Important events in history
on April 4 ^th

Events

2020
1. China holds a national day of mourning for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease outbreak.
  1. National day of mourning
    
    A national day of mourning is a day or days marked by mourning and memorial activities observed among the majority of a country's populace. They are designated by the national government. Such days include those marking the death or funeral of a renowned individual or individuals from that country or elsewhere or the anniversary of such a death or deaths, the anniversaries of a significant natural or man-made disaster occurring either in the country or another country, wartime commemorations or in memory of the victims of a terrorist attack. Flying a national or military flag of that country at half-mast is a common symbol.
  2. COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China
    
    The COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). China was the first country to experience an outbreak of the disease, the first to impose drastic measures in response, and one of the first countries to bring the outbreak under control.
2017
1. Syria conducts an air strike on Khan Shaykhun using chemical weapons, killing 89 civilians.
  1. Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
    
    The Khan Shaykhun chemical attack took place on 4 April 2017 on the town of Khan Shaykhun in the Idlib Governorate of Syria. The town was reported to have been struck by an airstrike by government forces followed by massive civilian chemical poisoning. The release of a toxic gas, which included sarin, or a similar substance, killed at least 89 people and injured more than 541, according to the opposition Idlib Health Directorate. The attack was the deadliest use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war since the Ghouta chemical attack in 2013.
  2. Khan Shaykhun
    
    Khan Shaykhun, sometimes spelled Khan Sheikhoun or Khan Shikhoun, is a town in the Maarrat al-Nu'man District, within the southern Idlib Governorate of northwestern Syria.
  3. Syria chemical weapons program
    
    Syria's chemical weapons program began in the 1970s with weapons and training from Egypt and the Soviet Union, with production of chemical weapons in Syria beginning in the mid-1980s. For some time, Syria was believed to have the world's third-largest stockpile of chemical weapons, after the United States and Russia. Prior to September 2013 Syria had not publicly admitted to possessing chemical weapons, although Western intelligence services believed it to hold one of the world's largest stockpiles. In September 2013, French intelligence put the Syrian stockpile at 1,000 tonnes, including Yperite, VX and "several hundred tonnes of sarin". At the time, Syria was one of a handful of states which had not ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In September 2013, Syria joined the CWC, and agreed to the destruction of its weapons, to be supervised by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), as required by the convention. A joint OPCW-United Nations mission was established to oversee the destruction process. Syria joined OPCW after international condemnation of the August 2013 Ghouta chemical attack, for which Western states held the Syrian government responsible and agreed to the prompt destruction of its chemical weapons, resulting in U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry declaring on 20 July 2014: "we struck a deal where we got 100 percent of the chemical weapons out." The destruction of Syria's chemical weapons that the Assad government had declared was completed by August 2014, yet further disclosures, incomplete documentation, and allegations of withholding part of Syria's chemical weapons stockpile since mean that serious concerns regarding chemical weapons and related sites in Syria remain. On 5 April 2017, the government of Syria allegedly unleashed a chemical attack that killed 70 civilians. A suspected chemical attack on Douma on 9 April 2018 that killed at least 49 civilians has been blamed on the Syrian Government.
2013
1. A building collapsed on tribal land in Mumbra, a suburb of Thane in Maharashtra, India, causing 74 deaths.
  1. 2013 Thane building collapse
    
    On 4 April 2013, a building collapsed on tribal land in Mumbra, a suburb of Thane in Maharashtra, India. It has been called the worst building collapse in the area. Seventy-four people were killed, while more than 100 survived. The search for additional survivors ended on 6 April 2013.
  2. Mumbra
    
    Mumbra is a suburb of Thane district in Western India in the state of Maharashtra, Mumbai extension and within the Mumbai Metropolitan Region area. It is administered by Thane Municipal Corporation. Mumbra is mostly famous for its Bombay slang and the street foods.
  3. Thane
    
    Thane is a metropolitan city in Maharashtra, India. It is situated in the north-eastern portion of the Salsette Island. Thane city is entirely within Thane taluka, one of the seven talukas of Thane district; also, it is the headquarters of the namesake district. With a population of 1,841,488 distributed over a land area of about 147 square kilometres (57 sq mi), Thane city is the 15th most populated city in India with a population of 1,890,000 according to the 2011 census.
  4. Maharashtra
    
    Maharashtra is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdivision globally. It was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting the bilingual Bombay State, which had existed since 1956, into majority Marathi-speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati-speaking Gujarat. Maharashtra is home to the Marathi people, the predominant ethno-linguistic group, who speak the Marathi language, the official language of the state. The state is divided into 6 divisions and 36 districts, with the state capital being Mumbai, the most populous urban area in India, and Nagpur serving as the winter capital, which also hosts the winter session of the state legislature. Godavari and Krishna are the two major rivers in the state. Forests cover 16.47 per cent of the state's geographical area. Out of the total cultivable land in the state, about 60 per cent is used for grain crops in the Deccan region, rice in coastal Konkan, and other high rainfall areas.
2. More than 70 people are killed in a building collapse in Thane, India.
  1. 2013 Thane building collapse
    
    On 4 April 2013, a building collapsed on tribal land in Mumbra, a suburb of Thane in Maharashtra, India. It has been called the worst building collapse in the area. Seventy-four people were killed, while more than 100 survived. The search for additional survivors ended on 6 April 2013.
  2. Thane
    
    Thane is a metropolitan city in Maharashtra, India. It is situated in the north-eastern portion of the Salsette Island. Thane city is entirely within Thane taluka, one of the seven talukas of Thane district; also, it is the headquarters of the namesake district. With a population of 1,841,488 distributed over a land area of about 147 square kilometres (57 sq mi), Thane city is the 15th most populated city in India with a population of 1,890,000 according to the 2011 census.
  3. India
    
    India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. The nation's capital city is New Delhi.
2010
1. A magnitude 7.2 earthquake hits south of the Mexico-USA border, killing two and damaging buildings across the two countries.
  1. 2010 Baja California earthquake
    
    The 2010 Baja California earthquake occurred on April 4 with a moment magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII. The shock originated at 15:40:41 local time south of Guadalupe Victoria, Baja California, Mexico.
  2. Mexico–United States border
    
    The Mexico–United States border is an international border separating Mexico and the United States, extending from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. The Mexico–United States border is the most frequently crossed border in the world, with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.
2009
1. France announces its return to full participation of its military forces within NATO.
  1. France
    
    France, officially the French Republic, is a transcontinental country predominantly located in Western Europe and spanning overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin. Its eighteen integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi) and contain close to 68 million people. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre; other major urban areas include Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, and Nice.
  2. NATO
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implemented the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the perceived threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber.
2002
1. The MPLA government of Angola and UNITA rebels sign a peace treaty ending the Angolan Civil War.
  1. MPLA
    
    The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, for some years called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola – Labour Party, is an Angolan left-wing, social democratic political party. The MPLA fought against the Portuguese army in the Angolan War of Independence from 1961 to 1974, and defeated the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) in the Angolan Civil War. The party has ruled Angola since the country's independence from Portugal in 1975, being the de facto government throughout the civil war and continuing to rule afterwards.
  2. UNITA
    
    The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought alongside the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the Angolan War for Independence (1961–1975) and then against the MPLA in the ensuing civil war (1975–2002). The war was one of the most prominent Cold War proxy wars, with UNITA receiving military aid initially from People's Republic of China from 1966 until October 1975 and later from the United States and apartheid South Africa while the MPLA received support from the Soviet Union and its allies, especially Cuba.
  3. Angolan Civil War
    
    The Angolan Civil War was a civil war in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with interludes, until 2002. The war immediately began after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The war was a power struggle between two former anti-colonial guerrilla movements, the communist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the turned anti-communist National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). The war was used as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War by rival states such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa, and the United States.
1996
1. Comet Hyakutake is imaged by the USA Asteroid Orbiter Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous.
  1. Comet Hyakutake
    
    Comet Hyakutake is a comet, discovered on 31 January 1996, that passed very close to Earth in March of that year. It was dubbed the Great Comet of 1996; its passage near the Earth was one of the closest cometary approaches of the previous 200 years. Hyakutake appeared very bright in the night sky and was widely seen around the world. The comet temporarily upstaged the much anticipated Comet Hale–Bopp, which was approaching the inner Solar System at the time.
  2. NEAR Shoemaker
    
    Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker, renamed after its 1996 launch in honor of planetary scientist Eugene Shoemaker, was a robotic space probe designed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for NASA to study the near-Earth asteroid Eros from close orbit over a period of a year. It was the first spacecraft to successfully orbit an asteroid and also land on an asteroid. In February 2000, the mission succeeded in closing in with the asteroid and afterwards orbited it several times. On February 12, 2001, the mission succeeded in touching down on the asteroid. It was terminated just over two weeks later.
1994
1. Three people are killed when KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 crashes at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.
  1. KLM Cityhopper Flight 433
    
    KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 was a Saab 340B, registered as PH-KSH, which crashed during an emergency landing on 4 April 1994 and killing 3 occupants, including the captain. Flight 433 was a routine scheduled flight from Amsterdam, the Netherlands, to Cardiff, Wales. The accident was caused by inadequate pilot training and faulty failure sensor, leading to loss of control during go-around.
  2. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
    
    Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, known informally as Schiphol Airport, is the main international airport of the Netherlands. It is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer in the province of North Holland. It is the world's third busiest airport by international passenger traffic in 2021. With almost 72 million passengers in 2019, it is the third-busiest airport in Europe in terms of passenger volume and the busiest in Europe in terms of aircraft movements. With an annual cargo tonnage of 1.74 million, it is the 4th busiest in Europe. AMS covers a total area of 6,887 acres of land. The airport is built on the single-terminal concept: one large terminal split into three large departure halls.
1991
1. Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six others are killed when a helicopter collides with their airplane over an elementary school in Merion, Pennsylvania.
  1. John Heinz
    
    Henry John Heinz III was an American businessman and Republican politician from Pennsylvania. Heinz represented the Pittsburgh suburbs in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1977 and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1977 until he was killed in a plane crash in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, in 1991.
  2. Pennsylvania
    
    Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and the Delaware River and New Jersey to the east.
  3. Merion Station, Pennsylvania
    
    Merion Station is an unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, United States, bordering Philadelphia to the city's west. It is one of the communities that make up the Philadelphia Main Line, and is part of the municipality of Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County. Merion Station is known for its grand mansions and for the wealth of its residents.
2. Forty-one people are taken hostage inside a Good Guys! Electronics store in Sacramento, California. 3 of the hostage takers and 3 hostages are killed
  1. 1991 Sacramento hostage crisis
    
    On April 4, 1991, 41 employees and customers were taken hostage and held at a Good Guys! electronics store at the corner of 65th Street and Stockton Boulevard in Sacramento, California, near the Florin Mall for approximately eight hours by four gunmen. Near the end of the hostage crisis, six were killed: three hostages and three of the four hostage-takers. The fourth hostage-taker was captured by authorities, and an additional 14 hostages were injured during the crisis. To this day, the hostage crisis remains the largest hostage rescue operation in US history, with over 40 hostages having been held at gunpoint.
  2. Good Guys (American company)
    
    The Good Guys was an American chain of consumer electronics retail stores with 71 stores in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. The company was headquartered in Brisbane, California in the Dakin Building in the early 1990s and subsequently in Alameda, California until it was bought in late 2003 by CompUSA. The Good Guys was founded in 1973 by Ron Unkefer on Chestnut Street, San Francisco. By 2006, all of the company's stores had closed.
  3. Sacramento, California
    
    Sacramento is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat and largest city of Sacramento County. Located at the confluence of the Sacramento and American River in Northern California's Sacramento Valley, Sacramento's 2020 population of 524,943 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth-largest capital in the United States. Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California, making it the state's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks. It features the California State Capitol Museum.
  4. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
1990
1. The current flag of Hong Kong is adopted for post-colonial Hong Kong during the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress.
  1. Flag of Hong Kong
    
    The flag of Hong Kong, officially the regional flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, depicts a white stylised five-petal Hong Kong orchid tree flower in the centre of a Chinese red field. Its original design was unveiled on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. The current design was approved on 10 August 1996 at the Fourth Plenum of the Preparatory Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The precise use of the flag is regulated by laws passed by the 58th executive meeting of the State Council held in Beijing. The design of the flag is enshrined in Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, and regulations regarding the use, prohibition of use, desecration, and manufacture of the flag are stated in the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance. The flag of Hong Kong was officially adopted and hoisted on 1 July 1997, during the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom back to China.
  2. 7th National People's Congress
    
    The 7th National People's Congress was in session from 1988 to 1993. It held five sessions in this period.
  3. National People's Congress
    
    The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, or simply the National People's Congress, is constitutionally the supreme state authority and the national legislature of the People's Republic of China.
1988
1. Governor of Arizona Evan Mecham was removed from office after being convicted in his impeachment trial.
  1. Evan Mecham
    
    Evan Mecham was an American businessman and the 17th governor of Arizona, serving from January 5, 1987, until his impeachment conviction on April 4, 1988. A decorated veteran of World War II, Mecham was a successful automotive dealership owner and occasional newspaper publisher.
  2. Impeachment
    
    Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.
2. Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office.
  1. List of governors of Arizona
    
    The governor of Arizona is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arizona. As the top elected official, the governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arizona state government and is charged with faithfully executing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arizona State Legislature; to convene the legislature; and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.
  2. Evan Mecham
    
    Evan Mecham was an American businessman and the 17th governor of Arizona, serving from January 5, 1987, until his impeachment conviction on April 4, 1988. A decorated veteran of World War II, Mecham was a successful automotive dealership owner and occasional newspaper publisher.
  3. Arizona
    
    Arizona is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Four Corners region with Utah to the north, Colorado to the northeast, and New Mexico to the east; its other neighboring states are Nevada to the northwest, California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest.
  4. Impeachment
    
    Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.
1984
1. President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons.
  1. Ronald Reagan
    
    Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party from 1962 onward, he also served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 after having a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader.
  2. Chemical weapon
    
    A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a weapon "or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves."
1983
1. Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Challenger makes its maiden voyage into space on STS-6.
  1. Space Shuttle program
    
    The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. It flew 135 missions and carried 355 astronauts from 16 countries, many on multiple trips.
  2. Space Shuttle Challenger
    
    Space Shuttle Challenger (OV-099) was a Space Shuttle orbiter manufactured by Rockwell International and operated by NASA. Named after the commanding ship of a nineteenth-century scientific expedition that traveled the world, Challenger was the second Space Shuttle orbiter to fly into space after Columbia, and launched on its maiden flight in April 1983. It was destroyed in January 1986 soon after launch in an accident that killed all seven crewmembers aboard. Initially manufactured as a test article not intended for spaceflight, it was utilized for ground testing of the Space Shuttle orbiter's structural design. However, after NASA found that their original plan to upgrade Enterprise for spaceflight would be more expensive than upgrading Challenger, the orbiter was pressed into operational service in the Space Shuttle program. Lessons learned from the first orbital flights of Columbia led to Challenger's design possessing fewer thermal protection system tiles and a lighter fuselage and wings. This led to it being 1,000 kilograms lighter than Columbia, though still 2,600 kilograms heavier than Discovery.
  3. STS-6
    
    STS-6 was the sixth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 4, 1983, the mission deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-1, into orbit, before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on April 9, 1983. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted, and hence was the first in which the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was used.
1981
1. Iran–Iraq War: The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force mounts an attack on H-3 Airbase and destroys about 50 Iraqi aircraft.
  1. Iran–Iraq War
    
    The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. It began with the Iraqi invasion of Iran and lasted for almost eight years, until the acceptance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598 by both sides. Iraq's primary rationale for the attack against Iran cited the need to prevent Ruhollah Khomeini—who had spearheaded Iran's Islamic Revolution in 1979—from exporting the new Iranian ideology to Iraq; there were also fears among the Iraqi leadership of Saddam Hussein that Iran, a theocratic state with a population predominantly composed of Shia Muslims, would exploit sectarian tensions in Iraq by rallying Iraq's Shia majority against the Baʽathist government, which was officially secular and dominated by Sunni Muslims. Iraq also wished to replace Iran as the power player in the Persian Gulf, which was not seen as an achievable objective prior to the Islamic Revolution as Pahlavi Iran boasted colossal economic and military strength as well as close relationships with the United States and Israel.
  2. Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
    
    The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF); Persian: نیروی هوایی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Nirvi-ye Hevayi-ye Artesh-e Jimhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Iran) is the aviation branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. The present air force came into being when the Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution. The IRIAF was heavily involved in the Iran–Iraq War, carrying out major operations like Operation Kaman 99, Operation Sultan 10, the H-3 airstrike, and the first attack on a nuclear reactor in history, Operation Scorch Sword. As a result of eight years of aerial combat in that conflict, the IRIAF has the second highest claimed number of fighter aces in the region, exceeded only by the Israeli Air Force; as many as seven IRIAF pilots claimed more than six kills, mostly achieved in the F-14 Tomcat. Veterans of the Iran–Iraq War would go on to form the core of the IRIAF command.
  3. H-3 airstrike
    
    The H-3 airstrike was a surprise air attack by the Iranian Air Force during the Iran–Iraq War on 4 April 1981 against the airbases of the Iraqi Air Force at the H-3 Air Base in western Iraq. The Iranians destroyed at least 48 Iraqi aircraft on the ground with no losses of their own. Based on the results achieved, it is considered one of the most successful raids in the history of aerial warfare.
1979
1. Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan is executed.
  1. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
    
    Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, also known as Quaid-e-Awam, was a Pakistani barrister, politician and statesman who served as the fourth President from 1971 to 1973, and later as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. Bhutto is an icon of leadership for his efforts to preserve and lead the nation after the Bangladesh Liberation War. His government drafted the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973, which is the current constitution of the country. He was the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution. Bhutto's execution in 1979, till this day is widely recognised as a judicial murder ordered by then dictator General Zia-ul-Haq. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto later led the PPP and became the 11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan; his grandson, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari is the current chairman of PPP and is serving as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan.
1977
1. Southern Airways Flight 242 crashes in New Hope, Paulding County, Georgia, killing 72.
  1. Southern Airways Flight 242
    
    Southern Airways Flight 242 was a flight from Muscle Shoals, Alabama, to Atlanta, Georgia, with a stop in Huntsville, Alabama. On April 4, 1977, it executed a forced landing on Georgia State Route 381 in New Hope, Paulding County, Georgia, United States, after suffering hail damage and losing thrust on both engines in a severe thunderstorm.
  2. New Hope, Paulding County, Georgia
    
    New Hope is an unincorporated community in Paulding County, Georgia, United States. Once considered a rural destination, New Hope is now an exurb of Atlanta, located at the crossroads of Dallas-Acworth Highway and East Paulding Drive/Old Cartersville Road. The community began to develop in the late 1990s and flourished in the early 2000s, especially with the development of the Riverwood, Bentwater, and SevenHills communities. As one of the fastest-growing communities in one of the nation's fastest-growing counties, New Hope was hit hard by the housing bust of the late 2000s. As a result, lots once slated for half-million dollar homes were vacant, newly paved streets had no destination, and newly built homes remained unsold and shuttered; however, by 2021 such housing had recovered.
1975
1. Vietnam War: On a mission to evacuate children from South Vietnam, a U.S. Air Force plane crash-landed at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, killing 78 children and 60 others.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. Operation Babylift
    
    Operation Babylift was the name given to the mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other western countries at the end of the Vietnam War, on April 3–26, 1975. By the final American flight out of South Vietnam, over 3,300 infants and children had been evacuated, although the actual number has been variously reported. Along with Operation New Life, over 110,000 refugees were evacuated from South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. Thousands of children were airlifted from Vietnam and adopted by families around the world.
  3. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  4. United States Air Force
    
    The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Signal Corps, the USAF was established as a separate branch of the United States Armed Forces in 1947 with the enactment of the National Security Act of 1947. It is the second youngest branch of the United States Armed Forces and the fourth in order of precedence. The United States Air Force articulates its core missions as air supremacy, global integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, rapid global mobility, global strike, and command and control.
  5. 1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident
    
    On 4 April 1975, a Lockheed C-5A Galaxy participating in the first mission of Operation Babylift crashed on approach during an emergency landing at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam. The cause was ascribed to loss of flight control due to explosive decompression and structural failure. The accident marked the second operational loss and first fatal crash for the C-5 Galaxy fleet, and is the third deadliest accident involving a U.S. military aircraft after the 1968 Kham Duc C-130 shootdown and Arrow Air Flight 1285.
  6. Tan Son Nhut Air Base
    
    Tan Son Nhut Air Base (1955–1975) was a Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) facility. It was located near the city of Saigon in southern Vietnam. The United States used it as a major base during the Vietnam War (1959–1975), stationing Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine units there. Following the Fall of Saigon, it was taken over as a Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) facility and remains in use today.
2. Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.
  1. Bill Gates
    
    William Henry Gates III is an American business magnate and philanthropist. He is a co-founder of Microsoft, along with his late childhood friend Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014. He was a major entrepreneur of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.
  2. Paul Allen
    
    Paul Gardner Allen was an American business magnate, computer programmer, researcher, investor, and philanthropist. He co-founded Microsoft Corporation with childhood friend Bill Gates in 1975, which helped spark the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s. Microsoft became the world's largest personal computer software company. Allen was ranked as the 44th-wealthiest person in the world by Forbes in 2018, with an estimated net worth of $20.3 billion at the time of his death.
  3. Microsoft
    
    Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta.
  4. Albuquerque, New Mexico
    
    Albuquerque, abbreviated ABQ, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Its nicknames, The Duke City and Burque, both reference its founding in 1706 as La Villa de Alburquerque by Nuevo México governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés. Named in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, the 10th Duke of Alburquerque, the city was an outpost on El Camino Real linking Mexico City to the northernmost territories of New Spain.
  5. BASIC interpreter
    
    A BASIC interpreter is an interpreter that enables users to enter and run programs in the BASIC language and was, for the first part of the microcomputer era, the default application that computers would launch. Users were expected to use the BASIC interpreter to type in programs or to load programs from storage.
  6. Altair 8800
    
    The Altair 8800 is a microcomputer designed in 1974 by MITS and based on the Intel 8080 CPU. Interest grew quickly after it was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics and was sold by mail order through advertisements there, in Radio-Electronics, and in other hobbyist magazines. The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution as the first commercially successful personal computer. The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in the form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC.
3. Microsoft is founded as a partnership between Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  1. Microsoft
    
    Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta.
  2. Bill Gates
    
    William Henry Gates III is an American business magnate and philanthropist. He is a co-founder of Microsoft, along with his late childhood friend Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014. He was a major entrepreneur of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.
  3. Paul Allen
    
    Paul Gardner Allen was an American business magnate, computer programmer, researcher, investor, and philanthropist. He co-founded Microsoft Corporation with childhood friend Bill Gates in 1975, which helped spark the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s. Microsoft became the world's largest personal computer software company. Allen was ranked as the 44th-wealthiest person in the world by Forbes in 2018, with an estimated net worth of $20.3 billion at the time of his death.
  4. Albuquerque, New Mexico
    
    Albuquerque, abbreviated ABQ, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Its nicknames, The Duke City and Burque, both reference its founding in 1706 as La Villa de Alburquerque by Nuevo México governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés. Named in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, the 10th Duke of Alburquerque, the city was an outpost on El Camino Real linking Mexico City to the northernmost territories of New Spain.
4. Vietnam War: A United States Air Force Lockheed C-5A Galaxy transporting orphans, crashes near Saigon, South Vietnam shortly after takeoff, killing 172 people.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
    
    The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy is a large military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed, and now maintained and upgraded by its successor, Lockheed Martin. It provides the United States Air Force (USAF) with a heavy intercontinental-range strategic airlift capability, one that can carry outsized and oversized loads, including all air-certifiable cargo. The Galaxy has many similarities to the smaller Lockheed C-141 Starlifter and the later Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. The C-5 is among the largest military aircraft in the world.
  3. Operation Babylift
    
    Operation Babylift was the name given to the mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other western countries at the end of the Vietnam War, on April 3–26, 1975. By the final American flight out of South Vietnam, over 3,300 infants and children had been evacuated, although the actual number has been variously reported. Along with Operation New Life, over 110,000 refugees were evacuated from South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. Thousands of children were airlifted from Vietnam and adopted by families around the world.
  4. 1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident
    
    On 4 April 1975, a Lockheed C-5A Galaxy participating in the first mission of Operation Babylift crashed on approach during an emergency landing at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam. The cause was ascribed to loss of flight control due to explosive decompression and structural failure. The accident marked the second operational loss and first fatal crash for the C-5 Galaxy fleet, and is the third deadliest accident involving a U.S. military aircraft after the 1968 Kham Duc C-130 shootdown and Arrow Air Flight 1285.
  5. Ho Chi Minh City
    
    Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon, is the largest city in Vietnam, with a population of around 9 million in 2019. Situated in the southeast region of Vietnam, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 km2 (796 sq mi).
  6. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
1973
1. The World Trade Center in New York City was officially dedicated, about a year after the second of the building complex's twin towers was completed.
  1. World Trade Center (1973–2001)
    
    The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center, 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.
  2. 2 World Trade Center
    
    2 World Trade Center is a planned skyscraper as part of the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was completed in 1972 and subsequently destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, and it will occupy the position of the original 5 World Trade Center. The foundation work was completed in 2013.
2. The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City are officially dedicated.
  1. World Trade Center (1973–2001)
    
    The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center, 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.
3. A Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, dubbed the Hanoi Taxi, makes the last flight of Operation Homecoming.
  1. Lockheed C-141 Starlifter
    
    The Lockheed C-141 Starlifter is a retired military strategic airlifter that served with the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), its successor organization the Military Airlift Command (MAC), and finally the Air Mobility Command (AMC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). The aircraft also served with airlift and air mobility wings of the Air Force Reserve (AFRES), later renamed Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), the Air National Guard (ANG) and, later, one air mobility wing of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) dedicated to C-141, C-5, C-17 and KC-135 training.
  2. Hanoi Taxi
    
    Hanoi Taxi is a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter strategic airlift aircraft that was in service with the United States Air Force and became famous for bringing back the first returned prisoners of war in Operation Homecoming. This aircraft, which was delivered to the Air Force in 1967, was the last C-141 to be withdrawn from service after a career of 43 years.
  3. Operation Homecoming
    
    Operation Homecoming was the return of 591 American prisoners of war (POWs) held by North Vietnam following the Paris Peace Accords that ended U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
1969
1. Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart.
  1. Denton Cooley
    
    Denton Arthur Cooley was an American heart and cardiothoracic surgeon famous for performing the first implantation of a total artificial heart. Cooley was also the founder and surgeon in-chief of The Texas Heart Institute, chief of Cardiovascular Surgery at clinical partner Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, consultant in Cardiovascular Surgery at Texas Children's Hospital and a clinical professor of Surgery at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
  2. Implant (medicine)
    
    An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. Medical implants are man-made devices, in contrast to a transplant, which is a transplanted biomedical tissue. The surface of implants that contact the body might be made of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone, or apatite depending on what is the most functional. In some cases implants contain electronics, e.g. artificial pacemaker and cochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug-eluting stents.
  3. Artificial heart
    
    An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are typically used to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the heart in the case that a heart transplant is impossible. Although other similar inventions preceded it from the late 1940s, the first artificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human was the Jarvik-7 in 1982, designed by a team including Willem Johan Kolff, William DeVries and Robert Jarvik.
1968
1. American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. (pictured) was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
  1. Civil rights movement
    
    The civil rights movement was a political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish institutional racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United States. The movement had its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests. The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the civil rights of all Americans.
  2. Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
  3. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr., an African-American clergyman and civil rights leader, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at 6:01 p.m. CST. He was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he died at 7:05 p.m. He was a prominent leader of the civil rights movement and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was known for his use of nonviolence and civil disobedience.
  4. Memphis, Tennessee
    
    Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is the seat of Shelby County in the southwest part of the state; it is situated along the Mississippi River. With a population of 633,104 at the 2020 U.S. census, Memphis is the second-most populous city in Tennessee, after Nashville.
2. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray at a motel in Memphis, Tennessee.
  1. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr., an African-American clergyman and civil rights leader, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at 6:01 p.m. CST. He was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he died at 7:05 p.m. He was a prominent leader of the civil rights movement and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was known for his use of nonviolence and civil disobedience.
  2. James Earl Ray
    
    James Earl Ray was an American fugitive convicted for assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. After this Ray was on the run and was captured in the UK. Ray was convicted in 1969 after entering a guilty plea—thus forgoing a jury trial and the possibility of a death sentence—and was sentenced to 99 years of imprisonment.
  3. National Civil Rights Museum
    
    The National Civil Rights Museum is a complex of museums and historic buildings in Memphis, Tennessee; its exhibits trace the history of the civil rights movement in the United States from the 17th century to the present. The museum is built around the former Lorraine Motel, which was the site of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968; King died at St. Joseph's Hospital. Two other buildings and their adjacent property, also connected with the King assassination, have been acquired as part of the museum complex.
  4. Memphis, Tennessee
    
    Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is the seat of Shelby County in the southwest part of the state; it is situated along the Mississippi River. With a population of 633,104 at the 2020 U.S. census, Memphis is the second-most populous city in Tennessee, after Nashville.
3. Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 6.
  1. Apollo program
    
    The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo.
  2. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  3. Apollo 6
    
    Apollo 6, also known as AS-502, was the third and final uncrewed flight in the United States' Apollo Program and the second test of the Saturn V launch vehicle. It qualified the Saturn V to be used on crewed missions, as happened for the first time on Apollo 8 in December 1968.
1967
1. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" speech in New York City's Riverside Church.
  1. Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
  2. Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
    
    "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence", also referred as the Riverside Church speech, is an anti–Vietnam War and pro–social justice speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1967, exactly one year before he was assassinated. The major speech at Riverside Church in New York City, followed several interviews and several other public speeches in which King came out against the Vietnam War and the policies that created it. Some, like civil rights leader Ralph Bunche, the NAACP, and the editorial page writers of The Washington Post and The New York Times called the Riverside Church speech a mistake on King's part. The New York Times editorial suggested that conflating the civil rights movement with the Anti-war movement was an oversimplification that did justice to neither, stating that "linking these hard, complex problems will lead not to solutions but to deeper confusion." Others, including James Bevel, King's partner and strategist in the Civil Rights Movement, called it King's most important speech. It was written by activist and historian Vincent Harding.
  3. Riverside Church
    
    Riverside Church is an interdenominational church in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on the block bounded by Riverside Drive, Claremont Avenue, 120th Street and 122nd Street near Columbia University's Morningside Heights campus and across from Grant's Tomb. It is associated with the American Baptist Churches USA and the United Church of Christ. The church was conceived by philanthropist businessman and Baptist John D. Rockefeller Jr. in conjunction with Baptist minister Harry Emerson Fosdick as a large, interdenominational church in Morningside Heights, which is surrounded by academic institutions.
1964
1. The Beatles occupy the top five positions on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart.
  1. The Beatles
    
    The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.
  2. Billboard Hot 100
    
    The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for songs, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play, and online streaming in the United States.
1963
1. Bye Bye Birdie, a musical romantic comedy film directed by George Sidney, was released.
  1. Bye Bye Birdie (1963 film)
    
    Bye Bye Birdie is a 1963 American musical romantic comedy film directed by George Sidney from a screenplay by Irving Brecher, based on Michael Stewart's book of the 1960 musical of the same name. It also features songs by composer Charles Strouse and lyricist Lee Adams, and a score by Johnny Green. Produced by Fred Kohlmar, the film stars Janet Leigh, Dick Van Dyke, Ann-Margret, Maureen Stapleton, Bobby Rydell, Jesse Pearson, and Ed Sullivan. Van Dyke and featured player Paul Lynde reprised their roles from the original Broadway production. It was also Van Dyke's feature film debut.
  2. George Sidney
    
    George Sidney was an American film director and producer who worked primarily at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His work includes cult classics Bye Bye Birdie (1963) and Viva Las Vegas (1964). With an extensive background in acting, stage direction, film editing, and music, Sidney created many of post-war Hollywood’s big budget musicals, such as Annie Get Your Gun (1950), Show Boat (1951), Kiss Me Kate (1953); Jupiter's Darling (1955), and Pal Joey (1957). He was also a president of the Screen Directors Guild for 16 years.
1960
1. France agrees to grant independence to the Mali Federation, a union of Senegal and French Sudan.
  1. France
    
    France, officially the French Republic, is a transcontinental country predominantly located in Western Europe and spanning overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin. Its eighteen integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi) and contain close to 68 million people. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre; other major urban areas include Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, and Nice.
  2. Mali Federation
    
    The Mali Federation was a federation in West Africa linking the French colonies of Senegal and the Sudanese Republic for two months in 1960. It was founded on 4 April 1959 as a territory with self-rule within the French Community and became independent after negotiations with France on 20 June 1960. Two months later, on 19 August 1960, the Sudanese Republic leaders in the Mali Federation mobilized the army, and Senegal leaders in the federation retaliated by mobilizing the gendarmerie ; this resulted in a tense stand-off, and led to the withdrawal from the federation by Senegal the next day. The Sudanese Republic officials resisted this dissolution, cut off diplomatic relations with Senegal, and defiantly changed the name of their country to Mali. For the brief existence of the Mali Federation, the premier was Modibo Keïta, who would later become the first President of Mali, and its government was based in Dakar, the eventual capital of Senegal.
  3. Senegal
    
    Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds the Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar.
  4. French Sudan
    
    French Sudan was a French colonial territory in the Federation of French West Africa from around 1880 until 1959, when it joined the Mali Federation, and then in 1960, when it became the independent state of Mali. The colony was formally called French Sudan from 1890 until 1899 and then again from 1921 until 1958, and had a variety of different names over the course of its existence. The colony was initially established largely as a military project led by French troops, but in the mid-1890s it came under civilian administration.
1958
1. The CND peace symbol is displayed in public for the first time in London.
  1. Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
    
    The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an organisation that advocates unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom, international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation through agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It opposes military action that may result in the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.
  2. Peace symbols
    
    A number of peace symbols have been used many ways in various cultures and contexts. The dove and olive branch was used symbolically by early Christians and then eventually became a secular peace symbol, popularized by a Dove lithograph by Pablo Picasso after World War II. In the 1950s the "peace sign", as it is known today, was designed by Gerald Holtom as the logo for the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), a group at the forefront of the peace movement in the UK, and adopted by anti-war and counterculture activists in the US and elsewhere. The symbol is a super-imposition of the semaphore signals for the letters "N" and "D", taken to stand for "nuclear disarmament", while simultaneously acting as a reference to Goya's The Third of May 1808 (1814).
  3. London
    
    London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which largely comprises Greater London, governed by the Greater London Authority.
1949
1. Twelve nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty, establishing NATO, an organization that constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
  1. North Atlantic Treaty
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty, also referred to as the Washington Treaty, is the treaty that forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949.
  2. NATO
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implemented the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the perceived threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber.
  3. Collective security
    
    Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement, political, regional, or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches of peace. Collective security is more ambitious than systems of alliance security or collective defense in that it seeks to encompass the totality of states within a region or indeed globally, and to address a wide range of possible threats. While collective security is an idea with a long history, its implementation in practice has proved problematic. Several prerequisites have to be met for it to have a chance of working. It is the theory or practice of states pledging to defend one another in order to deter aggression or to target a transgressor if international order has been breached.
2. Cold War: Twelve nations sign the North Atlantic Treaty creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. North Atlantic Treaty
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty, also referred to as the Washington Treaty, is the treaty that forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949.
  3. NATO
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implemented the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the perceived threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber.
1946
1. Greek judge and archeologist Panagiotis Poulitsas is appointed Prime Minister of Greece in the midst of the Greek Civil War.
  1. Panagiotis Poulitsas
    
    Panagiotis Poulitsas was a Greek judge and archeologist who briefly served as interim Prime Minister of Greece from 4 April 1946 to 18 April 1946. He was born in Geraki, Laconia on 9 September 1881.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
  3. Greek Civil War
    
    The Greek Civil War took place from 1946 to 1949. It was mainly fought against the established Kingdom of Greece, which was supported by the United Kingdom and the United States and won in the end. The losing opposition held a self-proclaimed people's republic, the Provisional Democratic Government of Greece, which was governed by the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and its military branch, the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). The rebels were supported by Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union.
1945
1. World War II: United States Army troops liberate Ohrdruf forced labor camp in Germany.
  1. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  2. Ohrdruf concentration camp
    
    Ohrdruf was a German forced labor and concentration camp located near Ohrdruf, south of Gotha, in Thuringia, Germany. It was part of the Buchenwald concentration camp network.
2. World War II: United States Army troops capture Kassel.
  1. Battle of Kassel (1945)
    
    The Battle of Kassel was a four-day struggle between the U.S. Army and the German Army in April 1945 for Kassel, a medium-sized city 140 kilometers northeast of Frankfurt am Main, which also is the second-largest city in Hesse. The battle resulted as the U.S. Third Army pushed northeast from the region of Frankfurt and Mainz. The battle opened on April 1, 1945 and ended with an American victory three days later. Opposing the Third Army's 80th Infantry Division were an infantry replacement battalion, some heavy tanks, and anti-aircraft guns. Although the Germans gave battle at Kassel, their army was on the brink of collapse as the Western Allies and the Red Army made deep inroads into Germany. The defense of Kassel did not materially impede the Allied advance, and, one month after the battle ended, Germany was forced to capitulate.
3. World War II: Soviet Red Army troops liberate Hungary from German occupation and occupy the country themselves.
  1. Red Army
    
    The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established in January 1918. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Starting in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in 1991.
  2. Hungary
    
    Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi) of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary has a population of nearly 9 million, mostly ethnic Hungarians and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian, the official language, is the world's most widely spoken Uralic language and among the few non-Indo-European languages widely spoken in Europe. Budapest is the country's capital and largest city; other major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs, and Győr.
  3. Government of National Unity (Hungary)
    
    The Government of National Unity was a fascist puppet government of Hungary, which ruled the German-occupied Kingdom of Hungary during the Second World War in eastern Europe. After the joint coup d’état with which the Nazis and the Arrow Cross Party overthrew the government of the Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy, the Arrow Cross fascists established the Government of National Unity on 16 October 1944.
1944
1. World War II: First bombardment of oil refineries in Bucharest by Anglo-American forces kills 3000 civilians.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Bombing of Bucharest in World War II
    
    The Bucharest World War II bombings were primarily Allied bombings of railroad targets and those of the Oil Campaign of World War II, but included a bombing by Nazi Germany after 1944 coup d'état. Bucharest stored and distributed much of Ploiești's refined oil products.
1933
1. U.S. Navy airship USS Akron is wrecked off the New Jersey coast due to severe weather.
  1. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  2. Airship
    
    An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air.
  3. USS Akron
    
    USS Akron (ZRS-4) was a helium-filled rigid airship of the U.S. Navy, the lead ship of her class, which operated between September 1931 and April 1933. It was the world's first purpose-built flying aircraft carrier, carrying F9C Sparrowhawk fighter planes, which could be launched and recovered while it was in flight. With an overall length of 785 ft (239 m), Akron and her sister ship Macon were among the largest flying objects ever built. Although LZ 129 Hindenburg and LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II were some 18 ft (5.5 m) longer and slightly more voluminous, the two German airships were filled with hydrogen, and so the two US Navy craft still hold the world record for the largest helium-filled airships.
  4. New Jersey
    
    New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. At 7,354 square miles (19,050 km2), New Jersey is the fifth-smallest state in land area; but with close to 9.3 million residents, it ranks 11th in population and first in population density. The state capital is Trenton, and the most populous city is Newark. With the exception of Warren County, all of the state's 21 counties lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia.
1925
1. The Schutzstaffel (SS) is founded under Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party in Germany.
  1. Schutzstaffel
    
    The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
  2. Nazi Party
    
    The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party, was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party, existed from 1919 to 1920. The Nazi Party emerged from the extremist German nationalist, racist and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, which fought against the communist uprisings in post–World War I Germany. The party was created to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti–big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric. This was later downplayed to gain the support of business leaders, and in the 1930s, the party's main focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. The party had little popular support until the Great Depression.
  3. Weimar Republic
    
    The Weimar Republic, officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic. The state's informal name is derived from the city of Weimar, which hosted the constituent assembly that established its government. In English, the state was usually simply called "Germany", with "Weimar Republic" not commonly used until the 1930s.
1913
1. First Balkan War: Greek aviator Emmanouil Argyropoulos becomes the first pilot to die in the Hellenic Air Force when his plane crashes.
  1. First Balkan War
    
    The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success.
  2. Emmanouil Argyropoulos
    
    Emmanouil Argyropoulos was a Greek pioneer aviator of the early 20th century. Apart from being the first Greek aviator who performed a flight over his homeland, he also became the first casualty of Greek military aviation.
  3. Hellenic Air Force
    
    The Hellenic Air Force is the air force of Greece. It is considered to be one of the largest air forces in NATO and is globally placed 18th out of 139 countries. It is also noted for its high quality pilots, benchmarked annually in international exercises. Under the Kingdom of Greece from 1935 to 1973, it was known as the Royal Hellenic Air Force (RHAF).
1905
1. An earthquake hit the Kangra Valley in India, killing more than 20,000 people and destroying most buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj, and Dharamshala.
  1. 1905 Kangra earthquake
    
    The 1905 Kangra earthquake occurred in the Kangra Valley and the Kangra region of the Punjab Province in India on 4 April 1905. The earthquake measured 7.8 on the surface wave magnitude scale and killed more than 20,000 people. Apart from this, most buildings in the towns of Kangra, Mcleodganj and Dharamshala were destroyed.
  2. Kangra Valley
    
    Kangra Valley is a river valley situated in the Western Himalayas. It lies in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India, and is a popular tourist destination. The Kangri dialect is spoken there. Dharamshala, the headquarters of Kangra district and the main city of the valley, lies on the southern spur of Dhauladhar.
  3. Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
    
    Kangra is a city and a municipal council in Kangra district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is also known as Nagarkot.
  4. McLeod Ganj
    
    McLeod Ganj, also spelt McLeodganj, is a suburb of Dharamshala in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is known as "Little Lhasa" or "Dhasa" because of its large population of Tibetans. The Tibetan government-in-exile is headquartered in McLeod Ganj.
  5. Dharamshala
    
    Dharamshala is the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, India. It serves as administrative headquarters of the Kangra district after being relocated from Kangra, a city located 18 km (11 mi) away from Dharamshala, in 1855.
2. In India, an earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, killing 20,000, and destroying most buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj and Dharamshala.
  1. 1905 Kangra earthquake
    
    The 1905 Kangra earthquake occurred in the Kangra Valley and the Kangra region of the Punjab Province in India on 4 April 1905. The earthquake measured 7.8 on the surface wave magnitude scale and killed more than 20,000 people. Apart from this, most buildings in the towns of Kangra, Mcleodganj and Dharamshala were destroyed.
  2. Kangra Valley
    
    Kangra Valley is a river valley situated in the Western Himalayas. It lies in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India, and is a popular tourist destination. The Kangri dialect is spoken there. Dharamshala, the headquarters of Kangra district and the main city of the valley, lies on the southern spur of Dhauladhar.
  3. Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
    
    Kangra is a city and a municipal council in Kangra district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is also known as Nagarkot.
  4. McLeod Ganj
    
    McLeod Ganj, also spelt McLeodganj, is a suburb of Dharamshala in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is known as "Little Lhasa" or "Dhasa" because of its large population of Tibetans. The Tibetan government-in-exile is headquartered in McLeod Ganj.
  5. Dharamshala
    
    Dharamshala is the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, India. It serves as administrative headquarters of the Kangra district after being relocated from Kangra, a city located 18 km (11 mi) away from Dharamshala, in 1855.
1887
1. Argonia, Kansas elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States.
  1. Argonia, Kansas
    
    Argonia is a city in Sumner County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 456.
  2. Susanna M. Salter
    
    Susanna Madora Salter was an American politician and activist. She served as mayor of Argonia, Kansas, becoming the first woman elected to serve as mayor in the United States and one of the first women to serve in any political office in the U.S.
1873
1. The Kennel Club, the world's oldest kennel club, was founded in the United Kingdom after Sewallis Shirley became frustrated by trying to organise dog shows without a consistent set of rules.
  1. The Kennel Club
    
    The Kennel Club ("KC") is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world. Its role is to oversee various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also operates the national register of pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom and acts as a lobby group on issues involving dogs in the UK. Its headquarters are on Clarges Street in Mayfair, London, with business offices in Aylesbury.
  2. Kennel club
    
    A kennel club is an organization for canine affairs that concerns itself with the breeding, showing and promotion of more than one breed of dog. Kennel clubs became popular in the mid 19th century. All-encompassing kennel clubs are also referred to as 'all-breed clubs', although "all" means only those breeds that they have decided to recognize, and "breed" means purebred dogs, not including dog hybrids and crossbreeds or mixed-breed dogs. A club that handles only one breed is known as a breed club.
  3. Sewallis Shirley (MP)
    
    Sewallis Evelyn Shirley DL, JP, was a British politician. He is best known as the founder of the Kennel Club in Britain in 1873.
  4. Dog show
    
    A dog show is an event where dogs are exhibited. A conformation show, also referred to as a breed show, is a kind of dog show in which a judge, familiar with a specific dog breed, evaluates individual purebred dogs for how well the dogs conform to the established breed type for their breed, as described in a breed's individual breed standard.
1866
1. Russian tsar Alexander II narrowly survived an assassination attempt by Dmitry Karakozov.
  1. Alexander II of Russia
    
    Alexander II was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination.
  2. Dmitry Karakozov
    
    Dmitry Vladimirovich Karakozov was a Russian political activist and the first revolutionary in the Russian Empire to make an attempt on the life of a tsar. His attempt to assassinate Tsar Alexander II failed and Karakozov was executed.
2. Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by Dmitry Karakozov in the city of Saint Petersburg.
  1. Alexander II of Russia
    
    Alexander II was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination.
  2. Dmitry Karakozov
    
    Dmitry Vladimirovich Karakozov was a Russian political activist and the first revolutionary in the Russian Empire to make an attempt on the life of a tsar. His attempt to assassinate Tsar Alexander II failed and Karakozov was executed.
  3. Saint Petersburg
    
    Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, with a population of roughly 5.4 million residents. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe after Istanbul, Moscow and London, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.
1865
1. American Civil War: A day after Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln visits the Confederate capital.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Union (American Civil War)
    
    During the American Civil War, the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States led by President Abraham Lincoln. It was opposed by the secessionist Confederate States of America (CSA), informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The Union is named after its declared goal of preserving the United States as a constitutional union. "Union" is used in the U.S. Constitution to refer to the founding formation of the people, and to the states in union. In the context of the Civil War, it has also often been used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government;" in this meaning, the Union consisted of 20 free states and five border states.
  3. Richmond, Virginia
    
    Richmond is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Richmond Region. Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871. At the 2010 census, the city's population was 204,214; in 2020, the population had grown to 226,610, making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia. The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state.
  4. Abraham Lincoln
    
    Abraham Lincoln was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.
  5. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
1859
1. Bryant's Minstrels premiered the minstrel song "Dixie" in New York City as part of their blackface show.
  1. Bryant's Minstrels
    
    Bryant's Minstrels was a blackface minstrel troupe that performed in the mid-19th century, primarily in New York City. The troupe was led by the O'Neill brothers from upstate New York, who took the stage name Bryant.
  2. Minstrel show
    
    The minstrel show, also called minstrelsy, was an American form of racist theatrical entertainment developed in the early 19th century. Each show consisted of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music performances that depicted people specifically of African descent. The shows were performed by mostly white people wearing blackface make-up for the purpose of playing the role of black people. There were also some African-American performers and black-only minstrel groups that formed and toured. Minstrel shows caricatured black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, and happy-go-lucky.
  3. Dixie (song)
    
    "Dixie", also known as "Dixie's Land", "I Wish I Was in Dixie", and other titles, is a song about the Southern United States first made in 1859. It is one of the most distinctively Southern musical products of the 19th century. It was not a folk song at its creation, but it has since entered the American folk vernacular. The song likely cemented the word "Dixie" in the American vocabulary as a nickname for the Southern U.S.
  4. Blackface
    
    Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by non-Black people to portray a caricature of a Black person.
1841
1. William Henry Harrison became the first U.S. president to die in office, sparking a brief constitutional crisis regarding questions of presidential succession that were left unanswered by the U.S. Constitution.
  1. William Henry Harrison
    
    William Henry Harrison was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States.
  2. Constitutional crisis
    
    In political science, a constitutional crisis is a problem or conflict in the function of a government that the political constitution or other fundamental governing law is perceived to be unable to resolve. There are several variations to this definition. For instance, one describes it as the crisis that arises out of the failure, or at least a strong risk of failure, of a constitution to perform its central functions. The crisis may arise from a variety of possible causes. For example, a government may want to pass a law contrary to its constitution; the constitution may fail to provide a clear answer for a specific situation; the constitution may be clear but it may be politically infeasible to follow it; the government institutions themselves may falter or fail to live up to what the law prescribes them to be; or officials in the government may justify avoiding dealing with a serious problem based on narrow interpretations of the law. Specific examples include the South African Coloured vote constitutional crisis in the 1950s, the secession of the southern U.S. states in 1860 and 1861, the controversial dismissal of the Australian federal government in 1975 and the 2007 Ukrainian crisis. While the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland does not have a written constitution, it is deemed to have an unwritten one, and issues and crises in the UK and its constituent countries are described as constitutional crises.
  3. United States presidential line of succession
    
    The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which the vice president of the United States and other officers of the United States federal government assume the powers and duties of the U.S. presidency upon an elected president's death, resignation, removal from office, or incapacity.
  4. Constitution of the United States
    
    The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Article IV, Article V, and Article VI embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article VII establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force.
2. William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia, becoming the first President of the United States to die in office, and setting the record for the briefest administration. Vice President John Tyler succeeds Harrison as President.
  1. William Henry Harrison
    
    William Henry Harrison was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States.
  2. Pneumonia
    
    Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severity of the condition is variable.
  3. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  4. John Tyler
    
    John Tyler was the tenth president of the United States, serving from 1841 to 1845, after briefly holding office as the tenth vice president in 1841. He was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison, succeeding to the presidency following Harrison's death 31 days after assuming office. Tyler was a stalwart supporter and advocate of states' rights, including regarding slavery, and he adopted nationalistic policies as president only when they did not infringe on the states' powers. His unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other Whig politicians and left Tyler estranged from both of the nation's major political parties at the time.
1818
1. The United States Congress, affirming the Second Continental Congress, adopts the flag of the United States with 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 at that time).
  1. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  2. Second Continental Congress
    
    The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolutionary War. The Congress was creating a new country it first named "United Colonies" and in 1776 renamed "United States of America." It convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with representatives from 12 of the colonies. This came shortly after the Battles of Lexington and Concord and was in succession to the First Continental Congress which met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. The Second Congress functioned as a de facto national government at the outset of the Revolutionary War by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and writing petitions such as the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms and the Olive Branch Petition. All thirteen colonies were represented by the time the Congress adopted the Lee Resolution which declared independence from Britain on July 2, 1776, and the congress agreed to the Declaration of Independence two days later.
  3. Flag of the United States
    
    The national flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag or the U.S. flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 U.S. states, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.
1814
1. Napoleon abdicates (conditionally) for the first time and names his son Napoleon II as Emperor of the French, followed by unconditional abdication two days later.
  1. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
  2. Napoleon II
    
    Napoleon II was disputed Emperor of the French for a few weeks in 1815. The son of Emperor Napoleon I and Marie Louise of Austria, he had been Prince Imperial of France and King of Rome since birth. After the fall of his father, he lived the rest of his life in Vienna and was known in the Austrian court as Franz, Duke of Reichstadt for his adult life. He was posthumously given the nickname L'Aiglon after the popular Edmond Rostand play, L'Aiglon.
  3. Emperor of the French
    
    Emperor of the French was the title of the monarch and supreme ruler of the First and the Second French Empires.
1796
1. Georges Cuvier delivers the first paleontological lecture.
  1. Georges Cuvier
    
    Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier, known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in natural sciences research in the early 19th century and was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through his work in comparing living animals with fossils.
  2. Paleontology
    
    Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene epoch. It includes the study of fossils to classify organisms and study their interactions with each other and their environments. Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term itself originates from Greek παλαιός, ὄν, and λόγος.
1660
1. Declaration of Breda by King Charles II of Great Britain promises, among other things, a general pardon to all royalists and opponents of the monarchy for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum.
  1. Declaration of Breda
    
    The Declaration of Breda was a proclamation by Charles II of England in which he promised a general pardon for crimes committed during the English Civil War and the Interregnum for all those who recognized Charles as the lawful king; the retention by the current owners of property purchased during the same period; religious toleration; and the payment of arrears to members of the army, and that the army would be recommissioned into service under the crown. Further, regarding the two latter points, the parliament was given the authority to judge property disputes and responsibility for the payment of the army. The first three pledges were all subject to amendment by acts of parliament.
  2. Charles II of England
    
    Charles II was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
  3. English Civil War
    
    The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
  4. Interregnum (England)
    
    The Interregnum was the period between the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649 and the arrival of his son Charles II in London on 29 May 1660 which marked the start of the Restoration. During the Interregnum, England was under various forms of republican government.
1609
1. Moriscos are expelled from the Kingdom of Valencia.
  1. Morisco
    
    Moriscos were former Muslims and their descendants whom the Roman Catholic church and the Spanish Crown commanded to convert to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed the open practice of Islam by its sizeable Muslim population in the early 16th century.
  2. Kingdom of Valencia
    
    The Kingdom of Valencia, located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. When the Crown of Aragon merged by dynastic union with the Crown of Castile to form the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Valencia became a component realm of the Spanish monarchy.
1581
1. Francis Drake is knighted by Queen Elizabeth I for completing a circumnavigation of the world.
  1. Francis Drake
    
    Sir Francis Drake was an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. Drake is best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580. This included his incursion into the Pacific Ocean, until then an area of exclusive Spanish interest, and his claim to New Albion for England, an area in what is now the U.S. state of California. His expedition inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas, an area that had previously been largely unexplored by Western shipping.
  2. Elizabeth I
    
    Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five House of Tudor monarchs and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen".
  3. Francis Drake's circumnavigation
    
    Francis Drake's circumnavigation, also known as Drake's Raiding Expedition, was an important historical maritime event that took place between 15 December 1577 and 26 September 1580. Authorised by Queen Elizabeth I and led by Francis Drake; the latter sailed with five ships in what was termed a 'voyage of discovery', although in effect it was an ambitious covert raiding voyage and the start of England's challenge to the global domination of Spain and Portugal.
1423
1. Death of the Venetian Doge Tommaso Mocenigo, under whose rule victories were achieved against the Kingdom of Hungary and against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli (1416).
  1. Doge
    
    A doge was an elected lord and head of state in several Italian city-states, notably Venice and Genoa, during the medieval and renaissance periods. Such states are referred to as "crowned republics".
  2. Tommaso Mocenigo
    
    Tommaso Mocenigo (1343–1423) was doge of the Republic of Venice from 1414 until his death.
  3. Kingdom of Hungary
    
    The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000; his family led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world.
  4. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
  5. Battle of Gallipoli (1416)
    
    The Battle of Gallipoli occurred on 29 May 1416 between a squadron of the Venetian navy and the fleet of the Ottoman Empire off the Ottoman naval base of Gallipoli. The battle was the main episode of a brief conflict between the two powers, resulting from Ottoman attacks against Venetian possessions and shipping in the Aegean Sea in late 1415. The Venetian fleet, under Pietro Loredan, was charged with transporting Venetian envoys to the Sultan, but was authorized to attack if the Ottomans refused to negotiate. The subsequent events are known chiefly from a letter written by Loredan after the battle. The Ottomans exchanged fire with the Venetian ships as soon as the Venetian fleet approached Gallipoli, forcing the Venetians to withdraw.
1268
1. The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice signed a treaty that brought seven years of hostilities to a temporary end.
  1. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
  2. Republic of Venice
    
    The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy that existed for 1100 years from AD 697 until AD 1797. Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance. Citizens spoke the still-surviving Venetian language, although publishing in (Florentine) Italian became the norm during the Renaissance.
  3. Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1268
    
    In 1268, the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice agreed to temporarily end the hostilities which had erupted after the Byzantine recovery of Constantinople by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261.
2. A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
  1. Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1268
    
    In 1268, the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice agreed to temporarily end the hostilities which had erupted after the Byzantine recovery of Constantinople by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261.
  2. Michael VIII Palaiologos
    
    Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus reigned as the co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261, and as Byzantine emperor from 1261 until his death. Michael VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. He recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a restored Byzantine Empire. His reign saw considerable recovery of Byzantine power, including the enlargement of the Byzantine army and navy. It would also include the reconstruction of the city of Constantinople, and the increase of its population. Additionally, he re-established the University of Constantinople, which led to what is regarded as the Palaiologan Renaissance between the 13th and 15th centuries.
1081
1. The Komnenos dynasty came to full power with Alexios I Komnenos's coronation as the Byzantine emperor.
  1. Komnenos
    
    Komnenos was a Byzantine Greek noble family who ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1081 to 1185, and later, as the Grand Komnenoi founded and ruled the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461). Through intermarriages with other noble families, notably the Doukai, Angeloi, and Palaiologoi, the Komnenos name appears among most of the major noble houses of the late Byzantine world.
  2. Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty
    
    The Byzantine Empire was ruled by emperors of the Komnenos dynasty for a period of 104 years, from 1081 to about 1185. The Komnenian period comprises the reigns of five emperors, Alexios I, John II, Manuel I, Alexios II and Andronikos I. It was a period of sustained, though ultimately incomplete, restoration of the military, territorial, economic and political position of the Byzantine Empire.
  3. Alexios I Komnenos
    
    Alexios I Komnenos was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. Although he was not the first emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power and initiated a hereditary succession to the throne. Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to curb the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration. His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that contributed to the convoking of the Crusades.
  4. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
801
1. King Louis the Pious captures Barcelona from the Moors after a siege of several months.
  1. Louis the Pious
    
    Louis the Pious, also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aquitaine from 781. As the only surviving son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833–34, during which he was deposed.
  2. Barcelona
    
    Barcelona is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits, its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people, making it the fifth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid, and Milan. It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range, the tallest peak of which is 512 metres high.
  3. Moors
    
    The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
  4. Siege of Barcelona (801)
    
    The siege of Barcelona was a military operation by a Carolingian army with the aim of conquering the city of Barcelona, which had been under Muslim control for 80 years. The siege and conquest were part of the expansion of the Marca Hispanica and the constitution of the County of Barcelona by the Carolingians.
611
1. Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul sacks rival city-state Palenque in southern Mexico.
  1. Scroll Serpent
    
    Scroll Serpent was a Maya ruler of the Kaan kingdom. He ruled from AD 579 to 611. He acceded on September 2.
  2. Calakmul
    
    Calakmul is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche, deep in the jungles of the greater Petén Basin region. It is 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Guatemalan border. Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands.
  3. Palenque
    
    Palenque, also anciently known in the Itza Language as Lakamhaʼ, was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that perished in the 8th century. The Palenque ruins date from ca. 226 BC to ca. 799 AD. After its decline, it was overgrown by the jungle of cedar, mahogany, and sapodilla trees, but has since been excavated and restored. It is located near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen, 150 meters (490 ft) above sea level. It averages a humid 26°C (79°F) with roughly 2,160 millimeters (85 in) of rain a year.
190
1. Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
  1. Dong Zhuo
    
    Dong Zhuo, courtesy name Zhongying, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han, Dong Zhuo was a general and powerful minister of the imperial government. Yet he forced the young Emperor Shao of Han to abdicate and replaced him with his half-brother Emperor Xian of Han while he sought to become the de facto ruler of China in the boy-emperor's name. The Eastern Han dynasty regime survived in name only.
  2. Luoyang
    
    Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of December 31, 2018, Luoyang had a population of 6,888,500 inhabitants with 2,751,400 people living in the built-up area made of the city's five out of six urban districts and Yanshi District, now being conurbated.
-503
1. Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
  1. Roman consul
    
    A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic, and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the cursus honorum after that of the censor. Each year, the Centuriate Assembly elected two consuls to serve jointly for a one-year term. The consuls alternated in holding fasces – taking turns leading – each month when both were in Rome and a consul's imperium extended over Rome and all its provinces.
  2. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus (consul 503 BC)
    
    Agrippa Menenius Lanatus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 503 BC, with Publius Postumius Tubertus. He was victorious over the Sabines and was awarded a triumph which he celebrated on 4 April, 503 BC. According to Livy, he also led Roman troops against the Latin town of Pometia. In some traditions he and his colleague also completed a census during their consulship.
  3. Roman triumph
    
    The Roman triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.
  4. Sabines
    
    The Sabines were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains of the ancient Italian Peninsula, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome.

Births & Deaths

2016
1. Chus Lampreave, Spanish actress (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Chus Lampreave
    
    María Jesús Lampreave Pérez, known professionally as Chus Lampreave, was a Spanish character actress who starred in more than 70 films. She is internationally known for her roles in films by Pedro Almodóvar.
2015
1. Jamaluddin Jarjis, Malaysian engineer and politician (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Jamaluddin Jarjis
    
    Jamaluddin bin Mohd Jarjis was a Malaysian politician, diplomat and Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation. He served as the Chairman of the 1 Malaysia Peoples' Housing (PR1MA) and Malaysian special envoy to the United States.
2. Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Elmer Lach
    
    Elmer James Lach was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 14 seasons for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL). A centre, he was a member of the Punch line, along with Maurice Richard and Toe Blake. Lach led the NHL in scoring twice, and was awarded the Hart Trophy in 1945 as the league's most valuable player.
3. Donald N. Levine, American sociologist and academic (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Donald N. Levine
    
    Donald Nathan Levine was an American sociologist, educator, social theorist and writer. He was a central figure in Ethiopian Studies. Within sociology, he is perhaps best known for his work in sociological theory and his translations and interpretations of Georg Simmel's classical texts into English, which led to a resurgence of interest in Simmel's work in the discipline.
4. Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish author and poet (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Klaus Rifbjerg
    
    Klaus Rifbjerg was a Danish writer. He authored more than 170 novels, books and essays. In 1965 he co-produced the film 4x4 which was entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
2014
1. İsmet Atlı, Turkish wrestler and trainer (b. 1931) deaths
  1. İsmet Atlı
    
    İsmet Atlı was a Turkish Olympic medalist sports wrestler in the Light heavyweight class and a trainer. He won the gold medal in Men's Freestyle wrestling at the 1960 Olympics.
2. Wayne Henderson, American trombonist and producer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Wayne Henderson (musician)
    
    Wayne Maurice Henderson was an American soul jazz and hard bop trombonist and record producer. In 1961, he co-founded the soul jazz/hard bop group The Jazz Crusaders. Henderson left the group in 1976 to pursue a career in producing, but revived The Jazz Crusaders in 1995.
3. Kumba Ialá, Bissau-Guinean soldier and politician, President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Kumba Ialá
    
    Kumba Ialá Embaló, also spelled Yalá, was a Bissau-Guinean politician who was president from 17 February 2000 until he was deposed in a bloodless military coup on 14 September 2003. He belonged to the Balanta ethnic group and was President of the Social Renewal Party (PRS). In 2008 he converted to Islam and took the name Mohamed Ialá Embaló. He was the founder of the Party for Social Renewal. In 2014, Ialá died from a cardiopulmonary arrest.
  2. List of presidents of Guinea-Bissau
    
    This article lists the presidents of Guinea-Bissau, since the establishment of the office of president in 1973.
4. Margo MacDonald, Scottish journalist and politician (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Margo MacDonald
    
    Margo Symington MacDonald was a Scottish politician, teacher and broadcaster. She was the Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Govan from 1973 to 1974 and was Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party from 1974 to 1979. She later served as an SNP and then Independent Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Lothian from 1999 until her death.
5. Curtis Bill Pepper, American journalist and author (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Curtis Bill Pepper
    
    Curtis Bill Pepper was an American journalist and author. Pepper was Newsweek's Mediterranean bureau chief in Rome from 1957 to 1969. He also worked for Edward R. Murrow at the Rome bureau of CBS, and covered the Vatican for United Press. Of his seven books, the last work, Leonardo, was a biographical novel of Leonardo da Vinci. It was conceived in the years following his studies of the Italian Renaissance at the University of Florence.
6. Muhammad Qutb, Egyptian author and academic (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Muhammad Qutb
    
    Muhammad Qutb, was a Muslim author, scholar and teacher who is best known as the younger brother of the Egyptian Muslim thinker Sayyid Qutb. After his brother was executed by the Egyptian government, Muhammad moved to Saudi Arabia, where he promoted his brother's ideas.
2013
1. Bengt Blomgren, Swedish actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Bengt Blomgren
    
    Bengt Bertil Blomgren was a Swedish actor, film director and screenwriter, born in Stockholm.
2. Roger Ebert, American journalist, critic, and screenwriter (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Roger Ebert
    
    Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic, film historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. Neil Steinberg of the Chicago Sun-Times said Ebert "was without question the nation's most prominent and influential film critic," and Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called him "the best-known film critic in America."
3. Carmine Infantino, American illustrator (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Carmine Infantino
    
    Carmine Michael Infantino was an American comics artist and editor, primarily for DC Comics, during the late 1950s and early 1960s period known as the Silver Age of Comic Books. Among his character creations are the Black Canary and the Silver Age version of DC superhero the Flash with writer Robert Kanigher, the stretching Elongated Man with John Broome, Barbara Gordon the second Batgirl with writer Gardner Fox, Deadman with writer Arnold Drake, and Christopher Chance, the second iteration of the Human Target with Len Wein.
4. Tommy Tycho, Hungarian-Australian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Tommy Tycho
    
    Thomas Tycho AM MBE was Hungarian-born Australian pianist, conductor, composer and arranger. He was active in both classical music and pop.
5. Ian Walsh, Australian rugby player and coach (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Ian Walsh (rugby league)
    
    Ian John Walsh was an Australian professional rugby league footballer and coach. He was a hooker with the St. George Dragons from 1962 to 1967 and played in the last five of the Dragons’ historic 11 consecutive premiership winning teams. He captained St. George in the last of its 11 successive Grand Final wins in 1966 and led The Saints again when their premiership winning streak ended in 1967. He was a representative for Australia and captained them in 10 Test matches from 1963 to 1966.
6. Noboru Yamaguchi, Japanese author (b. 1972) deaths
  1. Noboru Yamaguchi (author)
    
    Noboru Yamaguchi was a Japanese light novel and game scenario author from Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. He was well known for being the author of The Familiar of Zero light novels and visual novels by Frontwing.
2012
1. A. Dean Byrd, American psychologist and academic (b. 1948) deaths
  1. A. Dean Byrd
    
    Albert Dean Byrd was a former president of the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), a research organization that advocates sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE). He was a psychologist who focused on SOCE, and wrote on the topic. Although raised by a Buddhist mother and a Baptist father, Byrd converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and was very active in the debate within the church on issues involving homosexuality.
2. Dimitris Christoulas, Greek pensioner who committed suicide in public (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Dimitris Christoulas
    
    Dimitris Christoulas was a Greek pensioner who committed suicide in Syntagma Square in Athens on April 4, 2012.
3. Anne Karin Elstad, Norwegian author and educator (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Anne Karin Elstad
    
    Anne Karin Elstad was a Norwegian author known for her book series featuring the character Julie.
4. Claude Miller, French director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Claude Miller
    
    Claude Miller was a French film director, producer and screenwriter.
5. Dubravko Pavličić, Croatian footballer (b. 1967) deaths
  1. Dubravko Pavličić
    
    Dubravko Pavličić was a Croatian footballer who played as a central defender.
6. Roberto Rexach Benítez, Puerto Rican academic and politician, 10th President of the Senate of Puerto Rico (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Roberto Rexach Benítez
    
    Roberto Nicolás Rexach Benítez also known as his stage name Bobby, was a Puerto Rican politician, and former Senator and Representative. Rexach Benítez served as the tenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 1996. He also served as a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from 1973 to 1976, under the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) and as a member of the Senate (1985–1998) under the pro-statehood New Progressive Party (PNP).
  2. President of the Senate of Puerto Rico
    
    The president of the Senate of Puerto Rico is the highest-ranking officer and the presiding officer of the Senate of Puerto Rico. The president has voting powers as it is elected amongst the own members of the Senate as established by Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico. The Constitution, however, does not establish its functions and since the Senate is the only body authorized by the Constitution to regulate its own internal affairs, the functions of the president vary from session to session—save being called "President" as the Constitution establishes. The president is typically elected during the Senate's inaugural session.
2011
1. Scott Columbus, American drummer (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Scott Columbus
    
    Scott Columbus was an American drummer, best known for his long period of collaboration with heavy metal band Manowar.
2. Juliano Mer-Khamis, Israeli actor, director, and activist (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Juliano Mer-Khamis
    
    Juliano Mer-Khamis was an Israeli/Palestinian actor, director, filmmaker, and political activist of Jewish and Palestinian Eastern Orthodox Christian parentage. On 4 April 2011, he was assassinated by a masked gunman in the Palestinian city of Jenin, where he had established The Freedom Theatre.
2009
1. Maxine Cooper, American actress, activist and photographer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Maxine Cooper
    
    Gladys Maxine Cooper Gomberg was an American actress, activist, and photographer. She was perhaps best known for her role as private detective Mike Hammer's secretary Velda in the 1955 film Kiss Me Deadly, which the Los Angeles Times called a "film noir classic."
2008
1. Francis Tucker, South African race car driver (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Francis Tucker
    
    Francis Bagnal Kidger Tucker was a South African rally driver, who was the 1966 South African Rally Drivers Champion.
2007
1. Bob Clark, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Bob Clark
    
    Benjamin Robert Clark was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor. He is best known for his work in the Canadian film industry throughout the 1970s and 1980s, where he was responsible for some of the most successful films in Canadian film history such as Black Christmas (1974), Murder by Decree (1979), Tribute (1980), Porky's (1981), and A Christmas Story (1983). He won three Genie Awards with two additional nominations. He and his son were killed by a drunk driver in April 2007.
2. Karen Spärck Jones, English computer scientist and academic (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Karen Spärck Jones
    
    Karen Sparck Jones is a computer science researcher and innovator who pioneered the search engine algorithm known as inverse document frequency (IDF). While many early information scientists and computer engineers were focused on developing programming languages and coding computer systems, Sparck-Jones thought it more beneficial to develop information retrieval systems that could understand human language.[1]
2005
1. Edward Bronfman, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Edward Bronfman
    
    Edward Maurice Bronfman, was a Canadian businessman, philanthropist, and member of the Bronfman family.
2004
1. Briek Schotte, Belgian cyclist and coach (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Briek Schotte
    
    Alberic "Briek" Schotte was a Belgian professional road racing cyclist, one of the champions of the 1940s and 1950s. His stamina earned him the nickname "Iron Briek".
2003
1. Anthony Caruso, American actor (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Anthony Caruso (actor)
    
    Anthony Caruso was an American character actor in more than one hundred American films, usually playing villains and gangsters, including the first season of Walt Disney's Zorro as Captain Juan Ortega.
2001
1. Liisi Oterma, Finnish astronomer (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Liisi Oterma
    
    Liisi Oterma was a Finnish astronomer, the first woman to get a Ph.D. degree in astronomy in Finland.
2. Ed Roth, American illustrator and engineer (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Ed Roth
    
    Ed "Big Daddy" Roth was an American artist, cartoonist, illustrator, pinstriper and custom car designer and builder who created the hot rod icon Rat Fink and other characters. Roth was a key figure in Southern California's Kustom Kulture and hot rod movement of the late 1950s and 1960s.
3. Maury Van Vliet, American-Canadian academic (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Maury Van Vliet
    
    Maurice Lewis (Maury) Van Vliet, was a USA-born Canadian academic who taught physical education and fitness.
1999
1. Lucille Lortel, American actress, artistic director and producer (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Lucille Lortel
    
    Lucille Lortel was an American actress, artistic director, and theatrical producer. In the course of her career Lortel produced or co-produced nearly 500 plays, five of which were nominated for Tony Awards: As Is by William M. Hoffman, Angels Fall by Lanford Wilson, Blood Knot by Athol Fugard, Mbongeni Ngema's Sarafina!, and A Walk in the Woods by Lee Blessing. She also produced Marc Blitzstein's adaptation of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's Threepenny Opera, a production which ran for seven years and according to The New York Times "caused such a sensation that it...put Off-Broadway on the map."
2. Early Wynn, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Early Wynn
    
    Early Wynn Jr., nicknamed "Gus", was an American professional baseball right-handed pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox, during his 23-year MLB career. Wynn was identified as one of the most intimidating pitchers in the game, having combined his powerful fastball with a hard attitude toward batters. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972.
1997
1. Leo Picard, German-Israeli geologist and academic (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Leo Picard
    
    Leo Picard, was an Israeli geologist and an expert in the field of hydrogeology.
2. Alparslan Türkeş, Turkish colonel and politician, 39th Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Alparslan Türkeş
    
    Alparslan Türkeş was a Turkish politician, who was the founder and president of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Grey Wolves (Ülkü Ocakları). He represented the far-right of the Turkish political spectrum. He was and still is called Başbuğ ("Leader") by his devotees.
  2. List of deputy prime ministers of Turkey
    
    This is a chronological list of deputy prime ministers of governments of the Republic of Turkey. Deputy Prime Minister was an office under the prime ministry between 1946 and 2018. Not all cabinets had the post of deputy prime minister. The political party of the deputy prime minister is affixed to his name when it differed from the prime minister's party as it was the case in coalition governments. Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey abolished together with the Prime Ministry's in 2018.
1996
1. Austin Mahone, American singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Austin Mahone
    
    Austin Harris Mahone is an American singer, songwriter and professional wrestler. Mahone gained popularity performing covers of pop songs on YouTube. He released three albums to date. Famous releases include "Say Somethin", "Say You're Just a Friend" featuring Flo Rida, "What About Love", "Mmm Yeah" with Pitbull. After being dropped by his label, he continues releasing music independently.
2. Barney Ewell, American runner and long jumper (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Barney Ewell
    
    Henry Norwood "Barney" Ewell was an American athlete, winner of one gold and two silver medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
3. Boone Guyton, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Boone Guyton
    
    Boone Tarleton Guyton United States Navy, was a naval aviator, experimental test pilot, author and businessman. In a flying career spanning the biplane era through the jet age, Guyton was perhaps best known for his test pilot years at Vought-Sikorsky and his participation in the development of the F4U Corsair and various other military aircraft including the OS2U Kingfisher and the radical Vought V-173 flying pancake.
1995
1. Kenny Everett, English radio and television host (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Kenny Everett
    
    Kenny Everett was an English comedian, radio disc jockey and television presenter. After spells on pirate radio and Radio Luxembourg in the mid-1960s, he was one of the first DJs to join BBC Radio's newly created BBC Radio 1 in 1967. It was here he developed his trademark voices and surreal characters which he later adapted for television.
2. Priscilla Lane, American actress (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Priscilla Lane
    
    Priscilla Lane was an American actress, and the youngest sibling in the Lane Sisters of singers and actresses. She is best remembered for her roles in the films The Roaring Twenties (1939) co-starring with James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart; Saboteur (1942), an Alfred Hitchcock film in which she plays the heroine; and Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), in which she portrays Cary Grant's fiancée and bride.
1994
1. Shunsuke Nishikawa, Japanese actor births
  1. Shunsuke Nishikawa
    
    Shunsuke Nishikawa is a Japanese actor who was affiliated with K Dash, until he moved to RubyParade on April 4. 2017. He played the role of Takaharu Igasaki (Akaninger), the main character of the 2015 Super Sentai TV series Shuriken Sentai Ninninger.
2. Risako Sugaya, Japanese singer and actress births
  1. Risako Sugaya
    
    Risako Sugaya is a former Japanese singer and actress. She first gained recognition when she joined Hello! Project Kids and later became one of the lead vocalists of the girl group Berryz Kobo from 2004 to 2015.
1993
1. Samir Carruthers, English footballer births
  1. Samir Carruthers
    
    Samir Badre Carruthers is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for National League South side Dartford. He has represented the Republic of Ireland at U19 and U21 level.
2. Frank Kaminsky, American basketball player births
  1. Frank Kaminsky
    
    Francis Stanley Kaminsky III is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Wisconsin Badgers.
3. Alfred Mosher Butts, American game designer, invented Scrabble (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Alfred Mosher Butts
    
    Alfred Mosher Butts was an American architect, famous for inventing the board game Scrabble in 1938.
  2. Scrabble
    
    Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a game board divided into a 15×15 grid of squares. The tiles must form words that, in crossword fashion, read left to right in rows or downward in columns and are included in a standard dictionary or lexicon.
4. Douglas Leopold, Canadian radio and television host (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Douglas Leopold
    
    Douglas Leopold, nicknamed Coco, was a television and radio personality in Quebec, along with being a public relations specialist.
1992
1. Lucy May Barker, English actress and singer births
  1. Lucy May Barker
    
    Lucy May Barker is a British stage and screen actress.
2. Christina Metaxa, Cypriot singer-songwriter births
  1. Christina Metaxa
    
    Christina Metaxa is a Greek-Cypriot singer and songwriter. Her elder brother, Nikolas Metaxas, is also a singer and won second place in the Greek version of The X Factor. Her brother is also the creator and composer of her Eurovision entry, "Firefly".
3. Ricky Dillon, American youtuber and singer births
  1. Ricky Dillon
    
    Richard Porter Dillon Jr. is an American YouTube personality and singer. Over his ten years on YouTube, Dillon has amassed over 3.2 million subscribers on his channel, as well as more than 415 million views on his videos.
4. Yvette Brind'Amour, Canadian actress and director (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Yvette Brind'Amour
    
    Yvette Brind'Amour, was a Canadian actress.
5. Jack Hamilton, Australian footballer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Jack Hamilton (footballer, born 1928)
    
    Jack Hamilton was an Australian rules football player in the Victorian Football League (VFL) before becoming a prominent administrator.
6. Arthur Russell, American singer-songwriter and cellist (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Arthur Russell (musician)
    
    Charles Arthur Russell Jr. was an American cellist, composer, producer, singer, and musician from Iowa, whose work spanned a disparate range of styles. After studying contemporary composition and Indian classical music in California, Russell relocated to New York City in the mid-1970s, where he became involved with both Lower Manhattan's avant-garde community and later the city's burgeoning disco scene. His eclectic work spanned many of these influences, drawing variously on minimalism, dance, pop, folk, dub, new wave, and electronic music, and was often marked by his distinctive voice and adventurous production choices.
1991
1. Yui Koike, Japanese singer and actress births
  1. Yui Koike
    
    Yui Koike is a Japanese actress and former gravure idol. She is known for her role as Ahim de Famille/Gokai Pink in the 2011 Super Sentai series Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger. She was a member of the idol group Tomato n'Pine. She is currently affiliated with Weeds Company.
2. Asia Muhammad, American tennis player births
  1. Asia Muhammad
    
    Asia Muhammad is an American professional tennis player. A doubles specialist, Muhammad has won seven doubles titles on the WTA Tour, four doubles titles on WTA Challenger Tour as well as 13 singles and 35 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. She has reached a WTA 1000 final, at the 2022 Indian Wells Masters with Ena Shibahara, and the semifinals of a major, at the 2020 US Open, partnering with Taylor Townsend.
3. Justin O'Neill, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Justin O'Neill
    
    Justin O'Neill is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Melbourne Storm and North Queensland Cowboys in the NRL and Australia at international level.
4. Jamie Lynn Spears, American actress and singer births
  1. Jamie Lynn Spears
    
    Jamie Lynn Marie Spears is an American actress and singer. From 2005 to 2008, Spears played Zoey Brooks on the Nickelodeon teen sitcom Zoey 101 (2005–2008). She is the younger sister of singer Britney Spears.
5. Marlon Stöckinger, Filipino race car driver births
  1. Marlon Stöckinger
    
    Marlon Alexander Stöckinger is a Filipino former racing driver, who raced for Status Grand Prix in the 2012 GP3 Series. He is the first Filipino to win a formula race in Europe.
6. Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Edmund Adamkiewicz
    
    Edmund "Adam" Adamkiewicz was a German footballer.
7. Max Frisch, Swiss playwright and novelist (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Max Frisch
    
    Max Rudolf Frisch was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He was awarded the 1965 Jerusalem Prize, the 1973 Grand Schiller Prize, and the 1986 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.
8. H. John Heinz III, American soldier and politician (b. 1938) deaths
  1. John Heinz
    
    Henry John Heinz III was an American businessman and Republican politician from Pennsylvania. Heinz represented the Pittsburgh suburbs in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1977 and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1977 until he was killed in a plane crash in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, in 1991.
9. Graham Ingels, American illustrator (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Graham Ingels
    
    Graham J. Ingels was a comic book and magazine illustrator best known for his work in EC Comics during the 1950s, notably on The Haunt of Fear and Tales from the Crypt, horror titles written and edited by Al Feldstein, and The Vault of Horror, written and edited by Feldstein and Johnny Craig. Ingels' flair for horror led EC to promote him as Ghastly Graham Ingels, and he began signing his work "Ghastly" in 1952.
1989
1. Vurnon Anita, Dutch footballer births
  1. Vurnon Anita
    
    Vurnon San Benito Anita is a Curaçaoan professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or full-back for Eredivisie club RKC Waalwijk. Born in Curaçao and raised in the Netherlands, Anita represented the Netherlands national team in 2010 before switching to represent the Curaçao national team in 2021.
2. Steven Finn, English cricketer births
  1. Steven Finn
    
    Steven Thomas Finn is an English cricketer. He is a right-arm fast bowler, who also bats right-handed. At the age of 16, he became Middlesex County Cricket Club's youngest-ever debutant in first-class cricket. He made his England Test debut in 2010 against Bangladesh. He lives in Brighton. In 2019 he became a commentator for Test Match Special.
3. Chris Herd, Australian footballer births
  1. Chris Herd
    
    Christopher Herd is an Australian international footballer. Herd can be described as a utility player who can play in a number of positions, including central defence, full back and central midfield. He has represented Australia at under-20 level, and won his first senior cap in September 2014.
1988
1. Frank Fielding, English footballer births
  1. Frank Fielding
    
    Francis David Fielding is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stoke City.
1987
1. Sami Khedira, German footballer births
  1. Sami Khedira
    
    Sami Khedira is a German former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.
2. McDonald Mariga, Kenyan footballer births
  1. McDonald Mariga
    
    McDonald Mariga Wanyama is a Kenyan retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
3. Cameron Maybin, American baseball player births
  1. Cameron Maybin
    
    Cameron Keith Maybin is an American former professional baseball outfielder and current broadcaster. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers, Florida / Miami Marlins, San Diego Padres, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels, Houston Astros, Seattle Mariners, New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs and New York Mets. He was the tenth overall pick in the 2005 MLB draft by the Tigers and debuted with them in 2007. With the Astros, he won the 2017 World Series.
4. Marcos Vellidis, Greek footballer births
  1. Markos Vellidis
    
    Markos Vellidis is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Super League 2 club Iraklis.
5. Sarah Gadon, Canadian actress births
  1. Sarah Gadon
    
    Sarah Lynn Gadon is a Canadian actress. She began her acting career guest-starring in a number of television series, such as Are You Afraid of the Dark? (1999), Mutant X (2002), and Dark Oracle (2004). She also worked as a voice actress on various television productions. Gadon gained recognition for her roles in David Cronenberg's films A Dangerous Method (2011), Cosmopolis (2012), and Maps to the Stars (2014). She also starred in Denis Villeneuve's thriller Enemy (2013), the period drama Belle (2013), and the action horror film Dracula Untold (2014).
6. C. L. Moore, American author and academic (b. 1911) deaths
  1. C. L. Moore
    
    Catherine Lucille Moore was an American science fiction and fantasy writer, who first came to prominence in the 1930s writing as C. L. Moore. She was among the first women to write in the science fiction and fantasy genres, though earlier woman writers in these genres include Clare Winger Harris, Greye La Spina, and Francis Stevens, among others. Nevertheless, Moore's work paved the way for many other female speculative fiction writers.
7. Chögyam Trungpa, Tibetan guru, poet, and scholar (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Chögyam Trungpa
    
    Chögyam Trungpa was a Tibetan Buddhist meditation master and holder of both the Kagyu and Nyingma lineages of Tibetan Buddhism, the 11th of the Trungpa tülkus, a tertön, supreme abbot of the Surmang monasteries, scholar, teacher, poet, artist, and originator of a radical re-presentation of Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the myth of Shambhala as an enlightened society that was later called Shambhala Buddhism.
8. Sachchidananda Vatsyayan, Indian journalist and author (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Agyeya
    
    Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan, popularly known by his pen name Agyeya, was an Indian writer, poet, novelist, literary critic, journalist, translator and revolutionary in Hindi language. He pioneered modern trends in Hindi poetry, as well as in fiction, criticism and journalism. He is regarded as the pioneer of the Prayogavaad (experimentalism) movement in modern Hindi literature.
1986
1. Eunhyuk, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer births
  1. Eunhyuk
    
    Lee Hyuk-jae, better known by his stage name Eunhyuk, is a South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter, dancer and television host. He is a member of the South Korean boy group Super Junior and its subgroups Super Junior-T and Super Junior-H. In 2011, he joined Super Junior's Mandopop subgroup Super Junior-M and the duo Super Junior-D&E, active in China and Japan respectively.
2. Cameron Barker, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Cam Barker
    
    Cameron Barker is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenseman. He was selected third overall in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks and spent four seasons with the club before being traded to the Minnesota Wild in 2010. Internationally, Barker played for the Canadian national team, and won back-to-back gold medals at the 2005 and 2006 World Junior Championships with the junior team. He is widely regarded as a top draft bust.
3. Maurice Manificat, French skier births
  1. Maurice Manificat
    
    Maurice Manificat is a French cross-country skier who has competed since 2004.
4. Aiden McGeady, Scottish-born Irish footballer births
  1. Aiden McGeady
    
    Aiden John McGeady is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for Scottish Premiership club Hibernian. Born in Scotland, he represented the Republic of Ireland national team from 2004 until 2017.
5. Alexander Tettey, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Alexander Tettey
    
    Alexander Banor Tettey is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder.
1985
1. Rudy Fernández, Spanish basketball player births
  1. Rudy Fernández (basketball)
    
    Rodolfo "Rudy" Fernández Farrés is a Spanish professional basketball player for Real Madrid of the Liga ACB. He is a 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) tall shooting guard and small forward. He is a three-time All-EuroLeague Team selection and won the EuroLeague title in 2015 and 2018. During his stint in the National Basketball Association (NBA), he was an NBA All-Rookie Second Team member.
2. Dudi Sela, Israeli tennis player births
  1. Dudi Sela
    
    David "Dudi" Sela is an Israeli professional tennis player. He reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 29 in July 2009.
3. Ricardo Vilar, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Ricardo Vilar
    
    Ricardo Kaschensky Vilar is Brazilian footballer who plays for Xylotymbou.
4. Kate Roberts, Welsh author and activist (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Kate Roberts (author)
    
    Kate Roberts was one of the foremost Welsh-language authors of the 20th century. Styled Brenhines ein llên, she is known mainly for her short stories, but also wrote novels. Roberts was a prominent Welsh nationalist.
1984
1. Sean May, American basketball player births
  1. Sean May
    
    Sean Gregory May is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant basketball coach at the University of North Carolina. May was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in Bloomington, Indiana. He was a three-time all-state selection at Bloomington High School North, and was at one time a teammate of former NBA player Jared Jeffries. May was named to the 2002 McDonald's High School All-American team. He played in the 2002 McDonald's game with Raymond Felton and Rashad McCants, who would later team with May to win an NCAA Championship as part of the 2004–05 North Carolina Tar Heels.
2. Arkady Vyatchanin, Russian swimmer births
  1. Arkady Vyatchanin
    
    Arkady Arkadyevich Vyatchanin is a retired Russian, Serbian and American backstroke swimmer. He was born in Vorkuta, and in 1999 moved to Taganrog, Russia, where he graduated from the South Federal University. He was a member of the Russian National Team in 2000–2015; moved to Serbia in 2015 and to the United States in 2017, and retired in June 2018.
3. Oleg Antonov, Russian-Ukrainian engineer and businessman, founded Antonov (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer)
    
    Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov was a Soviet aeroplane designer, and the founder of the Antonov Design Bureau, named in his honour. Antonov designed a number of Soviet aeroplanes and numerous gliders for both civilian and military use.
  2. Antonov
    
    Antonov State Enterprise, formerly the Aeronautical Scientific-Technical Complex named after Antonov, and earlier the Antonov Design Bureau, for its chief designer, Oleg Antonov, is a Ukrainian aircraft manufacturing and services company. Antonov's particular expertise is in the fields of very large aeroplanes and aeroplanes using unprepared runways. Antonov has built a total of approximately 22,000 aircraft, and thousands of its planes are operating in the former Soviet Union and in developing countries.
1983
1. Evgeny Artyukhin, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Evgeny Artyukhin
    
    Yevgeni Evgenyevich Artyukhin is a Russian professional ice hockey right winger who is currently playing for HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
2. Eric Andre, American comedian births
  1. Eric André
    
    Eric Samuel André is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, television host and writer. He is best known as the creator, host, and co-writer of the Adult Swim comedy series The Eric Andre Show (2012–present). He also played Mike on the FXX series Man Seeking Woman (2015–2017) and voiced Azizi in the remake of The Lion King (2019). He performs music under the name Blarf.
3. Ben Gordon, American basketball player births
  1. Ben Gordon
    
    Benjamin Ashenafi Gordon is a British-born American former professional basketball player. Gordon played for 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and he played college basketball for the University of Connecticut, where he won a national championship in 2004.
4. Doug Lynch, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Doug Lynch (ice hockey)
    
    Douglas Lynch is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played with the Edmonton Oilers in the National Hockey League (NHL).
5. Natalie Pike, Scottish-English model and actress births
  1. Natalie Pike
    
    Natalie Pike is a British model and broadcaster, currently working as a presenter for Manchester City FC and BBC Radio Manchester.
6. Amanda Righetti, American actress births
  1. Amanda Righetti
    
    Amanda Righetti is an American actress. She is known for her role as Grace Van Pelt on The Mentalist, as well as her roles in Friday the 13th, The O.C. and Colony.
7. Gloria Swanson, American actress (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Gloria Swanson
    
    Gloria May Josephine Swanson was an American actress and producer. She first achieved fame acting in dozens of silent films in the 1920s and was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress, most famously for her 1950 return in Billy Wilder's Sunset Boulevard, which also earned her a Golden Globe Award.
8. Bernard Vukas, Croatian football player, played for 1953 FIFA's "Rest of the World" team against England at Wembley (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Bernard Vukas
    
    Bernard "Bajdo" Vukas was a Croatian football player during Yugoslavia.
1982
1. Justin Cook, American voice actor and producer births
  1. Justin Cook
    
    Justin Cook is an American voice actor, voice director, audio engineer and line producer who works for anime-dubbing companies Funimation and Okratron 5000. He is most noted for his work on Yu Yu Hakusho and the Dragon Ball franchise.
2. Magnus Lindgren, Swedish chef (d. 2012) births
  1. Magnus Lindgren (chef)
    
    Carl Magnus Lindgren was a Swedish chef. Lindgren was a senior chef at celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal’s flagship restaurant The Fat Duck, the Michelin-starred restaurant in Bray, Berkshire.
1981
1. Currensy, American rapper births
  1. Currensy
    
    Shante Scott Franklin, better known by his stage name Currensy, is an American rapper. In 2011, he founded the label Jet Life Recordings.
2. Eduardo Luís Carloto, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Eduardo Carloto
    
    Eduardo Luís Carloto is a Brazilian footballer. He spent his professional career at Italian Lega Pro.
3. Casey Daigle, American baseball player births
  1. Casey Daigle
    
    Sean Casey Daigle is a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
4. Anna Pyatykh, Russian triple jumper births
  1. Anna Pyatykh
    
    Anna Viktorovna Pyatykh is a professional Russian triple jumper. She has won the SPAR European Cup four consecutive times, won bronze medals at the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki and 2009 World Championships in Berlin. She has also competed at the 2004 Athens Olympics.
5. Ned Vizzini, American author and screenwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Ned Vizzini
    
    Edison Price Vizzini was an American writer. He was the author of four books for young adults including It's Kind of a Funny Story, which NPR named #56 of the "100 Best-Ever Teen Novels" and which is the basis of the film of the same name.
1980
1. Johnny Borrell, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Johnny Borrell
    
    Jonathan Edward Borrell is an English guitarist and singer, currently the frontman of the rock band Razorlight.
2. Trevor Moore, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2021) births
  1. Trevor Moore (comedian)
    
    Trevor Paul Moore was an American comedian, actor, writer, director, and producer. He was known for being one of the founding members—alongside Sam Brown and Zach Cregger—of the New York City–based comedy troupe the Whitest Kids U' Know (WKUK), who had their own sketch comedy series on IFC that ran for five seasons.
3. Eric Steinbach, American football player births
  1. Eric Steinbach
    
    Eric Steinbach is a former American football guard who played for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Iowa, and earned consensus All-American honors. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played for the Bengals from 2003 to 2006 and the Cleveland Browns from 2007 to 2011.
4. Björn Wirdheim, Swedish race car driver births
  1. Björn Wirdheim
    
    Björn Karl Michael Wirdheim is a Swedish professional racing driver. He is the son of Örnulf Wirdheim, also a racing driver. Björn began racing karts, competing in his first race, at the age of 10. His main achievement to date is becoming the International Formula 3000 Champion in 2003.
5. Red Sovine, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Red Sovine
    
    Woodrow Wilson "Red" Sovine was an American country music singer and songwriter associated with truck driving songs, particularly those recited as narratives but set to music. His most noted examples are "Giddyup Go" (1965) and "Teddy Bear" (1976), both of which topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.
1979
1. Heath Ledger, Australian actor (d. 2008) births
  1. Heath Ledger
    
    Heath Andrew Ledger was an Australian actor and music video director. After playing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s, Ledger moved to the United States in 1998 to develop his film career further. His work consisted of twenty films, including 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), The Patriot (2000), A Knight's Tale (2001), Monster's Ball (2001), Lords of Dogtown (2005), Brokeback Mountain (2005), Candy (2006), I'm Not There (2007), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), the latter two being posthumous releases. He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director.
2. Roberto Luongo, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Roberto Luongo
    
    Roberto Luongo is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 19 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders, Florida Panthers and the Vancouver Canucks. Luongo is a two-time NHL second team All-Star and a winner of the William M. Jennings Trophy for backstopping his team to the lowest goals against average in the league. He was a finalist for several awards, including the Vezina Trophy as the league's best goaltender, the Lester B. Pearson Award as the top player voted by his peers, and the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player (2007). Luongo is second all time in games played as an NHL goaltender (1,044) and fourth all time in wins (489). He employed the butterfly style of goaltending.
3. Natasha Lyonne, American actress births
  1. Natasha Lyonne
    
    Natasha Bianca Lyonne Braunstein is an American actress, director, writer, and producer. She is known for playing Nicky Nichols on the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019), for which she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress, and for her portrayal of Nadia Vulvokov on the Netflix series Russian Doll (2019–present), which she also co-created, executive produces, writes, and directs. For the latter, Lyonne has received nominations for three Primetime Emmys, including Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.
4. Andy McKee, American guitarist births
  1. Andy McKee
    
    Andy McKee is an American fingerstyle guitar player who has released six studio albums, two extended plays, and one live album to date. A number of YouTube videos featuring McKee's highly-technical guitar performances have achieved viral fame, garnering hundreds of million of views collectively.
5. Maksim Opalev, Russian canoeist births
  1. Maksim Opalev
    
    Maksim Alexandrovich Opalev is a retired Russian sprint canoeist. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he has won a complete set of medals in the C-1 500 m event.
6. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistani lawyer and politician, 4th President of Pakistan (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
    
    Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, also known as Quaid-e-Awam, was a Pakistani barrister, politician and statesman who served as the fourth President from 1971 to 1973, and later as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. Bhutto is an icon of leadership for his efforts to preserve and lead the nation after the Bangladesh Liberation War. His government drafted the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973, which is the current constitution of the country. He was the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution. Bhutto's execution in 1979, till this day is widely recognised as a judicial murder ordered by then dictator General Zia-ul-Haq. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto later led the PPP and became the 11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan; his grandson, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari is the current chairman of PPP and is serving as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan.
  2. President of Pakistan
    
    The president of Pakistan, officially the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces.
7. Edgar Buchanan, American actor (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Edgar Buchanan
    
    William Edgar Buchanan II was an American actor with a long career in both film and television. He is most familiar today as Uncle Joe Carson from the Petticoat Junction, Green Acres, and The Beverly Hillbillies television sitcoms of the 1960s.
1978
1. Jason Ellison, American baseball player and scout births
  1. Jason Ellison
    
    Jason Jerome Ellison is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. He attended Lewis-Clark State in Lewiston, Idaho, and made his major league debut on May 9, 2003. As of the 2015 season, he was an area scout for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim based in Issaquah, Washington.
2. Alan Mahon, Irish footballer births
  1. Alan Mahon
    
    Alan Joseph Mahon is an Irish former professional footballer who played a midfielder and was capped by the Republic of Ireland.
1977
1. Stephan Bonnar, American mixed martial artist births
  1. Stephan Bonnar
    
    Stephan Patrick Bonnar is an American professional wrestler and retired professional mixed martial artist. Bonnar competed as a Light Heavyweight in the UFC for most of his career. Bonnar was the runner-up on The Ultimate Fighter 1, his TUF Ultimate Finale loss to Forrest Griffin is considered to be one of the most important fights in the history of the UFC. For most of his MMA career Bonnar played the "role of the underdog", this is particularly exemplified in his fight with Anderson Silva at UFC 153. In addition to Griffin and Silva, Bonnar faced world champions Lyoto Machida, Tito Ortiz, Mark Coleman, Jon Jones, and Rashad Evans.
2. Keith Bulluck, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Keith Bulluck
    
    Keith J. Bulluck is a former football linebacker who played for eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for Syracuse University, he was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the first round in the 2000 NFL Draft. He had a ten-year career with the Titans, which included a Pro Bowl selection in 2003. He played for the New York Giants in 2010.
3. Adam Dutkiewicz, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Adam Dutkiewicz
    
    Adam Jonathan Dutkiewicz is an American musician, recording engineer, songwriter, and music producer, best known as the lead guitarist and backup vocalist from Massachusetts metalcore bands Killswitch Engage, Aftershock, and Times of Grace, as well as the guitarist and co-lead vocalist for the melodic death metal supergroup Serpentine Dominion.
4. Stephen Mulhern, English magician and television host births
  1. Stephen Mulhern
    
    Stephen Daniel Mulhern is an English television presenter, magician, and comedian. He began his television career on CITV, appearing in the children's shows Finger Tips (2001–2008) and Tricky TV (2005–2010). Mulhern has presented various television shows for ITV, including Britain's Got More Talent (2007–2019), Animals Do the Funniest Things (2007–2011), This Morning's Hub (2011–2014), Catchphrase (2013–present), Big Star's Little Star (2013–2018), In for a Penny (2019–present) and Rolling In It (2020–2021). He also co-hosted the Sunday breakfast show on Heart Radio, alongside Emma Willis, and the 'Ant vs Dec' segment on Saturday Night Takeaway.
5. Omarr Smith, American football player and coach births
  1. Omarr Smith
    
    Omarr Ali Hasan Smith is a former American football defensive back who was most recently the head coach of the Baltimore Brigade of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played professionally for the San Jose SaberCats of the AFL, and played college football at San Jose State.
6. Andrey Dikiy, Ukrainian-American journalist, historian, and politician (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Andrey Dikiy
    
    Andrey Ivanovich Dikiy was a Russian writer, white emigre politician and journalist, and a member of the Vlasov movement, known for his antisemitism and anti-Ukrainian sentiment. Dikiy has been described by Christian essayist Dmitry Talantsev as one of the main theorists of Judophobia.
1976
1. Nathan Blacklock, Australian rugby player births
  1. Nathan Blacklock
    
    Nathan Blacklock is an Australian former professional rugby league and, briefly, rugby union footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. An Australia national rugby league representative wing, he played for the Sydney City Roosters and the St. George Dragons before they formed a joint-venture with the Illawarra Steelers to form the St. George Illawarra Dragons, with whom he continued playing, becoming the National Rugby League's top try-scorer for three consecutive seasons from 1999 to 2001. Blacklock also played in the Super League for Hull FC, with whom he won the 2005 Challenge Cup.
2. Sébastien Enjolras, French race car driver (d. 1997) births
  1. Sébastien Enjolras
    
    Sébastien Enjolras was a French racing driver. Considered to be one of the most promising French drivers of his generation, he was killed in a crash during practice for the 1997 24 Hours of Le Mans race, aged 21.
3. Emerson Ferreira da Rosa, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Emerson (footballer, born 1976)
    
    Emerson Ferreira da Rosa, simply known as Emerson, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. At international level, he played 73 games for the Brazil national team between 1997 and 2006, scoring 6 goals. With Brazil, he has taken part in two FIFA World Cups, two editions of the Copa América, and three Confederations Cups, winning the 1999 Copa América and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, while also reaching the 1998 World Cup Final.
4. James Roday, American actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. James Roday Rodriguez
    
    James Roday Rodriguez is an American actor, director and screenwriter. He is best known for starring on the USA Network series Psych as hyper-observant consultant detective and fake psychic Shawn Spencer. He currently stars in A Million Little Things, which debuted in 2018.
5. Harry Nyquist, Swedish engineer and theorist (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Harry Nyquist
    
    Harry Nyquist was a Swedish-American physicist and electronic engineer who made important contributions to communication theory.
1975
1. Delphine Arnault, French businesswoman births
  1. Delphine Arnault
    
    Delphine Arnault is a French businesswoman, director and executive vice president of Louis Vuitton.
2. Thobias Fredriksson, Swedish skier births
  1. Thobias Fredriksson
    
    Thobias Fredriksson is a Swedish former cross-country skier who competed since 2000. He won two medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin with a gold in the team sprint and a bronze in the individual sprint events.
3. Joyce Giraud, Puerto Rican television actress and producer, Miss Puerto Rico 1994 births
  1. Joyce Giraud
    
    Joyce Marie Giraud Mojica, also known as Joyce Giraud de Ohoven, is a Puerto Rican actress, model, philanthropist, film and television producer. Firstly in 1994, she competed in Miss World 1994 and was unable to make in top 10 and lost against Miss India, Aishwarya Rai. In 1998, Giraud was crowned Miss Universe Puerto Rico 1998, and represented Puerto Rico at Miss Universe 1998, where she placed as the second runner-up. She has since appeared in acting roles in television and film, and beginning in 2013 was a housewife on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills for its fourth season.
  2. Miss Puerto Rico
    
    Miss Puerto Rico is a national beauty pageant in Puerto Rico. Currently, there are two separate televised pageants held annually: Miss Universe Puerto Rico to select the representative for Miss Universe and Miss Mundo de Puerto Rico to select the representative for Miss World. Additionally, the Miss Puerto Rico Scholarship Organization selects the representative for Miss America.
4. Pamela Ribon, American actress, screenwriter, and author births
  1. Pamela Ribon
    
    Pamela Ribon is an American screenwriter, author, television writer, blogger and actress. In November 2014, she found a Barbie book from 2010 titled I Can be a Computer Engineer. She decried elements of the book where Barbie appeared to be reliant on male colleagues. Mattel has since ceased publishing the book. Also known as Pamie and Wonder Killer, she runs the website pamie.com. She was one of the original recappers for Television Without Pity. Her commencement address for the 2019 College of Fine Arts graduating class of the University of Texas at Austin was praised by Texas Monthly.
5. Miranda Lee Richards, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Miranda Lee Richards
    
    Miranda Lee Richards is an American singer-songwriter.
6. Scott Rolen, American baseball player births
  1. Scott Rolen
    
    Scott Bruce Rolen is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Toronto Blue Jays and Cincinnati Reds. He was an eight-time Gold Glove winner, seven-time All-Star and the 1997 National League Rookie of the Year. In 2006, Rolen won a World Series Championship as a member of the Cardinals.
7. Kevin Weekes, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Kevin Weekes
    
    Kevin Weekes is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 348 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is now a studio analyst for NHL Networks' On the Fly, NHL Tonight, and ESPN's The Point, while also working for ESPN/ABC.
1973
1. Chris Banks, American football player (d. 2014) births
  1. Chris Banks (American football)
    
    Warren Christopher Banks was an American football guard in the National Football League. Drafted out of the University of Kansas by the Broncos in the seventh round of the 1996 NFL Draft, Banks won a Super Bowl ring as a member of the Broncos' Super Bowl XXXIII championship team in 1998. Banks also played for the Barcelona Dragons and Atlanta Falcons. Banks died at his home in Abingdon, Maryland on April 9, 2014.
2. David Blaine, American magician and producer births
  1. David Blaine
    
    David Blaine is an American illusionist, endurance artist, and extreme performer. He is best known for his high-profile feats of endurance and has set and broken several world records.
3. Loris Capirossi, Italian motorcycle racer births
  1. Loris Capirossi
    
    Loris Capirossi is an Italian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer, currently serving as Safety Advisor to Dorna Sports, the commercial rights holder of Grand Prix motorcycle racing.
4. Peter Hoekstra, Dutch footballer and coach births
  1. Peter Hoekstra (footballer)
    
    Peter Martin Hoekstra is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a winger for PSV Eindhoven, Ajax and Stoke City. Capped 5 times by the Dutch national team, he was a member of the Dutch squad at Euro 1996 in England under manager Guus Hiddink.
5. Chris McCormack, Australian triathlete and coach births
  1. Chris McCormack (triathlete)
    
    Chris McCormack, also known as Macca, is an Australian triathlete. McCormack is a two-time winner of the Ironman World Championship, winning the titles in 2007 and 2010. He is also the winner of the 1997 International Triathlon Union (ITU) World Cup Series, the 1997 Triathlon World Championships, and the 2012 Long Distance World Championships.
6. Kelly Price, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Kelly Price
    
    Kelly Cherelle Price is an American R&B and gospel singer. She started her singing career in 1992. Price originally garnered attention by singing backing vocals for Mariah Carey on multiple songs, including her Billboard Hot 100 number one singles: "Fantasy" and "All I Want for Christmas Is You"; before rising to greater prominence after making uncredited guest appearances on the number one single "Mo Money Mo Problems" by The Notorious B.I.G., as well as "Feel So Good" by Mase, which prompted her to release her own music. Her debut album Soul of a Woman (1998), was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
1972
1. Jim Dymock, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Jim Dymock
    
    Jim Dymock is a professional rugby league coach who is the assistant coach of the Gold Coast Titans in the NRL and a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s.
2. Jill Scott, American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Jill Scott (singer)
    
    Jill Louise Scott is an American singer, songwriter, model, poet and actress. Her 2000 debut album, Who Is Jill Scott?: Words and Sounds Vol. 1, went platinum, and the follow-ups Beautifully Human: Words and Sounds Vol. 2 (2004) and The Real Thing: Words and Sounds Vol. 3 (2007) both achieved gold status.
3. Magnus Sveningsson, Swedish bass player births
  1. Magnus Sveningsson
    
    Magnus Sveningsson is best known as the bassist in the Swedish rock band, The Cardigans, and has also recorded under a solo project entitled Righteous Boy.
4. Adam Clayton Powell Jr., American pastor and politician (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
    
    Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971. He was the first African American to be elected to Congress from New York, as well as the first from any state in the Northeast. Re-elected for nearly three decades, Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party, and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues. He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism.
5. Stefan Wolpe, German-American composer and academic (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Stefan Wolpe
    
    Stefan Wolpe was a German-Jewish-American composer. He was associated with interdisciplinary modernism, with affiliations ranging from the Bauhaus, Berlin agitprop theater and the kibbutz movement to the Eighth Street Artists' Club, Black Mountain College, and the Darmstadt Summer Courses for New Music. He lived and worked in Berlin (1902–1933) until the Nazi seizure of power forced him to move first to Vienna (1933–34) and Jerusalem (1934–38) before settling in New York City (1938–72). In works such as Battle Piece (1942/1947) and "In a State of Flight" in Enactments for Three Pianos (1953), he responded self-consciously to the circumstances of his uprooted life, a theme he also explored extensively in voluminous diaries, correspondence, and lectures. His densely eclectic music absorbed ideas and idioms from diverse artistic milieus, including post-tonality, bebop, and Arab classical musics.
1971
1. Yanic Perreault, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Yanic Perreault
    
    Yanic Jacques Perreault is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played thirteen seasons in the National Hockey League.
2. Malik Yusef, American actor, producer, and poet births
  1. Malik Yusef
    
    Malik Yusef El Shabazz Jones is an American spoken word artist, poet, rapper, writer, composer, producer and director based in Chicago, Illinois, United States.
3. John Zandig, American wrestler and promoter births
  1. John Zandig
    
    John Corson, better known by the ring name John Zandig, is an American professional wrestler and promoter. He is the founder and former owner of the promotion Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW).
1970
1. Georgios Amanatidis, Greek footballer and manager births
  1. Georgios Amanatidis
    
    Georgios Amanatidis is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a defender.
2. Dimitris Basis, Greek singer births
  1. Dimitris Basis
    
    Dimitrios Bibasis, better known by his stage name Dimitris Basis, is a Greek singer and musician. He is from the village of Cherso, near the city of Kilkis in Central Macedonia.
3. Greg Garcia, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Greg Garcia (producer)
    
    Gregory Thomas Garcia is an American television director, producer and writer. He is the creator/executive producer of several long-running sitcoms, including Yes, Dear, My Name Is Earl, The Guest Book, Sprung, and Raising Hope. He has also worked for the series Family Matters and as a consulting producer on Family Guy.
4. Barry Pepper, Canadian actor and producer births
  1. Barry Pepper
    
    Barry Robert Pepper is a Canadian actor. He played Private Daniel Jackson in Saving Private Ryan (1998), Corrections Officer Dean Stanton in The Green Mile (1999), Roger Maris in 61* (2001), Joseph L. Galloway in We Were Soldiers (2002), Sergeant Michael Strank in Flags of Our Fathers (2006), Vince in Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015) and Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018), Lucky Ned Pepper in the remake of the western True Grit (2010) and David Keller in Crawl (2019). He has been nominated for three Screen Actors Guild Awards and a Golden Globe Award. For his role as Robert F. Kennedy in the miniseries The Kennedys (2011), Pepper won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie.
5. Jason Stoltenberg, Australian tennis player births
  1. Jason Stoltenberg
    
    Jason Stoltenberg is an Australian former professional tennis player.
6. Josh Todd, American singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Josh Todd (musician)
    
    Joshua Todd Gruber, known professionally as Josh Todd, is an American musician, singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead singer of the American rock band Buckcherry.
7. Yelena Yelesina, Russian high jumper births
  1. Yelena Yelesina
    
    Yelena Borisovna Yelesina is a Russian female high jumper. She won the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics with 2,01m, one centimetre behind her personal best jump. She also won several other medals outside her Olympic gold.
1969
1. Piotr Anderszewski, Polish pianist and composer births
  1. Piotr Anderszewski
    
    Piotr Anderszewski is a Polish pianist and composer.
2. Karren Brady, English journalist and businesswoman births
  1. Karren Brady
    
    Karren Rita Brady, Baroness Brady, is a British business executive and television personality. She is a former managing director of Birmingham City F.C. and current vice-chairman of West Ham United F.C., and an aide to Alan Sugar on The Apprentice. She is a Conservative member of the House of Lords and has been a Small Business Ambassador to the UK Government.
1968
1. Jesús Rollán, Spanish water polo player (d. 2006) births
  1. Jesús Rollán
    
    Jesús Miguel Rollán Prada was a water polo goalkeeper from Spain who was a member of the national team that won the gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
2. Martin Luther King Jr., American minister and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (assassinated) (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
  3. Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr., an African-American clergyman and civil rights leader, was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at 6:01 p.m. CST. He was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he died at 7:05 p.m. He was a prominent leader of the civil rights movement and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was known for his use of nonviolence and civil disobedience.
1967
1. Edith Masai, Kenyan-German runner births
  1. Edith Masai
    
    Edith Chewanjel Masai is a Kenyan former long-distance runner who specialised in cross country and track races, then road races in her late career. She represented Kenya at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Her best achievements are three individual gold medals in the short race at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships between 2002 and 2004.
2. George Mavrotas, Greek water polo player and politician births
  1. George Mavrotas
    
    George Mavrotas is a former member of the Greek Parliament, while also being a retired Greek water polo player and associate professor in the School of Chemical Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens. In July 2019 he was designated as General Secretary of Sport in the Greek Government.
3. Al Lewis, American songwriter (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Al Lewis (lyricist)
    
    Al Lewis was an American lyricist, songwriter and music publisher. He is thought of mostly as a Tin Pan Alley era lyricist; however, he did write music on occasion as well. Professionally he was most active during the 1920s working into the 1950s. During this time, he most often collaborated with popular songwriters Al Sherman and Abner Silver. Among his most famous songs are "Blueberry Hill" and "You Gotta Be a Football Hero".
4. Héctor Scarone, Uruguayan footballer and manager (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Héctor Scarone
    
    Héctor Pedro Scarone Beretta was a Uruguayan footballer who played as inside forward. Scarone was considered one of the best players in the world during his time,. being nicknamed El Mago due to his extraordinary skills with the ball.
1966
1. Nancy McKeon, American actress births
  1. Nancy McKeon
    
    Nancy Justine McKeon is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Jo Polniaczek on the NBC sitcom The Facts of Life and Jinny Exstead on The Division.
2. Mike Starr, American bass player (d. 2011) births
  1. Mike Starr (musician)
    
    Michael Christopher Starr was an American musician best known as the original bassist for the rock band Alice in Chains, with which he played from the band's formation in 1987 until January 1993. He was also a member of Sato, Gypsy Rose, and Sun Red Sun. In 2011, Starr died of a prescription drug overdose at the age of 44.
3. Christos Tsekos, Greek basketball player births
  1. Christos Tsekos (basketball)
    
    Christos Tsekos is a retired Greek professional basketball player. He played professionally in the Greek Basket League, and he represented Greece at the senior level.
1965
1. Vinny Burns, English guitarist and producer births
  1. Vinny Burns
    
    Vinny Burns is an English hard rock guitarist and producer, best known for his work with the bands Dare, Ten and Bob Catley. He has also been a member of Asia, Ultravox, Hugo, FM, The Ladder, Phoenix Down, and on his own project with Sam Blue, Burns Blue. He is active as a producer and owns his one recording studio. The last album he produced was the debut album of the rock band The Beautiful Sleazy, "All Fired Up".
2. Robert Downey Jr., American actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Robert Downey Jr.
    
    Robert John Downey Jr. is an American actor and producer. His career has been characterized by critical and popular success in his youth, followed by a period of substance abuse and legal troubles, before a resurgence of commercial success later in his career. In 2008, Downey was named by Time magazine among the 100 most influential people in the world, and from 2013 to 2015, he was listed by Forbes as Hollywood's highest-paid actor.
1964
1. Branco, Brazilian footballer and coach births
  1. Branco (footballer)
    
    Cláudio Ibrahim Vaz Leal, better known as Branco, is Brazilian former footballer who played as a left back. A member of the triumphant Brazilian team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Branco was a renowned free kick specialist known for his accuracy of placing the ball in the direction that he wanted the free kick to go.
2. Dr. Chud, American drummer and singer births
  1. Dr. Chud
    
    David Calabrese, known professionally as Dr. Chud, is an American horror punk drummer best known for his work with the Misfits.
3. Anthony Clark, American actor births
  1. Anthony Clark (actor)
    
    Anthony Higgins Clark is an American actor and comedian who starred in the television series Yes, Dear, in which he played the character Greg Warner.
4. David Cross, American actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. David Cross
    
    David Cross is an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, and writer known for his stand-up performances, the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show (1995–1998), and his role as Tobias Fünke in the Fox/Netflix sitcom Arrested Development.
5. Paul Parker, England international footballer and TV pundit births
  1. Paul Parker (footballer)
    
    Paul Andrew Parker is an English football manager, former professional footballer and sports television pundit.
6. Đặng Thân, Vietnamese writer and poet births
  1. Đặng Thân
    
    Đặng Thân is a bilingual poet, fiction writer, essayist and critic, based in Vietnam. There he is regarded "the typical figure of Post-Doi Moi Literature", and considered "the best humourist ever" and even an "awesomely brilliant genius". Unfortunately, it was repeatedly said that leading governmental departments in Vietnam instructed the "state-controlled" literary circle that his works were "harmful". From 2008 up to 2011 and from 2014 up to present, all publishing houses there had not been allowed to print any book of his for no righteous reasons, and official state-run newspapers had been ordered to leave him in the dark.
1963
1. A. Michael Baldwin, American actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. A. Michael Baldwin
    
    A. Michael Baldwin is an American actor, producer, and screenwriter. He came to public notice as a child actor, appearing as Mike Pearson in Phantasm (1979) and its sequels.
2. Jack Del Rio, American football player and coach births
  1. Jack Del Rio
    
    Jack Louis Del Rio Jr. is an American football coach who is the defensive coordinator for the Washington Commanders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football as a linebacker at the University of Southern California before being drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the third round of the 1985 NFL Draft. He also played for four other NFL teams before retiring in 1996.
3. Dale Hawerchuk, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2020) births
  1. Dale Hawerchuk
    
    Dale Martin Hawerchuk was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Drafted first overall by the Winnipeg Jets in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft, Hawerchuk played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 16 seasons as a member of the Jets, Buffalo Sabres, St. Louis Blues and Philadelphia Flyers. He won the NHL's Calder Memorial Trophy as the league's Rookie of the Year in 1982 and was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in his second year of eligibility in 2001. Hawerchuk served as the head coach of the Barrie Colts of the Ontario Hockey League from 2010 to 2019.
4. Jane McDonald, English singer and broadcaster births
  1. Jane McDonald
    
    Jane Anne McDonald is an English singer, songwriter and television presenter. Born and raised in Wakefield, McDonald spent much of her early career performing in local clubs and pubs before landing work as a singer on cruise ships. McDonald became known to the public in 1998 following her appearance on the BBC show The Cruise.
5. Graham Norton, Irish actor and talk show host births
  1. Graham Norton
    
    Graham William Walker, better known by his stage name Graham Norton, is an Irish actor, author, comedian, commentator, and presenter. Well known for his work in the UK, he is a five-time BAFTA TV Award winner for his comedy chat show The Graham Norton Show (2007–present) and an eight-time award-winner overall—he received the British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance three times for So Graham Norton. Originally shown on BBC Two before moving to other slots on BBC One, his chat show succeeded Friday Night with Jonathan Ross in BBC One's prestigious late-Friday-evening slot in 2010.
6. Oskari Tokoi, Finnish socialist and the Chairman of the Senate of Finland (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Oskari Tokoi
    
    Antti Oskari Tokoi was a Finnish socialist who served as a leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland. In 1917 Tokoi acted as a Chairman of the Senate of Finland and thus he was the world’s first social democratic leader of the government. During the short-lived Revolution of 1918, Tokoi participated as a leading figure in the revolutionary government. Tokoi later emigrated to the United States, where he served as the long-time editor of Raivaaja, the newspaper of the Finnish Socialist Federation.
1962
1. Craig Adams, English bass player and songwriter births
  1. Craig Adams (musician)
    
    Craig David Adams is an English musician, bass guitarist and songwriter. Over his career he has worked with a variety of rock bands, the most notable being the Sisters of Mercy and the Mission.
2. Kailasho Devi, Indian social worker and politician births
  1. Kailasho Devi
    
    Kailasho Devi Saini is a political and social worker and a Member of Parliament elected from Kurukshetra constituency in the Indian state of Haryana being an Indian National Lok Dal candidate.
1961
1. Hildi Santo-Tomas, American interior decorator births
  1. Trading Spaces
    
    Trading Spaces is an hour-long American television reality program that originally aired from 2000 to 2008 on the cable channels TLC and Discovery Home. The format of the show was based on the BBC TV series Changing Rooms. The first iteration ran for eight seasons. A revival began airing on April 7, 2018, with several team members of the original run returning.
2. Harald Riipalu, Estonian military commander (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Harald Riipalu
    
    Harald Riipalu was an Estonian commander in the German Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
3. Simion Stoilow, Romanian mathematician and academic (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Simion Stoilow
    
    Simion Stoilow or Stoilov was a Romanian mathematician, creator of the Romanian school of complex analysis, and author of over 100 publications.
1960
1. Jonathan Agnew, English cricketer and sportscaster births
  1. Jonathan Agnew
    
    Jonathan Philip Agnew, is an English cricket broadcaster and a former professional cricketer. He was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, and educated at Uppingham School. He is nicknamed "Aggers", and, less commonly, "Spiro" – the latter, according to Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who, after former US Vice-President Spiro Agnew.
2. Jane Eaglen, English soprano births
  1. Jane Eaglen
    
    Jane Eaglen is an English soprano particularly known for her interpretations of the works of Richard Wagner and the title roles in Bellini's Norma and Puccini's Turandot.
3. Godknows Igali, Nigerian diplomat, civil servant and technocrat births
  1. Godknows Igali
    
    Godknows Boladei Igali is a Nigerian public servant, diplomat, author and scholar. He was appointed by President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua in September 2007 as an ambassador to the Scandinavian countries - Sweden, Denmark and Norway, a position he occupied until he was appointed a Federal Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Water Resources on 4 May 2010.
4. Hugo Weaving, Nigerian-Australian actor and producer births
  1. Hugo Weaving
    
    Hugo Wallace Weaving is an English actor. Born in Colonial Nigeria to English parents, he has resided in Australia for the entirety of his career. He is the recipient of six Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards (AACTA) and has also been recognised as an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia.
1959
1. Phil Morris, American actor and screenwriter births
  1. Phil Morris (actor)
    
    Phil Morris is an American actor. He played Jackie Chiles on Seinfeld, John Jones on The CW series Smallville and Silas Stone in Doom Patrol. He also voiced Doc Saturday on The Secret Saturdays and Dr. Joshua Strongbear Sweet in Atlantis: The Lost Empire and related media.
1958
1. Peter Baltes, German bass player births
  1. Peter Baltes
    
    Peter Baltes is a German hard rock and heavy metal musician. He is the former bassist of the heavy metal group Accept, having played bass guitar on their first 15 albums. He joined them in 1976 after Dieter Rubach left the band and also made minor contributions as a lead vocalist with Accept on their early albums and on the album Predator of 1996. After 42 years as a member, Baltes announced his departure from Accept in November 2018; the band later replaced him with former Uli Jon Roth sideman Martin Motnik.
2. Cazuza, Brazilian singer-songwriter (d. 1990) births
  1. Cazuza
    
    Agenor de Miranda Araújo Neto, better known as Cazuza, was a Brazilian singer and songwriter, born in Rio de Janeiro. Along with Raul Seixas, Renato Russo and Os Mutantes, Cazuza, both while fronting Barão Vermelho and at solo career, is considered one of the best exponents of Brazilian rock music. In his 9-year career, he sold more than 5 million albums and achieved 11 number one singles and 18 Top 10 singles in Brazil.
3. Rodney Eade, Australian footballer and coach births
  1. Rodney Eade
    
    Rodney Eade is a former Australian rules footballer and coach in the Australian Football League. He is a former coach of the Sydney Swans, the Western Bulldogs and the Gold Coast Football Club. He has, to date, coached 377 games of AFL football, placing him first on the all-time AFL/VFL list of most games coached without a premiership.
4. Johnny Stompanato, American soldier and bodyguard (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Johnny Stompanato
    
    John Stompanato Jr., was a United States Marine who became a bodyguard and enforcer for gangster Mickey Cohen and the Cohen crime family.
1957
1. Paul Downton, English cricketer births
  1. Paul Downton
    
    Paul Rupert Downton is the current Director of Cricket at Kent County Cricket Club. He had previously been the managing director of the England and Wales Cricket Board between February 2014 and April 2015.
2. Aki Kaurismäki, Finnish director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Aki Kaurismäki
    
    Aki Olavi Kaurismäki is a Finnish film director and screenwriter. He is best known for the award-winning Drifting Clouds (1996), The Man Without a Past (2002), Le Havre (2011) and The Other Side of Hope (2017), as well as for the mockumentary Leningrad Cowboys Go America (1989). He is described as Finland's best-known film director.
3. Graeme Kelling, Scottish guitarist (d. 2004) births
  1. Graeme Kelling
    
    Graeme Hunter Kelling was a Scottish musician and the original guitarist with the Scottish pop band Deacon Blue.
4. Nobuyoshi Kuwano, Japanese singer and trumpet player births
  1. Nobuyoshi Kuwano
    
    Nobuyoshi Kuwano is a Japanese television performer, former member of Rats & Star. His nickname is "Kuwa-man" (桑マン). In Rats & Star, he took charge of the trumpet and vocals. After the group broke up, he shifted to a television comedian and co-starred with The Drifters' Ken Shimura and Masashi Tashiro. He took over as lead vocalist of Rats & Star during Masayuki Suzuki's solo concert tour.
5. E. Herbert Norman, Canadian historian and diplomat (b. 1909) deaths
  1. E. Herbert Norman
    
    Egerton Herbert Norman was a Canadian diplomat and historian. Born in Japan to missionary parents, he became an historian of modern Japan before joining the Canadian foreign service. His most influential book was Japan's Emergence as a Modern State (1940) where he argued that persisting feudal class relations were responsible for government oppression at home and the imperialistic expansion that led to World War II in Asia. During the Red Scare of the 1950s Norman was accused of being a communist or even a spy, though investigations found no corroboration and he was defended by Canadian authorities. He committed suicide in 1957.
1956
1. Evelyn Hart, Canadian ballerina births
  1. Evelyn Hart
    
    Evelyn Anne Hart is a Canadian ballerina and former principal dancer with the Royal Winnipeg Ballet.
2. Tom Herr, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Tom Herr
    
    Thomas Mitchell Herr is an American former professional baseball second baseman, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Minnesota Twins, Philadelphia Phillies, San Francisco Giants, and New York Mets, from 1979 to 1991. Although he never won a Gold Glove Award, Herr retired with the highest all-time career fielding percentage for National League second basemen (.989), a figure that was matched and surpassed a few years later when Hall of Famer Ryne Sandberg retired.
3. David E. Kelley, American screenwriter and producer births
  1. David E. Kelley
    
    David Edward Kelley is an American television writer, producer, and former attorney, known as the creator of Doogie Howser, M.D., Picket Fences, Chicago Hope, The Practice, Ally McBeal, Boston Public, Boston Legal, Harry's Law, Goliath, Big Little Lies, Mr. Mercedes, Big Sky, and Nine Perfect Strangers as well as several films. Kelley is one of very few screenwriters to have created shows that have aired on all four top commercial U.S. television networks as well as cable giant HBO.
1953
1. Robert Bertrand, Canadian politician births
  1. Robert Bertrand
    
    Robert "Bob" Bertrand was a Canadian politician. He was born in Fort-Coulonge, Quebec.
2. Henry Fotheringham, South African cricketer births
  1. Henry Fotheringham
    
    Henry Richard Fotheringham is a retired South African cricketer.
3. Simcha Jacobovici, Canadian director, producer, journalist, and author births
  1. Simcha Jacobovici
    
    Simcha Jacobovici is an Israeli-Canadian film director, producer, freelance journalist, and New York Times bestselling author.
4. Sammy Wilson, Northern Irish politician, 31st Lord Mayor of Belfast births
  1. Sammy Wilson (politician)
    
    Samuel Wilson is a British politician, serving as Chief Whip of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in the House of Commons since 2019. Wilson has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Antrim since 2005. He served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Belfast East from 1998 to 2003 and for East Antrim from 2003 until 2015. He served as Lord Mayor of Belfast from 1986 to 1987 and again from 2000 to 2001, the first person from the DUP to hold the office. He has also served as Minister of Finance and Personnel and Minister of the Environment in the Northern Ireland Executive.
  2. List of mayors of Belfast
    
    The Lord Mayor of Belfast is the leader and chairperson of Belfast City Council, elected annually from and by the City's 60 councillors. The Lord Mayor also serves as the representative of the city of Belfast, welcoming guests from across the United Kingdom and Ireland.
5. Chen Yi, Chinese violinist and composer births
  1. Chen Yi (composer)
    
    Chen Yi is a Chinese-American violinist and composer of contemporary classical music. She was the first Chinese woman to receive a Master of Arts (M.A.) in music composition from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. Chen was a finalist for the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Music for her composition Si Ji, and has received awards from the Koussevistky Music Foundation and American Academy of Arts and Letters, as well as fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. In 2010, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from The New School and in 2012, she was awarded the Brock Commission from the American Choral Directors Association. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2019.
6. Carol II of Romania (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Carol II of Romania
    
    Carol II was King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until his forced abdication on 6 September 1940. The eldest son of Ferdinand I, he became crown prince upon the death of his grand-uncle, King Carol I in 1914. He was the first of the Hohenzollern kings of Romania to be born in the country; both of his predecessors had been born in Germany and came to Romania only as adults. As such, he was the first member of the Romanian branch of the Hohenzollerns who spoke Romanian as his first language, and was also the first member of the royal family to be raised in the Orthodox faith.
1952
1. Rosemarie Ackermann, German high jumper births
  1. Rosemarie Ackermann
    
    Rosemarie "Rosi" Ackermann is a German former high jumper. On 26 August 1977 in Berlin, she became the first female high jumper to clear a height of 2 metres.
2. Pat Burns, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2010) births
  1. Pat Burns
    
    Patrick John Joseph Burns was a National Hockey League head coach. Over 14 seasons between 1988 and 2004, he coached in 1,019 games with the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Boston Bruins, and New Jersey Devils. Burns retired in 2005 after being diagnosed with recurring cancer, which eventually claimed his life five years later.
3. Gregg Hansford, Australian race car driver and motorcycle racer (d. 1995) births
  1. Gregg Hansford
    
    Gregory John "Gregg" Hansford was an Australian professional motorcycle and touring car racer. He competed in the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1978 to 1981 and in Australian touring car championships from 1982 to 1994. Hansford was a two-time vice-champion in the 250cc road racing world championships. With 10 Grand Prix victories to his credit, he is ranked fourth for the most Grand Prix wins by an Australian behind Mick Doohan, Casey Stoner (38) and Wayne Gardner (18).
4. Cherie Lunghi, English actress and dancer births
  1. Cherie Lunghi
    
    Cherie Mary Lunghi is an English film, television, and theatre actress, known for her roles in many British TV dramas. Her international fame stems from her role as Guinevere in the 1981 film Excalibur. Her long list of screen, stage, and TV credits include football manager Gabriella Benson in the 1990s television series The Manageress and a series of advertisements for Kenco coffee. She also competed in the 2008 series of Strictly Come Dancing. She is the mother of the actress Nathalie Lunghi.
5. Karen Magnussen, Canadian figure skater and coach births
  1. Karen Magnussen
    
    Karen Diane Magnussen, OC is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. She is the 1972 Olympic silver medallist and 1973 World champion. She was Canada's Female Athlete of the Year in 1971 and 1972, and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1973.
6. Gary Moore, Northern Irish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2011) births
  1. Gary Moore
    
    Robert William Gary Moore was a Northern Irish musician. Over the course of his career he played in various groups and performed a range of music including blues, blues rock, hard rock, heavy metal, and jazz fusion.
7. Villy Søvndal, Danish educator and politician, Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs births
  1. Villy Søvndal
    
    Villy Søvndal is a Danish politician who served as Denmark's Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2011 to 2013. He represented the Socialist People's Party in Parliament (Folketinget) from 1994 to 2013. He was selected as party leader in a 2005 vote, succeeding Holger K. Nielsen.
  2. List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)
    
    This is a list of Foreign Ministers of Denmark since the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1848.
1951
1. John Hannah, American football player and coach births
  1. John Hannah (American football)
    
    John Allen Hannah, nicknamed "Hog", is an American former football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons with the New England Patriots. After a productive tenure playing college football at Alabama, where he twice received All-American honors, Hannah was selected fourth overall by the Patriots in the 1973 NFL Draft. Considered one of the greatest offensive linemen of all time, Hannah was selected to nine Pro Bowls and received seven first-team All-Pro honors. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1991 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1999. The same year as the former, he also became the inaugural inductee of the New England Patriots Hall of Fame. Hannah is also a member of the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team, the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team, the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team as well as the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team.
2. George Albert Smith, American religious leader, 8th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1870) deaths
  1. George Albert Smith
    
    George Albert Smith Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the eighth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
  2. President of the Church (LDS Church)
    
    The President of the Church is the highest office of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was the office held by Joseph Smith, the church's founder. The church's president is its leader and the head of the First Presidency, its highest governing body. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a "prophet, seer, and revelator" and refer to him as "the Prophet", a title that was originally given to Smith. When the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title "President". Russell M. Nelson has been the president since January 14, 2018.
1950
1. Christine Lahti, American actress and director births
  1. Christine Lahti
    
    Christine Ann Lahti is an American actress and filmmaker. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1984 film Swing Shift. Her other film roles include ...And Justice for All (1979), Housekeeping (1987), Running on Empty (1988), Leaving Normal (1992), and A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019). For her directorial debut with the 1995 short film Lieberman in Love, she won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.
1949
1. Junior Braithwaite, Jamaican-American singer (d. 1999) births
  1. Junior Braithwaite
    
    Franklin Delano Alexander "Junior" Braithwaite was a reggae musician from Kingston, Jamaica and the youngest member of the vocal group, The Wailing Wailers.
2. Litsa Diamanti, Greek singer births
  1. Litsa Diamanti
    
    Litsa Diamanti is a Greek laïko singer who became famous in the 1960s and 1970s. She has been described as the "child-wonder of the Sixties decade and the absolute diva of metapolitefsi." Her hits have been described as "all-time classics."
3. Shing-Tung Yau, Chinese-American mathematician and academic births
  1. Shing-Tung Yau
    
    Shing-Tung Yau is a Chinese-American mathematician and the William Caspar Graustein Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. In April 2022, Yau announced retirement from Harvard to become Chair Professor of mathematics at Tsinghua University.
1948
1. Abdullah Öcalan, Turkish activist births
  1. Abdullah Öcalan
    
    Abdullah Öcalan, also known as Apo, is a political prisoner and founding member of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
2. Berry Oakley, American bass player (d. 1972) births
  1. Berry Oakley
    
    Raymond Berry Oakley III was an American bassist and one of the founding members of the Allman Brothers Band, known for long melodic bass runs. He is ranked number 46 on the Bass Player magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time". He was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Allman Brothers Band in 1995.
3. Richard Parsons, American lawyer and businessman births
  1. Richard Parsons (businessman)
    
    Richard Dean Parsons, an American business executive, is the former chairman of Citigroup and the former chairman and CEO of Time Warner. He stepped down as CEO of Time Warner on December 31, 2007. He was previously the interim CEO of the Los Angeles Clippers NBA franchise. In September 2018, Parsons became the Interim Chairman of the Board for CBS replacing Les Moonves. On October 21, 2018, he resigned for health reasons from CBS and was replaced by Strauss Zelnick.
4. Dan Simmons, American author births
  1. Dan Simmons
    
    Dan Simmons is an American science fiction and horror writer. He is the author of the Hyperion Cantos and the Ilium/Olympos cycles, among other works which span the science fiction, horror, and fantasy genres, sometimes within a single novel. Simmons's genre-intermingling Song of Kali (1985) won the World Fantasy Award. He also writes mysteries and thrillers, some of which feature the continuing character Joe Kurtz.
5. Derek Thompson, Northern Irish actor births
  1. Derek Thompson (actor)
    
    Derek Thompson is a British actor, most notable for playing Charlie Fairhead in the long-running BBC television medical drama series Casualty, playing the role since the series' inception in 1986, and his performance as Jeff in the British gangster film The Long Good Friday.
6. Pick Withers, English drummer births
  1. Pick Withers
    
    David "Pick" Withers is an English rock and jazz drummer. He was the original drummer of rock band Dire Straits and played on their first four albums, which included hit singles such as "Sultans of Swing", "Romeo and Juliet" and "Private Investigations". Withers was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Dire Straits in 2018.
1947
1. Wiranto, Indonesian general and politician births
  1. Wiranto
    
    Wiranto is an Indonesian politician and former army general, who is serving as the chairman of the Presidential Advisory Council, since December 2019. Previously, he was the Commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces from February 1998 to October 1999 during Indonesia's transition from authoritarian rule to democracy, he ran unsuccessfully for President of Indonesia in 2004 and for the vice-presidency in 2009. On 27 July 2016, Wiranto was appointed Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs, replacing Luhut Binsar Panjaitan.
2. Ray Fosse, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2021) births
  1. Ray Fosse
    
    Raymond Earl Fosse was an American professional baseball player and television sports color commentator. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a catcher from 1967 to 1979, most prominently as an All-Star player for the Cleveland Indians, and then as a two-time World Series champion with the Oakland Athletics dynasty of the early 1970s. He also played for the Seattle Mariners and the Milwaukee Brewers. After his playing career, Fosse was a popular television and radio color commentator for the Athletics.
3. Eliseo Soriano, Filipino minister and television host (d. 2021) births
  1. Eli Soriano
    
    Eliseo "Eli" Fernando Soriano was a Filipino preacher and televangelist. He was the "Overall Servant" of the Members Church of God International (MCGI), an international Christian religious organization with headquarters in Apalit, Pampanga, Philippines. He was the main host of the radio and television program Ang Dating Daan, which is considered as the longest-running religious program in the Philippines.
1946
1. Colin Coates, Australian speed skater births
  1. Colin Coates
    
    Colin Victor Coates, is a former ice speed skater from Australia, who represented his native country in a record six consecutive Winter Olympics, starting in 1968 in Grenoble, France.
2. Dave Hill, English guitarist births
  1. Dave Hill
    
    David John Hill is an English rock musician. He is the lead guitarist, a backing vocalist and the sole continuous member in the English band Slade. Hill is known for his flamboyant stage clothes and hairstyle.
3. Katsuaki Satō, Japanese martial artist and coach births
  1. Katsuaki Satō
    
    Katsuaki Satō is the founder and director of Satojuku Karate, also known as Odo karate. The Satojuku honbu (headquarters) is located in Tachikawa, Japan.
4. György Spiró, Hungarian author and playwright births
  1. György Spiró
    
    György (George) Spiró is a dramatist, novelist and essayist who has emerged as one of post-war Hungary's most prominent literary figures. He is a member of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts.
5. Bubba Wyche, American football player and coach births
  1. Bubba Wyche
    
    Bubba Wyche is a former American and Canadian football quarterback in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and World Football League (WFL). He played in the CFL for the Saskatchewan Roughriders and the WFL for the Chicago Fire, Detroit Wheels, and Shreveport Steamers. Wyche played college football at Tennessee.
1945
1. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, French-German educator and politician births
  1. Daniel Cohn-Bendit
    
    Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit is a French-German politician of Jewish descent. He was a student leader during the unrest of May 1968 in France and was also known during that time as Dany le Rouge. He was co-president of the group European Greens–European Free Alliance in the European Parliament. He co-chairs the Spinelli Group, a European parliament inter-group aiming at relaunching the federalist project in Europe. He was a recipient of the European Parliament's European Initiative Prize in 2016. Cohn-Bendit's 1970s writings on sexuality between adults and children later proved controversial in 2001 and 2013.
2. Caroline McWilliams, American actress (d. 2010) births
  1. Caroline McWilliams
    
    Caroline McWilliams was an American actress, best known for her portrayal of Marcy Hill in the television series Benson. McWilliams had also appeared in nine episodes of its parent-series Soap, as Sally. She was a regular on the CBS soap Guiding Light for several years and appeared in a short-term role on the NBC soap Another World. She also had a recurring role on Beverly Hills, 90210 playing the mother of Jamie Walters' character, Ray Pruit.
1944
1. Magda Aelvoet, Belgian politician births
  1. Magda Aelvoet
    
    Magdalena Godelieve Hilda "Magda" Aelvoet is a Belgian, Flemish politician. She is a former president of the Greens in the European Parliament.
2. Mary Kenny, Irish journalist, author, and playwright births
  1. Mary Kenny
    
    Mary Kenny is an Irish journalist, broadcaster and playwright. A founding member of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement, she was one of the country's first and foremost feminists, often contributes columns to the Irish Independent and has been described as "the grand dame of Irish journalism". She is based in England.
3. Bob McDill, American country music songwriter births
  1. Bob McDill
    
    Robert Lee McDill is a retired American songwriter, active from the 1960s until 2000. During his career he wrote or co-wrote 31 number one country hits. His songs were also recorded by popular artists of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, including The Grateful Dead, Ray Charles, Joe Cocker, Anne Murray and B. J. Thomas. His movie credits include Primary Colors, The Thing Called Love, Texasville and the documentary Grizzly Man. In addition to four Grammy nominations, McDill received Songwriter of the Year awards from Broadcast Music Incorporated, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, and the Nashville Songwriters Association International. In October 2012, McDill was awarded ASCAP's Golden Note Award in recognition of his "extraordinary place in American popular music." In September 2015 he received the Academy of Country Music's Poet's Award for lifetime achievement. He is the author of two books: Tales of the Old River Rod and Gun, Bloody Mary Society and Gentleman's Club and The Ancestors and Descendants of Robert Nathanial McDill.
4. Craig T. Nelson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Craig T. Nelson
    
    Craig Theodore Nelson is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Hayden Fox in the sitcom Coach, Deputy Ward Wilson in the 1980 film Stir Crazy, Steve Freeling in the 1982 film Poltergeist, Burt Nickerson in All The Right Moves (1983), Peter Dellaplane in Action Jackson, Chief Howard Hyde in Turner & Hooch (1989), Alex Cullen in The Devil's Advocate (1997), Chief Jack Mannion in The District (2000–2004), The Warden in My Name is Earl, and the voice of Bob Parr/Mr. Incredible in the 2004 film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel. He also starred as Zeek Braverman in the television series Parenthood.
5. Nelson Prudêncio, Brazilian triple jumper and educator (d. 2012) births
  1. Nelson Prudêncio
    
    Nelson Prudêncio was a Brazilian athlete who competed in the triple jump. He won silver medals at the 1967 and 1971 Pan American Games and 1968 Summer Olympics, and a bronze at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Prudêncio was ranked world's #2 in 1968, #3 in 1972, #5 in 1975, and #8 in 1971.
6. Toktamış Ateş, Turkish academician, political commentator, columnist and writer (d. 2013) births
  1. Toktamış Ateş
    
    Toktamış Ateş was a Turkish academician, political commentator, columnist and writer. He was professor of political sciences at Istanbul University.
7. Morris H. Whitehouse, American architect (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Morris H. Whitehouse
    
    Morris Homans Whitehouse was an American architect whose work included the design of the Gus Solomon United States Courthouse in Portland, Oregon.
1942
1. Jim Fregosi, American baseball player and manager (d. 2014) births
  1. Jim Fregosi
    
    James Louis Fregosi was an American professional baseball shortstop and manager, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1961 to 1978, primarily for the Los Angeles / California Angels. He also played for the New York Mets, Texas Rangers, and Pittsburgh Pirates.
2. Kitty Kelley, American journalist and biographer births
  1. Kitty Kelley
    
    Katherine Kelley is an American journalist and author of best-selling unauthorized biographies of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, Nancy Reagan, the British Royal Family, the Bush family, and Oprah Winfrey.
3. Elizabeth Levy, American author births
  1. Elizabeth Levy
    
    Elizabeth Levy is an author who has written over eighty children's books in a variety of genres. Born in Buffalo, New York, she is currently living in New York City. She has appeared as a contestant on "Funny Or Die's Billy on the Street" on TruTV. She is a cousin of children's author Robie Harris.
1941
1. Zia Uddin, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and politician births
  1. Zia Uddin
    
    Mufakkir al-Islām Ḍiyā' ad-Dīn ibn Muqaddas ʿAlī, better known simply as Zia Uddin or reverentially as Nazim Saheb Huzur, is a Bangladeshi Deobandi Islamic scholar, politician and educationist. He is currently the president of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh and Azad Dini Adarah-e-Talim, and an advisor to Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh. Uddin is also the director of Jamia Madania Angura-Muhammadpur and a member of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh's permanent committee. He has played important roles in the 2013 Shapla Square protests and Khatme Nabuwwat movement, and has spoken out against the construction of the Tipaimukh Dam.
1940
1. Richard Attwood, English race car driver births
  1. Richard Attwood
    
    Richard James David "Dickie" Attwood is a British motor racing driver, from England. During his career he raced for the BRM, Lotus and Cooper Formula One teams. He competed in 17 World Championship Grands Prix, achieved one podium and scored a total of 11 championship points. He was also a successful sports car racing driver and won the 1970 24 Hours of Le Mans race, driving a Porsche 917, the first of Porsche's record 19 victories at the famous race.
2. Sharon Sheeley, American singer-songwriter (d. 2002) births
  1. Sharon Sheeley
    
    Sharon Kathleen Sheeley was an American songwriter who wrote songs for Glen Campbell, Ricky Nelson, Brenda Lee, and Eddie Cochran.
1939
1. JoAnne Carner, American golfer births
  1. JoAnne Carner
    
    JoAnne Gunderson Carner is an American former professional golfer. Her 43 victories on the LPGA Tour led to her induction in the World Golf Hall of Fame. She is the only woman to have won the U.S. Girls' Junior, U.S. Women's Amateur, and U.S. Women's Open titles, and was the first person ever to win three different USGA championship events. Tiger Woods is the only man to have won the equivalent three USGA titles. Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, and Carol Semple Thompson have also won three different USGA titles.
2. Darlene Hooley, American educator and politician births
  1. Darlene Hooley
    
    Darlene Kay Olson Hooley is an American politician and former Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Oregon who represented the state's 5th congressional district.
3. Hugh Masekela, South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, composer, and singer (d. 2018) births
  1. Hugh Masekela
    
    Hugh Ramapolo Masekela was a South African trumpeter, flugelhornist, cornetist, singer and composer who was described as "the father of South African jazz". Masekela was known for his jazz compositions and for writing well-known anti-apartheid songs such as "Soweto Blues" and "Bring Him Back Home". He also had a number-one US pop hit in 1968 with his version of "Grazing in the Grass".
1938
1. A. Bartlett Giamatti, American businessman and academic (d. 1989) births
  1. A. Bartlett Giamatti
    
    Angelo Bartlett Giamatti was an American professor of English Renaissance literature, the president of Yale University, and the seventh Commissioner of Major League Baseball.
1935
1. Geoff Braybrooke, English-New Zealand soldier and politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Geoff Braybrooke
    
    Geoffrey Bernard Braybrooke was a New Zealand politician. He was an MP from 1981 to 2002, representing the Labour Party. He was one of the party's more socially conservative MPs.
2. Kenneth Mars, American actor and comedian (d. 2011) births
  1. Kenneth Mars
    
    Kenneth Mars was an American actor. He appeared in two Mel Brooks films: as the deranged Nazi playwright Franz Liebkind in The Producers (1967) and Police Inspector Hans Wilhelm Friedrich Kemp in Young Frankenstein (1974). He also appeared in Peter Bogdanovich's What's Up Doc? (1972), and Woody Allen's Radio Days (1987), and Shadows and Fog (1991).
3. Trevor Griffiths, English playwright and educator births
  1. Trevor Griffiths
    
    Trevor Griffiths is an English dramatist.
1934
1. Helen Hanft, American actress (d. 2013) births
  1. Helen Hanft
    
    Helen Hanft was an American actress.
2. Kronid Lyubarsky, Russian journalist and activist (d. 1996) births
  1. Kronid Lyubarsky
    
    Kronid Arkadyevich Lyubarsky was a Russian journalist, dissident, human rights activist and political prisoner.
1933
1. Bill France Jr., American businessman (d. 2007) births
  1. Bill France Jr.
    
    William Clifton France, better known as Bill France Jr. or Little Billy, was an American motorsports executive who served from 1972 to 2000 as the chief executive officer (CEO) of NASCAR, the sanctioning body of the US-based stock car racing. He succeeded his father, NASCAR founder Bill France Sr. as its CEO. His son, Brian France, was the CEO from 2003–2018.
2. Brian Hewson, English runner births
  1. Brian Hewson
    
    Brian Stanford Hewson was a middle-distance runner who represented Great Britain at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics. He won the gold medal in the 1500 metres at the 1958 European Championships.
3. Bapu Nadkarni, Indian cricketer (d. 2020) births
  1. Bapu Nadkarni
    
    Rameshchandra Gangaram "Bapu" Nadkarni pronunciation (help·info) was an Indian international cricketer, mainly known for being an economical bowler. The chances of scoring against him was either nil, or negligible.
4. Elizabeth Bacon Custer, American author and educator (b. 1842) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Bacon Custer
    
    Elizabeth Bacon Custer was an American author and public speaker, and the wife of Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer, United States Army. She spent most of their marriage in relative proximity to him despite his numerous military campaigns in the American Civil War and subsequent postings on the Great Plains as a commanding officer in the United States Cavalry.
1932
1. Clive Davis, American record producer, founded Arista Records and J Records births
  1. Clive Davis
    
    Clive Jay Davis is an American record producer, A&R executive, record executive, and lawyer. He has won five Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a non-performer, in 2000.
  2. Arista Records
    
    Arista Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, the North American division of the Japanese conglomerate Sony. The label was previously handled by BMG Entertainment, the North American division of German conglomerate Bertelsmann. Though the label was founded in November 1974 by Clive Davis, Arista in its current form was re-established in 2018. Along with Epic Records, RCA Records, and Columbia Records, Arista is one of Sony Music's four flagship record labels.
  3. J Records
    
    J Records was an American record label owned and operated by Bertelsmann Music Group until it was transferred to Sony Music Entertainment when they acquired all of BMG’s record labels in late 2008. It was distributed through the RCA Music Group. The label was founded in 2000 by Clive Davis and was dissolved into RCA Records in 2011.
2. Richard Lugar, American lieutenant and politician, 44th Mayor of Indianapolis (d. 2019) births
  1. Richard Lugar
    
    Richard Green Lugar was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1977 to 2013. He was a member of the Republican Party.
  2. List of mayors of Indianapolis
    
    The Mayor of Indianapolis is the head of the executive branch of the consolidated city-county government of Indianapolis and Marion County. As the chief executive, the mayor has the duty to oversee city-county government's various departments, agencies, and municipal corporations. They also have the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Indianapolis City-County Council, the legislative branch. The mayor serves a four-year term and has no limit to the number of terms they may serve.
3. Anthony Perkins, American actor (d. 1992) births
  1. Anthony Perkins
    
    Anthony Perkins was an American actor, director, and singer. Perkins is best remembered for his role as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's suspense thriller Psycho, which made him an influential figure in pop culture and in horror films. He often played distinctive villainous roles in film, though he was most renowned for his romantic leads. Perkins represented an era of vulnerable actors who straddled the line between masculinity and femininity, and he distinguished himself by playing unconfident characters.
4. Johanna Reiss, Dutch-American author births
  1. Johanna Reiss
    
    Johanna Reiss is a Dutch-American writer whose work focuses on her experiences as a Jewish child during the Second World War. Her books have been compared to the writing of Anne Frank.
5. Andrei Tarkovsky, Russian director and producer (d. 1986) births
  1. Andrei Tarkovsky
    
    Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky was a Soviet filmmaker. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time, his films explore spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory.
6. Wilhelm Ostwald, Latvian-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Ostwald
    
    Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher. Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrhenius. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1931
1. James Dickens, English politician (d. 2013) births
  1. James Dickens
    
    James McCulloch York Dickens was a British Labour politician.
2. Bobby Ray Inman, American admiral and intelligence officer births
  1. Bobby Ray Inman
    
    Bobby Ray Inman is a retired United States Navy admiral who held several influential positions in the United States Intelligence Community.
3. Catherine Tizard, New Zealand politician, 16th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2021) births
  1. Catherine Tizard
    
    Dame Catherine Anne Tizard was a New Zealand politician who served as mayor of Auckland City from 1983 to 1990, and the 16th governor-general of New Zealand from 1990 to 1996. She was the first woman to hold either office.
  2. List of governors-general of New Zealand
    
    The following is a list of the governors and governors-general of New Zealand. As the personal representative of the New Zealand monarch, the governor-general performs many of the functions vested in the Crown, such as summoning and dissolving Parliament, granting or withholding the Royal assent, making state visits and receiving ambassadors. These functions are performed on the advice of the head of government, the prime minister.
4. André Michelin, French businessman, co-founded the Michelin Tyre Company (b. 1853) deaths
  1. André Michelin
    
    André Jules Michelin was a French industrialist who, with his brother Édouard (1859–1940), founded the Michelin Tyre Company in 1888 in the French city of Clermont-Ferrand.
  2. Michelin
    
    Michelin is a French multinational tyre manufacturing company based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région of France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world behind Bridgestone and larger than both Goodyear and Continental. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the Kléber tyres company, Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company, SASCAR, Bookatable and Camso brands. Michelin is also notable for its Red and Green travel guides, its roadmaps, the Michelin stars that the Red Guide awards to restaurants for their cooking, and for its company mascot Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man.
1930
1. Netty Herawaty, Indonesian actress (d. 1989) births
  1. Netty Herawaty
    
    Netty Herawaty was an Indonesian actress who made more than fifty films between 1949 and 1986.
1929
1. Humbert Allen Astredo, American actor (d. 2016) births
  1. Humbert Allen Astredo
    
    Humbert Allen "Bud" Astredo, Jr. was an American stage, film, and television actor. He made several notable Broadway and Off Broadway theatrical performances, but was best known for the numerous roles he performed on the daytime Gothic horror soap opera Dark Shadows, most notably that of the warlock Nicholas Blair.
2. Karl Benz, German engineer and businessman, founded Mercedes-Benz (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Carl Benz
    
    Carl Friedrich Benz, sometimes also Karl Friedrich Benz, was a German engine designer and automotive engineer. His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production. He received a patent for the motorcar in 1886.
  2. Mercedes-Benz
    
    Mercedes-Benz, commonly referred to as Mercedes and sometimes as Benz, is a German luxury and commercial vehicle automotive brand established in 1926. Mercedes-Benz AG is headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Mercedes-Benz AG produces consumer luxury vehicles and commercial vehicles badged as Mercedes-Benz. From November 2019 onwards, Mercedes-Benz-badged heavy commercial vehicles are managed by Daimler Truck, a former part of the Mercedes-Benz Group turned into an independent company in late 2021. In 2018, Mercedes-Benz was the largest brand of premium vehicles in the world, having sold 2.31 million passenger cars.
1928
1. Maya Angelou, American memoirist and poet (d. 2014) births
  1. Maya Angelou
    
    Maya Angelou was an American memoirist, popular poet, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim.
2. Jimmy Logan, Scottish actor, director, and producer (d. 2001) births
  1. Jimmy Logan
    
    James Allan Short, OBE, FRSAMD, known professionally as Jimmy Logan, was a Scottish performer, theatrical producer, impresario and director.
3. Monty Norman, English singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2022) births
  1. Monty Norman
    
    Monty Norman was a British composer, musician and singer. A contributor to West End musicals in the 1950s and 1960s, he is best known for composing the "James Bond Theme", first heard in the 1962 film Dr. No. He was an Ivor Novello Award and Olivier Award winner, and a Tony Award nominee.
4. Konstantinos Maleas, Greek painter (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Konstantinos Maleas
    
    Konstantinos Maleas was one of the most important Post-impressionist Greek painters of the 20th century. Along with Konstantinos Parthenis, he is sometimes considered Greece's most important modern artist.
1927
1. Joe Orlando, Italian-American author and illustrator (d. 1998) births
  1. Joe Orlando
    
    Joseph Orlando was an Italian American illustrator, writer, editor and cartoonist during a lengthy career spanning six decades. He was the associate publisher of Mad and the vice president of DC Comics, where he edited numerous titles and ran DC's Special Projects department.
1926
1. Ronnie Masterson, Irish actress (d. 2014) births
  1. Ronnie Masterson
    
    Ronnie Masterson was an Irish actress.
1925
1. Dettmar Cramer, German footballer and manager (d. 2015) births
  1. Dettmar Cramer
    
    Dettmar Cramer was a German football player and coach who led Bayern Munich to the 1975 and 1976 European Cups. He was born in Dortmund. Cramer is commonly considered to be the father of modern football in Japan and is a member of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd Class. He also briefly coached the United States men's national soccer team.
2. Frank Truitt, American basketball player and coach (d. 2014) births
  1. Frank Truitt
    
    Frank Wilson Truitt, Jr., was a multi-sport collegiate coach and a veteran of World War II.
3. Claude Wagner, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 1979) births
  1. Claude Wagner
    
    Claude Wagner was a Canadian judge and politician in the province of Quebec, Canada. Throughout his career, he was a Crown prosecutor, professor of criminal law and judge.
4. Emmett Williams, American poet and author (d. 2007) births
  1. Emmett Williams
    
    Emmett Williams was an American poet and visual artist. He was married to British visual artist Ann Noël.
1924
1. Bob Christie, American race car driver (d. 2009) births
  1. Bob Christie (racing driver)
    
    Bob Christie was an American racecar driver. Christie raced in the USAC Championship Car series in the 1956-1963 seasons, with 15 career starts, including every Indianapolis 500 race in that span. He finished in the top ten 5 times, with his best finish in 3rd position in 1959 at Daytona. He died in Grants Pass, Oregon.
2. Gil Hodges, American baseball player and manager (d. 1972) births
  1. Gil Hodges
    
    Gilbert Ray Hodges was an American first baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played most of his 18-year career for the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers. He was widely regarded as the major leagues' outstanding first baseman in the 1950s, with teammate Duke Snider being the only player to have more home runs or runs batted in during the decade. Hodges held the National League (NL) record for career home runs by a right-handed hitter from 1960 to 1963, with his final total of 370 briefly ranking tenth in major league history; he held the NL record for career grand slams from 1957 to 1974. An eight-time All-Star, he anchored the infield on six pennant winners, and remains one of the most beloved and admired players in team history.
1923
1. Peter Vaughan, English actor (d. 2016) births
  1. Peter Vaughan
    
    Peter Vaughan was an English character actor known for many supporting roles in British film and television productions. He also acted extensively on the stage.
2. Gene Reynolds, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2020) births
  1. Gene Reynolds
    
    Eugene Reynolds Blumenthal was an American screenwriter, director, producer, and actor. He was one of the developers and producers of the TV series M*A*S*H.
3. John Venn, English mathematician and philosopher, created the Venn diagram (b. 1834) deaths
  1. John Venn
    
    John Venn, FRS, FSA was an English mathematician, logician and philosopher noted for introducing Venn diagrams, which are used in logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computer science. In 1866, Venn published The Logic of Chance, a ground-breaking book which espoused the frequency theory of probability, arguing that probability should be determined by how often something is forecast to occur as opposed to "educated" assumptions. Venn then further developed George Boole's theories in the 1881 work Symbolic Logic, where he highlighted what would become known as Venn diagrams.
  2. Venn diagram
    
    A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science. A Venn diagram uses simple closed curves drawn on a plane to represent sets. Very often, these curves are circles or ellipses.
1922
1. Elmer Bernstein, American composer and conductor (d. 2004) births
  1. Elmer Bernstein
    
    Elmer Bernstein was an American composer and conductor. In a career that spanned over five decades, he composed "some of the most recognizable and memorable themes in Hollywood history", including over 150 original film scores, as well as scores for nearly 80 television productions. For his work he received an Academy Award for Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967) and Primetime Emmy Award. He also received seven Golden Globe Awards, five Grammy Awards, and two Tony Award nominations.
1921
1. Orunamamu, American-Canadian author and educator (d. 2014) births
  1. Orunamamu
    
    Orunamamu was an American/Canadian professional storyteller, raconteur and griot. Her peripatetic storytelling led her on extensive, demanding and often impromptu journeys across the United States including Alaska, overseas to the United Kingdom and Egypt and finally to Canada. She is included in a number of books, journals, articles and two documentaries. Her performance medium was the spoken voice in performances to audiences. For Orunamamu storytelling became her cause as well as her art form, because "[s]torytelling demonstrates the humanity in every culture." Orunamamu died in Calgary, Alberta on 4 September 2014 at the age of 93. She was booked to perform at the Calgary Spoken Word Festival in the summer of 2014. Orunamamu has been the subject of countless portraits over many decades and in many countries, including photographers such as Arthur Koch (Oakland), Kenneth Locke (Calgary) and Jim Hair. Many of these are shared through social media.
2. Elizabeth Wilson, American actress (d. 2015) births
  1. Elizabeth Wilson
    
    Elizabeth Welter Wilson was an American actress whose career spanned nearly 70 years, including memorable roles in film and television. In 1972 she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her role in Sticks and Bones. Wilson was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2006.
1920
1. Ignatius IV of Antioch, Greek patriarch (d. 2012) births
  1. Ignatius IV of Antioch
    
    Patriarch Ignatius IV was the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and All The East from 1979 to 2012.
1919
1. William Crookes, English chemist and physicist (b. 1832) deaths
  1. William Crookes
    
    Sir William Crookes was a British chemist and physicist who attended the Royal College of Chemistry, now part of Imperial College London, and worked on spectroscopy. He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube which was made in 1875. This was a foundational discovery that eventually changed the whole of chemistry and physics.
2. Francisco Marto, Portuguese saint (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Francisco and Jacinta Marto
    
    Francisco de Jesus Marto and Jacinta de Jesus Marto were siblings from Aljustrel, a small hamlet near Fátima, Portugal, who with their cousin Lúcia dos Santos (1907–2005) reportedly witnessed three apparitions of the Angel of Peace in 1916 and several apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Cova da Iria in 1917. The title Our Lady of Fátima was given to the Virgin Mary as a result, and the Sanctuary of Fátima became a major centre of world Christian pilgrimage.
1918
1. George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe, English soldier and politician, Leader of the House of Lords (d. 2007) births
  1. George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe
    
    George Patrick John Rushworth Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe, Baron Jellicoe of Southampton,, was a British politician, diplomat and businessman.
  2. Leader of the House of Lords
    
    The leader of the House of Lords is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Lords. The post is also the leader of the majority party in the House of Lords who acts as the government party chairperson in the house. The role is always held in combination with a formal Cabinet position, usually one of the sinecure offices of Lord President of the Council, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal or Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Unless the Leader is also a departmental minister, being Leader constitutes the bulk of their government responsibilities, but it has never been an independent salaried office. The Office of the Leader of the House of Lords is a ministerial department.
1916
1. Nikola Ljubičić, Serbian general and politician, 10th President of Serbia (d. 2005) births
  1. Nikola Ljubičić
    
    Nikola Ljubičić was the President of the Presidency of Serbia (1982–1984), a member of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1984–1989), and the Minister of Defence of Yugoslavia (1967–1982). He received numerous medals both from Yugoslavia and abroad, including the Order of the National Hero of Yugoslavia.
  2. List of presidents of Serbia
    
    This is a list of the presidents of Serbia, including the heads of state of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, a constituent state within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and heads of state of the Republic of Serbia (1992–2006), a constituent state within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Prior to 1974, Serbia's head of state was the speaker (president) of the Serbian parliament.
2. Mickey Owen, American baseball player and coach (d. 2005) births
  1. Mickey Owen
    
    Arnold Malcolm "Mickey" Owen was an American professional baseball player, coach and scout. He played as a catcher for 13 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1937 and 1954 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Dodgers, Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox. Considered an outstanding defensive catcher, his career was nonetheless marred by a crucial error that he committed during the 1941 World Series. He also was one of the better-known MLB players who defected to the insurgent Mexican League in 1946, which resulted in a suspension that cost him over three prime seasons of his big-league career.
3. David White, American actor (d. 1990) births
  1. David White (actor)
    
    David White was an American stage, film, and television actor best known for playing Darrin Stephens' boss Larry Tate from 1964 to 1972 on the ABC situation comedy Bewitched.
1915
1. Louis Archambault, Canadian sculptor (d. 2003) births
  1. Louis Archambault
    
    Louis Archambault was a Quebec sculptor and ceramicist, who was one of the members of the "new sculpture" movement in Canada that moved away from traditional methods towards abstraction.
1914
1. Richard Coogan, American actor (d. 2014) births
  1. Richard Coogan
    
    Richard Charles Potter Coogan was an American actor best known for his portrayal of Captain Video in Captain Video and His Video Rangers from 1949 to 1950.
2. Marguerite Duras, French novelist, screenwriter, and director (d. 1996) births
  1. Marguerite Duras
    
    Marguerite Germaine Marie Donnadieu, known as Marguerite Duras, was a French novelist, playwright, screenwriter, essayist, and experimental filmmaker. Her script for the film Hiroshima mon amour (1959) earned her a nomination for Best Original Screenplay at the Academy Awards.
3. David W. Goodall, Australian ecologist and botanist (d. 2018) births
  1. David Goodall (botanist)
    
    David William Goodall was an English-born Australian botanist and ecologist. He was influential in the early development of statistical methods in plant communities. He worked as researcher and professor in England, Australia, Ghana and the United States. He was editor-in-chief of the 30-volume Ecosystems of the World series of books, and author of over 100 publications. He was known as Australia's oldest working scientist, still editing ecology papers at age 103. Long an advocate of voluntary euthanasia legalisation, he ended his own life in Switzerland via physician-assisted suicide at age 104.
1913
1. Dave Brown, Australian rugby league player (d. 1974) births
  1. Dave Brown (rugby league, born 1913)
    
    David Michael Brown was one of Australia's greatest rugby league footballers.
2. Rosemary Lane, American actress and singer (d. 1974) births
  1. Rosemary Lane (actress)
    
    Rosemary Lane was an American actress and one of the Lane Sisters with her sisters Leota, Lola, and Priscilla Lane. She appeared in films from the 1930s to 1940s.
3. Frances Langford, American actress and singer (d. 2005) births
  1. Frances Langford
    
    Julia Frances Newbern-Langford was an American singer and actress who was popular during the Golden Age of Radio and made film and television appearances for over two decades.
4. Jules Léger, Canadian lawyer and politician, 21st Governor General of Canada (d. 1980) births
  1. Jules Léger
    
    Joseph Jules Léger was a Canadian diplomat and statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 21st since Canadian Confederation.
  2. Governor General of Canada
    
    The governor general of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently King Charles III. The King is head of state of Canada and the 14 other Commonwealth realms, but he resides in his oldest and most populous realm, the United Kingdom. The King, on the advice of his Canadian prime minister, appoints a governor general to carry on the Government of Canada in the King's name, performing most of his constitutional and ceremonial duties. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving at His Majesty's pleasure—though five years is the usual length of time. Since 1959, it has also been traditional to alternate between francophone and anglophone officeholders—although many recent governors general have been bilingual.
5. Muddy Waters, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1983) births
  1. Muddy Waters
    
    McKinley Morganfield, known professionally as Muddy Waters, was an American blues singer and musician who was an important figure in the post-war blues scene, and is often cited as the "father of modern Chicago blues". His style of playing has been described as "raining down Delta beatitude".
6. Emmanouil Argyropoulos, Greek pioneer aviator (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Emmanouil Argyropoulos
    
    Emmanouil Argyropoulos was a Greek pioneer aviator of the early 20th century. Apart from being the first Greek aviator who performed a flight over his homeland, he also became the first casualty of Greek military aviation.
7. Konstantinos Manos, Greek politician, poet, soldier and sportsman (b. 1869) deaths
  1. Konstantinos Manos
    
    Konstantinos Manos was a Greek politician, poet, soldier and sportsman and former mayor of Chania.
1912
1. Charles Brantley Aycock, American lawyer and politician, 50th Governor of North Carolina (b. 1859) deaths
  1. Charles Brantley Aycock
    
    Charles Brantley Aycock was the 50th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1901 to 1905. After starting his career as a lawyer and teacher, he became active in the Democratic Party during the party's Solid South period, and made his reputation as a prominent segregationist.
  2. Governor of North Carolina
    
    The Governor of North Carolina is the head of government of the U.S. state of North Carolina. The governor directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander in chief of the military forces of the state. The current governor, Democrat Roy Cooper took office on January 1, 2017, and had a public swearing-in ceremony on January 7, 2017.
2. Isaac K. Funk, American minister, lexicographer, and publisher, co-founded Funk & Wagnalls (b. 1839) deaths
  1. Isaac K. Funk
    
    Isaac Kaufmann Funk was an American Lutheran minister, editor, lexicographer, publisher, and spelling reformer. He was the co-founder of Funk & Wagnalls Company, the father of author Wilfred J. Funk, and the grandfather of author Peter Funk, who continued his father's authorship of Word Power until 2003. Funk & Wagnalls Company published The Literary Digest, The Standard Dictionary of the English Language, and Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia.
  2. Funk & Wagnalls
    
    Funk & Wagnalls was an American publisher known for its reference works, including A Standard Dictionary of the English Language, and the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia.
1910
1. Đặng Văn Ngữ, Vietnamese physician and academic (d. 1967) births
  1. Đặng Văn Ngữ
    
    Đặng Văn Ngữ (1910–1967) was a Vietnamese medical doctor and intellectual.
1907
1. Robert Askin, Australian sergeant and politician, 32nd Premier of New South Wales (d. 1981) births
  1. Robert Askin
    
    Sir Robert William Askin, GCMG, was an Australian politician and the 32nd Premier of New South Wales from 1965 to 1975, the first representing the Liberal Party. He was born in 1907 as Robin William Askin, but always disliked his first name and changed it by deed poll in 1971. Before being knighted in 1972, however, he was generally known as Bob Askin. Born in Sydney in 1907, Askin was educated at Sydney Technical High School. After serving as a bank officer and as a Sergeant in the Second World War, Askin joined the Liberal Party and was elected to the seat of Collaroy at the 1950 election.
  2. Premier of New South Wales
    
    The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.
1906
1. Bea Benaderet, Turkish-Irish-American television, radio, and voice actress (d. 1968) births
  1. Bea Benaderet
    
    Beatrice Benaderet was an American actress and comedienne. Born in New York City and raised in San Francisco, she began performing in Bay Area theatre and radio before embarking on a Hollywood career that spanned over three decades. Benaderet first specialized in voice-over work in the golden age of radio, appearing on numerous programs while working with comedians of the era such as Jack Benny, Burns and Allen, and Lucille Ball. Her expertise in dialect and characterization led to her becoming Warner Bros. Cartoons' leading voice of female characters in their animated cartoons of the early 1940s through the mid-1950s.
2. John Cameron Swayze, American journalist (d. 1995) births
  1. John Cameron Swayze
    
    John Cameron Swayze was an American news commentator and game show panelist during the 1940s and 1950s who later became best known as a product spokesman.
1905
1. Eugène Bozza, French composer and conductor (d. 1991) births
  1. Eugène Bozza
    
    Eugène Joseph Bozza was a French composer and violinist. He was one of the most prolific composers of chamber music for wind instruments. Bozza's large ensemble works include five symphonies, operas, ballets, large choral work, wind band music, concertos, and many works for large brass or woodwind ensembles. Outside of France, he is best known for his chamber music, rather than his larger works.
2. Erika Nõva, Estonian architect and engineer (d. 1987) births
  1. Erika Nõva
    
    Erika Nõva née Volberg was an Estonian architect, remembered mainly for her farmhouse designs. She was the first woman to graduate as an architect in Estonia.
1902
1. Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, French journalist and author (d. 1969) births
  1. Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin
    
    Marie Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin was a French novelist, poet and journalist. Vilmorin was best known as a writer of delicate but mordant tales, often set in aristocratic or artistic milieu.
2. Stanley G. Weinbaum, American author and poet (d. 1935) births
  1. Stanley G. Weinbaum
    
    Stanley Grauman Weinbaum was an American science fiction writer. His first story, "A Martian Odyssey", was published to great acclaim in July 1934; the alien Tweel was arguably the first character to satisfy John W. Campbell's challenge: "Write me a creature who thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man." Weinbaum wrote more short stories and a few novels, but died from lung cancer less than a year and a half later.
1899
1. Hillel Oppenheimer, German-Israeli botanist and academic (d. 1971) births
  1. Hillel Oppenheimer
    
    Hillel Oppenheimer, was an Israeli professor of botany.
1898
1. Agnes Ayres, American actress (d. 1940) births
  1. Agnes Ayres
    
    Agnes Ayres was an American actress who rose to fame during the silent film era. She was known for her role as Lady Diana Mayo in The Sheik opposite Rudolph Valentino.
1897
1. Pierre Fresnay, French actor and screenwriter (d. 1975) births
  1. Pierre Fresnay
    
    Pierre Fresnay was a French stage and film actor.
1896
1. Robert E. Sherwood, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 1955) births
  1. Robert E. Sherwood
    
    Robert Emmet Sherwood was an American playwright and screenwriter.
1895
1. Arthur Murray, American dancer and educator (d. 1991) births
  1. Arthur Murray
    
    Arthur Murray was an American ballroom dancer and businessman, whose name is most often associated with the dance studio chain that bears his name.
1892
1. Italo Mus, Italian painter (d. 1967) births
  1. Italo Mus
    
    Italo Mus was an Italian painter.
2. Edith Södergran, Swedish-Finnish poet (d. 1923) births
  1. Edith Södergran
    
    Edith Irene Södergran was a Swedish-speaking Finnish poet. One of the first modernists within Swedish-language literature, her influences came from French Symbolism, German expressionism, and Russian futurism. At the age of 24 she released her first collection of poetry entitled Dikter ("Poems"). Södergran died at the age of 31, having contracted tuberculosis as a teenager. She did not live to experience the worldwide appreciation of her poetry, which has influenced many lyrical poets. Södergran is considered to have been one of the greatest modern Swedish-language poets, and her work continues to influence Swedish-language poetry and musical lyrics, for example, in the works of Mare Kandre, Gunnar Harding, Eva Runefelt, Heidi Sundblad-Halme, and Eva Dahlgren.
  2. Swedish-speaking population of Finland
    
    The Swedish-speaking population of Finland is a linguistic minority in Finland. They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate cultural or ethnic group, while still being considered ethnic Finns, or as a distinct nationality. They speak Finland Swedish, which encompasses both a standard language and distinct dialects that are mutually intelligible with the dialects spoken in Sweden and, to a lesser extent, other Scandinavian languages.
1890
1. Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, Canadian lawyer and politician, 1st Premier of Quebec (b. 1820) deaths
  1. Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau
    
    Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau was a Canadian lawyer and politician. Chauveau was the first premier of Quebec, following the establishment of Canada in 1867. Appointed to the office in 1867 as the leader of the Conservative Party, he won the provincial elections of 1867 and 1871. He resigned as premier and his seat in the provincial Legislative Assembly in 1873.
  2. Premier of Quebec
    
    The premier of Quebec is the head of government of the Canadian province of Quebec. The current premier of Quebec is François Legault of the Coalition Avenir Québec, sworn in on October 18, 2018, following that year's election.
2. Edmond Hébert, French geologist and academic (b. 1812) deaths
  1. Edmond Hébert
    
    Edmond Hébert, French geologist, was born at Villefargau, Yonne.
1889
1. Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Indian journalist, poet, and playwright (d. 1968) births
  1. Makhanlal Chaturvedi
    
    Pandit Makhanlal Chaturvedi, also called Pandit ji, was an Indian poet, writer, essayist, playwright and a journalist who is particularly remembered for his participation in India's national struggle for independence and his contribution to Chhayavaad, the Neo-romanticism movement of Hindi literature. He was awarded the first Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi for his work Him Tarangini in 1955. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1963. For his works reinforcing Indian nationalism during the British Raj, he is referred to as the Yug Charan.
1888
1. Tris Speaker, American baseball player and manager (d. 1958) births
  1. Tris Speaker
    
    Tristram Edgar Speaker, nicknamed "the Gray Eagle", was an American professional baseball player. Considered one of the greatest players in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345. His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list. Defensively, Speaker holds career records for assists, double plays, and unassisted double plays by an outfielder. His fielding glove was known as the place "where triples go to die."
2. Zdzisław Żygulski, Sr., Polish historian and academic (d. 1975) births
  1. Zdzisław Żygulski (literary historian)
    
    Zdzisław Żygulski was a Polish literary historian and Germanist. He was a professor at the universities of Łódź and Wrocław. An expert of German literature of 18th–19th century and antique drama, he published, with Marian Szyrocki, a German literature history textbook Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. His notable works includes Gerhart Hauptmann. Człowiek i twórca (1968), Fryderyk Schiller (1975). His son, also named Zdzisław, was an art historian, academic and educator.
1886
1. Frank Luther Mott, American historian and journalist (d. 1964) births
  1. Frank Luther Mott
    
    Frank Luther Mott was an American historian and journalist, who won the 1939 Pulitzer Prize for History for Volumes II and III of his series, A History of American Magazines.
1884
1. James Alberione, Italian priest, founded the Society of St. Paul (d. 1971) births
  1. James Alberione
    
    James Alberione, SSP, was an Italian Catholic priest, and the founder of the Society of St. Paul, of the Daughters of St. Paul, of the Pious Disciples of the Divine Master, of the Sisters of Jesus the Good Shepherd, of the Sisters of Mary Queen of the Apostles, and other religious institutes, which form the Pauline Family. The first two groups are best known for promoting the Catholic faith through various forms of modern media.
  2. Society of Saint Paul
    
    The Society of Saint Paul abbreviated SSP and also known as the Paulines, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men founded on 20 August 1914 at Alba, Piedmont in Italy by Giacomo Alberione and officially approved by the Holy See on 27 June 1949. Its members add the nominal letters S.S.P. after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation.
2. Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese admiral (d. 1943) births
  1. Isoroku Yamamoto
    
    Isoroku Yamamoto was a Marshal Admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II until he was killed.
1883
1. Peter Cooper, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Cooper Union (b. 1791) deaths
  1. Peter Cooper
    
    Peter Cooper was an American industrialist, inventor, philanthropist, and politician. He designed and built the first American steam locomotive, the Tom Thumb, founded the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, served as its first president, and stood for election as the Greenback Party's candidate in the 1876 presidential election. Cooper was 85 years old at the time, making him the oldest person to ever be nominated for president.
  2. Cooper Union
    
    The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is a private college at Cooper Square in New York City. Peter Cooper founded the institution in 1859 after learning about the government-supported École Polytechnique in France. The school was built on a radical new model of American higher education based on Cooper's belief that an education "equal to the best technology schools established" should be accessible to those who qualify, independent of their race, religion, sex, wealth or social status, and should be "open and free to all." Cooper is considered to be one of the most prestigious colleges in the United States, with all three of its member schools consistently ranked among the highest in the country.
1879
1. Gustav Goßler, German rower (d. 1940) births
  1. Gustav Goßler
    
    Gustav Ludwig Goßler was a German rower who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics.
2. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, German physicist and meteorologist (b. 1803) deaths
  1. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
    
    Heinrich Wilhelm Dove was a Prussian physicist and meteorologist.
1878
1. Walter Conrad Arensberg, American art collector, critic and poet (d. 1954) births
  1. Walter Conrad Arensberg
    
    Walter Conrad Arensberg was an American art collector, critic and poet. His father was part owner and president of a crucible steel company. He majored in English and philosophy at Harvard University. With his wife Louise, he collected art and supported artistic endeavors.
2. Stylianos Lykoudis, Greek admiral and historian (d. 1958) births
  1. Stylianos Lykoudis
    
    Stylianos Lykoudis was a Royal Hellenic Navy rear admiral, best known for his long service as head of the Navy's Lighthouse Service. He was also a scholar and historian, becoming a member of the Academy of Athens.
3. Richard M. Brewer, American criminal (b. 1850) deaths
  1. Richard M. Brewer
    
    Richard M. "Dick" Brewer, was an American cowboy and Lincoln County lawman. He was the founding leader of the Regulators, a deputized posse that fought in the Lincoln County War.
1876
1. Maurice de Vlaminck, French painter and poet (d. 1958) births
  1. Maurice de Vlaminck
    
    Maurice de Vlaminck was a French painter. Along with André Derain and Henri Matisse, he is considered one of the principal figures in the Fauve movement, a group of modern artists who from 1904 to 1908 were united in their use of intense colour. Vlaminck was one of the Fauves at the controversial Salon d'Automne exhibition of 1905.
1875
1. Pierre Monteux, Sephardic Jewish French-American viola player and conductor (d. 1964) births
  1. Pierre Monteux
    
    Pierre Benjamin Monteux was a French conductor. After violin and viola studies, and a decade as an orchestral player and occasional conductor, he began to receive regular conducting engagements in 1907. He came to prominence when, for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company between 1911 and 1914, he conducted the world premieres of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring and other prominent works including Petrushka, The Nightingale, Ravel's Daphnis et Chloé, and Debussy's Jeux. Thereafter he directed orchestras around the world for more than half a century.
  2. Sephardi Jews
    
    Sephardic or Sephardi Jews, also Sepharadim or Hispanic Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula. The term, which is derived from the Hebrew Sepharad, can also refer to the Mizrahi Jews of Western Asia and North Africa, who were also influenced by Sephardic law and customs. Many Iberian Jewish exiles also later sought refuge in Mizrahi Jewish communities, resulting in integration with those communities.
2. Karl Mauch, German geographer and explorer (b. 1837) deaths
  1. Karl Mauch
    
    Karl Gottlieb Mauch was a German explorer and geographer of Africa. He reported on the archaeological ruins of Great Zimbabwe in 1871 during his search for the biblical land of Ophir.
1874
1. Charles Ernest Beulé, French archaeologist and politician (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Charles Ernest Beulé
    
    Charles Ernest Beulé was a French archaeologist and politician.
1870
1. Heinrich Gustav Magnus, German chemist and physicist (b. 1802) deaths
  1. Heinrich Gustav Magnus
    
    Heinrich Gustav Magnus was a notable German experimental scientist. His training was mostly in chemistry but his later research was mostly in physics. He spent the great bulk of his career at the University of Berlin, where he is remembered for his laboratory teaching as much as for his original research. He did not use his first given name, and was known throughout his life as Gustav Magnus.
1869
1. Mary Colter, American architect, designed the Desert View Watchtower (d. 1958) births
  1. Mary Colter
    
    Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter was an American architect and designer. She was one of the very few female American architects in her day. She was the designer of many landmark buildings and spaces for the Fred Harvey Company and the Santa Fe Railroad, notably in Grand Canyon National Park. Her work had enormous influence as she helped to create a style, blending Spanish Colonial Revival and Mission Revival architecture with Native American motifs and Rustic elements, that became popular throughout the Southwest. Colter was a perfectionist, who spent a lifetime advocating and defending her aesthetic vision in a largely male-dominated field.
  2. Desert View Watchtower
    
    Desert View Watchtower, also known as the Indian Watchtower at Desert View, is a 70-foot (21 m)-high stone building located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon within Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, United States. The tower is located at Desert View, more than 20 miles (32 km) to the east of the main developed area at Grand Canyon Village, toward the east entrance to the park. The four-story structure, completed in 1932, was designed by American architect Mary Colter, an employee of the Fred Harvey Company who also created and designed many other buildings in the Grand Canyon vicinity including Hermit's Rest and the Lookout Studio. The interior contains murals by Fred Kabotie.
1868
1. Philippa Fawcett, English mathematician and educator (d. 1948) births
  1. Philippa Fawcett
    
    Philippa Garrett Fawcett was an English mathematician and educationalist. She was the first woman to obtain the top score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams. She taught at Newnham College, Cambridge, and at the normal school in Johannesburg, and she became an administrator for the London County Council.
1864
1. Joseph Pitty Couthouy, American commander and paleontologist (b. 1808) deaths
  1. Joseph Pitty Couthouy
    
    Joseph Pitty Couthouy was an American naval officer, conchologist, and invertebrate palaeontologist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he entered the Boston Latin School in 1820. He married Mary Greenwood Wild on 9 March 1832.
1863
1. Ludwig Emil Grimm, German painter and engraver (b. 1790) deaths
  1. Ludwig Emil Grimm
    
    Ludwig Emil Grimm was a German painter, art professor, etcher and copper engraver.
1861
1. John McLean, American jurist and politician, 6th United States Postmaster General (b. 1785) deaths
  1. John McLean
    
    John McLean was an American jurist and politician who served in the United States Congress, as U.S. Postmaster General, and as a justice of the Ohio and U.S. Supreme Courts. He was often discussed for the Whig Party nominations for President, and is also one of the few people who served in all three branches of government.
  2. United States Postmaster General
    
    The United States Postmaster General (PMG) is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service (USPS). The PMG is responsible for managing and directing the day-to-day operations of the agency.
1853
1. Remy de Gourmont, French poet, novelist, and critic (d. 1915) births
  1. Remy de Gourmont
    
    Remy de Gourmont was a French symbolist poet, novelist, and influential critic. He was widely read in his era, and an important influence on Blaise Cendrars and Georges Bataille. The spelling Rémy de Gourmont is incorrect, albeit common.
1851
1. James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Irish lawyer and politician (d. 1931) births
  1. James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy
    
    James Henry Mussen Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy was an Irish lawyer, politician in the British Parliament and later in the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State. He was also Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
1846
1. Comte de Lautréamont, Uruguayan-French poet and educator (d. 1870) births
  1. Comte de Lautréamont
    
    Comte de Lautréamont was the nom de plume of Isidore Lucien Ducasse, a French poet born in Uruguay. His only works, Les Chants de Maldoror and Poésies, had a major influence on modern arts and literature, particularly on the Surrealists and the Situationists. Ducasse died at the age of 24.
2. Solomon Sibley, American lawyer and politician, 1st Mayor of Detroit (b. 1769) deaths
  1. Solomon Sibley
    
    Solomon Sibley was an American politician and jurist in the Michigan Territory who became the first mayor of Detroit.
  2. List of mayors of Detroit
    
    This is a list of mayors of Detroit, Michigan. See History of Detroit, Michigan, for more information about the history of the incorporation of the city.
1843
1. William Henry Jackson, American painter and photographer (d. 1942) births
  1. William Henry Jackson
    
    William Henry Jackson was an American photographer, Civil War veteran, painter, and an explorer famous for his images of the American West. He was a great-great nephew of Samuel Wilson, the progenitor of America's national symbol Uncle Sam. He was the great-grandfather of cartoonist Bill Griffith, creator of Zippy the Pinhead comics.
1842
1. Édouard Lucas, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1891) births
  1. Édouard Lucas
    
    François Édouard Anatole Lucas was a French mathematician. Lucas is known for his study of the Fibonacci sequence. The related Lucas sequences and Lucas numbers are named after him.
1841
1. William Henry Harrison, American general and politician, 9th President of the United States (b. 1773) deaths
  1. William Henry Harrison
    
    William Henry Harrison was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States.
  2. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
1835
1. John Hughlings Jackson, English physician and neurologist (d. 1911) births
  1. John Hughlings Jackson
    
    John Hughlings Jackson, FRS was an English neurologist. He is best known for his research on epilepsy.
1829
1. Owen Suffolk, Australian bushranger, poet, confidence-man and author (d. ?) births
  1. Owen Suffolk
    
    Owen Hargrave Suffolk was an Australian bushranger, poet, confidence-man and author of Days of Crime and Years of Suffering (1867).
1826
1. Zénobe Gramme, Belgian engineer, invented the Gramme machine (d. 1901) births
  1. Zénobe Gramme
    
    Zénobe Théophile Gramme was a Belgian electrical engineer. He was born at Jehay-Bodegnée on 4 April 1826, the sixth child of Mathieu-Joseph Gramme, and died at Bois-Colombes on 20 January 1901. He invented the Gramme machine, a type of direct current dynamo capable of generating smoother and much higher voltages than the dynamos known to that point.
  2. Gramme machine
    
    A Gramme machine, Gramme ring, Gramme magneto, or Gramme dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current, named for its Belgian inventor, Zénobe Gramme, and was built as either a dynamo or a magneto. It was the first generator to produce power on a commercial scale for industry. Inspired by a machine invented by Antonio Pacinotti in 1860, Gramme was the developer of a new induced rotor in form of a wire-wrapped ring and demonstrated this apparatus to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1871. Although popular in 19th century electrical machines, the Gramme winding principle is no longer used since it makes inefficient use of the conductors. The portion of the winding on the interior of the ring cuts no flux and does not contribute to energy conversion in the machine. The winding requires twice the number of turns and twice the number of commutator bars as an equivalent drum-wound armature.
1821
1. Linus Yale Jr., American engineer and businessman (d. 1868) births
  1. Linus Yale Jr.
    
    Linus Yale Jr. was an American mechanical engineer, manufacturer, and co-founder with Henry R. Towne of the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, which became the premier manufacturer of locks in the United States. He is best known for his inventions of locks, especially the cylinder lock. His basic lock design is still widely distributed today, and constitutes a majority of personal locks and safes.
1819
1. Maria II of Portugal (d. 1853) births
  1. Maria II of Portugal
    
    Dona Maria II "the Educator" or "the Good Mother", reigned as Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1828, and again from 1834 to 1853. Born in Rio de Janeiro, she was the first child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. One of the two surviving children born when Pedro was still heir apparent to Portugal, she inherited Portuguese titles and was placed in the line of succession to the former Portuguese throne, even after becoming a member of the Brazilian imperial family, from which she was excluded in 1835 after her definitive ascension to the Portuguese throne.
1818
1. Thomas Mayne Reid, Irish-American author and poet (d. 1883) births
  1. Thomas Mayne Reid
    
    Thomas Mayne Reid was an Irish-American novelist, who fought in the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). His many works on American life describe colonial policy in the American colonies, the horrors of slave labour and the lives of American Indians. "Captain" Reid wrote adventure novels akin to those by Frederick Marryat and Robert Louis Stevenson, and set mainly in the American West, Mexico, South Africa, the Himalayas, and Jamaica. He was an admirer of Lord Byron.
1817
1. André Masséna, French general (b. 1758) deaths
  1. André Masséna
    
    André Masséna, Prince of Essling, Duke of Rivoli was a French military commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original 18 Marshals of the Empire created by Napoleon I, with the nickname l'Enfant chéri de la Victoire.
1807
1. Jérôme Lalande, French astronomer and academic (b. 1732) deaths
  1. Jérôme Lalande
    
    Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande was a French astronomer, freemason and writer.
1802
1. Dorothea Dix, American nurse and activist (d. 1887) births
  1. Dorothea Dix
    
    Dorothea Lynde Dix was an American advocate on behalf of the indigent mentally ill who, through a vigorous and sustained program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as a Superintendent of Army Nurses.
1792
1. Thaddeus Stevens, American lawyer and politician (d. 1868) births
  1. Thaddeus Stevens
    
    Thaddeus Stevens was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. He was one of the leaders of the Radical Republican faction of the Republican Party during the 1860s. A fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against black Americans, Stevens sought to secure their rights during Reconstruction, leading the opposition to U.S. President Andrew Johnson. As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee during the American Civil War, he played a leading role, focusing his attention on defeating the Confederacy, financing the war with new taxes and borrowing, crushing the power of slave owners, ending slavery, and securing equal rights for the freedmen.
2. James Sykes, American lawyer and politician (b. 1725) deaths
  1. James Sykes (Continental Congress)
    
    James Sykes was an American lawyer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He served in the Delaware General Assembly and was a Continental Congressman from Delaware.
1785
1. Bettina von Arnim, German author, illustrator, and composer (d. 1859) births
  1. Bettina von Arnim
    
    Bettina von Arnim, born Elisabeth Catharina Ludovica Magdalena Brentano, was a German writer and novelist.
1780
1. Edward Hicks, American minister and painter (d. 1849) births
  1. Edward Hicks
    
    Edward Hicks was an American folk painter and distinguished religious minister of the Society of Friends. He became a Quaker icon because of his paintings.
1774
1. Oliver Goldsmith, Irish novelist, playwright and poet (b. 1728) deaths
  1. Oliver Goldsmith
    
    Oliver Goldsmith was an Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright, dramatist and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer. He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes (1765).
1772
1. Nachman of Breslov, Ukrainian founder of the Breslov Hasidic movement (d. 1810) births
  1. Nachman of Breslov
    
    Nachman of Breslov, also known as Reb Nachman of Bratslav, Reb Nachman Breslover, and Nachman from Uman, was the founder of the Breslov Hasidic movement.
1766
1. John Taylor, English librarian and scholar (b. 1704) deaths
  1. John Taylor (classical scholar)
    
    John Taylor, English classical scholar, was born at Shrewsbury in Shropshire, England.
1762
1. Stephen Storace, English actor and composer (d. 1796) births
  1. Stephen Storace
    
    Stephen John Seymour Storace was an English composer of the Classical era, known primarily for his operas. His sister was the famous opera singer Nancy Storace.
1761
1. Théodore Gardelle, Swiss painter (b. 1722) deaths
  1. Théodore Gardelle
    
    Théodore Gardelle was a Swiss painter and enameller.
1760
1. Juan Manuel Olivares, Venezuelan organist and composer (d. 1797) births
  1. Juan Manuel Olivares
    
    Juan Manuel Hermenegildo de la Luz Olivares was a Venezuelan composer from the Colonial era.
1752
1. Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer (d. 1837) births
  1. Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli
    
    Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli was an Italian composer, chiefly of opera.
1743
1. Daniel Neal, English historian and author (b. 1678) deaths
  1. Daniel Neal
    
    Daniel Neal was an English historian.
1718
1. Benjamin Kennicott, English theologian and scholar (d. 1783) births
  1. Benjamin Kennicott
    
    Benjamin Kennicott was an English churchman and Hebrew scholar.
1688
1. Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French astronomer and cartographer (d. 1768) births
  1. Joseph-Nicolas Delisle
    
    Joseph-Nicolas Delisle was a French astronomer and cartographer.
1676
1. Giuseppe Maria Orlandini, Italian composer (d. 1760) births
  1. Giuseppe Maria Orlandini
    
    Giuseppe Maria Orlandini was an Italian baroque composer particularly known for his more than 40 operas and intermezzos. Highly regarded by music historians of his day like Francesco Saverio Quadrio, Jean-Benjamin de La Borde and Charles Burney, Orlandini, along with Vivaldi, is considered one of the major creators of the new style of opera that dominated the second decade of the 18th century.
1661
1. Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, Scottish field marshal (b. 1580) deaths
  1. Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven
    
    Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven was a Scottish soldier in Swedish and Scottish service. Born illegitimate and raised as a foster child, he subsequently advanced to the rank of a Swedish Field Marshal, and in Scotland became Lord General in command of the Army of the Covenanters, a privy councillor, captain of Edinburgh Castle, Lord Balgonie and Earl of Leven. In England he commanded the Army of the Solemn League and Covenant and was senior commander of the Army of Both Kingdoms (1642–1647). Leslie served in the Thirty Years' War, the Bishops' Wars, and most of the English Civil War, fighting primarily in the First English Civil War. Leslie would live a long life, dying roughly at the age of 80 or 81.
1648
1. Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-English sculptor (d. 1721) births
  1. Grinling Gibbons
    
    Grinling Gibbons was an Anglo-Dutch sculptor and wood carver known for his work in England, including Windsor Castle and Hampton Court Palace, St Paul's Cathedral and other London churches, Petworth House and other country houses, Trinity College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Gibbons was born to English parents in Holland, where he was educated. His father was a merchant. Gibbons was a member of the Drapers' Company of London; he is widely regarded as the finest wood carver working in England, and the only one whose name is widely known among the general public. Most of his work is in lime (Tilia) wood, especially decorative Baroque garlands made up of still-life elements at about life size, made to frame mirrors and decorate the walls of churches and palaces, but he also produced furniture and small relief plaques with figurative scenes. He also worked in stone, mostly for churches. By the time he was established he led a large workshop, and the extent to which his personal hand appears in later work varies.
1646
1. Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist (d. 1715) births
  1. Antoine Galland
    
    Antoine Galland was a French orientalist and archaeologist, most famous as the first European translator of One Thousand and One Nights, which he called Les mille et une nuits. His version of the tales appeared in twelve volumes between 1704 and 1717 and exerted a significant influence on subsequent European literature and attitudes to the Islamic world. Jorge Luis Borges has suggested that Romanticism began when his translation was first read.
1643
1. Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian and academic (b. 1583) deaths
  1. Simon Episcopius
    
    Simon Episcopius was a Dutch theologian and Remonstrant who played a significant role at the Synod of Dort in 1618. His name is the Latinized form of his Dutch name Simon Bisschop.
1640
1. Gaspar Sanz, Spanish guitarist, composer, and priest (d. 1710) births
  1. Gaspar Sanz
    
    Francisco Bartolomé Sanz Celma, better known as Gaspar Sanz, was a Spanish composer, guitarist, and priest born to a wealthy family in Calanda in the comarca of Bajo Aragón, Spain. He studied music, theology and philosophy at the University of Salamanca, where he was later appointed Professor of Music. He wrote three volumes of pedagogical works for the baroque guitar that form an important part of today's classical guitar repertory and have informed modern scholars in the techniques of baroque guitar playing.
1617
1. John Napier, Scottish mathematician, physicist, and astronomer (b. 1550) deaths
  1. John Napier
    
    John Napier of Merchiston, nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper.
1609
1. Carolus Clusius, Flemish botanist, mycologist, and academic (b. 1526) deaths
  1. Carolus Clusius
    
    Charles de l'Écluse, L'Escluse, or Carolus Clusius, seigneur de Watènes, was an Artois doctor and pioneering botanist, perhaps the most influential of all 16th-century scientific horticulturists.
1596
1. Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b. 1533) deaths
  1. Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
    
    Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a member of the House of Welf, was the last ruler of the Principality of Grubenhagen from 1595 until his death. When he died in 1596, the Grubenhagen branch of the Welfs became extinct, whereafter the principality was occupied by Duke Henry Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
1593
1. Edward Nicholas, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (d. 1669) births
  1. Edward Nicholas
    
    Sir Edward Nicholas was an English officeholder and politician who served as Secretary of State to Charles I and Charles II. He also sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1621 and 1629. He served as secretary to Edward la Zouche and the Duke of Buckingham in the Admiralty and became a clerk of the Privy Council. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War and accompanied the court into exile, before assuming the post of Secretary of State on the Restoration.
  2. Secretary of State for the Southern Department
    
    The Secretary of State for the Southern Department was a position in the cabinet of the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain up to 1782, when the Southern Department became the Home Office.
1588
1. Frederick II, king of Denmark and Norway (b. 1534) deaths
  1. Frederick II of Denmark
    
    Frederick II was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Schleswig and Holstein from 1559 until his death.
1586
1. Richard Saltonstall, English diplomat (d. 1661) births
  1. Richard Saltonstall
    
    Sir Richard Saltonstall led a group of English settlers up the Charles River to settle in what is now Watertown, Massachusetts in 1630.
1572
1. William Strachey, English author (d. 1621) births
  1. William Strachey
    
    William Strachey was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonisation of North America. He is best remembered today as the eye-witness reporter of the 1609 shipwreck on the uninhabited island of Bermuda of the colonial ship Sea Venture, which was caught in a hurricane while sailing to Virginia. The survivors eventually reached Virginia after building two small ships during the ten months they spent on the island. His account of the incident and of the Virginia colony is thought by most Shakespearean scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
1538
1. Elena Glinskaya, Grand Princess and regent of Russia deaths
  1. Elena Glinskaya
    
    Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya was the Grand Princess consort of Russia, as the second wife of Grand Prince Vasili III and de facto regent of Russia for 5 consecutive years, from 1533 until her death in 1538. She was the mother of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
1536
1. Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460) deaths
  1. Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
    
    Frederick I of Ansbach and Bayreuth was born at Ansbach as the eldest son of Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg by his second wife Anna, daughter of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony. His elder half-brother was the Elector John Cicero of Brandenburg. Friedrich succeeded his father as Margrave of Ansbach in 1486 and his younger brother Siegmund as Margrave of Bayreuth in 1495.
1492
1. Ambrosius Blarer, German-Swiss theologian and reformer (d. 1564) births
  1. Ambrosius Blarer
    
    Ambrosius Blarer was an influential Protestant reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland.
1490
1. Vojtěch I of Pernstein, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1534) births
  1. Vojtěch I of Pernštejn
    
    Vojtěch I of Pernštejn was a Bohemian nobleman, member of the Pernštejn family. He was High Hofmeister of Bohemia from 1514 to 1523 and from 1526, he was governor of Bohemia. He was considered one of the richest magnates in Bohemia.
1483
1. Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex (b. c. 1405) deaths
  1. Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex
    
    Henry Bourchier, 5th Baron Bourchier, 2nd Count of Eu, 1st Viscount Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, was the eldest son of William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu, and Anne of Gloucester. On his mother's side, he was a great-grandson of Edward III of England.
1436
1. Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501) births
  1. Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria
    
    Amalia of Saxony was a princess of Saxony and by marriage Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut.
1406
1. Robert III, king of Scotland (b.1337) deaths
  1. Robert III of Scotland
    
    Robert III, born John Stewart, was King of Scots from 1390 to his death in 1406. He was also High Steward of Scotland from 1371 to 1390 and held the titles of Earl of Atholl (1367–1390) and Earl of Carrick (1368–1390) before ascending the throne at about the age of 53 years. He was the eldest son of King Robert II and Elizabeth Mure and was legitimized by the second marriage of his parents and by papal dispensation in 1349.
1292
1. Nicholas IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1227) deaths
  1. Pope Nicholas IV
    
    Pope Nicholas IV, born Girolamo Masci, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1288 to his death on 4 April 1292. He was the first Franciscan to be elected pope.
1284
1. Alfonso X, king of Castile and León (b. 1221) deaths
  1. Alfonso X of Castile
    
    Alfonso X was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germany on 1 April. He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and in creating an alliance with the Kingdom of England in 1254, his claim on the Duchy of Gascony as well.
991
1. Reginold, bishop of Eichstätt deaths
  1. Reginold of Eichstätt
    
    Reginold of Eichstätt was Bishop of Eichstätt from 966 to 991, much 'admired as a poet, musician, scholar and orator' and indeed 'the leading musician of his age'.
968
1. Abu Firas al-Hamdani, Arab prince and poet (b. 932) deaths
  1. Abu Firas al-Hamdani
    
    Al-Harith ibn Abi’l-ʿAlaʾ Saʿid ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (932–968), better known by his pen name Abu Firas al-Hamdani, was an Arab prince and poet. He was a cousin of Sayf al-Dawla and a member of the Hamdanid dynasty, who were rulers in northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia during the 10th century. He served Sayf al-Dawla as governor of Manbij as well as court poet, and was active in his cousin's wars against the Byzantine Empire. He was captured by the Byzantines in 959/962 and spent several years at their capital, Constantinople, where he composed his most famous work, the collection of poems titled al-Rūmiyyāt (الروميات). He was ransomed in 966, and was killed in 968, when he raised a revolt against his nephew Sa'd al-Dawla, Sayf al-Dawla's successor. He is considered among the greatest figures of classical Arabic poetry.
931
1. Kong Xun, Chinese official and governor (b. 884) deaths
  1. Kong Xun
    
    Kong Xun, known early in his life as Zhao Yinheng (趙殷衡), also having used surnames of Li (李) and Zhu (朱) early in life, was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period states Later Liang and Later Tang. He became prominent during the reign of Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang due to his alliance with Emperor Mingzong's trusted advisor An Chonghui, but later had a fallout with An, was ejected from the central government, and would not return to it toward the end of his life.
911
1. Liu Yin, Chinese warlord and governor (b. 874) deaths
  1. AD 911
    
    911 (CMXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
  2. Liu Yin (Southern Han)
    
    Liu Yin (劉隱), formally Prince Xiang of Nanhai (南海襄王), later further posthumously honored Emperor Xiang (襄皇帝) with the temple name of Liezong (烈宗) by his younger brother Liu Yan, was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Tang's succeeding dynasty Later Liang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, who ruled Qinghai Circuit as its military governor (Jiedushi). It was on the basis of his rule that Liu Yan was later able to establish the state of Southern Han.
896
1. Formosus, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 816) deaths
  1. Pope Formosus
    
    Pope Formosus was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 891 until his death on 4 April 896. His reign as pope was troubled, marked by interventions in power struggles over the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Kingdom of West Francia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Because he sided with Arnulf of Carinthia against Lambert of Spoleto, Formosus's remains were exhumed and put on trial in the Cadaver Synod. Several of his immediate successors were primarily preoccupied by the controversial legacy of his pontificate.
814
1. Plato of Sakkoudion, Byzantine monk and saint (b. 735) deaths
  1. Plato of Sakkoudion
    
    Platon the Studite, also Plato of Sakkoudion, probably Constantinople, ca. 735 – Constantinople, 4 April 814, was a Byzantine minor official who became a monk in 759. After refusing the metropolitan see of Nicomedia or the headship of a monastery in Constantinople, in 783 he founded the monastery of Sakkoudion on Mount Olympus in Bithynia, of which he became the first abbot. He is notable, along with his nephew Theodore Stoudites, for his iconodule stance during the Byzantine Iconoclasm and his participation in the Second Council of Nicaea, and to his firm opposition to the second marriage of Emperor Constantine VI to his (Platon's) niece Theodote. He was canonized by the Church, and his feast day is April 4.
636
1. Isidore of Seville, Spanish archbishop and saint (b. 560) deaths
  1. Isidore of Seville
    
    Isidore of Seville was a Spanish scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of 19th-century historian Montalembert, as "the last scholar of the ancient world".
397
1. Ambrose, Roman archbishop and saint (b. 338) deaths
  1. Ambrose
    
    Ambrose of Milan, venerated as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promoting the Christian faith against Arianism and paganism. He left a substantial collection of writings, of which the best known include the ethical commentary De officiis ministrorum (377–391), and the exegetical Exameron (386–390). His preachings, his actions and his literary works, in addition to his innovative musical hymnography, made him one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.
188
1. Caracalla, Roman emperor (d. 217) births
  1. Caracalla
    
    Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known by his nickname "Caracalla" was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Proclaimed co-ruler by his father in 198, he reigned jointly with his brother Geta, co-emperor from 209, after their father's death in 211. His brother was murdered by the Praetorian Guard later that year, under orders from Caracalla himself, who then reigned afterwards as sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Caracalla found administration to be mundane, leaving those responsibilities to his mother. Caracalla's reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples.

Holidays

Children's Day (Hong Kong, Taiwan)
1. Children's Day
  
  Children's Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually in honor of children, whose date of observance varies by country. In 1925, International Children's Day was first proclaimed in Geneva during the World Conference on Child Welfare. Since 1950, it is celebrated on June 1 in most Communist and post-Communist countries. World Children's Day is celebrated on the 20th November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959. In some countries, it is Children's Week and not Children's Day.
2. Hong Kong
  
  Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world. Hong Kong is also a major global financial centre and one of the most developed cities in the world.
3. Taiwan
  
  Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands, with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres (13,974 sq mi). The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.
Christian feast day: Benedict the Moor
1. Benedict the Moor
  
  Benedict the Moor was a Sicilian Franciscan friar who is venerated as a saint in the Catholic church. Born of enslaved Africans in San Fratello, he was freed at birth and became known for his charity. As a young man he joined a Franciscan-affiliated hermit group, of which he became the leader. In 1564 he was sent to the Franciscan friary in Palermo, where he continued good works.
Christian feast day: Gaetano Catanoso
1. Gaetano Catanoso
  
  Gaetano Catanoso was an Italian Catholic priest and the founder of the Suore Veroniche del Santo Volto (1934). Catanoso served as a parish priest in two different parishes for his entire ecclesial life and was an ardent devotee of the Face of Jesus which he promoted to the faithful. He also founded the Poor Clerics to encourage vocations to the priesthood while forming the Confraternita del Santo Volto (1920) to spread devotion to the Face of Jesus. He dedicated his pastoral career to bringing the Gospel message to all people and hiked or rode on a mule to reach distant and surrounding mountain villages in order to evangelize to people.
Christian feast day: Isidore of Seville
1. Isidore of Seville
  
  Isidore of Seville was a Spanish scholar, theologian, and archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of 19th-century historian Montalembert, as "the last scholar of the ancient world".
Christian feast day: Martin Luther King Jr. (Episcopal Church (USA))
1. Martin Luther King Jr.
  
  Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
2. Episcopal Church (United States)
  
  The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.
Christian feast day: Reginald Heber (Anglican Church of Canada)
1. Reginald Heber
  
  Reginald Heber was an English Anglican bishop, man of letters and hymn-writer. After 16 years as a country parson, he served as Bishop of Calcutta until his death at the age of 42. The son of a rich landowner and cleric, Heber gained fame at the University of Oxford as a poet. After graduation he made an extended tour of Scandinavia, Russia and Central Europe. Ordained in 1807, he took over his father's old parish, Hodnet, Shropshire. He also wrote hymns and general literature, including a study of the works of the 17th-century cleric Jeremy Taylor.
2. Anglican Church of Canada
  
  The Anglican Church of Canada is the province of the Anglican Communion in Canada. The official French-language name is l'Église anglicane du Canada. In 2017, the Anglican Church counted 359,030 members on parish rolls in 2,206 congregations, organized into 1,571 parishes. The 2011 Canadian Census counted 1,631,845 self-identified Anglicans, making the Anglican Church the third-largest Canadian church after the Catholic Church and the United Church of Canada. The 2021 Canadian Census counted more than 1 million self-identified Anglicans, remaining the third-largest Canadian church. Like other Anglican churches, the Anglican Church of Canada's liturgy utilizes a native version of the Book of Common Prayer, the 1962 prayer book. A further revision, the 1985 Book of Alternative Services, has developed into the dominant liturgical book of the church.
Christian feast day: Tigernach of Clones
1. Tigernach of Clones
  
  Tigernach mac Coirpri was an early Irish saint, patron saint of Clones in the province of Ulster.
Christian feast day: Plato of Sakkoudion
1. Plato of Sakkoudion
  
  Platon the Studite, also Plato of Sakkoudion, probably Constantinople, ca. 735 – Constantinople, 4 April 814, was a Byzantine minor official who became a monk in 759. After refusing the metropolitan see of Nicomedia or the headship of a monastery in Constantinople, in 783 he founded the monastery of Sakkoudion on Mount Olympus in Bithynia, of which he became the first abbot. He is notable, along with his nephew Theodore Stoudites, for his iconodule stance during the Byzantine Iconoclasm and his participation in the Second Council of Nicaea, and to his firm opposition to the second marriage of Emperor Constantine VI to his (Platon's) niece Theodote. He was canonized by the Church, and his feast day is April 4.
Christian feast day: April 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. April 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  April 3 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 5
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Senegal from France (1960).
1. Public holidays in Senegal
  
  This is a list of public holidays in Senegal.
2. Senegal
  
  Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds the Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar.
Peace Day (Angola)
1. Public holidays in Angola
  
  Angola has twelve public holidays that can be increased by bridge holidays if a holiday falls on a Tuesday or Thursday. 2022 has fifteen national holidays.
One of the possible days for Qingming Festival.
1. Qingming Festival
  
  The Qingming festival or Ching Ming Festival, also known as Tomb-Sweeping Day in English, is a traditional Chinese festival observed by the Han Chinese of mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, and by the ethnic Chinese of Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Panama. It falls on the first day of the fifth solar term of the traditional Chinese lunisolar calendar. This makes it the 15th day after the Spring Equinox, either 4, 5 or 6 April in a given year. During Qingming, Chinese families visit the tombs of their ancestors to clean the gravesites, pray to their ancestors and make ritual offerings. Offerings would typically include traditional food dishes and the burning of joss sticks and joss paper. The holiday recognizes the traditional reverence of one's ancestors in Chinese culture.

Important events in history on April 4 th

Events

National day of mourning

COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China

Khan Shaykhun chemical attack

Khan Shaykhun

Syria chemical weapons program

2013 Thane building collapse

Mumbra

Thane

Maharashtra

2013 Thane building collapse

Thane

India

2010 Baja California earthquake

Mexico–United States border

France

NATO

MPLA

UNITA

Angolan Civil War

Comet Hyakutake

NEAR Shoemaker

KLM Cityhopper Flight 433

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

John Heinz

Pennsylvania

Merion Station, Pennsylvania

1991 Sacramento hostage crisis

Good Guys (American company)

Sacramento, California

California

Flag of Hong Kong

7th National People's Congress

National People's Congress

Evan Mecham

Impeachment

List of governors of Arizona

Evan Mecham

Arizona

Impeachment

Ronald Reagan

Chemical weapon

Space Shuttle program

Space Shuttle Challenger

STS-6

Iran–Iraq War

Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force

H-3 airstrike

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Southern Airways Flight 242

New Hope, Paulding County, Georgia

Vietnam War

Operation Babylift

South Vietnam

United States Air Force

1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident

Tan Son Nhut Air Base

Bill Gates

Paul Allen

Microsoft

Albuquerque, New Mexico

BASIC interpreter

Altair 8800

Microsoft

Bill Gates

Paul Allen

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Vietnam War

Lockheed C-5 Galaxy

Operation Babylift

1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident

Ho Chi Minh City

South Vietnam

World Trade Center (1973–2001)

2 World Trade Center

World Trade Center (1973–2001)

Lockheed C-141 Starlifter

Hanoi Taxi

Operation Homecoming

Important events in history
on April 4 ^th