of the new international refugee and global human rights architecture existing today.
  4. Immigration to the United States
    
    Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States. In absolute numbers, the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country in the world, with 47 million immigrants as of 2015. This represents 19.1% of the 244 million international migrants worldwide, and 14.4% of the United States population. Some other countries have larger proportions of immigrants, such as Australia with 30% and Canada with 21.9%.
1947
1. The Diary of a Young Girl (better known as The Diary of Anne Frank) is published.
  1. The Diary of a Young Girl
    
    The Diary of a Young Girl, also known as The Diary of Anne Frank, is a book of the writings from the Dutch-language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was apprehended in 1944, and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. Anne's diaries were retrieved by Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl. Miep gave them to Anne's father, Otto Frank, the family's only survivor, just after the Second World War was over. The diary has since been published in more than 70 languages. First published under the title Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 14 Juni 1942 – 1 Augustus 1944 by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947, the diary received widespread critical and popular attention on the appearance of its English language translation, Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Doubleday & Company and Vallentine Mitchell in 1952. Its popularity inspired the 1955 play The Diary of Anne Frank by the screenwriters Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, which they adapted for the screen for the 1959 movie version. The book is included in several lists of the top books of the 20th century.
1944
1. World War II: U.S. Navy and Royal Navy ships bombarded Cherbourg, France, to support U.S. Army units engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  3. Royal Navy
    
    The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.
  4. Bombardment of Cherbourg
    
    The bombardment of Cherbourg took place on June 25, 1944, during World War II, when ships from the United States Navy and the British Royal Navy attacked German fortifications in and near the city, firing in support of U.S. Army units that were engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg. In doing so, the Allied naval forces engaged in a series of duels with coastal batteries and provided close support to infantry as they fought to gain control of the city. The bombardment was initially scheduled to last just two hours but it was later extended by an hour to support army units attempting to break into Cherbourg's city streets. After the bombardment, German resistance lasted until June 29, when the port was eventually captured by the Allies. Afterwards, the task of clearing the port for use lasted several weeks.
  5. Cherbourg-Octeville
    
    Cherbourg-Octeville is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. It was formed when Cherbourg and Octeville merged on 28 February 2000. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, of which it became a delegated commune. Its population was 35,338 in 2019.
  6. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  7. Battle of Cherbourg
    
    The Battle of Cherbourg was part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II. It was fought immediately after the successful Allied landings on 6 June 1944. Allied troops, mainly American, isolated and captured the fortified port, which was considered vital to the campaign in Western Europe, in a hard-fought, month-long campaign.
2. World War II: The Battle of Tali-Ihantala, the largest battle ever fought in the Nordic countries, begins.
  1. Battle of Tali–Ihantala
    
    The Battle of Tali–Ihantala was part of the Finnish-Soviet Continuation War (1941–1944), which occurred during World War II. The battle was fought between Finnish forces—using war materiel provided by Germany—and Soviet forces. To date, it is the largest battle in the history of the Nordic countries.
  2. Nordic countries
    
    The Nordic countries are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden; the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland; and the autonomous region of Åland.
3. World War II: United States Navy and British Royal Navy ships bombard Cherbourg to support United States Army units engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg.
  1. Bombardment of Cherbourg
    
    The bombardment of Cherbourg took place on June 25, 1944, during World War II, when ships from the United States Navy and the British Royal Navy attacked German fortifications in and near the city, firing in support of U.S. Army units that were engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg. In doing so, the Allied naval forces engaged in a series of duels with coastal batteries and provided close support to infantry as they fought to gain control of the city. The bombardment was initially scheduled to last just two hours but it was later extended by an hour to support army units attempting to break into Cherbourg's city streets. After the bombardment, German resistance lasted until June 29, when the port was eventually captured by the Allies. Afterwards, the task of clearing the port for use lasted several weeks.
  2. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  3. Battle of Cherbourg
    
    The Battle of Cherbourg was part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II. It was fought immediately after the successful Allied landings on 6 June 1944. Allied troops, mainly American, isolated and captured the fortified port, which was considered vital to the campaign in Western Europe, in a hard-fought, month-long campaign.
4. The final page of the comic Krazy Kat is published, exactly two months after its author George Herriman died.
  1. Krazy Kat
    
    Krazy Kat is an American newspaper comic strip, by cartoonist George Herriman, which ran from 1913 to 1944. It first appeared in the New York Evening Journal, whose owner, William Randolph Hearst, was a major booster for the strip throughout its run. The characters had been introduced previously in a side strip with Herriman's earlier creation, The Dingbat Family. The phrase "Krazy Kat" originated there, said by the mouse by way of describing the cat. Set in a dreamlike portrayal of Herriman's vacation home of Coconino County, Arizona, Krazy Kat's mixture of offbeat surrealism, innocent playfulness and poetic, idiosyncratic language has made it a favorite of comics aficionados and art critics for more than 80 years.
  2. George Herriman
    
    George Joseph Herriman III was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Krazy Kat (1913–1944). More influential than popular, Krazy Kat had an appreciative audience among those in the arts. Gilbert Seldes' article "The Krazy Kat Who Walks by Himself" was the earliest example of a critic from the high arts giving serious attention to a comic strip. The Comics Journal placed the strip first on its list of the greatest comics of the 20th century. Herriman's work has been a primary influence on cartoonists such as Elzie C. Segar, Will Eisner, Charles M. Schulz, Robert Crumb, Art Spiegelman, Bill Watterson, and Chris Ware.
1943
1. The Holocaust: Jews in the Częstochowa Ghetto in Poland stage an uprising against the Nazis.
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Częstochowa Ghetto
    
    The Częstochowa Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of local Jews in the city of Częstochowa during the German occupation of Poland. The approximate number of people confined to the ghetto was around 40,000 at the beginning and in late 1942 at its peak, immediately before mass deportations, 48,000. Most ghetto inmates were delivered by the Holocaust trains to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp. In June 1943, the remaining ghetto inhabitants launched the Częstochowa Ghetto uprising, which was extinguished by the SS after a few days of fighting.
  3. Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
    
    The Częstochowa Ghetto uprising was an insurrection in Poland's Częstochowa Ghetto against German occupational forces during World War II. It took place in late June 1943, resulting in some 2,000 Jews being killed.
2. The left-wing German Jewish exile Arthur Goldstein is murdered in Auschwitz.
  1. Arthur Goldstein
    
    Arthur Goldstein was a German Jewish journalist and communist politician.
  2. Auschwitz concentration camp
    
    Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' final solution to the Jewish question.
1941
1. World War II: The Continuation War between the Soviet Union and Finland, supported by Nazi Germany, began.
  1. Continuation War
    
    The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet-Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1944, as part of World War II. In Soviet historiography, the war was called the Finnish Front of the Great Patriotic War. Germany regarded its operations in the region as part of its overall war efforts on the Eastern Front and provided Finland with critical material support and military assistance, including economic aid.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Finland
    
    Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
  4. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
1940
1. Second World War: Operation Aerial, an evacuation of nearly 200,000 Allied soldiers from French ports, was completed.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Operation Aerial
    
    Operation Aerial was the evacuation of Allied forces and civilians from ports in western France from 15 to 25 June 1940 during the Second World War. The evacuation followed the Allied military collapse in the Battle of France against Nazi Germany. Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk, and Operation Cycle, an embarkation from Le Havre, finished on 13 June. British and Allied ships were covered from French bases by five Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter squadrons and assisted by aircraft based in England, to lift British, Polish and Czech troops, civilians and equipment from Atlantic ports, particularly from St Nazaire and Nantes.
  3. Allies of World War II
    
    The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.
2. World War II: The French armistice with Nazi Germany comes into effect.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Armistice of 22 June 1940
    
    The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne, France, by officials of Nazi Germany and the Third French Republic. It did not come into effect until after midnight on 25 June.
1938
1. Dr. Douglas Hyde is inaugurated as the first President of Ireland.
  1. Douglas Hyde
    
    Douglas Ross Hyde, known as An Craoibhín Aoibhinn, was an Irish academic, linguist, scholar of the Irish language, politician and diplomat who served as the first President of Ireland from June 1938 to June 1945. He was a leading figure in the Gaelic revival, and the first President of the Gaelic League, one of the most influential cultural organisations in Ireland at the time.
  2. President of Ireland
    
    The president of Ireland is the head of state of Ireland and the supreme commander of the Irish Defence Forces.
1935
1. Colombia–Soviet Union relations are established.
  1. Colombia–Russia relations
    
    Colombia–Russia relations are the bilateral and foreign relations between Colombia and Russia. Diplomatic relations between Colombia and the USSR were established for the first time on June 25, 1935. Colombia has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Bogotá.
1913
1. American Civil War veterans begin arriving at the Great Reunion of 1913.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. 1913 Gettysburg reunion
    
    The 1913 Gettysburg reunion was a Gettysburg Battlefield encampment of American Civil War veterans for the Battle of Gettysburg's 50th anniversary. The June 29–July 4 gathering of 53,407 veterans was the largest ever Civil War veteran reunion. All honorably discharged veterans in the Grand Army of the Republic and the United Confederate Veterans were invited, and veterans from 46 of the 48 states attended.
1910
1. The United States Congress passed the Mann Act, which prohibited the interstate transport of females for "immoral purposes".
  1. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  2. Mann Act
    
    The White-Slave Traffic Act, also called the Mann Act, is a United States federal law, passed June 25, 1910. It is named after Congressman James Robert Mann of Illinois.
2. The United States Congress passes the Mann Act, which prohibits interstate transport of women or girls for "immoral purposes"; the ambiguous language would be used to selectively prosecute people for years to come.
  1. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  2. Mann Act
    
    The White-Slave Traffic Act, also called the Mann Act, is a United States federal law, passed June 25, 1910. It is named after Congressman James Robert Mann of Illinois.
3. Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird is premiered in Paris, bringing him to prominence as a composer.
  1. Igor Stravinsky
    
    Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French and American citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century and a pivotal figure in modernist music.
  2. The Firebird
    
    The Firebird is a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. It was written for the 1910 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company; the original choreography was by Michel Fokine, who collaborated with Alexandre Benois on a scenario based on the Russian fairy tales of the Firebird and the blessing and curse it possesses for its owner. It was first performed at the Opéra de Paris on 25 June 1910 and was an immediate success, catapulting Stravinsky to international fame. Although designed as a work for the stage, with specific passages accompanying characters and action, the music achieved equal if not greater recognition as a concert piece.
1906
1. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania millionaire Harry Thaw shoots and kills prominent architect Stanford White.
  1. Pittsburgh
    
    Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. It is the second-most populous city in Pennsylvania, behind Philadelphia, and 68th-largest city in the U.S. with a population of 302,971 as of the 2020 census. The city anchors the Pittsburgh metropolitan area of Western Pennsylvania; its population of 2.37 million is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 27th-largest in the U.S. It is the principal city of the greater Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area that extends into Ohio and West Virginia.
  2. Harry Kendall Thaw
    
    Harry Kendall Thaw was the son of American coal and railroad baron William Thaw Sr.. Heir to a multimillion-dollar fortune, the younger Thaw is most notable for murdering the renowned architect Stanford White in front of hundreds of witnesses at the rooftop theatre of New York City's Madison Square Garden on June 25, 1906.
  3. Stanford White
    
    Stanford White was an American architect. He was also a partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, one of the most significant Beaux-Arts firms. He designed many houses for the rich, in addition to numerous civic, institutional, and religious buildings. His temporary Washington Square Arch was so popular that he was commissioned to design a permanent one. His design principles embodied the "American Renaissance".
1900
1. The Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovers the Dunhuang manuscripts, a cache of ancient texts that are of great historical and religious significance, in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China.
  1. Taoism
    
    Taoism or Daoism refers to either a school of philosophical thought or to a religion, both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasize living in harmony with the Tao ; the Tao is generally defined as the source of everything and the ultimate principle underlying reality. The Tao Te Ching, a book containing teachings attributed to Laozi (老子), together with the later writings of Zhuangzi, are both widely considered the keystone works of Taoism.
  2. Wang Yuanlu
    
    Wang Yuanlu was a Taoist priest and abbot of the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang during the early 20th century. He is credited with the discovery of the Dunhuang manuscripts and was engaged in the restoration of the site, which he funded with the sale of numerous manuscripts to Western and Japanese explorers.
  3. Dunhuang manuscripts
    
    Dunhuang manuscripts refer to a wide variety of religious and secular documents in Chinese and other languages that were discovered at the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China, during the 20th century. The majority of the surviving texts come from a large cache of documents produced between the late 4th and early 11th centuries which had been sealed in the so-called 'Library Cave' at some point in the early 11th century. The Library Cave was discovered by a Daoist monk called Wang Yuanlu in 1900, and much of the contents of the cave were subsequently sold to European explorers such as Aurel Stein and Paul Pelliot.
  4. Mogao Caves
    
    The Mogao Caves, also known as the Thousand Buddha Grottoes or Caves of the Thousand Buddhas, form a system of 500 temples 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China. The caves may also be known as the Dunhuang Caves; however, this term is also used as a collective term to include other Buddhist cave sites in and around the Dunhuang area, such as the Western Thousand Buddha Caves, Eastern Thousand Buddha Caves, Yulin Caves, and Five Temple Caves. The caves contain some of the finest examples of Buddhist art spanning a period of 1,000 years. The first caves were dug out in AD 366 as places of Buddhist meditation and worship, later the caves became a place of pilgrimage and worship, and caves continued to be built at the site until the 14th century. The Mogao Caves are the best known of the Chinese Buddhist grottoes and, along with Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China.
  5. Dunhuang
    
    Dunhuang is a county-level city in Northwestern Gansu Province, Western China. According to the 2010 Chinese census, the city has a population of 186,027, though 2019 estimates put the city's population at about 191,800. Dunhuang was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road and is best known for the nearby Mogao Caves.
1876
1. Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.
  1. Battle of the Little Bighorn
    
    The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory.
  2. George Armstrong Custer
    
    George Armstrong Custer was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.
1848
1. A photograph of the June Days uprising becomes the first known instance of photojournalism.
  1. June Days uprising
    
    The June Days uprising was an uprising staged by French civilians from 22 to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a minimal source of income for the unemployed. The National Guard, led by General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, was called out to quell the rebellion. Over 10,000 people were either killed or injured, while 4,000 insurgents were deported to French Algeria. The uprising marked the end of the hopes of a "Democratic and Social Republic" and the victory of the liberals over the Radical Republicans.
  2. Photojournalism
    
    Photojournalism is journalism that uses images to tell a news story. It usually only refers to still images, but can also refer to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography by having a rigid ethical framework which demands an honest but impartial approach that tells a story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. They must be well-informed and knowledgeable, and are able to deliver news in a creative manner that is both informative and entertaining.
1788
1. Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
  1. Virginia
    
    Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most-populous city, and Fairfax County is the most-populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population in 2020 was over 8.65 million, with 36% of them living in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.
  2. Constitution of the United States
    
    The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Article IV, Article V, and Article VI embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article VII establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force.
1786
1. Gavriil Pribylov discovers St. George Island of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.
  1. Gavriil Pribylov
    
    Gavriil Loginovich Pribylov was a Russian navigator who discovered the Bering Sea islands of St. George Island and St. Paul Island in 1786 and 1787. The islands, and surrounding small islets, now bear his name, being known as the Pribilof Islands.
  2. St. George Island (Alaska)
    
    St. George Island is one of the Pribilof Islands off the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska in the Bering Sea. The island has a land area of 90 km2 and a population of about 100 people, all living in its only community, the city of St. George, which encompasses the entire island. The ZIP Code for Saint George Island is 99591.
  3. Pribilof Islands
    
    The Pribilof Islands are a group of four volcanic islands off the coast of mainland Alaska, in the Bering Sea, about 200 miles (320 km) north of Unalaska and 200 miles (320 km) southwest of Cape Newenham. The Siberian coast is roughly 500 miles (800 km) northwest. About 77 square miles (200 km2) in total area, they are mostly rocky and are covered with tundra, with a population of 572 as of the 2010 census.
  4. Bering Sea
    
    The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean. It forms, along with the Bering Strait, the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth: Eurasia and The Americas. It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves. The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who, in 1728, was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the Arctic Ocean.
1741
1. Maria Theresa is crowned Queen of Hungary.
  1. Maria Theresa
    
    Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress.
  2. List of Hungarian monarchs
    
    This is a list of Hungarian monarchs, that includes the grand princes (895–1000) and the kings and ruling queens of Hungary (1000–1918).
1678
1. Venetian philosopher Elena Cornaro Piscopia became the first woman to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree.
  1. Republic of Venice
    
    The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy that existed for 1100 years from AD 697 until AD 1797. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance. Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language, although publishing in (Florentine) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance.
  2. Elena Cornaro Piscopia
    
    Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia or Elena Lucrezia Corner, also known in English as Helen Cornaro, was a Venetian philosopher of noble descent who in 1678 became one of the first women to receive an academic degree from a university, and the first to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree.
  3. Doctor of Philosophy
    
    A Doctor of Philosophy is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may, in many jurisdictions, use the title Doctor with their name, although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation." Alternatively, holders may use post-nominal letters such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil". It is, however, considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time.
2. Venetian Elena Cornaro Piscopia is the first woman awarded a doctorate of philosophy when she graduates from the University of Padua.
  1. Republic of Venice
    
    The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy that existed for 1100 years from AD 697 until AD 1797. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance. Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language, although publishing in (Florentine) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance.
  2. Elena Cornaro Piscopia
    
    Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia or Elena Lucrezia Corner, also known in English as Helen Cornaro, was a Venetian philosopher of noble descent who in 1678 became one of the first women to receive an academic degree from a university, and the first to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree.
  3. Doctor of Philosophy
    
    A Doctor of Philosophy is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may, in many jurisdictions, use the title Doctor with their name, although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation." Alternatively, holders may use post-nominal letters such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil". It is, however, considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time.
  4. University of Padua
    
    The University of Padua is an Italian university located in the city of Padua, region of Veneto, northern Italy. The University of Padua was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from Bologna. Padua is the second-oldest university in Italy and the world's fifth-oldest surviving university. In 2010, the university had approximately 65,000 students. In 2021, it was ranked second "best university" among Italian institutions of higher education with more than 40,000 students according to Censis institute, and among the best 200 universities in the world according to ARWU.
1658
1. Anglo-Spanish War: The largest battle ever fought on Jamaica, the three-day Battle of Rio Nuevo, began.
  1. Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
    
    The Anglo-Spanish War was a conflict between the English Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, and Spain, between 1654 and 1660. It was caused by commercial rivalry. Each side attacked the other's commercial and colonial interests in various ways such as privateering and naval expeditions. In 1655, an English amphibious expedition invaded Spanish territory in the Caribbean. In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo–Spanish war with the larger Franco-Spanish War resulting in major land actions that took place in the Spanish Netherlands.
  2. Battle of Rio Nuevo
    
    The Battle of Rio Nuevo took place between 25 and 27 June 1658 on the island of Jamaica between Spanish forces under Cristóbal Arnaldo Isasi and English forces under governor Edward D'Oyley. In the battle lasting over two days the invading Spanish were routed. It is the largest battle to be fought on Jamaica.
2. Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Rio Nuevo during the Anglo-Spanish War.
  1. Spanish Empire
    
    The Spanish Empire, also known as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its predecessor states between 1492 and 1976. One of the largest empires in history, it was, in conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, the first to usher the European Age of Discovery and achieve a global scale, controlling vast portions of the Americas, territories in Western Europe, Africa, and various islands in Oceania and Asia. It was one of the most powerful empires of the early modern period, becoming the first empire known as "the empire on which the sun never sets", and reached its maximum extent in the 18th century.
  2. Jamaica
    
    Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres (134 mi) to the north-west.
  3. Battle of Rio Nuevo
    
    The Battle of Rio Nuevo took place between 25 and 27 June 1658 on the island of Jamaica between Spanish forces under Cristóbal Arnaldo Isasi and English forces under governor Edward D'Oyley. In the battle lasting over two days the invading Spanish were routed. It is the largest battle to be fought on Jamaica.
  4. Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
    
    The Anglo-Spanish War was a conflict between the English Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell, and Spain, between 1654 and 1660. It was caused by commercial rivalry. Each side attacked the other's commercial and colonial interests in various ways such as privateering and naval expeditions. In 1655, an English amphibious expedition invaded Spanish territory in the Caribbean. In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo–Spanish war with the larger Franco-Spanish War resulting in major land actions that took place in the Spanish Netherlands.
1530
1. At the Diet of Augsburg the Augsburg Confession is presented to the Holy Roman Emperor by the Lutheran princes and Electors of Germany.
  1. Diet of Augsburg
    
    The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg. Both an Imperial City and the residence of the Augsburg prince-bishops, the town had hosted the Estates in many such sessions since the 10th century. In 1282, the diet of Augsburg assigned the control of Austria to the House of Habsburg. In the 16th century, twelve of thirty-five imperial diets were held in Augsburg, a result of the close financial relationship between the Augsburg-based banking families such as the Fugger and the reigning Habsburg emperors, particularly Maximilian I and his grandson Charles V. Nevertheless, the meetings of 1518, 1530, 1547/48 and 1555, during the Reformation and the ensuing religious war between the Catholic emperor and the Protestant Schmalkaldic League, are especially noteworthy. With the Peace of Augsburg, the cuius regio, eius religio principle let each prince decide the religion of his subjects and inhabitants who could not conform could leave.
  2. Augsburg Confession
    
    The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on 25 June 1530.
  3. Holy Roman Emperor
    
    The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans during the Middle Ages, and also known as the German-Roman Emperor since the early modern period, was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. The title was held in conjunction with the title of king of Italy from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of king of Germany throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.
  4. Lutheranism
    
    Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation. The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the Ninety-five Theses, divided Western Christianity. During the Reformation, Lutheranism became the state religion of numerous states of northern Europe, especially in northern Germany, Scandinavia and the then Livonian Order. Lutheran clergy became civil servants and the Lutheran churches became part of the state.
  5. Prince-elector
    
    The prince-electors, or electors for short, were the members of the electoral college that elected the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
1258
1. War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Acre, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet sailing to relieve Acre.
  1. War of Saint Sabas
    
    The War of Saint Sabas (1256–1270) was a conflict between the rival Italian maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, over control of Acre, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
  2. Battle of Acre (1258)
    
    The Battle of Acre took place in 1258 off the port of Acre, between the fleets of the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice. Mounting tensions between the traders of the two cities had resulted in the outbreak of open warfare between the two, with the Venetians blockading the Genoese in their quarter. Genoa sent an armada under the aged capitano del popolo, Rosso della Turca, to relieve the blockade, and asked the assistance of Philip of Montfort and the Knights Hospitaller for a combined attack from the land side. However, even though the Genoese fleet's arrival took the Venetians by surprise, and their fleet was divided in two by weather as they exited the harbour, della Turca delayed his own attack long enough for the Venetians time to get into battle formation. The superior experience and seamanship of the latter resulted in a crushing Venetian victory, with half the Genoese fleet lost. The Genoese abandoned Acre soon after.
  3. Republic of Venice
    
    The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy that existed for 1100 years from AD 697 until AD 1797. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance. Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language, although publishing in (Florentine) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance.
  4. Republic of Genoa
    
    The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the 11th century to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast. During the Late Middle Ages, it was a major commercial power in both the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Between the 16th and 17th centuries it was one of the major financial centers in Europe.
  5. Acre, Israel
    
    Acre, known locally as Akko or Akka, is a city in the coastal plain region of the Northern District of Israel.
841
1. In the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, forces led by Charles the Bald and Louis the German defeat the armies of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine.
  1. Battle of Fontenoy (841)
    
    The three-year Carolingian Civil War culminated in the decisive Battle of Fontenoy, also called the Battle of Fontenoy-en-Puisaye, fought at Fontenoy, near Auxerre, on 25 June 841. The war was fought to decide the territorial inheritances of Charlemagne's grandsons—the division of the Carolingian Empire among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious. Despite Louis' provisions for succession, war broke out between his sons and nephews. The battle has been described as a major defeat for the allied forces of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine, and a victory for Charles the Bald and Louis the German. Hostilities dragged on for another two years until the Treaty of Verdun, which had a major influence on subsequent European history.
  2. Charles the Bald
    
    Charles the Bald, also known as Charles II, was a 9th-century king of West Francia (843–877), king of Italy (875–877) and emperor of the Carolingian Empire (875–877). After a series of civil wars during the reign of his father, Louis the Pious, Charles succeeded, by the Treaty of Verdun (843), in acquiring the western third of the empire. He was a grandson of Charlemagne and the youngest son of Louis the Pious by his second wife, Judith.
  3. Louis the German
    
    Louis the German, also known as Louis II of Germany and Louis II of East Francia, was the first king of East Francia, and ruled from 843 to 876 AD. Grandson of emperor Charlemagne and the third son of Louis the Pious, emperor of Francia, and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye, he received the appellation Germanicus shortly after his death when East Francia became known as the kingdom of Germany.
  4. Lothair I
    
    Lothair I or Lothar I was emperor, and the governor of Bavaria (815–817), King of Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (840–855).
  5. Pepin II of Aquitaine
    
    Pepin II, called the Younger, was King of Aquitaine from 838 as the successor upon the death of his father, Pepin I. Pepin II was eldest son of Pepin I and Ingeltrude, daughter of Theodobert, count of Madrie. He was a grandson of the Emperor Louis the Pious.
524
1. The Franks are defeated by the Burgundians in the Battle of Vézeronce.
  1. Franks
    
    The Franks were a group of Germanic peoples whose name was first mentioned in 3rd-century Roman sources, and associated with tribes between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River, on the edge of the Roman Empire. Later the term was associated with Romanized Germanic dynasties within the collapsing Western Roman Empire, who eventually commanded the whole region between the rivers Loire and Rhine. They imposed power over many other post-Roman kingdoms and Germanic peoples. Beginning with Charlemagne in 800, Frankish rulers were given recognition by the Catholic Church as successors to the old rulers of the Western Roman Empire.
  2. Burgundians
    
    The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes. They appeared in the middle Rhine region, near the Roman Empire, and were later moved into the empire, in the western Alps and eastern Gaul. They were possibly mentioned much earlier in the time of the Roman Empire as living in part of the region of Germania that is now part of Poland.
  3. Battle of Vézeronce
    
    The Battle of Vézeronce took place on June 25, 524 near Vézeronce-Curtin in Isère, France. This battle was part of an invasion of Burgundy initiated by the four successors of the Frankish king Clovis I: Childebert I, Chlodomer, Chlothar I, and Theuderic I.

Births & Deaths

2018
1. Richard Benjamin Harrison, American businessman and reality television personality (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Richard Benjamin Harrison
    
    Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr., also known by the nicknames "The Old Man" and "The Appraiser", was an American businessman and reality television personality, best known as the co-owner of the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, as featured on the History Channel series Pawn Stars. Harrison was the co-owner of the pawn shop with his son Rick Harrison. They opened the store together in 1989.
2. David Goldblatt, South African photographer of apartheid-period (b. 1930) deaths
  1. David Goldblatt
    
    David Goldblatt HonFRPS was a South African photographer noted for his portrayal of South Africa during the period of apartheid. After apartheid had ended he concentrated more on the country's landscapes. What differentiates Goldblatt's body of work from those of other anti-apartheid artists is that he photographed issues that went beyond the violent events of apartheid and reflected the conditions that led up to them. His forms of protest have a subtlety that traditional documentary photographs may lack: "[M]y dispassion was an attitude in which I tried to avoid easy judgments. . . . This resulted in a photography that appeared to be disengaged and apolitical, but which was in fact the opposite." He has numerous publications to his name.
2016
1. Adam Small, South African writer of apartheid-period (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Adam Small
    
    Adam Small was a South African writer who was involved in the Black Consciousness Movement and other activism. He was noted as a Coloured writer who wrote works in Afrikaans that dealt with racial discrimination and satirized the political situation. Some collections include English poems, and he translated the Afrikaans poet N P van Wyk Louw into English.
2015
1. Patrick Macnee, English actor (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Patrick Macnee
    
    Daniel Patrick Macnee was a British film and television actor. After serving in the Royal Navy during World War II, he began his acting career in Canada. Despite having some small film roles, Macnee spent much of his early career in playing small roles in American and Canadian television shows. In 1961, he landed the role of secret agent John Steed in the British television series The Avengers. The show was a success running for eight seasons from 1961 to 1969 and was revived in 1976 as The New Avengers. The show was a major breakthrough for Macnee and led to his roles in many films including This Is Spinal Tap and A View to a Kill as well as continuing to appear in both British and US television shows up until 2001.
2. Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni, Egyptian-Armenian patriarch (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni
    
    Nerses Bedros XIX was the patriarch of the Armenian Catholic Church.
2014
1. Nigel Calder, English journalist, author, and screenwriter (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Nigel Calder
    
    Nigel David McKail Ritchie-Calder was a British science writer.
2. Ana María Matute, Spanish author and academic (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Ana María Matute
    
    Ana María Matute Ausejo was an internationally acclaimed Spanish writer and member of the Real Academia Española. In 1959, she received the Premio Nadal for Primera memoria. The third woman to receive the Cervantes Prize for her literary oeuvre, she is considered one of the foremost novelists of the posguerra, the period immediately following the Spanish Civil War.
3. Ivan Plyushch, Ukrainian agronomist and politician (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Ivan Plyushch
    
    Ivan Stepanovych Plyushch was a Ukrainian politician. He thrice served as the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, from July 9 to July 23, 1990 (acting), from December 5, 1991, to May 11, 1994, and from February 1, 2000, to May 14, 2002.
2013
1. George Burditt, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1923) deaths
  1. George Burditt (writer)
    
    George Henry Burditt was an American television writer and producer who wrote sketches for television variety shows and other programs such as Three's Company, for which he was also an executive producer in its last few seasons. Burditt was Emmy-nominated in writing categories alongside writing crew, including his writing partner Paul Wayne, for twice each The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour and Van Dyke and Company.
2. Catherine Gibson, Scottish swimmer (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Catherine Gibson
    
    Catherine Gibson, later known by her married name Catherine Brown, was a Scottish swimmer. During a 16-year career she won three European Championships medals and a bronze medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics, Britain's sole swimming trophy in the home-based Games. In 2008, she was inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.
3. Robert E. Gilka, American photographer and journalist (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Robert E. Gilka
    
    Robert E. Gilka was an American photojournalist best known for being an editor and director of photography at National Geographic for 27 years (1958–1985).
4. Harry Parker, American rower and coach (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Harry Parker (rower)
    
    Harry Parker was the head coach of the Harvard varsity rowing program (1963–2013). He also represented the United States in the single scull at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
5. Mildred Ladner Thompson, American journalist (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Mildred Ladner Thompson
    
    Mildred Ladner Thompson was an American journalist, writer and columnist. Her career included tenures at The Wall Street Journal, where she became one of its first female reporters, as well as the Associated Press and Tulsa World.
6. Green Wix Unthank, American soldier and judge (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Green Wix Unthank
    
    Green Wix Unthank was an American attorney and United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, from 1980 to 1988, when he took senior status. A veteran of World War II, he went to college and to law school after the war. He served as a judge of Harlan County Court, had a private practice for several years, and also served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky.
2012
1. Shigemitsu Dandō, Japanese academic and jurist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Shigemitsu Dandō
    
    Shigemitsu Dandō was a professor of the department of Social and Political sciences at the University of Tokyo, an academic researcher of criminology, and a Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan.
2. Campbell Gillies, Scottish jockey (b. 1990) deaths
  1. Campbell Gillies
    
    Campbell Gillies was a Scottish National Hunt jockey most notable for his victory on Brindisi Breeze in the Albert Bartlett Novices' Hurdle at the 2012 Cheltenham Festival. In total, he rode 131 winners in his career, mainly for top Scottish trainer Lucinda Russell and was widely considered by pundits and fans alike as one of the leading young jockeys in the UK.
3. George Randolph Hearst, Jr., American businessman (b. 1927) deaths
  1. George Randolph Hearst Jr.
    
    George Randolph Hearst Jr. was chairman of the board of the Hearst Corporation from 1996 through to his death in 2012, succeeding his uncle Randolph Apperson Hearst. He was a director at the company for over forty years.
4. Lucella MacLean, American baseball player (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Lucella MacLean
    
    Lucella MacLean [Ross] was a former utility who played from 1943 through 1944 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right handed.
5. Edgar Ross, American boxer (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Edgar Ross (boxer)
    
    Edgar "Mad Dog" Ross was an American professional boxer who competed from 1972 and 1979. As an amateur, he won the Alabama Golden Gloves as a light heavyweight.
2011
1. Annie Easley, American computer scientist and mathematician (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Annie Easley
    
    Annie Jean Easley was an American computer scientist, mathematician, and rocket scientist. She worked for the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). She was a leading member of the team which developed software for the Centaur rocket stage, and was one of the first African-Americans to work at NASA. Easley was posthumously inducted into the Glenn Research Hall of Fame in 2015. On February 1, 2021, a crater on the moon was named after Easley by the IAU.
2. Goff Richards, English composer and conductor (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Goff Richards
    
    Goff Richards, sometimes credited as Godfrey Richards, was a prominent Cornish brass band arranger and composer. He was born in Cornwall, studying at the Royal College of Music and Reading University. Between 1976 and 1989, he lectured in arranging and at Salford College of Technology. He was the musical director of the Chetham's Big Band for many years. In 1976, he was made a Bard of the Cornish Gorsedd. He received a Doctorate from Salford University in 1990, after a career that had seen him lead the University Jazz Orchestra to the BBC Big Band of the Year title in 1989.
3. Margaret Tyzack, English actress (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Margaret Tyzack
    
    Margaret Maud Tyzack was an English actress. Her television roles included The Forsyte Saga (1967) and I, Claudius (1976). She won the 1970 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the BBC serial The First Churchills, and the 1990 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for Lettice and Lovage, opposite Maggie Smith. She also won two Olivier Awards—in 1981 as Actress of the Year in a Revival and in 2009 as Best Actress in a Play. Her film appearances included 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), A Clockwork Orange (1971), Prick Up Your Ears (1987) and Match Point (2005).
2010
1. Alan Plater, English playwright and screenwriter (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Alan Plater
    
    Alan Frederick Plater was an English playwright and screenwriter, who worked extensively in British television from the 1960s to the 2000s.
2. Richard B. Sellars, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Richard B. Sellars
    
    Richard Beverland Sellars was an American business executive who served as chairman and CEO of Johnson & Johnson as part of 40 years with the healthcare product firm. Sellars played a pivotal role in keeping the company's headquarters in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and worked to rebuild that city's downtown area.
2009
1. Farrah Fawcett, American actress and producer (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Farrah Fawcett
    
    Farrah Leni Fawcett was an American actress. A four-time Primetime Emmy Award nominee and six-time Golden Globe Award nominee, Fawcett rose to international fame when she played a starring role in the first season of the television series Charlie's Angels.
2. Michael Jackson, American singer-songwriter, producer, dancer, and actor (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Michael Jackson
    
    Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture. Jackson influenced artists across many music genres; through stage and video performances, he popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, to which he gave the name, as well as the robot. He is the most awarded musician in history.
3. Sky Saxon, American singer-songwriter (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Sky Saxon
    
    Sky "Sunlight" Saxon was an American rock and roll musician best known as the leader and singer of the 1960s Los Angeles psychedelic garage rock band The Seeds.
2008
1. Lyall Watson, South African anthropologist and ethologist (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Lyall Watson
    
    Lyall Watson was a South African botanist, zoologist, biologist, anthropologist, ethologist, and author of many books, among the most popular of which is the best seller Supernature. Lyall Watson tried to make sense of natural and supernatural phenomena in biological terms. He is credited with coining the "hundredth monkey" effect in his 1979 book, Lifetide; later, in The Whole Earth Review, he conceded this was "a metaphor of my own making".
2007
1. J. Fred Duckett, American journalist and educator (b. 1933) deaths
  1. J. Fred Duckett
    
    J. Fred Duckett was an American sports journalist and writer.
2. Jeeva, Indian director, cinematographer, and screenwriter (b. 1963) deaths
  1. Jeeva (director)
    
    Jeeva was an Indian filmmaker, cinematographer and film director in Tamil, Hindi and Malayalam-language cinema. He was an established cinematographer in the late 90s and early 2000s.
2006
1. Jaap Penraat, Dutch-American humanitarian (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Jaap Penraat
    
    Jaap Penraat was a Dutch resistance fighter during the Second World War.
2005
1. John Fiedler, American actor and voice artist (b. 1925) deaths
  1. John Fiedler
    
    John Donald Fiedler was an American actor. His career lasted more than 55 years in stage, film, television and radio. Among his best-known roles are the meek Juror #2 in 12 Angry Men (1957); the benign-seeming gentleman who tries to prevent the Younger family from moving into a whites-only neighbourhood in A Raisin in the Sun (1961); the voice of Piglet in Disney's Winnie the Pooh productions; Vinnie, one of Oscar's poker cronies in the film The Odd Couple (1968); and Emil Peterson, the hen-pecked milquetoast husband on The Bob Newhart Show.
2. Kâzım Koyuncu, Turkish singer-songwriter and activist (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Kâzım Koyuncu
    
    Kâzım Koyuncu was a Turkish singer-songwriter and activist of Laz ancestry.
2004
1. Morton Coutts, New Zealand inventor (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Morton Coutts
    
    Morton William Coutts was a New Zealand inventor who revolutionised the science of brewing beer. He is best known for the continuous fermentation method.
2003
1. Lester Maddox, American businessman and politician, 75th Governor of Georgia (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Lester Maddox
    
    Lester Garfield Maddox Sr. was an American politician who served as the 75th governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist when he refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, the Pickrick, in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He later served as Georgia lieutenant governor under Jimmy Carter.
  2. Governor of Georgia
    
    The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature, and the power to convene the legislature. The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.
2002
1. Jean Corbeil, Canadian politician, 29th Canadian Minister of Labour (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Jean Corbeil
    
    Jean Corbeil, was a Canadian politician.
  2. Minister of Labour (Canada)
    
    The minister of Labour is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the labour portfolio of Employment and Social Development Canada. From 2015 to 2019, the portfolio was included in that of the Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Labour, but was split in 2019 during the government of Justin Trudeau.
1998
1. Kyle Chalmers, Australian swimmer births
  1. Kyle Chalmers
    
    Kyle Chalmers, is an Australian competitive swimmer who specialises in freestyle and butterfly events. He is the world record holder in the short course 100 metre freestyle. He is also the Oceanian record and the Australian record holder in the short course 50 metre butterfly and 50 metre freestyle events.
1997
1. Jacques Cousteau, French oceanographer and explorer (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Jacques Cousteau
    
    Jacques-Yves Cousteau, was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful Aqua-Lung, open-circuit SCUBA. The apparatus assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries.
1996
1. Pietro Fittipaldi, Brazilian-American race car driver births
  1. Pietro Fittipaldi
    
    Pietro Fittipaldi da Cruz is a Brazilian-American racing driver, the grandson of two-time Formula One world champion Emerson Fittipaldi and brother of racing driver Enzo Fittipaldi. Fittipaldi is racing in European Le Mans Series for Inter Europol Competition, alongside serving as a reserve driver for Formula One team Haas. He made his Formula One debut with Haas at the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix, replacing the injured Romain Grosjean, becoming the fourth member of the Fittipaldi family to race in Formula One.
2. Sione Mata'utia, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Sione Mata'utia
    
    Sione Mata'utia-Leifi is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a loose forward and second-row forward for St Helens in the Betfred Super League. He has represented both Australia and Samoa at international level.
3. Lele Pons, Latina-American Internet personality births
  1. Lele Pons
    
    Eleonora Pons Maronese, known professionally as Lele Pons, is a Venezuelan-American internet personality and YouTuber. She stars in The Secret Life of Lele Pons, a YouTube Original docuseries providing a look at her personal life, and hosts her own podcast on Spotify titled Best Kept Secrets with Lele Pons.
4. Arthur Snelling, English civil servant and diplomat, British Ambassador to South Africa (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Arthur Snelling
    
    Sir Arthur Wendell Snelling was a senior British civil servant and diplomat.
  2. List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom to South Africa
    
    The British High Commissioner to South Africa is the head of the United Kingdom's diplomatic mission in the Republic of South Africa.
1995
1. Warren E. Burger, Fifteenth Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Warren E. Burger
    
    Warren Earl Burger was an American attorney and jurist who served as the 15th chief justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986. Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Burger graduated from the St. Paul College of Law in 1931. He helped secure the Minnesota delegation's support for Dwight D. Eisenhower at the 1952 Republican National Convention. After Eisenhower won the 1952 presidential election, he appointed Burger to the position of Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Division. In 1956, Eisenhower appointed Burger to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Burger served on this court until 1969 and became known as a critic of the Warren Court.
2. Ernest Walton, Irish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Ernest Walton
    
    Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton was an Irish physicist and Nobel laureate. He is best known for his work with John Cockcroft to construct one of the earliest types of particle accelerator, the Cockcroft–Walton generator. In experiments performed at Cambridge University in the early 1930s using the generator, Walton and Cockcroft became the first team to use a particle beam to transform one element to another. According to their Nobel Prize citation: "Thus, for the first time, a nuclear transmutation was produced by means entirely under human control."
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1992
1. Jerome Brown, American football player (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Jerome Brown
    
    Willie Jerome Brown III was an American football defensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire five-year NFL career with the Eagles from 1987 to 1991, before his death just before the 1992 season. He was selected to two Pro Bowls in 1990 and 1991. He played college football at the University of Miami.
1990
1. Andi Eigenmann, Filipino actress births
  1. Andi Eigenmann
    
    Andrea Nicole Guck Eigenmann, professionally known as Andi Eigenmann, is a Filipino actress, model, and social media influencer.
2. Ronald Gene Simmons, American sergeant and murderer (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Ronald Gene Simmons
    
    Ronald Gene Simmons Sr. was an American mass murderer and spree killer who killed 16 people over a week-long period in Arkansas in 1987. As a retired military serviceman, Simmons murdered fourteen members of his family, including a daughter he had sexually abused and the child he had fathered with her, as well as a former co-worker, and a stranger; he also wounded four others. He is the worst mass murderer in Arkansas history.
1988
1. Jhonas Enroth, Swedish ice hockey player births
  1. Jhonas Enroth
    
    Jhonas Erik Enroth, a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender, who is currently playing with Örebro HK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Dallas Stars, Los Angeles Kings and Toronto Maple Leafs between 2009 and 2016. Internationally Enroth has played for the Swedish national team in several tournaments, including three World Championships, winning a gold medal in 2013 and the 2018 Winter Olympics.
2. Miguel Layún, Mexican footballer births
  1. Miguel Layún
    
    Miguel Arturo Layún Prado is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Liga MX club América.
3. Therese Johaug, Norwegian cross-country skier births
  1. Therese Johaug
    
    Therese Johaug is a Norwegian cross-country skier from the village of Dalsbygda in Os municipality who has competed for the clubs Tynset IF and IL Nansen. In World Ski Championships she has won ten individual gold medals along with four gold medals in relays and she is a four-time Olympic gold medallist.
4. Hillel Slovak, Israeli-American guitarist and songwriter (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Hillel Slovak
    
    Hillel Slovak was an Israeli-American musician best known as the founding guitarist of the Los Angeles rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, with whom he recorded two albums. His guitar work was rooted in funk and hard rock, and he often experimented with other genres, including reggae and speed metal. He is considered to have been a major influence on the Red Hot Chili Peppers' early sound.
1986
1. Aya Matsuura, Japanese singer and actress births
  1. Aya Matsuura
    
    Aya Matsuura is a Japanese actress and former pop singer, from Himeji, Hyogo, Japan.
1985
1. Karim Matmour, Algerian footballer births
  1. Karim Matmour
    
    Karim Matmour is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
1984
1. Lauren Bush, American model and fashion designer births
  1. Lauren Bush
    
    Lauren Bush Lauren is the CEO and co-founder of FEED Projects. She is also known for her previous career as a fashion model and designer. She is the daughter of Neil Bush and Sharon Bush, granddaughter of former President George H. W. Bush and niece of former President George W. Bush and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush.
2. Michel Foucault, French historian and philosopher (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Michel Foucault
    
    Paul-Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. Though often cited as a structuralist and postmodernist, Foucault rejected these labels. His thought has influenced academics, especially those working in communication studies, anthropology, psychology, sociology, criminology, cultural studies, literary theory, feminism, Marxism and critical theory.
1983
1. Marc Janko, Austrian footballer births
  1. Marc Janko
    
    Marc Janko is an Austrian former professional footballer who played as a striker. Janko was a successful goal-scorer, particularly during his time at Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg, where he scored 75 league goals in 108 matches, including 39 goals in 35 matches in the 2009–10 season. He is the son of Eva Janko, who won a bronze medal in the women's Javelin event at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.
2. Alberto Ginastera, Argentinian pianist and composer (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Alberto Ginastera
    
    Alberto Evaristo Ginastera was an Argentinian composer of classical music. He is considered to be one of the most important 20th-century classical composers of the Americas.
1982
1. Rain, South Korean singer and actor births
  1. Rain (entertainer)
    
    Jung Ji-hoon, better known by his stage name Rain, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, actor, and record producer. Rain's musical career includes seven albums, 28 singles and numerous concert tours around the world. He achieved breakthrough success with his third Korean album, It's Raining (2004), which spawned the number one single of the same name. The album sold a million copies in Asia, and established Rain as an international star.
2. Mikhail Youzhny, Russian tennis player births
  1. Mikhail Youzhny
    
    Mikhail Mikhailovich Youzhny, nicknamed "Misha" and "Colonel" by his fans, is a Russian retired professional tennis player who was ranked inside the top 10 and was the Russian No. 1. He achieved a top-10 ranking by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the first time on 13 August 2007, and reached a career peak of World No. 8 in January 2008, and again in October 2010.
1981
1. Simon Ammann, Swiss ski jumper births
  1. Simon Ammann
    
    Simon "Simi" Ammann is a Swiss ski jumper. He is one of the most successful athletes in the history of the sport, having won four individual Winter Olympic gold medals, in 2002 and 2010, and is the only ski jumper to have achieved the gold double–double at the Winter Olympics. His other achievements include winning the 2007 Ski Jumping World Championships, the 2010 Ski Flying World Championships, the 2010 Nordic Tournament, and the 2010 Ski Jumping World Cup overall title.
2. Felipe Cossío del Pomar, Peruvian painter and political activist (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Felipe Cossío del Pomar
    
    Felipe Cossío del Pomar was a Peruvian painter and left-wing political activist. While in exile from Peru he founded an art school in San Miguel de Allende in Mexico in 1938. The school failed, but on his return in 1950 he founded the Instituto Allende, a university-level arts school that was still active in 2014. The short film "Felipe Cossio del Pomar in San Miguel de Allende", by Ezequiel Morones is in Youtube.
1979
1. Richard Hughes, Scottish footballer births
  1. Richard Hughes (footballer)
    
    Richard Daniel Hughes is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played as a defensive midfielder.
2. Busy Philipps, American actress births
  1. Busy Philipps
    
    Elizabeth Jean "Busy" Philipps is an American actress. She is best known for her roles on the television series Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000), Dawson's Creek (2001–2003), Love, Inc. (2005–2006) and ER (2006–2007), for her abortion access advocacy, and for her portrayal of Laurie Keller on the ABC series Cougar Town (2009–2015), for which she received the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She has also appeared in supporting roles in numerous films, such as The Smokers (2000), Home Room (2002), White Chicks (2004), Made of Honor (2008), He's Just Not That Into You (2009), The Gift (2015), and I Feel Pretty (2018). From 2018 to 2019, Philipps hosted her own television talk show Busy Tonight, on E!. She currently stars in the Peacock original series Girls5eva.
3. Dave Fleischer, American animator, director, and producer (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Dave Fleischer
    
    Dave Fleischer was an American film director and producer, best known as a co-owner of Fleischer Studios with his older brother Max Fleischer. He was a native of New York City.
4. Philippe Halsman, Latvian-American photographer (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Philippe Halsman
    
    Philippe Halsman was an American portrait photographer. He was born in Riga in the part of the Russian Empire which later became Latvia, and died in New York City.
1978
1. Aramis Ramírez, Dominican-American baseball player births
  1. Aramis Ramírez
    
    Aramis Nin Ramírez is a Dominican former professional baseball third baseman, who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, and Milwaukee Brewers. He was named an All-Star three times during his career.
1977
1. Olave Baden-Powell, British Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting leader (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Olave Baden-Powell
    
    Olave St Clair Baden-Powell, Baroness Baden-Powell was the first Chief Guide for Britain and the wife of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting and co-founder of Girl Guides. She outlived her husband, who was 32 years her senior, by over 35 years.
  2. Girl Guide and Girl Scout
    
    A Girl Guide or Girl Scout is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 10 and 14. Age limits are different in each organisation. The term Girl Scout is used in the United States and several East Asian countries. The two terms are used synonymously within this article.
2. Endre Szervánszky, Hungarian pianist and composer (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Endre Szervánszky
    
    Endre Szervánszky was a Hungarian composer.
1976
1. José Cancela, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. José Cancela
    
    José Carlos Cancela Durán is a Uruguayan retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He is nicknamed "Pepe".
2. Carlos Nieto, Argentinian-Italian rugby player births
  1. Carlos Nieto (rugby union)
    
    Carlos Nieto is an Italian Argentine international rugby union player.
3. Neil Walker, American swimmer births
  1. Neil Walker (swimmer)
    
    Neil Scott Walker is an American former competition swimmer, four-time Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder in multiple events.
4. Johnny Mercer, American singer-songwriter, co-founded Capitol Records (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Johnny Mercer
    
    John Herndon Mercer was an American lyricist, songwriter, and singer, as well as a record label executive who co-founded Capitol Records with music industry businessmen Buddy DeSylva and Glenn E. Wallichs.
  2. Capitol Records
    
    Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label distributed by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint. It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva, and Glenn E. Wallichs. Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955. EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012, and was merged with the company a year later, making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both distributed by UMG. The label's circular headquarters building is a recognized landmark of Hollywood, California. Capitol is well known as the U.S. record label of the Beatles, especially during the years of Beatlemania in America from 1964 to 1967.
1975
1. Kiur Aarma, Estonian journalist and producer births
  1. Kiur Aarma
    
    Kiur Aarma is an Estonian television journalist. He graduated from the University of Tartu in 1997. Aarma is also a writer and producer; among the films upon which he has worked is 2006's Sinimäed, a documentary about the Battle of Tannenberg Line, which he produced and helped write.
2. Linda Cardellini, American actress births
  1. Linda Cardellini
    
    Linda Edna Cardellini is an American actress. In television, she is known for her leading roles in the teen drama Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000), the medical drama ER (2003–09), the drama thriller Bloodline (2015–17), and the tragicomedy Dead to Me (2019–2022), the latter of which earned her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. She also guest starred in the period drama Mad Men (2013–15), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. Her voice work includes the animated series Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (2010–13), Regular Show (2012–15), Gravity Falls (2012–16), and Sanjay and Craig (2013–16).
3. Albert Costa, Spanish tennis player and coach births
  1. Albert Costa
    
    Albert Costa i Casals is a Spanish former professional tennis player. He is best remembered for winning the Men's Singles title at the French Open in 2002.
4. Vladimir Kramnik, Russian chess player births
  1. Vladimir Kramnik
    
    Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was the Classical World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and the undisputed World Chess Champion from 2006 to 2007. He has won three team gold medals and three individual medals at Chess Olympiads.
5. Michele Merkin, American model and television host births
  1. Michele Merkin
    
    Michele Merkin is an American former model and television host.
1974
1. Nisha Ganatra, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Nisha Ganatra
    
    Nisha Ganatra is a Canadian-American film director, screenwriter, producer, and actress of Indian descent. She wrote, directed, and produced the independent comedy drama Chutney Popcorn (1999) and later directed the independent film Cosmopolitan (2003) and the romantic-comedy Cake (2005). Ganatra has directed for numerous television shows, including The Real World, Transparent, You Me Her, Better Things, and Brooklyn Nine-Nine. She also directed the comedy-dramas Late Night (2019) and The High Note (2020). Ganatra served as a consulting producer on the first season of Transparent, for which she was nominated for the 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series.
2. Glen Metropolit, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Glen Metropolit
    
    Glen David Metropolit is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who most notably played over 400 games in the National Hockey League (NHL)
3. Cornelius Lanczos, Hungarian mathematician and physicist (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Cornelius Lanczos
    
    Cornelius (Cornel) Lanczos was a Hungarian-American and later Hungarian-Irish mathematician and physicist. According to György Marx he was one of The Martians.
1973
1. Milan Hnilička, Czech ice hockey player births
  1. Milan Hnilička
    
    Milan Hnilička is a Czech former ice hockey goalie who played in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers, Atlanta Thrashers and the Los Angeles Kings and politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2017, but resigned in January 2021 after attending a party in breach of coronavirus restrictions. He was drafted 70th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. In 2000, Milan won the Calder Cup while playing for the Hartford Wolf Pack. He last played in the Czech Extraliga for Bílí Tygři Liberec. He announced his retirement in August 2010. Internationally Hnilička represented the Czechoslovakian national junior team and the Czech national senior team at multiple tournaments, including the 2006 Winter Olympics, where he won a bronze medal.
2. Jamie Redknapp, English footballer and coach births
  1. Jamie Redknapp
    
    Jamie Frank Redknapp is an English former professional footballer who was active from 1989 until 2005. He is a pundit at Sky Sports and an editorial sports columnist at the Daily Mail. A technically skillful and creative midfielder, who was also an accurate and powerful free-kick taker, Redknapp played for AFC Bournemouth, Southampton, Liverpool, and Tottenham Hotspur, captaining the latter two. He also gained 17 England caps between 1995 and 1999, and was a member of England’s squad that reached the semi finals of Euro 1996. His 11 years at Liverpool were the most prolific, playing more than 237 league games for the club, including a spell as captain, and being involved in winning the 1995 Football League Cup Final.
1972
1. Carlos Delgado, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach births
  1. Carlos Delgado
    
    Carlos Juan Delgado Hernández is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a first baseman from 1993 to 2009, most prominently as a member of the Toronto Blue Jays where he was a member of the 1993 World Series winning team, and was the 2003 American League RBI champion. He was also a two-time American League All-Star player and a three-time Silver Slugger Award winner during his tenure with the Blue Jays.
2. Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan engineer and politician births
  1. Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
    
    Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi is a Libyan political figure. He is the second son of the late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and his second wife Safia Farkash. He was a part of his father's inner circle, performing public relations and diplomatic roles on his behalf. He publicly turned down his father's offer of the country's second highest post and held no official government position. According to United States Department of State officials in Tripoli, during his father's reign, he was the second most widely recognized person in Libya, being at times the de facto prime minister, and was mentioned as a possible successor, though he rejected this. An arrest warrant was issued for him on 27 June 2011 by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for charges of crimes against humanity against the Libyan people, for killing and persecuting civilians, under Articles 7(1)(a) and 7(1)(h) of the Rome statute. He denied the charges.
3. Jan Matulka, Czech-American painter and illustrator (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Jan Matulka
    
    Jan Matulka was a Czech-American modern artist originally from Bohemia. Matulka's style ranged from Abstract expressionism to landscapes, sometimes in the same day. He has directly influenced artists like Dorothy Dehner, Francis Criss, Burgoyne Diller, I. Rice Pereira, and David Smith.
1971
1. Karen Darke, English cyclist and author births
  1. Karen Darke
    
    Karen Darke,, FRSGS is a British paralympic cyclist, paratriathlete, adventurer and author. She competed at the 2016 Rio Paralympics winning Gold in the Women's road time trial, following her success in the 2012 London Paralympics winning a silver medal in the Women's road time trial H1-2.
2. Jason Gallian, Australian-English cricketer and educator births
  1. Jason Gallian
    
    Jason Edward Riche Gallian is a former English Test cricketer. A right-handed opening batter, he originally hails from Australia and captained their Under-19 side for two Under-19 Tests in 1989 and 1990. He played three Test matches for England, with a highest score of 28 runs. Gallian was a county professional for fifteen years, playing for Lancashire, Nottinghamshire including a period as captain, and Essex before retiring in 2009. Gallian scored 171 on his Championship debut for Essex.
3. Rod Kafer, Australian rugby player and sportscaster births
  1. Rod Kafer
    
    Rodney B. Kafer is a retired rugby union player for the ACT Brumbies and the Australian Wallabies. He is remembered by Brumbies fans for kicking a drop-goal in the final minute in a 2001 game against the Cats giving the Brumbies a one-point win. He now works for Fox Sports as a rugby commentator and has a weekly segment on the show Rugby HQ called "Fox Field". He attended Canberra Grammar School in his youth. At the age of 15 he was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.
4. Neil Lennon, Northern Irish-Scottish footballer and manager births
  1. Neil Lennon
    
    Neil Francis Lennon is a Northern Irish football coach and former player.
5. Michael Tucker, American baseball player births
  1. Michael Tucker (baseball)
    
    Michael Anthony Tucker is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and first baseman. Tucker played with the Kansas City Royals, Atlanta Braves (1997-1998), Cincinnati Reds (1999-2001), Chicago Cubs (2001), San Francisco Giants (2004-2005), Philadelphia Phillies (2005) and New York Mets (2006). He batted left-handed and threw right-handed.
6. John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr, Scottish physician, biologist, and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1880) deaths
  1. John Boyd Orr
    
    John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr,, styled Sir John Boyd Orr from 1935 to 1949, was a Scottish teacher, medical doctor, biologist, nutritional physiologist, politician, businessman and farmer who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his scientific research into nutrition and his work as the first Director-General of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1970
1. Ariel Gore, American journalist and author births
  1. Ariel Gore
    
    Ariel Gore is a journalist, memoirist, novelist, nonfiction author, and teacher. Gore has authored more than ten books. Gore's fiction and nonfiction work also explores creativity, spirituality, queer culture, and positive psychology. She is the founding editor/publisher of Hip Mama, an Alternative Press Award-winning publication covering the culture and politics of motherhood. Through her work on Hip Mama, Gore is widely credited with launching maternal feminism and the contemporary mothers' movement.
2. Roope Latvala, Finnish guitarist births
  1. Roope Latvala
    
    Roope Juhani Latvala is a Finnish guitarist, best known as the former rhythm guitarist for the band Children of Bodom from 2003 to 2015 and the co-lead electric guitarist for Sinergy. He was also one of the founding members of Stone, which was one of the first notable bands in the history of Finnish heavy metal.
3. Erki Nool, Estonian decathlete and politician births
  1. Erki Nool
    
    Erki Nool is an Estonian decathlete and former politician.
4. Aaron Sele, American baseball player and scout births
  1. Aaron Sele
    
    Aaron Helmer Sele is an American former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher who is currently a special assignment scout for the Chicago Cubs.
1969
1. Hunter Foster, American actor and singer births
  1. Hunter Foster
    
    Hunter Foster is an American musical theatre actor, singer, librettist, playwright and director.
2. Zim Zum, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Zim Zum
    
    Timothy Linton, more commonly known as Zim Zum, is an American rock musician-songwriter and former guitarist for Life, Sex & Death and rock band Marilyn Manson (1996–1998). His current projects are Pleistoscene, a solo project, and The Pop Culture Suicides.
3. Kevin Kelley, American football coach births
  1. Kevin Kelley (American football)
    
    Kevin Kelley is an American football coach who formerly served as the head coach at Presbyterian College. Prior to his hiring at Presbyterian, Kelley was most recently the head football coach and athletic director at Pulaski Academy in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he won nine AAA state championships and employed a unique strategy that involved rarely punting and almost always attempting onside kicks and two-point conversions.
1968
1. Adrian Garvey, Zimbabwean-South African rugby player births
  1. Adrian Garvey
    
    Adrian Christopher Garvey is a former Zimbabwean-born South African rugby union player. He played as a tighthead prop, and was known for his mobility and ball skills.
2. Vaios Karagiannis, Greek footballer and manager births
  1. Vaios Karagiannis
    
    Vaios Karagiannis is a former Greek football player and current manager.
3. Tony Hancock, English comedian and actor (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Tony Hancock
    
    Anthony John Hancock was an English comedian and actor.
1967
1. Tracey Spicer, Australian journalist births
  1. Tracey Spicer
    
    Tracey Leigh Spicer is an Australian newsreader, Walkley Award-winning journalist and social justice advocate. She is known for her association with Network Ten as a newsreader in the 1990s and 2000s when she co-hosted Ten Eyewitness News in Brisbane, Queensland. She later went on to work with Sky News Australia as a reporter and presenter from 2007 to 2015. In May 2017 Spicer released her autobiography, The Good Girl Stripped Bare. She was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia "For significant service to the broadcast media as a journalist and television presenter, and as an ambassador for social welfare and charitable groups".
1966
1. Dikembe Mutombo, Congolese-American basketball player births
  1. Dikembe Mutombo
    
    Dikembe Mutombo Mpolondo Mukamba Jean-Jacques Wamutombo is a Congolese-American former professional basketball player. Mutombo played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Outside basketball, he has become well known for his humanitarian work.
1965
1. Napole Polutele, French politician births
  1. Napole Polutele
    
    Napole Polutélé is a French politician.
2. Kerri Pottharst, Australian beach volleyball player births
  1. Kerri Pottharst
    
    Kerri Ann Pottharst OAM is an Australian former professional beach volleyball player and Olympic gold medallist.
3. Joseph Hii Teck Kwong, Malaysian bishop births
  1. Joseph Hii Teck Kwong
    
    Joseph Hii Teck Kwong is a Malaysian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who has been serving as bishop of the Diocese of Sibu since 2012. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the same diocese from 2008 to 2012.
1964
1. Dell Curry, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Dell Curry
    
    Wardell Stephen Curry is an American former professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1986 until 2002 and retired as the Charlotte Hornets' all-time leader in points (9,839) and three-point field goals made (929). Curry currently works as a color commentator, alongside Eric Collins, on Charlotte Hornets television broadcasts. He is the father of NBA players Stephen Curry and Seth Curry.
2. Phil Emery, Australian cricketer births
  1. Phil Emery
    
    Philip Allen Emery is a former Australian cricketer. A wicket-keeper and valuable left-handed batsman, he represented Australia internationally and New South Wales domestically.
3. Johnny Herbert, English racing driver and sportscaster births
  1. Johnny Herbert
    
    John Paul "Johnny" Herbert is a British former racing driver and current television announcer for Sky Sports F1. He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000, for seven different teams, winning three races and placing 4th in the 1995 World Drivers' Championship. He also raced sports cars, winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B.
4. John McCrea, American singer-songwriter and musician births
  1. John McCrea (musician)
    
    John McCrea is an American singer and musician. He is a founding member of the band Cake. He is the vocalist and primary lyricist for the band, in addition to playing acoustic guitar, vibraslap, and piano. He also programs drums and does mixing work while he and the rest of the band have produced all of their albums.
5. Greg Raymer, American poker player and lawyer births
  1. Greg Raymer
    
    Gregory Raymer, nicknamed "Fossilman," is a professional poker player and author. He is best known for winning the 2004 World Series of Poker Main Event.
1963
1. John Benjamin Hickey, American actor births
  1. John Benjamin Hickey
    
    John Benjamin Hickey is an American actor with a career in stage, film and television. He won the 2011 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for his performance as Felix Turner in The Normal Heart.
2. Yann Martel, Spanish-Canadian author births
  1. Yann Martel
    
    Yann Martel, is a Canadian author best known for the Man Booker Prize–winning novel Life of Pi, an international bestseller published in more than 50 territories. It has sold more than 12 million copies worldwide and spent more than a year on the bestseller lists of the New York Times and The Globe and Mail, among many other best-selling lists. It was adapted for a movie directed by Ang Lee, garnering four Oscars including Best Director and winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.
3. Doug Gilmour, Canadian ice hockey player and manager births
  1. Doug Gilmour
    
    Douglas Robert Gilmour is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played 20 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for seven different teams. Gilmour was a seventh round selection, 134th overall, of the St. Louis Blues at the 1982 NHL Entry Draft and recorded 1,414 points in 1,474 games in the NHL between 1983 and 2003. A two-time All-Star, he was a member of Calgary's 1989 Stanley Cup championship team and won the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the NHL's best defensive forward in 1992–93. Internationally, he represented Canada three times during his career and was a member of the nation's 1987 Canada Cup championship team.
4. George Michael, English singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2016) births
  1. George Michael
    
    George Michael was an English singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is considered one of the most significant cultural icons of the MTV generation and is one of the best-selling musicians of all time, with sales of over 120 million records worldwide. Michael was known as a leading creative force in music production, songwriting, vocal performance, and visual presentation. He achieved seven number-one songs on the UK Singles Chart and eight number-one songs on the US Billboard Hot 100. Michael won various music awards, including two Grammy Awards, three Brit Awards, three American Music Awards, twelve Billboard Music Awards, and four MTV Video Music Awards. In 2015, he was ranked 45th in Billboard's list of the "Greatest Hot 100 Artists of All Time". The Radio Academy named him the most played artist on British radio during the period 1984–2004.
5. Mike Stanley, American baseball player births
  1. Mike Stanley
    
    Robert Michael Stanley is an American former college and professional baseball player who was a catcher in Major League Baseball for fifteen years. Stanley played college baseball for the University of Florida, and thereafter, he played professionally with the Texas Rangers (1986–1991), New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Toronto Blue Jays (1998) and Oakland Athletics (2000).
1961
1. Timur Bekmambetov, Kazakh director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Timur Bekmambetov
    
    Timur Nuruakhitovich Bekmambetov is a Russian-Kazakh film director, producer, screenwriter, and tech entrepreneur. He is best known for the fantasy epic Night Watch (2004) and action thriller Wanted (2008), as well as for pioneering Screenlife films: Unfriended (2015), Searching (2018) and Profile (2021). He founded Baselevs, a production company that earned a spot among the 2021 World's 10 Most Innovative Companies in Video, according to Fast Company.
2. Ricky Gervais, English comedian, actor, director, producer and singer births
  1. Ricky Gervais
    
    Ricky Dene Gervais is an English comedian, actor, writer, and director. He co-created, co-wrote, and acted in the British television sitcoms The Office (2001–2003), Extras (2005–2007), and An Idiot Abroad (2010–2012). He also created, wrote and starred in Derek (2012–2014), and After Life (2019–2022). He has won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice. Gervais was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest performers in British comedy in 2003. In 2007, he was placed at No. 11 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups, and at No. 3 in their 2010 list. In 2010, he was included in the Time 100 list of World's Most Influential People.
1960
1. Alastair Bruce of Crionaich, English-Scottish journalist and author births
  1. Alastair Bruce of Crionaich
    
    Major-General Alastair Andrew Bernard Reibey Bruce is a journalist and television correspondent, and a senior British Army reservist and officer of arms of the Royal Household. He commanded the TA Media Operations Group before being appointed Governor of Edinburgh Castle in 2019.
2. Brian Hayward, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Brian Hayward
    
    Brian George Hayward is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who currently serves as a color analyst for Anaheim Ducks broadcasts on Prime Ticket/Fox Sports West and KDOC.
3. Craig Johnston, South African-Australian footballer and photographer births
  1. Craig Johnston
    
    Craig Peter Johnston is a South African-born Australian former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder in the English Football League between 1977 and 1988, winning the European Cup, five league titles and an FA Cup with Liverpool. Nicknamed "Skippy", Johnston was a crowd favourite at Anfield, making 271 Liverpool appearances and scoring 40 goals. He was a key member of the 1986 "double" winning team. He also co-wrote the team's 1988 cup final song "Anfield Rap". He was eligible to play for England, Scotland, Australia and South Africa at international level, but only ever appeared for the England U21s.
4. Laurent Rodriguez, French rugby player births
  1. Laurent Rodriguez
    
    Laurent Rodriguez is a retired French rugby player.
5. Tommy Corcoran, American baseball player and manager (b. 1869) deaths
  1. Tommy Corcoran
    
    Thomas William Corcoran was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop from 1890 to 1907 for the Pittsburgh Burghers (1890), Philadelphia Athletics (1891), Brooklyn Grooms/Brooklyn Bridegrooms (1892–1896), Cincinnati Reds (1897–1906) and the New York Giants (1907). The 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) Connecticut native occasionally played second base later in his career. He batted and threw right-handed.
1959
1. Lutz Dombrowski, German long jumper and educator births
  1. Lutz Dombrowski
    
    Lutz Dombrowski is a former German track and field athlete and Olympic champion.
2. Jari Puikkonen, Finnish ski jumper births
  1. Jari Puikkonen
    
    Jari Markus Puikkonen is a Finnish former ski jumper.
3. Bobbie Vaile, Australian astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1996) births
  1. Bobbie Vaile
    
    Dr Roberta Anne 'Bobbie' Vaile was an Australian astrophysicist and senior lecturer in physics at the Faculty of Business and Technology at the University of Western Sydney, Macarthur. She was involved with Project Phoenix and influential in the establishment of the SETI Australia Centre, created at the university in 1995. She died following a seven-year battle with an inoperable brain tumour.
4. Charles Starkweather, American spree killer (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Charles Starkweather
    
    Charles Raymond Starkweather was an American spree killer who murdered eleven people in Nebraska and Wyoming between December 1957 and January 1958, when he was 19 years old. He killed ten of his victims between January 21 and January 29, 1958, the date of his arrest. During his spree in 1958, Starkweather was accompanied by his 14-year-old girlfriend, Caril Ann Fugate.
1958
1. George Becali, Romanian businessman, politician births
  1. Gigi Becali
    
    George "Gigi" Becali is a Romanian businessman and former politician, mostly known for his ownership of the FCSB football club.
2. Alfred Noyes, English author, poet, and playwright (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Alfred Noyes
    
    Alfred Noyes CBE was an English poet, short-story writer and playwright.
1957
1. Greg Millen, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Greg Millen
    
    Gregory H. Millen is a Canadian hockey commentator-analyst and a former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 14 seasons for six teams in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is currently a colour commentator on Hockey Night in Canada and the NHL on Sportsnet.
1956
1. Anthony Bourdain, American chef and author (d. 2018) births
  1. Anthony Bourdain
    
    Anthony Michael Bourdain was an American celebrity chef, author, and travel documentarian who starred in programs focusing on the exploration of international culture, cuisine, and the human condition. Bourdain was a 1978 graduate of The Culinary Institute of America and a veteran of many professional kitchens during his career, which included several years spent as an executive chef at Brasserie Les Halles in Manhattan. He first became known for his bestselling book Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly (2000).
2. Frank Paschek, German long jumper births
  1. Frank Paschek
    
    Frank Paschek is a retired East German long jumper.
3. Boris Trajkovski, Macedonian politician, 2nd President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2004) births
  1. Boris Trajkovski
    
    Boris Trajkovski (GCMG) was a Macedonian politician who served as the second President of Macedonia from 1999 until his death in 2004 in a plane crash.
  2. President of North Macedonia
    
    The President of the Republic of North Macedonia is the head of state of North Macedonia.
4. Craig Young, Australian rugby player and coach births
  1. Craig Young
    
    Craig Young is an Australian former representative rugby league footballer for the Australia national rugby league team, the New South Wales Blues and a stalwart player over 11 seasons from 1977 to 1988 with the St. George Dragons in the NSWRL premiership competition. He played as a prop-forward. His nickname was "Albert" after his middle name and/or the cartoon character Fat Albert.
1955
1. Vic Marks, English cricketer and sportscaster births
  1. Vic Marks
    
    Victor James Marks is an English sports journalist and former professional cricketer.
1954
1. Mario Lessard, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Mario Lessard
    
    Mario Lessard is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.
2. David Paich, American singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer births
  1. David Paich
    
    David Frank Paich is an American musician, songwriter, singer and record producer, best known as the co-founder, principal songwriter, keyboardist and singer of the rock band Toto since 1977. Paich wrote or co-wrote much of Toto's original material, including the band's three most popular songs: "Hold the Line", "Rosanna" and "Africa". With Toto, Paich has contributed to 17 albums and sold over 40 million records. He and guitarist and singer Steve Lukather are the only members to appear on every studio album.
3. Lina Romay, Spanish actress (d. 2012) births
  1. Lina Romay
    
    Lina Romay, a.k.a. Candy Coster and Lulu Laverne, was a Spanish actress who often appeared in films directed by her long-time companion Jesús Franco.
4. Daryush Shokof, Iranian director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Daryush Shokof
    
    Daryush Shokof is an Iranian artist, film director, writer, and film producer based in Germany.
5. Sonia Sotomayor, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States births
  1. Sonia Sotomayor
    
    Sonia Maria Sotomayor is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, and has served since August 8, 2009. She is the third woman, first woman of color, the first Hispanic, and first Latina to serve on the Supreme Court.
  2. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
    
    An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is any member of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the chief justice of the United States. The number of associate justices is eight, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869.
1953
1. Olivier Ameisen, French-American cardiologist and educator (d. 2013) births
  1. Olivier Ameisen
    
    Olivier Ameisen was a French-American cardiologist who wrote a best-selling book about curing alcoholism using the drug baclofen.
2. Ian Davis, Australian cricketer births
  1. Ian Davis (cricketer)
    
    Ian Charles Davis is an Australian former cricketer (batsman) who played in 15 Test matches and three One Day Internationals between 1973 and 1977. Davis retired from first-class cricket in 1984 then worked for Dunlop Slazenger until his retirement in 2010.
1952
1. Péter Erdő, Hungarian cardinal births
  1. Péter Erdő
    
    Péter Erdő is a Hungarian Cardinal of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, who has been the Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest and Primate of Hungary since 2003.
2. Tim Finn, New Zealand singer-songwriter births
  1. Tim Finn
    
    Brian Timothy Finn is a New Zealand singer and musician. His musical career includes forming 1970s and 1980s New Zealand rock group Split Enz, a number of solo albums, temporary membership in his brother Neil's band Crowded House and joint efforts with Neil Finn as the Finn Brothers.
3. Martin Gerschwitz, German singer-songwriter and keyboard player births
  1. Martin Gerschwitz
    
    Martin Gerschwitz is a German violinist, keyboardist, singer and composer.
4. Alan Green, Northern Irish sportscaster births
  1. Alan Green (broadcaster)
    
    Alan Green is a former sports commentator, mainly on football but also on golf, rowing and the Olympic Games.
5. Kristina Abelli Elander, Swedish artist births
  1. Kristina Abelli Elander
    
    Ellen Kristina Abelli Elander is a Swedish artist. She received her education at Birkagårdens folkhögskola between 1972 and 1973, and made her solo debut at Galleri Händer in Stockholm in 1978. Early on, she worked with paintings in acrylic and canvas, and openly criticized the gender issues of the time.
1951
1. Eva Bayer-Fluckiger, Swiss mathematician and academic births
  1. Eva Bayer-Fluckiger
    
    Eva Bayer-Fluckiger is a Hungarian and Swiss mathematician. She is an Emmy Noether Professor Emeritus at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. She has worked on several topics in topology, algebra and number theory, e.g. on the theory of knots, on lattices, on quadratic forms and on Galois cohomology. Along with Raman Parimala, she proved Serre's conjecture II regarding the Galois cohomology of a simply-connected semisimple algebraic group when such a group is of classical type.
1950
1. Marcello Toninelli, Italian author and screenwriter births
  1. Marcello Toninelli
    
    Marcello Toninelli is an Italian comics writer, best known as main writer of series of Zagor between 1982 and 1993.
2. Maurice O'Sullivan, Irish police officer and author (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Maurice O'Sullivan
    
    Muiris Ó Súilleabháin, anglicised as Maurice O'Sullivan, was an Irish author famous for his Irish-language memoir of growing up on the Great Blasket Island and in Dingle, County Kerry, off the western coast of Ireland.
1949
1. Richard Clarke, Irish archbishop births
  1. Richard Clarke (bishop)
    
    Richard Lionel Clarke is a retired Irish Anglican bishop and author. From 2012 to 2020, he served as the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland: as such, he was the senior cleric of the Church of Ireland.
2. Patrick Tambay, French racing driver births
  1. Patrick Tambay
    
    Patrick Daniel Tambay is a French former racing driver. He competed in 123 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, winning twice, securing five pole positions and scoring a total of 103 Championship points.
3. Yoon Joo-sang, South Korean actor births
  1. Yoon Joo-sang
    
    Yoon Joo-sang is a South Korean actor. In 2009, he won the Best Supporting Actor award during the 2009 KBS Drama Awards for his role in Iris.
4. Buck Freeman, American baseball player (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Buck Freeman
    
    John Frank "Buck" Freeman was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century. Listed at 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) and 169 lb (77 kg), he both batted and threw left-handed. Freeman was one of the top sluggers of his era, his most famous feat being the 25 home runs he hit during the 1899 season.
5. James Steen, American water polo player (b. 1876) deaths
  1. James Steen (water polo)
    
    James J. Steen was an American water polo player who won a gold medal in the 1904 Summer Olympics as a member of the New York Athletic Club team.
1948
1. William C. Lee, American general (b. 1895) deaths
  1. William C. Lee
    
    Major General William Carey Lee was a senior United States Army officer who fought in World War I and World War II, during which he commanded the 101st Airborne Division, nicknamed the "Screaming Eagles". Lee is often referred to as the "Father of the U.S. Airborne".
1947
1. John Hilton, English table tennis player births
  1. John Hilton (table tennis)
    
    John Hilton is a retired table tennis player best known for winning the singles event at the Table Tennis European Championships in 1980 despite being a relatively unknown amateur player. His use of a revolutionary combination bat with different rubbers on either side, coupled with his defensive play, led to one of sport's greatest upsets. At the time of his victory John trained at the Manchester YMCA, where he was only ranked at number 4, despite being ranked at number 1 in Europe and number 5 in the world. His odds of winning the tournament were rated at 1,000–1.
2. John Powell, American discus thrower births
  1. John Powell (discus thrower)
    
    John Gates Powell was an American track and field athlete who specialized in the discus throw. He set a world record at 69.08 meters in 1975, and his personal best of 71.26 meters ties him for ninth place in the all-time performers list.
3. Jimmie Walker, American actor and comedian births
  1. Jimmie Walker
    
    James Carter Walker Jr. is an American actor and comedian. Walker portrayed James Evans Jr. ("J.J."), the older son of Florida and James Evans Sr., on the CBS television series Good Times, which ran from 1974 to 1979, and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1975 and 1976 for his role. While on the show, Walker's character used the catchphrase "Dyn-O-Mite!" which he also used in his mid–1970s TV commercial for a Panasonic line of cassette and 8-track tape players and a 2021 and 2022 Medicare commercial. He also starred in Let's Do It Again with John Amos, and The Greatest Thing That Almost Happened with James Earl Jones. Walker continues to tour the country with his stand-up comedy routine.
4. Jimmy Doyle, American boxer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Jimmy Doyle
    
    James Doyle was an Irish hurler who played as a right wing-forward for the Tipperary senior team.
1946
1. Roméo Dallaire, Dutch-Canadian general and politician births
  1. Roméo Dallaire
    
    Roméo Antonius Dallaire is a Canadian humanitarian, author, retired senator and Canadian Forces lieutenant-general. Dallaire served as force commander of UNAMIR, the ill-fated United Nations peacekeeping force for Rwanda between 1993 and 1994, and attempted to stop the genocide that was being waged by Hutu extremists against the Tutsi people and Hutu moderates.
2. Allen Lanier, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Allen Lanier
    
    Allen Glover Lanier was an American musician who played keyboards and rhythm guitar. He was an original member of Blue Öyster Cult.
3. Ian McDonald, English guitarist and saxophonist (d. 2022) births
  1. Ian McDonald (musician)
    
    Ian Richard McDonald was an English multi-instrumentalist, best known as a founding member of the progressive rock band King Crimson in 1968, as well as the hard rock band Foreigner in 1976.
1945
1. Baba Gana Kingibe, Nigerian politician births
  1. Baba Gana Kingibe
    
    Babagana Kingibe OV GCON is a Nigerian diplomat, politician and civil servant who has held several high ranking government offices, culminating in his appointment as the Secretary to the Government of the Federation from 2007 to 2008. He spent over a decade in the Foreign Service cadre and has been in politics since the 1970s serving six heads of state; most recently as a member of the inner circle of President Muhammadu Buhari.
2. Harry Womack, American singer (d. 1974) births
  1. Harry Womack
    
    Harris "Harry" Womack was an American singer and musician, most notable for his tenure as a member of the family R&B quintet The Valentinos.
1944
1. Robert Charlebois, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births
  1. Robert Charlebois
    
    Robert Charlebois, OC, OQ is a Québecois author, composer, musician, performer and actor.
2. Gary David Goldberg, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2013) births
  1. Gary David Goldberg
    
    Gary David Goldberg was an American writer and producer for television and film. Goldberg was best known for his work on Family Ties (1982–89), Spin City (1996–2002), and his semi-autobiographical series Brooklyn Bridge (1991–93).
3. Dénes Berinkey, Hungarian jurist and politician, 18th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Dénes Berinkey
    
    Dénes Berinkey was a Hungarian jurist and politician who served as 21st Prime Minister of Hungary in the regime of Mihály Károlyi for two months in 1919.
  2. Prime Minister of Hungary
    
    The prime minister of Hungary is the head of government of Hungary. The prime minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The current holder of the office is Viktor Orbán, leader of the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance, who has served since 29 May 2010.
4. Lucha Reyes, Mexican singer and actress (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Lucha Reyes (Mexican singer)
    
    María de Luz Flores Aceves, known by her stage name Lucha Reyes, was a Mexican singer and actress. Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, she was popular in the 1930s and 1940s and has been called the "Queen of Ranchera" in the history.
1943
1. Carly Simon, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Carly Simon
    
    Carly Elisabeth Simon is an American singer-songwriter, memoirist, and children's author. She rose to fame in the 1970s with a string of hit records; her 13 Top 40 U.S. hits include "Anticipation", "The Right Thing to Do", "Haven't Got Time for the Pain", "You Belong to Me", "Coming Around Again", and her four Gold-certified singles "You're So Vain", "Mockingbird", "Nobody Does It Better" from the 1977 James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me, and "Jesse". She has authored two memoirs and five children's books.
2. Arthur Goldstein, German Jewish left-wing activist (c. 1887) deaths
  1. Arthur Goldstein
    
    Arthur Goldstein was a German Jewish journalist and communist politician.
1942
1. Patricia Brake, English actress (d. 2022) births
  1. Patricia Brake
    
    Patricia Ann Brake was an English actress.
2. Nikiforos Diamandouros, Greek academic and politician births
  1. Nikiforos Diamandouros
    
    Paraskevas Nikiforos Diamandouros is a Greek academic who was the first National Ombudsman of Greece from 1998 to 2003 and has been Ombudsman for the European Union from April 2003 to October 2013. He was re-elected as European Ombudsman in 2005 and again in 2010.
3. Willis Reed, American basketball player, coach, and manager births
  1. Willis Reed
    
    Willis Reed Jr. is an American retired basketball player, coach and general manager. He spent his entire professional playing career (1964–1974) with the New York Knicks. In 1982, Reed was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1996, he was voted one of the "50 Greatest Players in NBA History". In October 2021, Reed was again honored as one of the league's greatest players of all-time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team.
4. Michel Tremblay, Canadian author and playwright births
  1. Michel Tremblay
    
    Michel Tremblay is a French-Canadian novelist and playwright.
1941
1. Denys Arcand, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Denys Arcand
    
    Georges-Henri Denys Arcand is a French Canadian film director, screenwriter and producer. His film The Barbarian Invasions won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film in 2004. His films have also been nominated three further times, including two nominations in the same category for The Decline of the American Empire in 1986 and Jesus of Montreal in 1989, becoming the only French-Canadian director in history whose films have received this number of nominations and, subsequently, to have a film win the award. Also for The Barbarian Invasions, he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay, losing to Sofia Coppola for Lost in Translation.
2. John Albert Raven, Scottish academic and ecologist births
  1. John Albert Raven
    
    John Albert Raven FRS FRSE is a British botanist, and emeritus professor at University of Dundee and the University of Technology Sydney. His primary research interests lie in the ecophysiology and biochemistry of marine and terrestrial primary producers such as plants and algae.
1940
1. Judy Amoore, Australian runner births
  1. Judy Amoore
    
    Judith Florence Amoore-Pollock is an Australian former runner. She was born in Melbourne, Victoria.
2. Mary Beth Peil, American actress and singer births
  1. Mary Beth Peil
    
    Mary Beth Peil is an American actress and soprano. She began her career as an opera singer in 1962 with the Goldovsky Opera Theater. In 1964 she won two major singing competitions, the Young Concert Artists International Auditions and the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions; the latter of which earned her a contract with the Metropolitan Opera National Company with whom she performed in two seasons of national tours as a leading soprano from 1965–1967. She continued to perform in operas through the 1970s, notably creating the role of Alma in the world premiere of Lee Hoiby's Summer and Smoke at the Minnesota Opera in 1971. She later recorded that role for American television in 1982. With that same opera company she transitioned into musical theatre, performing the title role of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate in 1983. Later that year she joined the national tour of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I as Anna Leonowens opposite Yul Brynner, and continued with that production when it opened on Broadway on January 7, 1985. She was nominated for a Tony Award for her portrayal.
3. A. J. Quinnell, English-Maltese author (d. 2005) births
  1. A. J. Quinnell
    
    Philip Nicholson, known by his pen name A. J. Quinnell, was an English thriller novelist. He is best known for his novel Man on Fire, which has been adapted to film twice, most recently in 2004 featuring Denzel Washington. Later in life he spent much of his time in Gozo, Malta, where he died.
4. Clint Warwick, English bass player (d. 2004) births
  1. Clint Warwick
    
    Clint Warwick was an English musician known as the original bassist for the rock band the Moody Blues.
1939
1. Allen Fox, American tennis player and coach births
  1. Allen Fox
    
    Allen E. Fox is an American former tennis player in the 1960s and 1970s who went on to be a college coach and author. He was ranked as high as U.S. No. 4 in 1962, and was in the top ten in the U.S. five times between 1961 and 1968.
2. Richard Seaman, English race car driver (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Richard Seaman
    
    Richard John Beattie Seaman was a British Grand Prix racing driver. He drove for the Mercedes-Benz team from 1937 to 1939 in the Mercedes-Benz W125 and W154 cars, winning the 1938 German Grand Prix. He died of his injuries after his car overturned at the 1939 Belgian Grand Prix.
1937
1. Eddie Floyd, American R&B/soul singer-songwriter births
  1. Eddie Floyd
    
    Edward Lee Floyd is an American R&B and soul singer and songwriter, best known for his work on the Stax record label in the 1960s and 1970s, including the No. 1 R&B hit song "Knock on Wood".
2. Derek Foster, Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland, English politician (d. 2019) births
  1. Derek Foster, Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland
    
    Derek Foster, Baron Foster of Bishop Auckland, was a British Labour Party politician who served as Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland, in County Durham, from 1979 to 2005.
3. Doreen Wells, English ballerina and actress births
  1. Doreen Wells
    
    Doreen Patricia Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marchioness of Londonderry is a British former ballet dancer.
4. Colin Clive, British actor (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Colin Clive
    
    Colin Clive was a British stage and screen actor. His most memorable role was Henry Frankenstein, the creator of the monster, in the 1931 film Frankenstein and its 1935 sequel, Bride of Frankenstein.
1936
1. B. J. Habibie, Indonesian engineer and politician, 3rd President of Indonesia (d. 2019) births
  1. B. J. Habibie
    
    Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie was an Indonesian engineer and politician who was the third president of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999. Less than three months after his inauguration as the seventh vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto who resigned after 31 years in office. His presidency was seen as a landmark and transition to the Reformation era. Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political party laws, and held an early democratic election three years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end of his presidency. His 517-day presidency and 71-day vice presidency were the shortest in the country's history.
  2. President of Indonesia
    
    The President of the Republic of Indonesia is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is the commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Since 2004, the president and vice president are directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of 10 years in office.
2. Bert Hölldobler, German biologist and entomologist births
  1. Bert Hölldobler
    
    Berthold Karl Hölldobler is a German sociobiologist and evolutionary biologist who studies evolution and social organization in ants. He is the author of several books, including The Ants, for which he and his co-author, E. O. Wilson received the Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction writing in 1991.
1935
1. Ray Butt, English television producer and director (d. 2013) births
  1. Ray Butt
    
    Raymond William Butt was a British television producer and director. He worked on several sitcoms for BBC television and became best known for Only Fools and Horses.
2. Salihu Ibrahim, Nigerian Army Officer (d. 2018) births
  1. Salihu Ibrahim
    
    Salihu Ibrahim FSS, FHWC was a Nigerian army general who was Chief of Army Staff from August 1990 until September 1993 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida.
3. Taufiq Ismail, Indonesian poet and activist births
  1. Taufiq Ismail
    
    Taufiq Ismail is an Indonesian poet, activist and the editor of the monthly literary magazine Horison. Ismail figured prominently in Indonesian literature of the post-Sukarno period and is considered one of the pioneers of the "Generation of '66". He completed his education at the University of Indonesia. Before becoming active as a writer, he taught at the Institut Pertanian Bogor. In 1963, he signed the "Cultural Manifesto" as a document that opposed linking art to politics. This cost him his teaching position at the Institut.
4. Larry Kramer, American author, playwright, and activist, co-founded Gay Men's Health Crisis (d. 2020) births
  1. Larry Kramer
    
    Laurence David Kramer was an American playwright, author, film producer, public health advocate, and gay rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Pictures, which led him to London, where he worked with United Artists. There he wrote the screenplay for the film Women in Love (1969) and received an Academy Award nomination for his work.
  2. GMHC
    
    The GMHC is a New York City–based non-profit, volunteer-supported and community-based AIDS service organization whose mission statement is to "end the AIDS epidemic and uplift the lives of all affected."
5. Don Demeter, American professional baseball player (d. 2021) births
  1. Don Demeter
    
    Donald Lee Demeter was an American professional baseball outfielder, third baseman, and first baseman, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) over all or parts of 11 seasons for the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies, Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, and Cleveland Indians. He batted and threw right-handed and was listed as 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) tall and 190 pounds (86 kg).
6. Tony Lanfranchi, English racing driver (d. 2004) births
  1. Tony Lanfranchi
    
    Tony Lanfranchi was a British racing driver. He competed in many various events throughout a long racing career, including the 1965 24 Hours of Le Mans for Elva, non-championship Formula One races in 1968, and the British Formula Three Championship. Later in his career, he competed in saloon car racing, including the British Touring Car Championship."In his early racing days in Huddersfield he raced sports cars, including a Healey Silverstone, Austin-Healey and then an Elva Courier, in which he was quite successful in 1961. Nationally he made his mark in 1963 with an Elva-Ford Mk. VI."
7. Judy Howe, American artistic gymnast births
  1. Judy Howe
    
    Judith Ann "Judy" Howe is a retired American artistic gymnast. She competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics with the best individual result of 52nd place on the balance beam and uneven bars. In 1976 she was inducted into the Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame.
8. Charles Sheffield, English-American mathematician, physicist, and author (d. 2002) births
  1. Charles Sheffield
    
    Charles Sheffield, an English-born mathematician, physicist and science-fiction writer, served as a President of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and of the American Astronautical Society.
1934
1. Jean Geissinger, American baseball player (d. 2014) births
  1. Jean Geissinger
    
    Jean Louise Geissinger was an infielder and outfielder who played from 1951 through 1954 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League with the Fort Wayne Daisies and the Grand Rapids Chicks. Listed at 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m), 120 lb, she batted and threw right-handed.
2. Jack W. Hayford, American minister and author births
  1. Jack W. Hayford
    
    Jack Williams Hayford is an American author, Pentecostal minister, and Chancellor Emeritus of The King's University. He is a former senior pastor of The Church On The Way in Van Nuys, California, one of a handful of flagship churches in the Foursquare denomination, and was the fourth President of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. He is widely known for his past involvement in the Promise Keepers movement and for being a prolific author and songwriter, with over 600 hymns and choruses in his catalog. He is the author of the popular 1978 hymn "Majesty", which is rated as one of the top 100 contemporary hymns and performed and sung in churches worldwide.
3. Beatriz Sheridan, Mexican actress and director (d. 2006) births
  1. Beatriz Sheridan
    
    Elizabeth Ann Sheridan Scarbrough, better known as Beatriz Sheridan was a Mexican actress and director. A pioneer of the Mexican telenovelas and prominent figure of the Mexican theater of the 20th century, she was also a teacher of dramatic technique for television and directed many great dramatic stars.
1933
1. Álvaro Siza Vieira, Portuguese architect, designed the Porto School of Architecture births
  1. Álvaro Siza Vieira
    
    Álvaro Joaquim de Melo Siza Vieira is a Portuguese architect, and architectural educator. He is internationally known as Álvaro Siza and in Portugal as Siza Vieira.
  2. Porto School of Architecture
    
    The Faculty of Architecture of the University of Porto, or FAUP, is an architecture faculty located in Porto, Portugal, and one of the fourteen constituent faculties of the University of Porto.
1932
1. Peter Blake, English painter and illustrator births
  1. Peter Blake (artist)
    
    Sir Peter Thomas Blake is an English pop artist. He co-created the sleeve design for the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. His other works include the covers for two of The Who's albums, the cover of the Band Aid single "Do They Know It's Christmas?", and the Live Aid concert poster. Blake also designed the 2012 Brit Award statuette.
2. George Sluizer, French-Dutch director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014) births
  1. George Sluizer
    
    George Sluizer was a Dutch-Jewish filmmaker whose credits included features as well as documentary films.
1931
1. V. P. Singh, Indian lawyer and politician, 7th Prime Minister of India (d. 2008) births
  1. V. P. Singh
    
    Vishwanath Pratap Singh , shortened to V. P. Singh, was an Indian politician who was the 7th Prime Minister of India from 1989 to 1990 and the 41st Raja Bahadur of Manda. He is India's only prime minister to have been former royalty.
  2. Prime Minister of India
    
    The prime minister of India is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and their chosen Council of Ministers, despite the president of India being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of India, the Lok Sabha, which is the main legislative body in the Republic of India. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha.
1929
1. Eric Carle, American author and illustrator (d. 2021) births
  1. Eric Carle
    
    Eric Carle was an American author, designer and illustrator of children's books. His picture book The Very Hungry Caterpillar, first published in 1969, has been translated into more than 66 languages and sold more than 50 million copies. His career as an illustrator and children's book author took off after he collaborated on Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?. He illustrated more than 70 books, most of which he also wrote, and more than 145 million copies of his books have been sold around the world.
2. Francesco Marchisano, Italian cardinal (d. 2014) births
  1. Francesco Marchisano
    
    Francesco Marchisano was an Italian Cardinal who worked in the Roman Curia from 1956 until his death.
1928
1. Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Russian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017) births
  1. Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)
    
    Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov was a Soviet, Russian and American theoretical physicist whose main contributions are in the field of condensed matter physics. He was the co-recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics, with Vitaly Ginzburg and Anthony James Leggett, for theories about how matter can behave at extremely low temperatures.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. Michel Brault, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Michel Brault
    
    Michel Brault, OQ was a Canadian cinematographer, cameraman, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He was a leading figure of Direct Cinema, characteristic of the French branch of the National Film Board of Canada in the 1960s. Brault was a pioneer of the hand-held camera aesthetic.
3. Peyo, Belgian author and illustrator, created The Smurfs (d. 1992) births
  1. Peyo
    
    Pierre Culliford was a Belgian comics writer and artist who worked under the pseudonym Peyo. His best-known works are the comic book series The Smurfs and Johan and Peewit, the latter in which the Smurfs first appeared.
  2. The Smurfs
    
    The Smurfs is a Belgian comic franchise centered on a fictional colony of small, blue, humanoid creatures who live in mushroom-shaped houses in the forest. The Smurfs was first created and introduced as a series of comic characters by the Belgian comics artist Peyo in 1958, wherein they were known as Les Schtroumpfs. There are more than 100 Smurf characters, and their names are based on adjectives that emphasise their characteristics, such as "Jokey Smurf", who likes to play practical jokes on his fellow Smurfs. "Smurfette" was the first female Smurf to be introduced in the series. The Smurfs wear Phrygian caps, which came to represent freedom during the modern era.
1927
1. Antal Róka, Hungarian runner (d. 1970) births
  1. Antal Róka
    
    Antal Róka was a Hungarian athlete who competed mainly in the 50 kilometre walk. He competed for a Hungary in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland in the 50 kilometre walk where he won the bronze medal.
2. Arnold Wolfendale, English astronomer and academic (d. 2020) births
  1. Arnold Wolfendale
    
    Sir Arnold Whittaker Wolfendale FRS was a British astronomer who served as the fourteenth Astronomer Royal from 1991 to 1995. He was Professor of Physics at Durham University from 1965 until 1992 and served as president of the European Physical Society (1999–2001). He was President of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1981 to 1983.
1926
1. Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian author and poet (d. 1973) births
  1. Ingeborg Bachmann
    
    Ingeborg Bachmann was an Austrian poet and author.
2. Kep Enderby, Australian lawyer, judge, and politician, 23rd Attorney-General for Australia (d. 2015) births
  1. Kep Enderby
    
    Keppel Earl Enderby was an Australian politician and judge. Enderby was a member of the House of Representatives, representing the Australian Labor Party between 1970 and 1975 and became a senior cabinet minister in the Gough Whitlam government. After politics, he was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales.
  2. Attorney-General of Australia
    
    The Attorney-General for Australia is the First Law Officer of the Crown in right of the Commonwealth of Australia, chief law officer of the Commonwealth of Australia and a minister of state. The attorney-general is usually a member of the Federal Cabinet, but need not be. Under the Constitution, they are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serve at the Governor-General's pleasure. In practice, the attorney-general is a party politician and their tenure is determined by political factors. By convention, but not constitutional requirement, the attorney-general is a lawyer by training.
3. Stig Sollander, Swedish Alpine skier (d. 2019) births
  1. Stig Sollander
    
    Stig Oskar Sollander was a Swedish alpine skier who competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics. He had his best results in the slalom, finishing fifth in 1952 and winning Sweden's first Olympic medal in alpine skiing, a bronze in 1956. He won another bronze in the combined event at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships.
1925
1. June Lockhart, American actress births
  1. June Lockhart
    
    June Lockhart is an American actress, beginning a film career in 1930s & 1940s in such films at A Christmas Carol and Meet Me in St. Louis. She primarily acted in 1950s and 1960s television, and with performances on stage and in film. On two television series, Lassie and Lost in Space, she played mother roles. She also portrayed Dr. Janet Craig on the CBS television sitcom Petticoat Junction (1968–70). She is a two-time Emmy Award nominee and a Tony Award winner. With a career spanning over 80 years, she is one of the last surviving actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood.
2. Robert Venturi, American architect and academic (d. 2018) births
  1. Robert Venturi
    
    Robert Charles Venturi Jr. was an American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major architectural figures of the twentieth century.
3. Virginia Patton, American actress and businesswoman (d. 2022) births
  1. Virginia Patton
    
    Virginia Ann Marie Patton Moss was an American actress. After appearing in several films in the early 1940s, she was cast in her most well-known role as Ruth Dakin Bailey in Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946). In 1949, Patton retired from acting, with her final film credit being The Lucky Stiff (1949).
1924
1. Sidney Lumet, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2011) births
  1. Sidney Lumet
    
    Sidney Arthur Lumet was an American film director. He was nominated five times for the Academy Award: four for Best Director for 12 Angry Men (1957), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Network (1976), and The Verdict (1982) and one for Best Adapted Screenplay for Prince of the City (1981). He did not win an individual Academy Award, but did receive an Academy Honorary Award, and 14 of his films were nominated for Oscars.
2. Dimitar Isakov, Bulgarian football player births
  1. Dimitar Isakov
    
    Dimitar Isakov is a Bulgarian retired football player. Isakov was a central forward.
3. Madan Mohan, Iraqi-Indian composer and director (d. 1975) births
  1. Madan Mohan (composer)
    
    Madan Mohan Kohli, better known as Madan Mohan, was an Indian music director of the 1950s, 1960s and the 1970s. He is considered one of the most melodious and skilled music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is particularly remembered for the immortal ghazals he composed for Hindi films. Some of his best works are with singers Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi and Talat Mahmood.
4. William J. Castagna, American lawyer and judge (d. 2020) births
  1. William J. Castagna
    
    William John Castagna was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
1923
1. Sam Francis, American soldier and painter (d. 1994) births
  1. Sam Francis
    
    Samuel Lewis Francis was an American painter and printmaker.
2. Dorothy Gilman, American author (d. 2012) births
  1. Dorothy Gilman
    
    Dorothy Edith Gilman was an American writer. She is best known for the Mrs. Pollifax series. Begun in a time when women in mystery meant Agatha Christie's Miss Marple and international espionage meant young government men like James Bond and the spies of John le Carré and Graham Greene, Emily Pollifax, her heroine, became a spy in her 60s and is very likely the only spy in literature to belong simultaneously to the CIA and the local garden club.
3. Jamshid Amouzegar, 43rd Prime Minister of Iran (d. 2016) births
  1. Jamshid Amouzegar
    
    Jamshid Amouzegar was an Iranian economist and politician who was prime minister of Iran from 7 August 1977 to 27 August 1978 when he resigned. Prior to that, he served as the minister of interior and minister of finance in the cabinet of Amir-Abbas Hoveida. He was the leader of Rastakhiz Party during his tenure as prime minister of Iran.
1922
1. Johnny Smith, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Johnny Smith
    
    Johnny Henry Smith II was an American cool jazz and mainstream jazz guitarist. He wrote "Walk, Don't Run" in 1954. In 1984, Smith was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.
2. Satyendranath Dutta, Indian poet and author (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Satyendranath Dutta
    
    Satyendranath Dutta, a Bengali poet, is considered the "wizard of rhymes". Satyendranath Dutta was an expert in many disciplines of intellectual enquiry including medieval Indian history, culture, and mythology.
1921
1. Celia Franca, English-Canadian ballerina and choreographer, founded the National Ballet of Canada (d. 2007) births
  1. Celia Franca
    
    Celia Franca was a co-founder of The National Ballet of Canada (1951) and its artistic director for 24 years.
  2. National Ballet of Canada
    
    The National Ballet of Canada is a Canadian ballet company that was founded in 1951 in Toronto, Ontario, with Celia Franca as the first artistic director. A company of 70 dancers with its own orchestra, the National Ballet has been led since 2022 by artistic director Hope Muir. Renowned for its diverse repertoire, the company performs traditional full-length classics, embraces contemporary work and encourages the creation of new ballets, as well as the development of Canadian choreographers.
1920
1. Lassie Lou Ahern, American actress (d. 2018) births
  1. Lassie Lou Ahern
    
    Lassie Lou Ahern was an American actress. Originally discovered by Will Rogers, she was best known for her role as Little Harry in the 1927 silent film Uncle Tom's Cabin and also for her recurring appearances in the Our Gang films. Except for "Baby Peggy", Ahern was one of the last living performers who had a substantial career during Hollywood's silent era.
1918
1. P. H. Newby, English soldier and author (d. 1997) births
  1. P. H. Newby
    
    Percy Howard Newby CBE was an English novelist and broadcasting administrator. He was the first winner of the Booker Prize, his novel Something to Answer For having received the inaugural award in 1969.
2. Jake Beckley, American baseball player and coach (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Jake Beckley
    
    Jacob Peter Beckley, nicknamed "Eagle Eye", was an American professional baseball first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Pittsburgh Burghers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Giants, Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals from 1888 to 1907.
1917
1. Nils Karlsson, Swedish skier (d. 2012) births
  1. Nils Karlsson
    
    Nils Emanuel Karlsson, better known as Mora-Nisse, was a Swedish cross-country skier. Karlsson won gold in the 50 km event at the 1948 Winter Olympics and nine Vasaloppet victories.
2. Claude Seignolle, French author (d. 2018) births
  1. Claude Seignolle
    
    Claude Seignolle was a French author. His main interests were folklore and archaeology before he turned to fiction. He also wrote under the pseudonyms 'Starcante', 'S. Claude' and 'Jean-Robert Dumoulin'.
3. Géza Gyóni, Hungarian soldier and poet (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Géza Gyóni
    
    Géza Gyóni was a Hungarian war poet. He died in a Russian prisoner of war camp during the First World War.
1916
1. Thomas Eakins, American painter, photographer, and sculptor (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Thomas Eakins
    
    Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists.
1915
1. Whipper Billy Watson, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer (d. 1990) births
  1. Whipper Billy Watson
    
    William John Potts, was a Canadian professional wrestler best known by his ring name "Whipper" Billy Watson. He was a two-time world champion, having held both the National Wrestling Association title and the National Wrestling Alliance title.
1913
1. Cyril Fletcher, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2005) births
  1. Cyril Fletcher
    
    Cyril Fletcher was an English comedian, actor and businessman. His catchphrase was 'Pin back your lugholes'. He was best known for his "Odd Odes", which later formed a section of the television show That's Life!, a role for which he was approached in error. So successful was he however, that he stayed on the show from 1973 to 1981. He first began performing the Odd Odes in 1937, long before they first appeared on television.
1912
1. William T. Cahill, American lawyer and politician, 46th Governor of New Jersey (d. 1996) births
  1. William T. Cahill
    
    William Thomas Cahill was an American Republican Party politician who served as the 46th governor of New Jersey, from 1970 to 1974, and who represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1959 to 1967 and the state's 6th district from 1967 to 1970.
  2. Governor of New Jersey
    
    The governor of New Jersey is the head of government of New Jersey. The office of governor is an elected position with a four-year term. There is a two consecutive term term limit, with no limitation on non-consecutive terms. The official residence of the governor is Drumthwacket, a mansion located in Princeton, New Jersey. The governor’s office is located inside of the New Jersey State House in Trenton, making New Jersey notable as the executive’s office is located in the same building as the legislature. New Jersey is also notable for being one of the few states in which the governor’s official residence is not located in the state capital.
2. Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Dutch-British painter (b. 1836) deaths
  1. Lawrence Alma-Tadema
    
    Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, was a Dutch painter who later settled in the United Kingdom and became a denizen there. Born in Dronryp, the Netherlands, and trained at the Royal Academy of Antwerp, Belgium, he settled in London, England in 1870 and spent the rest of his life there. A classical-subject painter, he became famous for his depictions of the luxury and decadence of the Roman Empire, with languorous figures set in fabulous marbled interiors or against a backdrop of dazzling blue Mediterranean Sea and sky. Alma-Tadema was considered one of the most popular Victorian painters. Though admired during his lifetime for his draftsmanship and depictions of Classical antiquity, his work fell into disrepute after his death, and only since the 1960s has it been re-evaluated for its importance within nineteenth-century British art.
1911
1. William Howard Stein, American chemist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980) births
  1. William Howard Stein
    
    William Howard Stein was an American biochemist who collaborated in the determination of the ribonuclease sequence, as well as how its structure relates to catalytic activity, earning a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 for his work. Stein was also involved in the invention of the automatic amino acid analyzer, an advancement in chromatography that opened the door to modern methods of chromatography, such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1908
1. Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher and academic (d. 2000) births
  1. Willard Van Orman Quine
    
    Willard Van Orman Quine was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century". From 1930 until his death 70 years later, Quine was continually affiliated with Harvard University in one way or another, first as a student, then as a professor. He filled the Edgar Pierce Chair of Philosophy at Harvard from 1956 to 1978.
1907
1. J. Hans D. Jensen, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973) births
  1. J. Hans D. Jensen
    
    Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen was a German nuclear physicist. During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, known as the Uranium Club, where he contributed to the separation of uranium isotopes. After the war, Jensen was a professor at the University of Heidelberg. He was a visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the Institute for Advanced Study, University of California, Berkeley, Indiana University, and the California Institute of Technology.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1906
1. Stanford White, American architect, designed the Washington Square Arch (b. 1853) deaths
  1. Stanford White
    
    Stanford White was an American architect. He was also a partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, one of the most significant Beaux-Arts firms. He designed many houses for the rich, in addition to numerous civic, institutional, and religious buildings. His temporary Washington Square Arch was so popular that he was commissioned to design a permanent one. His design principles embodied the "American Renaissance".
  2. Washington Square Arch
    
    The Washington Square Arch, officially the Washington Arch, is a marble memorial arch in Washington Square Park, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by architect Stanford White in 1891, it commemorates the centennial of George Washington's 1789 inauguration as President of the United States, and forms the southern terminus of Fifth Avenue.
1905
1. Rupert Wildt, German-American astronomer and academic (d. 1976) births
  1. Rupert Wildt
    
    Rupert Wildt was a German-American astronomer.
1903
1. George Orwell, British novelist, essayist, and critic (d. 1950) births
  1. George Orwell
    
    Eric Arthur Blair, better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and support of democratic socialism.
2. Anne Revere, American actress (d. 1990) births
  1. Anne Revere
    
    Anne Revere was an American actress and a progressive member of the board of the Screen Actors' Guild. She was best known for her work on Broadway and her film portrayals of mothers in a series of critically acclaimed films. An outspoken critic of the House Un-American Activities Committee, her name appeared in Red Channels: The Report on Communist Influence in Radio and Television in 1950 and she was subsequently blacklisted.
1902
1. Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu of Japan (d. 1953) births
  1. Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu
    
    Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu , was the second son of Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) and Empress Teimei (Sadako), a younger brother of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) and a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of several sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. Before and after World War II, the English-speaking prince and his wife attempted to foster good relations between Japan and the United Kingdom and enjoyed a good rapport with the British royal family. As with other Japanese imperial princes of his generation, he was an active-duty career officer in the Imperial Japanese Army. Like all members of the imperial family, he was exonerated from criminal prosecutions before the Tokyo tribunal by Douglas MacArthur.
1901
1. Harold Roe Bartle, American businessman and politician, 47th Mayor of Kansas City (d. 1974) births
  1. Harold Roe Bartle
    
    Harold Roe Bennett Sturdyvant Bartle, better known as H. Roe Bartle, was an American businessman, philanthropist, executive, and professional public speaker who served two terms as mayor of Kansas City, Missouri. After Bartle helped lure the Dallas Texans American Football League team to Kansas City in 1962, owner Lamar Hunt renamed the franchise the Kansas City Chiefs after Bartle's nickname, The Chief.
  2. Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri
    
    The Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri is the highest official in the Kansas City, Missouri Municipal Government.
1900
1. Marta Abba, Italian actress (d. 1988) births
  1. Marta Abba
    
    Marta Abba was an Italian actress, was considered as the muse of the playwright Luigi Pirandello.
2. Zinaida Aksentyeva, Ukrainian/Soviet astronomer (d. 1969) births
  1. Zinaida Aksentyeva
    
    Zinaïda Mikolaïevna Aksentieva was a Ukrainian/Soviet astronomer and geophysicist.
3. Georgia Hale, American silent film actress and real estate investor (d. 1985) births
  1. Georgia Hale
    
    Georgia Theodora Hale was an actress of the silent movie era.
4. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, English admiral and politician, 44th Governor-General of India (d. 1979) births
  1. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
    
    Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma was a British naval officer, colonial administrator and close relative of the British royal family. Mountbatten, who was of German descent, was born in the United Kingdom to the prominent Battenberg family and was a maternal uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and a second cousin of King George VI. He joined the Royal Navy during the First World War and was appointed Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command, in the Second World War. He later served as the last Viceroy of British India and briefly as the first Governor-General of the Dominion of India.
  2. Governor-General of India
    
    The Governor-General of India was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom and after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the British monarch. The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over Fort William but supervised other East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British territory in the Indian subcontinent was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".
1898
1. Kay Sage, American painter and poet (d. 1963) births
  1. Kay Sage
    
    Katherine Linn Sage, usually known as Kay Sage, was an American Surrealist artist and poet active between 1936 and 1963. A member of the Golden Age and Post-War periods of Surrealism, she is mostly recognized for her artistic works, which typically contain themes of an architectural nature.
1894
1. Hermann Oberth, Romanian-German physicist and engineer (d. 1989) births
  1. Hermann Oberth
    
    Hermann Julius Oberth was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and engineer. He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard and Herman Potočnik.During WWII he supported Nazi Germany's Aggregat rocket program.
2. Marie François Sadi Carnot, French engineer and politician, 5th President of France (b. 1837) deaths
  1. Sadi Carnot (statesman)
    
    Marie François Sadi Carnot was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.
  2. President of France
    
    The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic.
1892
1. Shirō Ishii, Japanese microbiologist and general (d. 1959) births
  1. Shirō Ishii
    
    Surgeon General Shirō Ishii was a Japanese microbiologist and army medical officer who served as the director of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army.
1887
1. George Abbott, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1995) births
  1. George Abbott
    
    George Francis Abbott was an American theatre producer, director, playwright, screenwriter, film director and producer whose career spanned eight decades.
2. Frigyes Karinthy, Hungarian author, poet, and journalist (d. 1938) births
  1. Frigyes Karinthy
    
    Frigyes Karinthy was a Hungarian author, playwright, poet, journalist, and translator. He was the first proponent of the six degrees of separation concept, in his 1929 short story, Chains (Láncszemek). Karinthy remains one of the most popular Hungarian writers. He was the brother of artist Ada Karinthy and the father of poet Gábor Karinthy and writer Ferenc Karinthy.
1886
1. Henry H. Arnold, American general (d. 1950) births
  1. Henry H. Arnold
    
    Henry Harley Arnold was an American general officer holding the ranks of General of the Army and later, General of the Air Force. Arnold was an aviation pioneer, Chief of the Air Corps (1938–1941), commanding general of the United States Army Air Forces, the only United States Air Force general to hold five-star rank, and the only officer to hold a five-star rank in two different U.S. military services. Arnold was also the founder of Project RAND, which evolved into one of the world's largest non-profit global policy think tanks, the RAND Corporation, and was one of the founders of Pan American World Airways.
2. Jean-Louis Beaudry, Canadian businessman and politician, 11th Mayor of Montreal (b. 1809) deaths
  1. Jean-Louis Beaudry
    
    Jean-Louis Beaudry was a Canadian entrepreneur and politician. Beaudry served as mayor of Montreal three times, from 1862 to 1866, from 1877 to 1879, and from 1881 to 1885 for a total time served as mayor of ten years.
  2. Mayor of Montreal
    
    The mayor of Montreal is head of the executive branch of the Montreal City Council. The current mayor is Valérie Plante, who was elected into office on November 5, 2017, and sworn in on November 16. The office of the mayor administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and provincial laws within Montreal, Quebec. The mayor is directly elected by citizens, by a plurality of votes, for a four-year term. The mayor's office is located in Montreal City Hall.
1884
1. Géza Gyóni, Hungarian soldier and poet (d. 1917) births
  1. Géza Gyóni
    
    Géza Gyóni was a Hungarian war poet. He died in a Russian prisoner of war camp during the First World War.
2. Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, German-French art collector and historian (d. 1979) births
  1. Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
    
    Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler was a German-born art collector, and one of the most notable French art dealers of the 20th century. He became prominent as an art gallery owner in Paris beginning in 1907 and was among the first champions of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and the Cubist movement in art.
3. Hans Rott, Austrian organist and composer (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Hans Rott
    
    Johann Nepomuk Karl Maria Rott was an Austrian composer and organist. His music is little-known today, though he received high praise in his time from Gustav Mahler and Anton Bruckner. He left a symphony and Lieder, among other works.
1882
1. François Jouffroy, French sculptor (b. 1806) deaths
  1. François Jouffroy
    
    François Jouffroy was a French sculptor.
1876
1. James Calhoun, American lieutenant (b. 1845) deaths
  1. James Calhoun (soldier)
    
    James Calhoun was a soldier in the United States Army during the American Civil War and the Black Hills War. He was the brother-in-law of George Armstrong Custer and was killed along with Custer in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. His brother-in-law Myles Moylan survived the battle as part of the forces with Major Marcus Reno and Captain Frederick Benteen.
2. Boston Custer, American civilian army contractor (b. 1848) deaths
  1. Boston Custer
    
    Boston Custer was the youngest brother of U.S. Army Lt Colonel George Armstrong Custer and two-time Medal of Honor recipient Captain Thomas Custer. He was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn along with his two brothers.
3. George Armstrong Custer, American general (b. 1839) deaths
  1. George Armstrong Custer
    
    George Armstrong Custer was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars.
4. Thomas Custer, American officer, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1845) deaths
  1. Thomas Custer
    
    Thomas Ward Custer was a United States Army officer and two-time recipient of the Medal of Honor for bravery during the American Civil War. A younger brother of George Armstrong Custer, he served as his aide at the Battle of Little Bighorn against the Lakota and Cheyenne in the Montana Territory. The two of them, along with their younger brother, Boston Custer, were killed in the overwhelming defeat of United States forces.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
5. Myles Keogh, Irish-American officer (b. 1840) deaths
  1. Myles Keogh
    
    Myles Walter Keogh was an Irish soldier. He served in the armies of the Papal States during the war for Italian unification in 1860, and was recruited into the Union Army during the American Civil War, serving as a cavalry officer, particularly under Brig. Gen. John Buford during the Gettysburg Campaign and the three-day Battle of Gettysburg. After the war, Keogh remained in the regular United States Army as commander of I Troop of the 7th Cavalry Regiment under George Armstrong Custer during the Indian Wars, until he was killed along with Custer and all five of the companies directly under Custer's command at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876.
1875
1. Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (b. 1796) deaths
  1. Antoine-Louis Barye
    
    Antoine-Louis Barye was a Romantic French sculptor most famous for his work as an animalier, a sculptor of animals. His son and student was the known sculptor Alfred Barye.
1874
1. Rose O'Neill, American cartoonist, illustrator, artist, and writer (d. 1944) births
  1. Rose O'Neill
    
    Rose Cecil O'Neill was an American cartoonist, illustrator, artist, and writer. She built a successful career as a magazine and book illustrator and, at a young age, became the best-known and highest-paid female commercial illustrator in the United States. O'Neill earned a fortune and international fame by creating the Kewpie, the most widely known cartoon character until Mickey Mouse.
  2. Cartoonist
    
    A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons or comics. Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comic book illustrators in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice. Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, webcomics, and video game packaging.
1870
1. David Heaton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1823) deaths
  1. David Heaton
    
    David Heaton was an American attorney and politician, a US Representative from North Carolina. He earlier was elected to the state senates of Ohio and Minnesota.
1868
1. Carlo Matteucci, Italian physicist and neurophysiologist (b. 1811) deaths
  1. Carlo Matteucci
    
    Carlo Matteucci was an Italian physicist and neurophysiologist who was a pioneer in the study of bioelectricity.
1866
1. Eloísa Díaz, Chilean doctor and Chile's first female physician (d. 1950) births
  1. Eloísa Díaz
    
    Eloísa Díaz Inzunza, was a Chilean doctor. She was the first female medical student to attend the University of Chile, and the first woman to become a doctor of medicine in Chile as well as the entire region of South America.
2. Alexander von Nordmann, Finnish biologist and paleontologist (b. 1803) deaths
  1. Alexander von Nordmann
    
    Alexander von Nordmann was a 19th-century Finnish biologist, who contributed to zoology, parasitology, botany and paleontology.
1864
1. Walther Nernst, German chemist and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941) births
  1. Walther Nernst
    
    Walther Hermann Nernst was a German chemist known for his work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and solid state physics. His formulation of the Nernst heat theorem helped pave the way for the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is also known for developing the Nernst equation in 1887.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1863
1. Émile Francqui, Belgian soldier and diplomat (d. 1935) births
  1. Émile Francqui
    
    Émile Francqui was a Belgian soldier, diplomat, business man and philanthropist.
1861
1. Abdülmecid I, Ottoman sultan (b. 1823) deaths
  1. Abdulmejid I
    
    Abdulmejid I was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdulmejid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among secessionist subject nations and stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, his efforts failed in this regard.
1860
1. Gustave Charpentier, French composer and conductor (d. 1956) births
  1. Gustave Charpentier
    
    Gustave Charpentier was a French composer, best known for his opera Louise.
1858
1. Georges Courteline, French author and playwright (d. 1929) births
  1. Georges Courteline
    
    Georges Courteline born Georges Victor Marcel Moinaux was a French dramatist and novelist, a satirist notable for his sharp wit and cynical humor.
1852
1. Antoni Gaudí, Spanish architect, designed the Park Güell (d. 1926) births
  1. Antoni Gaudí
    
    Antoni Gaudí i Cornet was a Catalan architect from Spain known as the greatest exponent of Catalan Modernism. Gaudí's works have a highly individualized, sui generis style. Most are located in Barcelona, including his main work, the church of the Sagrada Família.
  2. Park Güell
    
    Parc Güell is a privatized park system composed of gardens and architectural elements located on Carmel Hill, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Carmel Hill belongs to the mountain range of Collserola – the Parc del Carmel is located on the northern face. Park Güell is located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona. With urbanization in mind, Eusebi Güell assigned the design of the park to Antoni Gaudí, a renowned architect and the face of Catalan modernism.
1838
1. François-Nicolas-Benoît Haxo, French general and engineer (b. 1774) deaths
  1. François-Nicolas-Benoît Haxo
    
    François Nicolas Benoît, Baron Haxo was a French Army general and military engineer during the French Revolution and First Empire. Haxo became famous in the Siege of Antwerp in 1832. He is the nephew of revolution era General Nicolas Haxo of Étival-Clairefontaine and Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in Lorraine, France.
1835
1. Ebenezer Pemberton, American educator (b. 1746) deaths
  1. Ebenezer Pemberton
    
    Ebenezer Pemberton was an American educator and 2nd Principal of Phillips Academy Andover from 1786 to 1793. Refusing to follow his uncle's wishes to become a clergyman, Pemberton pursued a teaching career that would become his life's work. After graduating from Princeton University, he served terms as principal of a number of schools for early education including Plainfield Academy in Plainfield, Connecticut, Phillips Academy, and his own Pemberton Academy in Billerica, Massachusetts. He founded another school in 1810 in Boston, serving as principal there until poor health forced him to retire.
1825
1. James Farnell, Australian politician, 8th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1888) births
  1. James Farnell
    
    James Squire Farnell was an Australian politician and Premier of New South Wales. Farnell was a hard-working legislator who gave much study to the land question and also tried hard for some years to pass a bill for the regulation of contagious diseases.
  2. Premier of New South Wales
    
    The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.
1822
1. E. T. A. Hoffmann, German composer, critic, and jurist (b. 1776) deaths
  1. E. T. A. Hoffmann
    
    Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann was a German Romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror, a jurist, composer, music critic and artist. His stories form the basis of Jacques Offenbach's opera The Tales of Hoffmann, in which Hoffmann appears as the hero. He is also the author of the novella The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker is based. The ballet Coppélia is based on two other stories that Hoffmann wrote, while Schumann's Kreisleriana is based on Hoffmann's character Johannes Kreisler. See also Schumann's Fantasiestücke, Op. 12.
1814
1. Gabriel Auguste Daubrée, French geologist and engineer (d. 1896) births
  1. Gabriel Auguste Daubrée
    
    Gabriel Auguste Daubrée MIF FRS FRSE was a French geologist, best known for applying experimental methods to structural geology. He served as the director of the École des Mines as well as the president of the French Academy of Sciences.
1799
1. David Douglas, Scottish-English botanist and explorer (d. 1834) births
  1. David Douglas (botanist)
    
    David Douglas was a Scottish botanist, best known as the namesake of the Douglas fir. He worked as a gardener, and explored the Scottish Highlands, North America, and Hawaii, where he died. The standard author abbreviation Douglas is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
1798
1. Thomas Sandby, English cartographer, painter, and architect (b. 1721) deaths
  1. Thomas Sandby
    
    Thomas Sandby was an English draughtsman, watercolour artist, architect and teacher. In 1743 he was appointed private secretary to the Duke of Cumberland, who later appointed him Deputy Ranger of Windsor Great Park, where he was responsible for considerable landscaping work.
1767
1. Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer and theorist (b. 1681) deaths
  1. Georg Philipp Telemann
    
    Georg Philipp Telemann was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist. Almost completely self-taught in music, he became a composer against his family's wishes. After studying in Magdeburg, Zellerfeld, and Hildesheim, Telemann entered the University of Leipzig to study law, but eventually settled on a career in music. He held important positions in Leipzig, Sorau, Eisenach, and Frankfurt before settling in Hamburg in 1721, where he became musical director of that city's five main churches. While Telemann's career prospered, his personal life was always troubled: his first wife died less than two years after their marriage, and his second wife had extramarital affairs and accumulated a large gambling debt before leaving him.
1755
1. Natalia Alexeievna of Russia (d. 1776) births
  1. Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt)
    
    Natalia Alexeievna, Tsarevna of Russia was the first wife of Paul Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, son of the Empress Catherine II. She was born as Princess Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt as the fifth child of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and his spouse Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken.
1715
1. Joseph Foullon de Doué, French soldier and politician, Controller-General of Finances (d. 1789) births
  1. Joseph Foullon de Doué
    
    Joseph-François Foullon de Doué, or Foulon de Doué, was a French politician and a Controller-General of Finances under Louis XVI. A deeply unpopular figure, he has the ignominious distinction of being the first recorded person to have been lynched à la lanterne.
  2. Controller-General of Finances
    
    The Controller-General or Comptroller-General of Finances was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1661 to 1791. It replaced the former position of Superintendent of Finances, which was abolished with the downfall of Nicolas Fouquet. It did not hold any real political power until 1665, when First Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who had acted upon financial matters since Fouquet's embezzlement charge, was appointed to the office.
2. Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and politician (b. 1646) deaths
  1. Jean-Baptiste du Casse
    
    Jean-Baptiste du Casse was a French privateer, admiral, and colonial administrator who served throughout the Atlantic World during the 17th and 18th centuries. Likely born 2 August 1646 in Saubusse, near Pau (Béarn), to a Huguenot family, du Casse joined the French merchant marine and served in the East India Company and the slave-trading Compagnie du Sénégal. Later, he joined the French Navy and took part in several victorious expeditions during the War of the League of Augsburg in the West Indies and Spanish South America. During the War of the Spanish Succession, he participated in several key naval battles, including the Battle of Málaga and the siege of Barcelona. For his service, he was made a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece by King Philip V of Spain. In the midst of these wars, he was Governor of the colony of Saint-Domingue from 1691 to 1703. He ended his military career at the rank of Lieutenant General of the naval forces and Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis. He died on 25 June 1715 in Bourbon-l'Archambault, Auvergne.
1709
1. Francesco Araja, Italian composer (d. 1762) births
  1. Francesco Araja
    
    Francesco Domenico Araja was an Italian composer who spent 25 years in Russia and wrote at least 14 operas for the Russian Imperial Court including Tsefal i Prokris, the first opera in Russian.
1686
1. Simon Ushakov, Russian painter and educator (b. 1626) deaths
  1. Simon Ushakov
    
    Simon (Pimen) Fyodorovich Ushakov was a leading Russian icon painter of the late 17th-century. Together with Fyodor Zubov and Fyodor Rozhnov, he is associated with the comprehensive reform of the Russian Orthodox Church undertaken by Patriarch Nikon.
1673
1. Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan, French captain (b. 1611) deaths
  1. Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan
    
    Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as d'Artagnan and later Count d'Artagnan, was a French Musketeer who served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard. He died at the siege of Maastricht in the Franco-Dutch War. A fictionalised account of his life by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras formed the basis for the d'Artagnan Romances of Alexandre Dumas, père, most famously including The Three Musketeers (1844). The heavily fictionalised version of d'Artagnan featured in Dumas' works and their subsequent screen adaptations is now far more widely known than the real historical figure.
1671
1. Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Italian priest and astronomer (b. 1598) deaths
  1. Giovanni Battista Riccioli
    
    Giovanni Battista Riccioli, SJ was an Italian astronomer and a Catholic priest in the Jesuit order. He is known, among other things, for his experiments with pendulums and with falling bodies, for his discussion of 126 arguments concerning the motion of the Earth, and for introducing the current scheme of lunar nomenclature. He is also widely known for discovering the first double star. He argued that the rotation of the Earth should reveal itself because on a rotating Earth, the ground moves at different speeds at different times.
1669
1. François de Vendôme, duke of Beaufort (b. 1616) deaths
  1. François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort
    
    François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort was the son of César, Duke of Vendôme, and Françoise de Lorraine. He was a prominent figure in the Fronde, and later went on to fight in the Mediterranean. He is sometimes called François de Vendôme, though he was born into the House of Bourbon, Vendôme coming from his father's title of Duke of Vendôme.
1665
1. Sigismund Francis, archduke of Austria (b. 1630) deaths
  1. Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria
    
    Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Further Austria was the ruler of Further Austria including Tyrol from 1662 to 1665.
1638
1. Juan Pérez de Montalbán, Spanish author, poet, and playwright (b. 1602) deaths
  1. Juan Pérez de Montalbán
    
    Juan Pérez de Montalbán was a Spanish Catholic priest, dramatist, poet and novelist.
1634
1. John Marston, English poet and playwright (b. 1576) deaths
  1. John Marston (playwright)
    
    John Marston was an English playwright, poet and satirist during the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean periods. His career as a writer lasted only a decade. His work is remembered for its energetic and often obscure style, its contributions to the development of a distinctively Jacobean style in poetry, and its idiosyncratic vocabulary.
1612
1. John Albert Vasa, Polish cardinal (d. 1634) births
  1. John Albert Vasa
    
    John Albert Vasa was a Polish cardinal, and a Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków. He was the son of Sigismund III Vasa and Constance of Austria.
1593
1. Michele Mercati, Italian physician and archaeologist (b. 1541) deaths
  1. Michele Mercati
    
    Michele Mercati was a physician who was superintendent of the Vatican Botanical Garden under Popes Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, and Clement VIII. He was one of the first scholars to recognise prehistoric stone tools as human-made rather than natural or mythologically created thunderstones.
1579
1. Hatano Hideharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1541) deaths
  1. Hatano Hideharu
    
    Hatano Hideharu was the eldest son of Hatano Harumichi and the head of Hatano clan. He was a son of Harumichi, but for an unknown reason, he was adopted as a son by Hatano Motohide.
1568
1. Gunilla Bielke, Queen of Sweden (d. 1597) births
  1. Gunilla Bielke
    
    Gunilla Bielke; Swedish: Gunilla Johansdotter Bielke af Åkerö was Queen of Sweden as the second wife of King John III. Queen Gunilla is acknowledged to have acted as the political adviser to John III and to have influenced his religious policies in favor of Protestantism.
1560
1. Wilhelm Fabry, German surgeon (d. 1634) births
  1. Wilhelm Fabry
    
    Wilhelm Fabry, often called the "Father of German surgery", was the first educated and scientific German surgeon. He is one of the most prominent scholars in the iatromechanics school and author of 20 medical books. His Observationum et Curationum Chirurgicarum Centuriae, published posthumously in 1641, is the best collection of case records of the century and gives clear insight into the variety and methods of his surgical practice. He developed novel surgical techniques and new surgical instruments. He also wrote a notable treatise on burns.
1533
1. Mary Tudor, queen of France (b. 1496) deaths
  1. Mary Tudor, Queen of France
    
    Mary Tudor was an English princess who was briefly Queen of France as the wife of Louis XII. She was the younger surviving daughter of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the third wife of King Louis XII of France, who was more than 30 years her senior.
1526
1. Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton (d. 1565) births
  1. Elisabeth Brooke, Marchioness of Northampton
    
    Elisabeth Brooke was an English courtier and noblewoman. She was the eldest daughter of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham of Kent and Anne, his wife. She was the niece of Sir Thomas Wyatt the elder, the courtier-poet credited with bringing the sonnet form into the English language, and Elizabeth Brooke who was associated with Henry VIII of England. Elisabeth openly lived in adultery with William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton and bigamously married him. At times, she was accepted at court as the Marchioness of Northampton. She was the sister-in-law of Katherine Parr, King Henry VIII's sixth queen. Her first cousin, Thomas Wyatt the Younger, was the leader of a rebellion against Queen Mary I known as Wyatt's Rebellion. The whole family was implicated. She became one of the most influential courtiers again during the reign of Elizabeth I.
1522
1. Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer and theorist (b. 1451) deaths
  1. Franchinus Gaffurius
    
    Franchinus Gaffurius was an Italian music theorist and composer of the Renaissance. He was an almost exact contemporary of Josquin des Prez and Leonardo da Vinci, both of whom were his personal friends. He was one of the most famous musicians in Italy in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
1484
1. Bartholomeus V. Welser, German banker (d. 1561) births
  1. Bartholomeus V. Welser
    
    Prince Bartholomeus Welser was a German banker. In 1528 he signed an agreement with Charles V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, granting a concession in Venezuela Province, which became Klein-Venedig until the concession was revoked in 1546.
1483
1. Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, English courtier and translator (b. 1440) deaths
  1. Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers
    
    Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, was an English nobleman, courtier, bibliophile and writer. He was the brother of Queen Elizabeth Woodville who married King Edward IV. He was one of the leading members of the Woodville family, which came to prominence during the reign of King Edward IV. After Edward's death, he was arrested and then executed by the Duke of Gloucester as part of a power struggle between Richard and the Woodvilles. His English translation of The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers is one of the first books printed in England.
2. Richard Grey, half brother of Edward V of England (b. 1458) deaths
  1. Richard Grey
    
    Sir Richard Grey was an English knight and the half-brother of King Edward V of England.
  2. Edward V of England
    
    Edward V was de jure King of England and Lord of Ireland from 9 April to 25 June 1483. He succeeded his father, Edward IV, upon the latter's death. Edward V was never crowned, and his brief reign was dominated by the influence of his uncle and Lord Protector, the Duke of Gloucester, who deposed him to reign as King Richard III; this was confirmed by the Act entitled Titulus Regius, which denounced any further claims through his father's heirs.
1394
1. Dorothea of Montau, German hermitess (b. 1347) deaths
  1. Dorothea of Montau
    
    Dorothea of Montau was an anchoress and visionary of 14th century Prussia. After centuries of veneration in Central Europe, she was canonized in 1976.
1371
1. Joanna II of Naples (d. 1435) births
  1. Joanna II of Naples
    
    Joanna II was reigning Queen of Naples from 1414 to her death, upon which the Capetian House of Anjou became extinct. As a mere formality, she used the title of Queen of Jerusalem, Sicily, and Hungary.
1337
1. Frederick III, king of Sicily (b. 1272) deaths
  1. Frederick III of Sicily
    
    Frederick II was the regent of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1291 until 1295 and subsequently King of Sicily from 1295 until his death. He was the third son of Peter III of Aragon and served in the War of the Sicilian Vespers on behalf of his father and brothers, Alfonso ΙΙΙ and James ΙΙ. He was confirmed as king by the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302. His reign saw important constitutional reforms: the Constitutiones regales, Capitula alia, and Ordinationes generales.
1328
1. William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English commander (d. 1397) births
  1. William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury
    
    William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, 4th Baron Montagu, King of Mann, KG was an English nobleman and commander in the English army during King Edward III's French campaigns in the Hundred Years War. He was one of the Founder Knights of the Order of the Garter.
1291
1. Eleanor of Provence, queen of England (b. 1223) deaths
  1. Eleanor of Provence
    
    Eleanor of Provence was a French noblewoman who became Queen of England as the wife of King Henry III from 1236 until his death in 1272. She served as regent of England during the absence of her spouse in 1253.
1242
1. Beatrice of England (d. 1275) births
  1. Beatrice of England
    
    Beatrice of England was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the daughter of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence.
1218
1. Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, French politician, Lord High Steward (b. 1160) deaths
  1. Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester
    
    Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, known as Simon IV de Montfort and as Simon de Montfort the Elder, was a French nobleman and knight of the early 13th century. He is widely regarded as one of the great military commanders of the Middle Ages. He took part in the Fourth Crusade and was one of the prominent figures of the Albigensian Crusade. Montfort is mostly noted for his campaigns in the latter, notably for his triumph at Muret. He died at the Siege of Toulouse in 1218. He was lord of Montfort-l'Amaury from 1188 to his death and Earl of Leicester in England from 1204. He was also Viscount of Albi, Béziers and Carcassonne from 1213, as well as Count of Toulouse from 1215.
  2. Lord High Steward
    
    The Lord High Steward is the first of the Great Officers of State in England, nominally ranking above the Lord Chancellor.
1134
1. Niels, king of Denmark (b. 1065) deaths
  1. Niels, King of Denmark
    
    Niels was the King of Denmark from 1104 to 1134. Niels succeeded his brother Eric Evergood and is presumed to have been the youngest son of King Sweyn II Estridson. King Niels actively supported the canonization of Canute IV the Holy and supported his son Magnus I of Sweden after he killed his rival for the succession, Knud Lavard. His secular rule was supported by the clergy. Niels was killed in an ensuing civil war and succeeded by Eric II Emune.
1031
1. Sheng Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 972) deaths
  1. Emperor Shengzong of Liao
    
    Emperor Shengzong of Liao, personal name Wenshunu, sinicised name Yelü Longxu, was the sixth emperor of the Khitan-led Chinese Liao dynasty and its longest reigning monarch.
1014
1. Æthelstan Ætheling, son of Æthelred the Unready deaths
  1. Æthelstan Ætheling
    
    Æthelstan Ætheling, early or mid 980s to 25 June 1014, was the eldest son of King Æthelred the Unready by his first wife Ælfgifu and the heir apparent to the kingdom until his death. He made his first appearance as a witness to a charter of his father in 993. He probably spent part of his childhood at Æthelingadene, Dean in west Sussex, and his paternal grandmother Ælfthryth may have played an important part in his upbringing. Almost nothing is known of his life, although he seems to have formed a friendship with Sigeforth and Morcar, two of the leading thegns of the Five Boroughs of the East Midlands.
  2. Æthelred the Unready
    
    Æthelred II, known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016. His epithet does not derive from the modern word "unready", but rather from the Old English unræd meaning "poorly advised"; it is a pun on his name, which means "well advised".
931
1. An Chonghui, Chinese general deaths
  1. An Chonghui
    
    An Chonghui was the chief of staff (Shumishi) and chief advisor to Li Siyuan of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang.
891
1. Sunderolt, German archbishop deaths
  1. Sunderolt
    
    Sunderolt was the Archbishop of Mainz from 889 until his death.
841
1. Gerard of Auvergne, Frankish nobleman deaths
  1. Gerard, Count of Auvergne
    
    Gerard was Count of Auvergne from 839 until his death on 25 June 841.
2. Ricwin of Nantes, Frankish nobleman deaths
  1. Ricwin of Nantes
    
    Ricwin, Ricuin, Richwin, or Richovin was the Count of Nantes from 831 to 841. A Rihwinus comes witnessed the will of Charlemagne in 811.
635
1. Gao Zu, Chinese emperor (b. 566) deaths
  1. Emperor Gaozu of Tang
    
    Emperor Gaozu of Tang was the founding emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyuan.

Holidays

Arbor Day (Philippines)
1. Arbor Day
  
  Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
2. Philippines
  
  The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City; both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila.
Christian feast day: David of Munktorp
1. David of Munktorp
  
  Saint David of Munktorp was an Anglo-Saxon Cluniac monk of the 11th century.
Christian feast day: Eurosia
1. Eurosia
  
  Eurosia is the patron saint of Jaca, a city in the province of Huesca of northeastern Spain, in the Pyrenees, the center of her cult. In Spain, the "Fiesta de Santa Orosia" is celebrated on 25 June. Tradition states that she was born in Bayonne and died in 714, martyred by the Moors at Jaca.
Christian feast day: Maximus (Massimo) of Turin
1. Maximus of Turin
  
  Maximus of Turin (Italian: San Massimo; is the first known Christian bishop of Turin. He was a theological writer who "made a great contribution to the spread and consolidation of Christianity in Northern Italy".
Christian feast day: Philipp Melanchthon (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America)
1. Philip Melanchthon
  
  Philip Melanchthon was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and moulder of Protestantism.
2. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
  
  The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is a mainline Protestant Lutheran church headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. The ELCA was officially formed on January 1, 1988, by the merging of three Lutheran church bodies. As of 2021, it has approximately 3.04 million baptized members in 8,724 congregations.
Christian feast day: Presentation of the Augsburg Confession (Lutheran)
1. Augsburg Confession
  
  The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on 25 June 1530.
2. Lutheranism
  
  Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation. The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the Ninety-five Theses, divided Western Christianity. During the Reformation, Lutheranism became the state religion of numerous states of northern Europe, especially in northern Germany, Scandinavia and the then Livonian Order. Lutheran clergy became civil servants and the Lutheran churches became part of the state.
Christian feast day: Prosper of Aquitaine
1. Prosper of Aquitaine
  
  Prosper of Aquitaine, a Christian writer and disciple of Augustine of Hippo, was the first continuator of Jerome's Universal Chronicle.
Christian feast day: Prosper of Reggio
1. Prosper of Reggio
  
  Saint Prosper of Reggio is an Italian saint. Tradition holds that he was a bishop of Reggio Emilia for twenty-two years. Little is known of his life, but documents attest that he was indeed bishop of Reggio Emilia in the fifth century.
Christian feast day: William of Montevergine
1. William of Montevergine
  
  William of Montevergine, or William of Vercelli,, also known as William the Abbot, was a Catholic hermit and the founder of the Congregation of Monte Vergine, or "Williamites". He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: June 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. June 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  June 24 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 26
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Mozambique from Portugal in 1975.
1. Public holidays in Mozambique
2. Mozambique
  
  Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.
National Catfish Day (United States)
1. National Catfish Day
  
  National Catfish Day is a national observance of the United States celebrating "the value of farm-raised catfish." The day was designated as June 25, 1987, by President Ronald Reagan, who issued the Presidential Proclamation after the U.S. Congress called for the day to be established in House Joint Resolution 178.
2. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or informally America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
Statehood Day (Slovenia)
1. Statehood Day (Slovenia)
  
  Statehood Day is a holiday that occurs on every 25 June in Slovenia to commemorate the country's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Although the formal declaration of independence did not come until 26 June 1991, Statehood Day is considered to be 25 June since that was the date on which the initial acts regarding independence were passed and Slovenia became independent. Slovenia's declaration jumpstarted the Ten-Day War with Yugoslavia, which it eventually won.
Statehood Day (Virginia)
1. List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
  
  A state of the United States is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government. Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.
Teacher's Day (Guatemala)
1. List of Teachers' Days
  
  Teachers' Day is a special day for the appreciation of teachers, and may include celebrations to honor them for their special contributions in a particular field area, or the community tone in education. This is the primary reason why countries celebrate this day on different dates, unlike many other International Days. For example, Argentina has commemorated Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's death on 11 September as Teachers' Day since 1915. In India the birthday of the second president Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 5 September, is celebrated as Teachers' Day since 1962, while Guru Purnima has been traditionally observed as a day to worship teachers/gurus by Hindus. Many countries celebrate their Teachers' Day on 5 October in conjunction with World Teachers' Day, which was established by UNESCO in 1994.
2. Guatemala
  
  Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. Guatemala is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by Honduras; to the southeast by El Salvador and to the south by the Pacific Ocean, respectively. With an estimated population of around 17.6 million, it is the most populous country in Central America and is the 11th most populous country in the Americas. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City, the largest city in Central America.
World Vitiligo Day
1. World Vitiligo Day
  
  The World Vitiligo Day, observed on June 25, is an initiative aimed to build global awareness about vitiligo. Vitiligo occurs in 1-2% of the population worldwide; a loss of color in the skin creating a variety of patterns on the skin from loss of pigment. Vitiligo is often called a disease instead of a disorder and that can have a significant negative social and/or psychological impact on patients, in part because of numerous misconceptions still present in large parts of the world.

Important events in history on June 25 th

Events

Sheikh Hasina

Padma Bridge

Russo-Ukrainian War

Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)

Battle of Lysychansk

Oslo

2022 Oslo shooting

Freedom of Information Act (United States)

Central Intelligence Agency

Area 51

United States Air Force

Nevada

Unidentified flying object

Conspiracy theory

Michael Jackson

Death of Michael Jackson

Drug interaction

Gilad Shalit

Kerem Shalom

Gaza Strip

Hamas

Clinton v. City of New York

Supreme Court of the United States

Line Item Veto Act of 1996

Constitution of the United States

Progress (spacecraft)

Space station

Mir

National Hockey League

Nashville Predators

Atlanta Thrashers

Columbus Blue Jackets

Minnesota Wild

Khobar Towers bombing

Saudi Arabia

United States Armed Forces

Kim Campbell

List of prime ministers of Canada

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Slovenia

Croatia

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Microsoft

Washington (state)

Rainbow flag (LGBT)

LGBT pride

San Francisco Pride

Rainbow flag (LGBT)

LGBT pride

San Francisco Pride

Missouri

Kit Bond

Mormon Extermination Order

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Mozambique

Portugal

Indira Gandhi

The Emergency (India)

Our World (1967 TV program)

Satellite television

Cryptography

National Security Agency

Martin and Mitchell defection

Cryptography

National Security Agency

Martin and Mitchell defection

Korean War

38th parallel north

Korean War

First Republic of Korea

North Korea

United States Congress

Displaced Persons Act

World War II evacuation and expulsion

Immigration to the United States

The Diary of a Young Girl

World War II

United States Navy

Important events in history
on June 25 ^th