On This Day /

Important events in history
on April 6 th

Events

  1. 2018

    1. A bus carrying the Humboldt Broncos junior ice hockey team collides with a semi-truck in Saskatchewan, Canada, killing 16 people and injuring 13 others.

      1. Junior ice hockey team from Humboldt, Canada

        Humboldt Broncos

        The Humboldt Broncos are a Canadian junior "A" ice hockey team from Humboldt, Saskatchewan. Established in 1970, the Broncos play in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League.

      2. 2018 collision in Saskatchewan, Canada

        Humboldt Broncos bus crash

        On April 6, 2018, sixteen people were killed and thirteen were injured when a northbound coach bus struck a westbound semi-trailer truck near Armley, Saskatchewan, Canada. The driver of the semi-truck had failed to yield at a flashing stop sign at the intersection of Highways 35 and 335. The semi-trailer was travelling at a speed of approximately 100 km/h (60 mph). Most of the deceased and injured were players from the Humboldt Broncos, a junior ice hockey team from Humboldt, Saskatchewan, which plays in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL).

      3. Province of Canada

        Saskatchewan

        Saskatchewan is a province in western Canada, bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota. Saskatchewan and Alberta are the only landlocked provinces of Canada. In 2022, Saskatchewan's population was estimated at 1,194,803. Nearly 10% of Saskatchewan’s total area of 651,900 square kilometres (251,700 sq mi) is fresh water, mostly rivers, reservoirs and lakes.

      4. Country in North America

        Canada

        Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest binational land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

  2. 2017

    1. U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at an air base in Syria. Russia describes the strikes as an "aggression", adding they significantly damage US-Russia ties.

      1. United States missile strike in Syria on 7 April 2017

        2017 Shayrat missile strike

        On the morning of 7 April 2017, the United States launched 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles from the Mediterranean Sea into Syria, aimed at Shayrat Airbase controlled by the Syrian government. The strike was executed under responsibility of U.S. President Donald Trump, as a direct response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack that occurred on 4 April.

      2. Country in Western Asia

        Syria

        Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a Western Asian country located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It is a unitary republic that consists of 14 governorates (subdivisions), and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. Cyprus lies to the west across the Mediterranean Sea. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including the majority Syrian Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Circassians, Albanians, and Greeks. Religious groups include Muslims, Christians, Alawites, Druze, and Yazidis. The capital and largest city of Syria is Damascus. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Muslims are the largest religious group.

  3. 2012

    1. The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declared the region of Azawad independent from Mali.

      1. Militant group in northern Mali (2011–present)

        National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad

        The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad or the Azawad National Liberation Movement, formerly the National Movement of Azawad, is a political and military organisation based in Azawad in northern Mali.

      2. 2012 proclamation of Azawad's independence from Mali

        Azawadi declaration of independence

        On 6 April 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declared Azawad independent from the Republic of Mali in the wake of a rebellion which was preceded by a string of other Tuareg rebellions. It is called the Independent State of Azawad.

      3. Tuareg name for a territory in northern Mali

        Azawad

        Azawad, or Azawagh was a short-lived unrecognised state from 2012 to 2013. Azawagh (Azawaɣ) is the generic Tuareg Berber name of all Tuareg Berber areas, especially the northern half of Mali and northern and western Niger. Its independence was declared unilaterally by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) in 2012, after a Tuareg rebellion drove the Malian Army from the region.

    2. Azawad declares itself independent from the Republic of Mali.

      1. Tuareg name for a territory in northern Mali

        Azawad

        Azawad, or Azawagh was a short-lived unrecognised state from 2012 to 2013. Azawagh (Azawaɣ) is the generic Tuareg Berber name of all Tuareg Berber areas, especially the northern half of Mali and northern and western Niger. Its independence was declared unilaterally by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) in 2012, after a Tuareg rebellion drove the Malian Army from the region.

      2. 2012 proclamation of Azawad's independence from Mali

        Azawadi declaration of independence

        On 6 April 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declared Azawad independent from the Republic of Mali in the wake of a rebellion which was preceded by a string of other Tuareg rebellions. It is called the Independent State of Azawad.

      3. Country in West Africa

        Mali

        Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi). The population of Mali is 21.9 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.

  4. 2011

    1. In San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, over 193 victims of Los Zetas were exhumed from several mass graves.

      1. Municipality

        San Fernando, Tamaulipas

        San Fernando is a municipality and city located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is about 85 miles (137 km) away from Brownsville, Texas, United States. The municipality has a population of 57,220, while the city itself has a population of 29,665.

      2. 2011 mass murder in San Fernando, Mexico

        2011 San Fernando massacre

        The 2011 San Fernando massacre, also known as the second massacre of San Fernando, was the mass murder of 193 people by Los Zetas drug cartel at La Joya ranch in the municipality of San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico in March 2011. Authorities investigating the massacre reported numerous hijackings of passenger buses on Mexican Federal Highway 101 in San Fernando, and the kidnapped victims were later killed and buried in 47 clandestine mass graves. The investigations began immediately after several suitcases and other baggage went unclaimed in Reynosa and Matamoros, Tamaulipas. On 6 April 2011, Mexican authorities exhumed 59 corpses from eight mass graves. By 7 June 2011, after a series of multiple excavations, a total of 193 bodies were exhumed from mass graves in San Fernando.

  5. 2010

    1. Naxalite–Maoist insurgency: Insurgents from the Communist Party of India (Maoist) ambushed a Central Reserve Police Force convoy in Dantewada district, India, killing 76 officers.

      1. Armed conflict in India between the state and Maoists

        Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

        The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency, officially referred to as the Left Wing Extremism (LWE), is an ongoing conflict between Maoist groups known as Naxalites or Naxals and the Indian government. The influence zone of LWE is called the red corridor, which has been steadily declining in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, and in 2021 it was confined to the 25 "most affected" locations and 70 "total affected" districts across 10 states in two coal-rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around the Dandakaranya-Chhattisgarh-Odisha region and the tri-junction area of Jharkhand-Bihar and West Bengal. The Naxalites have frequently targeted tribal police and government workers in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and the poor.

      2. Maoist political party and militant group in India

        Communist Party of India (Maoist)

        The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist banned communist political party and militant organization in India which aims to overthrow the "semi-colonial and semi-feudal Indian state" through protracted people's war. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). The CPI (Maoist) are also known as the Naxalites, in reference to the Naxalbari insurrection conducted by radical Maoists in West Bengal since 1967. The party has been designated as a terrorist organisation in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act since 2009.

      3. Ambush of law enforcement by Naxalite-Maoist insurgents in Chhattisgarh, India

        April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada

        The April 2010 Dantewada Maoist attack was an 6 April 2010 ambush by Naxalite-Maoist insurgents from the Communist Party of India (Maoist) near Chintalnar village in Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh, India, leading to the killing of 76 CRPF policemen and 8 Maoists — the deadliest attack by the Maoists on Indian security forces.

      4. Federal police force in India

        Central Reserve Police Force

        The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is a federal police organisation in India under the authority of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India. It is one among the Central Armed Police Forces. The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and counter-insurgency. It is composed of Central Reserve Police Force (Regular) and Central Reserve Police Force (Auxiliary).

      5. District of Chhattisgarh in India

        Dantewada district

        Dantewada District, also known as Dantewara District or Dakshin Bastar District, is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada is the district headquarters. The district is part of Bastar Division. Until 1998, Dantewada District was a tehsil of the larger Bastar District.

    2. Maoist rebels kill 76 CRPF officers in Dantewada district, India.

      1. Ambush of law enforcement by Naxalite-Maoist insurgents in Chhattisgarh, India

        April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada

        The April 2010 Dantewada Maoist attack was an 6 April 2010 ambush by Naxalite-Maoist insurgents from the Communist Party of India (Maoist) near Chintalnar village in Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh, India, leading to the killing of 76 CRPF policemen and 8 Maoists — the deadliest attack by the Maoists on Indian security forces.

      2. Federal police force in India

        Central Reserve Police Force

        The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is a federal police organisation in India under the authority of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) of the Government of India. It is one among the Central Armed Police Forces. The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain law and order and counter-insurgency. It is composed of Central Reserve Police Force (Regular) and Central Reserve Police Force (Auxiliary).

      3. District of Chhattisgarh in India

        Dantewada district

        Dantewada District, also known as Dantewara District or Dakshin Bastar District, is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada is the district headquarters. The district is part of Bastar Division. Until 1998, Dantewada District was a tehsil of the larger Bastar District.

  6. 2009

    1. A 6.3 Mw earthquake struck the region of Abruzzo in central Italy, killing 308 people and injuring more than 1,500 others.

      1. Measure of earthquake size, in terms of the energy released

        Moment magnitude scale

        The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.

      2. 2009 earthquake in Italy

        2009 L'Aquila earthquake

        The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake occurred in the region of Abruzzo, in central Italy. The main shock occurred at 03:32 CEST on 6 April 2009, and was rated 5.8 or 5.9 on the Richter magnitude scale and 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale; its epicentre was near L'Aquila, the capital of Abruzzo, which together with surrounding villages suffered the most damage. There have been several thousand foreshocks and aftershocks since December 2008, more than thirty of which had a Richter magnitude greater than 3.5.

      3. Region in Italy

        Abruzzo

        Abruzzo is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and north-west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the highest massifs of the Apennines, such as the Gran Sasso d'Italia and the Maiella, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.

    2. Mass protests began across Moldova against the results of the parliamentary election.

      1. 2009 protests in Moldova

        April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests

        Protests against the April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election results began on 6 April 2009 in major cities of Moldova before the final official results were announced. The demonstrators claimed that the elections, which saw the governing Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) win a majority of seats, were fraudulent, and alternatively demanded a recount, a new election, or resignation of the government. Similar demonstrations took place in other major Moldovan cities, including the country's second largest, Bălți, where over 7,000 people protested.

      2. 2009 parliamentary elections in Moldova

        April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election

        Parliamentary elections were held in Moldova on 5 April 2009. The Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) won a majority of seats for the third consecutive occasion. Turnout was 59%, exceeding the 50% necessary for the election to be valid.

    3. A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila, Italy, killing 307.

      1. 2009 earthquake in Italy

        2009 L'Aquila earthquake

        The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake occurred in the region of Abruzzo, in central Italy. The main shock occurred at 03:32 CEST on 6 April 2009, and was rated 5.8 or 5.9 on the Richter magnitude scale and 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale; its epicentre was near L'Aquila, the capital of Abruzzo, which together with surrounding villages suffered the most damage. There have been several thousand foreshocks and aftershocks since December 2008, more than thirty of which had a Richter magnitude greater than 3.5.

      2. Comune in Abruzzo, Italy

        L'Aquila

        L'Aquila is a city and comune in central Italy. It is the capital city of both the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila. As of 2013, it has a population of 70,967 inhabitants. Laid out within medieval walls on a hill in the wide valley of the Aterno river, it is surrounded by the Apennine Mountains, with the Gran Sasso d'Italia to the north-east.

  7. 2008

    1. Egyptian workers staged an illegal general strike, two days before key municipal elections.

      1. Strike by Egyptian textile workers due to low wages and high food costs

        2008 Egyptian general strike

        The 2008 Egyptian general strike was a strike which occurred on 6 April 2008, by Egyptian workers, primarily in the state-run textile industry, in response to low wages and rising food costs. Strikes are illegal in Egypt and authorities have been given orders to break demonstrations forcefully in the past. The strike took place just two days before key municipal elections.

      2. 2008 Egyptian municipal elections

        The 2008 Egyptian municipal elections were local elections held across Egypt on 8 April 2008.

    2. The 2008 Egyptian general strike starts led by Egyptian workers later to be adopted by April 6 Youth Movement and Egyptian activists.

      1. Strike by Egyptian textile workers due to low wages and high food costs

        2008 Egyptian general strike

        The 2008 Egyptian general strike was a strike which occurred on 6 April 2008, by Egyptian workers, primarily in the state-run textile industry, in response to low wages and rising food costs. Strikes are illegal in Egypt and authorities have been given orders to break demonstrations forcefully in the past. The strike took place just two days before key municipal elections.

      2. Country in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia

        Egypt

        Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world.

      3. Egyptian activist group formed to organize the 2008 nationwide workers' strike

        April 6 Youth Movement

        The April 6 Youth Movement is an Egyptian activist group established in Spring 2008 to support the workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on 6 April.

  8. 2005

    1. Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani was elected by the Iraqi National Assembly as the first non-Arab President of Iraq.

      1. Iranian ethnic group

        Kurds

        Kurds or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. There are exclaves of Kurds in Central Anatolia, Khorasan, and the Caucasus, as well as significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey and Western Europe. The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.

      2. President of Iraq from 2006 to 2014

        Jalal Talabani

        Jalal Talabani was an Iraqi Kurdish politician who served as the sixth president of Iraq from 2006 to 2014, as well as the president of the Governing Council of Iraq. He was the first non-Arab president of Iraq. He is known as Mam Jalal amongst the Kurds.

      3. Legislature of Iraq

        Council of Representatives of Iraq

        The Council of Representatives, usually referred to simply as the Parliament is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Iraq. As of 2020, it comprises 329 seats and meets in Baghdad inside the Green Zone.

      4. Head of state of the Republic of Iraq

        President of Iraq

        The President of Iraq is the head of state of Iraq and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution". The president is elected by the Council of Representatives by a two-thirds majority, and is limited to two four-year terms. The president is responsible for ratifying treaties and laws passed by the Council of Representatives, issues pardons on the recommendation of the prime minister, and performs the "duty of the Higher Command of the armed forces for ceremonial and honorary purposes". Since the mid-2000s, the presidency is primarily a symbolic office, as the position does not possess significant power within the country according to the October 2005-adopted constitution. By convention, though not by any official legal requirement, the office is expected to be held by a Kurd.

    2. Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani becomes Iraqi president; Shiite Arab Ibrahim al-Jaafari is named premier the next day.

      1. President of Iraq from 2006 to 2014

        Jalal Talabani

        Jalal Talabani was an Iraqi Kurdish politician who served as the sixth president of Iraq from 2006 to 2014, as well as the president of the Governing Council of Iraq. He was the first non-Arab president of Iraq. He is known as Mam Jalal amongst the Kurds.

      2. Country in Western Asia

        Iraq

        Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The vast majority of the country's 44 million residents are Muslims – the notable other faiths are Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognised in specific regions are Neo-Aramaic, Turkish and Armenian.

      3. Title of the Head of Government in some countries

        Premier

        Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier.

  9. 2004

    1. Lithuanian president Rolandas Paksas became the first European head of state to be removed from office by impeachment.

      1. Lithuanian politician; President from 2003 until impeached in 2004

        Rolandas Paksas

        Rolandas Paksas is a Lithuanian politician who was the sixth President of Lithuania from 2003 to 2004. He was previously Prime Minister of Lithuania in 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001, and he also served as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001. He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019.

      2. Process for charging a public official with legal offenses by the legislature(s)

        Impeachment

        Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.

    2. Rolandas Paksas becomes the first president of Lithuania to be peacefully removed from office by impeachment.

      1. Lithuanian politician; President from 2003 until impeached in 2004

        Rolandas Paksas

        Rolandas Paksas is a Lithuanian politician who was the sixth President of Lithuania from 2003 to 2004. He was previously Prime Minister of Lithuania in 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001, and he also served as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001. He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019.

      2. Country in Europe

        Lithuania

        Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. It has a maritime border with Sweden to the west on the Baltic Sea. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi), with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages.

      3. Process for charging a public official with legal offenses by the legislature(s)

        Impeachment

        Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.

  10. 1998

    1. Nuclear weapons testing: Pakistan tests medium-range missiles capable of reaching India.

      1. Controlled detonation of nuclear weapons for scientific or political purposes

        Nuclear weapons testing

        Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine nuclear weapons' effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability. Testing nuclear weapons offers practical information about how the weapons function, how detonations are affected by different conditions, and how personnel, structures, and equipment are affected when subjected to nuclear explosions. However, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength. Many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status through a nuclear test.

      2. Country in South Asia

        Pakistan

        Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population just behind Indonesia. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and 2nd largest in South Asia, spanning 881,913 square kilometres. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre.

  11. 1997

    1. In Greene County, Tennessee, the Lillelid murders occur.

      1. 1997 triple homicide in Greene County, Tennessee, USA

        Lillelid murders

        The Lillelid murders refers to a criminal case in Greene County, Tennessee, United States, where three members of the Lillelid family were murdered on April 6, 1997. Vidar Lillelid, Delfina Lillelid, and their daughter Tabitha, and son Peter were shot on a deserted rural road near Baileyton during a carjacking committed by a group of youths. Vidar and Delfina were found dead at the scene, while Tabitha died after being transported to the hospital. Peter survived, but, as a result of the shooting, was left with disabilities. Six young people from Kentucky, including two minors, were convicted of felony murder for the deaths of Vidar, Delfina, and Tabitha Lillelid, with all six perpetrators receiving three life sentences, and an additional sentence of 25 years each for the attempted murder of Peter Lillelid.

  12. 1994

    1. The aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana (pictured) and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down in Kigali; the event became the catalyst for the Rwandan genocide.

      1. 2nd President of Rwanda from 1973 until assassinated in 1994

        Juvénal Habyarimana

        Juvénal Habyarimana was a Rwandan politician and military officer who served as the second president of Rwanda, from 1973 until 1994. He was nicknamed Kinani, a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible".

      2. 5th President of Burundi

        Cyprien Ntaryamira

        Cyprien Ntaryamira was a Burundian politician who served as President of Burundi from 5 February 1994 until his death two months later. A Hutu born in Burundi, Ntaryamira studied there before fleeing to Rwanda to avoid ethnic violence and complete his education. Active in a Burundian student movement, he cofounded the socialist Burundi Workers' Party and earned an agricultural degree. In 1983 he returned to Burundi and worked agricultural jobs, though he was briefly detained as a political prisoner. In 1986 he cofounded the Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), and in 1993 FRODEBU won Burundi's general elections. He subsequently became the Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry on 10 July, but in October Tutsi soldiers killed the president and other top officials in an attempted coup.

      3. 1994 shootdown in Kigali, Rwanda

        Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira

        On the evening of 6 April 1994, the aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira, both Hutu, was shot down with surface-to-air missiles as their jet prepared to land in Kigali, Rwanda. The assassination set in motion the Rwandan genocide, one of the bloodiest events of the late 20th century.

      4. Capital and the largest city of Rwanda

        Kigali

        Kigali is the capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is near the nation's geographic centre in a region of rolling hills, with a series of valleys and ridges joined by steep slopes. As a primate city, Kigali has been Rwanda's economic, cultural, and transport hub since it became the capital following independence from Belgian rule in 1962.

      5. 1994 genocide in Rwanda

        Rwandan genocide

        The Rwandan genocide occurred between 7 April and 15 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 662,000 Tutsi deaths.

    2. The Rwandan genocide begins when the aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira is shot down.

      1. 1994 genocide in Rwanda

        Rwandan genocide

        The Rwandan genocide occurred between 7 April and 15 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. During this period of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were killed by armed Hutu militias. The most widely accepted scholarly estimates are around 500,000 to 662,000 Tutsi deaths.

      2. Country in the Great Rift Valley

        Rwanda

        Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of a thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the southeast, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 (10,169 sq mi) of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African country; among countries larger than 10,000 km2, it is the fifth most densely populated country in the world. One million people live in the capital and largest city Kigali.

      3. Title of the head of state in various governments

        President (government title)

        President is a common title for the head of state in most republics. The president of a nation is, generally speaking, the head of the government and the fundamental leader of the country or the ceremonial head of state.

      4. 2nd President of Rwanda from 1973 until assassinated in 1994

        Juvénal Habyarimana

        Juvénal Habyarimana was a Rwandan politician and military officer who served as the second president of Rwanda, from 1973 until 1994. He was nicknamed Kinani, a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible".

      5. Country in central Africa

        Burundi

        Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley at the junction between the African Great Lakes region and East Africa. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura, the latter being the country's largest city.

      6. 5th President of Burundi

        Cyprien Ntaryamira

        Cyprien Ntaryamira was a Burundian politician who served as President of Burundi from 5 February 1994 until his death two months later. A Hutu born in Burundi, Ntaryamira studied there before fleeing to Rwanda to avoid ethnic violence and complete his education. Active in a Burundian student movement, he cofounded the socialist Burundi Workers' Party and earned an agricultural degree. In 1983 he returned to Burundi and worked agricultural jobs, though he was briefly detained as a political prisoner. In 1986 he cofounded the Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), and in 1993 FRODEBU won Burundi's general elections. He subsequently became the Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry on 10 July, but in October Tutsi soldiers killed the president and other top officials in an attempted coup.

      7. 1994 shootdown in Kigali, Rwanda

        Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira

        On the evening of 6 April 1994, the aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira, both Hutu, was shot down with surface-to-air missiles as their jet prepared to land in Kigali, Rwanda. The assassination set in motion the Rwandan genocide, one of the bloodiest events of the late 20th century.

  13. 1992

    1. The Bosnian War begins.

      1. 1992–1995 armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina

        Bosnian War

        The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following a number of earlier violent incidents. The war ended on 14 December 1995 when the Dayton accords were signed. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of Herzeg-Bosnia and Republika Srpska, proto-states led and supplied by Croatia and Serbia, respectively.

  14. 1984

    1. Members of Cameroon's Republican Guard unsuccessfully attempt to overthrow the government headed by Paul Biya.

      1. Country in Central Africa

        Cameroon

        Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Its nearly 27 million people speak 250 native languages.

      2. 1984 attempt to depose Cameroon President Paul Biya by presidential palace guards

        1984 Cameroonian coup d'état attempt

        An attempted coup d'état occurred in Cameroon in 1984, when presidential palace guards unsuccessfully tried to overthrow President Paul Biya. The fighting that resulted began on April 6, 1984, and ended several days later. The coup attempt is widely viewed as one of the most crucial events in the history of Cameroon since independence in 1960.

      3. 2nd President of Cameroon (1982–present)

        Paul Biya

        Paul Biya is a Cameroonian politician who has served as the president of Cameroon since 6 November 1982. He is the second-longest-ruling president in Africa and the oldest head of state in the world.

  15. 1973

    1. Launch of Pioneer 11 spacecraft.

      1. Robotic space probe launched by NASA in 1973 to study the outer solar system

        Pioneer 11

        Pioneer 11 is a 260-kilogram (570 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar winds, and cosmic rays. It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter. Later, Pioneer 11 became the second of five artificial objects to achieve an escape velocity allowing it to leave the Solar System. Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe, the last routine contact with the spacecraft was on September 30, 1995, and the last good engineering data was received on November 24, 1995.

      2. Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space

        Spacecraft

        A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle.

    2. The American League of Major League Baseball begins using the designated hitter.

      1. Baseball league, part of Major League Baseball

        American League

        The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the American League (AL), is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a minor league based in the Great Lakes states, which eventually aspired to major league status. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season, 25 years after the formation of the National League.

      2. North American professional baseball league

        Major League Baseball

        Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization and the oldest major professional sports league in the world. MLB is composed of 30 total teams, divided equally between the National League (NL) and the American League (AL), with 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The NL and AL were formed in 1876 and 1901, respectively. Beginning in 1903, the two leagues signed the National Agreement and cooperated but remained legally separate entities until 2000, when they merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball. MLB is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan. It is also included as one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.

      3. Offensive position in baseball and softball

        Designated hitter

        The designated hitter (DH) is a baseball player who bats in place of another position player, most commonly the pitcher. The position is authorized by Major League Baseball Rule 5.11. It was adopted by the American League in 1973 and later by the National League in 2022, making it universal in MLB. Within that time frame, nearly all amateur, collegiate, and professional leagues worldwide have adopted the designated hitter or some variant, with the notable exception of Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League.

  16. 1972

    1. Vietnam War: Easter Offensive: American forces begin sustained air strikes and naval bombardments.

      1. Cold War conflict in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975

        Vietnam War

        The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.

      2. 1972 attempted invasion of South Vietnam by the North during the Vietnam War

        Easter Offensive

        The Easter Offensive, also known as the 1972 spring–summer offensive by North Vietnam, or the red fiery summer as romanticized in South Vietnamese literature, was a military campaign conducted by the People's Army of Vietnam against the Army of the Republic of Vietnam and the United States military between 30 March and 22 October 1972, during the Vietnam War.

  17. 1970

    1. Four California Highway Patrol officers were killed in a shootout following a traffic stop in Newhall, north of Los Angeles.

      1. State law enforcement agency in California, USA

        California Highway Patrol

        The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is a state law enforcement agency of the U.S. state of California. The CHP has primary patrol jurisdiction over all California highways and roads and streets outside city limits, and can exercise law enforcement powers anywhere within the state. The California Highway Patrol can assist local and county agencies and can patrol major city streets along with local and county law enforcement, state and interstate highways, and is the primary law enforcement agency in rural parts of the state.

      2. Shootout near Santa Clarita, California

        Newhall incident

        The Newhall incident, also called the Newhall massacre, was a shootout on April 5–6, 1970, in Valencia, California, between two heavily armed criminals and four officers of the California Highway Patrol (CHP). In less than five minutes, the four CHP officers were killed in the deadliest day in California law enforcement history.

      3. Detention of a driver by police

        Traffic stop

        A traffic stop, commonly referred to as being pulled over, is a temporary detention of a driver of a vehicle by police to investigate a possible crime or minor violation of law.

      4. Community of Santa Clarita in California, United States of America

        Newhall, Santa Clarita, California

        Newhall is the southernmost and oldest community in the city of Santa Clarita, California. Prior to the 1987 consolidation of Canyon Country, Saugus, Newhall, and Valencia into the city of Santa Clarita, it was an unincorporated area. It was the first permanent town in the Santa Clarita Valley.

    2. Newhall massacre: Four California Highway Patrol officers are killed in a shootout.

      1. Shootout near Santa Clarita, California

        Newhall incident

        The Newhall incident, also called the Newhall massacre, was a shootout on April 5–6, 1970, in Valencia, California, between two heavily armed criminals and four officers of the California Highway Patrol (CHP). In less than five minutes, the four CHP officers were killed in the deadliest day in California law enforcement history.

      2. State law enforcement agency in California, USA

        California Highway Patrol

        The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is a state law enforcement agency of the U.S. state of California. The CHP has primary patrol jurisdiction over all California highways and roads and streets outside city limits, and can exercise law enforcement powers anywhere within the state. The California Highway Patrol can assist local and county agencies and can patrol major city streets along with local and county law enforcement, state and interstate highways, and is the primary law enforcement agency in rural parts of the state.

  18. 1968

    1. In the downtown district of Richmond, Indiana, a double explosion kills 41 and injures 150.

      1. City in Indiana, United States

        Richmond, Indiana

        Richmond is a city in eastern Wayne County, Indiana. Bordering the state of Ohio, it is the county seat of Wayne County and is part of the Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area In the 2010 census, the city had a population of 36,812. Situated largely within Wayne Township, its area includes a non-contiguous portion in nearby Boston Township, where Richmond Municipal Airport is currently located.

      2. 1968 natural gas and gunpowder explosions in downtown Richmond, Indiana, USA

        Richmond, Indiana explosion

        The Richmond, Indiana, explosion was a double explosion in the United States in 1968. It occurred at 1:47 PM EST on April 6, in downtown Richmond, Indiana. The explosions killed 41 people and injured more than 150. The primary explosion was due to natural gas leaking from one or more faulty transmission lines under the Marting Arms sporting goods store, located on the southeast corner of the intersection of 6th and Main streets. A secondary explosion was caused by gunpowder stored inside the building.

    2. Pierre Elliott Trudeau wins the Liberal Party leadership election, and becomes Prime Minister of Canada soon afterward.

      1. Prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984

        Pierre Trudeau

        Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, also referred to by his initials PET, was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 15th prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984. He also briefly served as the leader of the Opposition from 1979 to 1980. He served as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1968 to 1984.

      2. Canadian election

        1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election

        The 1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election was held on April 6, 1968. The election was won by Minister of Justice and Attorney General Pierre Elliott Trudeau, who became the new Prime Minister of Canada as a result. He was the unexpected winner in what was one of the most important leadership conventions in party history. The Globe and Mail's newspaper report the next day called it "the most chaotic, confusing, and emotionally draining convention in Canadian political history."

  19. 1965

    1. Launch of Early Bird, the first commercial communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous orbit.

      1. American commercial communications satellite launched in 1965

        Intelsat I

        Intelsat I was the first commercial communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous orbit, on April 6, 1965. It was built by the Space and Communications Group of Hughes Aircraft Company for COMSAT, which activated it on June 28, 1965. It was based on the Syncom series of satellites that Hughes had previously built for NASA to demonstrate that communications via synchronous-orbit satellite were feasible. Its booster was a Thrust Augmented Delta. After a series of maneuvers, it reached its geosynchronous orbital position over the Atlantic Ocean at 28° West longitude, where it was put into service.

      2. Objects intentionally placed into orbit

        Satellite

        A satellite or artificial satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit in outer space. Except for passive satellites, most satellites have an electricity generation system for equipment on board, such as solar panels or radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Most satellites also have a method of communication to ground stations, called transponders. Many satellites use a standardized bus to save cost and work, the most popular of which is small CubeSats. Similar satellites can work together as a group, forming constellations. Because of the high launch cost to space, satellites are designed to be as lightweight and robust as possible. Most communication satellites are radio relay stations in orbit and carry dozens of transponders, each with a bandwidth of tens of megahertz.

      3. Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator

        Geosynchronous orbit

        A geosynchronous orbit is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds. The synchronization of rotation and orbital period means that, for an observer on Earth's surface, an object in geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly the same position in the sky after a period of one sidereal day. Over the course of a day, the object's position in the sky may remain still or trace out a path, typically in a figure-8 form, whose precise characteristics depend on the orbit's inclination and eccentricity. A circular geosynchronous orbit has a constant altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 mi).

  20. 1958

    1. Capital Airlines Flight 67 crashes into Saginaw Bay near Freeland, Michigan, killing 47.

      1. 1958 plane crash in Michigan, United States

        Capital Airlines Flight 67

        Capital Airlines Flight 67 was a domestic scheduled U.S. passenger flight operated by Capital Airlines which crashed on final approach to Freeland, Michigan, during a severe snowstorm on April 6, 1958, killing all 47 people on board. The flight was en route from Flint-Bishop Airport to the Freeland-Tri City Airport when it crashed. Flight 67 was the first of four fatal crashes in the space of two years involving Capital Airlines Vickers Viscounts; the others were Capital Airlines Flight 300, Capital Airlines Flight 75, and Capital Airlines Flight 20.

      2. Body of water

        Saginaw Bay

        Saginaw Bay is a bay within Lake Huron located on the eastern side of the U.S. state of Michigan. It forms the space between Michigan's Thumb region and the rest of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Saginaw Bay is 1,143 square miles (2,960 km2) in area. It is located in parts of five Michigan counties: Arenac, Bay, Huron, Iosco, and Tuscola.

      3. Census-designated place & unincorporated community in Michigan, United States

        Freeland, Michigan

        Freeland is a census-designated place in Tittabawassee Township, Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is part of the Saginaw-Midland-Bay Metropolitan Area. As of the 2000 census, the CDP population was 5,147. The CDP covers an area in the central portion of Tittabawassee Township. The Freeland post office, ZIP code 48623, serves nearly the entire township, as well as portions of Midland and Williams townships to the north, Frankenlust and Kochville townships to the east, Thomas and Richland townships to the south, and Ingersoll Township to the west.

  21. 1957

    1. The flag carrier airline of Greece for decades, Olympic Airways, is founded by Aristotle Onassis following the acquisition of "TAE - Greek National Airlines".

      1. Country in Southeast Europe

        Greece

        Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin, featuring thousands of islands. The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions, and has a population of approximately 10.4 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras.

      2. Defunct national airline of Greece (1957—2009)

        Olympic Airlines

        Olympic Airlines, formerly named Olympic Airways for at least four decades, was the flag carrier airline of Greece. The airline's head office was located in Athens. The airline operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations world-wide. The airline's main base was at Athens International Airport, "Eleftherios Venizelos", with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia", Heraklion International Airport, "Nikos Kazantzakis" and Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras". Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow Airport. By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff.

      3. Greek shipping tycoon (1906–1975)

        Aristotle Onassis

        Aristotle Socrates Onassis, was a Greek shipping magnate who amassed the world's largest privately-owned shipping fleet and was one of the world's richest and most famous men. He was married to Athina Mary Livanos, had a long-standing affair with opera singer Maria Callas and was married to Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of US President John F. Kennedy.

  22. 1947

    1. The first Tony Awards, recognizing achievement in American theatre, were handed out at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.

      1. 1st Tony Awards

        The First Tony Awards, more formally known as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, were held on April 6, 1947, in the Grand Ballroom of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Perry was a co-founder of the revived and revised version the American Theatre Wing (ATW) in 1940, and the award were established by the ATW in her memory after her death in 1946. Fellow ATW co-founder Louise Heims Beck was responsible for overseeing the organization of the 1st Tony Awards.

      2. Annual awards for Broadway theatre

        Tony Awards

        The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at an annual ceremony in Midtown Manhattan.

      3. Collaborative form of performing art

        Theatre

        Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι.

      4. Hotel in Manhattan, New York

        Waldorf Astoria New York

        The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The structure, at 301 Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, is a 47-story 625 ft (191 m) Art Deco landmark designed by architects Schultze and Weaver, which was completed in 1931. The building was the world's tallest hotel from 1931 until 1963 when it was surpassed by Moscow's Hotel Ukraina by 23 feet (7.0 m). An icon of glamour and luxury, the current Waldorf Astoria is one of the world's most prestigious and best-known hotels. Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts is a division of Hilton Hotels, and a portfolio of high-end properties around the world now operates under the name, including in New York City. Both the exterior and the interior of the Waldorf Astoria are designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission as official landmarks.

    2. The first Tony Awards are presented for theatrical achievement.

      1. Annual awards for Broadway theatre

        Tony Awards

        The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at an annual ceremony in Midtown Manhattan.

  23. 1945

    1. Second World War: The Battle of Slater's Knoll on Bougainville Island concluded with a decisive victory for the Australian Army's 7th Brigade against the Imperial Japanese Army's 6th Division.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. 1945 battle between Japanese and Australian forces during WWII

        Battle of Slater's Knoll

        The Battle of Slater's Knoll was a battle fought between Australian and Japanese forces on Bougainville Island during the Second World War. Part of the Bougainville campaign, the battle occurred as a force of about 3,300 Japanese from the Japanese 6th Division, including artillery and other supporting elements, launched a counterattack against the main Australian offensive which had been pushing south towards Buin, concentrating their attacks on Slater's Knoll near the Puriata River. The Australian troops belonged to the 7th Brigade, with the 25th Infantry Battalion being the most heavily engaged, although the 9th Infantry Battalion and the 61st Infantry Battalion also took part in the fighting.

      3. Island in Papua New Guinea

        Bougainville Island

        Bougainville Island is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. It was previously the main landmass in the German Empire-associated North Solomons. Its land area is 9,300 km2 (3,600 sq mi). The population of the whole province, including nearby islets such as the Carterets, is approximately 300,000. The highest point is Mount Balbi, on the main island, at 2,715 m (8,907 ft). The much smaller Buka Island, c. 500 km2 (190 sq mi), lies to the north, across the 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) wide Buka Strait. Even though the strait is narrow, there is no bridge across it, but there is a regular ferry service between the key settlements on either side. The main airport in the north is in the town of Buka.

      4. Military land force of the Commonwealth of Australia

        Australian Army

        The Australian Army is the principal land warfare force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (CA), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) who commands the ADF. The CA is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Army.

      5. Formation of the Australian Army

        7th Brigade (Australia)

        7th Brigade is a combined arms formation or brigade of the Australian Army. The brigade was first raised in 1912 as a Militia formation, although it was re-formed as part of the First Australian Imperial Force in early 1915 for service during World War I. It subsequently saw action at Gallipoli and on the Western Front during the war. Following the end of the war the brigade was disbanded in 1919 before being re-raised in 1921 as part of the Citizens Force. During World War II the brigade took part in the fighting against the Japanese in New Guinea and on Bougainville. Today, the 7th Brigade is part of Forces Command and is based in Brisbane, Queensland and is composed mainly of units of the Regular Army. While the brigade has not deployed as a whole unit since World War II, component units have deployed on operations to East Timor, the Solomon Islands, Iraq and Afghanistan.

      6. Ground-based armed forces of Japan, from 1868 to 1945

        Imperial Japanese Army

        The Imperial Japanese Army was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the Minister of the Army, the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff, the Inspector General of Aviation, and the Inspector General of Military Training.

      7. Military unit

        6th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)

        The 6th Division was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Bright Division .

    2. World War II: Sarajevo is liberated from German and Croatian forces by the Yugoslav Partisans.

      1. Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina

        Sarajevo

        Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo Canton, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Located within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans, a region of Southern Europe.

      2. Germany under control of the Nazi Party (1933–1945)

        Nazi Germany

        Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.

      3. Puppet state of Nazi Germany and Italy within occupied Yugoslavia (1941–1945)

        Independent State of Croatia

        The Independent State of Croatia was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941, after the invasion by the Axis powers. Its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia, Istria, and Međimurje regions.

      4. Communist-led Yugoslav resistance against the Axis in WWII

        Yugoslav Partisans

        The Yugoslav Partisans, or the National Liberation Army, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. Led by Josip Broz Tito, the Partisans are considered to be Europe's most effective anti-Axis resistance movement during World War II.

    3. World War II: The Battle of Slater's Knoll on Bougainville comes to an end.

      1. 1945 battle between Japanese and Australian forces during WWII

        Battle of Slater's Knoll

        The Battle of Slater's Knoll was a battle fought between Australian and Japanese forces on Bougainville Island during the Second World War. Part of the Bougainville campaign, the battle occurred as a force of about 3,300 Japanese from the Japanese 6th Division, including artillery and other supporting elements, launched a counterattack against the main Australian offensive which had been pushing south towards Buin, concentrating their attacks on Slater's Knoll near the Puriata River. The Australian troops belonged to the 7th Brigade, with the 25th Infantry Battalion being the most heavily engaged, although the 9th Infantry Battalion and the 61st Infantry Battalion also took part in the fighting.

      2. Island in Papua New Guinea

        Bougainville Island

        Bougainville Island is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. It was previously the main landmass in the German Empire-associated North Solomons. Its land area is 9,300 km2 (3,600 sq mi). The population of the whole province, including nearby islets such as the Carterets, is approximately 300,000. The highest point is Mount Balbi, on the main island, at 2,715 m (8,907 ft). The much smaller Buka Island, c. 500 km2 (190 sq mi), lies to the north, across the 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) wide Buka Strait. Even though the strait is narrow, there is no bridge across it, but there is a regular ferry service between the key settlements on either side. The main airport in the north is in the town of Buka.

  24. 1941

    1. World War II: German forces invaded Greece, beginning Operation Marita.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Period of Greek statehood from 1862 to 1924 and 1935 to 1973

        Kingdom of Greece

        The Kingdom of Greece was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. It was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, where Greece also secured its full independence from the Ottoman Empire after nearly four centuries.

      3. Invasion of Greece by Italy and Germany during World War II

        German invasion of Greece

        The German invasion of Greece, also known as the Battle of Greece or Operation Marita, was the attack of Greece by Italy and Germany during World War II. The Italian invasion in October 1940, which is usually known as the Greco-Italian War, was followed by the German invasion in April 1941. German landings on the island of Crete came after Allied forces had been defeated in mainland Greece. These battles were part of the greater Balkans Campaign of the Axis powers and their associates.

    2. World War II: The Luftwaffe began Operation Retribution, bombing the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade in retaliation for a coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Aerial-warfare branch of the German military forces during World War II

        Luftwaffe

        The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the Luftstreitkräfte of the Imperial Army and the Marine-Fliegerabteilung of the Imperial Navy, had been disbanded in May 1920 in accordance with the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from having any air force.

      3. German bombing of Belgrade, Yugoslavia during World War 2

        Operation Retribution (1941)

        Operation Retribution, also known as Operation Punishment, was the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact. The bombing occurred in the first days of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II. The Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (VVKJ) had only 77 modern fighter aircraft available to defend Belgrade against the hundreds of German fighters and bombers that struck in the first wave early on 6 April. Three days prior, VVKJ Major Vladimir Kren had defected to the Germans, disclosing the locations of multiple military assets and divulging the VVKJ's codes.

      4. Capital of Serbia

        Belgrade

        Belgrade is the capital and largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 2.5 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade. It is the third largest of all cities on the Danube river.

      5. 1941 deposition of Regent Prince Paul; installation of King Peter II

        Yugoslav coup d'état

        The Yugoslav coup d'état took place on 27 March 1941 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, when the regency led by Prince Paul of Yugoslavia was overthrown and King Peter II fully assumed monarchical powers. The coup was planned and conducted by a group of pro-Western Serbian-nationalist Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force officers formally led by the Air Force commander, General Dušan Simović, who had been associated with several putsch plots from 1938 onwards. Brigadier General of Military Aviation Borivoje Mirković, Major Živan Knežević of the Yugoslav Royal Guards, and his brother Radoje Knežević were the main organisers in the overthrow of the government. In addition to Radoje Knežević, some other civilian leaders were probably aware of the takeover before it was launched and moved to support it once it occurred, but they were not among the organisers. Peter II himself was surprised by the coup, and heard of the declaration of his coming-of-age for the first time on the radio.

      6. 1940 mutual defense treaty between the Axis Powers of World War Two

        Tripartite Pact

        The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia as well as by the German client state of Slovakia. Yugoslavia's accession provoked a coup d'état in Belgrade two days later. Germany, Italy and Hungary responded by invading Yugoslavia. The resulting Italo-German client state, known as the Independent State of Croatia, joined the pact on 15 June 1941.

    3. World War II: Nazi Germany launches Operation 25 (the invasion of Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and Operation Marita (the invasion of Greece).

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Germany under control of the Nazi Party (1933–1945)

        Nazi Germany

        Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.

      3. German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers during the Second World War

        Invasion of Yugoslavia

        The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following a Yugoslav coup d'état that overthrew the pro-Axis government.

      4. Invasion of Greece by Italy and Germany during World War II

        German invasion of Greece

        The German invasion of Greece, also known as the Battle of Greece or Operation Marita, was the attack of Greece by Italy and Germany during World War II. The Italian invasion in October 1940, which is usually known as the Greco-Italian War, was followed by the German invasion in April 1941. German landings on the island of Crete came after Allied forces had been defeated in mainland Greece. These battles were part of the greater Balkans Campaign of the Axis powers and their associates.

  25. 1936

    1. Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak: Another tornado from the same storm system as the Tupelo tornado hits Gainesville, Georgia, killing 203.

      1. 12 tornadoes that struck the Southeastern United States from April 5–6, 1936

        1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak

        On April 5–6, 1936, an outbreak of at least 12 tornadoes struck the Southeastern United States. Approximately 454 people were killed by these tornadoes—419 by two tornadoes alone. This outbreak is the second deadliest ever recorded in US history. Although the outbreak was centered on Tupelo, Mississippi, and Gainesville, Georgia, where the fourth and fifth deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history respectively occurred, other destructive tornadoes associated with the outbreak struck Columbia, Tennessee; Anderson, South Carolina; and Acworth, Georgia.

      2. City in Georgia, United States

        Gainesville, Georgia

        The city of Gainesville is the county seat of Hall County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 42,296. Because of its large number of poultry processing plants, it is often called the "Poultry Capital of the World." Gainesville is the principal city of, and is included in, the Gainesville, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, Georgia Combined Statistical Area.

  26. 1930

    1. At the end of the Salt March, Gandhi raises a lump of mud and salt and declares, "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire."

      1. 1930 protest march led by Mahatma Gandhi

        Salt March

        The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mahatma Gandhi. The twenty-four day march lasted from 12 March to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Another reason for this march was that the Civil Disobedience Movement needed a strong inauguration that would inspire more people to follow Gandhi's example. Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march spanned 385 kilometres (239 mi), from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, which was called Navsari at that time. Growing numbers of Indians joined them along the way. When Gandhi broke the British Raj salt laws at 8:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the salt laws by millions of Indians.

      2. States and dominions ruled by the United Kingdom

        British Empire

        The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.

  27. 1929

    1. Huey P. Long, Governor of Louisiana, is impeached by the Louisiana House of Representatives.

      1. American politician from Louisiana (1893–1935)

        Huey Long

        Huey Pierce Long Jr., nicknamed "the Kingfish", was an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a United States senator from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. He was a left-wing populist member of the Democratic Party and rose to national prominence during the Great Depression for his vocal criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, which Long deemed insufficiently radical. As the political leader of Louisiana, he commanded wide networks of supporters and often took forceful action. A controversial figure, Long is celebrated as a populist champion of the poor or, conversely, denounced as a fascistic demagogue.

      2. List of governors of Louisiana

        The governor of Louisiana is the head of state and head of government of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Louisiana's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

      3. Process for charging a public official with legal offenses by the legislature(s)

        Impeachment

        Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.

      4. Lower house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Louisiana

        Louisiana House of Representatives

        The Louisiana House of Representatives is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Louisiana. This chamber is composed of 105 representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people. Members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms. The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term, as opposed to the near-universal two-year term.

  28. 1926

    1. Varney Airlines makes its first commercial flight (Varney is the root company of United Airlines).

      1. American domestic airline based in Boise, Idaho (1926-34)

        Varney Air Lines

        Varney Air Lines was an airline company that started service on April 6, 1926, as an air-mail carrier. Formed by Walter Varney, the airline was based in Boise, Idaho, United States. The airline is one of the predecessors of United Airlines.

      2. Airline of the United States

        United Airlines

        United Airlines, Inc., is a major American airline headquartered at the Willis Tower in Chicago, Illinois. United operates a large domestic and international route network spanning cities large and small across the United States and all six inhabited continents. Measured by fleet size and the number of routes, it is the third-largest airline in the world after its merger with Continental Airlines in 2010.

  29. 1918

    1. Finnish Civil War: The battle of Tampere ends.

      1. 1918 civil war in Finland

        Finnish Civil War

        The Finnish Civil War was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic during the country's transition from a grand duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state. The clashes took place in the context of the national, political, and social turmoil caused by World War I in Europe. The war was fought between the "Reds", led by a section of the Social Democratic Party, and the "Whites", conducted by the conservative-based senate and the German Imperial Army. The paramilitary Red Guards, which were composed of industrial and agrarian workers, controlled the cities and industrial centers of southern Finland. The paramilitary White Guards, which consisted of land owners and those in the middle- and upper-classes, controlled rural central and northern Finland, and were led by General C. G. E. Mannerheim.

      2. Major battle of the Finnish Civil War

        Battle of Tampere

        The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds. It is the most famous and the heaviest of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Today it is particularly remembered for its bloody aftermath as the Whites executed hundreds of capitulated Reds and took 11,000 prisoners placed in the Kalevankangas camp.

  30. 1917

    1. World War I: The United States declares war on Germany.

      1. Global war, 1914–1918

        World War I

        World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

      2. Declaration of war in World War I

        United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)

        On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked a special joint session of the United States Congress for a declaration of war against the German Empire. Congress responded with the declaration on April 6.

  31. 1911

    1. During the Battle of Deçiq, Dedë Gjon Luli Dedvukaj, leader of the Malësori Albanians, raises the Albanian flag in the town of Tuzi, Montenegro, for the first time after George Kastrioti (Skanderbeg).

      1. Battle of the Albanian Revolt of 1911

        Battle of Deçiq

        The Battle of Deçiq was a battle between Albanian tribesmen and Ottoman forces during the Malësori uprising of 1911. It was a turning point for Albania's secession from the Ottoman Empire. Dedë Gjo Luli, the organiser of the Albanian tribal forces, raised the Albanian flag for the first time since 1479 on the mountain of Deçiq after the Albanians had achieved victory over the Ottoman Turks.

      2. Albanian guerilla fighter; commander during the 1911 revolt against the Ottoman Empire

        Ded Gjo Luli

        Ded Gjo Luli Dedvukaj also referred to as Ded Gjon Luli was an Albanian guerrilla leader most notable for commanding the 1911 revolt against Ottoman troops. He was posthumously awarded the "Hero of Albania" title. Dedvukaj was the clan chieftain of the Hoti tribe.

      3. Historical region in southern Europe (parts of Albania and Montenegro)

        Malësia

        Malësia e Madhe, known simply as Malësia, is a historical and ethnographic region in northern Albania and eastern central Montenegro corresponding to the highlands of the geographical subdivision of the Malësi e Madhe District in Albania and Tuzi Municipality in Montenegro. The largest settlement in the area is the town of Tuzi.

      4. Country in Southeastern Europe

        Albania

        Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.

      5. Town and municipality in Montenegro

        Tuzi

        Tuzi is a small town in Montenegro and the seat of Tuzi Municipality, Montenegro. It is located along a main road between the city of Podgorica and the Albanian border crossing, just a few kilometers north of Lake Skadar. The Church of St. Anthony and Qazimbeg's Mosque are located in the centre of the town. Tuzi is the newest municipality in Montenegro, having been an independent municipality since 1 September 2018.

      6. Country in southeastern Europe

        Montenegro

        Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is a part of the Balkans and is bordered by Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the north, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, Croatia to the northwest, and the Adriatic Sea to the west with a coastline of 293.5 km. Podgorica, the capital and largest city, covers 10.4% of Montenegro's territory of 13,812 square kilometres (5,333 sq mi), and is home to roughly 30% of its total population of 621,000.

      7. Albanian noble and military commander (1405–1468)

        Skanderbeg

        Gjergj Kastrioti, commonly known as Skanderbeg, was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia.

  32. 1909

    1. Robert Peary and Matthew Henson become the first people to reach the North Pole; Peary's claim has been disputed because of failings in his navigational ability.

      1. American Arctic explorer (1856–1920)

        Robert Peary

        Robert Edwin Peary Sr. was an American explorer and officer in the United States Navy who made several expeditions to the Arctic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for, in April 1909, leading an expedition that claimed to be the first to have reached the geographic North Pole. Explorer Matthew Henson, part of the expedition, is thought to have reached what they believed to be the North Pole narrowly before Peary.

      2. American explorer (1866–1955)

        Matthew Henson

        Matthew Alexander Henson was an African American explorer who accompanied Robert Peary on seven voyages to the Arctic over a period of nearly 23 years. They spent a total of 18 years on expeditions together. He is best known for his participation in the 1908–1909 expedition that claimed to have reached the geographic North Pole on April 6, 1909. Henson said he was the first of their party to reach the pole.

      3. Northern point where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface

        North Pole

        The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. It is called the True North Pole to distinguish from the Magnetic North Pole.

  33. 1896

    1. The first modern Olympic Games opened in Athens, with athletes from 14 nations participating in 43 events.

      1. Multi-sport event in Athens, Greece

        1896 Summer Olympics

        The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 1896, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896.

      2. Capital and largest city of Greece

        Athens

        Athens is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates and is the capital of the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence beginning somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC.

    2. In Athens, the opening of the first modern Olympic Games is celebrated, 1,500 years after the original games are banned by Roman emperor Theodosius I.

      1. Capital and largest city of Greece

        Athens

        Athens is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates and is the capital of the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence beginning somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC.

      2. Multi-sport event in Athens, Greece

        1896 Summer Olympics

        The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 1896, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896.

      3. Ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period

        Roman emperor

        The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period. The emperors used a variety of different titles throughout history. Often when a given Roman is described as becoming "emperor" in English it reflects his taking of the title augustus. Another title often used was caesar, used for heirs-apparent, and imperator, originally a military honorific. Early emperors also used the title princeps civitatis. Emperors frequently amassed republican titles, notably princeps senatus, consul, and pontifex maximus.

      4. Roman emperor from 379 to 395

        Theodosius I

        Theodosius I, also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two civil wars, and was instrumental in establishing the creed of Nicaea as the doctrine for Christianity. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule the entire Roman Empire before its administration was permanently split between two separate courts.

  34. 1868

    1. The Charter Oath, which stated the main aims and methods of action of the new Meiji era of Japan, was promulgated in Kyoto.

      1. First constitution of modern Japan, promulgated 1868

        Charter Oath

        The Charter Oath was promulgated on 6 April 1868 in Kyoto Imperial Palace. The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. This also set up a process of urbanization as people of all classes were free to move jobs so people went to the city for better work. It remained influential, if less for governing than inspiring, throughout the Meiji era and into the twentieth century, and can be considered the first constitution of modern Japan.

      2. Japanese era between 1868 and 1912

        Meiji era

        The Meiji era is an era of Japanese history that extended from October 23, 1868 to July 30, 1912. The Meiji era was the first half of the Empire of Japan, when the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonization by Western powers to the new paradigm of a modern, industrialized nation state and emergent great power, influenced by Western scientific, technological, philosophical, political, legal, and aesthetic ideas. As a result of such wholesale adoption of radically different ideas, the changes to Japan were profound, and affected its social structure, internal politics, economy, military, and foreign relations. The period corresponded to the reign of Emperor Meiji. It was preceded by the Keiō era and was succeeded by the Taishō era, upon the accession of Emperor Taishō.

      3. City in the Kansai region, Japan

        Kyoto

        Kyoto, officially Kyoto City , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. As of 2020, the city had a population of 1.46 million. The city is the cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Kyoto, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 3.8 million people.

  35. 1866

    1. The Grand Army of the Republic, an American patriotic organization composed of Union veterans of the American Civil War, is founded. It lasts until 1956.

      1. American fraternal organization of Civil War veterans (1866-1956)

        Grand Army of the Republic

        The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army, Union Navy, and the Marines who served in the American Civil War. It was founded in 1866 in Decatur, Illinois, and grew to include hundreds of "posts" across the North and West. It was dissolved in 1956 at the death of its last member.

  36. 1865

    1. American Civil War: The Battle of Sailor's Creek: Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fights and loses its last major battle while in retreat from Richmond, Virginia, during the Appomattox Campaign.

      1. 1865 American Civil War battle in Virginia

        Battle of Sailor's Creek

        The Battle of Sailor's Creek was fought on April 6, 1865, near Farmville, Virginia, as part of the Appomattox Campaign, near the end of the American Civil War. It was the last major engagement between the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert E. Lee and the Army of the Potomac, under the overall direction of Union General-in-Chief Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant.

      2. Confederate States Army commander

        Robert E. Lee

        Robert Edward Lee was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, towards the end of which he was appointed the overall commander of the Confederate States Army. He led the Army of Northern Virginia—the Confederacy's most powerful army—from 1862 until its surrender in 1865, earning a reputation as a skilled tactician.

      3. Confederate army unit in the American Civil War

        Army of Northern Virginia

        The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was also the primary command structure of the Department of Northern Virginia. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac.

      4. Capital city of Virginia, United States

        Richmond, Virginia

        Richmond is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region. Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871. At the 2010 census, the city's population was 204,214; in 2020, the population had grown to 226,610, making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia. The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state.

      5. Series of battles in the American Civil War ending with Confederate surrender (1865)

        Appomattox campaign

        The Appomattox campaign was a series of American Civil War battles fought March 29 – April 9, 1865, in Virginia that concluded with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to forces of the Union Army under the overall command of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, marking the effective end of the war.

  37. 1862

    1. American Civil War: The Battle of Shiloh begins: In Tennessee, forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant meet Confederate troops led by General Albert Sidney Johnston.

      1. 1861–1865 conflict in the United States

        American Civil War

        The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.

      2. Major battle (1862) of the American Civil War

        Battle of Shiloh

        The Battle of Shiloh was fought on April 6–7, 1862, in the American Civil War. The fighting took place in southwestern Tennessee, which was part of the war's Western Theater. The battlefield is located between a church named Shiloh and Pittsburg Landing, which is on the Tennessee River. Two Union armies combined to defeat the Confederate Army of Mississippi. Major General Ulysses S. Grant was the Union commander, while General Albert Sidney Johnston was the Confederate commander.

      3. U.S. state

        Tennessee

        Tennessee, officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 16th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the southwest, and Missouri to the northwest. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three Grand Divisions of East, Middle, and West Tennessee. Nashville is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. Tennessee's population as of the 2020 United States census is approximately 6.9 million.

      4. Federal government of Lincoln's “North” U.S

        Union (American Civil War)

        During the American Civil War, the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States led by President Abraham Lincoln. It was opposed by the secessionist Confederate States of America (CSA), informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The Union is named after its declared goal of preserving the United States as a constitutional union. "Union" is used in the U.S. Constitution to refer to the founding formation of the people, and to the states in union. In the context of the Civil War, it has also often been used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government;" in this meaning, the Union consisted of 20 free states and five border states.

      5. President of the United States from 1869 to 1877

        Ulysses S. Grant

        Ulysses S. Grant was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as Secretary of War. Later, as president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who signed the bill that created the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction.

      6. Former North American state (1861–65)

        Confederate States of America

        The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.

      7. Texian, United States, and Confederate States army general

        Albert Sidney Johnston

        Albert Sidney Johnston served as a general in three different armies: the Texian Army, the United States Army, and the Confederate States Army. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the Black Hawk War, the Texas War of Independence, the Mexican–American War, the Utah War, and the American Civil War.

  38. 1860

    1. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, later renamed Community of Christ, is organized by Joseph Smith III and others at Amboy, Illinois.

      1. Second-largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement

        Community of Christ

        The Community of Christ, known from 1872 to 2001 as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS), is an American-based international church, and is the second-largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement. The church reports 250,000 members in 1,100 congregations in 59 countries. The church traces its origins to Joseph Smith's establishment of the Church of Christ on April 6, 1830. His eldest son Joseph Smith III formally accepted leadership of the church on April 6, 1860 in the aftermath of the 1844 death of Joseph Smith.

      2. Eldest surviving son of Joseph Smith Jr and Prophet-President of RLDS Church (1832–1914)

        Joseph Smith III

        Joseph Smith III was the eldest surviving son of Joseph Smith and Emma Hale Smith. Joseph Smith III was the Prophet-President of what became the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, known as the Community of Christ since 2001, which considers itself a continuation of the church established by Smith's father in 1830. For fifty-four years until his own death, Smith presided over the church. Smith's moderate ideas and nature set much of the tone for the church's development, earning him the sobriquet of "the pragmatic prophet".

      3. City in Illinois, United States

        Amboy, Illinois

        Amboy is a city in Lee County, Illinois, United States, along the Green River. The population was 2,500 at the 2010 census. The chain of Carson Pirie Scott & Co. began in Amboy when Samuel Carson opened his first dry goods store there in 1854. The Christian denomination Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, had a general conference in Amboy on April 6, 1860, at which time Joseph Smith III reorganized the church founded by his father Joseph Smith, Jr.

  39. 1841

    1. U.S. President John Tyler is sworn in, two days after having become president upon William Henry Harrison's death.

      1. President of the United States from 1841 to 1845

        John Tyler

        John Tyler was the tenth president of the United States, serving from 1841 to 1845, after briefly holding office as the tenth vice president in 1841. He was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison, succeeding to the presidency following Harrison's death 31 days after assuming office. Tyler was a stalwart supporter and advocate of states' rights, including regarding slavery, and he adopted nationalistic policies as president only when they did not infringe on the states' powers. His unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other Whig politicians and left Tyler estranged from both of the nation's major political parties at the time.

      2. President of the United States in 1841

        William Henry Harrison

        William Henry Harrison was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States.

  40. 1830

    1. Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and others formally organized the Church of Christ, starting the Latter Day Saint movement.

      1. Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (1805–1844)

        Joseph Smith

        Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon. By the time of his death, 14 years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religion that continues to the present with millions of global adherents.

      2. American Mormon leader during the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement (1806-1850)

        Oliver Cowdery

        Oliver H. P. Cowdery was an American Mormon leader who, with Joseph Smith, was an important participant in the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement between 1829 and 1836. He was the first baptized Latter Day Saint, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormon's golden plates, one of the first Latter Day Saint apostles, and the Second Elder of the church.

      3. Book of Mormon witness (1805–1888)

        David Whitmer

        David Whitmer was an American Mormon leader who eventually became the most interviewed of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon's golden plates.

      4. Original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith in the 1820s

        Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)

        The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Organized informally in 1829 in New York and then formally on April 6, 1830, it was the first organization to implement the principles found in Smith's newly published Book of Mormon, and thus its establishment represents the formal beginning of the Latter Day Saint movement. Later names for this organization included the Church of the Latter Day Saints, the Church of Jesus Christ, the Church of God, the Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

      5. Religious movement

        Latter Day Saint movement

        The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian Restorationist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s.

    2. Church of Christ, the original church of the Latter Day Saint movement, is organized by Joseph Smith and others at either Fayette or Manchester, New York.

      1. Original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith in the 1820s

        Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)

        The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Organized informally in 1829 in New York and then formally on April 6, 1830, it was the first organization to implement the principles found in Smith's newly published Book of Mormon, and thus its establishment represents the formal beginning of the Latter Day Saint movement. Later names for this organization included the Church of the Latter Day Saints, the Church of Jesus Christ, the Church of God, the Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

      2. Religious movement

        Latter Day Saint movement

        The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian Restorationist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s.

      3. Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement (1805–1844)

        Joseph Smith

        Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon. By the time of his death, 14 years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religion that continues to the present with millions of global adherents.

      4. Town in New York, United States

        Fayette, New York

        Fayette is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 3,617 at the 2020 census. The town is in the north-central part of the county and is southeast of Geneva, New York.

      5. Town in New York, United States

        Manchester, New York

        Manchester is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 9,406 at the 2020 census. The town was named after one of its villages, which in turn was named after the original Manchester in England. It was formed in 1822 from the town of Farmington.

  41. 1814

    1. Nominal beginning of the Bourbon Restoration; anniversary date that Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.

      1. Period of French history, 1814–1830

        Bourbon Restoration in France

        The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the first fall of Napoleon on 3 May 1814. Briefly interrupted by the Hundred Days War in 1815, the Restoration lasted until the July Revolution of 26 July 1830. Louis XVIII and Charles X, brothers of the executed king Louis XVI, successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government intended to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the Ancien Régime. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France but were unable to reverse most of the changes made by the French Revolution. Exhausted by decades of war, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization.

      2. Mediterranean island in Italy

        Elba

        Elba is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, 10 km (6.2 mi) from the coastal town of Piombino on the Italian mainland, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park, and the third largest island in Italy, after Sicily and Sardinia. It is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea about 50 km (30 mi) east of the French island of Corsica.

  42. 1812

    1. Peninsular War: After a three-week siege, the Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, captured Badajoz, Spain, and forced the surrender of the French garrison.

      1. Part of the Napoleonic Wars (1807–1814)

        Peninsular War

        The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. The war started when the French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 by transiting through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France occupied Spain, which had been its ally. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation. It is also significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.

      2. 1812 siege during the Peninsular War

        Siege of Badajoz (1812)

        In the siege of Badajoz, also called the third siege of Badajoz, an Anglo-Portuguese Army under the Earl of Wellington besieged Badajoz, Spain, and forced the surrender of the French garrison. The siege was one of the bloodiest in the Napoleonic Wars and was considered a costly victory by the British, with some 4,800 Allied soldiers killed or wounded in a few short hours of intense fighting during the storming of the breaches as the siege drew to an end. Enraged at the huge number of casualties they suffered in seizing the city, the troops broke into houses and stores consuming vast quantities of alcohol with many of them then going on a rampage, threatening their officers and ignoring their commands to desist, and even killing several. It took three days before the men were brought back into order. When order was restored, an estimated 200-300 civilians had been killed or injured.

      3. Combined English and Portuguese army during the Peninsular War

        Anglo-Portuguese Army

        The Anglo-Portuguese Army was the combined British and Portuguese army that participated in the Peninsular War, under the command of Arthur Wellesley. The Army is also referred to as the British-Portuguese Army and, in Portuguese, as the Exército Anglo-Luso or the Exército Anglo-Português.

      4. British Field Marshal, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1828–1830, 1834

        Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

        Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and Tory statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain, serving twice as prime minister of the United Kingdom. He is among the commanders who won and ended the Napoleonic Wars when the coalition defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

      5. Municipality in Extremadura, Spain

        Badajoz

        Badajoz is the capital of the Province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. It is situated close to the Portuguese border, on the left bank of the river Guadiana. The population in 2011 was 151,565.

    2. British forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington assault the fortress of Badajoz. This would be the turning point in the Peninsular War against Napoleon-led France.

      1. British Field Marshal, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1828–1830, 1834

        Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

        Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and Tory statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain, serving twice as prime minister of the United Kingdom. He is among the commanders who won and ended the Napoleonic Wars when the coalition defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

      2. 1812 siege during the Peninsular War

        Siege of Badajoz (1812)

        In the siege of Badajoz, also called the third siege of Badajoz, an Anglo-Portuguese Army under the Earl of Wellington besieged Badajoz, Spain, and forced the surrender of the French garrison. The siege was one of the bloodiest in the Napoleonic Wars and was considered a costly victory by the British, with some 4,800 Allied soldiers killed or wounded in a few short hours of intense fighting during the storming of the breaches as the siege drew to an end. Enraged at the huge number of casualties they suffered in seizing the city, the troops broke into houses and stores consuming vast quantities of alcohol with many of them then going on a rampage, threatening their officers and ignoring their commands to desist, and even killing several. It took three days before the men were brought back into order. When order was restored, an estimated 200-300 civilians had been killed or injured.

      3. Part of the Napoleonic Wars (1807–1814)

        Peninsular War

        The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. The war started when the French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 by transiting through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France occupied Spain, which had been its ally. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation. It is also significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.

      4. Military leader and emperor of France

        Napoleon

        Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.

  43. 1808

    1. John Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company, the profits from which made him the first multi-millionaire in the United States.

      1. German-American businessman (1763–1848)

        John Jacob Astor

        John Jacob Astor was a German-American businessman, merchant, real estate mogul, and investor who made his fortune mainly in a fur trade monopoly, by smuggling opium into China, and by investing in real estate in or around New York City. He was the first prominent member of the Astor family and the first multi-millionaire in the United States.

      2. American fur trading company based in New York City (1808-47)

        American Fur Company

        The American Fur Company (AFC) was founded in 1808, by John Jacob Astor, a German immigrant to the United States. During the 18th century, furs had become a major commodity in Europe, and North America became a major supplier. Several British companies, most notably the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, were eventual competitors against Astor and capitalized on the lucrative trade in furs. Astor capitalized on anti-British sentiments and his commercial strategies to become one of the first trusts in American business and a major competitor to the British commercial dominance in North American fur trade. Expanding into many former British fur-trapping regions and trade routes, the company grew to monopolize the fur trade in the United States by 1830, and became one of the largest and wealthiest businesses in the country.

      3. Individual whose wealth is more than one million units of currency

        Millionaire

        A millionaire(s) [in USA] or Crorer(s) [in international] is an individual whose net worth or wealth is equal to or exceeds one million units of currency. Depending on the currency, a certain level of prestige is associated with being a millionaire. In countries that use the short scale number naming system, a billionaire is someone who has at least a thousand times a million dollars, euros or the currency of the given country.

    2. John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company, that would eventually make him America's first millionaire.

      1. German-American businessman (1763–1848)

        John Jacob Astor

        John Jacob Astor was a German-American businessman, merchant, real estate mogul, and investor who made his fortune mainly in a fur trade monopoly, by smuggling opium into China, and by investing in real estate in or around New York City. He was the first prominent member of the Astor family and the first multi-millionaire in the United States.

      2. American fur trading company based in New York City (1808-47)

        American Fur Company

        The American Fur Company (AFC) was founded in 1808, by John Jacob Astor, a German immigrant to the United States. During the 18th century, furs had become a major commodity in Europe, and North America became a major supplier. Several British companies, most notably the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, were eventual competitors against Astor and capitalized on the lucrative trade in furs. Astor capitalized on anti-British sentiments and his commercial strategies to become one of the first trusts in American business and a major competitor to the British commercial dominance in North American fur trade. Expanding into many former British fur-trapping regions and trade routes, the company grew to monopolize the fur trade in the United States by 1830, and became one of the largest and wealthiest businesses in the country.

  44. 1800

    1. The Treaty of Constantinople establishes the Septinsular Republic, the first autonomous Greek state since the Fall of the Byzantine Empire. (Under the Old Style calendar then still in use in the Ottoman Empire, the treaty was signed on 21 March.)

      1. 1800 agreement between the Russian and Ottoman empires; created the Septinsular Republic

        Treaty of Constantinople (1800)

        The Treaty of Constantinople of 2 April [O.S. 21 March] 1800 was concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, and heralded the creation of the Septinsular Republic, the first autonomous Greek state since the Fall of the Byzantine Empire.

      2. Ottoman and Russian protectorate in the southwest Balkans from 1800-07

        Septinsular Republic

        The Septinsular Republic was an oligarchic republic that existed from 1800 to 1807 under nominal Russian and Ottoman sovereignty in the Ionian Islands.

      3. 1453 capture of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire

        Fall of Constantinople

        The Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The city's collapse marked the end of the Middle Ages.

      4. Changes in calendar conventions from Julian to Gregorian dates

        Old Style and New Style dates

        Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 1582 and 1923.

  45. 1793

    1. During the French Revolution, the Committee of Public Safety becomes the executive organ of the republic.

      1. Revolution in France from 1789 to 1799

        French Revolution

        The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.

      2. De facto executive government in France (1793–1794)

        Committee of Public Safety

        The Committee of Public Safety formed the provisional government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror, a violent phase of the French Revolution. Supplementing the Committee of General Defence created after the execution of King Louis XVI in January 1793, the Committee of Public Safety was created in April 1793 by the National Convention. It was charged with protecting the new republic against its foreign and domestic enemies, fighting the First Coalition and the Vendée revolt. As a wartime measure, the committee was given broad supervisory and administrative powers over the armed forces, judiciary and legislature, as well as the executive bodies and ministers of the Convention.

  46. 1782

    1. King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) establishes the Chakri dynasty.

      1. King of Siam from 1782 to 1809

        Rama I

        Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok Maharaj, personal name Thongduang (ทองด้วง), also known as Rama I, was the founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom and the first monarch of the reigning Chakri dynasty of Siam. His full title in Thai is Phra Bat Somdet Phra Paramoruracha Mahachakkriborommanat Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok. He ascended the throne in 1782, following the deposition of King Taksin of Thonburi. He was also celebrated as the founder of Rattanakosin as the new capital of the reunited kingdom.

      2. Country in Southeast Asia

        Thailand

        Thailand, historically known as Siam and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning 513,120 square kilometres (198,120 sq mi), with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the extremity of Myanmar. Thailand also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the southeast, and Indonesia and India to the southwest. Bangkok is the nation's capital and largest city.

  47. 1776

    1. American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy unsuccessfully attempted to capture HMS Glasgow near Block Island.

      1. 1775–1783 war of independence

        American Revolutionary War

        The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, secured American independence from Great Britain. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.

      2. Navy of Patriot forces in the American Revolution

        Continental Navy

        The Continental Navy was the navy of the United States during the American Revolutionary War and was founded October 13, 1775. The fleet cumulatively became relatively substantial through the efforts of the Continental Navy's patron John Adams and vigorous Congressional support in the face of stiff opposition, when considering the limitations imposed upon the Patriot supply pool.

      3. 1776 naval battle of the American Revolutionary War

        Battle of Block Island

        The Battle of Block Island was a naval skirmish which took place in the waters off Rhode Island during the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Navy under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins was returning from a successful raid on Nassau when it encountered HMS Glasgow, a Royal Navy dispatch boat.

      4. HMS Glasgow (1757)

        HMS Glasgow was a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship of the Royal Navy. She was launched in 1757 and took part in the American Revolutionary War. While under command of Capt. William Maltby she ran onto rocks at Cohasset, Massachusetts on 10 December, 1774. Refloated and arrived in Boston on the 15th for repairs. Capt. Maltby was relieved of command at a Court Martial and replaced by Tyringham Howe some time between 8-15 January, 1775. She is most famous for her encounter with the maiden voyage of the Continental Navy off Block Island on 6 April 1776. In that action, Glasgow engaged a squadron of 6 ships of the Continental Navy, managing to escape intact. She captured a prize in April, 1778, but it sprang a leak and sank.

      5. Island in Rhode Island, United States

        Block Island

        Block Island is an island in the U.S. state of Rhode Island located in Block Island Sound approximately 9 miles (14 km) south of the mainland and 14 miles (23 km) east of Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, named after Dutch explorer Adriaen Block. It is part of Washington County and shares the same area as the town of New Shoreham. The Nature Conservancy added Block Island to its list of "The Last Great Places" which consists of 12 sites in the western hemisphere, and about 40 percent of the island is set aside for conservation. It is part of the Outer Lands region, a coastal archipelago.

    2. American Revolutionary War: Ships of the Continental Navy fail in their attempt to capture a Royal Navy dispatch boat.

      1. 1775–1783 war of independence

        American Revolutionary War

        The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, secured American independence from Great Britain. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.

      2. Navy of Patriot forces in the American Revolution

        Continental Navy

        The Continental Navy was the navy of the United States during the American Revolutionary War and was founded October 13, 1775. The fleet cumulatively became relatively substantial through the efforts of the Continental Navy's patron John Adams and vigorous Congressional support in the face of stiff opposition, when considering the limitations imposed upon the Patriot supply pool.

      3. 1776 naval battle of the American Revolutionary War

        Battle of Block Island

        The Battle of Block Island was a naval skirmish which took place in the waters off Rhode Island during the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Navy under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins was returning from a successful raid on Nassau when it encountered HMS Glasgow, a Royal Navy dispatch boat.

      4. Naval warfare force of the United Kingdom

        Royal Navy

        The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.

      5. Boats tasked to carry military dispatches

        Dispatch boat

        Dispatch boats were small boats, and sometimes large ships, tasked to carry military dispatches from ship to ship or from ship to shore or, in some cases from shore to shore. Dispatch boats were employed when other means of transmitting a message was not possible or safe or as quick.

  48. 1712

    1. A group of 23 slaves in New York City revolted, setting fire to a building, but were soon recaptured.

      1. Slave rebellion in New York City

        New York Slave Revolt of 1712

        The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City, in the Province of New York, of 23 Black slaves. They killed nine whites and injured another six before they were stopped. More than 70 black people were arrested and jailed. Of these, 27 were put on trial, and 21 convicted and executed.

    2. The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 begins near Broadway.

      1. Slave rebellion in New York City

        New York Slave Revolt of 1712

        The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City, in the Province of New York, of 23 Black slaves. They killed nine whites and injured another six before they were stopped. More than 70 black people were arrested and jailed. Of these, 27 were put on trial, and 21 convicted and executed.

      2. Avenue in New York

        Broadway (Manhattan)

        Broadway is a road in the U.S. state of New York. Broadway runs from State Street at Bowling Green for 13 mi (21 km) through the borough of Manhattan and 2 mi (3.2 km) through the Bronx, exiting north from New York City to run an additional 18 mi (29 km) through the Westchester County municipalities of Yonkers, Hastings-On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown, and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow.

  49. 1652

    1. At the Cape of Good Hope, Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp that eventually becomes Cape Town.

      1. Headland of Cape Peninsula, South Africa

        Cape of Good Hope

        The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa.

      2. Dutch colonial governor (1619–1677)

        Jan van Riebeeck

        Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck was a Dutch navigator and colonial administrator of the Dutch East India Company.

      3. Legislative capital of South Africa

        Cape Town

        Cape Town is one of South Africa's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. It is the legislative capital of the country, the oldest city in the country, and the second largest. Colloquially named the Mother City, it is the largest city of the Western Cape province, and is managed by the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. The other two capitals are Pretoria, the executive capital, located in Gauteng, where the Presidency is based, and Bloemfontein, the judicial capital in the Free State, where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located.

  50. 1580

    1. One of the largest earthquakes recorded in the history of England, Flanders, or Northern France, takes place.

      1. Magnitude 5 earthquake (6 April 1580) affecting England and France

        1580 Dover Straits earthquake

        Though severe earthquakes in the north of France and Britain are rare, the 1580 Dover Straits earthquake appears to have been one of the largest in the recorded history of England, Flanders or northern France. Its effects started to be felt in London at around six o'clock in the evening of 6 April 1580, being Wednesday in the Easter week.

  51. 1453

    1. Mehmed II begins his siege of Constantinople. The city falls on May 29, and is renamed Istanbul.

      1. 7th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481)

        Mehmed II

        Mehmed II, commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce Peace of Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.

      2. Capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire and later the Ottoman Empire

        Constantinople

        Constantinople was the capital of the Roman Empire, and later, the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital then moved to Ankara. Officially renamed Istanbul in 1930, the city is today the largest city and financial centre of the Republic of Turkey (1923–present). It is also the largest city in Europe.

      3. Largest city in Turkey

        Istanbul

        Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is the largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, cultural and historic hub. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, lying in both Europe and Asia, and has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. Istanbul is the most populous European city, and the world's 15th-largest city.

  52. 1320

    1. The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.

      1. 1320 letter to Pope John XXII affirming Scottish independence from England

        Declaration of Arbroath

        The Declaration of Arbroath is the name usually given to a letter, dated 6 April 1320 at Arbroath, written by Scottish barons and addressed to Pope John XXII. It constituted King Robert I's response to his excommunication for disobeying the pope's demand in 1317 for a truce in the First War of Scottish Independence. The letter asserted the antiquity of the independence of the Kingdom of Scotland, denouncing English attempts to subjugate it.

  53. 1250

    1. Seventh Crusade: Egyptian Ayyubid forces defeated the Crusader army at the Battle of Fariskur in Egypt, capturing King Louis IX of France as a hostage.

      1. 13th-century crusade in Egypt

        Seventh Crusade

        The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, it aimed to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Near East. The Crusade initially met with success but ended in defeat, with most of the army – including the king – captured by the Muslims.

      2. Sultans in Egypt from 1174 to 1341

        Ayyubid dynasty

        The Ayyubid dynasty was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin had originally served Nur ad-Din of Syria, leading Nur ad-Din's army in battle against the Crusaders in Fatimid Egypt, where he was made Vizier. Following Nur ad-Din's death, Saladin was proclaimed as the first Sultan of Egypt, and rapidly expanded the new sultanate beyond the frontiers of Egypt to encompass most of the Levant, in addition to Hijaz, Yemen, northern Nubia, Tarabulus, Cyrenaica, southern Anatolia, and northern Iraq, the homeland of his Kurdish family. By virtue of his sultanate including Hijaz, the location of the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, he was the first ruler to be hailed as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, a title that would be held by all subsequent Sultans of Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517. Saladin's military campaigns in the first decade of his rule, aimed at uniting the various Arab and Muslim states in the region against the Crusaders, set the general borders and sphere of influence of the Sultanate of Egypt for the almost three and a half centuries of its existence. Most of the Crusader states, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, fell to Saladin after his victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. However, the Crusaders reconquered the coast of Palestine in the 1190s.

      3. Religious wars of the High Middle Ages

        Crusades

        The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule. Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries.

      4. Topics referred to by the same term

        Battle of Fariskur

        Battle of Fariskur may refer to:Battle of Fariskur (1219), during the Fifth Crusade Battle of Fariskur (1250), during the Seventh Crusade, whereat Louis IX of France was captured

      5. King of France from 1226 to 1270

        Louis IX of France

        Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, was King of France from 1226 to 1270, and the most illustrious of the Direct Capetians. He was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII. His mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom as regent until he reached maturity, and then remained his valued adviser until her death. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and secured Capetian success in the Albigensian Crusade, which had started 20 years earlier.

  54. 402

    1. Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.

      1. Roman army general (c.359 – 408)

        Stilicho

        Flavius Stilicho was a military commander in the Roman army who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire. He was of Vandal origins and married to Serena, the niece of emperor Theodosius I. He became guardian for the underage Honorius. After nine years of struggle against barbarian and Roman enemies, political and military disasters finally allowed his enemies in the court of Honorius to remove him from power. His fall culminated in his arrest and execution in 408.

      2. Germanic people of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages

        Visigoths

        The Visigoths were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is known as the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups, including a large group of Thervingi, who had moved into the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had played a major role in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths varied, with the two groups making treaties when convenient, and warring with one another when not. Under their first leader, Alaric I, the Visigoths invaded Italy and sacked Rome in August 410. Afterwards, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD.

      3. 1st King of the Visigoths (r. 395–410)

        Alaric I

        Alaric I was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy Moesia—territory acquired a couple of decades earlier by a combined force of Goths and Alans after the Battle of Adrianople.

      4. 402 battle between Romans and Visigoths

        Battle of Pollentia

        The Battle of Pollentia was fought on 6 April 402 (Easter) between the Romans under Stilicho and the Visigoths under Alaric I, during the first Gothic invasion of Italy (401–403). The Romans were victorious, and forced Alaric to retreat, though he rallied to fight again in the next year in the Battle of Verona, where he was again defeated. After this, Alaric retreated from Italy, leaving the province in peace until his second invasion in 409, after Stilicho's death.

  55. -46

    1. Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.

      1. Roman general and dictator (100–44 BC)

        Julius Caesar

        Gaius Julius Caesar, was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

      2. 1st century BC Roman politician and general

        Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio

        Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, often referred to as Metellus Scipio, was a Roman senator and military commander. During the civil war between Julius Caesar and the senatorial faction led by Pompey, he was a staunch supporter of the latter. He led troops against Caesar's forces, mainly in the battles of Pharsalus and Thapsus, where he was defeated. He later committed suicide. Ronald Syme called him "the last Scipio of any consequence in Roman history."

      3. Roman statesman, general and writer (95–46 BC)

        Cato the Younger

        Marcus Porcius Cato "Uticensis", also known as Cato the Younger, was an influential conservative Roman senator during the late Republic. His conservative principles were focused on the preservation of what he saw as old Roman values in decline. A noted orator and a follower of Stoicism, his scrupulous honesty and professed respect for tradition gave him a powerful political following which he mobilised against powerful generals of his day.

      4. Battle of Caesar's Civil War (46 BC) Caesar defeats Optimates in Africa

        Battle of Thapsus

        The Battle of Thapsus was a military engagement that took place on April 6, 46 BC near Thapsus. The forces of the Optimates, led by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Scipio, were defeated by the forces of Julius Caesar. It was followed shortly by the suicides of Scipio and his ally, Cato the Younger, Numidian King Juba, his Roman peer Marcus Petreius, and the surrender of Cicero and others who accepted Caesar's pardon.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2022

    1. Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Russian and Soviet politician (b. 1946) deaths

      1. Russian politician (1946–2022)

        Vladimir Zhirinovsky

        Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky was a Russian ultranationalist politician and the leader of the populist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) from its creation in 1992 until his death. He had been a member of the State Duma since 1993 and leader of the LDPR group in the State Duma from 1993 to 2000, and from 2011 to 2022.

    2. Jill Knight, British politician (b. 1923) deaths

      1. British Conservative politician (1923–2022)

        Jill Knight

        Joan Christabel Jill Knight, Baroness Knight of Collingtree, was a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, she served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Edgbaston from 1966 to 1997. She was created a life peer as "Baroness Knight of Collingtree, of Collingtree in the County of Northamptonshire" in 1997 after she had stood down at that year's general election, and retired from the House of Lords on 24 March 2016.

  2. 2021

    1. Hans Küng, Swiss Catholic priest, theologian, and author (b. 1928) deaths

      1. Swiss Catholic priest, theologian, and author (1928–2021)

        Hans Küng

        Hans Küng was a Swiss Catholic priest, theologian, and author. From 1995 he was president of the Foundation for a Global Ethic.

  3. 2019

    1. Michael O'Donnell, British physician, journalist, author and broadcaster (b. 1928) deaths

      1. British physician, journalist, author, and broadcaster (1928–2019)

        Michael O'Donnell (physician)

        Michael O'Donnell was a British physician, journalist, author and broadcaster.

  4. 2017

    1. Don Rickles, American actor and comedian (b. 1926) deaths

      1. American comedian and actor (1926–2017)

        Don Rickles

        Donald Jay Rickles was an American stand-up comedian and actor. He became known primarily for his insult comedy. His film roles include Run Silent, Run Deep (1958) with Clark Gable, Carl Reiner's Enter Laughing (1967), the Clint Eastwood–led Kelly's Heroes (1970), and Martin Scorsese's Casino (1995) with Robert De Niro. From 1976 to 1978, Rickles had a two-season starring role in the NBC television sitcom C.P.O. Sharkey, having previously starred in two eponymous half-hour programs, an ABC variety show titled The Don Rickles Show (1968) and a CBS sitcom identically titled The Don Rickles Show (1972).

  5. 2016

    1. Merle Haggard, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1937) deaths

      1. American country music songwriter, singer, and musician (1937–2016)

        Merle Haggard

        Merle Ronald Haggard was an American country music singer, songwriter, guitarist, and fiddler.

  6. 2015

    1. Giovanni Berlinguer, Italian lawyer and politician (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Italian politician

        Giovanni Berlinguer

        Giovanni Berlinguer was an Italian politician, humanist and professor of social medicine.

    2. James Best, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1926) deaths

      1. American actor, musician, artist (1926–2015)

        James Best

        Jewel Franklin Guy, known professionally as James Best, was an American television, film, stage, and voice actor, as well as a writer, director, acting coach, artist, college professor, and musician. During a career that spanned more than 60 years, he performed not only in feature films but also in scores of television series, as well as appearing on various country music programs and talk shows. Television audiences, however, perhaps most closely associate Best with his role as the bumbling Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in the action-comedy series The Dukes of Hazzard, which originally aired on CBS between 1979 and 1985. He reprised the role in 1997 and 2000 for the made-for-television movies The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! and The Dukes of Hazzard: Hazzard in Hollywood (2000).

    3. Ray Charles, American singer-songwriter and conductor (b. 1918) deaths

      1. American musician, conductor and arranger (1918–2015)

        Ray Charles (musician, born 1918)

        Ray Charles was an American musician, singer, songwriter, vocal arranger and conductor who was best known as organizer and leader of the Ray Charles Singers who were featured on Perry Como's records and television shows for 35 years and were also known for a series of 30 choral record albums produced in the 1950s and 1960s for the Essex, MGM, Decca and Command labels.

    4. Dollard St. Laurent, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1929) deaths

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Dollard St. Laurent

        Joseph Dollard Herve St. Laurent was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman.

  7. 2014

    1. Mary Anderson, American actress (b. 1918) deaths

      1. American actress (1918–2014)

        Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918)

        Mary Bebe Anderson was an American actress, who appeared in 31 films and 22 television productions between 1939 and 1965. She was best known for her small supporting role in the film Gone With the Wind as well as one of the main characters in Alfred Hitchcock's 1944 film Lifeboat.

    2. Jacques Castérède, French pianist and composer (b. 1926) deaths

      1. French composer and pianist

        Jacques Castérède

        Jacques Castérède was a French composer and pianist.

    3. Liv Dommersnes, Norwegian actress (b. 1922) deaths

      1. Liv Dommersnes

        Liv Dommersnes was a Norwegian actress and reciter of poetry. She was a member of group that founded Studioteatret in 1945.

    4. Mickey Rooney, American soldier, actor, and dancer (b. 1920) deaths

      1. American actor (1920–2014)

        Mickey Rooney

        Joseph Yule Jr., also known as Mickey Rooney and Mickey Maguire; was an American actor. In a career spanning nine decades, he appeared in more than 300 films and was among the last surviving stars of the silent-film era. He was the top box-office attraction from 1939 to 1941, and one of the best-paid actors of that era. At the height of a career marked by declines and comebacks, Rooney performed the role of Andy Hardy in a series of 16 films in the 1930s and 1940s that epitomized mainstream America's self-image.

    5. Chuck Stone, American soldier, journalist, and academic (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Tuskegee Airman and Journalist

        Chuck Stone

        Charles Sumner "Chuck" Stone, Jr. was an American pilot, newspaper editor, journalism professor, and author. He was a member of the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II and was the first president of the National Association of Black Journalists, serving from 1975 to 1977. Passionate about racial issues and supportive of many liberal causes, he refused to follow any party line, "but called the issues as he saw them."

    6. Massimo Tamburini, Italian motorcycle designer, co-founded Bimota (b. 1943) deaths

      1. Massimo Tamburini

        Massimo Tamburini was an Italian motorcycle designer for Cagiva, Ducati, and MV Agusta, and one of the founders of Bimota. Tamburini's designs are iconic in their field, with one critic calling him the "Michelangelo of motorbike design". His Ducati 916 and MV Agusta F4 were included in the Guggenheim Museum's The Art of the Motorcycle exhibit of 1998–1999.

      2. Bimota

        Bimota is an Italian manufacturer of custom and production motorcycles. It was founded in 1973 in Rimini by Valerio Bianchi, Giuseppe Morri, and Massimo Tamburini. The company name is a portmanteau derived from the first two letters of each of the three founders' surnames: Bianchi, Morri, and Tamburini.

  8. 2013

    1. Hilda Bynoe, Grenadian physician and politician, 2nd Governor of Grenada (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Hilda Bynoe

        Dame Hilda Louisa Bynoe, DBE was the Governor of Grenada between 1967 and 1972.

      2. List of colonial governors and administrators of Grenada

        This is a list of Viceroys of Grenada from the establishment of French rule in 1649 until its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Following independence, the viceroy of Grenada ceased to represent the British monarch and British government, and ceased to be a British person, instead the new vice regal office, renamed to Governor-General of Grenada represented the Monarch of Grenada, and the person holding the office must be a Grenadian citizen.

    2. Bill Guttridge, English footballer and manager (b. 1931) deaths

      1. English footballer and manager

        Bill Guttridge

        William Henry Guttridge was an English professional football player and manager.

    3. Bigas Luna, Spanish director and screenwriter (b. 1946) deaths

      1. Spanish film director

        Bigas Luna

        José Juan Bigas Luna was a Spanish film director, designer and artist. His films are typically characterised by a strong emphasis on the erotic, often related to food, something for which he admitted a strong passion. His work often explores and parodies clichés of Spanish identity, but he had an international career and has made films in Spanish, Catalan, Italian, French and English.

    4. Ottmar Schreiner, German lawyer and politician (b. 1946) deaths

      1. German lawyer and politician (1946–2013)

        Ottmar Schreiner

        Ottmar Schreiner was a German lawyer and left-wing politician. He was known as one of the leading leftists in his party, SPD.

  9. 2012

    1. Roland Guilbault, American admiral (b. 1934) deaths

      1. Roland Guilbault

        Roland George "Gil" Guilbault was an American U.S. Navy rear admiral who commanded the USS Ticonderoga, the first Aegis cruiser. In 1987, he served as a battle force commander aboard the USS Eisenhower. He retired as a rear admiral in 1994.

    2. Thomas Kinkade, American painter and illustrator (b. 1958) deaths

      1. American painter of popular realistic, bucolic, and idyllic subjects

        Thomas Kinkade

        William Thomas Kinkade III was an American painter of popular realistic, pastoral, and idyllic subjects. He is notable for achieving success during his lifetime with the mass marketing of his work as printed reproductions and other licensed products by means of the Thomas Kinkade Company. According to Kinkade's company, one in every twenty American homes owned a copy of one of his paintings.

    3. Fang Lizhi, Chinese astrophysicist and academic (b. 1936) deaths

      1. Political Dissident and astrophysicist

        Fang Lizhi

        Fang Lizhi was a Chinese astrophysicist, vice-president of the University of Science and Technology of China, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-democracy student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of his activism, he was expelled from the Chinese Communist Party in January 1987. For his work, Fang was a recipient of the Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award in 1989, given each year to an individual whose courageous activism is at the heart of the human rights movement and in the spirit of Robert F. Kennedy's vision and legacy. He was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980, but it was revoked after 1989.

    4. Sheila Scotter, Australian fashion designer and journalist (b. 1920) deaths

      1. Australian fashion businesswoman

        Sheila Scotter

        Sheila Winifred Gordon Scotter, AM, MBE was an Australian businesswoman. She was a fashion designer and third editor of the Vogue Australia magazine. She also founded the Vogue Living magazine. She was famous for always wearing black and white clothing and leaving her hair silver. This earned her the nickname, the Silver Duchess. She was honoured for her journalism and her fundraising for opera.

    5. Reed Whittemore, American poet and critic (b. 1919) deaths

      1. American poet

        Reed Whittemore

        Edward Reed Whittemore, Jr. was an American poet, biographer, critic, literary journalist and college professor. He was appointed the sixteenth and later the twenty-eighth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1964, and in 1984.

  10. 2011

    1. Gerald Finnerman, American director and cinematographer (b. 1931) deaths

      1. American cinematographer

        Gerald Finnerman

        Gerald Perry Finnerman was an American cinematographer who worked on TV series such as Moonlighting and the original Star Trek. He served as vice president of the American Society of Cinematographers, and won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Special.

  11. 2010

    1. Wilma Mankiller, American tribal leader (b. 1945) deaths

      1. Native American activist and politician; Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1985 to 1995

        Wilma Mankiller

        Wilma Pearl Mankiller was a Native American activist, social worker, community developer and the first woman elected to serve as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Born in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, she lived on her family's allotment in Adair County, Oklahoma, until the age of 11, when her family relocated to San Francisco as part of a federal government program to urbanize Native Americans. After high school, she married a well-to-do Ecuadorian and raised two daughters. Inspired by the social and political movements of the 1960s, Mankiller became involved in the Occupation of Alcatraz and later participated in the land and compensation struggles with the Pit River Tribe. For five years in the early 1970s, she was employed as a social worker, focusing mainly on children's issues.

    2. Corin Redgrave, English actor (b. 1939) deaths

      1. English actor and activist (1939–2010)

        Corin Redgrave

        Corin William Redgrave was an English actor and left-wing socialist activist.

  12. 2009

    1. Shaylee Mansfield, deaf American actress and YouTuber births

      1. American actress (born 2009)

        Shaylee Mansfield

        Shaylee Mansfield is an American actress and former YouTuber who is deaf. Mansfield was born in Burbank, California, and first gained recognition by making viral videos in which she tells Christmas stories in American Sign Language. Mansfield appeared in an "Unforgettable Stories" video advertisement by Disney Parks, in which she met Minnie Mouse, who was learning sign language at Walt Disney World. The video quickly went viral and became one of Disney's most-watched advertisements.

    2. Valentina Tronel, French child singer, winner of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 births

      1. Musical artist

        Valentina (singer)

        Valentina Tronel, better known as simply Valentina, is a French child singer and voice actress best known for winning the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020. In 2016, she took part in the French version of The Voice Kids. Since 2018, she has been part of the child musical group Kids United Nouvelle Génération, with whom she has recorded the albums Au bout de nos rêves (2018) and L'Hymne de la vie (2019). She represented France in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 with the song "J'imagine", and went on to win the competition, becoming the first French entrant to win the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.

      2. International song competition for youth

        Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020

        The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was the 18th edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest, organised by Telewizja Polska (TVP) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The contest took place on 29 November 2020, and was held in Warsaw, Poland, following the country's victory at the 2019 contest with the song "Superhero" by Viki Gabor. This was the first time the contest was held in the same country for two consecutive years.

    3. J. M. S. Careless, Canadian historian and academic (b. 1919) deaths

      1. Canadian historian

        J. M. S. Careless

        James Maurice Stockford Careless was a Canadian historian.

    4. Shawn Mackay, Australian rugby player and coach (b. 1982) deaths

      1. Australian rugby union footballer

        Shawn Mackay

        Shawn Mackay was an Australian rugby union player with the Canberra based Brumbies in the Super 14 competition. He was the son of former Eastern Suburbs rugby league player John Mackay.

  13. 2007

    1. Luigi Comencini, Italian director and producer (b. 1916) deaths

      1. Italian film director

        Luigi Comencini

        Luigi Comencini was an Italian film director. Together with Dino Risi, Ettore Scola and Mario Monicelli, he was considered among the masters of the commedia all'italiana genre.

  14. 2006

    1. Maggie Dixon, American basketball player and coach (b. 1977) deaths

      1. American basketball player and coach

        Maggie Dixon

        Margaret Mary Dixon was an American collegiate women's basketball coach.

    2. Francis L. Kellogg, American soldier and diplomat (b. 1917) deaths

      1. American diplomat

        Francis L. Kellogg

        Francis Leonard Kellogg was an American diplomat, a special assistant to the Secretary of State during the Nixon and Ford Administrations and a prominent socialite in New York City.

    3. Stefanos Stratigos, Greek actor and director (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Greek actor

        Stefanos Stratigos

        Stefanos Stratigos was a Greek actor in film and television.

  15. 2005

    1. Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (b. 1923) deaths

      1. Prince of Monaco, 1949–2005

        Rainier III, Prince of Monaco

        Rainier III was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest-ruling monarchs in European history.

  16. 2004

    1. Lou Berberet, American baseball player (b. 1929) deaths

      1. American baseball player (1929-2004)

        Lou Berberet

        Louis Joseph Berberet was an American catcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers between 1954 and 1960. He was born in Long Beach, California.

    2. Larisa Bogoraz, Russian linguist and activist (b. 1929) deaths

      1. Soviet dissident

        Larisa Bogoraz

        Larisa Iosifovna Bogoraz was a dissident in the Soviet Union.

  17. 2003

    1. David Bloom, American journalist (b. 1963) deaths

      1. American journalist

        David Bloom

        David Jerome Bloom was an American television journalist until his sudden death in 2003 after a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) became a pulmonary embolism.

    2. Anita Borg, American computer scientist and educator; founded Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology (b. 1949) deaths

      1. American computer scientist

        Anita Borg

        Anita Borg was an American computer scientist. She founded the Institute for Women and Technology and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing.

      2. AnitaB.org

        AnitaB.org is a global nonprofit organization based in Belmont, California. Founded by computer scientists Anita Borg and Telle Whitney, the institute's primary aim is to recruit, retain, and advance women in technology.

    3. Gerald Emmett Carter, Canadian cardinal (b. 1912) deaths

      1. Catholic cardinal

        Gerald Emmett Carter

        Gerald Emmett Cardinal Carter (1912–2003) was a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Toronto from 1978 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.

    4. Babatunde Olatunji, Nigerian drummer, educator, and activist (b. 1927) deaths

      1. Nigerian percussionist (1927–2003)

        Babatunde Olatunji

        Michael Babatunde Olatunji was a Nigerian drummer, educator, social activist, and recording artist.

    5. Dino Yannopoulos, Greek stage director of the Metropolitan Opera (b. 1919) deaths

      1. Musical artist

        Dino Yannopoulos

        Konstantinos "Dino" Yannopoulos was the principal stage director of the Metropolitan Opera between 1945 and 1977. One of his major works was a production of Giacomo Puccini's Tosca with Maria Callas on the title role. He was also the founder of the Athens Music Festival. Also active as an educator, he worked as director of the opera program at the Curtis Institute of Music during the 1970s and was director of the Academy of Vocal Arts in Philadelphia from 1977-1987 and artistic director of the AVA from 1987-1989. He earned degrees from the University of Vienna, the University of Leipzig, and the Mozarteum.

  18. 2002

    1. Leyre Romero Gormaz, Spanish tennis player births

      1. Spanish tennis player

        Leyre Romero Gormaz

        Leyre Romero Gormaz is a Spanish tennis player.

  19. 2001

    1. Charles Pettigrew, American singer-songwriter (b. 1963) deaths

      1. American soul music duo

        Charles & Eddie

        Charles & Eddie were an American soul music duo composed of Charles Pettigrew and Eddie Chacon. Their single "Would I Lie to You?", taken from their 1992 debut album, Duophonic, won Ivor Novello Awards in 1993 in the Best Contemporary Song, Best Selling Song and International Hit of the Year categories. Between 1992 and 1995 they hit the top 40 three more times in the UK.

  20. 2000

    1. Shaheen Afridi, Pakistani cricketer births

      1. Pakistani cricketer

        Shaheen Afridi

        Shaheen Shah Afridi is a Pakistani professional cricketer who plays as a fast bowler for the Pakistan national cricket team. He made his international debut for Pakistan in April 2018 and his Test match debut for the national team in December 2018.

    2. Habib Bourguiba, Tunisian politician, 1st President of Tunisia (b. 1903) deaths

      1. President of Tunisia from 1957 to 1987

        Habib Bourguiba

        Habib Bourguiba was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman who led the country from 1956 to 1957 as the prime minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia (1956–57) then as the first president of Tunisia (1957–87). Prior to his presidency, he led the nation to independence from France, ending the 75-year-old protectorate and earning the title of "Supreme Combatant".

      2. Head of state of Tunisia.

        President of Tunisia

        The president of Tunisia, officially the president of the Tunisian Republic, is the head of state of Tunisia. Tunisia is a presidential republic, whereby the president is the head of state and head of government. Under Article 77 of the Constitution of Tunisia, the president is also the commander-in-chief of the Tunisian Armed Forces. The incumbent president is Kais Saied who has held this position since 23 October 2019 following the death of Beji Caid Essebsi on 25 July 2019. 2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum turned Tunisia into a presidential republic, giving the president sweeping powers while largely limiting the role of the parliament.

  21. 1999

    1. Red Norvo, American vibraphone player and composer (b. 1908) deaths

      1. American jazz musician

        Red Norvo

        Red Norvo was an American musician, one of jazz's early vibraphonists, known as "Mr. Swing". He helped establish the xylophone, marimba, and vibraphone as jazz instruments. His recordings included "Dance of the Octopus", "Bughouse", "Knockin' on Wood", "Congo Blues", and "Hole in the Wall".

  22. 1998

    1. Peyton List, American actress and model births

      1. American actress and model

        Peyton List (actress, born 1998)

        Peyton Roi List is an American actress and model. List began her career as a child model, modeling for tween magazines and companies, before transitioning to child actress. She made her acting debut with the film 27 Dresses (2008), and soon became recognized for playing Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series (2011–2012).

    2. Spencer List, American actor births

      1. American actor (born 1998)

        Spencer List

        Spencer List is an American actor. List is best known from the Fox show Fringe where he played a mysterious mute child in the episode "Inner Child". He has played Carter in The Fosters and its spin-off Good Trouble. He has also been on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in which he played Tate, the son of Leland Orser's character, Kevin Walker. List appeared in Jack Ketchum's Offspring in 2009. He made a guest appearance on the Disney Channel show Bunk'd in the episode "Luke's Back" as a Camp Champion camper named Eric.

    3. Norbert Schmitz, German footballer (b. 1958) deaths

      1. German footballer

        Norbert Schmitz

        Norbert "Nobbi" Christian Schmitz was a German footballer who made a total of 89 2. Bundesliga appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin and SC Fortuna Köln during his professional career.

    4. Tammy Wynette, American singer-songwriter (b. 1942) deaths

      1. American country musician (1942–1998)

        Tammy Wynette

        Tammy Wynette was an American country music artist, as well as an actress and author. She is considered among the genre's most influential and successful artists. Wynette helped bring a woman's perspective to the male-dominated country music field that helped other women find representation in the genre. Her characteristic vocal delivery has been acclaimed by critics, journalists and writers for conveying unique emotion. Twenty of her singles topped the Billboard country chart during her career. Her signature song "Stand by Your Man" received both acclaim and criticism for its portrayal of women's loyalty towards their husbands.

  23. 1996

    1. Greer Garson, English-American actress (b. 1904) deaths

      1. English -American actress (1904–1996)

        Greer Garson

        Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson was an English-American actress and singer. She was a major star at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer who became popular during the Second World War for her portrayal of strong women on the homefront; listed by the Motion Picture Herald as one of America's top-ten box office draws from 1942 to 1946.

  24. 1995

    1. Darya Lebesheva, Belarusian tennis player births

      1. Belarusian tennis player

        Darya Lebesheva

        Darya Vyacheslavovna Lebesheva is a Belarusian tennis player.

    2. Ioannis Alevras, Greek banker and politician, President of Greece (b. 1912) deaths

      1. Ioannis Alevras

        Ioannis Alevras, sometimes spelled Yannis Alevras, was a Greek Panhellenic Socialist Movement politician and Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament, who served as acting President of Greece in March 1985.

      2. Head of state of Greece

        President of Greece

        The president of Greece, officially the President of the Hellenic Republic, commonly referred to in Greek as the President of the Republic, is the head of state of Greece. The president is elected by the Hellenic Parliament; the role has been mainly ceremonial since the 1986 constitutional reform. The office was formally established by the Constitution of Greece in 1975, but has antecedents in the Second Hellenic Republic of 1924–1935 and the Greek junta in 1973–1974 which predated the transition to the current Third Hellenic Republic. The incumbent, since 13 March 2020, is Katerina Sakellaropoulou.

  25. 1994

    1. Adrián Alonso, Mexican actor births

      1. Mexican actor

        Adrián Alonso

        Adrián Alonso Barona is a Mexican actor. As a child actor, he was best known for the movie The Legend of Zorro.

    2. Juvénal Habyarimana, Rwandan banker and politician, 3rd President of Rwanda (b. 1937) deaths

      1. 2nd President of Rwanda from 1973 until assassinated in 1994

        Juvénal Habyarimana

        Juvénal Habyarimana was a Rwandan politician and military officer who served as the second president of Rwanda, from 1973 until 1994. He was nicknamed Kinani, a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible".

      2. List of presidents of Rwanda

        This article lists the presidents of Rwanda since the creation of the office in 1961, to the present day.

    3. Cyprien Ntaryamira, Burundian politician, 5th President of Burundi (b. 1955) deaths

      1. 5th President of Burundi

        Cyprien Ntaryamira

        Cyprien Ntaryamira was a Burundian politician who served as President of Burundi from 5 February 1994 until his death two months later. A Hutu born in Burundi, Ntaryamira studied there before fleeing to Rwanda to avoid ethnic violence and complete his education. Active in a Burundian student movement, he cofounded the socialist Burundi Workers' Party and earned an agricultural degree. In 1983 he returned to Burundi and worked agricultural jobs, though he was briefly detained as a political prisoner. In 1986 he cofounded the Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU), and in 1993 FRODEBU won Burundi's general elections. He subsequently became the Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry on 10 July, but in October Tutsi soldiers killed the president and other top officials in an attempted coup.

      2. Head of state of the Republic of Burundi

        President of Burundi

        The president of Burundi, officially the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Burundi. The president is also commander-in-chief of the National Defence Force. The office of the presidency was established when Michel Micombero declared Burundi a republic on 28 November 1966. The first constitution to specify the powers and duties of the president was the constitution of 1974 adopted in 1976. The constitution, written by Micombero, affirmed Micombero's position as the first president of Burundi. The powers of the president currently derive from the 2005 constitution implemented as a result of the 2000 Arusha Accords after the Burundian Civil War. The current president since 18 June 2020 is Évariste Ndayishimiye.

  26. 1992

    1. Ken, South Korean singer births

      1. South Korean singer

        Ken (VIXX singer)

        Lee Jae-hwan, better known by his stage name Ken (Korean: 켄), is a South Korean singer and actor, signed under Jellyfish Entertainment. He is one of the members in the South Korean boy group VIXX, and has been widely praised for his unique, soulful, and husky vocal tone. Ken began his acting career in 2014 in MBC Every 1's comedy drama Boarding House No. 24 as Lee Jae-hwan.

    2. Julie Ertz, American soccer player births

      1. American soccer player

        Julie Ertz

        Julie Beth Ertz is an American soccer player for the United States women's national soccer team. She first appeared for the United States national team during an international friendly against Scotland on February 9, 2013. She has since made more than 100 total appearances for the team.

    3. Isaac Asimov, American science fiction writer (b. 1920) deaths

      1. American writer and biochemist (1920–1992)

        Isaac Asimov

        Isaac Asimov was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. A prolific writer, he wrote or edited more than 500 books. He also wrote an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. Best known for his hard science fiction, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction.

  27. 1990

    1. Lachlan Coote, Australian rugby league player births

      1. Scotland international rugby league footballer

        Lachlan Coote

        Lachlan Coote is a Scotland and Great Britain international rugby league footballer who plays as a fullback for Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League.

    2. Charlie McDermott, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Charlie McDermott

        Charles Joseph McDermott Jr. is an American television and film actor, and musician, best known for his role as Axl Heck on ABC's The Middle. He was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in the acclaimed film Frozen River.

    3. Andrei Veis, Estonian footballer births

      1. Estonian footballer

        Andrei Veis

        Andrei Veis is an Estonian international footballer who plays in Estonian Meistriliiga for Paide Linnameeskond. He can play as a defender and a midfielder.

  28. 1988

    1. Jucilei, Brazilian footballer births

      1. Brazilian footballer

        Jucilei

        Jucilei da Silva, known simply as Jucilei, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Boavista as a central or defensive midfielder.

    2. Leigh Adams, Australian footballer births

      1. Australian rules footballer

        Leigh Adams (footballer)

        Leigh Adams is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

    3. Daniele Gasparetto, Italian footballer births

      1. Italian footballer

        Daniele Gasparetto

        Daniele Gasparetto is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie D club Legnago Salus.

    4. Carlton Mitchell, American football player births

      1. American gridiron football player (born 1988)

        Carlton Mitchell

        Carlton Mitchell is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at South Florida.

    5. Fabrice Muamba, Congolese-English footballer births

      1. English retired professional footballer

        Fabrice Muamba

        Fabrice Ndala Muamba is an English former professional footballer who played for Arsenal, Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers as a central midfielder. Born in Zaire, Muamba moved to England at the age of 11 and subsequently played for England up to under-21 level.

    6. Ivonne Orsini, Puerto Rican model and television host, Miss World Puerto Rico 2008 births

      1. Puerto Rican model

        Ivonne Orsini

        Ivonne Marie Orsini López is a Puerto Rican actress, model and TV personality. Her career began in the pageantry industry, but she has moved into other media. Orsini was one of the hosts of WAPA-TV show ¡Viva la tarde!. Currently, she is now the co-host of the Puerto Rican version of Hoy Día on Telemundo station WKAQ-TV.

      2. Annual competition was held in Puerto Rico

        Miss World Puerto Rico 2008

        Miss World Puerto Rico 2008, The annual competition was held in Puerto Rico, televised live by Telemundo Puerto Rico. Miss World Puerto Rico 2007, Jennifer Guevara Campos of Orocovis was succeeded by Ivonne Orsini, from San Juan who won the Miss World Puerto Rico 2008 title on March 27, 2008. Orsini represented Puerto Rico at the Miss World 2008 contest.

  29. 1987

    1. Benjamin Corgnet, French footballer births

      1. French professional footballer

        Benjamin Corgnet

        Benjamin Corgnet is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

    2. Heidi Mount, American model births

      1. American fashion model

        Heidi Mount

        Heidi Mount is an American fashion model, modeling for fashion houses such as Michael Kors, Bottega Veneta, Sonia Rykiel, Versace, and Valentino. She has appeared in campaigns for Chanel, Prada, and Bally.

    3. Juan Adriel Ochoa, Mexican footballer births

      1. Mexican footballer

        Juan Adriel Ochoa

        Juan Adriel Ochoa Reyes is a Mexican footballer who played in the Primera División A for Club Universidad de Guadalajara.

    4. Levi Porter, English footballer births

      1. English footballer

        Levi Porter

        Levi Roger Porter is an English footballer who most recently played for Melton Town F.C.

    5. Hilary Rhoda, American model births

      1. American model

        Hilary Rhoda

        Hilary Hollis Rhoda is an American model. She is perhaps best known for her work with the brand Estée Lauder and her 2009, 2010 and 2011 appearances in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.

  30. 1986

    1. Nikolas Asprogenis, Cypriot footballer births

      1. Cypriot former professional footballer

        Nikolas Asprogenis

        Nikolas Asprogenous is a Cypriot former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

    2. Aaron Curry, American football player births

      1. American football player and coach (born 1986)

        Aaron Curry (American football)

        Aaron Curry is an American college football coach and former linebacker who played in the National Football League. He is currently an assistant coach with the Seattle Seahawks football team. Curry was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the first round in the 2009 NFL Draft out of Wake Forest. Curry also played for the Oakland Raiders in 2011 and 2012.

    3. Goeido Gotaro, Japanese sumo wrestler births

      1. Gōeidō Gōtarō

        Gōeidō Gōtarō is a former sumo wrestler from Osaka Prefecture, Japan. He made his professional debut in January 2005 and reached the top makuuchi division in September 2007. Long regarded as one of the most promising Japanese wrestlers in sumo, Gōeidō holds the modern record for the most consecutive appearances at sumo's third highest rank of sekiwake, at 14 tournaments. He was finally promoted to the rank of ōzeki following the July 2014 tournament, after scores of twelve wins against three losses in two of the previous three tournaments. However, he only managed to win ten or more bouts in a tournament as an ōzeki on six occasions, and was kadoban, or in danger of demotion, eight times. He won his only top division tournament in September 2016 with a perfect 15–0 record and was a runner-up seven times in his career. He retired in January 2020 after two consecutive losing records that would have seen him demoted, to become an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name of Takekuma.

    4. Ryota Moriwaki, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Ryota Moriwaki

        Ryota Moriwaki is a Japanese football player who plays for Ehime FC.

  31. 1985

    1. Clarke MacArthur, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Clarke MacArthur

        Clarke MacArthur is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. MacArthur played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Ottawa Senators, Buffalo Sabres, Atlanta Thrashers and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was originally selected by Buffalo in the third round, 74th overall, at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft.

    2. Frank Ongfiang, Cameroonian footballer births

      1. Cameroonian footballer

        Franck Ongfiang

        Franck Olivier Ongfiang is a Cameroonian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

    3. Sinqua Walls, American basketball player and actor births

      1. American actor

        Sinqua Walls

        Sinqua Walls is an American actor known for appearing in Friday Night Lights, The Secret Life of the American Teenager, and American Soul.

  32. 1984

    1. Max Bemis, American singer-songwriter births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Max Bemis

        Maxim Adam Bemis is an American singer, songwriter and musician. He was the lead singer, primary composer and primary lyricist of the band, Say Anything, before their hiatus in 2018. He also sings alongside Chris Conley in the supergroup Two Tongues, plays alongside his wife Sherri Dupree-Bemis under the name Perma, and is a comic book writer, chiefly for Marvel Comics.

    2. Michaël Ciani, French footballer births

      1. French footballer

        Michaël Ciani

        Michaël Henry Ciani is a French former professional footballer who played as a centre back.

    3. Siboniso Gaxa, South African footballer births

      1. South African footballer

        Siboniso Gaxa

        Siboniso Gaxa, nicknamed Pa is a South African retired football defender who played for big clubs such as Ajax Cape Town, Kaizer Chiefs F.C. ,Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. and as Bafana Bafana defender.

    4. Diana Matheson, Canadian soccer player births

      1. Canadian soccer player

        Diana Matheson

        Diana Beverly Matheson is a retired Canadian professional soccer player who played for the Canada national team from 2003 to 2020 and multiple professional women's teams over the course of her career. She is best known for scoring the bronze medal-winning goal for Canada in the 92nd minute against France at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She also won a bronze medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics and gold medal at the 2011 Pan American Games with the senior national team.

  33. 1983

    1. Mehdi Ballouchy, Moroccan footballer births

      1. Moroccan footballer

        Mehdi Ballouchy

        Mehdi Ballouchy is a retired Moroccan professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is currently one of the coaching staff for New York City FC.

    2. Jerome Kaino, New Zealand rugby player births

      1. New Zealand rugby union player

        Jerome Kaino

        Jerome Kaino is a former New Zealand rugby union player.

    3. Mitsuru Nagata, Japanese footballer births

      1. Japanese footballer

        Mitsuru Nagata

        Mitsuru Nagata is a Japanese retired football player. He played for Japan national team.

    4. Remi Nicole, English singer-songwriter and actress births

      1. Musical artist

        Remi Nicole

        Remi Nicole Wilson, better known as Remi Nicole, is a British singer-songwriter and actress who was born in North London, but now resides in Los Angeles. She is best known for her single "Go Mr Sunshine", which was released in 2007. Her debut album, My Conscience and I, was released later that year and her second, Cupid Shoot Me, on 31 August 2009. As an actress she is credited as Remi Wilson.

    5. James Wade, English darts player births

      1. English darts player

        James Wade

        James Martin Wade is an English professional darts player, currently playing in the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). He became the youngest player to win a major PDC title, when he won the 2007 World Matchplay at the age of 24. This record has since been broken by Michael van Gerwen. Wade has won eleven PDC majors, third in the all-time list behind Phil Taylor and Michael van Gerwen.

    6. Katie Weatherston, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Katie Weatherston

        Katherine Marie "Katie" Weatherston is a Canadian retired ice hockey player and head coach of the Lebanese women’s national ice hockey team. As a member of the Canadian women's national ice hockey team, she won Olympic gold in the women's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin and medalled at two IIHF Women's World Championships.

    7. Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, Indian General who served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1962 to 1966 and the Military Governor of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1949. (b. 1908) deaths

      1. Indian Army general and diplomat (1908–1983)

        Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri

        General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri was a General Officer in the Indian Army. He served as the 6th Chief of Army Staff from 1962 to 1966 and the Military Governor of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1949. After his retirement from the Indian Army, he served as the Indian High Commissioner to Canada from 19 July 1966 until August 1969.

  34. 1982

    1. Travis Moen, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Travis Moen

        Travis Shawn Moen is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who most recently played under contract for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). Although he was born in Swift Current, Saskatchewan, he grew up in Stewart Valley, Saskatchewan. He was originally drafted in the fifth round of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft by the Calgary Flames; however, he never played for the club.

    2. Miguel Ángel Silvestre, Spanish actor births

      1. Spanish actor

        Miguel Ángel Silvestre

        Miguel Ángel Silvestre Rambla is a Spanish actor. He rose to prominence with his performance as El Duque in Sin tetas no hay paraíso.

  35. 1981

    1. Robert Earnshaw, Welsh footballer births

      1. Wales international footballer

        Robert Earnshaw

        Robert Earnshaw is a Welsh former international footballer who played as a forward. He is the only player to have scored a hat-trick in the Premier League, all three divisions of the English Football League, the League Cup, the FA Cup, and for his country in an international match.

    2. Jeff Faine, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1981)

        Jeff Faine

        Jeffrey Kalei Faine is a former American football center. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns 21st overall in the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Notre Dame.

    3. Lucas Licht, Argentine footballer births

      1. Argentine professional footballer (born 1981)

        Lucas Licht

        Lucas Matías Licht is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for Club Atlético Villa San Carlos mainly as a left-back but also as a left winger.

    4. Alex Suarez, American bass player births

      1. American band

        Cobra Starship

        Cobra Starship was an American dance-pop band founded in 2006 by Gabe Saporta (ex-Midtown), and headquartered in New York City. He recorded the first album as a solo project, While the City Sleeps, We Rule the Streets. Saporta later enlisted guitarist Ryland Blackinton, bassist Alex Suarez, drummer Nate Novarro, and keytarist Victoria Asher, all of whom provide backing vocals.

  36. 1980

    1. Tommi Evilä, Finnish long jumper births

      1. Finnish long jumper

        Tommi Evilä

        Jaakko Tommi Kristian Evilä is a Finnish former long jumper. He gained fame following his surprise bronze in the 2005 Helsinki World Championships, which was Finland's only medal in the championships.

    2. Tanja Poutiainen, Finnish skier births

      1. Finnish alpine skier

        Tanja Poutiainen

        Tanja Tuulia Poutiainen is a retired World Cup alpine ski racer from Finland. She specialized in the technical events of slalom and giant slalom, and was the silver medalist in the women's giant slalom at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino.

    3. Antonio Thomas, American wrestler births

      1. American professional wrestler

        Antonio Thomas (wrestler)

        Thomas Matera is an American professional wrestler and personal trainer, better known by his ring name Antonio Thomas. He is best known for his stint with World Wrestling Entertainment on the Raw brand as one half of The Heart Throbs.

  37. 1979

    1. Lord Frederick Windsor, English journalist and financier births

      1. British financial analyst (born 1979)

        Lord Frederick Windsor

        Lord Frederick Michael George David Louis Windsor is a British financial analyst, and the only son of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent. He is married to British actress Sophie Winkleman. He is currently 52nd in the line of succession to the British throne. He is president of Soldier On!, a charity for the professional development of vulnerable and disadvantaged people.

    2. Clay Travis, American sports journalist, blogger, and broadcaster births

      1. American sports journalist

        Clay Travis

        Richard Clay Travis is an American writer, lawyer, radio host and television analyst. As a sports journalist, Travis founded OutKick.

    3. Ivan Vasilyov, Bulgarian architect, designed the SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library (b. 1893) deaths

      1. Bulgarian architect

        Ivan Vasilyov

        Ivan Vasilyov was a Bulgarian architect, born in 1893, deceased in 1979.

      2. National library of Bulgaria in Sofia

        SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library

        The SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library is the national library of Bulgaria, situated in the capital city of Sofia. Founded on 4 April 1878, the library received the status of Bulgarian National Library three years later and the Bulgarian National Revival Archive was merged into it in 1924.

  38. 1978

    1. Imani Coppola, American singer-songwriter and violinist births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Imani Coppola

        Imani Francesca Coppola is an American singer-songwriter and violinist. Her debut single "Legend of a Cowgirl" reached the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart in 1997. Her debut album, Chupacabra, released by Columbia Records, was praised by critics and appeared on the US Heatseekers Albums chart. In 2001, Coppola appeared as a guest artist on the Baha Men single "You All Dat", which broke the top 10 in Australia and gave Coppola her second entry on the Billboard Hot 100 to date.

    2. Robert Glasper, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer births

      1. American jazz pianist, record producer, and songwriter

        Robert Glasper

        Robert Andre Glasper is an American pianist, record producer, songwriter, and musical arranger with a career that bridges several different musical and artistic genres, mostly centered on jazz. To date, Glasper has won four Grammy Awards and received nine nominations across eight categories.

    3. Tim Hasselbeck, American football player and sportscaster births

      1. American football player and sports journalist (born 1978)

        Tim Hasselbeck

        Timothy Thomas Hasselbeck is an American sports journalist and former American football quarterback who currently works as an analyst for ESPN. He played eight seasons in the NFL with the New York Giants, Washington Redskins, Philadelphia Eagles, Buffalo Bills, Baltimore Ravens, and Arizona Cardinals as well as the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe. He played college football at Boston College. He is the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Matt Hasselbeck.

    4. Myleene Klass, Austrian/Filipino-English singer, pianist, and model births

      1. British media personality

        Myleene Klass

        Myleene Angela Klass is a British singer, presenter, musician, model and businesswoman. She was a member of the pop group Hear'Say, and later released two solo classical crossover albums in 2003 and 2007. More recently, Klass has been a television and radio presenter. She has hosted television series including Popstar to Operastar (2010–2011) and BBQ Champ (2015) on ITV and The One Show (2007) on BBC One. She was briefly a regular panellist on the ITV lunchtime chat show Loose Women in 2014.

    5. Martín Méndez, Uruguayan bass player and songwriter births

      1. Musical artist

        Martín Méndez

        Martín Méndez is a Uruguayan Swedish bassist of progressive death metal band Opeth and second longest serving member of the band, behind lead vocalist, songwriter and guitarist Mikael Åkerfeldt.

    6. Blaine Neal, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1978)

        Blaine Neal

        Blaine Neal is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. Neal played with the Florida Marlins (2001–2003), San Diego Padres (2004), Boston Red Sox (2005), and Colorado Rockies (2005) of Major League Baseball (MLB). He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.

    7. Igor Semshov, Russian footballer births

      1. Russian footballer

        Igor Semshov

        Igor Petrovich Semshov is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.

  39. 1977

    1. Ville Nieminen, Finnish ice hockey player births

      1. Finnish ice hockey player

        Ville Nieminen

        Ville Juhani Nieminen is a Finnish former professional ice hockey forward who played over 400 games in the National Hockey League.

    2. Andy Phillips, American baseball player and coach births

      1. American baseball player (born 1977)

        Andy Phillips (baseball)

        George Andrew Phillips is an American baseball coach and former infielder. He played college baseball at Alabama for coach Jim Wells from 1996 to 1999 and played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, New York Mets, and Cincinnati Reds. Phillips was raised in Demopolis, Alabama, where he played baseball for the Demopolis Academy Generals. Phillips was an All-American for the Tide.

    3. Kōichi Kido, Japanese politician, 13th Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan (b. 1889) deaths

      1. Japanese advisor to Hirohito 1889-1977

        Kōichi Kido

        Marquis Kōichi Kido was a Japanese statesman who served as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan from 1940 to 1945, and was the closest advisor to Emperor Hirohito throughout World War II. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment, of which he served 6 years before being released in 1953.

      2. Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan

        The Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan was an administrative post not of Cabinet rank in the government of the Empire of Japan, responsible for keeping the Privy Seal of Japan and State Seal of Japan. The modern office of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was identical with the old Naidaijin only in name and should not be confused. The office was abolished in 1946 after World War II.

  40. 1976

    1. Candace Cameron Bure, American actress and talk show panelist births

      1. American actress, producer, author and talk show panelist

        Candace Cameron Bure

        Candace Cameron Bure is an American actress, producer, author and television personality. She is known for portraying D.J. Tanner on Full House and its sequel series Fuller House, and a number of roles in Hallmark Channel original productions—including the title character in their adaptations of the Aurora Teagarden novel series.

    2. James Fox, Welsh singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births

      1. Musical artist

        James Fox (singer)

        James Richard Mullett, known professionally as James Fox, is a Welsh pop singer, songwriter, pianist and guitarist. He represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul. In 2008 he wrote and recorded the Cardiff City F.C. FA Cup Final song, "Bluebirds Flying High".

    3. Chris Hoke, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1976)

        Chris Hoke

        Christopher L. Hoke is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League. He spent his entire eleven-year professional career with the Pittsburgh Steelers.

    4. Georg Hólm, Icelandic bass player births

      1. Musical artist

        Georg Hólm

        Georg "Goggi" Hólm is the bassist of the Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós. He is the most prominent member of Sigur Rós in the English press, as he does significantly more press than the other members due to him being the most fluent English speaker in the band.

    5. Hirotada Ototake, Japanese author and educator births

      1. Hirotada Ototake

        Hirotada Ototake is a Japanese sports writer from Tokyo, Japan.

  41. 1975

    1. Zach Braff, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American actor and filmmaker

        Zach Braff

        Zachary Israel Braff is an American actor and filmmaker. He portrayed J.D. on the NBC/ABC television series Scrubs (2001–2010), for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2005 as well as for three Golden Globe Awards from 2005 to 2007. He starred in The Broken Hearts Club: A Romantic Comedy (2000), The Last Kiss (2006), The Ex (2006), and In Dubious Battle (2016). He has done voice-work for Chicken Little (2005), Oz the Great and Powerful (2013), and the Netflix series BoJack Horseman.

    2. Hal Gill, American ice hockey player births

      1. American ice hockey player

        Hal Gill

        Harold Priestley Gill III is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played 16 NHL seasons with six different teams, winning the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009.

  42. 1974

    1. Willem Marinus Dudok, Dutch architect (b. 1884) deaths

      1. Dutch modernist architect

        Willem Marinus Dudok

        Willem Marinus Dudok was a Dutch modernist architect. He was born in Amsterdam. He became City Architect for the town of Hilversum in 1928 where he was best known for the brick Hilversum Town Hall, completed in 1931. Not only did he design the building, but also the interior including the carpets, furniture and even the mayor's meeting hammer. He also designed and built about 75 houses, public buildings and entire neighborhoods.

    2. Hudson Fysh, Australian pilot and businessman, co-founded Qantas Airways Limited (b. 1895) deaths

      1. Australian aviator and businessman (1895–1974)

        Hudson Fysh

        Sir Wilmot Hudson Fysh, KBE, DFC was an Australian aviator and businessman. A founder of the Australian airline company Qantas, Fysh was born in Launceston, Tasmania. Serving in the Battle of Gallipoli and Palestine Campaign as a lieutenant of the Australian Light Horse Brigade, Fysh later became an observer and gunner to Paul McGinness in the AFC. He was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross during the aftermath of the war for his services to aerial warfare.

      2. Flag-carrier and largest airline of Australia

        Qantas

        Qantas Airways Limited is the flag carrier of Australia and the country's largest airline by fleet size, international flights, and international destinations. It is the world's third-oldest airline still in operation, having been founded in November 1920; it began international passenger flights in May 1935. Qantas is an acronym of the airline's original name, Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services, as it originally served Queensland and the Northern Territory, and is popularly nicknamed "The Flying Kangaroo". Qantas is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance.

  43. 1973

    1. Donnie Edwards, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1973)

        Donnie Edwards

        Donnie Edwards is a former American football linebacker from San Diego, California. He played for thirteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Kansas City Chiefs and the San Diego Chargers. He began his career as an All-American Collegiate at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round of the 1996 NFL Draft.

    2. Randall Godfrey, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1973)

        Randall Godfrey

        Randall Euralentris Godfrey is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League. Godfrey played college football at the University of Georgia, where he majored in housing and consumer economics. He also played High School Football at Lowndes High School in Valdosta Georgia. He was drafted in the 1996 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys with the 49th overall pick. He then played for the Tennessee Titans and the Seattle Seahawks.

    3. Rie Miyazawa, Japanese model and actress births

      1. Musical artist

        Rie Miyazawa

        Rie Miyazawa is a Japanese actress and former teen idol. She is regarded as one of Japan's top actresses, and her accolades include six Japan Academy Film Prizes and three Kinema Junpo Awards

    4. Sun Wen, Chinese footballer births

      1. Chinese footballer

        Sun Wen (footballer)

        Sun Wen is a Chinese former professional footballer who played as a forward. She previously captained the China national team and the Atlanta Beat of the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA).

  44. 1972

    1. Anders Thomas Jensen, Danish director and screenwriter births

      1. Danish film director

        Anders Thomas Jensen

        Anders Thomas Jensen is a Danish screenwriter and film director. His film Election Night won the 1998 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.

    2. Dickey Simpkins, American basketball player and sportscaster births

      1. American basketball player

        Dickey Simpkins

        LuBara Dixon "Dickey" Simpkins is an American former professional basketball player best known for his tenure with the Chicago Bulls in the late 1990s. He is currently a scout for the Washington Wizards.

  45. 1971

    1. Igor Stravinsky, Russian-American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1882) deaths

      1. Russian composer and pianist (1882–1971)

        Igor Stravinsky

        Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French and American citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century and a pivotal figure in modernist music.

  46. 1970

    1. Olaf Kölzig, South African-German ice hockey player and coach births

      1. German ice hockey player

        Olaf Kölzig

        Olaf Kölzig is a South African-born German former professional ice hockey goaltender and current goaltender coach and player development coach for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). With the exception of eight games with the Tampa Bay Lightning, he played his entire 14-year NHL career with the Capitals.

    2. Roy Mayorga, American drummer, songwriter, and producer births

      1. American drummer

        Roy Mayorga

        Roy Mayorga is an American musician, best known as the drummer of heavy metal bands Hellyeah and Stone Sour and is currently the drummer for the industrial metal band Ministry.

    3. Huang Xiaomin, Chinese swimmer births

      1. Chinese swimmer

        Huang Xiaomin

        Huang Xiaomin is a Chinese former breaststroke swimmer, whose best performance during her career was winning the silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. She was born in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang. She admitted to have used doping substances during her active career and is now publicly opposed to it.

    4. Maurice Stokes, American basketball player (b. 1933) deaths

      1. American basketball player (1933–1970)

        Maurice Stokes

        Maurice Stokes was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Cincinnati/Rochester Royals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1955 to 1958. Stokes was a three-time NBA All-Star, a three-time All-NBA Second Team member and the 1956 NBA Rookie of the Year. His career – and later his life – was cut short by a debilitating brain injury and paralysis.

  47. 1969

    1. Bret Boone, American baseball player and manager births

      1. American baseball player (born 1969)

        Bret Boone

        Bret Robert Boone is a former Major League Baseball second baseman. During his career Boone was a three-time All-Star, four-time Gold Glove winner, and two-time Silver Slugger Award winner. He is a third generation professional athlete. His brother is Aaron Boone, manager of the New York Yankees.

    2. Bison Dele, American basketball player (d. 2002) births

      1. American basketball player (1967–2002)

        Bison Dele

        Bison Dele was an American professional basketball player who played center for the NBA's Orlando Magic, Denver Nuggets, Los Angeles Clippers, Chicago Bulls and Detroit Pistons. Dele won a championship with the Bulls in 1997. He is believed to have been murdered at sea by his older brother Miles Dabord in 2002. His girlfriend, Serena Karlan, and skipper Bertrand Saldo are also presumed to have been killed by Dabord.

    3. Philipp Peter, Austrian race car driver births

      1. Austrian racing driver

        Philipp Peter

        Philipp Peter is a race car driver from Austria.

    4. Paul Rudd, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Paul Rudd

        Paul Stephen Rudd is an American actor. He studied theater at the University of Kansas and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, before making his acting debut in 1991. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in July 2015. He was named one of Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2019. In 2021, he was named People magazine's "Sexiest Man Alive".

    5. Spencer Wells, American geneticist and anthropologist births

      1. American author and geneticist

        Spencer Wells

        Spencer Wells is an American geneticist, anthropologist, author and entrepreneur. He co-hosts The Insight podcast with Razib Khan. Wells led The Genographic Project from 2005 to 2015, as an Explorer-in-Residence at the National Geographic Society, and is the founder and executive director of personal genomics nonprofit The Insitome Institute.

  48. 1968

    1. Archon Fung, American political scientist, author, and academic births

      1. American political scientist

        Archon Fung

        Archon Fung, is the Winthrop Laflin McCormack Professor of Citizenship and Democracy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and co-founder of the Transparency Policy Project. Fung served as an assistant professor of public policy at the Kennedy School from July 1999–June 2004, then as an associate professor of public policy at the Kennedy School from July 2004–October 2007, and finally as a professor of public policy from October 2007–March 2009 before being named as the Ford Foundation Chair of Democracy and Citizenship in March 2009. In 2015, he was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.

    2. Affonso Giaffone, Brazilian race car driver births

      1. Brazilian racing driver

        Affonso Giaffone

        Affonso Giaffone Neto is a Brazilian former racing driver. He is one of several racing drivers in his family; he is a cousin of Felipe Giaffone, and a cousin-in-law of Rubens Barrichello. His father Affonso Giaffone Jr. was also a racing driver.

  49. 1967

    1. Julian Anderson, English composer and educator births

      1. British composer and teacher of composition

        Julian Anderson

        Julian Anderson is a British composer and teacher of composition.

    2. Kathleen Barr, Canadian voice actress and singer births

      1. Canadian voice actress

        Kathleen Barr

        Kathleen Barr is a Canadian voice actress. She is best known for voicing Marie Kanker and Kevin in Ed, Edd n Eddy and Trixie Lulamoon and Queen Chrysalis in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic. She also voiced Henri Richard Maurice Dutoit LeFevbre in Liberty's Kids, Dot Matrix in ReBoot, Kaiko Nekton in The Deep, Wheezie in Dragon Tales, and Gelorum in Hot Wheels: AcceleRacers.

    3. Tanya Byron, English psychologist and academic births

      1. British psychologist (born 1967)

        Tanya Byron

        Tanya Byron is a British psychologist, writer, and media personality, best known for her work as a child therapist on television shows Little Angels and The House of Tiny Tearaways. She also co-created the BBC Two sitcom The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle with Jennifer Saunders, and still contributes articles to various newspapers.

    4. Jonathan Firth, English actor births

      1. English actor

        Jonathan Firth

        Jonathan Stephen Firth is an English actor. He is best known for his roles in such noted British television productions as Middlemarch, Far from the Madding Crowd, and Victoria & Albert. He lives in Islington, North London.

  50. 1966

    1. Vince Flynn, American author (d. 2013) births

      1. American writer of political thriller novels (1966–2013)

        Vince Flynn

        Vincent Joseph Flynn was an American author of political thriller novels featuring the fictional assassin Mitch Rapp. He was a story consultant for the fifth season of the television series 24. He died on June 19, 2013, after three years with prostate cancer.

    2. Young Man Kang, South Korean-American director and producer births

      1. Young Man Kang

        Young Man Kang is a Korean filmmaker based in Los Angeles, California, United States. Kang directed and produced The Last Eve (2005), Soap Girl (2002), Cupid's Mistake (2001) and Kimchi Warrior (2009). He is the director and founder of Seoul Webfest.

  51. 1965

    1. Black Francis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer, songwriter and guitarist

        Black Francis

        Charles Michael Kittridge Thompson IV is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He is best known as the frontman of the alternative rock band Pixies, with whom he performs under the stage name Black Francis. Following the band's breakup in 1993, he embarked on a solo career under the name Frank Black. After releasing two albums with record label 4AD and one with American Recordings, he left the label and formed a new band, Frank Black and the Catholics. He re-adopted the name Black Francis in 2007.

    2. Sterling Sharpe, American football player and sportscaster births

      1. American football player (born 1965)

        Sterling Sharpe

        Sterling Sharpe is a former American football wide receiver and analyst for the NFL Network. He attended the University of South Carolina, and played from 1988 to 1994 with the Green Bay Packers in a career shortened by a neck injury. He is the older brother of Pro Football Hall of Fame tight end Shannon Sharpe.

  52. 1963

    1. Rafael Correa, Ecuadorian economist and politician, 54th President of Ecuador births

      1. President of Ecuador from 2007 to 2017

        Rafael Correa

        Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado, known as Rafael Correa, is an Ecuadorian politician and economist who served as President of Ecuador from 2007 to 2017. The leader of the PAIS Alliance political movement from its foundation until 2017, Correa is a democratic socialist and his administration focused on the implementation of left-wing policies. Internationally, he served as president pro tempore of the UNASUR.

      2. Head of State and Government of the Republic of Ecuador

        President of Ecuador

        The president of Ecuador, officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic of Ecuador, serves as both the head of state and head of government of Ecuador. It is the highest political office in the country as the head of the executive branch of government. Per the current constitution, the President can serve two four-year terms. Prior to that, the president could only serve one four-year term.

    2. Otto Struve, Ukrainian-American astronomer and academic (b. 1897) deaths

      1. Russian astronomer (1897–1963)

        Otto Struve

        Otto Struve was a Russian-American astronomer of Baltic German origins. In Russian, his name is sometimes given as Otto Lyudvigovich Struve ; however, he spent most of his life and his entire scientific career in the United States. Otto was the descendant of famous astronomers of the Struve family; he was the son of Ludwig Struve, grandson of Otto Wilhelm von Struve and great-grandson of Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve. He was also the nephew of Karl Hermann Struve.

  53. 1962

    1. Iris Häussler, German sculptor and academic births

      1. Iris Häussler

        Iris Haeussler is a conceptual and installation art artist of German origin. She lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Many of Iris Haeussler's works are detailed, hyperrealistic installations that visitors can decode as narrative stories. Recurring topics in her work include historic, cultural, social and geographic origins; family ties, relationships, memory, history, trauma and obsession.

    2. Marco Schällibaum, Swiss footballer, coach, and manager births

      1. Swiss footballer and manager

        Marco Schällibaum

        Marco Schällibaum is a Swiss football manager and former player. He is the manager of Swiss Challenge League side Yverdon-Sport FC.

  54. 1961

    1. Rory Bremner, Scottish impressionist and comedian births

      1. Scottish comedian

        Rory Bremner

        Roderick Keith Ogilvy "Rory" Bremner, is a Scottish impressionist and comedian, noted for his work in political satire and impressions of British public figures. He is also known for his work on Mock the Week as a panellist, Rory Bremner...Who Else?, and sketch comedy series Bremner, Bird and Fortune.

    2. Peter Jackson, English footballer and manager births

      1. Peter Jackson (footballer, born 1961)

        Peter Allan Jackson is a football manager and former footballer. He has previously had two spells as Huddersfield Town manager, whom he helped win the Division Three play-off in 2004, and he has also managed Lincoln City, before taking charge at his former playing club Bradford City in 2011.

    3. Jules Bordet, Belgian microbiologist and immunologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870) deaths

      1. Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, Nobel prize in medicine 1919

        Jules Bordet

        Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet was a Belgian immunologist and microbiologist. The bacterial genus Bordetella is named after him. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to him in 1919 for his discoveries relating to immunity.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

        The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

  55. 1960

    1. Warren Haynes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American rock and blues guitarist, singer and songwriter

        Warren Haynes

        Warren Haynes is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known for his work as longtime guitarist with the Allman Brothers Band and as founding member of the jam band Gov't Mule. Early in his career he was a guitarist for David Allan Coe and The Dickey Betts Band. Haynes also is known for his associations with the surviving members of the Grateful Dead, including touring with Phil Lesh and Friends and the Dead. In addition, Haynes founded and manages Evil Teen Records.

    2. Richard Loe, New Zealand rugby player births

      1. Rugby player

        Richard Loe

        Richard Wyllie Loe is a retired All Black prop forward. He is a sports broadcaster on BSport, Radio Live and SKY Sport.

    3. John Pizzarelli, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American jazz guitarist and vocalist

        John Pizzarelli

        John Paul Pizzarelli Jr. is an American jazz guitarist and vocalist. He has recorded over twenty solo albums and has appeared on more than forty albums by other recording artists, including Paul McCartney, James Taylor, Rosemary Clooney; his father, jazz guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli; and his wife, singer Jessica Molaskey.

  56. 1959

    1. Gail Shea, Canadian politician births

      1. Canadian politician

        Gail Shea

        Gail A. Shea is a Canadian politician who served as the Member of Parliament for Egmont from 2008 to 2015. She was previously a member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 2000 to 2007, representing the electoral district of Tignish-DeBlois as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.

    2. Leo Aryeh Mayer, Polish-Israeli scholar and academic (b. 1895) deaths

      1. Israeli scholar of Islamic art and rector of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1895-1959)

        Leo Aryeh Mayer

        Leo Aryeh Mayer, was an Israeli scholar of Islamic art and rector of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

  57. 1958

    1. Graeme Base, Australian author and illustrator births

      1. Australian artist and children's writer

        Graeme Base

        Graeme Rowland Base is a British-Australian author and artist of picture books. He is perhaps best known for his second book, Animalia published in 1986, and third book The Eleventh Hour which was released in 1989.

  58. 1957

    1. Giorgio Damilano, Italian race walker and coach births

      1. Italian former race walker

        Giorgio Damilano

        Giorgio Damilano is an Italian former race walker.

    2. Maurizio Damilano, Italian race walker and coach births

      1. Italian former race walker

        Maurizio Damilano

        Maurizio Damilano is an Italian former race walker. He won 15 individual medals, at senior level, at the International athletics competitions.

    3. Jaroslava Maxová, Czech soprano and educator births

      1. Musical artist

        Jaroslava Maxová

        Jaroslava Maxová is a Czech mezzo-soprano opera singer and vocal coach.

    4. Paolo Nespoli, Italian soldier, engineer, and astronaut births

      1. Italian Astronaut and Engineer of the European Space Agency (ESA)

        Paolo Nespoli

        Major Paolo Angelo Nespoli is an Italian astronaut and engineer of the European Space Agency (ESA). In 2007, he first traveled into space aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as a mission specialist of STS-120. In December 2010 he again traveled into space aboard the Soyuz TMA-20 spacecraft as an Expedition 26/27 flight engineer. Nespoli's third spaceflight was on board Soyuz MS-05, which launched in July 2017 for Expedition 52/53. He was also the European Space Agency's oldest active astronaut prior to his retirement in 2019.

  59. 1956

    1. Michele Bachmann, American lawyer and politician births

      1. Former U.S. Representative from Minnesota (born 1956)

        Michele Bachmann

        Michele Marie Bachmann is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for Minnesota's 6th congressional district from 2007 until 2015. A member of the Republican Party, she was a candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 election, but lost the Republican nomination to Mitt Romney.

    2. Normand Corbeil, Canadian composer (d. 2013) births

      1. Canadian composer (1956–2013)

        Normand Corbeil

        Normand Corbeil was a Canadian composer known for his work on films, video games and television.

    3. Mudassar Nazar, Pakistani cricketer births

      1. Mudassar Nazar

        Mudassar Nazar is a Pakistani cricket coach and former cricketer with a career in Test cricket for Pakistan and in league cricket in Pakistan and England. He was an opening batsman who played 76 test and 122 one-day matches for Pakistan. After retiring from professional cricket, he has had a number of administrative positions in the cricketing world, including two stints as coach for Pakistan in 1993 and 2001, for Kenya and for several other teams. He was born in Lahore, Punjab.

    4. Lee Scott, English politician births

      1. Lee Scott (politician)

        Lee Scott is a British Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ilford North from 2005 until his defeat at the 2015 general election. Scott is an officer of the Conservative Friends of Israel. In the 2021 Essex County Council election he was elected to the ward of Chigwell & Loughton Broadway.

    5. Sebastian Spreng, Argentinian-American painter and journalist births

      1. American painter

        Sebastian Spreng

        Sebastian Spreng is an Argentine-born American visual artist and music journalist. He is a self-taught artist. He lives in Bay Harbor Islands, Florida.

    6. Dilip Vengsarkar, Indian cricketer and coach births

      1. Former Indian cricketer and cricket administrator

        Dilip Vengsarkar

        Dilip Balwant Vengsarkar pronunciation (help·info) is a former Indian cricketer and a cricket administrator. He was known as one of the foremost exponents of the drive. Along with Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath, he was a key player in the Indian batting line up in the late 70s and early 80s. He went on to play until 1992.

  60. 1955

    1. Rob Epstein, American director and producer births

      1. American film director, producer, writer and editor

        Rob Epstein

        Robert P. Epstein, is an American director, producer, writer, and editor. He has won two Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature, for the films The Times of Harvey Milk and Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt.

    2. Michael Rooker, American actor, director, and producer births

      1. American actor (born 1955)

        Michael Rooker

        Michael Rooker is an American actor known for his roles as Henry in Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986), Chick Gandil in Eight Men Out (1988), Frank Baily in Mississippi Burning (1988), Terry Cruger in Sea of Love (1989), Rowdy Burns in Days of Thunder (1990), Bill Broussard in JFK (1991), Hal Tucker in Cliffhanger (1993), Sherman McMaster in Tombstone (1993), Jared Svenning in Mallrats (1995), Detective Howard Cheney in The Bone Collector (1999), Grant Grant in Slither (2006), Merle Dixon in AMC's The Walking Dead (2010–2013), Yondu Udonta in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), its sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), and the animated series What If...? (2021), and Savant in The Suicide Squad (2021).

    3. Cathy Jones, Canadian actress, comedian, and writer births

      1. Canadian actress, comedian and writer (born 1955)

        Cathy Jones

        Catherine Frederica "Cathy" Jones is a Canadian actress, comedian and writer. She is known for her work for 28 years on the Canadian television series This Hour Has 22 Minutes. Jones left the show in 2021.

  61. 1953

    1. Patrick Doyle, Scottish actor and composer births

      1. Scottish film composer

        Patrick Doyle

        Patrick Doyle is a Scottish film composer with Irish heritage. A longtime collaborator of actor-director Kenneth Branagh, Doyle is known for his work composing for films such as Henry V, Sense and Sensibility, Hamlet, Carlito's Way, and Gosford Park, as well as Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Rise of the Planet of the Apes, Thor, Brave, Cinderella, and Murder on the Orient Express. Doyle has been nominated for two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, and is the recipient of the ASCAP Henry Mancini Award for "outstanding achievements and contributions to the world of film and television music".

    2. Christopher Franke, German-American drummer and songwriter births

      1. German musician and composer

        Christopher Franke

        Christopher Franke is a German musician and composer. From 1971 to 1987, he was a member of the electronic group Tangerine Dream. Initially a drummer with The Agitation, later renamed Agitation Free, his primary focus eventually shifted to keyboards and synthesizers as the group moved away from its psychedelic rock origins. While he was not the first musician to use an analog sequencer, he was probably the first to turn it into a live performance instrument, thus laying the rhythmic foundation for classic Tangerine Dream pieces and indeed for the whole Berlin school sound.

    3. Idris Davies, Welsh poet and author (b. 1905) deaths

      1. Idris Davies

        Idris Davies was a Welsh poet. Born in Rhymney, near Merthyr Tydfil in South Wales, he became a poet, originally writing in Welsh, but later writing exclusively in English.

  62. 1952

    1. Udo Dirkschneider, German singer-songwriter births

      1. German heavy metal singer

        Udo Dirkschneider

        Udo Dirkschneider is a German singer and songwriter who rose to fame with German heavy metal band Accept. After leaving the band in 1987, he formed U.D.O., with which he has also enjoyed commercial success.

    2. Marilu Henner, Greek-Polish American actress and author births

      1. American actress

        Marilu Henner

        Mary Lucy Denise Henner is an American actress. She began her career appearing in the original production of the musical Grease in 1971, before making her screen debut in the 1977 comedy-drama film Between the Lines. In 1977, Henner was cast in her breakthrough role as Elaine O'Connor Nardo in the ABC/NBC sitcom Taxi, a role she played until 1983 and received five Golden Globe Award nominations. She later had co-starring roles in films such as Hammett (1982), The Man Who Loved Women (1983), Cannonball Run II (1984), Johnny Dangerously (1984), Rustlers' Rhapsody (1985), Ladykillers (1988), L.A. Story (1991), and Noises Off (1992). She returned to television with a starring role in the CBS sitcom Evening Shade (1990–1994), and later had leading roles in many made-for-television movies.

    3. Michel Larocque, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (d. 1992) births

      1. Canadian ice hockey goaltender (1952–1992)

        Michel Larocque

        Michel Raymond "Bunny" Larocque was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers and St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League.

  63. 1951

    1. Bert Blyleven, Dutch-American baseball player and sportscaster births

      1. Dutch-American baseball player (born 1951)

        Bert Blyleven

        Bert Blyleven is a Dutch-American former professional baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1970 to 1992, primarily with the Minnesota Twins. Blyleven recorded 3,701 career strikeouts, the fifth-most in MLB history. He won 287 games, 27th-most all-time and pitched 4,970 innings, 14th-most all-time. A renowned curveball pitcher, Blyleven was also a two-time All-Star and World Series champion. Although under-appreciated during his playing career, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2011—his second-to-last year of eligibility.

    2. Jean-Marc Boivin, French skier, mountaineer, and pilot (d. 1990) births

      1. French extreme sports athlete

        Jean-Marc Boivin

        Jean-Marc Boivin was a French mountaineer, extreme skier, hang glider and paraglider pilot, speleologist, BASE jumper, film maker and author. The holder of several altitude records for hang gliding and paragliding, the creator of numerous first ascents and first ski descents in the Alps, a member of the team that broke the record for a sub-glacial dive and the first person to paraglide from the summit of Mount Everest, Boivin was a pioneer of extreme sports. He died from injuries incurred after BASE jumping off Angel Falls in Venezuela, the highest waterfall in the world.

    3. Pascal Rogé, French pianist births

      1. French pianist (b1951)

        Pascal Rogé

        Pascal Rogé is a French pianist.

  64. 1950

    1. Claire Morissette, Canadian cycling activist (d. 2007) births

      1. Canadian cycling activist (1950–2007)

        Claire Morissette

        Claire Morissette was a Canadian cycling advocate who fought for equal cyclists' rights in Montreal since 1976. She was a member of the group Le Monde à Bicyclette. Notable were the stunts they organized to raise consciousness of automobile transportation's negative impact on cities and their inhabitants, such as bringing snow skis and toboggans on subways to protest the exclusion of bicycles and a die-in on the corner of St. Catherine and University streets in which 100 people lay in the street adorned with fake blood and surrounded with wrecked bikes.

    2. Cleo Odzer, American anthropologist and author (d. 2001) births

      1. Cleo Odzer

        Cleo Odzer was an American writer who authored books on prostitution in Thailand, the hippie culture of Goa, India, and cybersex.

    3. Louis Wilkins, American pole vaulter (b. 1882) deaths

      1. American pole vaulter

        Louis Wilkins

        Louis Gary Wilkins was an American athlete who competed mainly in the pole vault. He competed for the United States in the 1904 Summer Olympics held in St Louis, United States in the pole vault where he won the bronze medal.

  65. 1949

    1. Alyson Bailes, English academic and diplomat (d. 2016) births

      1. Alyson Bailes

        Alyson Judith Kirtley Bailes CMG was a British diplomat, political scientist, academic and polymath.

    2. Patrick Hernandez, French singer-songwriter births

      1. French singer

        Patrick Hernandez

        Patrick Pierre Hernandez is a French singer who had a worldwide hit with "Born to Be Alive" in 1979.

    3. Ng Ser Miang, Singaporean athlete, entrepreneur and diplomat births

      1. Singaporean entrepreneur, diplomat, and retired sailor

        Ng Ser Miang

        Ng Ser Miang, is a Singaporean entrepreneur, diplomat, and retired sailor. He founded Trans-Island Bus Services in 1982 and is a board member of Singapore Press Holdings. Since 1990, he has been the vice-president of the Singapore National Olympic Council, and since 2009, has served as a vice-president of the International Olympic Committee. In 2013, he was a candidate for the presidency of the International Olympic Committee, but eventually lost to Thomas Bach.

    4. Horst Ludwig Störmer, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births

      1. Horst Ludwig Störmer

        Horst Ludwig Störmer is a German physicist, Nobel laureate and emeritus professor at Columbia University. He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Daniel Tsui and Robert Laughlin "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". He and Tsui were working at Bell Labs at the time of the experiment cited by the Nobel committee.

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physics

        The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.

  66. 1947

    1. John Ratzenberger, American actor and director births

      1. American actor

        John Ratzenberger

        John D. Ratzenberger is an American actor and director. He is best known for playing the character Cliff Clavin on the comedy series Cheers, for which he earned two Primetime Emmy nominations. Ratzenberger voiced characters in Pixar Animation Studios' feature films, including Hamm in the Toy Story franchise, The Abominable Snowman in the Monsters, Inc. franchise, Mack in the Cars franchise, The Underminer in The Incredibles franchise, and others.

    2. André Weinfeld, French-American director, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American film director

        André Weinfeld

        André Weinfeld, is a French and American film and television producer, director, screenwriter, cinematographer, photographer, and journalist. He is an alumnus of the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand and the Sorbonne University in Paris.

    3. Mike Worboys, English mathematician and computer scientist births

      1. British mathematician and computer scientist

        Mike Worboys

        Michael Worboys is a British mathematician and computer scientist. He is professor of spatial informatics at the School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Greenwich, London, England.

    4. Herbert Backe, German agronomist and politician (b. 1896) deaths

      1. German Nazi politician and SS functionary

        Herbert Backe

        Herbert Friedrich Wilhelm Backe was a German politician and SS Senior group leader (SS-Obergruppenführer) in Nazi Germany who served as State Secretary and Minister in the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture. He was a doctrinaire racial ideologue, a long-time associate of Richard Walther Darré and a personal friend of Reinhard Heydrich. He developed and implemented the Operation Hunger that envisioned death by starvation of millions of Slavic and Jewish "useless eaters" following Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union.

  67. 1946

    1. Paul Beresford, New Zealand-English dentist and politician births

      1. British politician

        Paul Beresford

        Sir Alexander Paul Beresford is a British-New Zealand dentist and politician who has served as the British Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Mole Valley in Surrey since the 1997 general election. He was first elected as the MP for Croydon Central in the 1992 general election.

  68. 1945

    1. Rodney Bickerstaffe, English trade union leader (d. 2017) births

      1. Rodney Bickerstaffe

        Rodney Kevan Bickerstaffe was a British trade unionist. He was General Secretary of the National Union of Public Employees (1982–1993) and UNISON (1996–2001), Britain's largest trade union at the time. He later became president of the UK National Pensioners Convention (2001–2005).

    2. Peter Hill, English journalist births

      1. British journalist

        Peter Hill (journalist)

        Peter Hill is a British journalist and a former editor of the Daily Express.

  69. 1944

    1. Felicity Palmer, English operatic soprano births

      1. Felicity Palmer

        Dame Felicity Joan Palmer,, is an English mezzo-soprano and music professor. She sang soprano roles until 1983.

    2. Rose O'Neill, American cartoonist, illustrator, artist, and writer (b. 1874) deaths

      1. American illustrator (1874–1944)

        Rose O'Neill

        Rose Cecil O'Neill was an American cartoonist, illustrator, artist, and writer. She built a successful career as a magazine and book illustrator and, at a young age, became the best-known and highest-paid female commercial illustrator in the United States. O'Neill earned a fortune and international fame by creating the Kewpie, the most widely known cartoon character until Mickey Mouse.

      2. Visual artist who makes cartoons

        Cartoonist

        A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons or comics. Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comic book illustrators in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice. Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, webcomics, and video game packaging.

  70. 1943

    1. Max Clifford, English journalist and publicist (d. 2017) births

      1. English publicist and convicted sex offender (1943–2017)

        Max Clifford

        Maxwell Frank Clifford was an English publicist who was particularly associated with promoting "kiss and tell" stories in tabloid newspapers.

    2. Roger Cook, New Zealand-English journalist and academic births

      1. Investigative journalist and broadcaster

        Roger Cook (journalist)

        Roger Lou Belvedere Cook is a New Zealand-born British investigative journalist and television broadcaster. In 1997, he won a British Academy of Film & Television Arts (BAFTA) special award "for 25 years of outstanding quality investigative reporting", for his show The Cook Report.

    3. Ian MacRae, New Zealand rugby player births

      1. New Zealand rugby union player

        Ian MacRae

        Ian Robert MacRae is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A second five-eighth and centre, MacRae represented West Coast, Bay of Plenty and Hawke's Bay at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1963 to 1970. He played 28 matches for the All Blacks—three as captain—including 17 internationals.

    4. Mitchell Melton, American lawyer and politician (d. 2013) births

      1. American politician

        Mitchell Melton

        Mitchell Wesley Melton was a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was the founder, organizer and original spokesman of the Pennsylvania Legislative Black Caucus, founded in 1969.

  71. 1942

    1. Barry Levinson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American filmmaker, and actor

        Barry Levinson

        Barry Lee Levinson is an American filmmaker, comedian and actor. Levinson's best-known works are mid-budget comedy drama and drama films such as Diner (1982); The Natural (1984); Good Morning, Vietnam (1987); Bugsy (1991); and Wag the Dog (1997). He won the Academy Award for Best Director for Rain Man (1988). In 2021, he co-executive produced the Hulu miniseries Dopesick and directed the first two episodes.

    2. Anita Pallenberg, Italian-English model, actress, and fashion designer (d. 2017) births

      1. German actress, artist, and model (1942–2017)

        Anita Pallenberg

        Anita Pallenberg was a German-Italian actress, artist, and model. A style icon and "It Girl" of the 1960s and 1970s, Pallenberg was credited as the muse of the Rolling Stones: she was the romantic partner of the Rolling Stones founder, multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones, and later, from 1967 to 1980, the partner of Stones guitarist Keith Richards, with whom she had three children.

  72. 1941

    1. Christopher Allsopp, English economist and academic births

      1. British economist (born 1941)

        Christopher Allsopp

        Christopher Allsopp is a British economist. He was Director of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies from 2006-2013, is Emeritus Fellow of New College, Oxford, and a Reader in Economic Policy at the University of Oxford.

    2. Phil Austin, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (d. 2015) births

      1. American comedian and writer (1941–2015)

        Phil Austin

        Philip Baine Austin was an American comedian and writer, best known as a member of the Firesign Theatre.

    3. Hans W. Geißendörfer, German director and producer births

      1. German film director and producer (born 1941)

        Hans W. Geißendörfer

        Hans W. Geißendörfer is a German film director and producer.

    4. Angeliki Laiou, Greek-American Byzantinist and politician (d. 2008) births

      1. Angeliki Laiou

        Angeliki E. Laiou was a Greek-American Byzantinist and politician. She taught at the University of Louisiana, Harvard University, Brandeis University, and Rutgers University. She was Dumbarton Oaks Professor of Byzantine Studies at Harvard from 1981 until her death. From 2000 to 2002, she was also a member of the Hellenic Parliament for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK): she served as Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs for six months in 2000.

    5. Don Prudhomme, American race car driver and manager births

      1. NHRA champion drag race driver

        Don Prudhomme

        Don Prudhomme, nicknamed "The Snake", is an American drag racer.

    6. Gheorghe Zamfir, Romanian flute player and composer births