Important events in history
on December 7 ^th

Events

2016
1. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 661, a domestic passenger flight from Chitral to Islamabad, operated by ATR-42-500 crashes near Havelian, killing all 47 on board.
  1. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 661
    
    Pakistan International Airlines Flight 661 was a Pakistani domestic passenger flight from Chitral to Islamabad, operated by Pakistan's flag carrier Pakistan International Airlines. On 7 December 2016, the aircraft serving the route, an ATR 42-500 twin-turboprop, lost control and crashed near Havelian following an engine failure. All 47 people on board died, including singer-turned-preacher and entrepreneur Junaid Jamshed, and the Deputy Commissioner of the District of Chitral.
  2. Chitral
    
    Chitral is situated on the Chitral River in northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It serves as the capital of the Chitral District and before that as the capital of Chitral princely state that encompassed the region until its direct incorporation into West Pakistan on 14 August 1947. It has a population of 49,780 per the 2017 census.
  3. Islamabad
    
    Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country's ninth-most populous city, with a population of over 1.2 million people, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned city in the 1960s, it replaced Rawalpindi as Pakistan's national capital. The city is notable for its high standards of living, safety, cleanliness, and abundant greenery.
  4. ATR 42
    
    The ATR 42 is a regional airliner produced by Franco-Italian manufacturer ATR, with final assembly in Toulouse, France. On 4 November 1981, the aircraft was launched with ATR, as a joint venture between French Aérospatiale and Aeritalia . The ATR 42-300 performed its maiden flight on 16 August 1984 and type certification was granted during September 1985. Launch customer Air Littoral operated its first revenue-earning flight in December of that year.
  5. Havelian
    
    Havelian is the second largest municipality in the Abbottabad District, in the Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It serves as the headquarters for Havelian Tehsil. The word literally translates into English as "mansions". The outskirts of the city are also home to one of the largest ordnance factories of Pakistan, Pakistan Ordnance Factories Havelian. An ordnance depot also exists in the vicinity of the city and the factory.
2015
1. The JAXA space probe Akatsuki entered into orbit around Venus to study the planet's atmosphere, five years after its first attempt failed.
  1. JAXA
    
    The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is the Japanese national air and space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and launch of satellites into orbit, and is involved in many more advanced missions such as asteroid exploration and possible human exploration of the Moon. Its motto is One JAXA and its corporate slogan is Explore to Realize.
  2. Akatsuki (spacecraft)
    
    Akatsuki , also known as the Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO) and Planet-C, is a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) space probe tasked with studying the atmosphere of Venus. It was launched aboard an H-IIA 202 rocket on 20 May 2010, but failed to enter orbit around Venus on 6 December 2010. After the craft orbited the Sun for five years, engineers successfully placed it into an alternative Venusian elliptic orbit on 7 December 2015 by firing its attitude control thrusters for 20 minutes and made it the first Japanese satellite orbiting Venus.
  3. Atmosphere of Venus
    
    The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of supercritical carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K, and the pressure is 93 bar (1,350 psi), roughly the pressure found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging. Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.
2. The JAXA probe Akatsuki successfully enters orbit around Venus five years after the first attempt.
  1. JAXA
    
    The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is the Japanese national air and space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and launch of satellites into orbit, and is involved in many more advanced missions such as asteroid exploration and possible human exploration of the Moon. Its motto is One JAXA and its corporate slogan is Explore to Realize.
  2. Akatsuki (spacecraft)
    
    Akatsuki , also known as the Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO) and Planet-C, is a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) space probe tasked with studying the atmosphere of Venus. It was launched aboard an H-IIA 202 rocket on 20 May 2010, but failed to enter orbit around Venus on 6 December 2010. After the craft orbited the Sun for five years, engineers successfully placed it into an alternative Venusian elliptic orbit on 7 December 2015 by firing its attitude control thrusters for 20 minutes and made it the first Japanese satellite orbiting Venus.
  3. Venus
    
    Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus appears in Earth's sky never far from the Sun, either as morning star or evening star. Aside from the Sun and Moon, Venus is the brightest natural object in Earth's sky, capable of casting visible shadows on Earth at dark conditions and being visible to the naked eye in broad daylight.
2007
1. A crane barge that had broken free from a tugboat crashed into an oil tanker near Daesan, South Korea, causing the country's worst-ever oil spill.
  1. Crane vessel
    
    A crane vessel, crane ship or floating crane is a ship with a crane specialized in lifting heavy loads. The largest crane vessels are used for offshore construction. Conventional monohulls are used, but the largest crane vessels are often catamaran or semi-submersible types as they have increased stability. On a sheerleg crane, the crane is fixed and cannot rotate, and the vessel therefore is manoeuvered to place loads.
  2. Tugboat
    
    A tugboat or tug is a marine vessel that manoeuvres other vessels by pushing or pulling them, with direct contact or a tow line. These boats typically tug ships in circumstances where they can or should not move under their own power, such as in crowded harbour or narrow canals, or cannot move at all, such as barges, disabled ships, log rafts, or oil platforms. Some are ocean-going, some are icebreakers or salvage tugs. Early models were powered by steam engines, long ago superseded by diesel engines. Many have deluge gun water jets, which help in firefighting, especially in harbours.
  3. Oil tanker
    
    An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets.
  4. 2007 South Korea oil spill
    
    The MT Hebei Spirit oil spill was a major oil spill in South Korea that began on the morning of 7 December 2007 local time, with ongoing environmental and economic effects. Government officials called it South Korea's worst oil spill ever, surpassing a spill that took place in 1995. This oil spill was about one-third of the size of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
2005
1. Spanish authorities captured Croatian Army general Ante Gotovina, who was wanted for war crimes committed during the Croatian War of Independence; he was eventually cleared of all charges.
  1. Croatian Army
    
    The Croatian Army is the largest and most significant component of the Croatian Armed Forces (CAF).
  2. Ante Gotovina
    
    Ante Gotovina is a Croatian retired lieutenant general and former French senior corporal who served in the Croatian War for Independence. He is noted for his primary role in the 1995 Operation Storm. In 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) indicted him on war crimes and crimes against humanity charges in connection with that operation and its aftermath. After spending four years in hiding, he was captured in the Canary Islands in December 2005.
  3. War crime
    
    A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.
  4. Croatian War of Independence
    
    The Croatian War of Independence was fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the Government of Croatia—which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)—and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat operations in Croatia by 1992. In Croatia, the war is primarily referred to as the "Homeland War" and also as the "Greater-Serbian Aggression". In Serbian sources, "War in Croatia" and (rarely) "War in Krajina" are used.
2. Rigoberto Alpizar, a passenger on American Airlines Flight 924 who allegedly claimed to have a bomb, is shot and killed by a team of U.S. federal air marshals at Miami International Airport.
  1. Shooting of Rigoberto Alpizar
    
    Rigoberto Alpizar was a Costa Rican-born United States citizen who was fatally shot at Miami International Airport by two United States Federal Air Marshals.
  2. Federal Air Marshal Service
    
    The Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the supervision of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
  3. Miami International Airport
    
    Miami International Airport, also known as MIA and historically as Wilcox Field, is the primary airport serving the greater Miami metropolitan area with over 1,000 daily flights to 167 domestic and international destinations, including most countries in Latin America. The airport is in an unincorporated area in Miami-Dade County, 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Downtown Miami, in metropolitan Miami, adjacent to the cities of Miami and Miami Springs, and the village of Virginia Gardens. Nearby cities include Hialeah, Doral, and the Census-designated place of Fontainebleau.
2003
1. The Conservative Party of Canada is officially registered, following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.
  1. Conservative Party of Canada
    
    The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a federal political party in Canada. It was formed in 2003 by the merger of the two main right-leaning parties, the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance, the latter being the successor of the Western Canadian-based Reform Party. The party sits at the centre-right to right of the Canadian political spectrum, with their federal rival, the Liberal Party of Canada, positioned to the centre, and other rivals such as the New Democratic Party, positioned centre-left. The Conservatives are defined as a "big tent" party, practising "brokerage politics" and welcoming a broad variety of members, including "Red Tories" and "Blue Tories".
  2. Canadian Alliance
    
    The Canadian Alliance, formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance, was a centre-right to right-wing federal political party in Canada that existed under that name from 2000 to 2003. The Canadian Alliance was the new name of the Reform Party of Canada and inherited many of its populist policies, as well as its position as the Official Opposition in the House of Commons of Canada. The party supported policies that were both fiscally and socially conservative, seeking reduced government spending on social programs and reductions in taxation.
  3. Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
    
    The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a centre-right federal political party in Canada that existed from 1942 to 2003.
1995
1. The Galileo spacecraft (illustration shown) arrived at Jupiter, a little more than six years after it was launched by Space Shuttle Atlantis during Mission STS-34.
  1. Galileo (spacecraft)
    
    Galileo was an American robotic space probe that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as the asteroids Gaspra and Ida. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989, by Space Shuttle Atlantis, during STS-34. Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.
  2. Jupiter
    
    Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky after the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods.
  3. Space Shuttle Atlantis
    
    Space Shuttle Atlantis is a Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle which belongs to NASA, the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States. Atlantis was manufactured by the Rockwell International company in Southern California and was delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in Eastern Florida on April 1985. Atlantis is also the fourth operational and the second-to-last Space Shuttle built. Its maiden flight was STS-51-J made from October 3 to 7, 1985.
  4. STS-34
    
    STS-34 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission using Atlantis. It was the 31st shuttle mission overall, and the fifth flight for Atlantis. STS-34 launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 18, 1989, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 23, 1989. During the mission, the Jupiter-bound Galileo probe was deployed into space.
2. The Galileo spacecraft arrives at Jupiter, a little more than six years after it was launched by Space Shuttle Atlantis during Mission STS-34.
  1. Galileo (spacecraft)
    
    Galileo was an American robotic space probe that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as the asteroids Gaspra and Ida. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989, by Space Shuttle Atlantis, during STS-34. Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.
  2. Jupiter
    
    Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky after the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods.
  3. Space Shuttle Atlantis
    
    Space Shuttle Atlantis is a Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle which belongs to NASA, the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States. Atlantis was manufactured by the Rockwell International company in Southern California and was delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in Eastern Florida on April 1985. Atlantis is also the fourth operational and the second-to-last Space Shuttle built. Its maiden flight was STS-51-J made from October 3 to 7, 1985.
  4. STS-34
    
    STS-34 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission using Atlantis. It was the 31st shuttle mission overall, and the fifth flight for Atlantis. STS-34 launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on October 18, 1989, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 23, 1989. During the mission, the Jupiter-bound Galileo probe was deployed into space.
3. Khabarovsk United Air Group Flight 3949 crashes into the Bo-Dzhausa Mountain, killing 98.
  1. Khabarovsk United Air Group Flight 3949
    
    Khabarovsk United Air Group Flight 3949 was a Russian domestic passenger flight from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk to Khabarovsk, that crashed on 7 December 1995 local time, killing all ninety-eight people aboard. The crash occurred after the aircraft had entered into a steep downward spiral during automated flight at an altitude of 10,600 metres (34,800 ft).
  2. Bo-Dzhausa Mountain
    
    Bo-Dzhausa Mountain is a volcanic mountain in Primorsky Krai, Russia and a part of the Sikhote-Alin mountain range. The nearest inhabited place is the village Grossevichi. The mountain is accessible from the town of Dalnegorsk, as well as Sovetskaya Gavan.
4. An Air Saint Martin (now Air Caraïbes) Beechcraft 1900 crashes near the Haitian commune of Belle Anse, killing 20.
  1. Air Caraïbes
    
    Air Caraïbes is a French airline based in the French West Indies, with its headquarters in Les Abymes in Guadeloupe. The airline's main base of operations is at Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport in Guadeloupe, with a focus city at Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport, near Fort-de-France in Martinique. It operates scheduled and charter services in the West Indies, as well as transatlantic flights based at Paris Orly Airport in Metropolitan France.
  2. Beechcraft 1900
    
    The Beechcraft 1900 is a 19-passenger, pressurized twin-engine turboprop regional airliner manufactured by Beechcraft. It is also used as a freight aircraft and corporate transport, and by several governmental and military organizations. With customers favoring larger regional jets, Raytheon ended production in October 2002.
  3. 1995 Air St. Martin Beech 1900 crash
    
    On December 7, 1995, a chartered twin-turboprop Beechcraft 1900D commuter aircraft registered as F-OHRK and owned and operated by Air Saint Martin crashed near Belle-Anse, Haiti. The flight was en route from Cayenne, French Guiana and Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and had been chartered by the Government of France to return illegal immigrants to Haiti from French territory. There were no survivors among its 18 passengers and 2 crew members.
  4. Belle-Anse
    
    Belle-Anse is a commune in the Belle-Anse Arrondissement, in the Sud-Est department of Haiti. It has 51,707 inhabitants.
1993
1. A passenger murdered six people and injured nineteen others on the Long Island Rail Road in Garden City, New York.
  1. 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting
    
    The 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting occurred on December 7, 1993, aboard a Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) train in Garden City Park, New York. As the train arrived at Merillon Avenue station, passenger Colin Ferguson began firing at other passengers with a semi-automatic pistol. Six of the victims were killed and nineteen others were wounded before Ferguson was tackled and held down by other passengers on the train.
  2. Long Island Rail Road
    
    The Long Island Rail Road, often abbreviated as the LIRR, is a commuter rail system in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of New York, stretching from Manhattan to the eastern tip of Suffolk County on Long Island. With an average weekday ridership of 354,800 passengers in 2016, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the world's few commuter systems that runs 24/7 year-round. It is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which refers to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. In 2021, the system had a ridership of 49,167,600, or about 216,500 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2022.
  3. Garden City, New York
    
    Garden City is a village located on Long Island in Nassau County New York. It is the Greater Garden City area's anchor community. The population was 23,272 at the 2020 census.
2. Long Island Rail Road shooting: Passenger Colin Ferguson murders six people and injures 19 others on the LIRR in Nassau County, New York.
  1. 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting
    
    The 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting occurred on December 7, 1993, aboard a Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) train in Garden City Park, New York. As the train arrived at Merillon Avenue station, passenger Colin Ferguson began firing at other passengers with a semi-automatic pistol. Six of the victims were killed and nineteen others were wounded before Ferguson was tackled and held down by other passengers on the train.
  2. Long Island Rail Road
    
    The Long Island Rail Road, often abbreviated as the LIRR, is a commuter rail system in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of New York, stretching from Manhattan to the eastern tip of Suffolk County on Long Island. With an average weekday ridership of 354,800 passengers in 2016, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the world's few commuter systems that runs 24/7 year-round. It is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which refers to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. In 2021, the system had a ridership of 49,167,600, or about 216,500 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2022.
  3. Nassau County, New York
    
    Nassau County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. At the 2020 U.S. census, Nassau County's population is 1,395,774. The county seat is Mineola and the largest town is Hempstead.
1988
1. A 6.8 Ms earthquake struck the Spitak region of Armenia, killing at least 25,000 people.
  1. Surface-wave magnitude
    
    The surface wave magnitude scale is one of the magnitude scales used in seismology to describe the size of an earthquake. It is based on measurements of Rayleigh surface waves that travel along the uppermost layers of the Earth. This magnitude scale is related to the local magnitude scale proposed by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, with modifications from both Richter and Beno Gutenberg throughout the 1940s and 1950s. It is currently used in People's Republic of China as a national standard for categorising earthquakes.The successful development of the local-magnitude scale encouraged Gutenberg and Richter to develop magnitude scales based on teleseismic observations of earthquakes. Two scales were developed, one based on surface waves, , and one on body waves, . Surface waves with a period near 20 s generally produce the largest amplitudes on a standard long-period seismograph, and so the amplitude of these waves is used to determine , using an equation similar to that used for .
  2. 1988 Armenian earthquake
    
    The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake, occurred on December 7 at 11:41 local time with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating). The shock occurred in the northern region of Armenia which is vulnerable to large and destructive earthquakes and is part of a larger active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps to the Himalayas. Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak. The complex incident ruptured multiple faults, with a strike-slip event occurring shortly after the initiation of the mainshock. Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured.
  3. Spitak
    
    Spitak, is a town and urban municipal community in the northern Lori Province of Armenia. It is 96 km (60 mi) north of the capital, Yerevan, and 22 km (14 mi) west of the provincial center, Vanadzor. Spitak was entirely destroyed during the devastating 1988 earthquake, and it was rebuilt in a slightly different location. As of the 2011 census, the population of the town is 12,881. Currently, the town has an approximate population of 11,000 as per the 2016 official estimate.
2. The 6.8 Ms  Armenian earthquake shakes the northern part of the country with a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating), killing 25,000–50,000 and injuring 31,000–130,000.
  1. 1988 Armenian earthquake
    
    The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake, occurred on December 7 at 11:41 local time with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating). The shock occurred in the northern region of Armenia which is vulnerable to large and destructive earthquakes and is part of a larger active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps to the Himalayas. Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak. The complex incident ruptured multiple faults, with a strike-slip event occurring shortly after the initiation of the mainshock. Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured.
  2. Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale
    
    The Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale, also known as the MSK or MSK-64, is a macroseismic intensity scale used to evaluate the severity of ground shaking on the basis of observed effects in an area where an earthquake transpires.
1987
1. Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771, a British Aerospace 146-200A, crashes near Paso Robles, California, killing all 43 on board, after a disgruntled passenger shoots his ex-boss traveling on the flight, then shoots both pilots and steers the plane into the ground.
  1. Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771
    
    Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 was a scheduled flight along the West Coast of the United States, from Los Angeles, California, to San Francisco. On December 7, 1987, the British Aerospace 146-200A, registration N350PS, crashed in San Luis Obispo County near Cayucos, after being hijacked by a passenger.
  2. British Aerospace 146
    
    The British Aerospace 146 is a short-haul and regional airliner that was manufactured in the United Kingdom by British Aerospace, later part of BAE Systems. Production ran from 1983 until 2001. Manufacture by Avro International Aerospace of an improved version known as the Avro RJ began in 1992. A further-improved version with new engines, the Avro RJX, was announced in 1997, but only two prototypes and one production aircraft were built before production ceased in 2001. With 387 aircraft produced, the Avro RJ/BAe 146 is the most successful British civil jet airliner programme.
  3. Paso Robles, California
    
    Paso Robles, officially El Paso de Robles, is a city in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. Located on the Salinas River approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of San Luis Obispo, the city is known for its hot springs, its abundance of wineries, its production of olive oil, almond orchards, and for playing host to the California Mid-State Fair.
1983
1. An Iberia Airlines Boeing 727 collides with an Aviaco DC-9 in dense fog while the two airliners are taxiing down the runway at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 93 people.
  1. Iberia (airline)
    
    Iberia, legally incorporated as Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España, S.A. Operadora, Sociedad Unipersonal, is the flag carrier airline of Spain. Founded in 1927 and based in Madrid, it operates an international network of services from its main base of Madrid–Barajas Airport. Iberia, with Iberia Regional and with Iberia Express, is a part of International Airlines Group. In addition to transporting passengers and freight, Iberia Group carries out related activities, such as aircraft maintenance, handling in airports, IT systems and in-flight catering. Iberia Group airlines fly to over 109 destinations in 39 countries, and a further 90 destinations through code-sharing agreements with other airlines.
  2. Boeing 727
    
    The Boeing 727 is an American narrow-body airliner that was developed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. After the heavy 707 quad-jet was introduced in 1958, Boeing addressed the demand for shorter flight lengths from smaller airports. On December 5, 1960, the 727 was launched with 40 orders each from United Airlines and Eastern Air Lines. The first 727-100 rolled out November 27, 1962, first flew on February 9, 1963, and entered service with Eastern on February 1, 1964.
  3. Madrid runway disaster
    
    The Madrid runway disaster was on 7 December 1983 when a departing Iberia Boeing 727 struck an Aviaco McDonnell Douglas DC-9 at Madrid-Barajas Airport, causing the deaths of 93 passengers and crew.
  4. Aviaco
    
    Aviación y Comercio, S.A., doing business as Aviaco, was a Spanish airline headquartered in the Edificio Minister in Madrid.
  5. McDonnell Douglas DC-9
    
    The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 is an American five-abreast single-aisle aircraft designed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was initially produced by the developer company as the Douglas DC-9 until August 1967 and then by McDonnell Douglas. After introducing its heavy DC-8 in 1959, Douglas approved the smaller, all-new DC-9 for shorter flights on April 8, 1963. The DC-9-10 first flew on February 25, 1965, and gained its type certificate on November 23, to enter service with Delta Air Lines on December 8. The aircraft has two rear-mounted Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass turbofans under a T-tail for a cleaner wing aerodynamic, a two-person flight deck and built-in airstairs.
  6. Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport
    
    Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport, commonly known as Madrid–Barajas Airport, is the main international airport serving Madrid in Spain. At 3,050 ha in area, it is the second-largest airport in Europe by physical size behind Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport. In 2019, 61.8 million passengers travelled through Madrid–Barajas, making it the country's busiest airport as well as Europe's sixth-busiest.
1982
1. In Texas, Charles Brooks, Jr., becomes the first person to be executed by lethal injection in the United States.
  1. Texas
    
    Texas is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population. Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast.
  2. Charles Brooks Jr.
    
    Charles Brooks Jr., also known as Shareef Ahmad Abdul-Rahim, was a convicted murderer who was the first person to be executed using lethal injection. He was the first prisoner executed in Texas since 1964, and the first African-American to be executed anywhere in the United States in the post-Gregg era.
  3. Capital punishment
    
    Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a state-sanctioned practice of deliberately executing a person as a punishment for an actual or supposed crime, and following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant execution. The sentence ordering that an offender is to be punished in such a manner is known as a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is condemned and is commonly referred to as being "on death row".
  4. Lethal injection
    
    Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person for the express purpose of causing rapid death. The main application for this procedure is capital punishment, but the term may also be applied in a broader sense to include euthanasia and other forms of suicide. The drugs cause the person to become unconscious, stops their breathing, and causes a heart arrhythmia, in that order.
2. The Senior Road Tower collapses in less than 17 seconds. Five workers on the tower are killed and three workers on a building nearby are injured.
  1. Senior Road Tower
    
    The Senior Road Tower is a guyed mast for FM and TV broadcasting, measuring 1,971 feet (601 m) tall, located in unincorporated northeastern Fort Bend County near Missouri City, Texas, United States.
1975
1. The Indonesian military invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism, beginning an occupation.
  1. Indonesian invasion of East Timor
    
    The Indonesian invasion of East Timor, known in Indonesia as Operation Lotus, began on 7 December 1975 when the Indonesian military (ABRI/TNI) invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism and anti-communism to overthrow the Fretilin regime that had emerged in 1974. The overthrow of the popular and briefly Fretilin-led government sparked a violent quarter-century occupation in which approximately 100,000–180,000 soldiers and civilians are estimated to have been killed or starved to death. The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor documented a minimum estimate of 102,000 conflict-related deaths in East Timor throughout the entire period 1974 to 1999, including 18,600 violent killings and 84,200 deaths from disease and starvation; Indonesian forces and their auxiliaries combined were responsible for 70% of the killings.
  2. Indonesian occupation of East Timor
    
    The Indonesian occupation of East Timor began in December 1975 and lasted until October 1999. After centuries of Portuguese colonial rule in East Timor, a 1974 coup in Portugal led to the decolonisation of its former colonies, creating instability in East Timor and leaving its future uncertain. After a small-scale civil war, the pro-independence Fretilin declared victory in the capital city of Dili and declared an independent East Timor on 28 November 1975.
1972
1. Construction workers found the remains of Martin Bormann and Ludwig Stumpfegger near Lehrter Station in Berlin, ending a decades-long search after Bormann's conviction in absentia at the Nuremberg trials.
  1. Martin Bormann
    
    Martin Ludwig Bormann was a German Nazi Party official and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery. He gained immense power by using his position as Adolf Hitler's private secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. He used his position to create an extensive bureaucracy and involve himself as much as possible in the decision making.
  2. Ludwig Stumpfegger
    
    Ludwig Stumpfegger was a German doctor who served in the SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was Adolf Hitler's personal surgeon from 1944 to 1945, and was present in the Führerbunker in Berlin in late April 1945.
  3. Berlin Hauptbahnhof
    
    Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station in Berlin, Germany. It came into full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006. It is located on the site of the historic Lehrter Bahnhof, and on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway. The station is operated by DB Station&Service, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG, and is classified as a Category 1 station, one of 21 in Germany and four in Berlin, the others being Berlin Gesundbrunnen, Berlin Südkreuz and Berlin Ostbahnhof.
  4. Trial in absentia
    
    Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person who is subject to it is not physically present at those proceedings. In absentia is Latin for "in (the) absence". Its meaning varies by jurisdiction and legal system.
  5. Nuremberg trials
    
    The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II.
2. Apollo 17, the last Apollo moon mission, is launched. The crew takes the photograph known as The Blue Marble as they leave the Earth.
  1. Apollo 17
    
    Apollo 17 was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program, the most recent time humans have set foot on the Moon or traveled beyond low Earth orbit. Commander Gene Cernan and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt walked on the Moon, while Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans orbited above. Schmitt was the only professional geologist to land on the Moon, selected in place of Joe Engle with NASA under pressure to send a scientist to the Moon. The mission's heavy emphasis on science meant the inclusion of a number of new experiments, including a biological experiment containing five mice carried in the command module.
  2. Apollo program
    
    The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo.
  3. The Blue Marble
    
    The Blue Marble is an image of Earth taken on December 7, 1972, from a distance of around 29,000 kilometers from the planet's surface. Taken by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft on its way to the Moon, it is one of the most reproduced images in history.
1971
1. The Battle of Sylhet is fought between the Pakistani military and the Mukti Bahini.
  1. Battle of Sylhet
    
    The Battle of Sylhet was a major battle fought between the advancing Mitro Bahini and the Pakistani defences at Sylhet during the Bangladesh Liberation War. The battle took place 7 December and 15 December and was the Indian Army's first heliborne operation. It was a succession of the Battle of Gazipur in Kulaura.
  2. Pakistan Armed Forces
    
    The Pakistan Armed Forces are the military forces of Pakistan. It is the world's sixth-largest military measured by active military personnel and consist of three formally uniformed services—the Army, Navy, and the Air Force, which are backed by various constitutionally−sanctioned paramilitary forces. According to Global Firepower, the Pakistan Armed Forces are ranked as the 9th most powerful military in the world. A critical component to the armed forces' structure is the Strategic Plans Division Force, which is responsible for the maintenance and safeguarding of Pakistan's tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile and assets. The President of Pakistan is the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces and the chain of command is organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC) alongside the respective Chiefs of staffs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. All branches are systemically coordinated during joint operations and missions under the Joint Staff Headquarters (JSHQ).
  3. Mukti Bahini
    
    The Mukti Bahini, also known as the Bangladesh Forces, was the guerrilla resistance movement consisting of the Bangladeshi military, paramilitary and civilians during the War of Liberation that transformed East Pakistan into Bangladesh in 1971. They were initially called the Mukti Fauj.
2. Pakistan President Yahya Khan announces the formation of a coalition government with Nurul Amin as Prime Minister and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as Deputy Prime Minister.
  1. Pakistan
    
    Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population just behind Indonesia. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and 2nd largest in South Asia, spanning 881,913 square kilometres. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre.
  2. Yahya Khan
    
    General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, ; commonly known as Yahya Khan, was a Pakistani military general who served as the third President of Pakistan and Chief Martial Law Administrator following his predecessor Ayub Khan's resignation from 25 March 1969 until his resignation on 20 December 1971. Under his presidency, East Pakistan seceded following a nine month civil war.
  3. Nurul Amin
    
    Nurul Amin was a prominent Pakistani leader, and a jurist who served as the eighth prime minister of Pakistan and as the first and only vice president of Pakistan. He is noted as being the last Bengali leader of Pakistan. His term of only 13 days as Prime Minister was the shortest served in Pakistani parliamentary history.
  4. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
    
    Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, also known as Quaid-e-Awam, was a Pakistani barrister, politician and statesman who served as the fourth President from 1971 to 1973, and later as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. Bhutto is an icon of leadership for his efforts to preserve and lead the nation after the Bangladesh Liberation War. His government drafted the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973, which is the current constitution of the country. He was the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution. Bhutto's execution in 1979, till this day is widely recognised as a judicial murder ordered by then dictator General Zia-ul-Haq. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto later led the PPP and became the 11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan; his grandson, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari is the current chairman of PPP and is serving as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan.
1965
1. Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I simultaneously revoke mutual excommunications that had been in place since 1054.
  1. Pope Paul VI
    
    Pope Paul VI was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in August 1978. Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.
  2. Athenagoras I of Constantinople
    
    Athenagoras I, born Aristocles Matthaiou Spyrou, initially the Greek archbishop in North America, was the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, from 1948 to 1972.
  3. Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965
    
    The Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965 was read out on 7 December 1965 simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. It withdrew the exchange of excommunications between prominent ecclesiastics in the Holy See and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, commonly known as the Great Schism of 1054. It did not end the schism but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches, represented by Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I. The document and accompanying texts are also referred to as 'Tomos Agapes'.
  4. Excommunication
    
    Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose of the institutional act is to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular, those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.
  5. 1054
    
    Year 1054 (MLIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
1963
1. Instant replay makes its debut during the Army-Navy football game in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
  1. Instant replay
    
    Instant replay or action replay is a video reproduction of something that recently occurred which was both shot and broadcast live. The video, having already been shown live, is replayed in order for viewers to see again and analyze what had just taken place. Some sports allow officiating calls to be overturned after the review of a play. Instant replay is most commonly used in sports, but is also used in other fields of live TV. While the first near-instant replay system was developed and used in Canada, the first instant replay was developed and deployed in the United States.
  2. Army–Navy Game
    
    The Army–Navy Game is an American college football rivalry game between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, Maryland. The Black Knights, or Cadets, and Midshipmen each represent their service's oldest officer commissioning sources. As such, the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces. The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season's Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, which also includes the Air Force Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) near Colorado Springs, Colorado.
  3. Philadelphia
    
    Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Since 1854, the city has been coextensive with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and one of world's largest metropolitan regions, with 6.245 million residents as of 2020. The city's population as of the 2020 census was 1,603,797, and over 56 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of Philadelphia.
1962
1. Prince Rainier III of Monaco revises the principality's constitution, devolving some of his power to advisory and legislative councils.
  1. Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
    
    Rainier III was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest-ruling monarchs in European history.
  2. Monaco
    
    Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, on the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by France to the north, east and west. The principality is home to 38,682 residents, of whom 9,486 are Monégasque nationals; it is widely recognised as one of the most expensive and wealthiest places in the world. The official language of the principality is French. In addition, Monégasque, Italian and English are spoken and understood by many residents.
  3. Principality
    
    A principality can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a regnant-monarch with the title of prince and/or princess, or by a monarch with another title considered to fall under the generic meaning of the term prince.
  4. Constitution of Monaco
    
    The Constitution of Monaco, first adopted in 1911 after the Monégasque Revolution and heavily revised by Prince Rainier III on 17 December 1962, outlines three branches of government, including several administrative offices and a number of councils, who share advisory and legislative power with the prince.
1949
1. Chinese Civil War: The Government of the Republic of China moves from Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan.
  1. Chinese Civil War
    
    The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1st August 1927 until 7th December 1949 with a Communist victory on mainland China.
  2. Government of the Republic of China
    
    The Government of the Republic of China, is the national government of the Republic of China whose de facto territory currently consists of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other island groups in the "free area". Governed by the Democratic Progressive Party, the president is the head of state. The government consists of the presidency and five branches (Yuan): the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan, and Control Yuan.
  3. Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan
    
    The retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan, also known as the Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan or the Great Retreat in Taiwan, refers to the exodus of the remnants of the internationally recognized Kuomintang-ruled government of the Republic of China (ROC) to the island of Taiwan (Formosa) on 7 December 1949 after losing the Chinese Civil War in the mainland. The Kuomintang, its officers, and approximately 2 million ROC troops took part in the retreat, in addition to many civilians and refugees, fleeing the advance of the People's Liberation Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
  4. Nanjing
    
    Nanjing, alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the third largest city in the East China region. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi), and a total recorded population of 9,314,685 as of 2020.
  5. Taipei
    
    Taipei, officially Taipei City, is the capital and a special municipality of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Located in Northern Taiwan, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about 25 km (16 mi) southwest of the northern port city of Keelung. Most of the city rests on the Taipei Basin, an ancient lakebed. The basin is bounded by the relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung and Xindian rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border.
  6. Taiwan
    
    Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands, with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres (13,974 sq mi). The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.
1946
1. A fire at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia kills 119 people, the deadliest hotel fire in U.S. history.
  1. Winecoff Hotel fire
    
    The Winecoff Hotel fire of December 7, 1946, was the deadliest hotel fire in American history, killing 119 hotel occupants, including the hotel's original owners. Located at 176 Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia, the Winecoff Hotel was advertised as "absolutely fireproof". While the hotel's steel structure was indeed protected against the effects of fire, its interior finishes were combustible and the building's exit arrangements consisted of a single stairway serving all fifteen floors. All of the hotel's occupants above the fire's origin on the third floor were trapped, and the fire's survivors either were rescued from upper-story windows or jumped into nets held by firemen.
  2. Atlanta
    
    Atlanta is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia, but its territory falls in both Fulton and DeKalb counties. With a population of 498,715 living within the city limits, it is the eighth most populous city in the Southeast and 38th most populous city in the United States according to the 2020 U.S. census. It is the core of the much larger Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to more than 6.1 million people, making it the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains at an elevation of just over 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level, it features unique topography that includes rolling hills, lush greenery, and the most dense urban tree coverage of any major city in the United States.
1944
1. An earthquake along the coast of Wakayama Prefecture in Japan causes a tsunami which kills 1,223 people.
  1. 1944 Tōnankai earthquake
    
    The 1944 Tōnankai earthquake occurred at 13:35 local time on 7 December. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.1 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum felt intensity of greater than 5 Shindo. It triggered a large tsunami that caused serious damage along the coast of Wakayama Prefecture and the Tōkai region. Together, the earthquake and tsunami caused 3,358 casualties.
1942
1. Second World War: A small unit of Royal Marines launched Operation Frankton, in which they damaged six ships in the port of Bordeaux in German-occupied France.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Royal Marines
    
    The Corps of Royal Marines (RM), also known as the Royal Marines Commandos, are the UK's special operations capable commando force, amphibious light infantry and also one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy. The Corps of Royal Marines can trace their origins back to the formation of the "Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of Foot" on 28 October 1664, and can trace their commando origins to the formation of the 3rd Special Service Brigade, now known as 3 Commando Brigade on 14 February 1942, during the Second World War.
  3. Operation Frankton
    
    Operation Frankton was a commando raid on ships in the German occupied French port of Bordeaux in southwest France during the Second World War. The raid was carried out by a small unit of Royal Marines known as the Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD), part of Combined Operations inserted by HMS Tuna captained by Lieutenant-Commander Dick Raikes who, earlier, had been awarded the DSO for operations while in command of the submarine HMS Seawolf (47S). (The RMBPD would later form the Special Boat Service.)
  4. Bordeaux
    
    Bordeaux is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called "Bordelais" (masculine) or "Bordelaises" (feminine). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.
  5. German military administration in occupied France during World War II
    
    The Military Administration in France was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called zone occupée was established in June 1940, and renamed zone nord in November 1942, when the previously unoccupied zone in the south known as zone libre was also occupied and renamed zone sud.
2. World War II: British commandos conduct Operation Frankton, a raid on shipping in Bordeaux harbour.
  1. Operation Frankton
    
    Operation Frankton was a commando raid on ships in the German occupied French port of Bordeaux in southwest France during the Second World War. The raid was carried out by a small unit of Royal Marines known as the Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD), part of Combined Operations inserted by HMS Tuna captained by Lieutenant-Commander Dick Raikes who, earlier, had been awarded the DSO for operations while in command of the submarine HMS Seawolf (47S). (The RMBPD would later form the Special Boat Service.)
  2. Bordeaux
    
    Bordeaux is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called "Bordelais" (masculine) or "Bordelaises" (feminine). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.
1941
1. World War II: Attack on Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy carries out a surprise attack on the United States Pacific Fleet and its defending Army and Marine air forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. (For Japan's near-simultaneous attacks on Eastern Hemisphere targets, see December 8.)
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Attack on Pearl Harbor
    
    The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 8:00 a.m. on Sunday, December 7, 1941. The United States was a neutral country at the time; the attack led to its formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning.
  3. Imperial Japanese Navy
    
    The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed between 1952–1954 after the dissolution of the IJN.
  4. United States Pacific Fleet
    
    The United States Pacific Fleet (USPACFLT) is a theater-level component command of the United States Navy, located in the Pacific Ocean. It provides naval forces to the Indo-Pacific Command. Fleet headquarters is at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, with large secondary facilities at Naval Air Station North Island, California.
  5. United States Army Air Forces
    
    The United States Army Air Forces was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II (1941–1945). It was created on 20 June 1941 as successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps and is the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force, today one of the six armed forces of the United States. The AAF was a component of the United States Army, which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces: the Army Ground Forces, the United States Army Services of Supply, and the Army Air Forces. Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff.
  6. Naval Station Pearl Harbor
    
    Naval Station Pearl Harbor is a United States naval base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. In 2010, along with the United States Air Force's Hickam Air Force Base, the facility was merged to form Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. Pearl Harbor is the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet.
  7. Eastern Hemisphere
    
    The Eastern Hemisphere is the half of Earth which is east of the prime meridian and west of the antimeridian. It is also used to refer to Afro-Eurasia and Australia, in contrast with the Western Hemisphere, which includes mainly North and South America. The Eastern Hemisphere may also be called the "Oriental Hemisphere." In addition, it may be used in a cultural or geopolitical sense as a synonym for the "Old World."
1936
1. Australian cricketer Jack Fingleton became the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings.
  1. Cricket
    
    Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each batter. Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.
  2. Jack Fingleton
    
    John Henry Webb Fingleton, was an Australian cricketer, journalist and commentator. The son of Australian politician James Fingleton, he was known for his dour defensive approach as a batsman, scoring five Test match centuries, representing Australia in 18 Tests between 1932 and 1938.
  3. Century (cricket)
    
    In cricket, a century is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings by a batsman. The term is also included in "century partnership" which occurs when two batsmen add 100 runs to the team total when they are batting together. A century is regarded as a landmark score for batsmen and a player's number of centuries is generally recorded in their career statistics. Scoring a century is loosely equivalent in merit to a bowler taking a five-wicket haul, and is commonly referred to as a ton or hundred. Scores of more than 200 runs are still statistically counted as a century, although these scores are referred to as double, triple, and quadruple centuries, and so on.
  4. Test cricket
    
    Test cricket is a form of first-class cricket played at international level between teams representing full member countries of the International Cricket Council (ICC). A match consists of four innings and is scheduled to last for up to five days. In the past, some Test matches had no time limit and were called Timeless Tests. The term "test match" was originally coined in 1861–62 but in a different context.
2. Australian cricketer Jack Fingleton becomes the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings.
  1. Cricket
    
    Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each batter. Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.
  2. Jack Fingleton
    
    John Henry Webb Fingleton, was an Australian cricketer, journalist and commentator. The son of Australian politician James Fingleton, he was known for his dour defensive approach as a batsman, scoring five Test match centuries, representing Australia in 18 Tests between 1932 and 1938.
  3. Century (cricket)
    
    In cricket, a century is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings by a batsman. The term is also included in "century partnership" which occurs when two batsmen add 100 runs to the team total when they are batting together. A century is regarded as a landmark score for batsmen and a player's number of centuries is generally recorded in their career statistics. Scoring a century is loosely equivalent in merit to a bowler taking a five-wicket haul, and is commonly referred to as a ton or hundred. Scores of more than 200 runs are still statistically counted as a century, although these scores are referred to as double, triple, and quadruple centuries, and so on.
  4. Test cricket
    
    Test cricket is a form of first-class cricket played at international level between teams representing full member countries of the International Cricket Council (ICC). A match consists of four innings and is scheduled to last for up to five days. In the past, some Test matches had no time limit and were called Timeless Tests. The term "test match" was originally coined in 1861–62 but in a different context.
1932
1. German-born Swiss physicist Albert Einstein is granted an American visa.
  1. Physicist
    
    A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists work across a wide range of research fields, spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic and particle physics, through biological physics, to cosmological length scales encompassing the universe as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists: experimental physicists who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and theoretical physicists who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies.
  2. Albert Einstein
    
    Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are the two pillars of modern physics. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming synonymous with "genius".
  3. Travel visa
    
    A visa is a conditional authorization granted by a polity to a foreigner that allows them to enter, remain within, or leave its territory. Visas typically include limits on the duration of the foreigner's stay, areas within the country they may enter, the dates they may enter, the number of permitted visits, or if the individual has the ability to work in the country in question. Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter a territory and thus are, in most countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter and remain in the country. In each instance, a visa is subject to entry permission by an immigration official at the time of actual entry and can be revoked at any time. Visa evidence most commonly takes the form of a sticker endorsed in the applicant's passport or other travel document but may also exist electronically. Some countries no longer issue physical visa evidence, instead recording details only in immigration databases.
1930
1. W1XAV in Boston, Massachusetts telecasts video from the CBS radio orchestra program, The Fox Trappers. The telecast also includes the first television advertisement in the United States, for I.J. Fox Furriers, which also sponsored the radio show.
  1. W1WX
    
    W1WX is Boston's second former television station. This station started up in April 1929, and was owned by Shortwave and Television Laboratory, Inc.,.
  2. Boston
    
    Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th-most populous city in the country. The city boundaries encompass an area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a population of 675,647 as of 2020. It is the seat of Suffolk County. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country. A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area and including Providence, Rhode Island, is home to approximately 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.
  3. CBS
    
    CBS Broadcasting Inc., an abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System and commonly shortened to CBS, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network. It is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of Paramount Global. The network's headquarters are at the CBS Building in New York City, with major production facilities and operations at the CBS Broadcast Center and Paramount headquarters One Astor Plaza also in that city and Television City and the CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles.
  4. Television advertisement
    
    A television advertisement is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization. It conveys a message promoting, and aiming to market, a product, service or idea. Advertisers and marketers may refer to television commercials as TVCs.
1922
1. The Parliament of Northern Ireland votes to remain a part of the United Kingdom and not unify with Southern Ireland.
  1. Parliament of Northern Ireland
    
    The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended because of its inability to restore order during The Troubles, resulting in the introduction of Direct Rule. It was abolished under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.
  2. United Kingdom
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
  3. Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
    
    Southern Ireland was the larger of the two parts of Ireland that were created when Ireland was partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. It comprised 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland or about five-sixths of the area of the island, whilst the remaining six counties in the northeast of the island formed Northern Ireland. Southern Ireland included County Donegal, despite it being the largest county in Ulster and the most northerly county in all of Ireland.
1917
1. World War I: The United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Austria-Hungary
    
    Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after its defeat in the First World War.
1904
1. Comparative fuel trials begin between warships HMS Spiteful and HMS Peterel: Spiteful was the first warship powered solely by fuel oil, and the trials led to the obsolescence of coal in ships of the Royal Navy.
  1. Warship
    
    A warship or combatant ship is a naval ship that is built and primarily intended for naval warfare. Usually they belong to the armed forces of a state. As well as being armed, warships are designed to withstand damage and are usually faster and more maneuverable than merchant ships. Unlike a merchant ship, which carries cargo, a warship typically carries only weapons, ammunition and supplies for its crew. Warships usually belong to a navy, though they have also been operated by individuals, cooperatives and corporations.
  2. HMS Spiteful (1899)
    
    HMS Spiteful was a Spiteful-class torpedo boat destroyer built at Jarrow, England, by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company for the Royal Navy and launched in 1899. Specified to be able to steam at 30 knots, she spent her entire career serving in the seas around the British Isles.
  3. HMS Peterel (1899)
    
    HMS Peterel was one of two Spiteful-class destroyers to serve with the Royal Navy. She was built by Palmers, was 215 feet long and the 6,200 H.P. produced by her Reed boilers gave her a top speed of 30 knots. She was armed, as was standard, with a twelve pounder and two torpedo tubes. She served in home waters throughout the Great War and was sold off in 1919.
  4. Fuel oil
    
    Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum. Such oils include distillates and residues. Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil, marine fuel oil (MFO), bunker fuel, furnace oil, gas oil (gasoil), heating oils, diesel fuel and others.
  5. Royal Navy
    
    The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.
1869
1. American outlaw Jesse James committed his first confirmed bank robbery in Gallatin, Missouri.
  1. Jesse James
    
    Jesse Woodson James was an American outlaw, bank and train robber, guerrilla and leader of the James–Younger Gang. Raised in the "Little Dixie" area of Western Missouri, James and his family maintained strong Southern sympathies. He and his brother Frank James joined pro-Confederate guerrillas known as "bushwhackers" operating in Missouri and Kansas during the American Civil War. As followers of William Quantrill and "Bloody Bill" Anderson, they were accused of committing atrocities against Union soldiers and civilian abolitionists, including the Centralia Massacre in 1864.
  2. Gallatin, Missouri
    
    Gallatin is a city in Daviess County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,821 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Daviess County.
1862
1. American Civil War: The Battle of Prairie Grove ended a Confederate attempt to regain control of northwestern Arkansas.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Battle of Prairie Grove
    
    The Battle of Prairie Grove was a battle of the American Civil War fought on December 7, 1862. While tactically indecisive, the battle secured the Union control of northwestern Arkansas.
  3. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
  4. Arkansas
    
    Arkansas is a landlocked state in the South Central United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, and Texas and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta.
1842
1. First concert of the New York Philharmonic, founded by Ureli Corelli Hill.
  1. New York Philharmonic
    
    The New York Philharmonic, officially the Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc., globally known as New York Philharmonic Orchestra (NYPO) or New York Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra, is a symphony orchestra based in New York City. It is one of the leading American orchestras popularly referred to as the "Big Five". The Philharmonic's home is David Geffen Hall, located in New York's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
  2. Ureli Corelli Hill
    
    Ureli Corelli Hill was an American conductor, and the first president and conductor of the New York Philharmonic Society.
1837
1. British troops swiftly defeated rebels led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Anthony Van Egmond at the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, the only major confrontation of the Upper Canada Rebellion.
  1. William Lyon Mackenzie
    
    William Lyon Mackenzie was a Scottish Canadian-American journalist and politician. He founded newspapers critical of the Family Compact, a term used to identify elite members of Upper Canada. He represented York County in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada and aligned with Reformers. He led the rebels in the Upper Canada Rebellion; after its defeat, he unsuccessfully rallied American support for an invasion of Upper Canada as part of the Patriot War. Although popular for criticising government officials, he failed to implement most of his policy objectives. He is one of the most recognizable Reformers of the early 19th century.
  2. Anthony Van Egmond
    
    Anthony Van Egmond was purportedly a Dutch Napoleonic War veteran. He became one of the first settlers and business people in the Huron Tract in present-day southwestern Ontario Canada. Van Egmond became an early contractor employed by the Canada Company to construct the original 74-kilometre (46 mi) road into the new settlement, allowing the entry of settlers for the purchase of company lands and further economic development. He eventually became a supporter of William Lyon Mackenzie and led a force of armed rebels in their unsuccessful skirmish at Montgomery's Tavern near Toronto on 7 December 1837, during the Upper Canada Rebellion.
  3. Battle of Montgomery's Tavern
    
    The Battle of Montgomery's Tavern was an incident during the Upper Canada Rebellion in December 1837. The abortive revolutionary insurrection, inspired by William Lyon Mackenzie, was crushed by British authorities and Canadian volunteer units near John Montgomery's tavern on Yonge Street at Eglinton, north of Toronto.
  4. Upper Canada Rebellion
    
    The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada in December 1837. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada, which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt.
2. The Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, the only battle of the Upper Canada Rebellion, takes place in Toronto, where the rebels are quickly defeated.
  1. Battle of Montgomery's Tavern
    
    The Battle of Montgomery's Tavern was an incident during the Upper Canada Rebellion in December 1837. The abortive revolutionary insurrection, inspired by William Lyon Mackenzie, was crushed by British authorities and Canadian volunteer units near John Montgomery's tavern on Yonge Street at Eglinton, north of Toronto.
  2. Upper Canada Rebellion
    
    The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada in December 1837. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada, which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt.
  3. Toronto
    
    Toronto is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario, while the Greater Toronto Area proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.
1787
1. Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the United States Constitution.
  1. Delaware
    
    Delaware is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent Delaware Bay, in turn named after Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor.
  2. Constitution of the United States
    
    The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Article IV, Article V, and Article VI embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article VII establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 states to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force.
1776
1. Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, arranges to enter the American military as a major general.
  1. Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
    
    Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette, known in the United States as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat, freemason and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War, commanding American troops in several battles, including the siege of Yorktown. After returning to France, he was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830. He has been considered a national hero in both countries.
1732
1. The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London, England.
  1. Royal Opera House
    
    The Royal Opera House (ROH) is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden, central London. The large building is often referred to as simply Covent Garden, after a previous use of the site. It is the home of The Royal Opera, The Royal Ballet, and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House. The first theatre on the site, the Theatre Royal (1732), served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history. In 1734, the first ballet was presented. A year later, the first season of operas, by George Frideric Handel, began. Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there.
  2. Covent Garden
    
    Covent Garden is a district in London, on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the central square, now a popular shopping and tourist site, and with the Royal Opera House, itself known as "Covent Garden". The district is divided by the main thoroughfare of Long Acre, north of which is given over to independent shops centred on Neal's Yard and Seven Dials, while the south contains the central square with its street performers and most of the historical buildings, theatres and entertainment facilities, including the London Transport Museum and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
1724
1. Tumult of Thorn: Religious unrest is followed by the execution of nine Protestant citizens and the mayor of Thorn (Toruń) by Polish authorities.
  1. Tumult of Thorn (Toruń)
    
    The Tumult of Thorn (Toruń), or Blood-Bath of Thorn refers to executions ordered in 1724 by the Polish supreme court under Augustus II the Strong of Saxony. During a religious conflict between Protestant townsfolk represented by mayor Johann Gottfried Rösner, and the Roman Catholic students of the Jesuit college in the city of Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, the college had been vandalised by a crowd of German Protestants. The mayor and nine other Lutheran officials were blamed for neglect of duty, sentenced to death, and executed on 7 December 1724.
  2. Protestantism
    
    Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to be growing errors, abuses, and discrepancies within it.
  3. Toruń
    
    Toruń is a historical city on the Vistula River in north-central Poland and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its population was 196,935 as of December 2021. Previously, it was the capital of the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–1998) and the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921–1945). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the self-government of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and is one of its two capitals, together with Bydgoszcz. The cities and neighboring counties form the Bydgoszcz–Toruń twin city metropolitan area.
1703
1. The Great Storm of 1703, the greatest windstorm ever recorded in the southern part of Great Britain, makes landfall. Winds gust up to 120 mph, and 9,000 people die.
  1. Great storm of 1703
    
    The great storm of 1703 was a destructive extratropical cyclone that struck central and southern England on 26 November 1703. High winds caused 2,000 chimney stacks to collapse in London and damaged the New Forest, which lost 4,000 oaks. Ships were blown hundreds of miles off-course, and over 1,000 seamen died on the Goodwin Sands alone. News bulletins of casualties and damage were sold all over England – a novelty at that time. The Church of England declared that the storm was God's vengeance for the sins of the nation. Daniel Defoe thought it was a divine punishment for poor performance against Catholic armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.
927
1. The Sajid emir of Adharbayjan, Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj is defeated and captured by the Qarmatians near Kufa.
  1. Sajid dynasty
    
    The Sajid dynasty, was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889/890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil. The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian) descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929.
  2. Azerbaijan (Iran)
    
    Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan, also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq, Turkey, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
  3. Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
    
    Yusuf ibn Abi'l Saj was the Sajid amir of Azerbaijan from 901 until his death. He was the son of Abi'l-Saj Devdad.
  4. Qarmatians
    
    The Qarmatians were a militant Isma'ili Shia movement centred in al-Hasa in Eastern Arabia, where they established a religious-utopian socialist state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam, and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, a Persian from Jannaba in coastal Fars. They rejected the claim of Fatimid caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi, and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates.
  5. Kufa
    
    Kufa, also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Currently, Kufa and Najaf are joined into a single urban area that is mostly commonly known to the outside world as 'Najaf'.
574
1. Suffering from mental illness, Eastern Roman emperor Justin II had his general Tiberius proclaimed Caesar, adopting him as his own son.
  1. Justin II
    
    Justin II or Justin the Younger was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 until 578. He was the nephew of Justinian I and the husband of Sophia, the niece of the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian dynasty.
  2. Tiberius II Constantine
    
    Tiberius II Constantine was Eastern Roman emperor from 574 to 582. Tiberius rose to power in 574 when Justin II, prior to a mental breakdown, proclaimed him caesar and adopted him as his own son. In 578, the dying Justin II gave him the title of augustus, thus becoming co-emperor alongside him. Tiberius became sole ruler less than two weeks later, assuming the regnal name of "Constantine" under which he reigned until his death.
  3. Caesar (title)
    
    Caesar is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, a Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman emperors can be traced to AD 68, following the fall of the Julio–Claudian dynasty.
2. Byzantine Emperor Justin II, suffering recurring seizures of insanity, adopts his general Tiberius and proclaims him as Caesar.
  1. Justin II
    
    Justin II or Justin the Younger was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 until 578. He was the nephew of Justinian I and the husband of Sophia, the niece of the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian dynasty.
  2. Tiberius II Constantine
    
    Tiberius II Constantine was Eastern Roman emperor from 574 to 582. Tiberius rose to power in 574 when Justin II, prior to a mental breakdown, proclaimed him caesar and adopted him as his own son. In 578, the dying Justin II gave him the title of augustus, thus becoming co-emperor alongside him. Tiberius became sole ruler less than two weeks later, assuming the regnal name of "Constantine" under which he reigned until his death.
  3. Caesar (title)
    
    Caesar is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, a Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman emperors can be traced to AD 68, following the fall of the Julio–Claudian dynasty.
-43
1. Cicero, widely considered one of ancient Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists, was killed after having been proscribed as an enemy of the state.
  1. Cicero
    
    Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.
  2. Ancient Rome
    
    In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
  3. Rhetoric
    
    Rhetoric is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic, is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the techniques writers or speakers utilize to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Aristotle defines rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" and since mastery of the art was necessary for victory in a case at law, for passage of proposals in the assembly, or for fame as a speaker in civic ceremonies, he calls it "a combination of the science of logic and of the ethical branch of politics". Rhetoric typically provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric or phases of developing a persuasive speech were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.
  4. Proscription
    
    Proscription is, in current usage, a 'decree of condemnation to death or banishment' and can be used in a political context to refer to state-approved murder or banishment. The term originated in Ancient Rome, where it included public identification and official condemnation of declared enemies of the state and it often involved confiscation of property.
  5. Enemy of the state
    
    An enemy of the state is a person accused of certain crimes against the state such as treason, among other things. Describing individuals in this way is sometimes a manifestation of political repression. For example, a government may purport to maintain national security by describing social or political dissidents as "enemies of the state". In other cases, the individual in question may have in fact endangered the country and its population.
2. Marcus Tullius Cicero is assassinated in Formia on orders of Marcus Antonius.
  1. Cicero
    
    Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.
  2. Formia
    
    Formia is a city and comune in the province of Latina, on the Mediterranean coast of Lazio, Italy. It is located halfway between Rome and Naples, and lies on the Roman-era Appian Way. It has a population of 38,095.

Births & Deaths

2020
1. Dick Allen, American baseball player and tenor (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Dick Allen
    
    Richard Anthony Allen was an American professional baseball player. During his fifteen-year-long Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he played as a first baseman, third baseman, and outfielder, most notably for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago White Sox, and was one of baseball's top sluggers of the 1960s and early 1970s.
2. Chuck Yeager, American aviator (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Chuck Yeager
    
    Brigadier General Charles Elwood Yeager was a United States Air Force officer, flying ace, and record-setting test pilot who in October 1947 became the first pilot in history confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight.
2019
1. Ron Saunders, English football player and manager (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Ron Saunders
    
    Ronald Saunders was an English football player and manager. He played for Everton, Tonbridge Angels, Gillingham, Portsmouth, Watford and Charlton Athletic during a 16-year playing career, before moving into management. He managed seven clubs in 20 years, and he was the first manager to have taken charge of Aston Villa, Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion, the three rival clubs based in and around the city of Birmingham
2017
1. Steve Reevis, Native American actor (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Steve Reevis
    
    Steve Reevis was a Native American actor and member of the Blackfeet Tribe known for his roles in the films Fargo, Last of the Dogmen, and Dances with Wolves.
2016
1. Junaid Jamshed, Pakistani recording artist, television personality, fashion designer, occasional actor, singer-songwriter and preacher. (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Junaid Jamshed
    
    Junaid Jamshed Khan was a Pakistani singer-songwriter, television personality, fashion designer, actor, and preacher. After graduating with a degree in engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore, Jamshed briefly worked as a civilian contractor and engineer for the Pakistan Air Force before focusing on a musical career.
2. Greg Lake, English musician (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Greg Lake
    
    Gregory Stuart Lake was an English musician, singer, and songwriter. He gained prominence as a founding member of the progressive rock bands King Crimson and Emerson, Lake & Palmer (ELP).
2015
1. Gerhard Lenski, American sociologist and academic (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Gerhard Lenski
    
    Gerhard Emmanuel "Gerry" Lenski, Jr. was an American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and introducing the ecological-evolutionary theory. He spent much of his career as a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he served as chair of the Department of Sociology, 1969–72, and as chair of the Division of Social Sciences, 1976-78.
2. Hyron Spinrad, American astronomer and academic (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Hyron Spinrad
    
    Hyron Spinrad was an American astronomer. His research has ranged from the study of planet atmospheres to the evolution of galaxies. From 2010 until his death in late 2015 he was an emeritus professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley.
3. Peter Westbury, English race car driver (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Peter Westbury
    
    Peter Westbury was a British racing driver from England. He participated in two World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, scoring no championship points. In 1969 he raced a Formula 2 Brabham-Cosworth, driving in his first Grand Prix in the 1969 German Grand Prix. He finished ninth on the road, fifth in the F2 class. The following year he failed to qualify for the 1970 United States Grand Prix driving a works BRM, after an engine failure.
2014
1. Mark Lewis, American author and educator (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Mark Lewis (storyteller)
    
    Mark Lewis was an American storyteller, actor, and teacher.
2013
1. Édouard Molinaro, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Édouard Molinaro
    
    Édouard Molinaro was a French film director and screenwriter.
2. Chick Willis, American singer and guitarist (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Chick Willis
    
    Robert Lee "Chick" Willis was an American blues singer and guitarist, who performed and recorded from the 1950s to the 2000s.
2012
1. Roelof Kruisinga, Dutch physician and politician, Dutch Minister of Defence (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Roelof Kruisinga
    
    Roelof Johannes Hendrik Kruisinga was a Dutch politician of the defunct Christian Historical Union (CHU) party and later the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and physician.
  2. List of Ministers of Defence of the Netherlands
    
    The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence and a member of the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers. The incumbent minister is Kajsa Ollongren of the Democrats 66 (D66) party who has been in office since 10 January 2022. Regularly a State Secretary is assigned to the Ministry who is tasked with specific portfolios. The current State Secretary is Christophe van der Maat of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) who also has been in office since 10 January 2022.
2. Ralph Parr, American colonel and pilot (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Ralph Parr
    
    Colonel Ralph Sherman Parr, Jr. was an American double-flying ace of the Korean War. He was credited with a total of ten downed enemy aircraft. He also flew in World War II and the Vietnam War, and is the only person to have been awarded both the United States Army Distinguished Service Cross and the corresponding decoration used by the United States Air Force once it became an independent branch of service, the Air Force Cross.
3. Marty Reisman, American table tennis player and author (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Marty Reisman
    
    Martin 'Marty' Reisman was an American champion table tennis player and author. He was the 1958 and 1960 U.S. Men's singles champion and the 1997 U.S. hardbat champion.
4. Saul Steinberg, American businessman and financier (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Saul Steinberg (businessman)
    
    Saul Phillip Steinberg was an American businessman and financier. He became a millionaire before his 30th birthday and a billionaire before his 40th birthday. He started a computer leasing company (Leasco), which he used in an audacious and successful takeover of the much larger Reliance Insurance Company in 1968. He was best known for his unsuccessful attempts to take over Chemical Bank in 1969 and Walt Disney Productions in 1984.
2011
1. Harry Morgan, American actor (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Harry Morgan
    
    Harry Morgan was an American actor and director whose television and film career spanned six decades. Morgan's major roles included Pete Porter in both December Bride (1954–1959) and Pete and Gladys (1960–1962); Officer Bill Gannon on Dragnet (1967–1970); Amos Coogan on Hec Ramsey (1972–1974); and his starring role as Colonel Sherman T. Potter in M*A*S*H (1975–1983) and AfterMASH (1983–1985). Morgan also appeared in more than 100 films.
2010
1. Elizabeth Edwards, American lawyer and author (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Edwards
    
    Mary Elizabeth Anania Edwards was an American attorney, author, and health care activist. She was married to John Edwards, the former U.S. Senator from North Carolina who was the 2004 United States Democratic vice-presidential nominee.
2. Kari Tapio, Finnish singer (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Kari Tapio
    
    Kari Tapani Jalkanen, better known by his stage name Kari Tapio, was a Finnish schlager and country & western singer. During his career, he was one of the most popular singers in Finland for decades; having sold over 830,000 certified records, he is the best-selling soloist in the country. Kari Tapio was born in Suonenjoki, Finland. In the 1960s he performed in his home town Pieksämäki with the local bands ER-Quartet and Jami & The Noisemakers. In 1966 he took singing lessons from Ture Ara.
2008
1. Herbert Hutner, American banker and lawyer (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Herbert Hutner
    
    Herbert Loeb Hutner was an American private investment banker, attorney and philanthropist.
2006
1. Jeane Kirkpatrick, American academic and diplomat, 16th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Jeane Kirkpatrick
    
    Jeane Duane Kirkpatrick was an American diplomat and political scientist who played a major role in the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration. An ardent anticommunist, she was a longtime Democrat who became a neoconservative and switched to the Republican Party in 1985. After serving as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 presidential campaign, she became the first woman to serve as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations
    
    The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is formally known as the permanent representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and representative of the United States of America in the United Nations Security Council.
2005
1. Bud Carson, American football player and coach (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Bud Carson
    
    Leon H. "Bud" Carson was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 1967 to 1971, compiling a record of 27–27. Carson then coached in the National Football League (NFL), mostly as a defensive coordinator. He was a member of two Super Bowl-winning teams with the Pittsburgh Steelers and one losing team with the LA Rams in the 1970s. Carson served as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns from 1989 until he was fired midway through the 1990 season. He is credited with developing the Steel Curtain.
2004
1. Frederick Fennell, American conductor and educator (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Frederick Fennell
    
    Frederick Fennell was an internationally recognized conductor and one of the primary figures in promoting the Eastman Wind Ensemble as a performing group. He was also influential as a band pedagogue, and greatly affected the field of music education in the US and abroad. In Fennell's New York Times obituary, colleague Jerry F. Junkin was quoted as saying "He was arguably the most famous band conductor since John Philip Sousa."
2. Jerry Scoggins, American singer and guitarist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Jerry Scoggins
    
    Jerry Scoggins was an American country/western singer, guitarist, and band leader. He performed on radio, in movies, and on television from the 1930s thru the 1980s. He was noted for his work with Gene Autry and Bing Crosby and especially for singing "The Ballad of Jed Clampett", the theme song to the 1960s sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies.
3. Jay Van Andel, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Amway (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Jay Van Andel
    
    Jay Van Andel was an American billionaire businessman, best known as co-founder of the Amway Corporation, along with Richard DeVos.
  2. Amway
    
    Amway is an American multi-level marketing (MLM) company that sells health, beauty, and home care products. The company was founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Richard DeVos and is based in Ada, Michigan. Amway and its sister companies under Alticor reported sales of $8.4 billion in 2019. It conducts business through a number of affiliated companies in more than a hundred countries and territories.
2003
1. Carl F. H. Henry American journalist and theologian (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Carl F. H. Henry
    
    Carl Ferdinand Howard Henry was an American evangelical Christian theologian who provided intellectual and institutional leadership to the neo-evangelical movement in the mid-to-late 20th century. His early book, The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (1947), was influential in calling evangelicals to differentiate themselves from separatist fundamentalism and claim a role in influencing the wider American culture. He was involved in the creation of numerous major evangelical organizations, including the National Association of Evangelicals, Fuller Theological Seminary, Evangelical Theological Society, Christianity Today magazine, and the Institute for Advanced Christian Studies. The Carl F. H. Henry Institute for Evangelical Engagement at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and the Carl F. H. Henry Center for Theological Understanding at Trinity International University seek to carry on his legacy.
2. Azie Taylor Morton, American educator and politician, 36th Treasurer of the United States (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Azie Taylor Morton
    
    Azie Taylor Morton served as Treasurer of the United States during the Carter administration from September 12, 1977, to January 20, 1981. She remains the only African American to hold that office. Her signature was printed on US currency during her tenure.
  2. Treasurer of the United States
    
    The treasurer of the United States is an official in the United States Department of the Treasury who serves as custodian and trustee of the federal government's collateral assets and the supervisor of the department's currency and coinage production functions. The current treasurer is Marilynn Malerba, who is the first Native American to hold the post.
1998
1. Tony Yike Yang, Canadian pianist births
  1. Tony Yike Yang
    
    Tony Yike Yang is a Canadian-Chinese pianist.
2. John Addison, English-American composer and conductor (b. 1920) deaths
  1. John Addison
    
    John Mervyn Addison was a British composer best known for his film scores.
3. Martin Rodbell, American biochemist and endocrinologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Martin Rodbell
    
    Martin Rodbell was an American biochemist and molecular endocrinologist who is best known for his discovery of G-proteins. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alfred G. Gilman for "their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1997
1. Abi Harrison, Scottish footballer births
  1. Abi Harrison
    
    Abigail Harrison is a Scottish footballer who plays as a forward for Bristol City and the Scotland national team.
2. Tommy Nelson, American actor births
  1. Tommy Nelson (actor)
    
    Thomas Daniel Nelson is an American actor. He is best known for his performances as Neil in the biopic My Friend Dahmer and Russell in The Cat and the Moon.
3. Billy Bremner, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Billy Bremner
    
    William John Bremner was a Scottish professional footballer and manager. Regarded as one of the game's great midfielders, he combined precision passing skills with tenacious tackling and physical stamina. He played for Leeds United from 1959 to 1976, serving as captain from 1965, in one of the most successful periods in the club's history.
1995
1. Kathleen Harrison, English actress (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Kathleen Harrison
    
    Kathleen Harrison was a prolific English character actress best remembered for her role as Mrs. Huggett in a trio of British post-war comedies about a working-class family's misadventures, The Huggetts. She later played the charwoman Mrs. Dilber opposite Alastair Sim in the 1951 film Scrooge and a Cockney charwoman who inherits a fortune in the television series Mrs Thursday (1966–67).
1994
1. Pete Alonso, American baseball player births
  1. Pete Alonso
    
    Peter Morgan Alonso, nicknamed "Polar Bear and Big Meat Pete," is an American professional baseball first baseman for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut during the 2019 season and broke the major league record for the most home runs by a rookie with 53. He was also the first Mets player to hit 50 or more home runs in a season, setting the Mets' single-season home run record in the process.
2. Yuzuru Hanyu, Japanese figure skater births
  1. Yuzuru Hanyu
    
    Yuzuru Hanyu is a Japanese former competitive figure skater. He is a two-time Olympic champion, a two-time World champion, a four-time Grand Prix Final champion (2013–2016), a Four Continents champion (2020), the 2010 World Junior champion, the 2009–10 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and a six-time Japanese national champion. He has also medaled at five other World Championships, taking bronze in 2012 and 2021, and silver in 2015, 2016 and 2019, making him the only male single skater along with Jan Hoffmann to win seven world championship medals in the post-World War II era.
1993
1. Rahama Sadau, Nigerian actress births
  1. Rahama Sadau
    
    Rahama Ibrahim Sadaupronunciation (help·info) is a Nigerian actress, filmmaker, and singer. Born and raised in Kaduna, she performed in dancing competitions as a child and during her school years. She rose to fame in late 2013 after joining the Kannywood movie Industry with her first movie Gani ga Wane.
2. Abidin Dino, Turkish-French painter and illustrator (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Abidin Dino
    
    Abidin Dino was a Turkish artist and a well-known painter.
3. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Ivoirian physician and politician, 1st President of Ivory Coast (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Félix Houphouët-Boigny
    
    Félix Houphouët-Boigny, affectionately called Papa Houphouët or Le Vieux, was the first president of Ivory Coast, serving from 1960 until his death in 1993. A tribal chief, he worked as a medical aide, union leader and planter before being elected to the French Parliament. He served in several ministerial positions within the French government before leading Côte d'Ivoire following independence in 1960. Throughout his life, he played a significant role in politics and the decolonization of Africa.
  2. List of heads of state of Ivory Coast
    
    This article lists the heads of state of Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, since the country gained independence from France in 1960. Alassane Ouattara has been serving as President of Ivory Coast since 4 December 2010.
1992
1. Richard J. Hughes, American politician, 45th Governor of New Jersey, and Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Richard J. Hughes
    
    Richard Joseph Hughes was an American lawyer, politician, and judge. A Democrat, he served as the 45th governor of New Jersey from 1962 to 1970, and as Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1973 to 1979. Hughes is the only person to have served New Jersey as both governor and chief justice. Hughes was also the first Roman Catholic governor in New Jersey's history.
  2. Governor of New Jersey
    
    The governor of New Jersey is the head of government of New Jersey. The office of governor is an elected position with a four-year term. There is a two consecutive term term limit, with no limitation on non-consecutive terms. The official residence of the governor is Drumthwacket, a mansion located in Princeton, New Jersey. The governor’s office is located inside of the New Jersey State House in Trenton, making New Jersey notable as the executive’s office is located in the same building as the legislature. New Jersey is also notable for being one of the few states in which the governor’s official residence is not located in the state capital.
1991
1. Eugenio Pisani, Italian race car driver births
  1. Eugenio Pisani
    
    Eugenio Pisani is an Italian auto racing driver from Ravenna.
1990
1. David Goffin, Belgian tennis player births
  1. David Goffin
    
    David Goffin is a Belgian professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 7. He is currently the Belgian No. 1, and the first Belgian man to be ranked in the top 10. Goffin has won six ATP titles and reached nine other finals, most notably at the 2017 ATP Finals.
2. Aleksandr Menkov, Russian long jumper births
  1. Aleksandr Menkov
    
    Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Menkov is a Russian athlete who competes in the long jump.
3. Yasiel Puig, Cuban baseball player births
  1. Yasiel Puig
    
    Yasiel Puig Valdés is a Cuban-born American professional baseball right fielder for Kiwoom Heroes of the KBO League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Cincinnati Reds, and Cleveland Indians. His nickname is "The Wild Horse", given to him by former longtime Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully.
4. Urszula Radwańska, Polish tennis player births
  1. Urszula Radwańska
    
    Urszula Radwańska is a Polish professional tennis player.
5. Joan Bennett, American actress (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Joan Bennett
    
    Joan Geraldine Bennett was an American stage, film, and television actress. She came from a show-business family, one of three acting sisters. Beginning her career on the stage, Bennett appeared in more than 70 films from the era of silent films, well into the sound era. She is best remembered for her film noir femme fatale roles in director Fritz Lang's films—including Man Hunt (1941), The Woman in the Window (1944) and Scarlet Street (1945)—and for her television role as matriarch Elizabeth Collins Stoddard in the gothic 1960s soap opera Dark Shadows, for which she received an Emmy nomination in 1968.
6. Jean Paul Lemieux, Canadian painter and educator (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Jean Paul Lemieux
    
    Jean Paul Lemieux, was one of the foremost twentieth century painters in Canada. He worked in several different styles, as represented by his five artistic periods.
1989
1. Kyle Hendricks, American baseball player births
  1. Kyle Hendricks
    
    Kyle Christian Hendricks, nicknamed "The Professor", is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2014, and led MLB in earned run average for the 2016 season.
2. Alessandro Marchi, Italian footballer births
  1. Alessandro Marchi
    
    Alessandro Marchi is an Italian footballer.
3. Nicholas Hoult, English actor births
  1. Nicholas Hoult
    
    Nicholas Caradoc Hoult is an English actor. His body of work includes supporting work in big-budget mainstream productions and starring roles in independent projects in both the American and the British film industries. He has received several accolades, including nominations for a British Academy Film Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award. He appeared in the 2012 edition of Forbes 30 Under 30.
4. Haystacks Calhoun, American wrestler and actor (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Haystacks Calhoun
    
    William Dee Calhoun was an American professional wrestler, who used the professional name "Haystack" or "Haystacks" Calhoun.
5. Hans Hartung, French-German painter (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Hans Hartung
    
    Hans Hartung was a German-French painter, known for his gestural abstract style. He was also a decorated World War II veteran of the Legion d'honneur.
1988
1. Nathan Adrian, American swimmer births
  1. Nathan Adrian
    
    Nathan Ghar-jun Adrian is an American competitive swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist who formerly held the American record in the long course 50-meter freestyle event.
2. Angelina Gabueva, Russian tennis player births
  1. Angelina Gabueva
    
    Angelina Alexandrovna Gabueva is a Russian tennis player. Gabueva has won two singles and 17 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 17 June 2013, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 423. On 26 September 2022, she peaked at No. 94 in the doubles rankings.
3. Emily Browning, Australian actress and singer births
  1. Emily Browning
    
    Emily Jane Browning is an Australian actress. She made her film debut in the television film The Echo of Thunder (1998), and subsequently appeared in television shows such as High Flyers (1999), Something in the Air (2000–2001), and Blue Heelers (2000–2002). Her breakthrough role was in the 2002 horror film Ghost Ship, which introduced her to a wider audience. In 2005, Browning won the Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Violet Baudelaire in the film Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004).
1987
1. Aaron Carter, American singer-songwriter, rapper, dancer, and actor (d. 2022) births
  1. Aaron Carter
    
    Aaron Charles Carter was an American singer and songwriter. He came to fame as a teen pop singer in the late 1990s, establishing himself as a star among preteen and teenage audiences during the first years of the 21st century, with his four studio albums.
1986
1. Billy Horschel, American golfer births
  1. Billy Horschel
    
    William John Horschel is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour.
2. Nita Strauss, American guitarist births
  1. Nita Strauss
    
    Nita Strauss is an American rock musician. She is currently Demi Lovato's touring guitarist and was a former touring guitarist for Alice Cooper from 2014 to 2022 and has a successful career as a solo artist. Strauss was the first female signature artist with Ibanez guitars and is regularly featured on the covers of worldwide print magazines including Guitar World and Guitar Player. She was ranked No. 1 on Guitar World's list of "10 Female Guitar Players You Should Know".
1985
1. Jon Moxley, American wrestler births
  1. Jon Moxley
    
    Jonathan David Good is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he performs under the ring name Jon Moxley. He also makes appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). He became known for his tenure with WWE, where he performed under the ring name Dean Ambrose from 2011 to 2019.
2. J. R. Eyerman, American photographer and journalist (b. 1906) deaths
  1. J. R. Eyerman
    
    J.R. Wharton Eyerman was an American photographer and photojournalist.
3. Robert Graves, English poet, novelist, critic (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Robert Graves
    
    Captain Robert von Ranke Graves was a British poet, historical novelist and critic. His father was Alfred Perceval Graves, a celebrated Irish poet and figure in the Gaelic revival; they were both Celticists and students of Irish mythology. Graves produced more than 140 works in his lifetime. His poems, his translations and innovative analysis of the Greek myths, his memoir of his early life—including his role in World War I—Good-Bye to All That, and his speculative study of poetic inspiration The White Goddess have never been out of print. He is also a renowned short story writer, with stories such as "The Tenement" still being popular today.
4. Potter Stewart, American soldier and jurist (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Potter Stewart
    
    Potter Stewart was an American lawyer and judge who served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1958 to 1981. During his tenure, he made major contributions to, among other areas, criminal justice reform, civil rights, access to the courts, and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.
1984
1. Aaron Gray, American basketball player births
  1. Aaron Gray
    
    Aaron Michael Gray is an American former professional basketball player who played seven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A heart condition forced him into early retirement in 2015.
2. Robert Kubica, Polish race car driver births
  1. Robert Kubica
    
    Robert Józef Kubica is a Polish racing and rally driver. He was the first and, as of 2022, the only Polish racing driver to compete in Formula One. Between 2006 and 2009 he drove for the BMW Sauber F1 team, promoted from test driver to race driver during 2006. In June 2008, Kubica took his maiden and only Formula One victory at the Canadian Grand Prix. That season he led the championship at one stage, before finishing fourth overall, his best career position. Kubica drove for Renault in 2010 and was set to remain with the team in 2011. Several years later Kubica confirmed he had signed a pre-contract for the 2012 season with Ferrari, a move that was eventually cancelled by his devastating rally crash in early 2011.
3. Milan Michálek, Czech ice hockey player births
  1. Milan Michálek
    
    Milan Michálek is a Czech former professional ice hockey left winger who most recently played under contract to the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted sixth overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft.
4. Luca Rigoni, Italian footballer births
  1. Luca Rigoni
    
    Luca Rigoni is an Italian former footballer. He is the elder brother of Nicola Rigoni. He played as a right or central midfielder.
5. LeeRoy Yarbrough, American race car driver (b. 1938) deaths
  1. LeeRoy Yarbrough
    
    Lonnie "LeeRoy" Yarbrough was an American stock car racer. His best season was 1969 when he won seven races, tallied 21 finishes in the top-ten and earned $193,211. During his entire career from 1960–1972, he competed in 198 races, scoring fourteen wins, 65 finishes in the top-five, 92 finishes in the top-ten, and ten pole positions. Yarbrough also competed in open-wheel racing, making 5 starts in the USAC Championship cars, including 3 Indianapolis 500s, with a best finish of 3rd at Trenton Speedway in 1970. His racing number was 98. When asked about his passion, Yarbrough described racing as "what I call my life."
1983
1. Mike Mucitelli, American mixed martial artist births
  1. Mike Mucitelli
    
    Michael Mucitelli is an American professional mixed martial artist who competed in Bellator's Light Heavyweight division.
1980
1. Dan Bilzerian, American poker player and internet celebrity births
  1. Dan Bilzerian
    
    Daniel Brandon Bilzerian is an Armenian-American poker player, businessman, and social media influencer.
  2. Internet celebrity
    
    An Internet celebrity is a celebrity who has acquired or developed their fame and notability through the Internet. The rise of social media has helped people increase their outreach to a global audience. Today, popular influencers are found on popular online platforms such as Twitch, Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat, Discord, Twitter, Facebook, VSCO, Reddit, WeChat, QQ, and TikTok.
2. John Terry, English footballer births
  1. John Terry
    
    John George Terry is an English professional football coach and former player who played as a centre-back. He was previously captain of Chelsea, the England national team and Aston Villa. He was most recently the assistant head coach at the latter. Regarded as one of the best defenders in the world at his peak, he is considered to be one of the greatest central defenders of his generation, as well as one of the best English and Premier League defenders ever.
3. Darby Crash, American punk rock vocalist and songwriter (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Darby Crash
    
    Jan Paul Beahm was an American punk rock vocalist who, along with longtime friend Pat Smear, co-founded the punk rock band the Germs. He died by suicide by overdosing on heroin.
1979
1. Sara Bareilles, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress births
  1. Sara Bareilles
    
    Sara Beth Bareilles is an American singer and songwriter. She has sold over three million albums and over 15 million singles in the United States. She has earned various awards and nominations including eight Grammy Award nominations, with one win, as well as nominations for three Primetime Emmy Awards, and two Tony Awards. In February 2012, VH1 placed her in the 80th spot of the Top 100 Greatest Women in Music.
2. Lampros Choutos, Greek-Italian footballer births
  1. Lampros Choutos
    
    Lampros Choutos is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a striker.
3. Ayako Fujitani, Japanese actress and screenwriter births
  1. Ayako Fujitani
    
    Ayako Fujitani is a Japanese writer and actress.
4. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, English-American astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
    
    Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was a British-born American astronomer and astrophysicist who proposed in her 1925 doctoral thesis that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Her groundbreaking conclusion was initially rejected because it contradicted the scientific wisdom of the time, which held that there were no significant elemental differences between the Sun and Earth. Independent observations eventually proved she was correct. Her work on the nature of variable stars was foundational to modern astrophysics.
1978
1. Shiri Appleby, American actress, director, and producer births
  1. Shiri Appleby
    
    Shiri Freda Appleby is an American actress and television director. She is best known for her leading roles as Liz Parker in the WB/UPN science fiction drama series Roswell (1999–2002) and Rachel Goldberg in the Lifetime/Hulu drama series Unreal (2015–2018).
2. Suzannah Lipscomb, English historian, academic and television presenter births
  1. Suzannah Lipscomb
    
    Suzannah Rebecca Gabriella Lipscomb FSA is a British historian and professor emerita at the University of Roehampton, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, the Higher Education Academy and the Society of Antiquities, and has for many years contributed a regular column to History Today. She has written and edited a number of books, presented numerous historical documentaries on TV and is host of the Not Just the Tudors podcast from History Hit. She is also a royal historian for NBC.
3. Alexander Wetmore, American ornithologist and paleontologist (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Alexander Wetmore
    
    Frank Alexander Wetmore was an American ornithologist and avian paleontologist. He was the sixth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
1977
1. Eric Chavez, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Eric Chavez
    
    Eric Cesar Chavez is an American professional baseball coach and former third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics (1998–2010), New York Yankees (2011–2012), and Arizona Diamondbacks (2013–2014). During his playing career, Chavez won six Gold Glove Awards (2001–2006) and a Silver Slugger Award (2002). Chavez served hitting coach for the New York Mets in 2022 and presently is in the position of bench coach.
2. Luke Donald, English golfer births
  1. Luke Donald
    
    Luke Campbell Donald MBE is an English professional golfer and former world number one. He plays mainly on the U.S.-based PGA Tour but is also a member of the European Tour.
3. Dominic Howard, English drummer and producer births
  1. Dominic Howard
    
    Dominic James Howard is an English musician who is the drummer and co-founder of the rock band Muse.
4. Paul Gibb, English cricketer and umpire (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Paul Gibb
    
    Paul Antony Gibb was an English cricketer, who played in eight Tests for England from 1938 to 1946. He played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, Yorkshire and Essex, as a right-handed opening or middle order batsman and also kept wicket in many matches.
5. Peter Carl Goldmark, Hungarian-American engineer (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Peter Carl Goldmark
    
    Peter Carl Goldmark was a Hungarian-American engineer who, during his time with Columbia Records, was instrumental in developing the long-playing microgroove 331⁄3 rpm phonograph disc, the standard for incorporating multiple or lengthy recorded works on a single disc for two generations. The LP was introduced by Columbia's Goddard Lieberson in 1948. Lieberson was later president of Columbia Records from 1956–71 and 1973–75. According to György Marx, he was one of The Martians.
6. Georges Grignard, French race car driver (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Georges Grignard
    
    Auguste Georges Paul Grignard was a racing driver from France. He raced in Formula One from 1947 to 1953, participating in one World Championship Grand Prix on 28 October 1951. He also participated in numerous non-Championship races, including winning the 1950 Paris Grand Prix.
1976
1. Alan Faneca, American football player births
  1. Alan Faneca
    
    Alan Joseph Faneca is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons. He played college football for Louisiana State University (LSU), and earned consensus All-America honors. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the Steelers, New York Jets and Arizona Cardinals of the NFL. A six-time first-team All-Pro and nine-time Pro Bowl selection, Faneca won a Super Bowl ring with the Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Seattle Seahawks. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021 and on May 10, 2021, he was introduced as the head football coach of Frank W. Cox High School in Virginia Beach, VA.
2. Ivan Franceschini, Italian footballer births
  1. Ivan Franceschini
    
    Ivan Franceschini is an Italian football coach and former player, who played as a defender.
3. Georges Laraque, Canadian ice hockey player and politician births
  1. Georges Laraque
    
    Georges Edy Laraque is a Canadian sports commentator, politician, and former ice hockey player. Laraque retired from hockey in 2010 after the Montreal Canadiens bought out his contract. He is a commentator for TVA Sports and most recently executive director of the fledgling Canadian Hockey League Players' Association. During his 14-year National Hockey League (NHL) career, he played for the Edmonton Oilers, Phoenix Coyotes, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Montreal Canadiens. From 2010 to 2013, he was one of two deputy leaders of the Green Party of Canada.
4. Derek Ramsay, Filipino-British actor, model and television personality births
  1. Derek Ramsay
    
    Derek Arthur Ramsay Jr. is a British-Filipino model, actor, and host. As of 2019, he is an exclusive talent of GMA Network. In 2021, he file for indefinite leave and is currently inactive in showbiz to attend personal life.
5. Sunny Sweeney, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Sunny Sweeney
    
    Sunny Michaela Sweeney is an American country music singer and songwriter. She is signed to the Thirty Tigers label. She was formerly with the Republic Nashville label and Big Machine Records. Her debut album, Heartbreaker's Hall of Fame, was independently issued in 2006 and then regionally released in 2007. It produced three regional singles in "If I Could", "Ten Years Pass" and "East Texas Pines", and these songs charted on the Texas Music Chart. In June 2010, the lead-off to her second studio album, "From a Table Away," became her first single to chart.
6. Benoît Tréluyer, French race car driver births
  1. Benoît Tréluyer
    
    Benoît Tréluyer is a French professional racing driver.
7. Paul Bragg, American nutritionist (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Paul Bragg
    
    Paul Chappuis Bragg was an American alternative health food advocate and fitness enthusiast. Bragg's mentor was Bernarr Macfadden. He wrote on subjects such as Detoxification, dieting, fasting, longevity, orthopathy and physical culture.
1975
1. Jamie Clapham, English footballer and coach births
  1. Jamie Clapham
    
    James Richard Clapham is an English former professional footballer and current head coach of Loughborough Students.
2. Thornton Wilder, American novelist and playwright (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Thornton Wilder
    
    Thornton Niven Wilder was an American playwright and novelist. He won three Pulitzer Prizes — for the novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey and for the plays Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth — and a U.S. National Book Award for the novel The Eighth Day.
3. Hardie Albright, American actor (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Hardie Albright
    
    Hardie Hunter Albright was an American actor.
1974
1. Nicole Appleton, Canadian singer and actress births
  1. Nicole Appleton
    
    Nicole Marie Appleton is a Canadian singer and television presenter. She is a member of the British girl group All Saints and Canadian duo Appleton with her elder sister Natalie Appleton.
2. Manuel Martínez Gutiérrez, Spanish shot putter and actor births
  1. Manuel Martínez Gutiérrez
    
    Manuel "Manolo" Martínez Gutiérrez is a retired Spanish shot putter. Nicknamed the "Gentle Giant", his personal best throw outdoors is 21.47 metres and he has an indoor best of 21.26 m. These marks are the Spanish national records for the event. His international career lasted from 1992 to 2011 and he earned national selection on 84 occasions – the most by any Spanish athlete.
1973
1. İbrahim Kutluay, Turkish basketball player births
  1. İbrahim Kutluay
    
    İbrahim Kutluay is a former Turkish professional basketball player who has been a manager and pundit since his retirement. He played the shooting guard position, and in his prime, was one of the most prolific 3-point shooters worldwide. He scored a record 50 points at the 1996 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship against Italy, and also 41 points in a EuroLeague game against Cibona Zagreb during the 1998–99 season. He was the first Turkish basketball player to win the EuroLeague championship, winning the 2002 EuroLeague Final Four with the Greek club Panathinaikos. Kutluay was the fourth Turk to play in the NBA. He is described as a 'stellar basketball player' whose 'legacy goes beyond his shooting skills, leadership and incredible talent'. In addition to his professional career, he has also attracted interest as a high society figure due to his fame and wealth and personal life which has continuously been subjected to media scrutiny.
2. Hack Meyers, American wrestler and trainer (d. 2015) births
  1. Hack Meyers
    
    Donald Haviland was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Hack Meyers. He was best known for his time in Extreme Championship Wrestling from 1993 to 1996.
3. Terrell Owens, American football player and actor births
  1. Terrell Owens
    
    Terrell Eldorado Owens, nicknamed T.O., is an American football wide receiver for the Knights of Degen of Fan Controlled Football (FCF). He previously played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons. Regarded as one of the greatest wide receivers of all time, Owens ranks third in NFL history in career receiving yards and receiving touchdowns.
4. Fabien Pelous, French rugby player and coach births
  1. Fabien Pelous
    
    Fabien Pelous is a retired French rugby union footballer. A lock who also occasionally played as a number eight and flanker, he played the bulk of his professional career for Stade Toulousain, and is the all-time leader in appearances for the French national team. He retired as the most-capped lock for any nation in rugby history, with 100 of his 118 France appearances at that position, a record later broken by South Africa's Victor Matfield. Pelous was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2017.
5. Damien Rice, Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer births
  1. Damien Rice
    
    Damien George Rice is an Irish singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He began his career as a member of the 1990s rock group Juniper, who were signed to Polygram Records in 1997. The band enjoyed moderate success in Ireland with two released singles, "The World is Dead" and "Weatherman". After leaving the band in 1998, Rice worked as a farmer in Tuscany and busked throughout Europe before returning to Ireland in 2001 and beginning a solo career. The rest of Juniper went on to perform under the name Bell X1.
1972
1. Hermann Maier, Austrian skier births
  1. Hermann Maier
    
    Hermann Maier is an Austrian former World Cup champion alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist. Nicknamed the "Herminator", Maier ranks among the greatest alpine ski racers in history, with four overall World Cup titles, two Olympic gold medals, and three World Championship titles. His 54 World Cup race victories – 24 super-G, 15 downhills, 14 giant slaloms, and 1 combined – rank third on the men's all-time list behind Ingemar Stenmark's 86 victories and Marcel Hirscher's 67 victories. As of 2013, he holds the record for the most points in one season by a male alpine skier, with 2000 points from the 2000 season. From 2000–2013 he also held the title of most points in one season by any alpine skier, until Tina Maze scored 2414 points in the 2013 season.
2. Tammy Lynn Sytch, American wrestler and manager births
  1. Tammy Lynn Sytch
    
    Tamara Lynn Sytch, commonly known by her ring name Sunny, is an American former professional wrestling manager, valet, ring announcer, and adult entertainer. Sytch achieved great success as Sunny within the World Wrestling Federation during the 1990s and is considered the first WWF Diva. In 1996, America Online named her the most downloaded celebrity on the internet. She later performed under her birth name in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and Ring of Honor. Sytch was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011.
1971
1. Vladimir Akopian, Azerbaijani-Armenian chess player births
  1. Vladimir Akopian
    
    Vladimir Akopian is an Armenian-American chess Grandmaster.
1970
1. Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist, sculptor, and author (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Rube Goldberg
    
    Reuben Garrett Lucius Goldberg, known best as Rube Goldberg, was an American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer, and inventor.
1969
1. Lefty O'Doul, American baseball player and manager (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Lefty O'Doul
    
    Francis Joseph "Lefty" O'Doul was an American Major League Baseball player who went on to become an extraordinarily successful manager in the minor leagues. He was also a vital figure in the establishment of professional baseball in Japan.
2. Eric Portman, English actor (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Eric Portman
    
    Eric Harold Portman was an English stage and film actor. He is probably best remembered for his roles in several films for Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger during the 1940s.
1967
1. Mark Geyer, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster births
  1. Mark Geyer
    
    Mark Bradley Geyer is an Australian radio host and former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative second-rower, he is a rugby league media identity. Geyer's club career was played primarily with Penrith, with whom he won a premiership in 1991, as well as the Balmain Tigers and the Western Reds. He is the brother of fellow former professional rugby league footballer Matt Geyer.
2. Tino Martinez, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster births
  1. Tino Martinez
    
    Constantino "Tino" Martinez is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, and Tampa Bay Devil Rays from 1990 through 2005. He also served as a hitting coach for the Miami Marlins in 2013. He is known as "Tino", a shortened version of his first name, but was also nicknamed "The Bam-tino" after his home run in game 1 of the 1998 World Series. Formerly a third baseman, Martinez was the first round draft pick for the Seattle Mariners in 1988 out of the University of Tampa, where he starred during his time on campus. During his 16-year MLB career, he scored 1,009 runs, drove in 1,271 runs, and hit 339 home runs. He had 100 or more RBI in six different seasons and was twice named to the All-Star team.
3. Nina Turner, American politician births
  1. Nina Turner
    
    Nina Hudson Turner is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, she was a Cleveland City Council member from 2006 to 2008 and a member of the Ohio Senate from 2008 until 2014. Turner was the Democratic nominee for Ohio Secretary of State in 2014, but lost in the general election against incumbent Jon Husted, receiving 35.5 percent of the vote. Her politics have been variously described as progressive, left-wing, or far-left.
1966
1. C. Thomas Howell, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. C. Thomas Howell
    
    Christopher Thomas Howell is an American actor and director. He has starred in the films Soul Man, The Hitcher, Grandview U.S.A., Red Dawn, Secret Admirer and The Outsiders. He has also appeared in Gettysburg and Gods and Generals as Thomas Chamberlain, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, The Amazing Spider-Man, Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox and Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay.
2. Shinichi Ito, Japanese motorcycle racer births
  1. Shinichi Ito
    
    Shinichi Ito born December 7, 1966 in Kakuda, Miyagi, Japan) is a retired professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He has raced extensively in Japanese and International championships. Ito has competed in the All Japan Road Race Championship, and won the Japanese 500 cc Championship, and is also 3 times Japanese Superbike Champion. In the prestigious Suzuka 8 Hour Endurance Race he has qualified on pole 5 times and won the race 3 times. Ito has also raced in Superbike World Championship. His considerable experience on different types of racing machine has earned him a reputation as a premier development rider.
3. Kazue Itoh, Japanese actress births
  1. Kazue Itō
    
    Kazue Itō is a Japanese actress from Seya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture. She made her acting debut in 1978 as a Horipro talent and has also voiced Shura in the anime Rurouni Kenshin. She also performs as a singer, including the opening and ending theme songs for the tokusatsu series Morimori Bokkun. Itoh is best known for her portrayal of Miki Masaki in the 2007 Super Sentai Series Juken Sentai Gekiranger. She also portrayed Mako Shiraishi's mother in Samurai Sentai Shinkenger.
4. Andres Kasekamp, Canadian-Estonian historian and academic births
  1. Andres Kasekamp
    
    Andres Ilmar Kasekamp is the director of the Estonian Foreign Policy Institute and Professor of Baltic Politics at the University of Tartu, Estonia.
5. Louise Post, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Louise Post
    
    Louise Lightner Post is an American musician. She is best known for being a vocalist and guitarist of the alternative rock band Veruca Salt, which she co-founded with Nina Gordon in 1993.
1965
1. Deborah Bassett, Australian rower births
  1. Deborah Bassett
    
    Deborah Bassett is an Australian rower.
2. Colin Hendry, Scottish footballer and manager births
  1. Colin Hendry
    
    Edward Colin James Hendry is a Scottish football coach and former professional footballer.
3. Jeffrey Wright, American actor births
  1. Jeffrey Wright
    
    Jeffrey Wright is an American actor. He is well known for his role as Belize in the Broadway production of Angels in America, for which he would win a Tony Award, and its HBO miniseries adaptation, for which he would win an Emmy and Golden Globe.
1964
1. Hugo Blick, English filmmaker births
  1. Hugo Blick
    
    Hugo Edgar Maxwell Blick is a British filmmaker and actor. He has his own production company, called Eight Rooks.
2. Patrick Fabian, American actor births
  1. Patrick Fabian
    
    Patrick Fabian is an American actor of film, stage, and television. He is known for his role as attorney Howard Hamlin in Better Call Saul (2015–2022). His film roles include End Game (2006), The Last Exorcism (2010), Pig (2011) and Jimmy (2013).
3. Peter Laviolette, American ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Peter Laviolette
    
    Peter Philip Laviolette Jr. is an American professional ice hockey coach, and former player, currently serving as head coach for the Washington Capitals. He was previously the head coach of the New York Islanders, Carolina Hurricanes, Nashville Predators, and Philadelphia Flyers. He led the Hurricanes to a Stanley Cup win in 2006, and later coached the Flyers to the Stanley Cup Finals in 2010, and the Predators in 2017. Laviolette is the fourth coach in NHL history to lead three teams to the Stanley Cup Finals. He played twelve NHL games, all with the New York Rangers.
1963
1. Theo Snelders, Dutch footballer and coach births
  1. Theo Snelders
    
    Theodorus Antonius Gerardus Snelders is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
2. Katsuya Terada, Japanese illustrator births
  1. Katsuya Terada
    
    Katsuya Terada , is a Japanese illustrator and cartoonist from the town of Tamano, Okayama. His alias is the portmanteau Rakugakingu . Terada's prolific visual arts practice uniquely straddles the lines between manga, fine art, and digital design. His work ranges widely from highly-detailed comics and novel illustrations to expressive, futuristic character designs for video games and anime. Terada posts actively on Facebook as Katsuya "t e r r a" Terada, as well as on his web blog terra's book.
3. Barbara Weathers, American R&B/soul singer births
  1. Barbara Weathers
    
    Barbara Weathers is an American R&B/soul singer, and former lead singer of R&B vocal group, Atlantic Starr.
1962
1. Alain Blondel, French decathlete births
  1. Alain Blondel
    
    Alain Blondel is a retired French decathlete. During his career he won the European title once.
2. Jeffrey Donaldson, Northern Irish politician births
  1. Jeffrey Donaldson
    
    Sir Jeffrey Mark Donaldson is a Northern Irish politician who has served as leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) since June 2021. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lagan Valley since 1997, and leader of the DUP in the UK House of Commons since 2019. As of 2022, he is Northern Ireland's longest-serving MP.
3. Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese activist (d. 2008) births
  1. Imad Mughniyeh
    
    Imad Fayez Mughniyeh, alias al-Hajj Radwan, was the founding member of Lebanon's Islamic Jihad Organization and number two in Hezbollah's leadership. Information about Mughniyeh is limited, but he is believed to have been Hezbollah's Chief of Staff and understood to have overseen Hezbollah's military, intelligence, and security apparatuses. He was one of the main founders of Hezbollah in the 1980s. He has been described as "a brilliant military tactician and very elusive". He was often referred to as an ‘untraceable ghost’.
4. Kirsten Flagstad, Norwegian opera singer (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Kirsten Flagstad
    
    Kirsten Malfrid Flagstad was a Norwegian opera singer, who was the outstanding Wagnerian soprano of her era. Her triumphant debut in New York on 2 February 1935 is one of the legends of opera. Giulio Gatti-Casazza, the longstanding General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera said, “I have given America two great gifts — Caruso and Flagstad.”
1960
1. Craig Scanlon, English guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Craig Scanlon
    
    Craig Antony Scanlon is an English guitarist, best known as a member of the Fall between 1979 and 1995. Despite his surname being spelled 'Scanlon' he was wrongly credited as 'Craig Scanlan' on every record he featured on for the Fall up until and including the 7" single "Lie Dream of a Casino Soul" in 1981. During his tenure he was a stalwart member for 17 albums and co-wrote over 120 of the group's songs; singer Mark E. Smith excepted, this tally is unmatched by any other musician to have passed through the group.
2. Ioannis Demestichas, Greek admiral and politician (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Ioannis Demestichas
    
    Ioannis Demestichas was a Hellenic Navy officer. He is best known for his participation in the Macedonian Struggle under the nom de guerre of Kapetan Nikiforos. He held various senior commands in the Greek Navy, including thrice as Chief of the Hellenic Navy General Staff, and also served briefly in cabinet positions.
1959
1. Saleem Yousuf, Pakistani cricketer births
  1. Saleem Yousuf
    
    Saleem Yousuf is a former Pakistani international cricketer who played in 32 Test matches and 86 One Day Internationals between 1982 and 1990. He was a wicketkeeper. He made his highest Test score of 91 not out against England at Edgbaston in 1987. One of his most memorable innings was in a match against the West Indies in the 1987 World Cup, which turned certain defeat into victory for Pakistan.
1958
1. Tim Butler, English bass player and songwriter births
  1. Tim Butler
    
    Timothy George Butler is an English musician and songwriter. He is the bass player, and co-founder of the Psychedelic Furs. He is also the youngest of three brothers.
2. Rick Rude, American wrestler and sportscaster (d. 1999) births
  1. Rick Rude
    
    Richard Erwin Rood, better known by his ring name "Ravishing" Rick Rude, was an American professional wrestler who performed for many promotions, including World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW).
1957
1. Geoff Lawson, Australian cricketer, coach, and sportscaster births
  1. Geoff Lawson (cricketer)
    
    Geoffrey Francis Lawson, is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer and the former coach of the Pakistan cricket team.
2. Tom Winsor, English lawyer and civil servant births
  1. Tom Winsor
    
    Sir Thomas Philip Winsor is a British arbitrator and mediator, lawyer, consultant and economic regulatory professional.
3. Tijjani Muhammad-Bande, Nigerian career-diplomat, President of the United Nations General Assembly (2019) births
  1. Tijjani Muhammad-Bande
    
    Tijjani Muhammad-Bande, GCON OFR is a Nigerian diplomat, academic and political scientist who was the President of the United Nations General Assembly of 74th session from 17 September 2019 to 15 September 2020. He previously served as vice president from September 2016.
  2. President of the United Nations General Assembly
    
    The president of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on a yearly basis. The president is the chair and presiding officer of the General Assembly.
1956
1. Larry Bird, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Larry Bird
    
    Larry Joe Bird is an American former professional basketball player, coach, and executive in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "the Hick from French Lick" and "Larry Legend", Bird is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time. He is the only person in NBA history to be named Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player, Finals MVP, All-Star MVP, Coach of the Year, and Executive of the Year.
2. Chuy Bravo, Mexican-American comedian and actor (d. 2019) births
  1. Chuy Bravo
    
    Chuy Bravo was a Mexican-American actor and entertainer. He was the sidekick of host Chelsea Handler on the talk show Chelsea Lately during its run from 2007 to 2014. He usually provided comedic relief to Handler's show, and was the topic of many of her jokes.
3. Anna Soubry, British politician births
  1. Anna Soubry
    
    Anna Mary Soubry is a British barrister, journalist and former politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Broxtowe from 2010 to 2019. Known for her support of pro-European policies, she was originally elected as a Conservative but left the party to join Change UK in 2019.
4. Huntley Gordon, Canadian-American actor (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Huntley Gordon
    
    Huntley Ashworth Gordon was a Canadian actor who began his career in the Silent Film era.
5. Reşat Nuri Güntekin, Turkish author and playwright (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Reşat Nuri Güntekin
    
    Reşat Nuri Güntekin was a Turkish novelist, storywriter, and playwright. His best known novel, Çalıkuşu is about the destiny of a young Turkish female teacher in Anatolia. This work is translated into Persian by Seyyed Borhan Ghandili. His other significant novels include Dudaktan Kalbe, and Yaprak Dökümü. Many of his novels have been adapted to cinema and television. Because he visited Anatolia with his duty as an inspector, he knew Anatolian people closely. In his works he dealt with life and social problems in Anatolia; reflects people in the human-environment relationship.
1955
1. John Watkins, Australian educator and politician, 14th Deputy Premier of New South Wales births
  1. John Watkins (Australian politician)
    
    John Arthur Watkins is a former Deputy Premier of New South Wales, serving between 2005 until his resignation from Parliament in 2008. Watkins has been the Chief Executive Officer of Alzheimer's Australia (NSW) since 2008; the Chairman of Calvary healthcare since 2011; and the eighth Chancellor of the University of New England, serving between 2013 and 2014.
  2. Deputy Premier of New South Wales
    
    The Deputy Premier of New South Wales is the second-most senior officer in the Government of New South Wales. The deputy premiership has been a ministerial portfolio since 1932, and the deputy premier is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Premier.
1954
1. Mary Fallin, American businesswoman and politician, 27th Governor of Oklahoma births
  1. Mary Fallin
    
    Mary Fallin is an American politician who served as the 27th governor of Oklahoma from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, she was elected in 2010 and reelected in 2014. She was the first and so far only woman to be elected governor of Oklahoma. She was the first woman to represent Oklahoma in Congress since Alice Mary Robertson in 1920.
  2. Governor of Oklahoma
    
    The governor of Oklahoma is the head of government of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Under the Oklahoma Constitution, the governor serves as the head of the Oklahoma executive branch, of the government of Oklahoma. The governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into federal use. Despite being an executive branch official, the governor also holds legislative and judicial powers. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the Oklahoma Legislature, submitting the annual state budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and that the peace is preserved. The governor's term is four years in length.
1952
1. Susan Collins, American politician, senior senator of Maine births
  1. Susan Collins
    
    Susan Margaret Collins is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from Maine. A member of the Republican Party, she has held her seat since 1997 and is Maine's longest-serving member of Congress.
2. Eckhard Märzke, German footballer and manager births
  1. Eckhard Märzke
    
    Eckhard Märzke, also spelled Eckart Märzke is a former East German football player and currently manager of FC Pommern Greifswald in the Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (VI).
1950
1. Ron Hynes, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2015) births
  1. Ron Hynes
    
    Ron Hynes was a folk singer-songwriter from Newfoundland and Labrador. He was especially known for his composition "Sonny's Dream", which has been recorded worldwide by many artists and was named the 41st greatest Canadian song of all time on the 2005 CBC Radio One series 50 Tracks: The Canadian Version.
1949
1. James Rivière, Italian sculptor and jeweler births
  1. James Rivière
    
    James Rivière is an Italian artist, designer, and sculptor. His jewellery designs are held in private collections, and in museums including the Louvre, Victoria and Albert, and Vatican Museums.
2. Tom Waits, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births
  1. Tom Waits
    
    Thomas Alan Waits is an American musician, composer, songwriter, and actor. His lyrics often focus on the underbelly of society and are delivered in his trademark deep, gravelly voice. He worked primarily in jazz during the 1970s, but his music since the 1980s has reflected greater influence from blues, rock, vaudeville, and experimental genres.
3. Rex Beach, American author, playwright, and water polo player (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Rex Beach
    
    Rex Ellingwood Beach was an American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player.
1948
1. Gary Morris, American country singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Gary Morris
    
    Gary Gwyn Morris is an American singer and stage actor who charted a string of hits on the country music charts throughout the 1980s.
2. Tony Thomas, American screenwriter and producer births
  1. Tony Thomas (producer)
    
    Charles Anthony Thomas is an Academy Award nominated American television and film producer. He was a producer for the feature film Dead Poets Society for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1989, Insomnia, among other films.
1947
1. Johnny Bench, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Johnny Bench
    
    John Lee Bench is an American former professional baseball player. He played his entire Major League Baseball career, which lasted from 1967 through 1983, with the Cincinnati Reds, primarily as a catcher. Bench was the leader of the Reds team known as the Big Red Machine that dominated the National League in the mid-1970s, winning six division titles, four National League pennants and two World Series championships. He is widely regarded as the greatest catcher of all time.
2. Anne Fine, English author births
  1. Anne Fine
    
    Anne Fine OBE FRSL is an English writer. Although best known for children's books, she also writes for adults. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and she was appointed an OBE in 2003.
3. James Keach, American actor, producer, and director births
  1. James Keach
    
    James Keach is an American actor and filmmaker. He is the younger brother of actor Stacy Keach Jr. and son of actor Stacy Keach Sr.
4. Garry Unger, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Garry Unger
    
    Garry Douglas Unger is a former professional ice hockey centre who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1967 until 1983.
5. Tristan Bernard, French author and playwright (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Tristan Bernard
    
    Tristan Bernard was a French playwright, novelist, journalist and lawyer.
6. Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Nicholas Murray Butler
    
    Nicholas Murray Butler was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. Butler was president of Columbia University, president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, and the deceased James S. Sherman's replacement as William Howard Taft’s running mate in the 1912 United States presidential election. He became so well known and respected that The New York Times printed his Christmas greeting to the nation every year.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1944
1. Daniel Chorzempa, American organist and composer births
  1. Daniel Chorzempa
    
    Daniel Walter Chorzempa is an American organist and architect.
2. Miroslav Macek, Czech dentist and politician births
  1. Miroslav Macek
    
    Miroslav Macek is a politician, writer and former deputy prime minister of Czechoslovakia. In May 2006 Macek made international news when, coming from behind, he struck the Minister of Health David Rath at a dentists' conference, accusing him of having insulted his wife.
1943
1. Susan Isaacs, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Susan Isaacs
    
    Susan Isaacs is an American novelist, essayist, and screenwriter. She adapted her debut novel into the film Compromising Positions.
2. Nick Katz, American mathematician and academic births
  1. Nick Katz
    
    Nicholas Michael Katz is an American mathematician, working in arithmetic geometry, particularly on p-adic methods, monodromy and moduli problems, and number theory. He is currently a professor of Mathematics at Princeton University and an editor of the journal Annals of Mathematics.
3. Bernard C. Parks, American police officer and politician births
  1. Bernard C. Parks
    
    Bernard C. Parks is an American politician, who served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council, representing the 8th district in South Los Angeles from 2003 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, Parks served as Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department from August 1997 to May 2002.
4. John Bennett Ramsey, American businessman and pilot births
  1. John Bennett Ramsey
    
    John Bennett Ramsey is an American businessman, author, and father of JonBenét Ramsey, who was murdered in her Boulder, Colorado, home on December 26, 1996.
1942
1. Harry Chapin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1981) births
  1. Harry Chapin
    
    Harold Forster Chapin was an American singer-songwriter, philanthropist, and hunger activist best known for his folk rock and pop rock songs. He achieved worldwide success in the 1970s. Chapin, a Grammy Award-winning artist and Grammy Hall of Fame inductee, has sold over 16 million records worldwide.
2. Reginald F. Lewis, American Business Tycoon and Philanthropist (d. 1993) births
  1. Reginald Lewis
    
    Reginald F. Lewis, was an American businessman. He was one of the richest black American men in the 1980s, and the first black American to build a billion-dollar company, TLC Beatrice International Holdings Inc.
3. Alex Johnson, American baseball player (d. 2015) births
  1. Alex Johnson
    
    Alexander Johnson was an American professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1964 to 1976, for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, California Angels, Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers, New York Yankees, and Detroit Tigers. He was the National League Comeback Player of the Year in 1968 and an American League All-Star and batting champion in 1970. His brother, Ron, was an NFL running back, most notably for the New York Giants.
4. Peter Tomarken, American game show host and producer (d. 2006) births
  1. Peter Tomarken
    
    Peter David Tomarken was an American television personality primarily known as the host of the game show Press Your Luck.
1941
1. Melba Pattillo Beals, American journalist and activist births
  1. Melba Pattillo Beals
    
    Melba Joy Patillo Beals is an American journalist and educator who was a member of the Little Rock Nine, a group of African-American students who were the first to racially integrate Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
1940
1. Gerry Cheevers, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Gerry Cheevers
    
    Gerald Michael "Cheesie" Cheevers is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA) between 1961 and 1980. Cheevers is best known for his two stints with the Boston Bruins, whom he helped win the Stanley Cup in 1970 and 1972. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985.
1937
1. Thad Cochran, American lawyer and politician (d. 2019) births
  1. Thad Cochran
    
    William Thad Cochran was an American attorney and politician who served as a United States Senator for Mississippi from 1978 until his resignation due to health issues in 2018. A Republican, he previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1973 to 1978.
2. Stan Boardman, English comedian births
  1. Stan Boardman
    
    Stanley Boardman is an English comedian.
1935
1. Armando Manzanero, Mexican musician, singer and composer (d. 2020) births
  1. Armando Manzanero
    
    Armando Manzanero Canché was a Mexican Mayan musician, singer, composer, actor and music producer, widely considered the premier Mexican romantic composer of the postwar era and one of the most successful composers of Latin America. He received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in the United States in 2014. He was the president of the Mexican Society of Authors and Composers.
1933
1. Krsto Papić, Croatian director and screenwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Krsto Papić
    
    Krsto Papić was a Croatian screenwriter and film director whose career spanned over five decades. He is generally considered among the best directors of former Yugoslavia and the only director from Croatia that can be counted among the Yugoslav Black Wave.
1932
1. Ellen Burstyn, American actress births
  1. Ellen Burstyn
    
    Ellen Burstyn is an American actress. Known for her portrayals of complicated women in dramas, she is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a Tony Award, and two Primetime Emmy Awards, making her one of the few performers to achieve the "Triple Crown of Acting".
2. Oktay Ekşi, Turkish journalist and politician births
  1. Oktay Ekşi
    
    Osman Oktay Ekşi is a Turkish journalist, author and politician. He has spent much of his career at the newspaper Hürriyet, and was its Chief Columnist from 1974 to 1983 and from 1985 to 2010. A founding member and vice chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SODEP), he was elected as a member of Parliament for the Republican People's Party (CHP) in the 2011 general election.
3. Rosemary Rogers, American journalist and author (d. 2019) births
  1. Rosemary Rogers
    
    Rosemary Rogers was a Sri Lankan Burgher best-selling author of historical romance novels. Her first book, Sweet Savage Love, was published in 1974. She was the second romance author, after Kathleen Woodiwiss, to have her novels published in trade paperback format. Both writers found their initial success working with editor Nancy Coffey who was then with Avon Books. Rogers is considered to be one of the founders of the modern historical romance, and many of today's writers cite her writing as one of their biggest influences. She lived in California.
4. J. B. Sumarlin, Indonesian economist and politician, 17th Indonesian Minister of Finance (d. 2020) births
  1. J. B. Sumarlin
    
    Johannes Baptista Sumarlin was an Indonesian economist who served as Minister of Finance. Sometimes linked with the so-called Berkeley Mafia group of economic advisers which included senior Indonesian economists such as Widjojo Nitisastro, Emil Salim and Ali Wardhana, Sumarlin held various important economics posts in the Indonesian government for many years until the late 1990s. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia (FEUI) in 1958. Positions held in government included, among others, Chairman of Supreme Audit Agency, Minister of Finance, Chairman of the National Planning Agency (Bappenas), and Minister for Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform.
  2. List of Ministers of Finance (Indonesia)
    
    The Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia is the head of the Indonesian Ministry of Finance. The minister is tasked with organizing government affairs in the field of state finances to assist the President in administering state government.
5. Bobby Whitton, Australian rugby league player (d. 2008) births
  1. Bobby Whitton
    
    Bobby Whitton (1932-2008) was an Australian rugby league player who played in the 1950s.
1931
1. Allan B. Calhamer, American game designer, created Diplomacy (d. 2013) births
  1. Allan B. Calhamer
    
    Allan Brian Calhamer was an American board game designer, known for his game Diplomacy.
  2. Diplomacy (game)
    
    Diplomacy is an American strategic board game created by Allan B. Calhamer in 1954 and released commercially in the United States in 1959. Its main distinctions from most board wargames are its negotiation phases and the absence of dice and other game elements that produce random effects. Set in Europe in the years leading to the Great War, Diplomacy is played by two to seven players, each controlling the armed forces of a major European power. Each player aims to move their few starting units and defeat those of others to win possession of a majority of strategic cities and provinces marked as "supply centers" on the map; these supply centers allow players who control them to produce more units. Following each round of player negotiations, each player can issue attack and support orders, which are then executed during the movement phase. A player takes control of a province when the number of provinces that are given orders to support the attacking province exceeds the number of provinces given orders to support the defending province.
2. Bobby Osborne, American bluegrass singer and musician births
  1. Bobby Osborne
    
    Bobby Osborne is an American bluegrass musician. He is the co-founder of the Osborne Brothers and a member of the Grand Ole Opry and the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame. He also teaches at the Kentucky School of Bluegrass and Traditional Music in Hyden, Kentucky.
1930
1. Christopher Nicole, Guyanese-English author births
  1. Christopher Nicole
    
    Christopher Robin Nicole is a prolific British writer of over 200 novels and non-fiction books since 1957. He has written as Christopher Nicole and also under several pseudonyms including Peter Grange, Andrew York, Robin Cade, Mark Logan, Christina Nicholson, Alison York, Leslie Arlen, Robin Nicholson, C.R. Nicholson, Daniel Adams, Simon McKay, Caroline Gray and Alan Savage. He also wrote under the pen name Max Marlow when co-authoring with his wife, fellow author Diana Bachmann.
2. Hal Smith, American baseball player (d. 2020) births
  1. Hal W. Smith
    
    Harold Wayne Smith was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 879 games in Major League Baseball from 1955 to 1964 — mostly as a catcher, but also as a third baseman and first baseman. Smith played with five different MLB teams but is most notable for his integral role during the 1960 World Series as a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates.
1928
1. Noam Chomsky, American linguist and philosopher births
  1. Noam Chomsky
    
    Avram Noam Chomsky is an American public intellectual: a linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is a Laureate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Arizona and an Institute Professor Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and is the author of more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, politics, and mass media. Ideologically, he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism.
2. Mickey Thompson, American race car driver (d. 1988) births
  1. Mickey Thompson
    
    Michael Lee "Mickey" Thompson was an American auto racing builder and promoter.
1927
1. Jack S. Blanton, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013) births
  1. Jack S. Blanton
    
    Jack Sawtelle Blanton was an American oil industry executive, philanthropist, and civic leader.
2. Helen Watts, Welsh opera singer (d. 2009) births
  1. Helen Watts
    
    Helen Watts was a Welsh contralto.
1926
1. William John McNaughton, American bishop (d. 2020) births
  1. William John McNaughton
    
    William John McNaughton, M.M. was an American-born Catholic missionary and bishop. As a member of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (Maryknoll) he was assigned to missions in South Korea. He served as the first Bishop of Incheon from 1961 to 2002.
1925
1. Hermano da Silva Ramos, French-Brazilian race car driver births
  1. Hermano da Silva Ramos
    
    Hermano João "Nano" da Silva Ramos is a French-Brazilian former racing driver. He had a French mother and a Brazilian father.
1924
1. John Love, Zimbabwean race car driver (d. 2005) births
  1. John Love (racing driver)
    
    John Maxwell Lineham Love was a Rhodesian racing driver. He participated in 10 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 29 December 1962. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of six championship points. He also won the 1962 British Saloon Car Championship, now known as the British Touring Car Championship All but one of his Formula One entries were in races held within Africa, either as championship or non-championship rounds.
2. Mary Ellen Estill. American mathematician (d. 2013) births
  1. Mary Ellen Rudin
    
    Mary Ellen Rudin was an American mathematician known for her work in set-theoretic topology. In 2013, Elsevier established the Mary Ellen Rudin Young Researcher Award, which is awarded annually to a young researcher, mainly in fields adjacent to general topology.
3. Mário Soares, Portuguese historian, lawyer, and politician, 17th President of Portugal (d. 2017) births
  1. Mário Soares
    
    Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, GColTE, GCC, GColL was a Portuguese politician, who served as prime minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as the 17th president of Portugal from 1986 to 1996. He was the first secretary-general of the Socialist Party, from its foundation in 1973 to 1986. A major political figure in Portugal, he is considered the father of Portuguese democracy.
  2. President of Portugal
    
    The president of Portugal, officially the president of the Portuguese Republic, is the head of state and highest office of Portugal.
4. Bent Fabric, Danish pianist and composer (d. 2020) births
  1. Bent Fabric
    
    Bent Fabricius-Bjerre, better known internationally as Bent Fabric, was a Danish pianist and composer.
1923
1. Intizar Hussain, Indian-Pakistani author and scholar (d. 2016) births
  1. Intizar Hussain
    
    Intizar Hussain was a Pakistani writer of Urdu novels, short stories, poetry and nonfiction. He is widely recognised as a leading literary figure of Pakistan. He was among the finalists of the Man Booker Prize in 2013. As someone born in Indian Subcontinent who later migrated to Pakistan during 1947 Partition, a perennial theme in Hussain's works deals with the nostalgia linked with his life in pre-partition era.
2. Ted Knight, American actor and comedian (d. 1986) births
  1. Ted Knight
    
    Ted Knight was an American actor well known for playing the comedic roles of Ted Baxter in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Henry Rush in Too Close for Comfort, and Judge Elihu Smails in Caddyshack.
1921
1. Pramukh Swami Maharaj, Indian guru and scholar (d. 2016) births
  1. Pramukh Swami Maharaj
    
    Pramukh Swami Maharaj was the guru and Pramukh, or president, of the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS), a major branch of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, a Hindu denomination. BAPS regards him as the fifth spiritual successor of Swaminarayan, following Gunatitanand Swami, Bhagatji Maharaj, Shastriji Maharaj, and Yogiji Maharaj. He was believed by his followers to be in constant communion with Swaminarayan, and ontologically, the manifestation of Akshar, the eternal abode of Swaminarayan.
1920
1. Tatamkhulu Afrika, South African poet and author (d. 2002) births
  1. Tatamkhulu Afrika
    
    Ismail Joubert, commonly known as Tatamkhulu Afrika, which is Xhosa for Grandfather Africa, was a South African poet and writer. His first novel, Broken Earth was published when he was seventeen, but it was over fifty years until his next publication, a collection of verse entitled Nine Lives.
2. Fiorenzo Magni, Italian cyclist (d. 2012) births
  1. Fiorenzo Magni
    
    Fiorenzo Magni was an Italian professional road racing cyclist.
3. Walter Nowotny, Austrian-German soldier and pilot (d. 1944) births
  1. Walter Nowotny
    
    Walter Nowotny was an Austrian-born fighter ace of the Luftwaffe in World War II. He is credited with 258 aerial victories—that is, 258 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—in 442 combat missions. Nowotny achieved 255 of these victories on the Eastern Front and three while flying one of the first jet fighters, the Messerschmitt Me 262, in the Defense of the Reich. He scored most of his victories in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, and approximately 50 in the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Nowotny scored an "ace in a day" on multiple occasions, shooting down at least five airplanes on the same day, including two occurrences of "double-ace in a day" in mid-1943.
1918
1. Frank Wilson, English-Australian politician, 9th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1859) deaths
  1. Frank Wilson (politician)
    
    Frank Wilson, was the ninth Premier of Western Australia, serving on two separate occasions – from 1910 to 1911 and then again from 1916 to 1917.
  2. Premier of Western Australia
    
    The premier of Western Australia is the head of government of the state of Western Australia. The role of premier at a state level is similar to the role of the prime minister of Australia at a federal level. The premier leads the executive branch of the Government of Western Australia and is accountable to the Parliament of Western Australia. The premier is appointed by the governor of Western Australia. By convention, the governor appoints as premier whoever has the support of the majority of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. In practice, this means that the premier is the leader of the political party or group of parties with a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. Since Western Australia achieved self-governance in 1890, there have been 31 premiers. Mark McGowan is the current premier, having been appointed to the position on 17 March 2017.
1917
1. Ludwig Minkus, Austrian violinist and composer (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Ludwig Minkus
    
    Ludwig Minkus, also known as Léon Fyodorovich Minkus, was a Jewish-Austrian composer of ballet music, a violin virtuoso and teacher.
1915
1. Leigh Brackett, American author and screenwriter (d. 1978) births
  1. Leigh Brackett
    
    Leigh Douglass Brackett was an American science fiction writer known as "the Queen of Space Opera." She was also a screenwriter, known for The Big Sleep (1946), Rio Bravo (1959), and The Long Goodbye (1973). She also worked on an early draft of The Empire Strikes Back (1980), elements of which remained in the film; she died before it went into production. In 1956, her book The Long Tomorrow made her the first woman ever shortlisted for the Hugo Award for Best Novel, and, along with C. L. Moore, one of the first two women ever nominated for a Hugo Award. In 2020, she won a Retro Hugo for her novel The Nemesis From Terra, originally published as "Shadow Over Mars".
2. Eli Wallach, American actor (d. 2014) births
  1. Eli Wallach
    
    Eli Herschel Wallach was an American film, television, and stage actor from New York City. From his 1945 Broadway debut to his last film appearance, Wallach's entertainment career spanned 69 years. Originally trained in stage acting, he became "one of the greatest character actors ever to appear on stage and screen" and ultimately garnered over 90 film credits. He and his wife Anne Jackson often appeared together on stage, eventually becoming a notable acting couple in American theater.
1913
1. Kersti Merilaas, Estonian author and poet (d. 1986) births
  1. Kersti Merilaas
    
    Kersti Merilaas was an Estonian poet and translator. In addition, she wrote poems and prose for children and plays.
2. Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian cardinal (b. 1828) deaths
  1. Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano
    
    Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano was a cardinal of the Catholic Church in the late nineteenth century. He was Bishop of Ostia e Velletri and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 1896 until his death.
1912
1. Daniel Jones, Welsh captain and composer (d. 1993) births
  1. Daniel Jones (composer)
    
    Daniel Jenkyn Jones was a Welsh composer of classical music, who worked in Britain. He used both serial and tonal techniques. He is best known for his quartets and thirteen symphonies and for his song settings for Dylan Thomas's play, Under Milk Wood.
1910
1. Duncan McNaughton, Canadian high jumper and geologist (d. 1998) births
  1. Duncan McNaughton
    
    Duncan Anderson McNaughton was a Canadian athlete, who competed mainly in the high jump. He went on to a career in petroleum geology.
2. Louis Prima, American singer-songwriter, trumpet player, and actor (d. 1978) births
  1. Louis Prima
    
    Louis Leo Prima was an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, and trumpeter. While rooted in New Orleans jazz, swing music, and jump blues, Prima touched on various genres throughout his career: he formed a seven-piece New Orleans-style jazz band in the late 1920s, fronted a swing combo in the 1930s and a big band group in the 1940s, helped to popularize jump blues in the late 1940s and early to mid 1950s, and performed frequently as a Vegas lounge act beginning in the 1950s.
1909
1. Nikola Vaptsarov, Bulgarian poet and author (d. 1942) births
  1. Nikola Vaptsarov
    
    Nikola Yonkov Vaptsarov was a Bulgarian poet, communist and revolutionary. Working most of his life as a machinist, he only wrote in his spare time. Despite the fact that he only ever published one poetry book, he is considered one of the most important Bulgarian poets. Because of his underground communist activity against the government of Boris III and the German troops in Bulgaria, Vaptsarov was arrested, tried, sentenced and executed the same night by a firing squad.
1907
1. Fred Rose, Polish-Canadian politician and spy (d. 1983) births
  1. Fred Rose (politician)
    
    Fred Rose was a Polish-Canadian politician and trade union organizer, best known for being the only member of the Canadian Parliament to ever be convicted of a charge related to spying for a foreign country. A member of the Communist Party of Canada and Labor-Progressive Party, he served as the MP for Cartier from 1943 to 1947. He was ousted from his seat after being found guilty of conspiring to steal weapons research for the Soviet Union.
1906
1. Élie Ducommun, Swiss journalist and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833) deaths
  1. Élie Ducommun
    
    Élie Ducommun was a Swiss peace activist. He was a Nobel laureate, awarded the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize, which he shared with Charles Albert Gobat.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1905
1. Gerard Kuiper, Dutch-American astronomer and academic (d. 1973) births
  1. Gerard Kuiper
    
    Gerard Peter Kuiper was a Dutch astronomer, planetary scientist, selenographer, author and professor. He is the eponymous namesake of the Kuiper belt.
1904
1. Clarence Nash, American voice actor and singer (d. 1985) births
  1. Clarence Nash
    
    Clarence Charles "Ducky" Nash was an American voice actor. He was best known as the original voice of the Disney cartoon character Donald Duck. He was born in the rural community of Watonga, Oklahoma, and a street in that town is named in his honor. In 1993, he was posthumously made a Disney Legend for his contributions to Walt Disney films.
1903
1. Danilo Blanuša, Croatian mathematician, physicist, and academic (d. 1987) births
  1. Danilo Blanuša
    
    Danilo Blanuša was a Croatian Serb mathematician, physicist, engineer and a professor at the University of Zagreb.
1902
1. Hilda Taba, Estonian architect, author, and educator (d. 1967) births
  1. Hilda Taba
    
    Hilda Taba was an architect, a curriculum theorist, a curriculum reformer, and a teacher educator. Taba was born in the small village of Kooraste, Estonia. Her mother's name was Liisa Leht, and her father was a schoolmaster whose name was Robert Taba. Hilda Taba began her education at the Kanepi Parish School. She then attended the Võru’s Girls’ Grammar School and earned her undergraduate degree in English and Philosophy at the University of Tartu. When Taba was given the opportunity to attend Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, she earned her master's degree. Following the completion of her degree at Bryn Mawr College, she attended Teachers College at Columbia University. She applied for a job at the University of Tartu but was turned down because she was female, so she became curriculum director at the Dalton School in New York City. In 1951, Taba accepted an invitation to become a professor at San Francisco State College, now known as San Francisco State University.
2. Thomas Nast, German-American cartoonist (b. 1840) deaths
  1. Thomas Nast
    
    Thomas Nast was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist often considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon".
1900
1. Kateryna Vasylivna Bilokur, Ukrainian folk artist (d. 1961) births
  1. Kateryna Bilokur
    
    Kateryna Vasylivna Bilokur was a Ukrainian folk artist born in the Poltava Governorate. Her birth date is unknown but 7 December is used as her official birthday. After an unpromising start, her works became known in the late 1930s and 1940s for their interest in nature. She was named People's Artist of Ukraine. It was said that Pablo Picasso saw her work exhibited in Paris and commented, "If we had an artist of this level, we would make the whole world talk about her."
1899
1. Juan Luna, Filipino painter and sculptor (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Juan Luna
    
    Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized Philippine artists.
1894
1. Freddie Adkins, English author and illustrator (d. 1986) births
  1. Freddie Adkins
    
    Frederick Thomas (Freddie) Adkins was a British comics artist who worked for the Amalgamated Press from the 1920s to the 1950s.
2. Ferdinand de Lesseps, French businessman and diplomat, co-developed the Suez Canal (b. 1805) deaths
  1. Ferdinand de Lesseps
    
    Ferdinand Marie, Comte de Lesseps was a French diplomat and later developer of the Suez Canal, which in 1869 joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas, substantially reducing sailing distances and times between Europe and East Asia.
  2. Suez Canal
    
    The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long canal is a popular trade route between Europe and Asia.
1893
1. Fay Bainter, American actress (d. 1968) births
  1. Fay Bainter
    
    Fay Okell Bainter was an American film and stage actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Jezebel (1938) and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2. Hermann Balck, German general (d. 1982) births
  1. Hermann Balck
    
    Georg Otto Hermann Balck was a highly decorated officer of the German Army who served in both World War I and World War II, rising to the rank of General der Panzertruppe.
1892
1. Stuart Davis, American painter and academic (d. 1964) births
  1. Stuart Davis (painter)
    
    Stuart Davis, was an early American modernist painter. He was well known for his jazz-influenced, proto-pop art paintings of the 1940s and 1950s, bold, brash, and colorful, as well as his Ashcan School pictures in the early years of the 20th century. With the belief that his work could influence the sociopolitical environment of America, Davis' political message was apparent in all of his pieces from the most abstract to the clearest. Contrary to most modernist artists, Davis was aware of his political objectives and allegiances and did not waver in loyalty via artwork during the course of his career. By the 1930s, Davis was already a famous American painter, but that did not save him from feeling the negative effects of the Great Depression, which led to his being one of the first artists to apply for the Federal Art Project. Under the project, Davis created some seemingly Marxist works; however, he was too independent to fully support Marxist ideals and philosophies.
1891
1. Arthur Blyth, English-Australian politician, 9th Premier of South Australia (b. 1823) deaths
  1. Arthur Blyth
    
    Sir Arthur Blyth was Premier of South Australia three times; 1864–65, 1871–72 and 1873–75.
  2. Premier of South Australia
    
    The premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the Governor of South Australia, and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the House of Assembly.
1888
1. Joyce Cary, Irish novelist (d. 1957) births
  1. Joyce Cary
    
    Arthur Joyce Lunel Cary was an Anglo-Irish novelist and colonial official.
2. Hamilton Fish III, American captain and politician (d. 1991) births
  1. Hamilton Fish III
    
    Hamilton Fish III was an American soldier and politician from New York State. Born into a family long active in the state, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1920 to 1945 and during that time was a prominent opponent of United States intervention in foreign affairs and was a critic of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. When Fish celebrated his 102nd birthday in 1990, he was the oldest living American who had served in Congress.
1887
1. Ernst Toch, Austrian-American composer and songwriter (d. 1964) births
  1. Ernst Toch
    
    Ernst Toch was an Austrian composer of classical music and film scores. He sought throughout his life to introduce new approaches to music.
1885
1. Mason Phelps, American golfer (d. 1945) births
  1. Mason Phelps
    
    Mason Elliott Phelps was an American golfer who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. In 1904, Phelps was part of the American team which won the gold medal. He finished 15th in this competition. In the individual competition, he finished sixth in the qualification and was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the match play.
2. Peter Sturholdt, American boxer and painter (d. 1919) births
  1. Peter Sturholdt
    
    Peter Johnson Sturholdt was an American boxer who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. Sturholdt was born in Red Wing, Minnesota. In 1904, he finished fourth in the lightweight class after losing the bronze medal fight to Russell van Horn.
1884
1. John Carpenter, American sprinter (d. 1933) births
  1. John Carpenter (athlete)
    
    John Condict Carpenter was an American sprinter. He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, contributing to one of the many sporting controversies of the 1908 Games.
1879
1. Rudolf Friml, Czech-American pianist, composer, and academic (d. 1972) births
  1. Rudolf Friml
    
    Charles Rudolf Friml was a Czech-born composer of operettas, musicals, songs and piano pieces, as well as a pianist. After musical training and a brief performing career in his native Prague, Friml moved to the United States, where he became a composer. His best-known works are Rose-Marie and The Vagabond King, each of which enjoyed success on Broadway and in London and were adapted for film.
2. Jón Sigurðsson, Icelandic scholar and politician, 1st Speaker of the Parliament of Iceland (b. 1811) deaths
  1. Jón Sigurðsson
    
    Jón Sigurðsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement.
  2. List of speakers of the Parliament of Iceland
    
    This is a list of speakers of the Althing, the Icelandic parliament.
1878
1. Akiko Yosano, Japanese author, poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist, and social reformer (d. 1942) births
  1. Yosano Akiko
    
    Yosano Akiko was the pen-name of a Japanese author, poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist, and social reformer, active in the late Meiji period as well as the Taishō and early Shōwa periods of Japan. Her name at birth was Shō Hō . She is one of the most noted, and most controversial, post-classical woman poets of Japan.
1874
1. Constantin von Tischendorf, German theologian, scholar, and academic (b. 1815) deaths
  1. Constantin von Tischendorf
    
    Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (von) Tischendorf was a German biblical scholar. In 1844, he discovered the world's oldest and most complete Bible dated to around the mid-4th century and called Codex Sinaiticus after Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai, where Tischendorf discovered it.
1873
1. Willa Cather, American novelist, short story writer, and poet (d. 1947) births
  1. Willa Cather
    
    Willa Sibert Cather was an American writer known for her novels of life on the Great Plains, including O Pioneers!, The Song of the Lark, and My Ántonia. In 1923, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, a novel set during World War I.
1869
1. Frank Laver, Australian cricketer (d. 1919) births
  1. Frank Laver
    
    Frank Jonas Laver was an Australian cricketer and baseball player. He played in 15 Test matches between 1899 and 1909 and visited England as a player and team manager on four occasions. An accomplished photographer and author, he wrote an illustrated account of his 1899 and 1905 tours of England, An Australian Cricketer on Tour.
1863
1. Felix Calonder, Swiss soldier and politician, 36th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1952) births
  1. Felix Calonder
    
    Felix Louis Calonder was a Swiss politician, member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1913 to 1920, and President of the Confederation in 1918. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party. During his tenure of office, he held the Department of Home Affairs from 1913 to 1917, and the Political Department from 1918 to 1919. As of 2022, Felix Calonder has been the Federal Council's only native Romansh speaker.
  2. List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation
    
    Below is a list of presidents of the Swiss Confederation (1848–present). It presents the presiding member of the Swiss Federal Council, the country's seven-member executive.
2. Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer and conductor (d. 1945) births
  1. Pietro Mascagni
    
    Pietro Mascagni was an Italian composer primarily known for his operas. His 1890 masterpiece Cavalleria rusticana caused one of the greatest sensations in opera history and single-handedly ushered in the Verismo movement in Italian dramatic music. While it was often held that Mascagni, like Ruggero Leoncavallo, was a "one-opera man" who could never repeat his first success, L'amico Fritz and Iris have remained in the repertoire in Europe since their premieres.
3. Richard Warren Sears, American businessman, co-founded Sears (d. 1914) births
  1. Richard Warren Sears
    
    Richard Warren Sears was an American manager, businessman and the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Alvah Curtis Roebuck.
  2. Sears
    
    Sears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck and reincorporated in 1906 by Richard Sears and Julius Rosenwald, with what began as a mail ordering catalog company migrating to opening retail locations in 1925, the first in Chicago. In 2005, the company was bought by the management of the American big box discount chain Kmart, which upon completion of the merger, formed Sears Holdings. Through the 1980s, Sears was the largest retailer in the United States. In 2018, it was the 31st-largest. After several years of declining sales, Sears's parent company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on October 15, 2018. It announced on January 16, 2019, that it had won its bankruptcy auction, and that a reduced number of 425 stores would remain open, including 223 Sears stores.
1862
1. Paul Adam, French author (d. 1920) births
  1. Paul Adam (French novelist)
    
    Paul Auguste Marie Adam was a French novelist who became an early proponent of Symbolism in France, and one of the founders of the Symbolist review Le Symboliste.
1861
1. Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general during World War I (d. 1931) births
  1. Henri Mathias Berthelot
    
    Henri Mathias Berthelot was a French general during World War I. He held an important staff position under Joseph Joffre, the French commander-in-chief, at the First Battle of the Marne, before later commanding a corps in the front line. In 1917 he helped to rebuild the Romanian Army following its disastrous defeat the previous autumn, then in summer 1918 he commanded French Fifth Army at the Second Battle of the Marne, with some British and Italian troops under his command. In the final days of the war he again returned to Romania, helping fight the Hungarians during the Hungarian–Romanian War and then briefly commanded French intervention forces in southern Russia in the Russian Civil War, fighting the Russian Bolsheviks in Bessarabia (1918).
1860
1. Joseph Cook, English-born Australian politician, 6th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947) births
  1. Joseph Cook
    
    Sir Joseph Cook, was an Australian politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Australia, in office from 1913 to 1914. He was the leader of the Liberal Party from 1913 to 1917, after earlier serving as the leader of the Anti-Socialist Party from 1908 to 1909.
  2. Prime Minister of Australia
    
    The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who became prime minister on 23 May 2022.
1842
1. Thomas Hamilton, Scottish philosopher and author (b. 1789) deaths
  1. Thomas Hamilton (writer)
    
    Thomas Hamilton was a Scottish soldier and author.
1838
1. Thomas Bent, Australian businessman and politician, 22nd Premier of Victoria (d. 1909) births
  1. Thomas Bent
    
    Sir Thomas Bent was an Australian politician and the 22nd Premier of Victoria.
  2. Premier of Victoria
    
    The premier of Victoria is the head of government in the Australian state of Victoria. The premier is appointed by the governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly.
1837
1. Robert Nicoll, Scottish poet (b.1814) deaths
  1. Robert Nicoll
    
    Robert Nicoll was a Scottish poet and lyricist whose life, although short, left a lasting impact.
1823
1. Leopold Kronecker, Polish-German mathematician and academic (d. 1891) births
  1. Leopold Kronecker
    
    Leopold Kronecker was a German mathematician who worked on number theory, algebra and logic. He criticized Georg Cantor's work on set theory, and was quoted by Weber (1893) as having said, "Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk". Kronecker was a student and lifelong friend of Ernst Kummer.
1817
1. William Bligh, English admiral and politician, 4th Governor of New South Wales (b. 1745) deaths
  1. William Bligh
    
    Vice-Admiral William Bligh was an officer of the Royal Navy and a colonial administrator. The mutiny on the HMS Bounty occurred in 1789 when the ship was under his command; after being set adrift in Bounty's launch by the mutineers, Bligh and his loyal men all reached Timor alive, after a journey of 3,618 nautical miles. Bligh's logbooks documenting the mutiny were inscribed on the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World register on 26 February 2021.
  2. Governor of New South Wales
    
    The governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, King Charles III, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the governor-general of Australia at the national level, the governors of the Australian states perform constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level. The governor is appointed by the king on the advice of the premier of New South Wales, and serves in office for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At His Majesty's pleasure—though five years is the general standard of office term. The current governor is retired jurist Margaret Beazley, who succeeded David Hurley on 2 May 2019.
1815
1. Michel Ney, German-French general (b. 1769) deaths
  1. Michel Ney
    
    Michel Ney, 1st Duke of Elchingen, 1st Prince of the Moskva, was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original 18 Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon I.
1810
1. Josef Hyrtl, Hungarian-Austrian anatomist and biologist (d. 1894) births
  1. Josef Hyrtl
    
    Josef Hyrtl was an Austrian anatomist.
2. Theodor Schwann, German physiologist and biologist (d. 1882) births
  1. Theodor Schwann
    
    Theodor Schwann was a German physician and physiologist. His most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Other contributions include the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term "metabolism".
1803
1. Küçük Hüseyin Pasha, Turkish admiral and politician (b. 1757) deaths
  1. Küçük Hüseyin Pasha
    
    Küçük Hüseyin Pasha, also known as Tayazade Damat Küçük Hüseyin Pasha, was an Ottoman statesman and admiral who was Kapudan Pasha from 11 March 1792 to 7 December 1803. He was a damat ("bridegroom") to the Ottoman dynasty after he married an Ottoman princess, Esma Sultan.
1801
1. Johann Nestroy, Austrian actor and playwright (d. 1862) births
  1. Johann Nestroy
    
    Johann Nepomuk Eduard Ambrosius Nestroy was a singer, actor and playwright in the popular Austrian tradition of the Biedermeier period and its immediate aftermath. He participated in the 1848 revolutions and his work reflects the new liberal spirit then spreading throughout Europe.
1793
1. Joseph Bara, French soldier and drummer (b. 1779) deaths
  1. Joseph Bara
    
    François Joseph Bara, also written Barra, was a young French republican drummer boy at the time of the Revolution, and is known for his death and martyrdom at only 13 years old at the hands of pro-Monarchist forces at Vendée.
1792
1. Abraham Jacob van der Aa, Dutch author and academic (d. 1857) births
  1. Abraham Jacob van der Aa
    
    Abraham Jacob van der Aa was a Dutch writer best known for his dictionaries, one of notable people and the other of notable places in the Netherlands.
1791
1. Ferenc Novák, Hungarian-Slovene priest and poet (d. 1836) births
  1. Ferenc Novák (writer)
    
    Ferenc Novák was a Hungarian Slovene Roman Catholic priest and writer.
1784
1. Allan Cunningham, Scottish author and poet (d. 1842) births
  1. Allan Cunningham (author)
    
    Allan Cunningham was a Scottish poet and author.
1775
1. Charles Saunders, English admiral and politician (b. 1715) deaths
  1. Charles Saunders (Royal Navy officer)
    
    Admiral Sir Charles Saunders was a Royal Navy officer. He commanded the fourth-rate HMS Gloucester and led her in action at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession. After serving as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, English Channel in charge of the Western Squadron between October 1758 and May 1759). He took command of the fleet tasked with carrying James Wolfe to Quebec in January 1759 and consolidated the dead general's victory after the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in September 1759 by devoting great energy to keeping the British Army, now under the command of Colonel George Townshend, well supplied during the Seven Years' War. He later became Senior Naval Lord and then First Lord of the Admiralty.
1772
1. Martín Sarmiento, Spanish monk, scholar, and author (b. 1695) deaths
  1. Martín Sarmiento
    
    Martín Sarmiento or Martiño Sarmiento, also Father Sarmiento was a Spanish scholar, writer and Benedictine monk, illustrious representative of the Enlightenment.
1764
1. Claude Victor-Perrin, French general and politician (d. 1841) births
  1. Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Bellune
    
    Claude-Victor Perrin, 1st Duke of Belluno was a French soldier and military commander who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire in 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I.
1725
1. Florent Carton Dancourt, French actor and playwright (b. 1661) deaths
  1. Florent Carton (Dancourt)
    
    Florent Carton aka Dancourt, French dramatist and actor, was born at Fontainebleau. He belonged to a family of rank, and his parents entrusted his education to Pere de la Rue, a Jesuit, who made earnest efforts to induce him to join the order. But he had no religious vocation and proceeded to study law.
1723
1. Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect, designed the Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk and Karlova Koruna Chateau (b. 1677) deaths
  1. Jan Santini Aichel
    
    Jan Blažej Santini Aichel was a Czech architect of Italian descent, whose major works represent the unique Baroque Gothic style - the special combination of the Baroque and Gothic styles.
  2. Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk
    
    The Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk at Zelená hora is a religious building at the edge of Žďár nad Sázavou, Czech Republic, near the historical border between Moravia and Bohemia. It is the final work of Jan Santini Aichel, a Bohemian architect who combined the Borrominiesque Baroque with references to Gothic elements in both construction and decoration.
  3. Karlova Koruna Chateau
    
    Karlova Koruna is a château in the town of Chlumec nad Cidlinou in the Czech Republic.
1683
1. Algernon Sidney, English philosopher and politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1623) deaths
  1. Algernon Sidney
    
    Algernon Sidney or Sydney was an English politician, republican political theorist and colonel. A member of the middle part of the Long Parliament and commissioner of the trial of King Charles I of England, he opposed the king's execution. Sidney was later charged with plotting against Charles II, in part based on his most famous work, Discourses Concerning Government, which was used by the prosecution as a witness at his trial. He was executed for treason. After his death, Sidney was revered as a "Whig patriot—hero and martyr".
  2. Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
    
    The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is a ceremonial official in the United Kingdom. The post dates from at least the 12th century, when the title was Keeper of the Coast, but may be older. The Lord Warden was originally in charge of the Cinque Ports, a group of five port towns on the southeast coast of England that was formed to collectively supply ships for The Crown in the absence at the time of a formal navy. Today the role is a sinecure and an honorary title, and fourteen towns belong to the Cinque Ports confederation. The title is one of the higher honours bestowed by the Sovereign; it has often been held by members of the Royal Family or prime ministers, especially those who have been influential in defending Britain at times of war.
1680
1. Peter Lely, Dutch-English painter (b. 1618) deaths
  1. Peter Lely
    
    Sir Peter Lely was a painter of Dutch origin whose career was nearly all spent in England, where he became the dominant portrait painter to the court.
1672
1. Richard Bellingham, English-American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1592) deaths
  1. Richard Bellingham
    
    Richard Bellingham was a colonial magistrate, lawyer, and several-time governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the last surviving signatory of the colonial charter at his death. A wealthy lawyer in Lincolnshire prior to his departure for the New World in 1634, he was a liberal political opponent of the moderate John Winthrop, arguing for expansive views on suffrage and lawmaking, but also religiously somewhat conservative, opposing the efforts of Quakers and Baptists to settle in the colony. He was one of the architects of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties, a document embodying many sentiments also found in the United States Bill of Rights.
  2. List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
    
    The territory of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other New England states or of the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
1649
1. Charles Garnier, French missionary and saint (b. 1606) deaths
  1. Charles Garnier (missionary)
    
    Charles Garnier, S.J., was a Jesuit missionary working in New France. He was killed by Iroquois in a Petun village on December 7, 1649.
1643
1. Giovanni Battista Falda, Italian architect and engraver (d. 1678) births
  1. Giovanni Battista Falda
    
    Giovanni Battista Falda was an Italian architect, engraver and artist. He is known for his engravings of both contemporary and antique structures of Rome.
1637
1. Bernardo Pasquini, Italian organist and composer (d. 1710) births
  1. Bernardo Pasquini
    
    Bernardo Pasquini was an Italian composer of operas, oratorios, cantatas and keyboard music. A renowned virtuoso keyboard player in his day, he was one of the most important Italian composers for harpsichord between Girolamo Frescobaldi and Domenico Scarlatti, having also made substantial contributions to the opera and oratorio.
1598
1. Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor and painter (d. 1680) births
  1. Gian Lorenzo Bernini
    
    Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture. As one scholar has commented, "What Shakespeare is to drama, Bernini may be to sculpture: the first pan-European sculptor whose name is instantaneously identifiable with a particular manner and vision, and whose influence was inordinately powerful ..." In addition, he was a painter and a man of the theater: he wrote, directed and acted in plays, for which he designed stage sets and theatrical machinery. He produced designs as well for a wide variety of decorative art objects including lamps, tables, mirrors, and even coaches.
1595
1. Injo of Joseon, Korean king (d. 1649) births
  1. Injo of Joseon
    
    Injo of Joseon, born Yi Jong, was the sixteenth ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was the grandson of King Seonjo and son of Prince Jeongwon. He was the king during the Later Jin invasion of Joseon, in which Later Jin withdrew the armies after their demands were met. However, in the subsequent Qing invasion, King Injo surrendered in 1636, agreeing to the subjugating terms outlined by the Qing.
1562
1. Adrian Willaert, Dutch-Italian composer and educator (b. 1490) deaths
  1. Adrian Willaert
    
    Adrian Willaert was a Flemish composer of High Renaissance music. Mainly active in Italy, he was the founder of the Venetian School. He was one of the most representative members of the generation of northern composers who moved to Italy and transplanted the polyphonic Franco-Flemish style there.
1561
1. Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese daimyō (d. 1625) births
  1. Kikkawa Hiroie
    
    Kikkawa Hiroie was a Japanese daimyō of the Azuchi–Momoyama period through early Edo period. Hiroie's father was Kikkawa Motoharu and his mother was a daughter of Kumagai Nobunao.
1545
1. Henry Stuart, English-Scottish husband of Mary, Queen of Scots (d. 1567) births
  1. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
    
    Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, was an English nobleman who was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI of Scotland and I of England. Through his parents, he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones, and from his marriage in 1565 he was king consort of Scotland. Less than a year after the birth of his son, Darnley was murdered at Kirk o' Field in 1567. Many contemporary narratives describing his life and death refer to him as simply Lord Darnley, his title as heir apparent to the Earldom of Lennox.
  2. Mary, Queen of Scots
    
    Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567.
1532
1. Louis I, German nobleman and politician (d. 1605) births
  1. Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein
    
    Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein, nicknamed "the Elder", formally "Louis I of Sayn, Count at Wittgenstein" ruled the County of Wittgenstein, on the upper reaches of the rivers Lahn and Eder, from 1558 until his death. He converted his county to Calvinism and was an influential politician in the service to the Electoral Palatinate.
1498
1. Alexander Hegius von Heek, German poet (b. 1433) deaths
  1. Alexander Hegius von Heek
    
    Alexander Hegius von Heek was a German humanist, so called from his birthplace Heek.
1383
1. Wenceslaus I, duke of Luxembourg (b. 1337) deaths
  1. Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg
    
    Wenceslaus I was the first Duke of Luxembourg from 1354. He was the son of John the Blind, King of Bohemia, and Beatrice of Bourbon.
1302
1. Azzone Visconti, Italian nobleman (d. 1339) births
  1. Azzone Visconti
    
    Azzone Visconti was lord of Milan from 1329 until his death. After the death of his uncle, Marco Visconti, he was threatened with excommunication and had to submit to Pope John XXII. Azzone reconstituted his family's land holdings, taking numerous cities. He died in 1339.
1295
1. Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, English officer (b. 1243) deaths
  1. Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
    
    Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester was a powerful English noble. He was also known as "Red" Gilbert de Clare or "The Red Earl", probably because of his hair colour or fiery temper in battle. He held the Lordship of Glamorgan which was one of the most powerful and wealthy of the Welsh Marcher Lordships as well as over 200 English manors.
1279
1. Bolesław V, High Duke of Poland (b. 1226) deaths
  1. Bolesław V the Chaste
    
    Bolesław V the Chaste was Duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland from 1232 and High Duke of Poland from 1243 until his death, as the last male representative of the Lesser Polish branch of Piasts.
1254
1. Innocent IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1195) deaths
  1. Pope Innocent IV
    
    Pope Innocent IV, born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254.
983
1. Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 955) deaths
  1. Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Otto II, called the Red, was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto II was the youngest and sole surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy.
967
1. Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1049) births
  1. Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
    
    Abū Saʿīd Abū'l-Khayr or Abusa'id Abolkhayr, also known as Sheikh Abusaeid or Abu Sa'eed, was a famous Persian Sufi and poet who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition.
903
1. Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, Persian astronomer and author (d. 986) births
  1. Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
    
    ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Sufi was a Persian astronomer also known as ʿAbd ar-Rahman as-Sufi, ʿAbd al-Rahman Abu al-Husayn, ʿAbdul Rahman Sufi, or ʿAbdurrahman Sufi and, historically, in the West as Azophi, Azophi Arabus, and Albuhassin. Al-Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964, which included both textual descriptions and pictures. Al-Biruni reports that his work on the ecliptic was carried out in Shiraz. He lived at the Buyid court in Isfahan.
881
1. Anspert, archbishop of Milan deaths
  1. Anspert
    
    Anspert was archbishop of Milan from 861 to 881.
521
1. Columba, Irish missionary, monk, and saint (d. 597) births
  1. Columba
    
    Columba or Colmcille was an Irish abbot and missionary evangelist credited with spreading Christianity in what is today Scotland at the start of the Hiberno-Scottish mission. He founded the important abbey on Iona, which became a dominant religious and political institution in the region for centuries. He is the patron saint of Derry. He was highly regarded by both the Gaels of Dál Riata and the Picts, and is remembered today as a Catholic saint and one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.
283
1. Eutychian, pope of the Catholic Church deaths
  1. Pope Eutychian
    
    Pope Eutychian, also called Eutychianus, was the bishop of Rome from 4 January 275 to his death on 7 December 283.
-43
1. Cicero, Roman philosopher, lawyer, and politician (b. 106 BC) deaths
  1. Cicero
    
    Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.

Holidays

Armed Forces Flag Day (India)
1. Armed Forces Flag Day
  
  The Armed Forces Flag Day or the Flag Day of India is a day dedicated to honouring the soldiers and veterans of India's armed forces. It has been observed annually in India on December 7 since 1949.
2. India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
Christian feast day: Aemilianus (Greek Church)
1. Saint Aemilianus
  
  Saint Aemilianus lived in the 5th century AD, and is known as a physician, confessor, and martyr. In the reign of the Arian Vandal King Huneric, he became emmired in the Arian persecution in Africa. When he resisted conversion to Arianism, he was put to death by being flayed alive.
2. Greek Orthodox Church
  
  The term Greek Orthodox Church has two meanings. The broader meaning designates "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity, sometimes also called 'Eastern Orthodox,' 'Greek Catholic,' or generally 'the Greek Church'". The narrower meaning designates "any of several independent churches within the worldwide communion of [Eastern] Orthodox Christianity that retain the use of the Greek language in formal ecclesiastical settings".
Christian feast day: Ambrose
1. Ambrose
  
  Ambrose of Milan, venerated as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promoting the Christian faith against Arianism and paganism. He left a substantial collection of writings, of which the best known include the ethical commentary De officiis ministrorum (377–391), and the exegetical Exameron (386–390). His preachings, his actions and his literary works, in addition to his innovative musical hymnography, made him one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.
Christian feast day: Maria Giuseppa Rossello
1. Maria Giuseppa Rossello
  
  Maria Giuseppa Rossello was an Italian religious sister who founded the Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy. She has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Sabinus of Spoleto
1. Sabinus of Spoleto
  
  Saint Sabinus of Spoleto was a bishop in the Christian church who resisted the Diocletianic Persecution and was martyred.
Christian feast day: December 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. December 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  December 6 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - December 8
Eve of the Immaculate Conception-related observances: Day of the Little Candles, begins after sunset (Colombia)
1. Day of the Little Candles
  
  Little Candles Day or Immaculate Conception Eve is a widely observed traditional holiday in Colombia. It is celebrated on December 7 on the eve of the Immaculate Conception, which is a public holiday in Colombia. This day is the unofficial start of the Christmas season in the country, although the official day is the First Advent Sunday.
2. Colombia
  
  Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with an insular region in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Panama to the northwest. Colombia comprises 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), with a population of 50 million. Colombia's cultural heritage reflects influences by various Amerindian civilizations, European settlement, enslaved Africans, as well as immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Spanish is the nation's official language, besides which over 70 languages are spoken.
Flag Base Day (Scientology)
1. Scientology beliefs and practices
  
  The Church of Scientology maintains a wide variety of beliefs and practices. The core belief holds that a human is an immortal, spiritual being (thetan) that is resident in a physical body. The thetan has had innumerable past lives, some of which, preceding the thetan's arrival on Earth, were lived in extraterrestrial cultures. Based on case studies at advanced levels, it is predicted that any Scientologist undergoing auditing will eventually come across and recount a common series of events.
2. Scientology
  
  Scientology is a set of beliefs and practices invented by American author L. Ron Hubbard, and an associated movement. It has been variously defined as a cult, a business, or a new religious movement. The most recent published census data indicate that there were about 25,000 followers in the United States ; around 1,800 followers in England (2021); 1,400 in Canada (2021); and about 1,600 in Australia (2016). Hubbard initially developed a set of ideas that he called Dianetics, which he represented as a form of therapy. This he promoted through various publications, as well as through the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation that he established in 1950. The foundation went bankrupt, and Hubbard lost the rights to his book Dianetics in 1952. He then recharacterized the subject as a religion and renamed it Scientology, retaining the terminology, doctrines, and the practice of "auditing". By 1954 he had regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology.
International Civil Aviation Day
1. International Civil Aviation Day
  
  In 1996 the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed that 7 December was to be the International Civil Aviation Day.
National Heroes Day (East Timor)
1. Culture of East Timor
  
  The culture of East Timor reflects numerous cultural influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic, and Malay, on the indigenous Austronesian cultures in East Timor.
2. East Timor
  
  East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi). Dili is its capital and largest city.
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (United States)
1. National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
  
  National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, also referred to as Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day or Pearl Harbor Day, is observed annually in the United States on December 7, to remember and honor the 2,403 Americans who were killed in the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, which led to the United States declaring war on Japan the next day and thus entering World War II.
2. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the most populous country in North America and the third most populous in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
Spitak Remembrance Day (Armenia)
1. Public holidays in Armenia
  
  The following is a list of public holidays in Armenia.
2. Armenia
  
  Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and the financial center.

Important events in history on December 7 th

Events

Pakistan International Airlines Flight 661

Chitral

Islamabad

ATR 42

Havelian

JAXA

Akatsuki (spacecraft)

Atmosphere of Venus

JAXA

Akatsuki (spacecraft)

Venus

Crane vessel

Tugboat

Oil tanker

2007 South Korea oil spill

Croatian Army

Ante Gotovina

War crime

Croatian War of Independence

Shooting of Rigoberto Alpizar

Federal Air Marshal Service

Miami International Airport

Conservative Party of Canada

Canadian Alliance

Progressive Conservative Party of Canada

Galileo (spacecraft)

Jupiter

Space Shuttle Atlantis

STS-34

Galileo (spacecraft)

Jupiter

Space Shuttle Atlantis

STS-34

Khabarovsk United Air Group Flight 3949

Bo-Dzhausa Mountain

Air Caraïbes

Beechcraft 1900

1995 Air St. Martin Beech 1900 crash

Belle-Anse

1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting

Long Island Rail Road

Garden City, New York

1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting

Long Island Rail Road

Nassau County, New York

Surface-wave magnitude

1988 Armenian earthquake

Spitak

1988 Armenian earthquake

Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale

Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771

British Aerospace 146

Paso Robles, California

Iberia (airline)

Boeing 727

Madrid runway disaster

Aviaco

McDonnell Douglas DC-9

Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport

Texas

Charles Brooks Jr.

Capital punishment

Lethal injection

Senior Road Tower

Indonesian invasion of East Timor

Indonesian occupation of East Timor

Martin Bormann

Ludwig Stumpfegger

Berlin Hauptbahnhof

Trial in absentia

Nuremberg trials

Apollo 17

Apollo program

The Blue Marble

Battle of Sylhet

Pakistan Armed Forces

Mukti Bahini

Pakistan

Important events in history
on December 7 ^th