Important events in history
on June 16 ^th

Events

2019
1. Upwards of 2,000,000 people participate in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, the largest in Hong Kong's history.
  1. 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
    
    The Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement, also known as the 2019 Hong Kong protests, or the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, were a series of demonstrations from 15 March 2019 in response to the introduction by the Hong Kong government of the Fugitive Offenders amendment bill on extradition. It is one of the largest series of demonstrations in the history of Hong Kong, with thousands arrested in violent scenes. By mid-2020, the Hong Kong government had declared the restoration of peace and stability with the imposition of the national security law.
2016
1. Jo Cox, a British Member of Parliament, was murdered in her constituency.
  1. Jo Cox
    
    Helen Joanne Cox was a British politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Batley and Spen from May 2015 until her murder in June 2016. She was a member of the Labour Party.
  2. Parliament of the United Kingdom
    
    The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and the overseas territories. Parliament is bicameral but has three parts, consisting of the sovereign (King-in-Parliament), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Both houses of Parliament meet in separate chambers at the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the inner boroughs of the capital city, London.
  3. Murder of Jo Cox
    
    On 16 June 2016, Jo Cox, a British Labour Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for Batley and Spen, died after being shot and stabbed multiple times in Birstall, West Yorkshire. In November 2016, 53-year-old Thomas Alexander Mair was found guilty of her murder and other offences connected to the killing in an act of terrorism. The judge concluded that Mair wanted to advance white supremacism and exclusive nationalism most associated with Nazism and its modern forms. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a whole life order.
2. Shanghai Disneyland Park, the first Disney Park in Mainland China, opens to the public.
  1. Shanghai Disneyland
    
    Shanghai Disneyland is a theme park located in Chuansha New Town, Pudong, Shanghai, China, that is part of the Shanghai Disney Resort. The park is operated by Disney Parks, Experiences and Products and Shanghai Shendi Group, through a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and Shendi. Construction began on April 8, 2011. The park opened on June 16, 2016. The park operated in its first half-year with a visitor attendance of 5.60 million guests.
2015
1. American businessman Donald Trump announces his campaign to run for President of the United States in the upcoming election.
  1. Business career of Donald Trump
    
    Donald Trump is an American businessman and television personality who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. He began his real estate career at his father's company, Trump Management, which he later renamed the Trump Organization. He rose to public prominence after concluding a number of highly publicized real estate deals in Manhattan, and his company now owns and licenses his name to lodging and golf courses around the world. Trump partly or completely owned several beauty pageants between 1996 and 2015. He has marketed his name to many building projects and commercial products. Trump's unsuccessful business ventures have included numerous casinos and hotel bankruptcies, the folding of his New Jersey Generals football team, and the now-defunct Trump University.
  2. Donald Trump
    
    Donald John Trump is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
  3. Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
    
    The 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump was formally launched on June 16, 2015, at Trump Tower in New York City. Trump was the Republican nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election, having won the most state primaries, caucuses, and delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention. He chose Mike Pence, the sitting governor of Indiana, as his vice presidential running mate. On November 8, 2016, Trump and Pence were elected president and vice president of the United States. Trump's populist positions in opposition to illegal immigration and various trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, earned him support especially among voters who were male, white, blue-collar, working class, and those without college degrees. Many voters in the Rust Belt, who gave Trump the electoral votes needed to win the presidency, switched from supporting Bernie Sanders to Trump after Hillary Clinton won the Democratic nomination.
  4. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  5. 2016 United States presidential election
    
    The 2016 United States presidential election was the 58th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former secretary of state and First Lady of the United States Hillary Clinton and the United States senator from Virginia Tim Kaine, in what was considered one of the greatest upsets in American history. Trump took office as the 45th president, and Pence as the 48th vice president, on January 20, 2017. It was the fifth and most recent presidential election in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote. It was also the sixth presidential election, and the first since 1944, in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state.
2013
1. A cloudburst caused severe flooding in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, continuing for several days and resulting in over 5,700 deaths.
  1. Cloudburst
    
    A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipitation in a short period of time, sometimes accompanied by hail and thunder, which is capable of creating flood conditions. Cloudbursts can quickly dump large amounts of water, e.g. 25 mm of precipitation corresponds to 25,000 metric tons per square kilometre. However, cloudbursts are infrequent as they occur only via orographic lift or occasionally when a warm air parcel mixes with cooler air, resulting in sudden condensation. At times, a large amount of runoff from higher elevations is mistakenly conflated with a cloudburst. The term "cloudburst" arose from the notion that clouds were akin to water balloons and could burst, resulting in rapid precipitation. Though this idea has since been disproven, the term remains in use.
  2. 2013 North India floods
    
    In June 2013, a mid-day cloudburst centered on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides, becoming the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami. The rainfall received that month was far greater than the rainfall the state usually received. Debris blocked the rivers, causing major overflow.The main day of the flood was 16 June 2013.
  3. Uttarakhand
    
    Uttarakhand, also known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" due to its religious significance and numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas, the Bhabar and the Terai regions. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north; the Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal to the east; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The winter capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city of the state, which is a rail head. Bhararisain, a town in Chamoli district, is the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The High Court of the state is located in Nainital.
2. A multi-day cloudburst, centered on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand, causes devastating floods and landslides, becoming the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami.
  1. 2013 North India floods
    
    In June 2013, a mid-day cloudburst centered on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides, becoming the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami. The rainfall received that month was far greater than the rainfall the state usually received. Debris blocked the rivers, causing major overflow.The main day of the flood was 16 June 2013.
  2. Uttarakhand
    
    Uttarakhand, also known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" due to its religious significance and numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas, the Bhabar and the Terai regions. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north; the Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal to the east; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The winter capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city of the state, which is a rail head. Bhararisain, a town in Chamoli district, is the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The High Court of the state is located in Nainital.
2012
1. Liu Yang (pictured), a member of the Shenzhou 9 crew, became the first Chinese woman in space.
  1. Liu Yang (taikonaut)
    
    Liu Yang is a Chinese military transport pilot and taikonaut who served as a crew member on the space mission Shenzhou 9. On 16 June 2012, Liu became the first Chinese woman in space.
  2. Shenzhou 9
    
    Shenzhou 9 was the fourth crewed spacecraft flight of China's Shenzhou program, launched at 18:37:24 CST, 16 June 2012. Shenzhou 9 was the second spacecraft and first crewed mission and expedition to dock with the Tiangong-1 space station, which took place on 18 June. The Shenzhou 9 spacecraft landed at 10:01:16 CST on 29 June in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The mission's crew included the first Chinese female astronaut, Liu Yang. The next mission was Shenzhou 10, which launched on 11 June 2013.
2. China successfully launches its Shenzhou 9 spacecraft, carrying three astronauts, including the first female Chinese astronaut Liu Yang, to the Tiangong-1 orbital module.
  1. Shenzhou 9
    
    Shenzhou 9 was the fourth crewed spacecraft flight of China's Shenzhou program, launched at 18:37:24 CST, 16 June 2012. Shenzhou 9 was the second spacecraft and first crewed mission and expedition to dock with the Tiangong-1 space station, which took place on 18 June. The Shenzhou 9 spacecraft landed at 10:01:16 CST on 29 June in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The mission's crew included the first Chinese female astronaut, Liu Yang. The next mission was Shenzhou 10, which launched on 11 June 2013.
  2. Liu Yang (taikonaut)
    
    Liu Yang is a Chinese military transport pilot and taikonaut who served as a crew member on the space mission Shenzhou 9. On 16 June 2012, Liu became the first Chinese woman in space.
  3. Tiangong-1
    
    Tiangong-1 was China's first prototype space station. It orbited Earth from September 2011 to April 2018, serving as both a crewed laboratory and an experimental testbed to demonstrate orbital rendezvous and docking capabilities during its two years of active operational life.
3. The United States Air Force's robotic Boeing X-37B spaceplane returns to Earth after a classified 469-day orbital mission.
  1. United States Air Force
    
    The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Signal Corps, the USAF was established as a separate branch of the United States Armed Forces in 1947 with the enactment of the National Security Act of 1947. It is the second youngest branch of the United States Armed Forces and the fourth in order of precedence. The United States Air Force articulates its core missions as air supremacy, global integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control.
  2. Boeing X-37
    
    The Boeing X-37, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft. It is boosted into space by a launch vehicle, then re-enters Earth's atmosphere and lands as a spaceplane. The X-37 is operated by the United States Space Force for orbital spaceflight missions intended to demonstrate reusable space technologies. It is a 120-percent-scaled derivative of the earlier Boeing X-40. The X-37 began as a NASA project in 1999, before being transferred to the United States Department of Defense in 2004. Until 2019, the program was managed by Air Force Space Command.
  3. Spaceplane
    
    A spaceplane is a vehicle that can fly and glide like an aircraft in Earth's atmosphere and maneuver like a spacecraft in outer space. To do so, spaceplanes must incorporate features of both aircraft and spacecraft. Orbital spaceplanes tend to be more similar to conventional spacecraft, while sub-orbital spaceplanes tend to be more similar to fixed-wing aircraft. All spaceplanes to date have been rocket-powered but then landed as unpowered gliders.
  4. USA-226
    
    USA-226 is the first flight of the second Boeing X-37B, the Orbital Test Vehicle 2, an American unmanned robotic vertical-takeoff, horizontal-landing spaceplane. It was launched aboard an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral on 5 March 2011, and landed at Vandenberg Air Force Base on 16 June 2012. It operated in low Earth orbit. Its mission designation is part of the USA series.
2010
1. The Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan came into force, banning the sale and production of tobacco in the country.
  1. Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010
    
    The Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan was enacted by the Parliament of Bhutan on 6 June 2010 and came into force on 16 June. It regulates tobacco and tobacco products, banning the cultivation, harvesting, production, and sale of tobacco and tobacco products in Bhutan. The act also mandates that the government of Bhutan provide counselling and treatment to facilitate tobacco cessation. Premised on the physical health and well being of the Bhutanese people – important elements of Gross National Happiness – the Tobacco Control Act recognizes the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke on both spiritual and social health.
2. Bhutan becomes the first country to institute a total ban on tobacco.
  1. Bhutan
    
    Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountainous country, Bhutan is known as "Druk Yul," or "Land of the Thunder Dragon". Nepal and Bangladesh are located near Bhutan but do not share a land border. The country has a population of over 727,145 and territory of 38,394 square kilometres (14,824 sq mi) and ranks 133rd in terms of land area and 160th in population. Bhutan is a Constitutional Democratic Monarchy with King as head of state and Prime Minister as head of government. Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism is the state religion and Je khenpo is the head of state religion.
  2. Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010
    
    The Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan was enacted by the Parliament of Bhutan on 6 June 2010 and came into force on 16 June. It regulates tobacco and tobacco products, banning the cultivation, harvesting, production, and sale of tobacco and tobacco products in Bhutan. The act also mandates that the government of Bhutan provide counselling and treatment to facilitate tobacco cessation. Premised on the physical health and well being of the Bhutanese people – important elements of Gross National Happiness – the Tobacco Control Act recognizes the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke on both spiritual and social health.
2002
1. Padre Pio is canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
  1. Padre Pio
    
    Francesco Forgione, OFM Cap., better known as Padre Pio and also Saint Pius of Pietrelcina, was an Italian Franciscan Capuchin friar, priest, stigmatist, and mystic. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church, celebrated on 23 September.
2000
1. The Secretary-General of the UN reports that Israel has complied with United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, 22 years after its issuance, and completely withdrew from Lebanon. The Resolution does not encompass the Shebaa farms, which is claimed by Israel, Syria and Lebanon.
  1. United Nations Security Council Resolution 425
    
    United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, adopted on 19 March 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in the context of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War, called on Israel to withdraw immediately its forces from Lebanon and established the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL). It was adopted by 12 votes to none; Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union abstained, and China did not participate.
  2. Shebaa Farms
    
    The Shebaa Farms, also spelled Sheba'a Farms, are a small strip of land at the intersection of the Lebanese-Syrian border and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. The territory is named for the farms within it which were historically tended by the inhabitants of the Lebanese town of Shebaa. It is about 11 kilometres (7 mi) long and 2.5 kilometres (2 mi) wide.
1997
1. The English rock band Radiohead released their landmark third album OK Computer.
  1. Radiohead
    
    Radiohead are an English rock band formed in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke ; brothers Jonny Greenwood and Colin Greenwood (bass); Ed O'Brien ; and Philip Selway. They have worked with the producer Nigel Godrich and the cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994. Radiohead's experimental approach is credited with advancing the sound of alternative rock.
  2. OK Computer
    
    OK Computer is the third studio album by the English rock band Radiohead, released in Japan on 21 May 1997 and in the UK on 16 June 1997. Radiohead self-produced the album with Nigel Godrich, an arrangement they have used for their subsequent albums. Radiohead recorded most of OK Computer in their rehearsal space in Oxfordshire and the historic mansion of St Catherine's Court in Bath in 1996 and early 1997. The band distanced themselves from the guitar-centred, lyrically introspective style of their previous album, The Bends. OK Computer's abstract lyrics, densely layered sound and eclectic influences laid the groundwork for Radiohead's later, more experimental work.
2. Fifty people are killed in the Daïat Labguer (M'sila) massacre in Algeria.
  1. Daïat Labguer (M'sila) massacre
    
    The Daïat Labguer (M'sila) massacre took place on June 16, 1997, less than two weeks after parliamentary elections, in the hamlet of Daïat Labguer (M'sila) near M'sila, 300 km southeast of Algiers. About 50 people were killed by some 30 guerrillas, who also kidnapped women, killed the livestock, and stole riches. Five days earlier, another 17 had been killed at a village some 5 km away. The massacre was attributed to Islamist groups such as the Armed Islamic Group.
  2. Algeria
    
    Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered to be a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, being more than 200 times as large as the smallest country in the continent, The Gambia. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.
1989
1. Revolutions of 1989: Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian prime minister, is reburied in Budapest following the collapse of Communism in Hungary.
  1. Revolutions of 1989
    
    The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, was a revolutionary wave that resulted in the end of most communist states in the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Nations, a play on the term Spring of Nations that is sometimes used to describe the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe. It also led to the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union—the world's largest communist state—and the abandonment of communist regimes in many parts of the world, some of which were violently overthrown. The events, especially the fall of the Soviet Union, drastically altered the world's balance of power, marking the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the Post-Cold War era. The reason it is called the "Revolutions of 1989" is because 1989 was the peak year of the revolutions.
  2. Imre Nagy
    
    Imre Nagy was a Hungarian communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic from 1953 to 1955. In 1956 Nagy became leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against the Soviet-backed government, for which he was sentenced to death and executed two years later.
  3. Prime Minister of Hungary
    
    The prime minister of Hungary is the head of government of Hungary. The prime minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The current holder of the office is Viktor Orbán, leader of the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance, who has served since 29 May 2010.
  4. Budapest
    
    Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres. Budapest, which is both a city and county, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres and a population of 3,303,786; it is a primate city, constituting 33% of the population of Hungary.
1981
1. US President Ronald Reagan awards the Congressional Gold Medal to Ken Taylor, Canada's former ambassador to Iran, for helping six Americans escape from Iran during the hostage crisis of 1979–81; he is the first foreign citizen bestowed the honor.
  1. Ronald Reagan
    
    Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party from 1962 onward, he also served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 after having a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader.
  2. Congressional Gold Medal
    
    The Congressional Gold Medal is an award bestowed by the United States Congress. It is Congress's highest expression of national appreciation for distinguished achievements and contributions by individuals or institutions. The congressional practice of issuing gold medals to occasionally honor recipients from the military began during the American Revolution. Later the practice extended to individuals in all walks of life and in the late 20th century also to groups. The Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are the highest civilian awards in the United States. The congressional medal seeks to honor those, individually or as a group, "who have performed an achievement that has an impact on American history and culture that is likely to be recognized as a major achievement in the recipient's field long after the achievement." However, "There are no permanent statutory provisions specifically relating to the creation of Congressional Gold Medals. When a Congressional Gold Medal has been deemed appropriate, Congress has, by legislative action, provided for the creation of a medal on an ad hoc basis." Thus, there are generally fewer gold medals than presidential medals. U.S. citizenship is not a requirement.
  3. Kenneth D. Taylor
    
    Kenneth Douglas Taylor, was a Canadian diplomat, educator and businessman, best known for his role in the 1979 covert operation called the "Canadian Caper" when he was the Canadian ambassador to Iran. With the cooperation of the American Central Intelligence Agency, Taylor helped six Americans escape from Iran during the Iran hostage crisis by procuring Canadian passports for the Americans to deceive the Iranian Revolutionary guard by posing as a Canadian film crew scouting locations. Before the escape, the six Americans spent several weeks hiding in the homes of Taylor and another Canadian diplomat, John Sheardown.
  4. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
  5. Iran hostage crisis
    
    On November 4, 1979, 52 United States diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took them as hostages. A diplomatic standoff ensued. The hostages were held for 444 days, being released on January 20, 1981.
1977
1. Oracle Corporation is incorporated in Redwood Shores, California, as Software Development Laboratories (SDL), by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates.
  1. Oracle Corporation
    
    Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in Austin, Texas. In 2020, Oracle was the third-largest software company in the world by revenue and market capitalization. The company sells database software and technology, cloud engineered systems, and enterprise software products, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, human capital management (HCM) software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, enterprise performance management (EPM) software, and supply chain management (SCM) software.
  2. Redwood Shores, California
    
    Redwood Shores is a waterfront community in Redwood City, California, along the western shore of San Francisco Bay on the San Francisco Peninsula in San Mateo County. Redwood Shores is the home of several major technology companies, including Oracle Corporation, Electronic Arts, Nintendo, Zuora, Qualys, Crystal Dynamics and Shutterfly.
  3. Larry Ellison
    
    Lawrence Joseph Ellison is an American business magnate and investor who is the co-founder, executive chairman, chief technology officer (CTO) and former chief executive officer (CEO) of the American computer technology company Oracle Corporation. As of November 2022, he was listed by Bloomberg Billionaires Index as the seventh-wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated fortune of $91 billion. Ellison is also known for his 98% ownership stake in Lanai, the sixth-largest island in the Hawaiian Archipelago.
  4. Bob Miner
    
    Robert Nimrod Miner was an American businessman. He was the co-founder of Oracle Corporation and the producer of Oracle's relational database management system.
  5. Ed Oates
    
    Edward A. Oates is an American businessman. He co-founded Software Development Labs in August 1977 with Larry Ellison, and Bob Miner. Software Development Labs later became Oracle Corporation.
1976
1. Soweto uprising: A non-violent march by 15,000 students in Soweto, South Africa, turns into days of rioting when police open fire on the crowd.
  1. Soweto uprising
    
    The Soweto uprising was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa that began on the morning of 16 June 1976.
  2. Soweto
    
    Soweto is a township of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa, bordering the city's mining belt in the south. Its name is an English syllabic abbreviation for South Western Townships. Formerly a separate municipality, it is now incorporated in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, and one of the suburbs of Johannesburg.
1972
1. English musician David Bowie released his breakthrough album, The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.
  1. David Bowie
    
    David Robert Jones, known professionally as David Bowie, was an English singer-songwriter and actor. A leading figure in the music industry, he is regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Bowie was acclaimed by critics and musicians, particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, and his music and stagecraft had a significant impact on popular music.
  2. The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars
    
    The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars is the fifth studio album by English musician David Bowie, released on 16 June 1972 in the United Kingdom through RCA Records. It was co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott and features Bowie's backing band the Spiders from Mars, comprising Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey. Most of the songs were written around the same time as Bowie's previous album Hunky Dory (1971). After that album was completed, recording for Ziggy Stardust commenced in November 1971 at Trident Studios in London, with further sessions in early February 1972.
2. The largest single-site hydroelectric power project in Canada is inaugurated at Churchill Falls Generating Station.
  1. Churchill Falls Generating Station
    
    The Churchill Falls Generating Station is a hydroelectric underground power station in Labrador. At 5,428 MW, it is the sixteenth largest in the world, and the second-largest in Canada, after the Robert-Bourassa generating station in northwestern Quebec.
1963
1. Aboard Vostok 6, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space.
  1. Vostok 6
    
    Vostok 6 was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space.
  2. Valentina Tereshkova
    
    Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova is an engineer, member of the Russian State Duma, and former Soviet cosmonaut. She is known for being the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on the Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. She orbited the Earth 48 times, spent almost three days in space, and remains the only woman to have been on a solo space mission.
2. Soviet Space Program: Vostok 6 mission: Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space.
  1. Vostok 6
    
    Vostok 6 was the first human spaceflight to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space.
  2. Astronaut
    
    An astronaut is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.
  3. Valentina Tereshkova
    
    Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova is an engineer, member of the Russian State Duma, and former Soviet cosmonaut. She is known for being the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on the Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. She orbited the Earth 48 times, spent almost three days in space, and remains the only woman to have been on a solo space mission.
3. In an attempt to resolve the Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam, a Joint Communique was signed between President Ngo Dinh Diem and Buddhist leaders.
  1. Buddhist crisis
    
    The Buddhist crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam between May and November 1963, characterized by a series of repressive acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance, led mainly by Buddhist monks.
  2. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  3. Joint Communiqué
    
    The Joint Communiqué was an agreement signed on 16 June 1963 between the South Vietnamese government of Ngô Đình Diệm and the Buddhist leadership during the Buddhist crisis.
  4. Ngo Dinh Diem
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.
1961
1. Pioneering Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev defected from the Soviet Union at Paris–Le Bourget Airport with the help of French police and a Parisian socialite friend.
  1. Ballet
    
    Ballet is a type of performance dance that originated during the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread and highly technical form of dance with its own vocabulary. Ballet has been influential globally and has defined the foundational techniques which are used in many other dance genres and cultures. Various schools around the world have incorporated their own cultures. As a result, ballet has evolved in distinct ways.
  2. Rudolf Nureyev
    
    Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev was a Soviet-born ballet dancer and choreographer. Nureyev is regarded by some as the greatest male ballet dancer of his generation.
  3. Paris–Le Bourget Airport
    
    Paris–Le Bourget Airport is an airport located within portions of the communes of Le Bourget, Bonneuil-en-France, Dugny and Gonesse, 6 NM north-northeast of Paris, France.
2. While on tour with the Kirov Ballet in Paris, Rudolf Nureyev defects from the Soviet Union.
  1. Mariinsky Ballet
    
    The Mariinsky Ballet is the resident classical ballet company of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
  2. Paris
    
    Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km², making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, and science. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its very early system of street lighting, in the 19th century it became known as "the City of Light". Like London, prior to the Second World War, it was also sometimes called the capital of the world.
  3. Rudolf Nureyev
    
    Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev was a Soviet-born ballet dancer and choreographer. Nureyev is regarded by some as the greatest male ballet dancer of his generation.
  4. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
1960
1. Psycho, a psychological horror film directed by Alfred Hitchcock (pictured) and based on a novel of the same name by Robert Bloch, premiered.
  1. Psycho (1960 film)
    
    Psycho is a 1960 American psychological horror thriller film produced and directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay, written by Joseph Stefano, was based on the 1959 novel of the same name by Robert Bloch. The film stars Anthony Perkins, Janet Leigh, Vera Miles, John Gavin and Martin Balsam. The plot centers on an encounter between on-the-run embezzler Marion Crane (Leigh) and shy motel proprietor Norman Bates (Perkins) and its aftermath, in which a private investigator (Balsam), Marion's lover Sam Loomis (Gavin), and her sister Lila (Miles) investigate her disappearance.
  2. Psychological horror
    
    Psychological horror is a subgenre of horror and psychological fiction with a particular focus on mental, emotional, and psychological states to frighten, disturb, or unsettle its audience. The subgenre frequently overlaps with the related subgenre of psychological thriller, and often uses mystery elements and characters with unstable, unreliable, or disturbed psychological states to enhance the suspense, drama, action, and paranoia of the setting and plot and to provide an overall unpleasant, unsettling, or distressing atmosphere.
  3. Alfred Hitchcock
    
    Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was an English filmmaker. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the "Master of Suspense", he became as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing the television anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955–65). His films garnered 46 Academy Award nominations, including six wins, although he never won the award for Best Director despite five nominations.
  4. Psycho (novel)
    
    Psycho is a 1959 horror novel by American writer Robert Bloch. The novel tells the story of Norman Bates, a caretaker at an isolated motel who struggles under his domineering mother and becomes embroiled in a series of murders. The novel is considered Bloch's most enduring work and one of the most influential horror books of the 20th century.
  5. Robert Bloch
    
    Robert Albert Bloch was an American fiction writer, primarily of crime, psychological horror and fantasy, much of which has been dramatized for radio, cinema and television. He also wrote a relatively small amount of science fiction. His writing career lasted 60 years, including more than 30 years in television and film. He began his professional writing career immediately after graduation, aged 17. Best known as the writer of Psycho (1959), the basis for the film of the same name by Alfred Hitchcock, Bloch wrote hundreds of short stories and over 30 novels. He was a protégé of H. P. Lovecraft, who was the first to seriously encourage his talent. However, while he started emulating Lovecraft and his brand of cosmic horror, he later specialized in crime and horror stories working with a more psychological approach.
1958
1. Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter and other leaders of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising are executed.
  1. Imre Nagy
    
    Imre Nagy was a Hungarian communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic from 1953 to 1955. In 1956 Nagy became leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against the Soviet-backed government, for which he was sentenced to death and executed two years later.
  2. Pál Maléter
    
    Pál Maléter was the military leader of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
  3. Hungarian Revolution of 1956
    
    The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was a countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the Hungarian domestic policies imposed by the Soviet Union (USSR).
1955
1. In a futile effort to topple Argentine President Juan Perón, rogue aircraft pilots of the Argentine Navy drop several bombs upon an unarmed crowd demonstrating in favor of Perón in Buenos Aires, killing 364 and injuring at least 800. At the same time on the ground, some soldiers attempt to stage a coup but are suppressed by loyal forces.
  1. Juan Perón
    
    Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine Army general and politician. After serving in several government positions, including Minister of Labour and Vice President of a military dictatorship, he was elected President of Argentina three times, serving from June 1946 to September 1955, when he was overthrown by the Revolución Libertadora, and then from October 1973 until his death in July 1974.
  2. Argentine Navy
    
    The Argentine Navy is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the Army and the Air Force.
  3. Bombing of Plaza de Mayo
    
    The Bombing of Plaza de Mayo was a massacre that took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 16 June 1955. 30 aircraft from the Argentine Navy and Air Force strafed and bombed Plaza de Mayo square in Buenos Aires in the largest aerial bombing ever on the Argentine mainland. The attack targeted the adjacent Casa Rosada, the official seat of government, while a large crowd of protestors gathered to demonstrate support for president Juan Perón. The strike took place during a day of official public demonstrations to condemn the burning of a national flag allegedly carried out by detractors of Perón during the recent Corpus Christi procession. The military reacted as a result of growing tension between the president Juan Perón and his actions against the Roman Catholic Church. The action was to be the first step in an eventually aborted coup d'état. The number of identified bodies was put at 308, including six children; an unknown number of victims could not be identified.
  4. Buenos Aires
    
    Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South America's southeastern coast. "Buenos Aires" can be translated as "fair winds" or "good airs", but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century, by the use of the original name "Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre", named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia, Italy. Buenos Aires is classified as an alpha global city, according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) 2020 ranking.
1948
1. Members of the Malayan Communist Party kill three British plantation managers in Sungai Siput; in response, British Malaya declares a state of emergency.
  1. Malayan Communist Party
    
    The Malayan Communist Party (MCP), officially the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), was a Marxist–Leninist and anti-imperialist communist party which was active in British Malaya and later, the modern states of Malaysia and Singapore from 1930 to 1989. It was responsible for the creation of both the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army and the Malayan National Liberation Army.
  2. Sungai Siput
    
    Sungai Siput (U) is a town and mukim in Kuala Kangsar District, Perak, Malaysia, covering 155.141 hectares, 61.5% of the total area of Kuala Kangsar. Sungai Siput falls under the management of the Kuala Kangsar Municipal Council.
  3. British Malaya
    
    The term "British Malaya" loosely describes a set of states on the Malay Peninsula and the island of Singapore that were brought under British hegemony or control between the late 18th and the mid-20th century. Unlike the term "British India", which excludes the Indian princely states, British Malaya is often used to refer to the Federated and Unfederated Malay States, which were British protectorates with their own local rulers, as well as the Straits Settlements, which were under the sovereignty and direct rule of the British Crown, after a period of control by the East India Company.
  4. Malayan Emergency
    
    The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War (1948–1960), was a guerrilla war fought in British Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the British Empire and Commonwealth. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a socialist economy, while the Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests. The conflict was called the "Anti–British National Liberation War" by the MNLA, but an "Emergency" by the British, as London-based insurers would not have paid out in instances of civil wars.
1944
1. In a gross miscarriage of justice, George Junius Stinney Jr., age 14, becomes the youngest person executed in the United States in the 20th century after being convicted in a two-hour trial for the rape and murder of two teenage white girls.
  1. Miscarriage of justice
    
    A miscarriage of justice occurs when a grossly unfair outcome occurs in a criminal or civil proceeding, such as the conviction and punishment of a person for a crime they did not commit. Miscarriages are also known as wrongful convictions. Innocent people have sometimes ended up in prison for years before their conviction has eventually been overturned. They may be exonerated if new evidence comes to light or it is determined that the police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial. In some jurisdictions this leads to the payment of compensation.
  2. George Stinney
    
    George Stinney Jr., was an African American boy, who at the age of 14 was convicted, in a proceeding later vacated as an unfair trial, and executed, for the murders of two young white girls in March 1944 — Betty June Binnicker, age 11, and Mary Emma Thames, age 7 — in his hometown of Alcolu, South Carolina. He was convicted, sentenced to death, and executed by electric chair in June 1944, thus becoming the youngest American with an exact birth date confirmed to be sentenced to death and executed in the 20th century.
1940
1. World War II: Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain becomes Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de l'État Français).
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Philippe Pétain
    
    Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain, commonly known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain, was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun. From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, he served as head of the collaborationist regime of Vichy France. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, remains the oldest person to become the head of state of France.
  3. Vichy France
    
    Vichy France, officially the French State, was the authoritarian French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under harsh terms of the armistice, it adopted a policy of collaboration with Nazi Germany, which occupied the northern and western portions before occupying the remainder of Metropolitan France in November 1942. Though Paris was ostensibly its capital, the collaborationist Vichy government established itself in the resort town of Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone", where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its colonies.
2. A Communist government is installed in Lithuania.
  1. Communism
    
    Communism is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society. Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist state followed by the withering away of the state.
  2. Lithuania
    
    Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. It has a maritime border with Sweden to the west on the Baltic Sea. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi), with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages.
1933
1. The National Industrial Recovery Act is passed in the United States, allowing businesses to avoid antitrust prosecution if they establish voluntary wage, price, and working condition regulations on an industry-wide basis.
  1. National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
    
    The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the 73rd US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business opinion of the act had soured.
  2. Competition law
    
    Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. It is also known as antitrust law, trust busting, anti-monopoly law, and trade practices law.
1930
1. Sovnarkom establishes decree time in the USSR.
  1. Council of People's Commissars
    
    The Councils of People's Commissars, commonly known as the Sovnarkom (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Soviet Union (USSR), and the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1946.
  2. Decree time
    
    Decree time refers to the changes introduced to the Soviet Union time system by a Sovnarkom decree of 16 June 1930. By this decree, all clocks in the Soviet Union were permanently shifted one hour ahead at 00:00 on 21 June 1930 everywhere in the Soviet Union. Applicability of this decree was further extended by two other decrees in 1930 and 1931. The practice was further extended, and its legal basis was amended, in 1980.
1925
1. Artek, the most famous Young Pioneer camp of the Soviet Union, is established.
  1. Artek (camp)
    
    Artek is an international children's center on the Black Sea in the town of Gurzuf located on the Crimean Peninsula, near Ayu-Dag. It was established on 16 June 1925.
  2. Pioneer movement
    
    A pioneer movement is an organization for children operated by a communist party. Typically children enter into the organization in elementary school and continue until adolescence. The adolescents then typically join the Young Communist League. Prior to the 1990s there was a wide cooperation between pioneer and similar movements of about 30 countries, coordinated by the international organization, International Committee of Children's and Adolescents' Movements, founded in 1958, with headquarters in Budapest, Hungary.
  3. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
1922
1. General election in the Irish Free State: The pro-Treaty Sinn Féin party wins a large majority.
  1. Irish Free State
    
    The Irish Free State was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the Irish Republic – the Irish Republican Army (IRA) – and British Crown forces.
  2. History of Sinn Féin
    
    Sinn Féin is the name of an Irish political party founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffith. It subsequently became a focus for various forms of Irish nationalism, especially Irish republicanism. After the Easter Rising in 1916, it grew in membership, with a reorganisation at its Ard Fheis in 1917. Its split in 1922 in response to the Anglo-Irish Treaty which led to the Irish Civil War and saw the origins of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, the two parties which have since dominated Irish politics. Another split in the remaining Sinn Féin organisation in the early years of the Troubles in 1970 led to the Sinn Féin of today, which is a republican, left-wing nationalist and secular party.
1911
1. The technology company IBM was founded as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in Endicott, New York.
  1. IBM
    
    The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 171 countries. The company began in 1911, founded in Endicott, New York, by trust businessman Charles Ranlett Flint, as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924. IBM is incorporated in New York.
  2. Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company
    
    The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) was a holding company of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems subsequently known as IBM.
  3. Endicott, New York
    
    Endicott is a village in Broome County, New York, United States. The population was 13,392 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village is named after Henry B. Endicott, a founding member of the Endicott Johnson Corporation shoe manufacturing company, who founded the community as the "Home of the Square Deal".
2. IBM founded as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in Endicott, New York.
  1. IBM
    
    The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, with operations in over 171 countries. The company began in 1911, founded in Endicott, New York, by trust businessman Charles Ranlett Flint, as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924. IBM is incorporated in New York.
  2. Endicott, New York
    
    Endicott is a village in Broome County, New York, United States. The population was 13,392 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village is named after Henry B. Endicott, a founding member of the Endicott Johnson Corporation shoe manufacturing company, who founded the community as the "Home of the Square Deal".
1904
1. Irish author James Joyce began a relationship with Nora Barnacle, and subsequently used the date to set the actions for his 1922 novel Ulysses, commemorated as Bloomsday.
  1. James Joyce
    
    James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century. Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922) is a landmark in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, particularly stream of consciousness. Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, letters, and occasional journalism.
  2. Nora Barnacle
    
    Nora Barnacle was the muse and wife of Irish author James Joyce. Barnacle and Joyce had their first romantic assignation in 1904 on a date celebrated worldwide as the "Bloomsday" of his modernist novel Ulysses, a book that she did not, however, enjoy. Their sexually explicit letters have aroused much curiosity, especially as Joyce normally disapproved of coarse language, and they fetch high prices at auction. In 2004, an erotic letter from Joyce to Barnacle sold at Sotheby's for £240,800.
  3. Ulysses (novel)
    
    Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. Parts of it were first serialized in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and the entire work was published in Paris by Sylvia Beach on 2 February 1922, Joyce's 40th birthday. It is considered one of the most important works of modernist literature and has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement." According to Declan Kiberd, "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking".
  4. Bloomsday
    
    Bloomsday is a commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writer James Joyce, observed annually in Dublin and elsewhere on 16 June, the day his 1922 novel Ulysses takes place in 1904, the date of his first sexual encounter with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle, and named after its protagonist Leopold Bloom.
2. Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolay Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.
  1. Eugen Schauman
    
    Eugen Waldemar Schauman ; was a Swedish speaking Finnish nationalist and nobleman. Schauman assassinated the Imperial Russian Governor-General of Finland Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov.
  2. Nikolay Bobrikov
    
    Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov was a Russian general and politician. He was the Governor-General of Finland and the Finnish Military District from 29 August [O.S. 17] 1898 to 16 June [O.S. ] 1904 during the early reign of Emperor Nicholas II, and was responsible for the Russification of Finland. After appointment as the governor-general, he quickly became very unpopular and was assassinated by Eugen Schauman, a Finnish nationalist born in Kharkiv.
  3. Governor-General of Finland
    
    The governor-general of Finland was the military commander and the highest administrator of Finland sporadically under Swedish rule in the 17th and 18th centuries and continuously in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland between 1809 and 1917.
3. Irish author James Joyce begins a relationship with Nora Barnacle and subsequently uses the date to set the actions for his novel Ulysses; this date is now traditionally called "Bloomsday".
  1. James Joyce
    
    James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century. Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922) is a landmark in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, particularly stream of consciousness. Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, letters, and occasional journalism.
  2. Nora Barnacle
    
    Nora Barnacle was the muse and wife of Irish author James Joyce. Barnacle and Joyce had their first romantic assignation in 1904 on a date celebrated worldwide as the "Bloomsday" of his modernist novel Ulysses, a book that she did not, however, enjoy. Their sexually explicit letters have aroused much curiosity, especially as Joyce normally disapproved of coarse language, and they fetch high prices at auction. In 2004, an erotic letter from Joyce to Barnacle sold at Sotheby's for £240,800.
  3. Ulysses (novel)
    
    Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. Parts of it were first serialized in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and the entire work was published in Paris by Sylvia Beach on 2 February 1922, Joyce's 40th birthday. It is considered one of the most important works of modernist literature and has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement." According to Declan Kiberd, "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking".
  4. Bloomsday
    
    Bloomsday is a commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writer James Joyce, observed annually in Dublin and elsewhere on 16 June, the day his 1922 novel Ulysses takes place in 1904, the date of his first sexual encounter with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle, and named after its protagonist Leopold Bloom.
1903
1. The Ford Motor Company is incorporated.
  1. Ford Motor Company
    
    Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and luxury cars under its Lincoln luxury brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in China's Jiangling Motors. It also has joint ventures in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Russia. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power.
2. Roald Amundsen leaves Oslo, Norway, to commence the first east–west navigation of the Northwest Passage.
  1. Roald Amundsen
    
    Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He was a key figure of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
  2. Oslo
    
    Oslo is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of 702,543 in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of 1,019,513 in 2019, and the metropolitan area had an estimated population of 1,546,706 in 2021.
  3. Northwest Passage
    
    The Northwest Passage (NWP) is the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The eastern route along the Arctic coasts of Norway and Siberia is accordingly called the Northeast Passage (NEP). The various islands of the archipelago are separated from one another and from Mainland Canada by a series of Arctic waterways collectively known as the Northwest Passages, Northwestern Passages or the Canadian Internal Waters.
1897
1. A treaty annexing the Republic of Hawaii to the United States is signed; the Republic would not be dissolved until a year later.
  1. Republic of Hawaii
    
    The Republic of Hawaii was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaiʻi between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended, and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an organized incorporated territory of the United States. In 1893 the Committee of Public Safety overthrew Kingdom of Hawaii Queen Liliʻuokalani after she rejected the 1887 Bayonet Constitution. The Committee of Public Safety intended for Hawaii to be annexed by the United States but President Grover Cleveland, a Democrat opposed to imperialism, refused. A new constitution was subsequently written while Hawaii was being prepared for annexation.
1884
1. The first purpose-built roller coaster, LaMarcus Adna Thompson's "Switchback Railway", opens in New York's Coney Island amusement park.
  1. LaMarcus Adna Thompson
    
    LaMarcus Adna Thompson was an American inventor and businessman most famous for developing a variety of gravity rides and roller coasters.
  2. Switchback Railway
    
    The original Switchback Railway was the first roller coaster at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York City, and one of the earliest designed for amusement in the United States. The 1885 patent states the invention relates to the gravity double track switchback railway, which had predicated the inclined plane railway, patented in 1878 by Richard Knudsen. Coney Island's version was designed by LaMarcus Adna Thompson in 1881 and constructed in 1884. It appears Thompson based his design, at least in part, on the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway which was a coal-mining train that had started carrying passengers as a thrill ride in 1827.
  3. Coney Island
    
    Coney Island is a peninsular neighborhood and entertainment area in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach to its east, Lower New York Bay to the south and west, and Gravesend to the north and includes the subsection of Sea Gate on its west. More broadly, Coney Island or sometimes for clarity the Coney Island peninsula consists of Coney Island proper, Brighton Beach, and Manhattan Beach. This was formerly the westernmost of the Outer Barrier islands on the southern shore of Long Island, but in the early 20th century it became a peninsula, connected to the rest of Long Island by land fill.
1883
1. In the Victoria Hall disaster, 183 children were crushed to death when they ran down the stairs to collect gifts after a variety show in Sunderland, England.
  1. Victoria Hall disaster
    
    The Victoria Hall disaster occurred on 16 June 1883 at the Victoria Hall in Sunderland, England, when a stampede for free toys caused 183 children to be crushed to death due to compressive asphyxia.
  2. Variety show
    
    Variety show, also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances, sketch comedy, magic, acrobatics, juggling, and ventriloquism. It is normally introduced by a compère or host. The variety format made its way from the Victorian era stage in Britain and America to radio and then television. Variety shows were a staple of English language television from the late 1940s into the 1980s.
  3. Sunderland
    
    Sunderland is a port city in Northern England. It is the City of Sunderland's administrative centre, within the Metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, the Historic County of Durham, and the North East Combined Authority area. The city is 10 miles (16 km) from Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is on the River Wear's mouth to the North Sea. The river also flows through Durham city roughly 12 miles (19 km) south-west of the city's centre.
2. The Victoria Hall theatre panic in Sunderland, England, kills 183 children.
  1. Victoria Hall disaster
    
    The Victoria Hall disaster occurred on 16 June 1883 at the Victoria Hall in Sunderland, England, when a stampede for free toys caused 183 children to be crushed to death due to compressive asphyxia.
  2. Sunderland
    
    Sunderland is a port city in Northern England. It is the City of Sunderland's administrative centre, within the Metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, the Historic County of Durham, and the North East Combined Authority area. The city is 10 miles (16 km) from Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is on the River Wear's mouth to the North Sea. The river also flows through Durham city roughly 12 miles (19 km) south-west of the city's centre.
1871
1. The Universities Tests Act 1871 allows students to enter the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham without religious tests (except for those intending to study theology).
  1. Universities Tests Act 1871
    
    The Universities Tests Act 1871 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It abolished religious "Tests" and allowed Roman Catholics, non-conformists and non-Christians to take up professorships, fellowships, studentships and other lay offices at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham. It also forbade religious tests for "any degree ".
  2. University of Oxford
    
    The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. Both are ranked among the most prestigious universities in the world.
  3. University of Cambridge
    
    The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the world's third oldest surviving university and one of its most prestigious, currently ranked second best in the world and the best in Europe by QS World University Rankings. Among the university's most notable alumni are 11 Fields Medalists, seven Turing Award winners, 47 heads of state, 14 British prime ministers, 194 Olympic medal-winning athletes, and some of world history's most transformational and iconic figures across disciplines, including Francis Bacon, Lord Byron, Oliver Cromwell, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, John Maynard Keynes, John Milton, Vladimir Nabokov, Jawaharlal Nehru, Isaac Newton, Bertrand Russell, Manmohan Singh, Alan Turing, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and others. Cambridge alumni and faculty have won 121 Nobel Prizes, the most of any university in the world.
  4. Durham University
    
    Durham University is a collegiate public research university in Durham, England, founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837. It was the first recognised university to open in England for more than 600 years, after Oxford and Cambridge, and is thus one of the institutions to be described as the third-oldest university in England. As a collegiate university its main functions are divided between the academic departments of the university and its 17 colleges. In general, the departments perform research and provide teaching to students, while the colleges are responsible for their domestic arrangements and welfare.
  5. Theology
    
    Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the supernatural, but also deals with religious epistemology, asks and seeks to answer the question of revelation. Revelation pertains to the acceptance of God, gods, or deities, as not only transcendent or above the natural world, but also willing and able to interact with the natural world and, in particular, to reveal themselves to humankind. While theology has turned into a secular field, religious adherents still consider theology to be a discipline that helps them live and understand concepts such as life and love and that helps them lead lives of obedience to the deities they follow or worship.
1858
1. Abraham Lincoln delivers his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois.
  1. Abraham Lincoln
    
    Abraham Lincoln was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.
  2. Lincoln's House Divided Speech
    
    The House Divided Speech was an address given by Illinois senatorial candidate and future president of the United States Abraham Lincoln, on June 16, 1858, at what was then the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, after he had accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination as that state's US senator. The nomination of Lincoln was the final item of business at the convention, which then broke for dinner, meeting again at 8 PM. "The evening session was mainly devoted to speeches", but the only speaker was Lincoln, whose address closed the convention, save for resolutions of thanks to the city of Springfield and others. His address was immediately published in full by newspapers, as a pamphlet, and in the published proceedings of the convention. It was the launching point of his unsuccessful campaign for the senatorial seat held by Stephen A. Douglas; the campaign would climax with the Lincoln–Douglas debates. When Lincoln collected and published his debates with Douglas as part of his 1860 presidential campaign, he prefixed them with relevant prior speeches. The "House Divided" speech opens the volume.
  3. Springfield, Illinois
    
    Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County. The city's population was 114,394 at the 2020 U.S. Census, which makes it the state's seventh most-populous city, the second largest outside of the Chicago metropolitan area, and the largest in central Illinois. Approximately 208,000 residents live in the Springfield metropolitan area.
1846
1. The Papal conclave of 1846 elects Pope Pius IX, beginning the longest reign in the history of the papacy.
  1. 1846 papal conclave
    
    The 1846 papal conclave was triggered after death of Pope Gregory XVI on 1 June 1846. Fifty of the 62 members of the College of Cardinals assembled in the Quirinal Palace, one of the papal palaces in Rome and the seat of two earlier 19th century conclaves. The conclave began on 14 June and had to elect a pope who would not only be head of the Catholic Church but also the head of state and government of the Papal States, the extensive lands around Rome and Northern Italy which the Catholic Church governed.
  2. Pope Pius IX
    
    Pope Pius IX was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican Council in 1868 and for permanently losing control of the Papal States in 1870 to the Kingdom of Italy. Thereafter he refused to leave Vatican City, declaring himself a "prisoner of the Vatican".
1836
1. The formation of the London Working Men's Association gives rise to the Chartist Movement.
  1. London Working Men's Association
    
    The London Working Men's Association was an organisation established in London in 1836. It was one of the foundations of Chartism, advocating for universal male suffrage, equally-populated electoral districts, the abolition of property qualifications for MPs, annual Parliaments, the payment of MPs, and the establishment of secret ballot voting. The founders were William Lovett, Francis Place and Henry Hetherington. They appealed to skilled workers rather than the mass of unskilled factory labourers. They were associated with Owenite socialism and the movement for general education.
  2. Chartism
    
    Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in the United Kingdom that erupted from 1838 to 1857 and was strongest in 1839, 1842 and 1848. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838 and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in Northern England, the East Midlands, the Staffordshire Potteries, the Black Country, and the South Wales Valleys. The movement was fiercely opposed by government authorities who finally suppressed it.
1824
1. A meeting at Old Slaughter's coffee house in London leads to the formation of what is now the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).
  1. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
    
    The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) is a charity operating in England and Wales that promotes animal welfare. The RSPCA is funded primarily by voluntary donations. Its patron was Queen Elizabeth II. Founded in 1824, it is the oldest and largest animal welfare organisation in the world and is one of the largest charities in the UK. The organisation also does international outreach work across Europe, Africa and Asia.
1819
1. A strong earthquake in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India, caused a local zone of uplift that dammed the Nara River, which was later named the Allah Bund ('Dam of God').
  1. 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
    
    The 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake occurred at about 18:45 to 18:50 local time on 16 June. It had an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a tsunami and caused at least 1,543 deaths. The earthquake caused an area of subsidence that formed the Sindri Lake and a local zone of uplift to the north about 80 km long, 6 km wide and 6 m high that dammed the Koree / Kori / Puran / Nara river. This natural dam was known as the Allah Bund.
  2. Kutch district
    
    Kutch district is a district of Gujarat state in western India, with its headquarters (capital) at Bhuj. Covering an area of 45,674 km2, it is the largest district of India. The area of Kutch District is larger than the entire area of states like Haryana (44,212 km2) and Kerala (38,863 km2). The population of Kutch is about 2,092,371. It has 10 talukas, 939 villages and 6 municipalities. The Kutch district is home to the Kutchi people who speak the Kutchi language.
  3. Gujarat
    
    Gujarat is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about 1,600 km (990 mi) is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some 196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi); and the ninth-most populous state, with a population of 60.4 million. It is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south, Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Gujarat's capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. The Gujaratis are indigenous to the state and their language, Gujarati, is the state's official language.
  4. Nara River (India)
    
    The Nara River is a river located in Kutch in the Indian state of Gujarat. It flows northeast into the Great Rann of Kutch.
2. A major earthquake strikes the Kutch district of western India, killing over 1,543 people and raising a 6-metre-high (20 ft), 6-kilometre-wide (3.7 mi), ridge, extending for at least 80 kilometres (50 mi), that was known as the Allah Bund ("Dam of God").
  1. 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
    
    The 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake occurred at about 18:45 to 18:50 local time on 16 June. It had an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a tsunami and caused at least 1,543 deaths. The earthquake caused an area of subsidence that formed the Sindri Lake and a local zone of uplift to the north about 80 km long, 6 km wide and 6 m high that dammed the Koree / Kori / Puran / Nara river. This natural dam was known as the Allah Bund.
  2. Kutch district
    
    Kutch district is a district of Gujarat state in western India, with its headquarters (capital) at Bhuj. Covering an area of 45,674 km2, it is the largest district of India. The area of Kutch District is larger than the entire area of states like Haryana (44,212 km2) and Kerala (38,863 km2). The population of Kutch is about 2,092,371. It has 10 talukas, 939 villages and 6 municipalities. The Kutch district is home to the Kutchi people who speak the Kutchi language.
1815
1. Battle of Ligny and Battle of Quatre Bras, two days before the Battle of Waterloo.
  1. Battle of Ligny
    
    The Battle of Ligny, in which French troops of the Armée du Nord under the command of Napoleon I defeated part of a Prussian army under Field Marshal Blücher, was fought on 16 June 1815 near Ligny in what is now Belgium. The result was a tactical victory for the French, but the bulk of the Prussian army survived the battle in good order, was reinforced by Prussian troops who had not fought at Ligny, and played a role two days later at the Battle of Waterloo. The Battle of Ligny was the last victory in Napoleon's military career.
  2. Battle of Quatre Bras
    
    The Battle of Quatre Bras was fought on 16 June 1815, as a preliminary engagement to the decisive Battle of Waterloo that occurred two days later. The battle took place near the strategic crossroads of Quatre Bras and was contested between elements of the Duke of Wellington's Anglo-allied army and the left wing of Napoleon Bonaparte's French Armée du Nord under Marshal Michel Ney. The battle was a tactical victory for Wellington, but because Ney prevented him going to the aid of Blucher's Prussians who were fighting a larger French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte at Ligny it was a strategic victory for the French.
  3. Battle of Waterloo
    
    The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo. A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition. One of these was a British-led coalition consisting of units from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of the Duke of Wellington. The other was composed of three corps of the Prussian army under the command of Field Marshal von Blücher. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle was contemporaneously known as the Battle of Mont Saint-Jean (France) or La Belle Alliance.
1811
1. Survivors of an attack the previous day by Tla-o-qui-aht on board the Pacific Fur Company's ship Tonquin, intentionally detonate a powder magazine on the ship, destroying it and killing about 100 attackers.
  1. Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations
    
    The Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations are a Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation in Canada. They live on ten reserves along the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The band is part of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. There were 618 people living in the Tla-o-qui-aht reserves in 1995. Their primary economic activities are fishing and tourism.
  2. Pacific Fur Company
    
    The Pacific Fur Company (PFC) was an American fur trade venture wholly owned and funded by John Jacob Astor that functioned from 1810 to 1813. It was based in the Pacific Northwest, an area contested over the decades between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Spanish Empire, the United States of America and the Russian Empire.
  3. Tonquin (1807 ship)
    
    Tonquin was a 290-ton American merchant ship initially operated by Fanning & Coles and later by the Pacific Fur Company (PFC), a subsidiary of the American Fur Company (AFC). Its first commander was Edmund Fanning, who sailed to the Qing Empire for valuable Chinese trade goods in 1807. The vessel was outfitted for another journey to China and then was sold to German-American entrepreneur John Jacob Astor. Included within his intricate plans to assume control over portions of the lucrative North American fur trade, the ship was intended to establish and supply trading outposts on the Pacific Northwest coast. Valuable animal furs purchased and trapped in the region would then be shipped to China, where consumer demand was high for particular pelts.
  4. Battle of Woody Point
    
    The Battle of Woody Point was an incident in western Canada in June 1811 involving the Tla-o-qui-aht natives of the Pacific Northwest and the Tonquin, an American merchant ship of the Astor Expedition. The vessel had traveled to Clayoquot Sound off Vancouver Island to trade for furs. Following an argument begun during the bartering, the Tla-o-qui-aht captured the vessel and massacred most of the crew; one remaining sailor then scuttled her by detonating the powder magazine.
1795
1. French Revolutionary Wars: In what became known as Cornwallis's Retreat, a British Royal Navy squadron led by Vice Admiral William Cornwallis strongly resists a much larger French Navy force and withdraws largely intact, setting up the French Navy defeat at the Battle of Groix six days later.
  1. French Revolutionary Wars
    
    The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had conquered territories in the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and the Rhineland in Europe and abandoned Louisiana in North America. French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe.
  2. Cornwallis's Retreat
    
    Cornwallis's Retreat was a naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a British Royal Navy squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates was attacked by a much larger French Navy fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of Brittany on 16–17 June 1795.
  3. Royal Navy
    
    The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.
  4. William Cornwallis
    
    Admiral of the Red Sir William Cornwallis, was a Royal Navy officer. He was the brother of Charles Cornwallis, the 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British commander at the siege of Yorktown. Cornwallis took part in a number of decisive battles including the siege of Louisbourg in 1758, when he was 14, and the Battle of the Saintes but is best known as a friend of Lord Nelson and as the commander-in-chief of the Channel Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He is depicted in the Horatio Hornblower novel, Hornblower and the Hotspur.
  5. French Navy
    
    The French Navy, informally La Royale, is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the five military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in the world, ranking seventh in combined fleet tonnage and fifth in number of naval vessels. The French Navy is one of eight naval forces currently operating fixed-wing aircraft carriers, with its flagship Charles de Gaulle being the only nuclear-powered aircraft carrier outside the United States Navy, and one of two non-American vessels to use catapults to launch aircraft.
  6. Battle of Groix
    
    The Battle of Groix was a large naval engagement which took place near the island of Groix off the Biscay coast of Brittany on 23 June 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars. The battle was fought between elements of the British Channel Fleet and the French Atlantic Fleet, which were cruising in the region on separate missions. The British fleet, commanded by Admiral Lord Bridport, was covering an invasion convoy carrying a French Royalist army to invade Quiberon, while the French under Vice-admiral Villaret de Joyeuse had sailed a week earlier to rescue a French convoy from attack by a British squadron. The French fleet had driven off the British squadron in a battle on 17 June known as Cornwallis's Retreat, and were attempting to return to their base at Brest when Bridport's force of 14 ships of the line appeared on 22 June.
1779
1. Spain declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Great Siege of Gibraltar begins.
  1. Great Siege of Gibraltar
    
    The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the War of the American Revolution. It was the largest battle in the war by number of combatants. The American war had ended with the British defeat at Yorktown in October 1781, but the Bourbon defeat in their great final assault on Gibraltar would not come until September 1782. The siege was suspended in February 1783 at the beginning of peace talks with the British.
1760
1. French and Indian War: Robert Rogers and his Rangers surprise French held Fort Sainte Thérèse on the Richelieu River near Lake Champlain. The fort is raided and burned.
  1. Robert Rogers (British Army officer)
    
    Robert Rogers was an American colonial frontiersman. Rogers served in the British army during both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. During the French and Indian War, Rogers raised and commanded the famous Rogers' Rangers, trained for raiding and close combat behind enemy lines.
  2. Rogers' Rangers
    
    Rogers' Rangers was a company of soldiers from the Province of New Hampshire raised by Major Robert Rogers and attached to the British Army during the Seven Years' War. The unit was quickly adopted into the British army as an independent ranger company. Robert Rogers trained and commanded the rapidly deployed light infantry force, which was tasked mainly with reconnaissance as well as conducting special operations against distant targets. Their tactics were built on earlier colonial precedents and were codified for the first time by Rogers as his 28 "Rules of Ranging". The tactics proved remarkably effective, so much so that the initial company was expanded into a ranging corps of more than a dozen companies. The ranger corps became the chief scouting arm of British Crown forces by the late 1750s. The British forces in America valued Rogers' Rangers for their ability to gather intelligence about the enemy. They were disbanded in 1761.
  3. Fort Sainte Thérèse
    
    Fort Sainte Thérèse is the name given to three different forts built successively on one site, among a series of fortifications constructed during the 17th century by France along the Richelieu River, in the province of Quebec, in Montérégie.
  4. Richelieu River
    
    The Richelieu River is a river of Quebec, Canada, and a major right-bank tributary of the St. Lawrence River. It rises at Lake Champlain, from which it flows northward through Quebec and empties into the St. Lawrence. It was formerly known by the French as the Iroquois River and the Chambly River, and was named for Cardinal Richelieu, the powerful minister under Louis XIII.
  5. Lake Champlain
    
    Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America. It mostly lies between the US states of New York and Vermont, but also extends north into the Canadian province of Quebec.
  6. Sainte-Thérèse Raid
    
    The Sainte-Thérèse Raid was a military raid on the town of Sainte-Thérèse in French Canada conducted by British elite forces known as Rogers' Rangers that took place during the French and Indian War from 3 to 18 June 1760. Led by Robert Rogers the raid was a pre-emptive strike ordered by Major General Jeffery Amherst as a prelude to his three pronged attack on Montreal the following month.
1755
1. After a two-week siege, the French commander of Fort Beauséjour in present-day New Brunswick, Canada, surrendered to British forces, marking the end of Father Le Loutre's War.
  1. Battle of Fort Beauséjour
    
    The Battle of Fort Beauséjour was fought on the Isthmus of Chignecto and marked the end of Father Le Loutre's War and the opening of a British offensive in the Acadia/Nova Scotia theatre of the Seven Years' War, which would eventually lead to the end of the French colonial empire in North America. The battle also reshaped the settlement patterns of the Atlantic region, and laid the groundwork for the modern province of New Brunswick.
  2. Fort Beauséjour
    
    Fort Beauséjour, renamed Fort Cumberland in 1755, is a large, five-bastioned fort on the Isthmus of Chignecto in eastern Canada, a neck of land connecting the present-day province of New Brunswick with that of Nova Scotia. The site was strategically important in Acadia, a French colony that included primarily the Maritimes, the eastern part of Quebec, and northern Maine of the later United States. The fort was built by the French from 1751 to 1752. They surrendered it to the British in 1755 after their defeat in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, during the Seven Years' War. The British renamed the structure as Fort Cumberland. The fort was strategically important throughout the Anglo-French rivalry of 1749–63, known as the French and Indian Wars by British colonists. Less than a generation later, it was the site of the 1776 Battle of Fort Cumberland, when the British forces repulsed sympathisers of the American Revolution.
  3. New Brunswick
    
    New Brunswick is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and French as its official languages.
  4. Father Le Loutre's War
    
    Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Mi'kmaq War and the Anglo-Mi'kmaq War, took place between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia. On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham. On the other side, Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadia militia in guerrilla warfare against settlers and British forces. At the outbreak of the war there were an estimated 2500 Mi'kmaq and 12,000 Acadians in the region.
2. French and Indian War: The French surrender Fort Beauséjour to the British, leading to the expulsion of the Acadians.
  1. French and Indian War
    
    The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on their native allies.
  2. Military history of France
    
    The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2,000 years across areas including modern France, Europe, and a variety of regions throughout the world.
  3. Fort Beauséjour
    
    Fort Beauséjour, renamed Fort Cumberland in 1755, is a large, five-bastioned fort on the Isthmus of Chignecto in eastern Canada, a neck of land connecting the present-day province of New Brunswick with that of Nova Scotia. The site was strategically important in Acadia, a French colony that included primarily the Maritimes, the eastern part of Quebec, and northern Maine of the later United States. The fort was built by the French from 1751 to 1752. They surrendered it to the British in 1755 after their defeat in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, during the Seven Years' War. The British renamed the structure as Fort Cumberland. The fort was strategically important throughout the Anglo-French rivalry of 1749–63, known as the French and Indian Wars by British colonists. Less than a generation later, it was the site of the 1776 Battle of Fort Cumberland, when the British forces repulsed sympathisers of the American Revolution.
  4. Acadians
    
    The Acadians are an ethnic group descended from the French who settled in the New France colony of Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries. Most Acadians live in the region of Acadia, as it is the region where the descendants of a few Acadians who escaped the Expulsion of the Acadians re-settled. Most Acadians in Canada continue to live in majority French-speaking communities, notably those in New Brunswick where Acadians and Francophones are granted autonomy in areas such as education and health.
1746
1. War of the Austrian Succession: Austria and Sardinia defeat a Franco-Spanish army at the Battle of Piacenza.
  1. Sardinia
    
    Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the 20 regions of Italy. It is located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia and immediately south of the French island of Corsica.
  2. Battle of Piacenza
    
    The Battle of Piacenza was fought between a Franco-Spanish army and the Austrian army near Piacenza, in Northern Italy on June 16, 1746. It formed part of later operations in the War of the Austrian Succession. The result was a victory for the Austrian forces, led by Prince Josef Wenzel.
1745
1. War of the Austrian Succession: New England colonial troops under the command of William Pepperrell capture the Fortress of Louisbourg in Louisbourg, New France (Old Style date).
  1. War of the Austrian Succession
    
    The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
  2. New England
    
    New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the southwest. Boston is New England's largest city, as well as the capital of Massachusetts. Greater Boston is the largest metropolitan area, with nearly a third of New England's population; this area includes Worcester, Massachusetts, Manchester, New Hampshire, and Providence, Rhode Island.
  3. William Pepperrell
    
    Sir William Pepperrell, 1st Baronet was a merchant and soldier in colonial Massachusetts. He is widely remembered for organizing, financing, and leading the 1745 expedition that captured the French fortress of Louisbourg during King George's War.
  4. Fortress of Louisbourg
    
    The Fortress of Louisbourg is a National Historic Site and the location of a one-quarter partial reconstruction of an 18th-century French fortress at Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Its two sieges, especially that of 1758, were turning points in the Anglo-French struggle for what today is Canada.
  5. Louisbourg
    
    Louisbourg is an unincorporated community and former town in Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia.
  6. New France
    
    New France was the area colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.
  7. Old Style and New Style dates
    
    Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923.
1586
1. Mary, Queen of Scots, recognizes Philip II of Spain as her heir and successor.
  1. Mary, Queen of Scots
    
    Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567.
  2. Philip II of Spain
    
    Philip II, also known as Philip the Prudent, was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.
  3. Order of succession
    
    An order of succession or right of succession is the line of individuals necessitated to hold a high office when it becomes vacated such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility. This sequence may be regulated through descent or by statute.
1487
1. Battle of Stoke Field: King Henry VII of England defeats the leaders of a Yorkist rebellion in the final engagement of the Wars of the Roses.
  1. Battle of Stoke Field
    
    The Battle of Stoke Field on 16 June 1487 may be considered the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, since it was the last major engagement between contenders for the throne whose claims derived from descent from the houses of Lancaster and York respectively. The Battle of Bosworth Field, two years previously, had established King Henry VII on the throne, ending the last period of Yorkist rule and initiating that of the Tudors. The Battle of Stoke Field was the decisive engagement in an attempt by leading Yorkists to unseat him in favour of the pretender Lambert Simnel.
  2. Henry VII of England
    
    Henry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
  3. Wars of the Roses
    
    The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the English throne in the mid-to-late fifteenth century, fought between supporters of two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster and York. The wars extinguished the male lines of the two dynasties, leading to the Tudor family inheriting the Lancastrian claim. Following the war, the Houses of Lancaster and York were united, creating a new royal dynasty, thereby resolving the rival claims. The conflict lasted for over thirty years, with various periods of greater and lesser levels of violent conflict during that period, between various rival contenders for the monarchy of England.
1407
1. Ming Chinese forces conquered Đại Ngu, capturing Hồ Quý Ly and his sons in the process, and ending the Vietnamese Hồ dynasty.
  1. Ming dynasty
    
    The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
  2. Ming conquest of Đại Ngu
    
    The Ming invasion of Viet, known in Vietnam as the Ming–Đại Ngu War was a military campaign against the kingdom of Đại Ngu under the Hồ dynasty by the Ming dynasty of China. The campaign began with Ming intervention in support of a rival faction to the Hồ dynasty which ruled Đại Ngu, but ended with the incorporation of Đại Ngu into the Ming dynasty as the province of Jiaozhi. The invasion is acknowledged by recent historians as one of the most important wars of the late medieval period, whereas both sides, especially the Ming, used the most advanced weapons in the world at the time.
  3. Hồ Quý Ly
    
    Hồ Quý Ly ruled Đại Ngu (Vietnam) from 1400 to 1401 as the founding emperor of the short-lived Hồ dynasty. Quý Ly rose from a post as an official served the court of the ruling Trần dynasty and a military general fought against the Cham forces during the Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390). After his military defeat in the Ming Conquest of Dai Ngu (1406–1407), he and his son were captured as prisoners and were exiled to China, while the Dai Viet Empire became the thirteenth province of Ming Empire.
  4. Hồ dynasty
    
    The Hồ dynasty was a short-lived Vietnamese dynasty consisting of the reigns of two monarchs, Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛) in 1400–01 and his second son, Hồ Hán Thương (胡漢蒼), who reigned the kingdom of Đại Ngu from 1401 to 1406. The practice of bequeathing the throne to a designated son was similar to what had happened in the previous Trần dynasty and was meant to avoid sibling rivalry. Hồ Quý Ly's eldest son, Hồ Nguyên Trừng, played his part as the dynasty's military general. In 2011, UNESCO declared the Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty in Thanh Hóa Province a world heritage site.
2. Ming–Hồ War: Retired King Hồ Quý Ly and his son King Hồ Hán Thương of Hồ dynasty are captured by the Ming armies.
  1. Ming conquest of Đại Ngu
    
    The Ming invasion of Viet, known in Vietnam as the Ming–Đại Ngu War was a military campaign against the kingdom of Đại Ngu under the Hồ dynasty by the Ming dynasty of China. The campaign began with Ming intervention in support of a rival faction to the Hồ dynasty which ruled Đại Ngu, but ended with the incorporation of Đại Ngu into the Ming dynasty as the province of Jiaozhi. The invasion is acknowledged by recent historians as one of the most important wars of the late medieval period, whereas both sides, especially the Ming, used the most advanced weapons in the world at the time.
  2. Hồ Quý Ly
    
    Hồ Quý Ly ruled Đại Ngu (Vietnam) from 1400 to 1401 as the founding emperor of the short-lived Hồ dynasty. Quý Ly rose from a post as an official served the court of the ruling Trần dynasty and a military general fought against the Cham forces during the Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390). After his military defeat in the Ming Conquest of Dai Ngu (1406–1407), he and his son were captured as prisoners and were exiled to China, while the Dai Viet Empire became the thirteenth province of Ming Empire.
  3. Hồ Hán Thương
    
    Hồ Hán Thương was the second and final emperor of the short-lived Hồ dynasty of Đại Ngu.
  4. Hồ dynasty
    
    The Hồ dynasty was a short-lived Vietnamese dynasty consisting of the reigns of two monarchs, Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛) in 1400–01 and his second son, Hồ Hán Thương (胡漢蒼), who reigned the kingdom of Đại Ngu from 1401 to 1406. The practice of bequeathing the throne to a designated son was similar to what had happened in the previous Trần dynasty and was meant to avoid sibling rivalry. Hồ Quý Ly's eldest son, Hồ Nguyên Trừng, played his part as the dynasty's military general. In 2011, UNESCO declared the Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty in Thanh Hóa Province a world heritage site.
  5. Ming dynasty
    
    The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
632
1. The final king of the Sasanian Empire of Iran, Yazdegerd III, ascended the throne at the age of eight.
  1. Sasanian Empire
    
    The Sasanian or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named after the House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD, making it the longest-lived Persian imperial dynasty. The Sasanian Empire succeeded the Parthian Empire, and re-established the Persians as a major power in late antiquity alongside its neighbouring arch-rival, the Roman Empire.
  2. Yazdegerd III
    
    Yazdegerd III was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651. His father was Shahriyar and his grandfather was Khosrow II.
2. Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king (shah) of the Persian Empire. He becomes the last ruler of the Sasanian dynasty (modern Iran).
  1. Yazdegerd III
    
    Yazdegerd III was the last Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 632 to 651. His father was Shahriyar and his grandfather was Khosrow II.
  2. Shah
    
    Shah is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies. It was also used by a variety of Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Kazakh Khanate, the Khanate of Bukhara, the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, historical Afghan dynasties, and among Gurkhas. Rather than regarding himself as simply a king of the concurrent dynasty, each Iranian ruler regarded himself as the Shahanshah or Padishah in the sense of a continuation of the original Persian Empire.
  3. Sasanian Empire
    
    The Sasanian or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named after the House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD, making it the longest-lived Persian imperial dynasty. The Sasanian Empire succeeded the Parthian Empire, and re-established the Persians as a major power in late antiquity alongside its neighbouring arch-rival, the Roman Empire.
  4. Sasanian family tree
    
    This is a family tree of the Sasanian emperors, their ancestors, and Sasanian princes/princesses.
  5. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
363
1. Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.
  1. Julian (emperor)
    
    Julian was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplatonic Hellenism in its place, caused him to be remembered as Julian the Apostate in Christian tradition.
  2. Tigris
    
    The Tigris is the easternmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of Southeastern Turkey through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, and empties into the Persian Gulf.
  3. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.

Births & Deaths

2020
1. Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., Filipino businessman and politician (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Danding Cojuangco
    
    Eduardo "Danding" Murphy Cojuangco Jr. was a Filipino businessman and politician. He was the chairman and CEO of San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage corporation in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. He served as a Philippine ambassador and governor of Tarlac. In 2016, his personal wealth was estimated at US$1.16 billion, and it was estimated that at one time, his business empire accounted for 25% of the gross national product of the Philippines.
2017
1. Helmut Kohl, German politician, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Helmut Kohl
    
    Helmut Josef Michael Kohl was a German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998. Kohl's 16-year tenure is the longest of any German chancellor since Otto von Bismarck, and oversaw the end of the Cold War, the German reunification and the creation of the European Union (EU). Further, Kohl's 16 years and 30 day tenure is the longest for any democratically elected Chancellor of Germany.
  2. Chancellor of Germany
    
    The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the federal president and without debate.
2016
1. Jo Cox, English political activist and MP (b. 1974) deaths
  1. Jo Cox
    
    Helen Joanne Cox was a British politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Batley and Spen from May 2015 until her murder in June 2016. She was a member of the Labour Party.
2015
1. Charles Correa, Indian architect and urban planner (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Charles Correa
    
    Charles Mark Correa was an Indian architect and urban planner. Credited with the creation of modern architecture in post-Independent India, he was celebrated for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor and for his use of traditional methods and materials.
2. Jean Vautrin, French director, screenwriter, and critic (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Jean Vautrin
    
    Jean Vautrin, real name Jean Herman, was a French writer, filmmaker and film critic.
2014
1. Tony Gwynn, American baseball player and coach (b. 1960) deaths
  1. Tony Gwynn
    
    Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr., nicknamed "Mr. Padre", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982–2001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres. The left-handed hitting Gwynn won eight batting titles in his career, tied for the most in National League (NL) history. He is considered one of the best and most consistent hitters in baseball history. Gwynn had a .338 career batting average, never hitting below .309 in any full season. He was a 15-time All-Star, recognized for his skills both on offense and defense with seven Silver Slugger Awards and five Gold Glove Awards. Gwynn was the rare player in his era that stayed with a single team his entire career, and he played in the only two World Series appearances in San Diego's franchise history. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007, his first year of eligibility.
2. Cándido Muatetema Rivas (b. 1960), Equatoguinean politician and diplomat, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea deaths
  1. Cándido Muatetema Rivas
    
    Cándido Muatetema Rivas was a political figure in Equatorial Guinea who was Prime Minister from 2001 to 2004.
  2. List of prime ministers of Equatorial Guinea
    
    This article lists the prime ministers of Equatorial Guinea, a country in the Gulf of Guinea and on the western equatorial coast of Central Africa, since the establishment of the office of prime minister of Spanish Guinea in 1963. Bonifacio Ondó Edu was the first person to hold the office, taking effect on 15 December 1963. The incumbent is Francisco Pascual Obama Asue, having taken office on 23 June 2016.
2013
1. Sam Farber, American businessman, co-founded OXO (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Sam Farber
    
    Samuel Farber was an American industrial designer and businessman.
  2. OXO (kitchen utensils brand)
    
    OXO is an American manufacturer of kitchen utensils, office supplies, and housewares, founded in 1990 and based in New York City.
2. Hans Hass, Austrian biologist and diver (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Hans Hass
    
    Hans Hass was an Austrian biologist and underwater diving pioneer. He was known mainly for being among the first scientists to popularise coral reefs, stingrays, octopuses and sharks. He pioneered the making of documentaries filmed underwater and led the development of a type of rebreather. He is also known for his energon theory and his commitment to protecting the environment.
3. Khondakar Ashraf Hossain, Bangladesh poet and academic (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Khondakar Ashraf Hossain
    
    Khondakar Ashraf Hossain was a leading postmodernist poet, essayist, translator, and editor from Bangladesh. He wrote more than eighteen titles.
4. Norman Ian MacKenzie, English journalist and author (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Norman MacKenzie (journalist)
    
    Norman Ian MacKenzie was a British journalist, academic and historian who helped in the founding of the Open University (OU) in the late 1960s.
5. Ottmar Walter, German footballer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Ottmar Walter
    
    Ottmar Kurt Herrmann Walter was a German footballer who played as a striker.
2012
1. Nils Karlsson, Swedish skier (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Nils Karlsson
    
    Nils Emanuel Karlsson, better known as Mora-Nisse, was a Swedish cross-country skier. Karlsson won gold in the 50 km event at the 1948 Winter Olympics and nine Vasaloppet victories.
2. Jorge Lankenau, Mexican banker and businessman (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Jorge Lankenau
    
    Jorge Lankenau Rocha was a Mexican banker and businessman born in Monterrey, Nuevo León. He was founder and president of Grupo Financiero Abaco, one of the most important financial groups in Mexico in the 90's.
3. Sławomir Petelicki, Polish general (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Sławomir Petelicki
    
    Brigadier General Sławomir Petelicki was the first commander of the Polish special forces unit GROM from July 13, 1990, until December 19, 1995. Later, he was the head of the Foundation of Former GROM Soldiers.
4. Susan Tyrrell, American actress (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Susan Tyrrell
    
    Susan Tyrrell was an American character actress. Tyrrell's career began in theater in New York City in the 1960s in Broadway and off Broadway productions. Her first film was Shoot Out (1971). She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Oma in John Huston's Fat City (1972). In 1978, Tyrrell received the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Andy Warhol's Bad (1977). Her New York Times obituary described her as "a whiskey-voiced character actress (with) talent for playing the downtrodden, outré, and grotesque."
2011
1. Östen Mäkitalo, Swedish engineer and academic (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Östen Mäkitalo
    
    Östen Mäkitalo was a Swedish electrical engineer. He is considered to be the one of the most important developers in modern times together with Laila Ohlgren, both engineers at Telia. Together they developed the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system and were the leading figures, representing Telia and Sweden, in the meetings with the other Nordic countries to find a common standard. Later they developed GSM and led the meetings to find a European and later world standard for mobile communication. They are many times considered the developer of the cellular phone and mobile telephony.
2010
1. Marc Bazin, Haitian lawyer and politician, 49th President of Haiti (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Marc Bazin
    
    Marc Louis Bazin was a World Bank official, former United Nations functionary and Haitian Minister of Finance and Economy under the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier. He was prime minister of Haiti appointed on June 4, 1992 by the military government that had seized power on September 30, 1991.
  2. President of Haiti
    
    The president of Haiti, officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti, is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of Haiti. There is currently no president in Haiti following the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse on 7 July 2021.
2. Maureen Forrester, Canadian singer and academic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Maureen Forrester
    
    Maureen Kathleen Stewart Forrester, was a Canadian operatic contralto.
3. Ronald Neame, English director, producer, cinematographer, and screenwriter (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Ronald Neame
    
    Ronald Neame CBE, BSC was an English film producer, director, cinematographer, and screenwriter. Beginning his career as a cinematographer, for his work on the British war film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1943) he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Special Effects. During a partnership with director David Lean, he produced Brief Encounter (1945), Great Expectations (1946), and Oliver Twist (1948), receiving two Academy Award nominations for writing.
2008
1. Mario Rigoni Stern, Italian soldier and author (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Mario Rigoni Stern
    
    Mario Rigoni Stern was an Italian author and World War II veteran.
2005
1. Enrique Laguerre, Puerto Rican-American author and critic (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Enrique Laguerre
    
    Enrique Arturo Laguerre Vélez was a teacher, novelist, playwright, critic, and newspaper columnist from Moca, Puerto Rico. He is the author of the 1935 novel La Llamarada, which has been for many years obligatory reading in many literature courses in Puerto Rico.
2004
1. Thanom Kittikachorn, Thai field marshal and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Thanom Kittikachorn
    
    Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn was the leader of Thailand from 1963 to 1973, during which he staged a self-coup, until public protests which exploded into violence forced him to step down. His return from exile in 1976 sparked protests which led to a massacre of demonstrators, followed by a military coup.
  2. Prime Minister of Thailand
    
    The prime minister of Thailand is the head of government of Thailand. The prime minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed since the Revolution of 1932, when the country became a constitutional monarchy. Prior to the coup d'état, the prime minister was nominated by a vote in the Thai House of Representatives by a simple majority, and is then appointed and sworn-in by the king of Thailand. The house's selection is usually based on the fact that either the prime minister is the leader of the largest political party in the lower house or the leader of the largest coalition of parties. In accordance with the 2017 Constitution, the Prime Minister can hold the office for no longer than eight years, consecutively or not. The post of Prime Minister is currently held by retired general Prayut Chan-o-cha, since the 2014 coup d'état.
2. Jacques Miquelon, Canadian lawyer and judge (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Jacques Miquelon
    
    Jacques Miquelon was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Quebec. He represented Abitibi-Est in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1948 to 1960 as a member of the Union Nationale.
2003
1. Anna Cathcart, Canadian actress births
  1. Anna Cathcart
    
    Anna Cathcart is a Canadian actress. She became known for starring in season two of Odd Squad (2016–2019) as Agent Olympia. Cathcart also gained wide recognition for portraying Kitty Covey in Netflix's To All the Boys I've Loved Before film series (2018–2021). She is also known for portraying Dizzy Tremaine in Disney Channel's Descendants 2 (2017) and Descendants 3 (2019) and Zoe Valentine in the Brat web series of the same name (2019) and Spring Breakaway (2019).
2. Pierre Bourgault, Canadian journalist and politician (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Pierre Bourgault
    
    Pierre Bourgault was a politician and essayist, as well as an actor and journalist, from Quebec, Canada. He is most famous as a public speaker who advocated sovereignty for Quebec from Canada.
3. Georg Henrik von Wright, Finnish–Swedish philosopher and author (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Georg Henrik von Wright
    
    Georg Henrik von Wright was a Finnish philosopher.
2002
1. Sam Walker, English-Australian rugby league player births
  1. Sam Walker (rugby league)
    
    Sam Walker is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a halfback & five-eighth for the Sydney Roosters in the NRL.
2000
1. Bianca Andreescu, Canadian tennis player births
  1. Bianca Andreescu
    
    Bianca Vanessa Andreescu is a Canadian professional tennis player. She has a career-high ranking of No. 4 in the world, and is the highest-ranked Canadian in the history of the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Andreescu was the champion at the US Open and the Canadian Open in 2019, defeating Serena Williams to win both titles. She is the first Canadian tennis player to win a major singles title, and the first to win the Canadian Open in 50 years. She was also the first player to win a major singles title as a teenager since Maria Sharapova in 2006.
1999
1. Screaming Lord Sutch, English singer and activist (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Screaming Lord Sutch
    
    Screaming Lord Sutch, who had his name legally changed from David Edward Sutch, was an English musician and perennial parliamentary candidate. He was the founder of the Official Monster Raving Loony Party and served as its leader from 1983 to 1999, during which time he stood in numerous parliamentary elections. He holds the record for contesting the most Parliamentary elections, standing in 39 elections from 1963 to 1997. As a singer, he variously worked with Keith Moon, Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page, Ritchie Blackmore, Charlie Watts, John Bonham and Nicky Hopkins, and is known for his recordings with Joe Meek including "Jack the Ripper" (1963).
1998
1. Karman Thandi, Indian tennis player births
  1. Karman Thandi
    
    Karman Kaur Thandi is an Indian professional tennis player. She has been a previous Indian No. 1 in singles.
2. Fred Wacker, American race car driver and engineer (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Fred Wacker
    
    Frederick G. Wacker Jr. was an engineer and former president of two large Chicago companies. He was also a prominent Chicago socialite, a jazz musician, and a racing driver. He participated in five Formula One World Championship races, debuting on June 21, 1953. He scored no championship points. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.
1996
1. Mel Allen, American sportscaster and game show host (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Mel Allen
    
    Mel Allen was an American sportscaster, best known for his long tenure as the primary play-by-play announcer for the New York Yankees. During the peak of his career in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Allen was arguably the most prominent member of his profession, his voice familiar to millions. Years after his death, he is still promoted as having been "The Voice of the Yankees."
1995
1. Euan Aitken, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Euan Aitken
    
    Euan Aitken is a Scotland international rugby league footballer who plays as a second-rower or centre for the Dolphins the NRL.
2. Joseph Schooling, Singaporean swimmer births
  1. Joseph Schooling
    
    Joseph Isaac Schooling is a Singaporean professional swimmer who specialises in butterfly, freestyle and medley events. He was the gold medalist in the 100m butterfly at the 2016 Olympics, achieving Singapore's first ever Olympic gold medal. His winning time of 50.39s broke multiple records at the National, Southeast Asian, Asian and Olympic levels.
3. Akira Ioane, New Zealand rugby Union player births
  1. Akira Ioane
    
    Akira Ioane is a New Zealand rugby union player. Ioane plays blindside flanker and number 8 for the Auckland rugby union team in the Mitre 10 Cup, for the Blues in the Super Rugby competition and was selected for the All Blacks in 2017, having previously represented New Zealand internationally in Sevens and the Māori All Blacks.
1994
1. Grete-Lilijane Küppas, Estonian footballer births
  1. Grete-Lilijane Küppas
    
    Grete-Lilijane Küppas is an Estonian former footballer who last played as a defender for Naiste Meistriliiga club Tammeka Tartu. She has represented the Estonia women's national football team.
2. Rezar, Albanian professional wrestler births
  1. Rezar
    
    Gzim Selmani is a Dutch-Albanian professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed under the ring name Rezar.
3. Kristen Pfaff, American bass player and songwriter (b. 1967) deaths
  1. Kristen Pfaff
    
    Kristen Marie Pfaff was an American musician, best known as the bassist for alternative rock band Hole from 1993 to 1994. Prior to Hole, Pfaff was the bassist and backing vocalist for Minneapolis-based band Janitor Joe. Pfaff returned to Janitor Joe for a short tour in the weeks before her death in June 1994 of a heroin overdose.
1993
1. Park Bo-gum, South Korean actor births
  1. Park Bo-gum
    
    Park Bo-gum is a South Korean actor. He gained recognition for his diverse range of roles in film and television, notably, a psychopathic lawyer in Hello Monster (2015), a genius Go player in Reply 1988 (2015–2016), a Joseon Crown Prince in Love in the Moonlight (2016), a free-spirited man who falls for an older woman in Encounter (2018), and a model who overcomes various hardships to become a successful actor in Record of Youth (2020).
2. Gnash, American singer, songwriter, rapper, DJ and record producer births
  1. Gnash (musician)
    
    Garrett Charles Nash, formerly known by his stage name Gnash, is an American musician, rapper, singer, songwriter, DJ and record producer. He released his debut extended play (EP), U, in March 2015 on SoundCloud and followed up with the Me EP in December 2015. His third EP, titled Us, was released in March 2017 and includes the single, "I Hate U, I Love U", featuring Olivia O'Brien, which peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number one in Australia. His debut studio album We was released in January 2019, and also features "I Hate U, I Love U".
3. Lindsay Hassett, Australian cricketer and soldier (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Lindsay Hassett
    
    Arthur Lindsay Hassett was an Australian cricketer who played for Victoria and the Australian national team. The diminutive Hassett was an elegant middle-order batsman, described by Wisden as, "... a master of nearly every stroke ... his superb timing, nimble footwork and strong wrists enabled him to make batting look a simple matter". His sporting career at school singled him out as a precocious talent, but he took a number of seasons to secure a regular place in first-class cricket and initially struggled to make large scores. Selected for the 1938 tour of England with only one first-class century to his name, Hassett established himself with three consecutive first-class tons at the start of the campaign. Although he struggled in the Tests, he played a crucial role in Australia's win in the Fourth Test, with a composed display in the run-chase which sealed the retention of the Ashes. Upon returning to Australia, he distinguished himself in domestic cricket with a series of high scores, becoming the only player to score two centuries in a match against Bill O'Reilly—widely regarded as the best bowler in the world.
1992
1. Vladimir Morozov, Russian swimmer births
  1. Vladimir Morozov (swimmer)
    
    Vladimir Viktorovich Morozov is a Russian competitive swimmer and Olympic medalist. He is the former world record holder in the short course 100-metre individual medley, the current textile world record, World Cup record and Russian national record holder in the 100-metre individual medley and 100-metre freestyle, and Russian record holder in the 50-metre freestyle. He also holds the European record for the 100-metre individual medley. Formerly he held the Russian national record in the 50-metre backstroke and the 50-metre butterfly, and held the European and Russian records in the 50-metre breaststroke.
1991
1. Joe McElderry, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Joe McElderry
    
    Joseph McElderry is an English singer and songwriter. He won the sixth series of the ITV show The X Factor in 2009. His first single "The Climb" reached number one on both the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Charts. He was also the winner of the second series of Popstar to Operastar in 2011 and the first series of The Jump in 2014. In 2015, McElderry played the lead role of Joseph in the touring production of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat. In 2022, McElderry is set to perform a tour in tribute to George Michael.
2. Siya Kolisi, South African rugby player births
  1. Siya Kolisi
    
    Siyamthanda Kolisi is a South African professional rugby union player who currently captains the South Africa national team and also the Cell C Sharks. He plays club rugby for the Sharks in the Currie Cup. He generally plays as a flanker and a loose forward. In 2018, Kolisi was appointed captain of the Springboks, becoming the first black man to hold the position, and eventually leading the South African Rugby team to victory in the 2019 Rugby World Cup Final against England. In December 2019, Kolisi was named in New African magazine's list of 100 Most Influential Africans.
3. Matt Moylan, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Matt Moylan
    
    Matthew Moylan is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a five-eighth and fullback for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the NRL and Australia at international level.
1990
1. John Newman, English musician, singer, songwriter and record producer births
  1. John Newman (singer)
    
    John William Peter Newman is an English singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. He is best known for the track "Love Me Again" which peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart in July 2013 and appeared in FIFA 14, as well as co-writing and singing on Rudimental's 2012 singles "Feel the Love" and "Not Giving In", which peaked at number one and number 14 on the chart, respectively. In 2014, he featured in the Calvin Harris single "Blame", which also topped the UK charts.
1989
1. Odion Ighalo, Nigerian footballer births
  1. Odion Ighalo
    
    Odion Jude Ighalo is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Hilal and the Nigeria national team.
1988
1. Keshia Chanté, Canadian singer births
  1. Keshia Chanté
    
    Keshia Chanté Harper is a Canadian singer, television host, actress, songwriter and philanthropist. As a teenager, Chanté gained recognition with the release of her singles "Unpredictable", "Bad Boy" and "Does He Love Me" "Been Gone" "2U" and "Fallen" featuring Drake and has since released four albums. In 2013, she rose to international prominence as co-host of BET's 106 & Park with Bow Wow which launched her career as a TV Host & Television Personality. Chante is also known as Drake's musical muse who he refers to as "KIKI" in his song In My Feelings.
2. Jermaine Gresham, American football player births
  1. Jermaine Gresham
    
    Jermaine Gresham is a former American football tight end. He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oklahoma, where he received All-American honors.
3. Miguel Piñero, Puerto Rican-American actor and playwright (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Miguel Piñero
    
    Miguel Piñero was a playwright, actor and co-founder of the Nuyorican Poets Café. He was a leading member of the Nuyorican literary movement.
1987
1. Diana DeGarmo, American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Diana DeGarmo
    
    Diana Nicole DeGarmo is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She rose to fame in 2004 as the runner-up of the third season of American Idol, releasing her debut studio album, Blue Skies, later that year. The following year, DeGarmo ventured into a career in musical theatre. She has starred in two Broadway, one off-Broadway and three national tours. She made her television acting debut in a six-month arc as Angelina Veneziano on The Young and the Restless. DeGarmo has since released two extended plays, Unplugged in Nashville (2009) and Live to Love (2012). She is married to fifth season American Idol finalist Ace Young.
2. Per Ciljan Skjelbred, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Per Ciljan Skjelbred
    
    Per Ciljan Skjelbred is a Norwegian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Rosenborg. He has previously played for Hertha Berlin and Hamburger SV, and has been capped 43 times playing for Norway, but as of 2017, retired from international football.
3. Christian Tshimanga Kabeya, Belgian footballer births
  1. Christian Tshimanga Kabeya
    
    Christian Tshimanga Kabeya is a Belgian amateur footballer. He began his career at Aston Villa, playing in the 2004 FA Youth Cup final. He later moved on to AGOVV Apeldoorn in the Eerste Divisie (second) division of Dutch football but left the club in 2009 after two seasons. Returning to England, he played for amateur side Heath Hayes.
4. Marguerite de Angeli, American author and illustrator (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Marguerite de Angeli
    
    Marguerite de Angeli was an American writer and illustrator of children's books including the 1950 Newbery Award winning book The Door in the Wall. She wrote and illustrated twenty-eight of her own books, and illustrated more than three dozen books and numerous magazine stories and articles for other authors.
1986
1. Rodrigo Defendi, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Rodrigo Defendi
    
    Rodrigo Defendi is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender.
2. Urby Emanuelson, Dutch footballer births
  1. Urby Emanuelson
    
    Urby Vitorrio Diego Emanuelson is a Dutch former professional footballer of Surinamese descent He is the currently assistant trainer of Jong FC Utrecht.
3. Fernando Muslera, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Fernando Muslera
    
    Néstor Fernando Muslera Micol is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Turkish club Galatasaray, whom he captains, and the Uruguay national team.
4. Maurice Duruflé, French organist and composer (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Maurice Duruflé
    
    Maurice Gustave Duruflé was a French composer, organist, musicologist, and teacher.
1984
1. Rick Nash, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Rick Nash
    
    Richard McLaren Nash is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who serves as the director of player development for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). After being selected first overall in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft by Columbus, he played 15 seasons in the NHL for the Blue Jackets, New York Rangers and Boston Bruins, and was selected to play in six National Hockey League All-Star Games.
2. Dan Ryckert, American writer and entertainer births
  1. Dan Ryckert
    
    Dan Ryckert is an American Games Entertainer, producer. Previously in a writer and former video game journalist role, now a Twitch streamer and podcaster. In 2011, Complex magazine named Ryckert one of the twenty-five "raddest" game journalists to follow on Twitter. Ryckert has made three non-player character (NPC) appearances in video games; in 2011's L.A. Noire, 2014's Infamous Second Son and 2017's 2064: Read Only Memories.
3. Steven Whittaker, Scottish footballer births
  1. Steven Whittaker
    
    Steven Gordon Whittaker is a Scottish former professional footballer and coach, who is currently an assistant manager with Fleetwood Town. He played as a defender.
4. Lew Andreas, American football player and coach (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Lew Andreas
    
    Lewis P. Andreas was an American football and basketball coach and college athletic administrator. He was the head coach for Syracuse University's men's basketball and football programs beginning in the 1920s. The Sterling, Illinois native played baseball, basketball and football at University of Illinois as a freshman before transferring to Syracuse. He then played football and baseball, but not basketball, for the Orangemen before embarking on his coaching career.
5. Erni Krusten, Estonian author and poet (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Erni Krusten
    
    Erni Krusten was an Estonian writer. He was born Ernst Krustein in Muraste, Harku Parish, in a gardening family, and worked as a gardener himself.
1983
1. Armend Dallku, Albanian footballer births
  1. Armend Dallku
    
    Armend Sabit Dallku is an Albanian professional football coach and former player who is a current manager of Dukagjini, he represented Albania at under-21 and full international level collecting 64 international senior caps between years 2005–2013 and becoming part of top ten of list of Albania international footballers, remaining until March 2017 when he was overwrited by national side captain at the time Ansi Agolli.
1982
1. May Andersen, Danish model and actress births
  1. May Andersen
    
    Lykke May Andersen is a Danish model. She is best known for her work with Victoria's Secret and the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. She was once assistant director of The Hole, an art gallery, in New York City.
2. Missy Peregrym, Canadian model and actress births
  1. Missy Peregrym
    
    Melissa "Missy" Peregrym is a Canadian actress and former fashion model. She is known for her roles as Haley Graham in the 2006 film Stick It and Officer Andy McNally on the ABC and Global Television Network series Rookie Blue (2010–2015), for which she was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award in 2016.
3. James Honeyman-Scott, English guitarist and songwriter (b. 1956) deaths
  1. James Honeyman-Scott
    
    James Honeyman-Scott was an English rock guitarist, songwriter and founding member of the band The Pretenders.
1981
1. Benjamin Becker, German tennis player births
  1. Benjamin Becker
    
    Benjamin Becker is a German retired professional tennis player who is known for defeating former world No. 1 Andre Agassi in the third round at the 2006 US Open in what was Agassi's last match as a professional player.
2. Kevin Bieksa, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Kevin Bieksa
    
    Kevin Francesco Bieksa is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He most recently played for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL) after starting his career with the Vancouver Canucks. After a three-year career in the Ontario Junior Hockey League (OPJHL) with the Burlington Cougars, Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green State University. He was a one-time All-CCHA honourable mention during his four-year tenure with the Falcons of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). He graduated from the university with a bachelor's degree (B.A.) in finance, and was a two-time CCHA All-Academic honourable mention in 2003 and 2004. Bieksa now co-hosts Hockey Night in Canada.
3. Alexandre Giroux, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Alexandre Giroux
    
    Alexandre Giroux is a Canadian ice hockey forward currently playing for the Thetford Assurancia of the Quebec-based Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey. He previously played in the National League (NL) with HC Ambrì-Piotta and EHC Kloten. He is the son of former World Hockey Association player Rejean Giroux.
4. Ola Kvernberg, Norwegian violinist births
  1. Ola Kvernberg
    
    Ola Kvernberg is a Norwegian jazz musician known for his virtuosic string swing violin playing and his international performances. He is the son of traditional musicians Liv Rypdal Kvernberg and Torbjørn Kvernberg, and the brother of traditional musicians Kari Kvernberg Dajani and fiddler Jorun Marie Kvernberg, and grandson of the fiddler and traditional music composer Peter L. Rypdal. Kvernberg studied classical violin from the age of nine, and won 3rd prize in a great classical violin competition in Italy when he was fourteen.
5. Miguel Villalta, Peruvian footballer births
  1. Miguel Villalta
    
    Miguel Ángel Villalta Hurtado is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a center back. He currently plays for José Gálvez in the Torneo Descentralizado.
6. Thomas Playford IV, Australian politician, 33rd Premier of South Australia (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Thomas Playford IV
    
    Sir Thomas Playford was an Australian politician from the state of South Australia. He served continuously as Premier of South Australia and leader of the Liberal and Country League (LCL) from 5 November 1938 to 10 March 1965. Though controversial, it was the longest term of any elected government leader in Australian history. His tenure as premier was marked by a period of population and economic growth unmatched by any other Australian state. He was known for his parochial style in pushing South Australia's interests, and was known for his ability to secure a disproportionate share of federal funding for the state as well as his shameless haranguing of federal leaders. His string of election wins was enabled by a system of malapportionment and gerrymander later dubbed the "Playmander".
  2. Premier of South Australia
    
    The premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of South Australia, and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the House of Assembly.
1980
1. Brandon Armstrong, American basketball player births
  1. Brandon Armstrong
    
    Brandon Simone Armstrong is an American retired professional basketball player. Born in San Francisco, California, he played college basketball for the Pepperdine Waves and was selected by the Houston Rockets with the 23rd overall pick of the 2001 NBA draft. He was traded to the New Jersey Nets, where he played three seasons in the NBA. He later played in Italy, Spain, Poland and Ukraine, and spent a season in the NBA D-League.
2. Phil Christophers, German-English rugby player births
  1. Phil Christophers
    
    Philip Derek Christophers is a former rugby union footballer, who played on the wing for Castres and, briefly, England.
3. Henry Perenara, New Zealand rugby league player and referee births
  1. Henry Perenara
    
    Henry Edward Perenara is a New Zealand rugby league referee and former professional footballer who represented New Zealand. He played as a lock, though he could also play in the second-row. He is also the first NRL referee in history to send off a player for an alleged bite, he sent Kevin Proctor off in the Round 14 match of 2020, when Cronulla-Sutherland played against the Gold Coast.
4. Martin Stranzl, Austrian footballer births
  1. Martin Stranzl
    
    Martin Stranzl is an Austrian former professional footballer who played as a defender.
5. Joey Yung, Hong Kong singer births
  1. Joey Yung
    
    Joey Yung is a Hong Kong singer and Cantopop diva signed to Emperor Entertainment Group.
1979
1. Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, Ghanaian general and politician, 6th Head of state of Ghana (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
    
    Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ( ə-CHAM-PONG; was the military head of state of Ghana from 13 January 1972 to 5 July 1978, when he was deposed in a palace coup. He was executed by firing squad on 16 June 1979.
  2. List of heads of state of Ghana
    
    This is a list of the heads of state of Ghana, from the independence of Ghana in 1957 to the present day.
2. Nicholas Ray, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Nicholas Ray
    
    Nicholas Ray was an American film director, screenwriter, and actor best known for the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause. He is appreciated for many narrative features produced between 1947 and 1963 including They Live By Night, In A Lonely Place, Johnny Guitar, and Bigger Than Life, as well as an experimental work produced throughout the 1970s titled We Can't Go Home Again, which was unfinished at the time of Ray's death.
1978
1. Daniel Brühl, Spanish-German actor births
  1. Daniel Brühl
    
    Daniel César Martín Brühl González Domingo is a Spanish-German actor and filmmaker. He received his first German Film Award for Best Actor for his roles in Das Weisse Rauschen (2001), Nichts Bereuen (2001), and Vaya con Dios (2002). His starring role in the German film Good Bye, Lenin! (2003) received widespread recognition and critical acclaim and garnered him the European Film Award for Best Actor and another German Film Award for Best Actor.
2. Dainius Zubrus, Lithuanian ice hockey player births
  1. Dainius Zubrus
    
    Dainius Gintas Zubrus is a Lithuanian former professional ice hockey right winger and centre who played in the National Hockey League (NHL), the first Lithuanian to have played 1,000 games in the NHL. Drafted 15th overall in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the Philadelphia Flyers, Zubrus played for the Flyers, Montreal Canadiens, Washington Capitals, Buffalo Sabres, New Jersey Devils and San Jose Sharks.
3. Fish Leong, Malaysian singer births
  1. Fish Leong
    
    Fish Leong is a Malaysian singer. Having sold more than 18 million records, she achieved popularity and success in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia.
1977
1. Craig Fitzgibbon, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Craig Fitzgibbon
    
    Craig Fitzgibbon is an Australian professional rugby league coach and a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s and is the current head coach of Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.
2. Duncan Hames, English accountant and politician births
  1. Duncan Hames
    
    Duncan John Hames is a Director of Policy at Transparency International UK and a former Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Chippenham constituency in Wiltshire from 2010 to 2015. Between 2012 and 2015, he served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Nick Clegg when he was Deputy Prime Minister.
3. Kerry Wood, American baseball player births
  1. Kerry Wood
    
    Kerry Lee Wood is an American former baseball pitcher who played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Cleveland Indians, and New York Yankees.
4. Wernher von Braun, German-American physicist and engineer (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Wernher von Braun
    
    Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun was a German-American aerospace engineer and space architect. He was a member of the Nazi Party and Allgemeine SS, as well as the leading figure in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany and later a pioneer of rocket and space technology in the United States.
1975
1. Anthony Carter, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Anthony Carter (basketball)
    
    Anthony Bernard Carter is an American basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Miami Heat. He played college basketball for Saddleback College and Hawaii.
1974
1. Glenicia James, Saint Lucian cricketer births
  1. Glenicia James
    
    Glenicia James is a Saint Lucian former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter. She appeared in five One Day Internationals for the West Indies in 2003, all against Sri Lanka. She played domestic cricket for Saint Lucia.
2. Joseph May, British-born Canadian-American actor births
  1. Joseph May
    
    Joseph May is a British-born Canadian actor, who has appeared in television and film. He is best known for his role as Andy Button in the television series Episodes, Paul who was the boyfriend of Sam Colloby, in Casualty, Luke in I Live with Models and for voicing Thomas the Tank Engine in the US dub of the children's television series Thomas & Friends from 2015 to 2021.
3. Amalie Sara Colquhoun, Australian landscape and portrait painter (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Amalie Sara Colquhoun
    
    Amalie Sara Colquhoun was an Australian landscape and portrait painter who is represented in national and state galleries. In addition to painting landscapes, portraits and still lifes, Colquhoun designed and supervised the construction of stained glass windows for three of Ballarat's churches, St Andrew's Kirk, Lydiard Street Uniting Church and Mount Pleasant Methodist Church. She studied in both Melbourne and Sydney, exhibited in England and Australia and taught in the school she started with her husband in Melbourne.
1973
1. Eddie Cibrian, American actor births
  1. Eddie Cibrian
    
    Edward Carl Cibrian is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Cole Deschanel on the television series Sunset Beach and Jimmy Doherty on Third Watch.
1972
1. Kiko Loureiro, Brazilian guitarist births
  1. Kiko Loureiro
    
    Pedro Henrique "Kiko" Loureiro is a Brazilian guitarist. He has been a member of several heavy metal bands, including Angra and Megadeth.
2. John Cho, American actor births
  1. John Cho
    
    John Cho is a South Korean-American actor known for his roles as Harold Lee in the Harold & Kumar films, and Hikaru Sulu in the Star Trek rebooted film series.
1971
1. Tupac Shakur, American rapper and producer (d. 1996) births
  1. Tupac Shakur
    
    Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known as 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper. He is widely considered one of the most influential rappers of all time. Shakur is among the best-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide. Much of Shakur's music has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities, and he is considered a symbol of activism against inequality.
2. John Reith, 1st Baron Reith, Scottish broadcaster, co-founded BBC (b. 1889) deaths
  1. John Reith, 1st Baron Reith
    
    John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith,, was a British broadcasting executive who established the tradition of independent public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. In 1922, he was employed by the BBC as its general manager; in 1923 he became its managing director and in 1927 he was employed as the Director-General of the British Broadcasting Corporation created under a royal charter. His concept of broadcasting as a way of educating the masses marked for a long time the BBC and similar organisations around the world. An engineer by profession, and standing at 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) tall, he was a larger-than-life figure who was a pioneer in his field.
  2. BBC
    
    The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom, based at Broadcasting House in London, England. It is the world's oldest national broadcaster, and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, employing over 22,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 19,000 are in public-sector broadcasting.
1970
1. Younus AlGohar, Pakistani poet and academic, co-founded Messiah Foundation International births
  1. Younus AlGohar
    
    Younus AlGohar is a British co-founder of Messiah Foundation International, a spiritual organisation which advocates for Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi mystical teachings and claims he is the Messiah (Mahdi). He authored the books Mysterious Horizons – Beyond God (2007), and Nisāb-e-Mehdi نصا ب مہدی‎ (2010).
  2. Messiah Foundation International
    
    Messiah Foundation International is a spiritual organisation formally established in 2002 to promote the Goharian Philosophy of Divine Love. MFI is the successor of RAGS International, a spiritual organisation founded by Pakistani spiritual leader Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi in 1980. The organisation claims to be a syncretic fulfilment of Christian, Muslim, Jewish and Hindu prophecy, with Shahi depicted as the messianic figure of many religions, given the title of Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar as well as the generic "Awaited One" prophesied by other religions.
2. Clifton Collins Jr., American actor births
  1. Clifton Collins Jr.
    
    Clifton Craig Collins Jr. is an American actor. After starting in 1990, with small roles in film and on television, Collins gained attention for his performance as Cpl. Ramon Aguilar, a prisoner "serving" under an imprisoned general played by Robert Redford in the 2001 film The Last Castle. His extensive work includes featured roles in films such as One Eight Seven (1997), Traffic (2000), Capote (2005), Star Trek (2009) and Pacific Rim (2013). Collins extensive work on television series includes Crisis Center (1997), Thief (2006), which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, The Event (2010–2011), and Westworld (2016–2020).
3. Cobi Jones, American soccer player and manager births
  1. Cobi Jones
    
    Cobi N'Gai Jones is an American former professional soccer player and commentator. He is an analyst for Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy on Time Warner Cable SportsNet. He can also be seen on Fox Sports, BeIN Sports, the Pac-12 Network, and as the host of the Totally Football Show: American Edition.
4. Phil Mickelson, American golfer births
  1. Phil Mickelson
    
    Philip Alfred Mickelson, nicknamed Lefty, is an American professional golfer who plays for LIV Golf. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles, two PGA Championships, and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months, and 7 days.
5. Sydney Chapman, English mathematician and geophysicist (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Sydney Chapman (mathematician)
    
    Sydney Chapman was a British mathematician and geophysicist. His work on the kinetic theory of gases, solar-terrestrial physics, and the Earth's ozone layer has inspired a broad range of research over many decades.
6. Brian Piccolo, American football player (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Brian Piccolo
    
    Louis Brian Piccolo was an American professional football player, a halfback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) for four years. He died at age 26 from embryonal cell carcinoma, an aggressive form of germ cell testicular cancer, first diagnosed after it had spread to his chest cavity.
1969
1. Shami Chakrabarti, English lawyer and academic births
  1. Shami Chakrabarti
    
    Sharmishta "Shami" Chakrabarti, Baroness Chakrabarti, is a British politician, barrister, and human rights activist. A member of the Labour Party, she served as the director of Liberty, a major advocacy group which promotes civil liberties and human rights, from 2003 to 2016. From 2016 to 2020, she served as Shadow Attorney General for England and Wales.
2. Mark Crossley, English-Welsh footballer and manager births
  1. Mark Crossley
    
    Mark Geoffrey Crossley is a football coach and former professional footballer.
3. Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, English field marshal and politician, 17th Governor General of Canada (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis
    
    Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, was a senior British Army officer who served with distinction in both the First and the Second World War and, afterwards, as Governor General of Canada and the first Lord Lieutenant of Greater London in 1965.
  2. Governor General of Canada
    
    The governor general of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently King Charles III. The King is head of state of Canada and the 14 other Commonwealth realms, but he resides in his oldest and most populous realm, the United Kingdom. The King, on the advice of his Canadian prime minister, appoints a governor general to carry on the Government of Canada in the King's name, performing most of his constitutional and ceremonial duties. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving at His Majesty's pleasure—though five years is the usual length of time. Since 1959, it has also been traditional to alternate between francophone and anglophone officeholders—although many recent governors general have been bilingual.
1968
1. Adam Schmitt, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer births
  1. Adam Schmitt
    
    Adam Schmitt is a singer/songwriter from Urbana, Illinois. He recorded two albums, World So Bright and Illiterature with Reprise Records in the early 1990s. He recorded albums in his Mixolydian Studios, working with artists such as Hum and Uncle Tupelo. He released his third album, Demolition, in 2001 after signing with Parasol Records, and continues to record and produce albums for other artists, including Velvet Crush, Three Hour Tour, Robynn Ragland, and Destroy The Heart. He has worked with Tommy Keene, Eric Voeks, Richard Lloyd, Common Loon, Megan Johns, Unbunny, The Dirty Feathers, Elsinore, The Hathaways, and Shipwreck.
1967
1. Charalambos Andreou, Cypriot footballer births
  1. Charalambos Andreou
    
    Charalambos Andreou is a Cypriot former international football striker.
2. Jürgen Klopp, German footballer and manager births
  1. Jürgen Klopp
    
    Jürgen Norbert Klopp is a German professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Premier League club Liverpool. He is widely regarded as one of the best managers in the world.
3. Reginald Denny, English actor (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Reginald Denny (actor)
    
    Reginald Leigh Dugmore, known professionally as Reginald Denny, was an English actor, aviator, and UAV pioneer.
1966
1. Mark Occhilupo, Australian surfer births
  1. Mark Occhilupo
    
    Marco Jay Luciano "Mark" Occhilupo is an Australian surfer and winner of the 1999 ASP World title.
2. Olivier Roumat, French rugby player births
  1. Olivier Roumat
    
    Olivier Roumat is a former French rugby union footballer. He played as a number-eight, openside flanker and lock.
3. Phil Vischer, American voice actor, director, producer, and screenwriter, co-created VeggieTales births
  1. Phil Vischer
    
    Phillip Roger Vischer is an American filmmaker, author, speaker, podcast host, animator, musician, puppeteer, and voice actor who created the computer-animated video series VeggieTales alongside Mike Nawrocki. He provided the voice of Bob the Tomato and about half of the other characters in the series. Currently, he owns a small film business, Jellyfish Labs, based in Wheaton, Illinois.
  2. VeggieTales
    
    VeggieTales is an American Christian media, computer generated musical children's animation, and book franchise created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki under Big Idea Entertainment. The series sees fruit and vegetable characters retelling Christian stories from the Bible, with episodes presenting life lessons according to a biblical world view.
4. Jan Železný, Czech javelin thrower and coach births
  1. Jan Železný
    
    Jan Železný is a Czech former track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. He is a World and Olympic champion and holds the world record with a throw of 98.48 metres. Widely considered to be the greatest javelin thrower of the modern era, he also has the fourth, fifth and sixth best performances of all time. He broke the world record a total of four times.
1965
1. Michael Richard Lynch, Irish computer scientist and entrepreneur; co-founded HP Autonomy births
  1. Mike Lynch (businessman)
    
    Michael Richard Lynch is a British entrepreneur. He is the co-founder of Autonomy Corporation and the founder of Invoke Capital. Mike Lynch additionally became a co-founder, alongside Invoke Capital, of cybersecurity company Darktrace. Mike Lynch also has several other roles, including membership of the Council for Science and Technology which advises the UK government.
  2. HP Autonomy
    
    HP Autonomy, previously Autonomy Corporation PLC, was an enterprise software company which was merged with Micro Focus in 2017. It was founded in Cambridge, United Kingdom in 1996.
2. Richard Madaleno, American politician births
  1. Richard Madaleno
    
    Richard Stuart Madaleno Jr., commonly known as Rich Madaleno, is an American politician from Maryland. A Democrat, he was a member of the Maryland State Senate, representing the state's 18th district in Montgomery County, which includes Wheaton and Kensington, as well as parts of Silver Spring, Bethesda and Chevy Chase. Madaleno served as chair of the Montgomery County Senate Delegation from 2008 to 2011. He previously served four years in the House of Delegates.
1964
1. Danny Burstein, American actor and singer births
  1. Danny Burstein
    
    Danny Burstein is an American actor and singer, most known for his work on the Broadway stage.
1963
1. The Sandman, American wrestler births
  1. The Sandman (wrestler)
    
    James Fullington, better known by his ring name The Sandman, is a semi-retired American professional wrestler, best known for his career with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), where he developed into a smoking and drinking "Hardcore Icon" and held the ECW World Heavyweight Championship a record five times. He also had stints in World Championship Wrestling, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, and World Wrestling Entertainment.
1962
1. Wally Joyner, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Wally Joyner
    
    Wallace Keith Joyner is an American former professional baseball player. He played for four major league teams during a 16-year career, most notably for the California Angels, for whom he was an All-Star. He was a member of the pennant-winning 1998 San Diego Padres.
2. Arnold Vosloo, South African-American actor births
  1. Arnold Vosloo
    
    Arnold Vosloo is a South African-American actor. He is famous for roles such as Imhotep in The Mummy and The Mummy Returns, Colonel Coetzee in Blood Diamond, Pik van Cleef in Hard Target, Dr. Peyton Westlake in Darkman II and Darkman III, Zartan in G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra and its sequel, sniper Jacob Broadsky in the TV series Bones and Islamic terrorist Habib Marwan during the fourth season of 24.
3. Anthony Wong, Hong Kong singer births
  1. Anthony Wong Yiu-ming
    
    Anthony Wong Yiu-ming is a Hong Kong singer, songwriter, actor, record producer and political activist. He rose to prominence as the vocalist for the Cantopop duo Tat Ming Pair during the 1980s before embarking on a solo career. He also performed and collaborated with the theatre group Zuni Icosahedron. Wong is the director for music production company People Mountain People Sea. He also co-founded the LGBT rights organization Big Love Alliance and the non-profit charitable organization Renaissance Foundation.
1961
1. Can Dündar, Turkish journalist and author births
  1. Can Dündar
    
    Can Dündar is a Turkish journalist, columnist and documentarian. Editor-in-chief of center-left Cumhuriyet newspaper until August 2016, he was arrested in November 2015 after his newspaper published footage showing the State Intelligence MİT sending weapons to Syrian Islamist fighters.
2. Robbie Kerr, Australian cricketer births
  1. Robbie Kerr (Australian cricketer)
    
    Robert Byers Kerr is an Australian former cricketer who played in two Test matches and four One Day Internationals in 1985. He represented Queensland in four Sheffield Shield finals.
3. Steve Larmer, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Steve Larmer
    
    Steven Donald Larmer is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He is the brother of Jeff Larmer.
4. Margus Metstak, Estonian basketball player and coach births
  1. Margus Metstak
    
    Margus Metstak is a retired Estonian professional basketball player who played mostly at the center position.
5. Marcel Junod, Swiss physician and anesthesiologist (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Marcel Junod
    
    Marcel Junod was a Swiss medical doctor and one of the most accomplished field delegates in the history of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). After medical school and a short position as a surgeon in Mulhouse, France, he became an ICRC delegate and was deployed in Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, and in Europe as well as in Japan during World War II. In 1947, he wrote a book with the title Warrior without Weapons about his experiences. After the war, he worked for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) as chief representative in China, and settled back in Europe in 1950. He founded the anaesthesiology department of the Cantonal Hospital in Geneva and became the first professor in this discipline at the University of Geneva. In 1952, he was appointed a member of the ICRC and, after many more missions for this institution, was Vice-President from 1959 until his death in 1961.
1960
1. Peter Sterling, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster births
  1. Peter Sterling (rugby league)
    
    Peter Maxwell John Sterling nicknamed Sterlo, is an Australian former rugby league commentator, television personality and player. He was one of the all-time great halfbacks and a major contributor to Parramatta Eels' dominance of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership in the 1980s. Sterling played eighteen Tests for the Australian national team between 1982 and 1988. He also played in thirteen State of Origins for New South Wales, winning man of the match on four occasions. Sterling played in four premiership-winning sides with Parramatta in 1981–1983 and 1986 and has been inducted into the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame. His time spent playing for English club Hull F.C. also earned him membership in their hall of fame.
1959
1. The Ultimate Warrior, American wrestler (d. 2014) births
  1. The Ultimate Warrior
    
    Warrior was an American professional wrestler and bodybuilder. Best known by his ring name The Ultimate Warrior, he wrestled for the World Wrestling Federation from 1987 to 1992, as well as a short stint in 1996. He also notably spent a few months in 1998 for World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where he was known as The Warrior.
2. George Reeves, American actor and director (b. 1914) deaths
  1. George Reeves
    
    George Reeves was an American actor. He is best known for portraying Superman in the television series Adventures of Superman (1952–1958).
1958
1. Darrell Griffith, American basketball player births
  1. Darrell Griffith
    
    Darrell Steven Griffith, also known by his nickname Dr. Dunkenstein, is an American former basketball player who spent his entire professional career with the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association from 1980 to 1991. He played collegiately at the University of Louisville.
2. Ulrike Tauber, German swimmer births
  1. Ulrike Tauber
    
    Ulrike Tauber is a retired medley and butterfly swimmer from East Germany, who won the gold medal in the women's 400 m individual medley at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There she also captured the silver medal in the women's 200 m butterfly. In the 1970s Tauber set numerous world records in the 200 m and 200 m individual medley.
3. Warren Rodwell, Australian soldier, educator and musician births
  1. Abu Sayyaf
    
    Abu Sayyaf, officially known by the Islamic State as the Islamic State – East Asia Province, is a Jihadist militant and pirate group that follows the Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. It is based in and around Jolo and Basilan islands in the southwestern part of the Philippines, where for more than four decades, Moro groups have been engaged in an insurgency seeking to make Moro Province independent. The group is considered violent and was responsible for the Philippines' worst terrorist attack, the bombing of MV Superferry 14 in 2004, which killed 116 people. The name of the group is derived from the Arabic abucode: ara promoted to code: ar ; "father of"), and sayyafcode: ara promoted to code: ar . As of June 2021, the group is estimated to have less than 50 members, down from 1,250 in 2000. They use mostly improvised explosive devices, mortars and automatic rifles.
4. Pál Maléter, Hungarian general and politician, Minister of Defence of Hungary (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Pál Maléter
    
    Pál Maléter was the military leader of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.
  2. Minister of Defence (Hungary)
    
    The Minister of Defence of Hungary is a member of the Hungarian cabinet and the head of the Ministry of Defence. The defence minister appoints the Commander of the Hungarian Defence Forces. The current minister is Kristóf Szalay-Bobrovniczky.
5. Imre Nagy, Hungarian politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Imre Nagy
    
    Imre Nagy was a Hungarian communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic from 1953 to 1955. In 1956 Nagy became leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against the Soviet-backed government, for which he was sentenced to death and executed two years later.
  2. Prime Minister of Hungary
    
    The prime minister of Hungary is the head of government of Hungary. The prime minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The current holder of the office is Viktor Orbán, leader of the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance, who has served since 29 May 2010.
1957
1. Ian Buchanan, Scottish-American actor births
  1. Ian Buchanan
    
    Ian Buchanan is a Scottish television actor who has appeared on multiple American soap operas including General Hospital, Port Charles, The Bold and the Beautiful, All My Children, and Days of Our Lives. He is also known for his work in two David Lynch shows - playing Dick Tremayne in Twin Peaks and Lester Guy in On the Air.
2. Leeona Dorrian, Lady Dorrian, Scottish lawyer and judge births
  1. Leeona Dorrian, Lady Dorrian
    
    Leeona June Dorrian, Lady Dorrian KC, PC is a Scottish advocate and judge who has served as the Lord Justice Clerk since 2016. She is the first woman to hold the position. She has been a Senator of the College of Justice since 2005, having served as a temporary judge for three years prior.
1955
1. Grete Faremo, Norwegian politician, Norwegian Minister of Defence births
  1. Grete Faremo
    
    Grete Faremo is a Norwegian politician, lawyer and business leader. From August 2014 to May 2022, she held the post of Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). During her political career, she held high-level positions in the Norwegian Government including Minister of Justice from 1992-1996 and 2011–2013, Minister of Petroleum and Energy in 1996, Minister of International Development from 1990-1992 and Minister of Defence from 2009–2011.
  2. Minister of Defence (Norway)
    
    The Norwegian Minister of Defence is the head of the Norwegian Ministry of Defence. The position has existed since 1814. The incumbent minister since 12 April 2022 is Bjørn Arild Gram of the Centre Party.
2. Laurie Metcalf, American actress births
  1. Laurie Metcalf
    
    Laura Elizabeth Metcalf is an American actress. She has received various accolades throughout her career spanning over four decades, including two Tony Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and three Golden Globe Awards.
3. Artemy Troitsky, Russian journalist and critic births
  1. Artemy Troitsky
    
    Artemy Kivovich Troitsky is a Russian journalist, music critic, concert promoter, radio host, and academic who has lectured on music journalism at Moscow State University. "He is an anarchist, pacifist and one of the most prominent Russian Kremlin critics in the Baltic States. Journalist and music critic Artemy Troitsky is known for his impudence and sharpness," is how journalist Tigran Petrosyan describes him.
4. Ozias Leduc, Canadian painter (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Ozias Leduc
    
    Ozias Leduc is one of Quebec's early painters. He was born in Saint-Hilaire-de-Rouville. Leduc produced many portraits, still lifes and landscapes, as well as religious works.
1954
1. Matthew Saad Muhammad, American boxer and trainer (d. 2014) births
  1. Matthew Saad Muhammad
    
    Matthew Saad Muhammad was an American professional boxer who was the WBC Light Heavyweight Champion of the World for two-and-a-half years.
2. Garry Roberts, Irish guitarist births
  1. Garry Roberts
    
    Garrick Roberts was an Irish musician best known as the lead guitarist with The Boomtown Rats, a band which came into being in 1976. He and Johnnie Fingers (Moylett) had decided to put a band together and, between them, they recruited the other four members, Pete Briquette (bass), Gerry Cott (guitar), Simon Crowe (drums), and singer Bob Geldof.
1953
1. Valerie Mahaffey, American actress births
  1. Valerie Mahaffey
    
    Valerie Mahaffey is an American character actress and producer. She began her career starring in the NBC daytime soap opera The Doctors (1979–81), for which in 1980 she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
2. Ian Mosley, English drummer births
  1. Ian Mosley
    
    Ian F. Mosley is an English drummer. He is best known for his long-time membership of the neo-progressive rock band Marillion, which he joined for their second album, Fugazi, released in 1984. He had previously been an in-demand session drummer. Mosley's abilities have been widely praised, including by former Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett, Meshuggah drummer Tomas Haake and critic John Franck of AllMusic. Modern Drummer has characterised him as a "drumming great".
3. Margaret Bondfield, English politician, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Margaret Bondfield
    
    Margaret Grace Bondfield was a British Labour Party politician, trade unionist and women's rights activist. She became the first female cabinet minister, and the first woman to be a privy counsellor in the UK, when she was appointed Minister of Labour in the Labour government of 1929–31. She had earlier become the first woman to chair the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC).
  2. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
    
    The secretary of state for work and pensions, also referred to as the work and pensions secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the business of the Department for Work and Pensions. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 13th in the ministerial ranking.
1952
1. George Papandreou, Greek sociologist and politician, 182nd Prime Minister of Greece births
  1. George Papandreou
    
    George Andreas Papandreou is a Greek politician who served as Prime Minister of Greece from 2009 to 2011. He is currently serving as an MP for Movement for Change.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
2. Gino Vannelli, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Gino Vannelli
    
    Gino Vannelli is a Canadian rock singer and songwriter who had several hit songs in the 1970s and 1980s. His best-known singles include "People Gotta Move" (1974), "I Just Wanna Stop" (1978), "Living Inside Myself" (1981) and "Wild Horses" (1987).
3. Andrew Lawson, Scottish-American geologist and academic (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Andrew Lawson
    
    Andrew Cowper Lawson was a Scots-Canadian geologist who became professor of geology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the editor and co-author of the 1908 report on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake which became known as the "Lawson Report". He was also the first person to identify and name the San Andreas Fault in 1895, and after the 1906 quake, the first to delineate the entire length of the San Andreas Fault which previously had been noted only in the San Francisco Bay Area. He also named the Franciscan Complex after the Franciscan Order of the Catholic church whose missions used conscripted Native American labor to mine limestone in these areas.
1951
1. Charlie Dominici, American singer and guitarist births
  1. Charlie Dominici
    
    Charlie Dominici is an American singer best known as the second vocalist for the progressive metal band Dream Theater, having replaced Chris Collins and later being replaced by James LaBrie. Most recently, Dominici has fronted his own self-named progressive metal band, who have released three albums.
2. Roberto Durán, Panamanian boxer births
  1. Roberto Durán
    
    Roberto Durán Samaniego is a Panamanian former professional boxer who competed from 1968 to 2001. He held world championships in four weight classes: lightweight, welterweight, light middleweight and middleweight, as well as reigns as the undisputed and lineal lightweight champion, and the lineal welterweight champion. He is also the second boxer to have competed over a span of five decades, the first being Jack Johnson. Durán was known as a versatile, technical brawler and pressure fighter, which earned him the nickname of "Mano de Piedra" for his formidable punching power and excellent defense.
1950
1. Mithun Chakraborty, Indian actor and politician births
  1. Mithun Chakraborty
    
    Mithun Chakraborty is an Indian actor, producer and politician who predominantly worked in Hindi and Bengali language films. He is a former Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament. He is the recipient of two Filmfare Awards and three National Film Awards.
2. Michel Clair, Canadian lawyer and politician births
  1. Michel Clair
    
    Michel Clair is an administrator and former politician in the Canadian province of Quebec. He was a Parti Québécois member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1976 to 1985 and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of René Lévesque and Pierre-Marc Johnson. Clair later became an executive administrator with Hydro-Québec.
3. Jerry Petrowski, American politician and farmer births
  1. Jerry Petrowski
    
    Jerry Petrowski is an American politician and a former ginseng, dairy and beef farmer. He is a Republican member of the Wisconsin State Senate, representing the 29th Senate District since 2012, and a former State Representative, representing the 86th Assembly District from 1999 to 2012.
1949
1. Caju, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Caju (footballer, born 1949)
    
    Paulo Cézar Lima, commonly known as Caju, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. During his career, he played for various clubs in Brazil, most notably Botafogo, and for Marseille in France. At international level, he was capped 57 times by the Brazil national team in the 1960s and 1970s, scoring 10 goals.
2. Ralph Mann, American hurdler and author births
  1. Ralph Mann
    
    Ralph Vernon Mann is a retired American sprinter and hurdler. He was an undergraduate at Brigham Young University, and later earned a Ph.D. in Biomechanics from the Washington State University.
1948
1. Ron LeFlore, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Ron LeFlore
    
    Ronald LeFlore is an American former Major League Baseball center fielder. He played six seasons with the Detroit Tigers before being traded to the Montreal Expos. He retired with the Chicago White Sox in 1982. He stole 455 bases in his career and was an American League All-Star selection in 1976.
1947
1. Al Cowlings, American football player and actor births
  1. Al Cowlings
    
    Allen Cedric "A.C." Cowlings is a former American football player and actor. He began playing for the National Football League (NFL) in 1970, for such teams as the Buffalo Bills, Houston Oilers, Los Angeles Rams, Seattle Seahawks, and the San Francisco 49ers, until retiring after the 1979 season. Cowlings was taken fifth overall in the first round by the Buffalo Bills in the 1970 NFL Draft.
2. Tom Malone, American trombonist, composer, and producer births
  1. Tom Malone (musician)
    
    Thomas "Bones" Malone is an American jazz musician, arranger, and producer. As his nickname implies, he specializes on the trombone but he also plays saxophone, trumpet, tuba, flute, and bass guitar. He has been a member of The Blues Brothers, Saturday Night Live Band, and the CBS Orchestra, the house band for the Late Show with David Letterman.
3. Buddy Roberts, American wrestler (d. 2012) births
  1. Buddy Roberts
    
    Dale Hey was a Canadian-American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Buddy Roberts. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Roberts is known for his appearances as one of The Hollywood Blonds in the 1970s and as one of The Fabulous Freebirds in the 1980s. He was inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2015 and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2016 as part of The Fabulous Freebirds.
1946
1. Rick Adelman, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Rick Adelman
    
    Richard Leonard Adelman is an American former professional basketball player and coach. He coached 23 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Adelman served as head coach of the Portland Trail Blazers, Golden State Warriors, Sacramento Kings, Houston Rockets and Minnesota Timberwolves. He was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in the class of 2021.
2. John Astor, 3rd Baron Astor of Hever, English businessman and politician births
  1. John Astor, 3rd Baron Astor of Hever
    
    John Jacob "Johnny" Astor VIII, 3rd Baron Astor of Hever, is an English businessman and politician from the Astor family. He sat in the House of Lords as an Conservative hereditary peer from 1986 to his retirement in 2022. Astor was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence from 2010–2015. Astor is a Deputy Lieutenant of Kent.
3. Karen Dunnell, English statistician and academic births
  1. Karen Dunnell
    
    Dame Karen Hope Dunnell, DCB, FAcSS is an American-born British medical sociologist and civil servant. She was National Statistician and Chief Executive of the Office for National Statistics of the United Kingdom and head of the Government Statistical Service from 1 September 2005 until retiring on 28 August 2009. Since its inception in 2008, she was also the Chief Executive of the UK Statistics Authority. She now has a range of non-executive roles including membership of Pricewaterhouse Coopers Public Interest Body, Trustee of National Heart Forum, member of the Court of Governors, University of Westminster.
4. Tom Harrell, American trumpet player and composer births
  1. Tom Harrell
    
    Tom Harrell is an American jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist, composer, and arranger. Voted Trumpeter of the Year of 2018 by Jazz Journalists Association, Harrell has won awards and grants throughout his career, including multiple Trumpeter of the Year awards from Down Beat magazine, SESAC Jazz Award, BMI Composers Award, and Prix Oscar du Jazz. He received a Grammy Award nomination for his big band album, Time's Mirror.
5. Neil MacGregor, Scottish historian and curator births
  1. Neil MacGregor
    
    Robert Neil MacGregor is a British art historian and former museum director. He was editor of the Burlington Magazine from 1981 to 1987, then Director of the National Gallery, London, from 1987 to 2002, Director of the British Museum from 2002 to 2015, and founding director of the Humboldt Forum in Berlin until 2018.
6. Iain Matthews, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Iain Matthews
    
    Iain Matthews is an English musician and singer-songwriter. He was an original member of the British folk rock band Fairport Convention from 1967 to 1969 before leaving to form his own band, Matthews Southern Comfort, which had a UK number one in 1970 with a cover version of Joni Mitchell's song "Woodstock". In 1979 his cover of Terence Boylan's "Shake It" reached No. 13 on the US charts.
7. Jodi Rell, American politician, 87th Governor of Connecticut births
  1. Jodi Rell
    
    Mary Carolyn "Jodi" Rell is an American former Republican politician and the 87th governor of Connecticut from 2004 until 2011. Rell also served as the state's 105th lieutenant governor of Connecticut.
  2. List of governors of Connecticut
    
    The governor of Connecticut is the head of government of Connecticut, and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly and to convene the legislature. Unusual among U.S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon. The Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the state's Bonding Commission. He is an ex-officio member of the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut and Yale University.
8. Mark Ritts, American actor, puppeteer, and producer (d. 2009) births
  1. Mark Ritts
    
    Mark Ritts was an American actor, puppeteer, television producer and director, and author. Ritts also produced and directed many independent videos and television spots as president of Mark Ritts Productions, Inc., for clients around the world.
9. Derek Sanderson, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Derek Sanderson
    
    Derek Michael Sanderson, nicknamed "Turk", is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre and two-time Stanley Cup champion who helped transform the culture of the professional athlete in the 1970s era. The two-time Stanley Cup champion set up the epic overtime goal scored by Boston Bruins teammate Bobby Orr that clinched the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals, widely considered to be the greatest goal in National Hockey League history. Over 13 NHL seasons, he amassed 202 goals, 250 assists, 911 penalty minutes and a plus-141 rating in 598 games with five teams.
10. Simon Williams, English actor and playwright births
  1. Simon Williams (actor)
    
    Simon Williams is a British actor known for playing James Bellamy in the period drama Upstairs, Downstairs. Frequently playing upper middle class or aristocratic upper class roles, he is also known for playing Charles Cartwright in the sitcom Don't Wait Up and Charles Merrick in medical drama Holby City. Since 2014, he has played the character of Justin Elliott in the long-running BBC Radio 4 series The Archers.
11. Gordon Brewster, Irish cartoonist (b 1889) deaths
  1. Gordon Brewster
    
    William Gordon Brewster was an Irish illustrator and editorial cartoonist.
1945
1. Claire Alexander, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Claire Alexander
    
    Claire Arthur Alexander or Arthur Claire Alexander is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA) in the 1970s.
2. Lucienne Robillard, Canadian social worker and politician, 59th Secretary of State for Canada births
  1. Lucienne Robillard
    
    Lucienne Robillard is a Canadian politician and a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. She sat in the House of Commons of Canada as the member of Parliament for the riding of Westmount—Ville-Marie in Montreal, Quebec.
  2. Secretary of State for Canada
    
    The Secretary of State for Canada, established in 1867 with a corresponding department, was a Canadian Cabinet position that served as the official channel of communication between the Dominion of Canada and the Imperial government in London.
3. Aris Velouchiotis, Greek general (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Aris Velouchiotis
    
    Athanasios Klaras, better known by the nom de guerre Aris Velouchiotis, was a Greek journalist, politician, member of the Communist Party of Greece, the most prominent leader and chief instigator of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and the military branch of the National Liberation Front (EAM), which was the major resistance organization in occupied Greece from 1942 to 1945.
1944
1. Henri Richelet, French painter and etcher (d. 2020) births
  1. Henri Richelet
    
    Henri Richelet was a French painter.
2. Marc Bloch, French historian and academic (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Marc Bloch
    
    Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch was a French historian. He was a founding member of the Annales School of French social history. Bloch specialised in medieval history and published widely on Medieval France over the course of his career. As an academic, he worked at the University of Strasbourg, the University of Paris, and the University of Montpellier.
1942
1. Giacomo Agostini, Italian motorcycle racer and manager births
  1. Giacomo Agostini
    
    Giacomo Agostini is an Italian multi-time world champion Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. Nicknamed Ago, he amassed 122 Grand Prix wins and 15 World Championship titles. Of these, 68 wins and 8 titles came in the 500 cc class, the rest in the 350 cc class. For these achievements obtained over the course of a career spanning 17 years, the AMA described him as "...perhaps the greatest Grand Prix rider of all time". In 2000, Agostini was inducted into the MotoGP Hall of Fame as a MotoGP Legend, while in 2010, he was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements. He considers himself a "dubious" Roman Catholic.
2. Eddie Levert, American R&B/soul singer-songwriter, musician, and actor births
  1. Eddie Levert
    
    Edward Willis Levert is an American singer, best known as the lead vocalist of The O'Jays. He is the father of Gerald Levert (1966–2006) and Sean Levert (1968–2008)
1941
1. Lamont Dozier, American songwriter and producer (d. 2022) births
  1. Lamont Dozier
    
    Lamont Herbert Dozier was an American singer, songwriter, and record producer from Detroit, Michigan. He co-wrote and produced 14 US Billboard number-one hits and four number ones in the UK.
2. Tommy Horton, English golfer (d. 2017) births
  1. Tommy Horton
    
    Thomas Alfred Horton, was an English professional golfer. He finished in the top ten of the Open Championship four times, won a number of important tournaments both before and after the founding of the European Tour in 1972 and played in the Ryder Cup in 1975 and 1977. He reached 50 just before the founding of the European Seniors Tour and won 23 times on the tour between 1992 and 2000.
3. Mumtaz Hamid Rao, Pakistani journalist (d. 2011) births
  1. Mumtaz Hamid Rao
    
    Mumtaz Hamid Rao was a senior Pakistani electronic media journalist and analyst.
1940
1. Māris Čaklais, Latvian poet, writer, and journalist (d. 2003) births
  1. Māris Čaklais
    
    Māris Čaklais was a Latvian poet, writer, and journalist.
2. Neil Goldschmidt, American lawyer and politician, 33rd Governor of Oregon births
  1. Neil Goldschmidt
    
    Neil Edward Goldschmidt is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local, state and federal offices over three decades. After serving as the United States Secretary of Transportation under President Jimmy Carter and governor of Oregon, Goldschmidt was at one time considered the most powerful and influential figure in Oregon's politics. His career and legacy were severely damaged by revelations that he had raped a young teenage girl in 1973, during his first term as mayor of Portland.
  2. Governor of Oregon
    
    The governor of Oregon is the head of government of Oregon and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments.
3. DuBose Heyward, American author (b. 1885) deaths
  1. DuBose Heyward
    
    Edwin DuBose Heyward was an American author best known for his 1925 novel Porgy. He and his wife Dorothy, a playwright, adapted it as a 1927 play of the same name. The couple worked with composer George Gershwin to adapt the work as the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess. It was later adapted as a 1959 film of the same name.
1939
1. Billy "Crash" Craddock, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Billy Craddock
    
    Billy Wayne "Crash" Craddock is an American country and rockabilly singer. He first gained popularity in Australia in the 1950s with a string of rockabilly hits, including the Australian number one hits "Boom Boom Baby" and "One Last Kiss" in 1960 and 1961 respectively. Switching to country music, he gained popularity in the United States in the 1970s with a string of top ten country hits, several of which were number one hits, including "Rub It In", "Broken Down in Tiny Pieces", and "Ruby Baby". Craddock is known to his fans as "The King Of Country Rock Music" and "Mr. Country Rock" for his uptempo rock-influenced style of country music.
2. Chick Webb, American drummer and bandleader (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Chick Webb
    
    William Henry "Chick" Webb was an American jazz and swing music drummer and band leader.
1938
1. Thomas Boyd-Carpenter, English general births
  1. Thomas Boyd-Carpenter
    
    Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Patrick John Boyd-Carpenter, is a former British Army officer who became Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff.
2. Torgny Lindgren, Swedish author and poet (d. 2017) births
  1. Torgny Lindgren
    
    Gustav Torgny Lindgren was a Swedish writer.
3. Joyce Carol Oates, American novelist, short story writer, critic, and poet births
  1. Joyce Carol Oates
    
    Joyce Carol Oates is an American writer. Oates published her first book in 1963, and has since published 58 novels, a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry, and non-fiction. Her novels Black Water (1992), What I Lived For (1994), and Blonde (2000), and her short story collections The Wheel of Love (1970) and Lovely, Dark, Deep: Stories (2014) were each finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. She has won many awards for her writing, including the National Book Award, for her novel them (1969), two O. Henry Awards, the National Humanities Medal, and the Jerusalem Prize (2019).
1937
1. Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Bulgarian politician, 48th Prime Minister of Bulgaria births
  1. Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
    
    Simeon Borisov von Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is a Bulgarian politician who reigned as the last tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria as Simeon II from 1943 until 1946. He was six years old when his father Boris III of Bulgaria died in 1943 and royal power was exercised on his behalf by a regency led by Simeon's uncle Kiril, Prince of Preslav, General Nikola Mihov and prime minister, Bogdan Filov. In 1946 the monarchy was abolished by referendum, and Simeon was forced into exile.
  2. Prime Minister of Bulgaria
    
    The prime minister of Bulgaria is the head of government of Bulgaria. They are the leader of a political coalition in the Bulgarian parliament – known as the National Assembly of Bulgaria – and the leader of the cabinet.
2. Erich Segal, American author and screenwriter (d. 2010) births
  1. Erich Segal
    
    Erich Wolf Segal was an American author, screenwriter, educator, and classicist who wrote the bestselling novel Love Story (1970) and its hit film adaptation.
1935
1. Jim Dine, American painter and illustrator births
  1. Jim Dine
    
    Jim Dine is an American artist whose œuvre extends over sixty years. Dine’s work includes painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture and photography; his early works encompassed assemblage and happenings, while in recent years his poetry output, both in publications and readings, has increased.
1934
1. Eileen Atkins, English actress and screenwriter births
  1. Eileen Atkins
    
    Dame Eileen June Atkins,, is an English actress and occasional screenwriter. She has worked in the theatre, film, and television consistently since 1953. In 2008, she won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress and the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Cranford. She is also a three-time Olivier Award winner, winning Best Supporting Performance in 1988 and Best Actress for The Unexpected Man (1999) and Honour (2004). She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2001.
2. Roger Neilson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2003) births
  1. Roger Neilson
    
    Roger Paul Neilson, was a Canadian professional ice hockey coach, most notably in the NHL, where he served with eight teams in a checkered career. Known as Captain Video because of his technological contributions to the game, he is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the builder category. Alongside his decorated coaching abilities, Neilson is commonly remembered today for his many antics which resulted in the creation of several NHL rules.
1930
1. Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian-American cinematographer and producer (d. 2016) births
  1. Vilmos Zsigmond
    
    Vilmos Zsigmond ASC was a Hungarian-American cinematographer. His work in cinematography helped shape the look of American movies in the 1970s, making him one of the leading figures in the American New Wave movement.
2. Ezra Fitch, American lawyer and businessman, co-founded Abercrombie & Fitch (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Ezra Fitch
    
    Ezra Hasbrouck Fitch was the co-founder of the modern lifestyle brand Abercrombie & Fitch and is attributed with the introduction of Mahjong to the United States.
  2. Abercrombie & Fitch
    
    Abercrombie & Fitch (A&F) is an American lifestyle retailer that focuses on casual wear. Its headquarters are in New Albany, Ohio. The company operates three other offshoot brands: Abercrombie Kids, Hollister Co., and Gilly Hicks. As of February 2020, the company operated 854 stores across all brands.
3. Elmer Ambrose Sperry, American inventor, co-invented the gyrocompass (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Elmer Ambrose Sperry
    
    Elmer Ambrose Sperry Sr. was an American inventor and entrepreneur, most famous for construction, two years after Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, of the gyrocompass and as founder of the Sperry Gyroscope Company. He was known as the "father of modern navigation technology".
  2. Gyrocompass
    
    A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth to find geographical direction automatically. The use of a gyrocompass is one of the seven fundamental ways to determine the heading of a vehicle. A gyroscope is an essential component of a gyrocompass, but they are different devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic effect. Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigation on ships, because they have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:they find true north as determined by the axis of the Earth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north, and they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as in a ship's steel hull, which distort the magnetic field.
1929
1. Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (d. 2020) births
  1. Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
    
    Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was the Emir of Kuwait and Commander of the Kuwait Military Forces from 29 January 2006 until his death in 2020.
2. Bramwell Booth, English 2nd General of The Salvation Army (b. 1856) deaths
  1. Bramwell Booth
    
    William Bramwell Booth, CH was a Salvation Army officer, Christian and British charity worker who was the first Chief of Staff (1881–1912) and the second General of The Salvation Army (1912–1929), succeeding his father, William Booth.
  2. General of The Salvation Army
    
    General is the title of the international leader and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers. The General is elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army and serves a term of five years, which may be extended to seven years. Brian Peddle, the current general, assumed the position in August 2018 upon the retirement of Andre Cox. The organisation's founder, William Booth, was the first and longest-serving general. There have been 21 generals as of 2018.
3. Vernon Louis Parrington, American historian and scholar (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Vernon Louis Parrington
    
    Vernon Louis Parrington was an American literary historian and scholar. His three-volume history of American letters, Main Currents in American Thought, won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1928 and was one of the most influential books for American historians of its time.
1927
1. Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (d. 2015) births
  1. Tom Graveney
    
    Thomas William Graveney was an English first-class cricketer, representing his country in 79 Test matches and scoring over 4,800 runs. In a career lasting from 1948 to 1972, he became the 15th player to score one hundred first-class centuries; he was the first batsman beginning his career after the Second World War to reach this milestone. He played for Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, and helped Worcestershire win the county championship for the first time in their history. His achievements for England after being recalled in 1966 have been described as "the stuff of legend." Graveney was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1953, captained England on one occasion and was awarded the OBE while still playing.
2. Ya'akov Hodorov, Israeli footballer (d. 2006) births
  1. Ya'akov Hodorov
    
    Ya'akov "Yankele" Hodorov was an Israeli football goalkeeper in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. He is one Israel's best goalkeepers of all time and the leading goalkeeper of his generation.
3. Herbert Lichtenfeld, German author and screenwriter (d. 2001) births
  1. Herbert Lichtenfeld
    
    Herbert Lichtenfeld was one of the most successful television screenplay writers in Germany. He wrote over 300 film scripts. Many of his scripts were successful in Germany.
4. Ariano Suassuna, Brazilian author and playwright (d. 2014) births
  1. Ariano Suassuna
    
    Ariano Vilar Suassuna was a Brazilian playwright and author. He was the driving force behind the creation of the Movimento Armorial. He founded the Student Theater at Federal University of Pernambuco. Four of his plays have been filmed, and he was considered one of Brazil's greatest living playwrights of his time. He was also an important regional writer, doing various novels set in the Northeast of Brazil. He received an honorary doctorate at a ceremony performed at a circus. He was the author of, among other works, the Auto da Compadecida and A Pedra do Reino. He was a staunch defender of the culture of the Northeast, and his works dealt with the popular culture of the Northeast.
1926
1. Efraín Ríos Montt, Guatemalan general and politician, 26th President of Guatemala (d. 2018) births
  1. Efraín Ríos Montt
    
    José Efraín Ríos Montt was a Guatemalan military officer and politician who served as de facto President of Guatemala in 1982–83. His brief tenure as chief executive was one of the bloodiest periods in the long-running Guatemalan Civil War. Ríos Montt's counter-insurgency strategies significantly weakened the Marxist guerrillas organized under the umbrella of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG), while also leading to accusations of war crimes and genocide perpetrated by the Guatemalan Army under his leadership.
  2. President of Guatemala
    
    The president of Guatemala, officially known as the President of the Republic of Guatemala, is the head of state and head of government of Guatemala, elected to a single four-year term. The position of President was created in 1839.
1925
1. Jean d'Ormesson, French journalist and author (d. 2017) births
  1. Jean d'Ormesson
    
    Count Jean Bruno Wladimir François de Paule Le Fèvre d'Ormesson was a French novelist. He was the author of forty books, the director of Le Figaro from 1974 to 1979, and the Dean of the Académie française.
2. Otto Muehl, Austrian-Portuguese painter and director (d. 2013) births
  1. Otto Muehl
    
    Otto Muehl was an Austrian artist, who was known as one of the co-founders as well as a main participant of Viennese Actionism and for founding the Friedrichshof Commune.
3. Chittaranjan Das, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Chittaranjan Das
    
    Chittaranjan Das, popularly called Deshbandhu, was an Indian freedom fighter, political activist and lawyer during the Indian independence movement and founder-leader of the Swaraj Party in undivided Bengal during the period of British colonial rule in India. His name is abbreviated as C. R. Das. He was closely associated with a number of literary societies and wrote poems, apart from numerous articles and essays.
1924
1. Faith Domergue, American actress (d. 1999) births
  1. Faith Domergue
    
    Faith Marie Domergue was an American film and television actress. Discovered at age sixteen by media and aircraft mogul Howard Hughes, she was signed to a contract with Hughes' RKO Radio Pictures and cast as the lead in the studio's thriller Vendetta, which had a troubled four-year production before finally being released in 1950.
1923
1. Ron Flockhart, Scottish race car driver (d. 1962) births
  1. Ron Flockhart (racing driver)
    
    Ron Flockhart was a British racing driver. He participated in 14 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, achieving one podium finish and won the 24 Hours of Le Mans sportscar race twice.
1922
1. Ilmar Kullam, Estonian basketball player and coach (d. 2011) births
  1. Ilmar Kullam
    
    Ilmar Kullam was an Estonian basketball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1952 Summer Olympics. He trained at VSS Kalev in Tartu.
1920
1. Isabelle Holland, Swiss-American author (d. 2002) births
  1. Isabelle Holland
    
    Isabelle Christian Holland was an American author of fiction for children and adults. She wrote gothic novels, adult mysteries, romantic thrillers and many books for children and young adults.
2. Raymond Lemieux, Canadian chemist and academic (d. 2002) births
  1. Raymond Lemieux
    
    Raymond Urgel Lemieux, CC, AOE, FRS was a Canadian organic chemist, who pioneered many discoveries in the field of chemistry, his first and most famous being the synthesis of sucrose. His contributions include the discovery of the anomeric effect and the development of general methodologies for the synthesis of saccharides still employed in the area of carbohydrate chemistry. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the Royal Society (England), and a recipient of the prestigious Albert Einstein World Award of Science and Wolf Prize in Chemistry.
3. José López Portillo, Mexican lawyer and politician, 31st President of Mexico (d. 2004) births
  1. José López Portillo
    
    José Guillermo Abel López Portillo y Pacheco was a Mexican writer, lawyer and politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) who served as the 58th president of Mexico from 1976 to 1982. López Portillo was the only official candidate in the 1976 presidential election, being the only president in recent Mexican history to win an election unopposed.
  2. President of Mexico
    
    The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.
4. Hemanta Mukherjee, Indian singer and music director (d. 1989) births
  1. Hemant Kumar
    
    Hemanta Mukhopadhyay, known professionally as Hemant Kumar and Hemanta Mukherjee, was a legendary Indian music composer and playback singer who primarily sang in Bengali and Hindi, as well as other Indian languages like Marathi, Gujarati, Odia, Assamese, Tamil, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, Konkani, Sanskrit and Urdu. He was an artist of Bengali and Hindi film music, Rabindra Sangeet, and many other genres. He was the recipient of two National Awards for Best Male Playback Singer and was popularly known as the "voice of God". He Completed his B.E & M.Tech Engineering Degree from Jadavpur University.
1918
1. Bazil Assan, Romanian engineer and explorer (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Bazil Assan
    
    Bazil George Assan was a Romanian engineer, explorer and economist. Belonging to a wealthy family in Bucharest, Assan was an important figure in the industrialization of the Kingdom of Romania. He studied engineering, commerce and economics, which impulsed him to discover the globe. In 1896, he became the first Romanian to travel to the Arctic, and between 1897 and 1898, he became the first Romanian to travel around the world. His travels were later presented to King Carol I of Romania. Assan died on 16 June 1918 in Montreux, Switzerland.
1917
1. Phaedon Gizikis, Greek general and politician, President of Greece (d. 1999) births
  1. Phaedon Gizikis
    
    Phaedon Gizikis was a Greek army general, and the second and last President of Greece under the Junta, from 1973 to 1974.
  2. President of Greece
    
    The president of Greece, officially the President of the Hellenic Republic, commonly referred to in Greek as the President of the Republic, is the head of state of Greece. The president is elected by the Hellenic Parliament; the role has been mainly ceremonial since the 1986 constitutional reform. The office was formally established by the Constitution of Greece in 1975, but has antecedents in the Second Hellenic Republic of 1924–1935 and the Greek junta in 1973–1974 which predated the transition to the current Third Hellenic Republic. The incumbent, since 13 March 2020, is Katerina Sakellaropoulou.
2. Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001) births
  1. Katharine Graham
    
    Katharine Meyer Graham was an American newspaper publisher. She led her family's newspaper, The Washington Post, from 1963 to 1991. Graham presided over the paper as it reported on the Watergate scandal, which eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. She was the first 20th century female publisher of a major American newspaper. Graham's memoir, Personal History, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998.
3. Aurelio Lampredi, Italian automobile and aircraft engine designer (d. 1989) births
  1. Aurelio Lampredi
    
    Aurelio Lampredi was an Italian automobile and aircraft engine designer.
4. Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009) births
  1. Irving Penn
    
    Irving Penn was an American photographer known for his fashion photography, portraits, and still lifes. Penn's career included work at Vogue magazine, and independent advertising work for clients including Issey Miyake and Clinique. His work has been exhibited internationally and continues to inform the art of photography.
1915
1. John Tukey, American mathematician and academic (d. 2000) births
  1. John Tukey
    
    John Wilder Tukey was an American mathematician and statistician, best known for the development of the fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and box plot. The Tukey range test, the Tukey lambda distribution, the Tukey test of additivity, and the Teichmüller–Tukey lemma all bear his name. He is also credited with coining the term 'bit' and the first published use of the word 'software'.
2. Marga Faulstich, German glass chemist (d. 1998) births
  1. Marga Faulstich
    
    Marga Faulstich was a German glass chemist. She worked for Schott AG for 44 years. During this time, she worked on more than 300 types of optical glasses. Forty patents were registered in her name. She was the first woman executive at Schott AG.
1914
1. Eleanor Sokoloff, American pianist and teacher (d. 2020) births
  1. Eleanor Sokoloff
    
    Eleanor Sokoloff was an American pianist and academic who formed a piano duo with her husband, Vladimir Sokoloff. She taught piano on the faculty of the Curtis Institute of Music from 1936 until her death in 2020.
1912
1. Albert Chartier, Canadian illustrator (d. 2004) births
  1. Albert Chartier
    
    Albert Chartier was a French-Canadian cartoonist and illustrator, best known for having created the comic strip Onésime.
2. Enoch Powell, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Health (d. 1998) births
  1. Enoch Powell
    
    John Enoch Powell, was a strongly conservative British politician, classical scholar, author, linguist, soldier, philologist, and poet. He served as a Conservative Member of Parliament (1950–1974) and was Minister of Health (1960–1963) then Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) MP (1974–1987).
  2. Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
    
    The secretary of state for health and social care, also referred to as the health secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the work of the Department of Health and Social Care. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, eighth in the ministerial ranking.
1910
1. Juan Velasco Alvarado, Peruvian general and politician, 1st President of Peru (d. 1977) births
  1. Juan Velasco Alvarado
    
    Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado was a Peruvian general who served as the 58th President of Peru after a successful coup d'état against Fernando Belaúnde's presidency in 1968. Under his presidency, nationalism, as well as left-leaning policies that addressed Indigenous Peruvians, such as nationalization or agrarian reform were adopted. These policies were reversed after another coup d'état in 1975 led by his Prime Minister, Francisco Morales-Bermúdez.
  2. President of Peru
    
    The president of Peru, officially called the president of the Republic of Peru, is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of the Armed Forces and Police of Peru. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.
1909
1. Archie Carr, American ecologist and zoologist (d. 1987) births
  1. Archie Carr
    
    Archie Fairly Carr, Jr. was an American herpetologist, ecologist, and conservationist. He was a Professor of Zoology at the University of Florida and an acclaimed writer on science and nature. He brought attention to the world's declining sea turtle populations due to over-exploitation and habitat loss. Wildlife refuges in Florida and Costa Rica have been named in his honor.
1907
1. Jack Albertson, American actor (d. 1981) births
  1. Jack Albertson
    
    Harold Albertson, known professionally as Jack Albertson, was an American actor, comedian, dancer and singer who also performed in vaudeville. Albertson was a Tony, Oscar, and Emmy winning actor. For his performance as John Cleary in the 1964 play The Subject Was Roses and its 1968 film adaptation, he won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play, and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. His other notable roles include Grandpa Joe in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), Manny Rosen in The Poseidon Adventure (1972), and Ed Brown in the television sitcom Chico and the Man (1974–78), for which he won an Emmy. For his contributions to the television industry, Albertson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977 at 6253 Hollywood Boulevard.
1906
1. Alan Fairfax, Australian cricketer (d. 1955) births
  1. Alan Fairfax
    
    Alan Geoffrey Fairfax was an Australian cricketer who played in ten Test matches from 1929 to 1931. He was an all rounder.
1902
1. Barbara McClintock, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) births
  1. Barbara McClintock
    
    Barbara McClintock was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There she started her career as the leader of the development of maize cytogenetics, the focus of her research for the rest of her life. From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She developed the technique for visualizing maize chromosomes and used microscopic analysis to demonstrate many fundamental genetic ideas. One of those ideas was the notion of genetic recombination by crossing-over during meiosis—a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information. She produced the first genetic map for maize, linking regions of the chromosome to physical traits. She demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere, regions of the chromosome that are important in the conservation of genetic information. She was recognized as among the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
2. George Gaylord Simpson, American paleontologist and author (d. 1984) births
  1. George Gaylord Simpson
    
    George Gaylord Simpson was an American paleontologist. Simpson was perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern synthesis, contributing Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944), The Meaning of Evolution (1949) and The Major Features of Evolution (1953). He was an expert on extinct mammals and their intercontinental migrations. Simpson was extraordinarily knowledgeable about Mesozoic fossil mammals and fossil mammals of North and South America. He anticipated such concepts as punctuated equilibrium and dispelled the myth that the evolution of the horse was a linear process culminating in the modern Equus caballus. He coined the word hypodigm in 1940, and published extensively on the taxonomy of fossil and extant mammals. Simpson was influentially, and incorrectly, opposed to Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, but accepted the theory of plate tectonics when the evidence became conclusive.
3. Ernst Schröder, German mathematician and academic (b. 1841) deaths
  1. Ernst Schröder (mathematician)
    
    Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Ernst Schröder was a German mathematician mainly known for his work on algebraic logic. He is a major figure in the history of mathematical logic, by virtue of summarizing and extending the work of George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, Hugh MacColl, and especially Charles Peirce. He is best known for his monumental Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik, in three volumes, which prepared the way for the emergence of mathematical logic as a separate discipline in the twentieth century by systematizing the various systems of formal logic of the day.
1899
1. Helen Traubel, American operatic soprano (d. 1972) births
  1. Helen Traubel
    
    Helen Francesca Traubel was an American opera and concert singer. A dramatic soprano, she was best known for her Wagnerian roles, especially those of Brünnhilde and Isolde.
1897
1. Georg Wittig, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) births
  1. Georg Wittig
    
    Georg Wittig was a German chemist who reported a method for synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes and ketones using compounds called phosphonium ylides in the Wittig reaction. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Herbert C. Brown in 1979.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1896
1. Murray Leinster, American author and screenwriter (d. 1976) births
  1. Murray Leinster
    
    Murray Leinster was a pen name of William Fitzgerald Jenkins, an American writer of genre fiction, particularly of science fiction. He wrote and published more than 1,500 short stories and articles, 14 movie scripts, and hundreds of radio scripts and television plays.
1890
1. Stan Laurel, English actor and comedian (d. 1965) births
  1. Stan Laurel
    
    Stan Laurel was an English comic actor, writer, and film director who was one half of the comedy duo Laurel and Hardy. He appeared with his comedy partner Oliver Hardy in 107 short films, feature films, and cameo roles.
1888
1. Alexander Friedmann, Russian physicist and mathematician (d. 1925) births
  1. Alexander Friedmann
    
    Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann was a Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his pioneering theory that the universe was expanding, governed by a set of equations he developed now known as the Friedmann equations.
2. Peter Stoner, American mathematician and astronomer (d. 1980) births
  1. Peter Stoner
    
    Peter Stoner was a Christian writer and Chairman of the departments of mathematics and astronomy at Pasadena City College until 1953; Chairman of the science division, Westmont College, 1953–57; Professor Emeritus of Science, Westmont College; and Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Astronomy, Pasadena City College.
1886
1. Alexander Stuart, Scottish-Australian politician, 9th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1824) deaths
  1. Alexander Stuart (Australian politician)
    
    Sir Alexander Stuart was Premier of New South Wales from 5 January 1883 to 7 October 1885.
  2. Premier of New South Wales
    
    The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.
1885
1. Erich Jacoby, Estonian-Polish architect (d. 1941) births
  1. Erich Jacoby
    
    Erich Roman Ludvig Jacoby was an Estonian architect of Baltic German descent. From 1905 to 1907 he studied at the Leibniz University of Hannover, in 1913 he graduated from the Riga Technical University. In 1939 he went to Germany.
2. Wilhelm Camphausen, German painter and academic (b. 1818) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Camphausen
    
    Wilhelm Camphausen, was a German painter who specialized in historical and battle scenes.
1882
1. Mohammad Mosaddegh, Iranian educator and politician, 60th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1967) births
  1. Mohammad Mosaddegh
    
    Mohammad Mosaddegh was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, after appointment by the 16th Majlis. He was a member of the Iranian parliament from 1923, and served through a contentious 1952 election into the 17th Iranian Majlis, until his government was overthrown in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état aided by the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom (MI6) and the United States (CIA), led by Kermit Roosevelt Jr. His National Front was suppressed from the 1954 election.
  2. Prime Minister of Iran
    
    The Prime Minister of Iran was a political post that had existed in Iran (Persia) during much of the 20th century. It began in 1906 during the Qajar dynasty and into the start of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1923 and into the 1979 Iranian Revolution before being abolished in 1989.
1881
1. Josiah Mason, English businessman and philanthropist (b. 1795) deaths
  1. Josiah Mason
    
    Sir Josiah Mason was an English industrialist, engaged in pen manufacture and other trades, and a philanthropist. He founded Mason Science College in 1875, which later became the University of Birmingham.
1880
1. Otto Eisenschiml, Austrian-American chemist and author (d. 1963) births
  1. Otto Eisenschiml
    
    Otto Eisenschiml was an Austrian-born chemist and industrial executive in the American oil industry, and a controversial author. He may be best known for his provocative 1937 book on the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in which he proposed that a senior member of Lincoln's Cabinet orchestrated the plot to kill the president.
1878
1. Crawford Long, American surgeon and pharmacist (b. 1815) deaths
  1. Crawford Long
    
    Crawford Williamson Long was an American surgeon and pharmacist best known for his first use of inhaled sulfuric ether as an anesthetic, discovered by performing surgeries on disabled African American slaves that included the amputations of their fingers and toes.
2. Kikuchi Yōsai, Japanese painter (b. 1781) deaths
  1. Kikuchi Yōsai
    
    Kikuchi Yōsai , also known as Kikuchi Takeyasu and Kawahara Ryōhei, was a Japanese painter most famous for his monochrome portraits of historical figures.
1874
1. Arthur Meighen, Canadian lawyer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1960) births
  1. Arthur Meighen
    
    Arthur Meighen was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the ninth prime minister of Canada from 1920 to 1921 and from June to September 1926. He led the Conservative Party from 1920 to 1926 and from 1941 to 1942.
  2. Prime Minister of Canada
    
    The prime minister of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Under the Westminster system, the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority the elected House of Commons; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the prime minister selects ministers to form the Cabinet, and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Cabinet, which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons.
1872
1. Norman MacLeod, Scottish minister and author (b. 1812) deaths
  1. Norman Macleod (minister, born 1812)
    
    Norman Macleod was a Scottish clergyman and author who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1869/70.
1869
1. Charles Sturt, Indian-English botanist and explorer (b. 1795) deaths
  1. Charles Sturt
    
    Charles Napier Sturt was a British officer and explorer of Australia, and part of the European exploration of Australia. He led several expeditions into the interior of the continent, starting from Sydney and later from Adelaide. His expeditions traced several of the westward-flowing rivers, establishing that they all merged into the Murray River, which flows into the Southern Ocean. He was searching to prove his own passionately held belief that an "inland sea" was located at the centre of the continent. He reached the rank of Captain, served in several appointed posts, and on the Legislative Council.
1867
1. René Seyssaud, Provençal painter (d. 1952) births
  1. René Seyssaud
    
    René Seyssaud was a Provençal painter and is known as a precursor of Fauvism.
1866
1. Germanos Karavangelis, Greek-Austrian metropolitan (d. 1935) births
  1. Germanos Karavangelis
    
    Germanos Karavangelis was known for his service as Metropolitan Bishop of Kastoria and later Amaseia, Pontus. He was a member of the Hellenic Macedonian Committee and functioned as one of the major coordinators of the Greek Struggle for Macedonia.
1863
1. Francisco León de la Barra, Mexican politician and diplomat (d. 1939) births
  1. Francisco León de la Barra
    
    Francisco León de la Barra y Quijano was a Mexican political figure and diplomat who served as 36th President of Mexico from May 25 to November 6, 1911. He was known to conservatives as "The White President" or the "Pure President."
1862
1. Hidenoyama Raigorō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 9th Yokozuna (b. 1808) deaths
  1. Hidenoyama Raigorō
    
    Hidenoyama Raigorō was a Japanese sumo wrestler from Kesennuma, Mutsu Province. He was the sport's 9th yokozuna. He was also known as Amatsukaze Kumoemon , Tatsugami Kumoemon and Iwamigata Jōemon .
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
1858
1. Gustaf V of Sweden (d. 1950) births
  1. Gustaf V
    
    Gustaf V was King of Sweden from 8 December 1907 until his death in 1950. He was the eldest son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Sophia of Nassau, a half-sister of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Reigning from the death of his father Oscar II in 1907 to his own death nearly 43 years later, he holds the record of being the oldest monarch of Sweden and the third-longest rule, after Magnus IV (1319–1364) and Carl XVI Gustaf (1973–present). He was also the last Swedish monarch to exercise his royal prerogatives, which largely died with him, although they were formally abolished only with the remaking of the Swedish constitution in 1974. He was the first Swedish king since the High Middle Ages not to have a coronation and so never wore the king's crown, a practice that has continued ever since.
2. John Snow, English epidemiologist and physician (b. 1813) deaths
  1. John Snow
    
    John Snow was an English physician and a leader in the development of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854, which he curtailed by removing the handle of a water pump. Snow's findings inspired the adoption of anaesthesia as well as fundamental changes in the water and waste systems of London, which led to similar changes in other cities, and a significant improvement in general public health around the world.
1857
1. Arthur Arz von Straußenburg, Austrian-Hungarian general (d. 1935) births
  1. Arthur Arz von Straußenburg
    
    Generaloberst Arthur Freiherr Arz von Straußenburg was an Austro-Hungarian colonel general and last Chief of the General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army. At the outbreak of the First World War, he commanded the 15th Infantry Division. Soon, he was promoted to the head of the 6th Corps and the First Army. He participated on the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive in 1915 and the countryside of Romania in 1916. In March 1917, he became Chief of the General Staff until his resignation on 3 November 1918.
1850
1. Max Delbrück, German chemist and academic (d. 1919) births
  1. Max Delbrück (chemist)
    
    Max Emil Julius Delbrück was a German agricultural chemist.
2. William Arnon Henry American academic and agriculturist (d. 1932) births
  1. William Arnon Henry
    
    William Arnon Henry was an American academic and agriculturist from Ohio. Henry studied at the National Normal University and Ohio Wesleyan University before becoming a principal of two high schools. After continuing his education at Cornell University from 1876 to 1880, Henry was appointed a professor at the University of Wisconsin. There, he led the growth of the College of Agriculture, becoming its first dean in 1891. He remained at the university until 1907, when he was named a professor emeritus.
3. William Lawson, English-Australian explorer and politician (b. 1774) deaths
  1. William Lawson (explorer)
    
    William Lawson, MLC was a British soldier, explorer, land owner, grazier and politician who migrated to Sydney, New South Wales in 1800. Along with Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth, he pioneered the first successful crossing of the Blue Mountains by British colonists.
1849
1. Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette, German theologian and scholar (b. 1780) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette
    
    Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette was a German theologian and biblical scholar.
1840
1. Ernst Otto Schlick, German engineer and author (d. 1913) births
  1. Ernst Otto Schlick
    
    Ernst Otto Schlick was a German naval engineer. He tried to solve the problem of rolling of ships at sea by installing large gyroscopes. The gyroscopic "stabilizers" gave disappointing or dangerous results in practice. An Englishman before him in 1868, Henry Bessemer had tried to use hydraulics and a spirit level watched by the steersman to stabilize ship rolls, also with dangerous results.
1838
1. Frederic Archer, English organist, composer, and conductor (d. 1901) births
  1. Frederic Archer
    
    Frederic Archer was a British composer, conductor and organist, born in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. He studied music in London and Leipzig, and held musical positions in England and Scotland until 1880, when he became organist of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, New York.
2. Cushman Kellogg Davis, American lieutenant and politician, 7th Governor of Minnesota (d. 1900) births
  1. Cushman Kellogg Davis
    
    Cushman Kellogg Davis was an American Republican politician who served as the seventh Governor of Minnesota and as a U.S. Senator from Minnesota.
  2. Governor of Minnesota
    
    The governor of Minnesota is the head of government of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Forty people have been governor of Minnesota, though historically there were also three governors of Minnesota Territory. Alexander Ramsey, the first territorial governor, also served as state governor several years later. State governors are elected to office by popular vote, but territorial governors were appointed to the office by the United States president. The current governor of Minnesota is Tim Walz of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL).
1837
1. Ernst Laas, German philosopher and academic (d. 1885) births
  1. Ernst Laas
    
    Ernst Laas was a German positivist philosopher.
1836
1. Wesley Merritt, American general and politician, Military Governor of the Philippines (d. 1910) births
  1. Wesley Merritt
    
    Wesley Merritt was an American major general who served in the cavalry of the United States Army during the American Civil War, American Indian Wars, and Spanish–American War. Following the latter war, he became the first American Military Governor of the Philippines.
  2. Governor-General of the Philippines
    
    The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed by Mexico City and Madrid (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power.
1826
1. Constantin von Ettingshausen, Austrian geologist and botanist (d. 1897) births
  1. Constantin von Ettingshausen
    
    Constantin Freiherr von Ettingshausen was an Austrian botanist known for his paleobotanical studies of flora from the Tertiary era. He was the son of physicist Andreas von Ettingshausen.
1824
1. Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, French lawyer and politician (b. 1739) deaths
  1. Charles-François Lebrun
    
    Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance, was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer and Prince of the Empire by Napoleon I.
1821
1. Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer and architect (d. 1908) births
  1. Old Tom Morris
    
    Thomas Mitchell Morris, otherwise known as Old Tom Morris, and The Grand Old Man of Golf, was a Scottish golfer. He was born in St Andrews, Fife, the "home of golf" and location of the St Andrews Links, and died there as well. Young Tom Morris, also a golfer, was his son.
1820
1. Athanase Josué Coquerel, Dutch-French preacher and theologian (d. 1875) births
  1. Athanase Josué Coquerel
    
    Athanase Josué Coquerel was a French Protestant theologian.
1813
1. Otto Jahn, German archaeologist and philologist (d. 1869) births
  1. Otto Jahn
    
    Otto Jahn, was a German archaeologist, philologist, and writer on art and music.
1806
1. Edward Davy, English physician and chemist (d. 1885) births
  1. Edward Davy
    
    Edward Davy was an English physician, scientist, and inventor who played a prominent role in the development of telegraphy, and invented an electric relay.
1804
1. Johann Adam Hiller, German composer and conductor (b. 1728) deaths
  1. Johann Adam Hiller
    
    Johann Adam Hiller was a German composer, conductor and writer on music, regarded as the creator of the Singspiel, an early form of German opera. In many of these operas he collaborated with the poet Christian Felix Weiße.
1801
1. Julius Plücker, German mathematician and physicist (d. 1868) births
  1. Julius Plücker
    
    Julius Plücker was a German mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in the investigations of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He also vastly extended the study of Lamé curves.
1792
1. John Linnell, English painter and engraver (d. 1882) births
  1. John Linnell (painter)
    
    John Linnell was an English engraver, and portrait and landscape painter. He was a naturalist and a rival to the artist John Constable. He had a taste for Northern European art of the Renaissance, particularly Albrecht Dürer. He also associated with the amateur artist Edward Thomas Daniell, and with William Blake, to whom he introduced the painter and writer Samuel Palmer and others of the Ancients.
1779
1. Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet, English lawyer and politician, Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1712) deaths
  1. Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet
    
    Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet was a British colonial administrator who served as governor of the provinces of New Jersey and Massachusetts Bay. His uncompromising policies and harsh tactics in Massachusetts angered the colonists and were instrumental in the building of broad-based opposition within the province to the rule of Parliament in the events leading to the American Revolution.
  2. List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
    
    The territory of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other New England states or of the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
1777
1. Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset, French poet and playwright (b. 1709) deaths
  1. Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset
    
    Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset was a French poet and dramatist, best known for his poem Vert-Vert.
1762
1. Anne Russell, Countess of Jersey (formerly Duchess of Bedford) (b. c.1705) deaths
  1. Anne Russell, Duchess of Bedford
    
    Anne Russell, Duchess of Bedford, formerly Lady Anne Egerton, was the wife of Wriothesley Russell, 3rd Duke of Bedford, and, following his death, of William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey. She was the mother of the 4th Earl of Jersey.
1754
1. Salawat Yulayev, Russian poet (d. 1800) births
  1. Salawat Yulayev
    
    Salawat Yulayev was a Bashkir national hero who participated in Pugachev's Rebellion, warrior, poet and singer.
1752
1. Joseph Butler, English bishop and philosopher (b. 1692) deaths
  1. Joseph Butler
    
    Joseph Butler was an English Anglican bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher, born in Wantage in the English county of Berkshire. He is known for critiques of Deism, Thomas Hobbes's egoism, and John Locke's theory of personal identity. The many philosophers and religious thinkers Butler influenced included David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, Henry Sidgwick, John Henry Newman, and C. D. Broad, and is widely seen as "one of the pre-eminent English moralists." He played a major, if underestimated role in developing 18th-century economic discourse, influencing the Dean of Gloucester and political economist Josiah Tucker.
1743
1. Louise-Françoise de Bourbon, eldest daughter of King Louis XIV of France (b. 1673) deaths
  1. Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé
    
    Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon, was the eldest surviving legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan. She was said to have been named after her godmother, Louise de La Vallière, the woman her mother had replaced as the king's mistress. Before her marriage, she was known at court as Mademoiselle de Nantes.
  2. Louis XIV
    
    Louis XIV, also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign in history whose date is verifiable. Although Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe, the King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Bossuet, Colbert, Le Brun, Le Nôtre, Lully, Mazarin, Molière, Racine, Turenne, and Vauban.
1738
1. Mary Katherine Goddard, American publisher (d. 1816) births
  1. Mary Katharine Goddard
    
    Mary Katharine Goddard was an early American publisher, and the postmaster of the Baltimore Post Office from 1775 to 1789. She was the older sister of William Goddard, also a publisher and printer. She was the second printer to print the Declaration of Independence. Her copy, the Goddard Broadside, was commissioned by Congress in 1777, and was the first to include the names of the signatories. In 1998, Goddard was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame.
1723
1. Adam Smith, Scottish philosopher and economist (d. 1790) births
  1. Adam Smith
    
    Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Seen by some as "The Father of Economics" or "The Father of Capitalism", he wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work that treats economics as a comprehensive system and as an academic discipline. Smith refuses to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms of God’s will and instead appeals to natural, political, social, economic and technological factors and the interactions between them. Among other economic theories, the work introduced Smith's idea of absolute advantage.
1722
1. John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire (b. 1650) deaths
  1. John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
    
    General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, 1st Prince of Mindelheim, 1st Count of Nellenburg, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs. From a gentry family, he served first as a page at the court of the House of Stuart under James, Duke of York, through the 1670s and early 1680s, earning military and political advancement through his courage and diplomatic skill.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire
    
    This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire. Since 1689, all Lords Lieutenant have also been Custos Rotulorum of Oxfordshire.
1713
1. Meshech Weare, American farmer, lawyer, and politician, 1st Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1786) births
  1. Meshech Weare
    
    Meshech Weare was an American farmer, lawyer, and revolutionary statesman from Seabrook and Hampton Falls, New Hampshire. He served as the first president of New Hampshire. Before 1784 the position of governor was referred to as “president of New Hampshire.” He is also called “The father of New Hampshire.” The first president of the earlier Province of New Hampshire was John Cutt.
  2. Governor of New Hampshire
    
    The governor of New Hampshire is the head of government of New Hampshire.
1674
1. Tomás Yepes, Spanish painter (b. 1595 or 1600) deaths
  1. Tomás Yepes
    
    Tomás de Yepes or Hiepes was a Spanish painter in the Kingdom of Valencia. An artist of the Baroque movement, he worked as a painter of still life and bodegón—still life paintings depicting pantry items. He made paintings both for clients and public events. Although his activity started in the second decade of the 17th century, most of the works attributed to him come after 1642. He continued to paint until the year of his death.
1666
1. Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet, English poet and diplomat, English Ambassador to Spain (b. 1608) deaths
  1. Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet
    
    Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet PC was an English poet and translator. He was a diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1666. During the English Civil War he supported the Royalist cause and served Charles II of England in battle and in exile.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Spain
    
    The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Spain is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Kingdom of Spain, and in charge of the UK's diplomatic mission in Spain. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Kingdom of Spain.
1653
1. James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon, English nobleman (d. 1699) births
  1. James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon
    
    James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon, styled Hon. James Bertie until 1657 and known as the 5th Baron Norreys from 1657 until 1682, was an English nobleman.
1644
1. Henrietta Anne Stuart, Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland (d. 1670) births
  1. Henrietta of England
    
    Henrietta Anne of England was the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria.
1633
1. Jean de Thévenot, French linguist and botanist (d. 1667) births
  1. Jean de Thévenot
    
    Jean de Thévenot was a French traveller in the East, who wrote extensively about his journeys. He was also a linguist, natural scientist and botanist.
1626
1. Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader (b. 1599) deaths
  1. Christian the Younger of Brunswick
    
    Christian the Younger of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, a member of the House of Welf, titular Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt, was a German Protestant military leader during the early years of the Thirty Years' War, fighting against the forces of the Imperial House of Habsburg, Habsburg Spain, and the Catholic League.
1625
1. Samuel Chappuzeau, French scholar (d. 1701) births
  1. Samuel Chappuzeau
    
    Samuel Chappuzeau was a French scholar, author, poet and playwright whose best-known work today is Le Théâtre François, a description of French Theatre in the seventeenth century.
1622
1. Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline, Scottish lawyer, judge, and politician, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (b. 1555) deaths
  1. Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline
    
    Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline (1555–1622) was a Scottish lawyer, judge and politician. He served as Lord President of the Court of Session from 1598 to 1604, Lord Chancellor of Scotland from 1604 to 1622 and as a Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland.
  2. Lord Chancellor of Scotland
    
    The Lord Chancellor of Scotland was a Great Officer of State in the Kingdom of Scotland.
1613
1. John Cleveland, English poet and educator (d. 1658) births
  1. John Cleveland
    
    John Cleveland was an English poet who supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. He was best known for political satire.
1606
1. Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier and politician (d. 1675) births
  1. Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall
    
    Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, was an Anglo-Irish peer and soldier.
1591
1. Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Greek-Italian physician, mathematician, and theorist (d. 1655) births
  1. Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
    
    Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, also known as Yashar Mi-Qandia, was a rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theorist.
1583
1. Axel Oxenstierna, Swedish politician, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (d. 1654) births
  1. Axel Oxenstierna
    
    Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna af Södermöre, Count of Södermöre, was a Swedish statesman. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a confidant of King Gustavus Adolphus and then Queen Christina, of whom he was at first regent.
  2. Lord High Chancellor of Sweden
    
    The Lord High Chancellor, literally Chancellor of the Realm, was a prominent and influential office in Sweden, from 1538 until 1799, excluding periods when the office was out of use. The office holder was a member of the Privy Council. From 1634, the Lord High Chancellor was one of five Great Officers of the Realm, who were the most prominent members of the Privy Council and headed a governmental branch each—the Lord High Chancellor headed the Privy Council. In 1792, more than a century after the office's abolishment in 1680, it was revived but was then finally abolished seven years later in 1799.
1540
1. Konrad von Thüngen, German nobleman (b. c. 1466) deaths
  1. Konrad von Thüngen
    
    Konrad von Thüngen was the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg from 1519 until his death in 1540.
1516
1. Yang Jisheng, Ming dynasty official and Confucian martyr (d. 1555) births
  1. Yang Jisheng (Ming dynasty)
    
    Yang Jisheng was a Chinese court official of the Ming dynasty who held multiple posts during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor. He is remembered as a political opponent of Yan Song, on whose initiative he was arrested and eventually executed. The death sentence was later posthumously reversed, and the unjust manner of Yang's death led him to be revered as a martyr for Confucian values.
1514
1. John Cheke, English academic and politician, English Secretary of State (d. 1557) births
  1. John Cheke
    
    Sir John Cheke was an English classical scholar and statesman. One of the foremost teachers of his age, and the first Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge, he played a great part in the revival of Greek learning in England. He was tutor to Prince Edward, the future King Edward VI, and also sometimes to Princess Elizabeth. Of strongly Reformist sympathy in religious affairs, his public career as provost of King's College, Cambridge, Member of Parliament and briefly as Secretary of State during King Edward's reign was brought to a close by the accession of Queen Mary in 1553. He went into voluntary exile abroad, at first under royal licence. He was captured and imprisoned in 1556, and recanted his faith to avoid death by burning. He died not long afterward, reportedly regretting his decision.
  2. Secretary of State (England)
    
    In the Kingdom of England, the title of Secretary of State came into being near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603), the usual title before that having been King's Clerk, King's Secretary, or Principal Secretary.
1487
1. John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (b. c. 1463) deaths
  1. John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
    
    John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln was a leading figure in the Yorkist aristocracy during the Wars of the Roses.
1468
1. Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy, Burgundian historian and author (b. 1395) deaths
  1. Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy
    
    Jean le Fèvre de Saint-Remy or Jean Lefebvre de Saint-Remy born in Abbeville, was a Burgundian chronicler during the Hundred Years' War and lord (seigneur) of Saint Remy, la Vacquerie, Avesnes and Morienne. He is also known by the formal title of authority Toison d'or because he served as the King of Arms to the Order of the Golden Fleece.
1454
1. Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (d. 1517) births
  1. Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples
    
    Joanna of Aragon was Queen of Naples as the second wife of King Ferdinand I. She served as regent of Naples between the abdication and flight of king Alfonso II 22 February 1495 until the formal succession of Ferdinand II of Naples.
1424
1. Johannes Ambundii, archbishop of Riga deaths
  1. Johannes Ambundii
    
    Johannes VI Ambundii, Archbishopric of Riga 1418-1424, secular name Johannes Ambundii de Swan, also Abundi, Ambundij, Habundi, Habendi, Habindi, Almanni and ~ von Schwan was a German ecclesiastic. Ambundii is thought to be born in the area of Stettin (Szczecin) in Pomerania. He studied at the Juristical University of Prague, and graduated in 1391. Later, he got his doctor in theology and canonical law.
1397
1. Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (b. 1358) deaths
  1. Philip of Artois, Count of Eu
    
    Philip of Artois, son of John of Artois, Count of Eu, and Isabeau of Melun, was Count of Eu from 1387 until his death, succeeding his brother Robert.
1361
1. Johannes Tauler, German mystic theologian deaths
  1. Johannes Tauler
    
    Johannes Tauler OP was a German mystic, a Roman Catholic priest and a theologian. A disciple of Meister Eckhart, he belonged to the Dominican order. Tauler was known as one of the most important Rhineland mystics. He promoted a certain neo-platonist dimension in the Dominican spirituality of his time.
1332
1. Isabella de Coucy, English daughter of Edward III of England (d. 1379) births
  1. Isabella, Countess of Bedford
    
    Isabella of England was the eldest daughter of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault, and the wife of Enguerrand de Coucy, Earl of Bedford, by whom she had two daughters. She was made a Lady of the Garter in 1376.
  2. Edward III of England
    
    Edward III, also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His fifty-year reign was one of the longest in English history, and saw vital developments in legislation and government, in particular the evolution of the English Parliament, as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He outlived his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, and the throne passed to his grandson, Richard II.
2. Adam de Brome, founder of Oriel College, Oxford deaths
  1. Adam de Brome
    
    Adam de Brome was an almoner to King Edward II and founder of Oriel College in Oxford, England. De Brome was probably the son of Thomas de Brome, taking his name from Brome near Eye in Suffolk; an inquisition held after the death of Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall, in 1300, noted de Brome holding an inheritance of half a knight's fee.
  2. Oriel College, Oxford
    
    Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford. In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been historically known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom is the official visitor of the college.
1286
1. Hugh de Balsham, English bishop deaths
  1. Hugh de Balsham
    
    Hugh de Balsham was a medieval English bishop.
1185
1. Richeza of Poland, queen of León (b. c. 1140) deaths
  1. Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile
    
    Richeza of Poland was a Polish noblewoman of the House of Piast in the Silesian branch. By her marriages she was Queen consort of Galicia, León and Castile, Countess of Provence, and Countess of Eberstein.
1139
1. Emperor Konoe of Japan (d. 1155) births
  1. Emperor Konoe
    
    Emperor Konoe was the 76th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
956
1. Hugh the Great, Frankish nobleman (b. 898) deaths
  1. Hugh the Great
    
    Hugh the Great was the duke of the Franks and count of Paris.
924
1. Li Cunshen, general of Later Tang (b. 862) deaths
  1. Li Cunshen
    
    Li Cunshen (李存審), né Fu Cun (符存), often referred to in historical sources as Fu Cunshen (符存審), courtesy name Dexiang (德詳), was a Chinese military general, politician, and singer of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period dynasty Later Tang and Later Tang's predecessor state Jin. He was an adoptive son of Jin's first prince Li Keyong and later served in a number of major campaigns under the reign of Li Keyong's son Li Cunxu, helping Li Cunxu to establish Later Tang as its Emperor Zhuangzong.
840
1. Rorgon I, Frankish nobleman (or 839) deaths
  1. Rorgon I, Count of Maine
    
    Rorgon I or Rorico(n) I was the first Count of Maine and progenitor of the Rorgonid dynasty, which is named for him. He was Count of Rennes from 819 and of Maine from 832 until his death.
  2. 839
    
    Year 839 (DCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Holidays

Birthday of Leonard P. Howell (Rastafari)
1. Rastafari
  
  Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is a religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.
Bloomsday (Dublin, Ireland)
1. Bloomsday
  
  Bloomsday is a commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writer James Joyce, observed annually in Dublin and elsewhere on 16 June, the day his 1922 novel Ulysses takes place in 1904, the date of his first sexual encounter with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle, and named after its protagonist Leopold Bloom.
2. Dublin
  
  Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 census, it had a population of 1,173,179, while the population of County Dublin as a whole was 1,347,359, and the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806.
3. Ireland
  
  Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.
Christian feast days: Aurelianus of Arles
1. Aurelianus of Arles
  
  Aurelianus was Archbishop of Arles from 546 to 551. His predecessors were Auxanius and Caesarius of Arles. His father Sacerdos was an Archbishop of Lyon. His cousin Nicetius succeeded his father as Archbishop of Lyon. He died on 16 June 551 in Lyon and is buried in the Church of Saint-Nizier. The text of his epitaph is preserved.
Christian feast days: Aureus of Mainz (and his sister Justina)
1. Aureus of Mainz
  
  Aureus of Mainz is a Roman Catholic saint and the first named bishop of Mainz. His feast is on 16 June.
Christian feast days: Benno
1. Benno of Meissen
  
  Benno was named Bishop of Meissen in 1066. Venerated since the 13th century, he was canonized in 1523. Benno did much for his diocese, both by ecclesiastical reforms on the Hildebrandine model and by material developments. He was venerated in his native Saxony throughout the Late Middle Ages.
Christian feast days: Cettin of Oran
1. Cettin
  
  Cettin also known as Saint Cettin of Oran or Cethach, Cetagh and Cethagh was a disciple of Saint Patrick. He helped St. Patrick in evangelizing in Ireland. St. Patrick consecrated him as an auxiliary bishop of Oran. He is believed to have died in 5th century. His feast day is 16 June. His shrine at Oran, Co. Roscommon was a well known place of pilgrimage, and survived until the end of the eighteenth century.
Christian feast days: Curig of Llanbadarn
1. Curig
  
  St Curig was a Celtic Roman Catholic bishop and saint of Wales during post Roman times.
Christian feast days: Ferreolus and Ferrutio
1. Ferreolus and Ferrutio
  
  Saints Ferreolus and Ferrutio are venerated as martyrs and saints by the Catholic Church, especially in Besançon where they are honored as its patron saints.
Christian feast days: George Berkeley and Joseph Butler (Episcopal Church)
1. George Berkeley
  
  George Berkeley – known as Bishop Berkeley – was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism". This theory denies the existence of material substance and instead contends that familiar objects like tables and chairs are ideas perceived by the mind and, as a result, cannot exist without being perceived. Berkeley is also known for his critique of abstraction, an important premise in his argument for immaterialism.
2. Joseph Butler
  
  Joseph Butler was an English Anglican bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher, born in Wantage in the English county of Berkshire. He is known for critiques of Deism, Thomas Hobbes's egoism, and John Locke's theory of personal identity. The many philosophers and religious thinkers Butler influenced included David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, Henry Sidgwick, John Henry Newman, and C. D. Broad, and is widely seen as "one of the pre-eminent English moralists." He played a major, if underestimated role in developing 18th-century economic discourse, influencing the Dean of Gloucester and political economist Josiah Tucker.
3. Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)
  
  The veneration of saints in the Episcopal Church is a continuation of an ancient tradition from the early Church which honors important and influential people of the Christian faith. The usage of the term saint is similar to Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Episcopalians believe in the communion of saints in prayer and as such the Episcopal liturgical calendar accommodates feasts for saints.
Christian feast days: June 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. June 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  June 15 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 17
Christian feast days: Lutgardis
1. Lutgardis
  
  Lutgardis of Aywières is a saint from the medieval Low Countries. She was born in Tongeren, known as Tongres in French, and entered monastic life at the age of twelve. During her life various miracles were attributed to her, and she is known to have experienced religious ecstasy. Her feast day is June 16.
Christian feast days: Quriaqos and Julietta
1. Cyricus and Julitta
  
  Cyricus, and his mother, Julitta are venerated as early Christian martyrs. According to tradition, they were put to death at Tarsus in AD 304.
Engineer's Day (Argentina)
1. Engineer's Day
  
  Engineer's Day is observed in several countries on various dates of the year. On 25 November 2019, based on a proposal by the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), UNESCO has proclaimed March 4 as 'UNESCO World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development'.
Father's Day (Seychelles)
1. Father's Day
  
  Father's Day is a holiday of honoring fatherhood and paternal bonds, as well as the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic countries of Europe, it has been celebrated on 19 March as Saint Joseph's Day since the Middle Ages. In the United States, Father's Day was founded by Sonora Smart Dodd, and celebrated on the third Sunday of June for the first time in 1910. The day is held on various dates across the world, and different regions maintain their own traditions of honoring fatherhood.
2. Seychelles
  
  Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462.
International Day of the African Child (Organisation of African Unity)
1. International Day of the African Child
  
  The Day of the African Child has been celebrated on June 16 every year since 1991, when it was first initiated by the OAU Organisation of African Unity. It honors those who participated in the Soweto Uprising in 1976 on that day. It also raises awareness of the continuing need for improvement of the education provided to African children.
2. Organisation of African Unity
  
  The Organisation of African Unity was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU). Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent.
Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev (Sikhism)
1. Nanakshahi calendar
  
  The Nanakshahi calendar is a tropical solar calendar used in Sikhism. It is based on the "Barah Maha", a composition composed by the Sikh gurus reflecting the changes in nature conveyed in the twelve-month cycle of the year. The year begins with the month of Chet, with 1 Chet corresponding to 14 March. The reference epoch of the Nanakshahi calendar is the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, corresponding to the year 1469 CE.
2. Sikhism
  
  Sikhism, also known as Sikhi or Sikh Dharma, is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, around the end of the 15th century CE. It is the most recently founded major organized faith and stands at fifth-largest worldwide, with about 25–30 million adherents as of the early 21st century.
Sussex Day (Sussex)
1. Sussex Day
  
  Sussex Day is the county day for the historic county of Sussex in southern England and is celebrated on 16 June each year to celebrate the rich heritage and culture of Sussex.
2. Sussex
  
  Sussex, from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is a historic county in South East England that was formerly an independent medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom. It is bounded to the west by Hampshire, north by Surrey, northeast by Kent, south by the English Channel, and divided for many purposes into the ceremonial counties of West Sussex and East Sussex.
Youth Day (South Africa)
1. Youth Day
  
  National Youth Day is a holiday dedicated to the youths of a country. It is observed by 18 countries, on many dates throughout the year. The United Nations agreed on the date of 12 August in 1999 in South Africa.

Important events in history on June 16 th

Events

2019–2020 Hong Kong protests

Jo Cox

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Murder of Jo Cox

Shanghai Disneyland

Business career of Donald Trump

Donald Trump

Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign

President of the United States

2016 United States presidential election

Cloudburst

2013 North India floods

Uttarakhand

2013 North India floods

Uttarakhand

Liu Yang (taikonaut)

Shenzhou 9

Shenzhou 9

Liu Yang (taikonaut)

Tiangong-1

United States Air Force

Boeing X-37

Spaceplane

USA-226

Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010

Bhutan

Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010

Padre Pio

United Nations Security Council Resolution 425

Shebaa Farms

Radiohead

OK Computer

Daïat Labguer (M'sila) massacre

Algeria

Revolutions of 1989

Imre Nagy

Prime Minister of Hungary

Budapest

Ronald Reagan

Congressional Gold Medal

Kenneth D. Taylor

Iran

Iran hostage crisis

Oracle Corporation

Redwood Shores, California

Larry Ellison

Bob Miner

Ed Oates

Soweto uprising

Soweto

David Bowie

The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars

Churchill Falls Generating Station

Vostok 6

Valentina Tereshkova

Vostok 6

Astronaut

Valentina Tereshkova

Buddhist crisis

South Vietnam

Joint Communiqué

Ngo Dinh Diem

Ballet

Rudolf Nureyev

Paris–Le Bourget Airport

Mariinsky Ballet

Paris

Rudolf Nureyev

Soviet Union

Psycho (1960 film)

Psychological horror

Alfred Hitchcock

Psycho (novel)

Robert Bloch

Imre Nagy

Pál Maléter

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Juan Perón

Important events in history
on June 16 ^th