On This Day /

Important events in history
on April 24 th

Events

  1. 2013

    1. A building in the Savar Upazila of Dhaka, Bangladesh, collapsed, killing 1,134 people, making it the deadliest accidental structural failure in modern history.

      1. Upazila in Dhaka Division, Bangladesh

        Savar Upazila

        Savar is an Upazila of Dhaka District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh and is located at a distance of about 24 kilometers (15 mi) to the northwest of Dhaka city. Savar is mostly famous for the National Martyrs' Memorial, the national monument for the martyrs of the Liberation War of Bangladesh.

      2. Conurbation

        Greater Dhaka

        Greater Dhaka is the conurbation surrounding the Bangladeshi capital city of Dhaka, which has grown into one of the world's largest megacities, and shows a very rapid rate of expansion. Dhaka not only grows because it is the capital and largest urban center but also due to massive internal displacement from millions of people living in a perennially flood-prone river delta.

      3. Industrial building collapse in Savar, Bangladesh

        2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse

        The 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse was a structural failure that occurred on 24 April 2013 in the Savar Upazila of Dhaka District, Bangladesh, where an eight-story commercial building called Rana Plaza collapsed. The search for the dead ended on 13 May 2013 with a death toll of 1,134. Approximately 2,500 injured people were rescued from the building. It is considered the deadliest non-deliberate structural failure accident in modern human history, the deadliest garment-factory disaster in history and the deadliest industrial accident in the history of Bangladesh.

    2. A building collapses near Dhaka, Bangladesh, killing 1,129 people and injuring 2,500 others.

      1. Industrial building collapse in Savar, Bangladesh

        2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse

        The 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse was a structural failure that occurred on 24 April 2013 in the Savar Upazila of Dhaka District, Bangladesh, where an eight-story commercial building called Rana Plaza collapsed. The search for the dead ended on 13 May 2013 with a death toll of 1,134. Approximately 2,500 injured people were rescued from the building. It is considered the deadliest non-deliberate structural failure accident in modern human history, the deadliest garment-factory disaster in history and the deadliest industrial accident in the history of Bangladesh.

      2. Capital and largest city of Bangladesh

        Dhaka

        Dhaka, formerly known as Dacca, is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh, as well as the world's largest Bengali-speaking city. It is the eighth largest and sixth most densely populated city in the world with a population of 8.9 million residents as of 2011, and a population of over 21.7 million residents in the Greater Dhaka Area. According to a Demographia survey, Dhaka has the most densely populated built-up urban area in the world, and is popularly described as such in the news media.Dhaka is one of the major cities of South Asia and a major global Muslim-majority city. Dhaka ranks 39th in the world and 3rd in South Asia in terms of urban GDP. As part of the Bengal delta, the city is bounded by the Buriganga River, Turag River, Dhaleshwari River and Shitalakshya River.

      3. Country in South Asia

        Bangladesh

        Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh is among the most densely populated countries in the world, and shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor; and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language is Bengali, one of the easternmost branches of the Indo-European language family.

    3. Violence in Bachu County, Kashgar Prefecture, of China's Xinjiang results in death of 21 people.

      1. 2013 ethnic violence in Bachu County, Xinjiang, China

        April 2013 Bachu unrest

        On 24 April 2013, ethnic clashes occurred in Marelbeshi (Bachu), Xinjiang, China. The violence left at least 21 people dead, including 15 police and officials.

      2. County in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China

        Maralbexi County

        Maralbexi County, Bachu County, and Chinese: 巴尔楚克县) the former long Chinese name as well, is located in the southwest of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture. It has an area of 18,491 km2 (7,139 sq mi), and surrounds, but does not administer, the sub-prefecture-level city of Tumxuk. According to the 2002 census, it has a population of 380,000.

      3. Prefecture in Xinjiang, China

        Kashgar Prefecture

        Kashgar Prefecture, also known as Kashi Prefecture, is located in southwestern Xinjiang, China, located in the Tarim Basin region. It has an area of 112,057 km2 (43,265 sq mi) and 4,499,158 inhabitants at the 2015 census with a population density of 35.5 inhabitants/km2. The capital of the prefecture is the city of Kashgar which has a population 506,640.

      4. Country in East Asia

        China

        China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.

      5. Autonomous region of China

        Xinjiang

        Xinjiang, aka East Turkistan, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China by area and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 sq mi) and has about 25 million inhabitants. Xinjiang borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions, both administered by China, are claimed by India. Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.

  2. 2011

    1. Secret documents relating to detainees at the United States' Guantanamo Bay detention camp were released on WikiLeaks and several independent news organizations.

      1. 2011 disclosure of U.S. government documents

        Guantanamo Bay files leak

        The Guantánamo Bay files leak began on 24 April 2011, when WikiLeaks, along with The New York Times, NPR and The Guardian and other independent news organizations, began publishing 779 formerly secret documents relating to detainees at the United States' Guantánamo Bay detention camp established in 2002 after its invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. The documents consist of classified assessments, interviews, and internal memos about detainees, which were written by the Pentagon's Joint Task Force Guantanamo, headquartered at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The documents are marked "secret" and NOFORN.

      2. United States military prison in southeastern Cuba

        Guantanamo Bay detention camp

        The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo, GTMO, and Gitmo, on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Of the roughly 780 people detained there since January 2002 when the military prison first opened after the September 11 attacks, 735 have been transferred elsewhere, 35 remain there, and 9 have died while in custody.

      3. News leak publishing organisation

        WikiLeaks

        WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources. Its website stated in 2015 that it had released online 10 million documents since beginning in 2006 in Iceland. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is generally described as its founder and director and is currently fighting extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks. Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief.

    2. WikiLeaks starts publishing the Guantanamo Bay files leak.

      1. News leak publishing organisation

        WikiLeaks

        WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources. Its website stated in 2015 that it had released online 10 million documents since beginning in 2006 in Iceland. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is generally described as its founder and director and is currently fighting extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks. Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief.

      2. 2011 disclosure of U.S. government documents

        Guantanamo Bay files leak

        The Guantánamo Bay files leak began on 24 April 2011, when WikiLeaks, along with The New York Times, NPR and The Guardian and other independent news organizations, began publishing 779 formerly secret documents relating to detainees at the United States' Guantánamo Bay detention camp established in 2002 after its invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. The documents consist of classified assessments, interviews, and internal memos about detainees, which were written by the Pentagon's Joint Task Force Guantanamo, headquartered at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The documents are marked "secret" and NOFORN.

  3. 2005

    1. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is inaugurated as the 265th Pope of the Catholic Church taking the name Pope Benedict XVI.

      1. Senior official of the Catholic Church

        Cardinal (Catholic Church)

        A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals.

      2. Investiture ceremony of the head of the Catholic Church

        Papal inauguration

        Papal inauguration is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope. Since the inauguration of Pope John Paul I, it has not included the 820-year-old (1143–1963) papal coronation ceremony.

      3. Head of the Catholic Church

        Pope

        The pope, also known as supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome, head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has also served as the head of state or sovereign of the Papal States and later the Vatican City State since the eighth century. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.

      4. Largest Christian church, led by the pope

        Catholic Church

        The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.

      5. Head of the Catholic Church from 2005 to 2013

        Pope Benedict XVI

        Pope Benedict XVI is a retired prelate of the Catholic church who served as the head of the Church and the sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation in 28 February 2013. Benedict's election as pope occurred in the 2005 papal conclave that followed the death of Pope John Paul II. Benedict has chosen to be known by the title "pope emeritus" upon his resignation.

  4. 2004

    1. The United States lifts economic sanctions imposed on Libya 18 years previously, as a reward for its cooperation in eliminating weapons of mass destruction.

      1. Financial penalties applied by nations to persons, nations or companies to affect political change

        Economic sanctions

        Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted self-governing state, group, or individual. Economic sanctions are not necessarily imposed because of economic circumstances—they may also be imposed for a variety of political, military, and social issues. Economic sanctions can be used for achieving domestic and international purposes.

      2. History of Libya (1969–2011)

        History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

        Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. After the king had fled the country, the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and established the Libyan Arab Republic, with the motto "freedom, socialism and unity".

      3. Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage

        Weapon of mass destruction

        A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to numerous individuals or cause great damage to artificial structures, natural structures, or the biosphere. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives during World War II, it has later come to refer to large-scale weaponry of warfare-related technologies, such as chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear warfare.

  5. 1996

    1. In the United States, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 is passed into law.

      1. United States law

        Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

        The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub.L. 104–132 (text) (PDF), 110 Stat. 1214, enacted April 24, 1996, was introduced to the United States Congress in April 1995 as a Senate Bill. The bill was passed with broad bipartisan support by Congress in response to the bombings of the World Trade Center and Oklahoma City. It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton.

  6. 1993

    1. The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a truck bomb in London's financial district in Bishopsgate, killing one person, injuring forty-four others, and causing damage that cost £350 million to repair.

      1. Irish republican paramilitary group active from 1969 to 2005

        Provisional Irish Republican Army

        The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

      2. Provisional IRA bombing in London

        1993 Bishopsgate bombing

        The Bishopsgate bombing occurred on 24 April 1993, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a powerful truck bomb on Bishopsgate, a major thoroughfare in London's financial district, the City of London. Telephoned warnings were sent about an hour beforehand, but a news photographer was killed in the blast and 44 people were injured, with fatalities minimised due to it occurring on a Saturday. The blast destroyed the nearby St Ethelburga's church and wrecked Liverpool Street station and the NatWest Tower.

      3. Human settlement in England

        Bishopsgate

        Bishopsgate was one of the eastern gates in London's former defensive wall. The gate gave its name to the Bishopsgate Ward of the City of London. The ward is traditionally divided into Bishopsgate Within, inside the line wall, and Bishopsgate Without beyond it. Bishopsgate Without is described as part of London's East End.

    2. An IRA bomb devastates the Bishopsgate area of London.

      1. Irish republican paramilitary group active from 1969 to 2005

        Provisional Irish Republican Army

        The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.

      2. Provisional IRA bombing in London

        1993 Bishopsgate bombing

        The Bishopsgate bombing occurred on 24 April 1993, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a powerful truck bomb on Bishopsgate, a major thoroughfare in London's financial district, the City of London. Telephoned warnings were sent about an hour beforehand, but a news photographer was killed in the blast and 44 people were injured, with fatalities minimised due to it occurring on a Saturday. The blast destroyed the nearby St Ethelburga's church and wrecked Liverpool Street station and the NatWest Tower.

  7. 1990

    1. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard STS-31 by Space Shuttle Discovery.

      1. NASA/ESA space telescope launched in 1990

        Hubble Space Telescope

        The Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most versatile, renowned both as a vital research tool and as a public relations boon for astronomy. The Hubble telescope is named after astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one of NASA's Great Observatories. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) selects Hubble's targets and processes the resulting data, while the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) controls the spacecraft.

      2. 1990 American crewed spaceflight to deploy the Hubble Space Telescope

        STS-31

        STS-31 was the 35th mission of the NASA Space Shuttle program. The primary purpose of this mission was the deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) into low Earth orbit. The mission used the Space Shuttle Discovery, which lifted off from Launch Complex 39B on April 24, 1990, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

      3. NASA orbiter (1984 to 2011)

        Space Shuttle Discovery

        Space Shuttle Discovery is one of the orbiters from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built. Its first mission, STS-41-D, flew from August 30 to September 5, 1984. Over 27 years of service it launched and landed 39 times, aggregating more spaceflights than any other spacecraft to date. The Space Shuttle launch vehicle has three main components: the Space Shuttle orbiter, a single-use central fuel tank, and two reusable solid rocket boosters. Nearly 25,000 heat-resistant tiles cover the orbiter to protect it from high temperatures on re-entry.

    2. STS-31: The Hubble Space Telescope is launched from the Space Shuttle Discovery.

      1. 1990 American crewed spaceflight to deploy the Hubble Space Telescope

        STS-31

        STS-31 was the 35th mission of the NASA Space Shuttle program. The primary purpose of this mission was the deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) into low Earth orbit. The mission used the Space Shuttle Discovery, which lifted off from Launch Complex 39B on April 24, 1990, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida.

      2. NASA/ESA space telescope launched in 1990

        Hubble Space Telescope

        The Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most versatile, renowned both as a vital research tool and as a public relations boon for astronomy. The Hubble telescope is named after astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one of NASA's Great Observatories. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) selects Hubble's targets and processes the resulting data, while the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) controls the spacecraft.

      3. 1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program

        Space Shuttle program

        The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. It flew 135 missions and carried 355 astronauts from 16 countries, many on multiple trips.

      4. NASA orbiter (1984 to 2011)

        Space Shuttle Discovery

        Space Shuttle Discovery is one of the orbiters from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the third of five fully operational orbiters to be built. Its first mission, STS-41-D, flew from August 30 to September 5, 1984. Over 27 years of service it launched and landed 39 times, aggregating more spaceflights than any other spacecraft to date. The Space Shuttle launch vehicle has three main components: the Space Shuttle orbiter, a single-use central fuel tank, and two reusable solid rocket boosters. Nearly 25,000 heat-resistant tiles cover the orbiter to protect it from high temperatures on re-entry.

    3. Gruinard Island, Scotland, is officially declared free of the anthrax disease after 48 years of quarantine.

      1. Island off the coast of Scotland

        Gruinard Island

        Gruinard Island is a small, oval-shaped Scottish island approximately 2 kilometres long by 1 km wide, located in Gruinard Bay, about halfway between Gairloch and Ullapool. At its closest point to the mainland, it is about 1 km offshore. The island was dangerous for all mammals after experiments with the anthrax bacterium in 1942, until it was decontaminated in the late 20th century.

      2. Infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria

        Anthrax

        Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It can occur in four forms: skin, lungs, intestinal, and injection. Symptom onset occurs between one day and more than two months after the infection is contracted. The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center. The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain and shortness of breath. The intestinal form presents with diarrhea, abdominal pains, nausea and vomiting. The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection.

      3. Epidemiological intervention to prevent disease transmission

        Quarantine

        A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests. It is often used in connection to disease and illness, preventing the movement of those who may have been exposed to a communicable disease, yet do not have a confirmed medical diagnosis. It is distinct from medical isolation, in which those confirmed to be infected with a communicable disease are isolated from the healthy population. Quarantine considerations are often one aspect of border control.

  8. 1980

    1. Eight U.S. servicemen died in Operation Eagle Claw, a failed attempt to rescue the captives in the Iran hostage crisis.

      1. Military forces of the United States

        United States Armed Forces

        The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), both federal executive departments, acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out. All six armed services are among the eight uniformed services of the United States.

      2. 1980 US failed military operation in Iran

        Operation Eagle Claw

        Operation Eagle Claw, known as Operation Tabas in Iran, was a failed operation by the United States Armed Forces ordered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter to attempt the rescue of 52 embassy staff held captive at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980.

      3. 1979–1981 diplomatic standoff between the United States and Iran

        Iran hostage crisis

        On November 4, 1979, 52 United States diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took them as hostages. A diplomatic standoff ensued. The hostages were held for 444 days, being released on January 20, 1981.

    2. Eight U.S. servicemen die in Operation Eagle Claw as they attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis.

      1. 1980 US failed military operation in Iran

        Operation Eagle Claw

        Operation Eagle Claw, known as Operation Tabas in Iran, was a failed operation by the United States Armed Forces ordered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter to attempt the rescue of 52 embassy staff held captive at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980.

      2. 1979–1981 diplomatic standoff between the United States and Iran

        Iran hostage crisis

        On November 4, 1979, 52 United States diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took them as hostages. A diplomatic standoff ensued. The hostages were held for 444 days, being released on January 20, 1981.

  9. 1970

    1. China launches Dong Fang Hong I, becoming the fifth nation to put an object into orbit using its own booster.

      1. First satellite launched by China in 1970

        Dong Fang Hong 1

        Dong Fang Hong 1, in the western world also known as China 1 or PRC 1, was the first space satellite of the People's Republic of China (PRC), launched successfully on 24 April 1970 as part of the PRC's Dongfanghong space satellite program. It was a part of the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" program. At 173 kg (381 lb), it was heavier than the first satellites of other countries. The satellite carried a radio transmitter which broadcast the de facto national anthem of the same name. The broadcast lasted for 20 days while in orbit.

    2. The Gambia becomes a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, with Dawda Jawara as its first President.

      1. Country in West Africa

        The Gambia

        The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean, thus the long shape of the country. It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres (4,127 sq mi) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area, while the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.

      2. Form of government

        Republic

        A republic is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term was used to imply a state with a democratic or representative constitution, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.

      3. Political association of mostly former British Empire territories

        Commonwealth of Nations

        The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations amongst member states. Numerous organisations are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.

      4. 1st President of The Gambia (1970-94)

        Dawda Jawara

        Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara was a Gambian politician who served as Prime Minister from 1962 to 1970, and then as the first President of the Gambia from 1970 to 1994.

      5. Head of state and head of government of The Gambia

        President of the Gambia

        The president of the Republic of The Gambia is the head of state and head of government of The Gambia. The president leads the executive branch of the government of The Gambia and is the commander-in-chief of the Gambia Armed Forces. The post was created in 1970, when The Gambia became a republic and has been held by three people: Dawda Jawara, who ruled from 1970 until 1994, Yahya Jammeh, who seized power in a bloodless coup that year and Adama Barrow, who defeated Jammeh in elections held in December 2016.

  10. 1967

    1. Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov dies in Soyuz 1 when its parachute fails to open. He is the first human to die during a space mission.

      1. Person who commands, pilots, or serves as a crew member of a spacecraft

        Astronaut

        An astronaut is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.

      2. Soviet cosmonaut, aeronautical engineer and test pilot (1927–1967)

        Vladimir Komarov

        Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut. In October 1964, he commanded Voskhod 1, the first spaceflight to carry more than one crew member. He became the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly in space twice when he was selected as the solo pilot of Soyuz 1, its first crewed test flight. A parachute failure caused his Soyuz capsule to crash into the ground after re-entry on 24 April 1967, making him the first human to die in a space flight.

      3. First crewed flight of the Soyuz programme

        Soyuz 1

        Soyuz 1 was a crewed spaceflight of the Soviet space program. Launched into orbit on 23 April 1967 carrying cosmonaut colonel Vladimir Komarov, Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft. The flight was plagued with technical issues, and Komarov was killed when the descent module crashed into the ground due to a parachute failure. This was the first in-flight fatality in the history of spaceflight.

      4. Device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere

        Parachute

        A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic lift. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who can exit from an aircraft at height and descend safely to earth.

    2. Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland says in a news conference that the enemy had "gained support in the United States that gives him hope that he can win politically that which he cannot win militarily".

      1. Cold War conflict in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975

        Vietnam War

        The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.

      2. 25th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1914–2005)

        William Westmoreland

        William Childs Westmoreland was a United States Army general, most notably commander of United States forces during the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968. He served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1968 to 1972.

  11. 1965

    1. Cold War: The Dominican Civil War broke out due to tensions following a military coup against the democratically elected government of President Juan Bosch two years earlier.

      1. 1947–1991 tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies

        Cold War

        The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.

      2. 1965 civil war in the Dominican Republic

        Dominican Civil War

        The Dominican Civil War, also known as the April Revolution, took place between April 24, 1965, and September 3, 1965, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. It started when civilian and military supporters of the overthrown democratically-elected president Juan Bosch ousted the militarily-installed president Donald Reid Cabral from office. The second coup prompted General Elías Wessin y Wessin to organize elements of the military loyal to President Reid ("loyalists"), initiating an armed campaign against the "constitutionalist" rebels. In riposte, the dissidents passed out Cristóbal carbines and machine guns to several thousand civilian sympathizers and adherents. Allegations of foreign communist support for the rebels led to a United States intervention in the conflict, which later transformed into an Organization of American States occupation of the country by the Inter-American Peace Force. Elections were held in 1966, in the aftermath of which Joaquín Balaguer was elected into the presidential seat. Later in the same year, foreign troops departed from the country.

      3. 20th-century Dominican politician and writer

        Juan Bosch (politician)

        Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño was a Dominican politician, historian, writer, essayist, educator, and the first democratically-elected president of the Dominican Republic for a brief time in 1963. Previously, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo for over 25 years. To this day, he is remembered as an honest politician and regarded as one of the most prominent writers in Dominican literature. He founded both the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) in 1939 and the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) in 1973.

    2. Civil war breaks out in the Dominican Republic when Colonel Francisco Caamaño overthrows the triumvirate that had been in power since the coup d'état against Juan Bosch.

      1. Country in the Caribbean

        Dominican Republic

        The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with Haiti, making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that is shared by two sovereign states. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area at 48,671 square kilometers (18,792 sq mi), and third-largest by population, with approximately 10.7 million people, down from 10.8 million in 2020, of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city. The official language of the country is Spanish.

      2. Dominican soldier and revolutionary leader during the 1965 Civil War

        Francisco Caamaño

        Col. Francisco Alberto Caamaño Deñó was a Dominican soldier and politician who took the constitutional presidency of the Dominican Republic during the Civil War of 1965. During the Dominican Republic Civil War, which began on April 24, 1965, Caamaño was one of the leaders in the movement to restore the democratically elected President Dr. Juan Bosch, who had been overthrown in a military coup d'état in September 1963.

      3. Regime dominated by three individuals

        Triumvirate

        A triumvirate or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs. The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are notionally equal, the actual distribution of power may vary. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader.

      4. Deposition of a government

        Coup d'état

        A coup d'état, also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, military, or a dictator. Many scholars consider a coup successful when the usurpers seize and hold power for at least seven days.

      5. 20th-century Dominican politician and writer

        Juan Bosch (politician)

        Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño was a Dominican politician, historian, writer, essayist, educator, and the first democratically-elected president of the Dominican Republic for a brief time in 1963. Previously, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo for over 25 years. To this day, he is remembered as an honest politician and regarded as one of the most prominent writers in Dominican literature. He founded both the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) in 1939 and the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) in 1973.

  12. 1963

    1. Marriage of Princess Alexandra of Kent to Angus Ogilvy at Westminster Abbey in London.

      1. Member of the British royal family (born 1936)

        Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy

        Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy is a member of the British royal family. She is the daughter of Prince George, Duke of Kent, and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, making her a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II and a first cousin once removed of the Queen's husband Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark.

      2. British businessman

        Angus Ogilvy

        Sir Angus James Bruce Ogilvy was a British businessman. He is best known as the husband of Princess Alexandra of Kent, a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. Ogilvy is also remembered for his role in a business scandal, known as the Lonrho affair, involving the breaking of sanctions against Rhodesia during the 1970s. In later years, he was very involved in charity work.

      3. Gothic abbey church in London, England

        Westminster Abbey

        Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and a burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have occurred in Westminster Abbey. Sixteen royal weddings have occurred at the abbey since 1100.

  13. 1957

    1. Suez Crisis: The Suez Canal is reopened following the introduction of UNEF peacekeepers to the region.

      1. 1956 invasion of Egypt by Israel, the United Kingdom and France

        Suez Crisis

        The Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli war, also called the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just swiftly nationalised the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal. Israel's primary objective was to re-open the blocked Straits of Tiran. After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated the United Kingdom and France and strengthened Nasser.

      2. Artificial waterway in Egypt

        Suez Canal

        The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long canal is a popular trade route between Europe and Asia.

      3. 1956 UN peacekeeping force in Egypt

        United Nations Emergency Force

        The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was a military and peacekeeping operation established by the United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the Suez Crisis of 1956 through the establishment of international peacekeepers on the border between Egypt and Israel. Approved by resolution 1001 (ES-I) of 7 November 1956, UNEF was developed in large measure as a result of efforts by UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld and a proposal from Canadian Minister of External Affairs Lester B. Pearson, who would later win the Nobel Peace Prize for it. The General Assembly had approved a plan submitted by the Secretary-General which envisaged the deployment of UNEF on both sides of the armistice line; Egypt accepted receiving the UN forces, but Israel refused it. In May 1967, Egypt asked that UNEF leave Egypt; as the troops started to evacuate over the next days, Israel invaded Egypt on 6 June 1967, initiating the Six-Day War and causing the death of one Brazilian Sergeant and 14 Indian peacekeepers – 17 other members of UNEF were also injured. The last member of UNEF left Egypt on 17 June.

  14. 1955

    1. The Bandung Conference ends: Twenty-nine non-aligned nations of Asia and Africa finish a meeting that condemns colonialism, racism, and the Cold War.

      1. 1955 meeting of Asian and African states

        Bandung Conference

        The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference —also known as the Bandung Conference—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The twenty-nine countries that participated represented a total population of 1.5 billion people, 54% of the world's population. The conference was organized by Indonesia, Burma (Myanmar), India, Ceylon, and Pakistan and was coordinated by Ruslan Abdulgani, secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.

      2. Creation and maintenance of colonies by people from another area

        Colonialism

        Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their religion, language, economics, and other cultural practices. The foreign administrators rule the territory in pursuit of their interests, seeking to benefit from the colonised region's people and resources. It is associated with but distinct from imperialism.

      3. Race or ethnic-based discrimination

        Racism

        Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity. Modern variants of racism are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These views can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems in which different races are ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. There have been attempts to legitimize racist beliefs through scientific means, such as scientific racism, which have been overwhelmingly shown to be unfounded. In terms of political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices or laws, racist ideology may include associated social aspects such as nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, and supremacism.

      4. 1947–1991 tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies

        Cold War

        The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.

  15. 1953

    1. Winston Churchill is knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

      1. British statesman and writer (1874–1965)

        Winston Churchill

        Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from 1951 to 1955. Apart from two years between 1922 and 1924, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1900 to 1964 and represented a total of five constituencies. Ideologically an economic liberal and imperialist, he was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from 1904 to 1924.

      2. Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022

        Elizabeth II

        Elizabeth II was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime, and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.

  16. 1944

    1. World War II: The British Special Boat Service executed a successful raid to destroy an Axis radio station on the Greek island of Santorini.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. British special forces unit of the Royal Navy

        Special Boat Service

        The Special Boat Service (SBS) is the special forces unit of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The SBS can trace its origins back to the Second World War when the Army Special Boat Section was formed in 1940. After the Second World War, the Royal Navy formed special forces with several name changes—Special Boat Company was adopted in 1951 and re-designated as the Special Boat Squadron in 1974—until on 28 July 1987 when the unit was renamed as the Special Boat Service after assuming responsibility for maritime counter-terrorism. Most of the operations conducted by the SBS are highly classified, and are rarely commented on by the British government or the Ministry of Defence, owing to their sensitive nature.

      3. 1944 battle of World War II

        Raid on Santorini

        The Raid on Santorini took place on 24 April 1944 as part of the Mediterranean Campaign in World War II. It was conducted by the British Special Boat Service, against the mixed German and Italian garrison on the island of Santorini (Thera) in the Aegean Sea. The raid was made in tandem with similar operations at the islands of Ios, Mykonos and Amorgos that aimed to destroy Axis naval observation posts and radio stations on the Cycladic islands.

      4. Greek island in the Cyclades

        Santorini

        Santorini, officially Thira and classical Greek Thera, is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast from the Greek mainland. It is the largest island of a small circular archipelago, which bears the same name and is the remnant of a caldera. It forms the southernmost member of the Cyclades group of islands, with an area of approximately 73 km2 (28 sq mi) and a 2011 census population of 15,550. The municipality of Santorini includes the inhabited islands of Santorini and Therasia, as well as the uninhabited islands of Nea Kameni, Palaia Kameni, Aspronisi and Christiana. The total land area is 90.623 km2 (34.990 sq mi). Santorini is part of the Thira regional unit.

    2. World War II: The SBS launches a raid against the garrison of Santorini in Greece.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. British special forces unit of the Royal Navy

        Special Boat Service

        The Special Boat Service (SBS) is the special forces unit of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The SBS can trace its origins back to the Second World War when the Army Special Boat Section was formed in 1940. After the Second World War, the Royal Navy formed special forces with several name changes—Special Boat Company was adopted in 1951 and re-designated as the Special Boat Squadron in 1974—until on 28 July 1987 when the unit was renamed as the Special Boat Service after assuming responsibility for maritime counter-terrorism. Most of the operations conducted by the SBS are highly classified, and are rarely commented on by the British government or the Ministry of Defence, owing to their sensitive nature.

      3. 1944 battle of World War II

        Raid on Santorini

        The Raid on Santorini took place on 24 April 1944 as part of the Mediterranean Campaign in World War II. It was conducted by the British Special Boat Service, against the mixed German and Italian garrison on the island of Santorini (Thera) in the Aegean Sea. The raid was made in tandem with similar operations at the islands of Ios, Mykonos and Amorgos that aimed to destroy Axis naval observation posts and radio stations on the Cycladic islands.

  17. 1933

    1. Nazi Germany began its persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses by shutting down the Watch Tower Society office in Magdeburg.

      1. Germany under control of the Nazi Party (1933–1945)

        Nazi Germany

        Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.

      2. Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses under National Socialism

        Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany

        Jehovah's Witnesses suffered religious persecution in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 after refusing to perform military service, join Nazi organizations, or give allegiance to the Hitler regime. An estimated 10,000 Witnesses—half of the number of members in Germany during that period—were imprisoned, including 2000 who were sent to Nazi concentration camps. An estimated 1200 died in custody, including 250 who were executed. They were the first Christian denomination banned by the Nazi government and the most extensively and intensively persecuted.

      3. List of corporations in use by Jehovah's Witnesses

        Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses

        A number of corporations are in use by Jehovah's Witnesses. They publish literature and perform other operational and administrative functions, representing the interests of the religious organization. "The Society" has been used as a collective term for these corporations.

      4. Capital of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

        Magdeburg

        Magdeburg is the capital and second-largest city of the German state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is situated at the Elbe river.

    2. Nazi Germany begins its persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses by shutting down the Watch Tower Society office in Magdeburg.

      1. Germany under control of the Nazi Party (1933–1945)

        Nazi Germany

        Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.

      2. Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses under National Socialism

        Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany

        Jehovah's Witnesses suffered religious persecution in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 after refusing to perform military service, join Nazi organizations, or give allegiance to the Hitler regime. An estimated 10,000 Witnesses—half of the number of members in Germany during that period—were imprisoned, including 2000 who were sent to Nazi concentration camps. An estimated 1200 died in custody, including 250 who were executed. They were the first Christian denomination banned by the Nazi government and the most extensively and intensively persecuted.

      3. List of corporations in use by Jehovah's Witnesses

        Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses

        A number of corporations are in use by Jehovah's Witnesses. They publish literature and perform other operational and administrative functions, representing the interests of the religious organization. "The Society" has been used as a collective term for these corporations.

      4. Capital of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

        Magdeburg

        Magdeburg is the capital and second-largest city of the German state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is situated at the Elbe river.

  18. 1932

    1. An estimated 400 ramblers committed a wilful mass trespass of Kinder Scout (pictured) in the Peak District to highlight the denial of access to areas of open country in England.

      1. Gait of locomotion among legged animals

        Walking

        Walking is one of the main gaits of terrestrial locomotion among legged animals. Walking is typically slower than running and other gaits. Walking is defined by an 'inverted pendulum' gait in which the body vaults over the stiff limb or limbs with each step. This applies regardless of the usable number of limbs—even arthropods, with six, eight, or more limbs, walk.

      2. 1932 protest in the UK

        Mass trespass of Kinder Scout

        The mass trespass of Kinder Scout was a trespass by members of the Young Communist League, the youth branch of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), at Kinder Scout in the Peak District, Derbyshire, England, on 24 April 1932, to highlight that walkers were denied access to areas of open country. It was organised by Benny Rothman, secretary of the British Workers' Sports Federation.

      3. Mountain in northern England, UK

        Kinder Scout

        Kinder Scout is a moorland plateau and national nature reserve in the Dark Peak of the Derbyshire Peak District in England. Part of the moor, at 636 metres (2,087 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in the Peak District, in Derbyshire and the East Midlands; this summit is sometimes simply called the Peak. In excellent weather conditions, the city of Manchester and the Greater Manchester conurbation can be seen from the western edges, as well as Winter Hill near Bolton and the mountains of Snowdonia in North Wales.

      4. Upland area in England

        Peak District

        The Peak District is an upland area in England at the southern end of the Pennines. Mostly in Derbyshire, it extends into Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire, West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire. It includes the Dark Peak, where moorland is found and the geology is dominated by gritstone, and the White Peak, a limestone area with valleys and gorges. The Dark Peak forms an arc on the north, east and west sides; the White Peak covers central and southern tracts. The historic Peak District extends beyond the National Park, which excludes major towns, quarries and industrial areas. It became the first of the national parks of England and Wales in 1951. Nearby Manchester, Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Sheffield send millions of visitors – some 20 million live within an hour's ride. Inhabited from the Mesolithic era, it shows evidence of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages. Settled by the Romans and Anglo-Saxons, it remained largely agricultural; mining arose in the Middle Ages. Richard Arkwright built cotton mills in the Industrial Revolution. As mining declined, quarrying grew. Tourism came with the railways, spurred by the landscape, spa towns and Castleton's show caves.

    2. Benny Rothman leads the mass trespass of Kinder Scout, leading to substantial legal reforms in the United Kingdom.

      1. 20th-century British left-wing political activist

        Benny Rothman

        Bernard "Benny" Rothman was a British political activist, most famous for his leading role in the Mass trespass of Kinder Scout in 1932.

      2. 1932 protest in the UK

        Mass trespass of Kinder Scout

        The mass trespass of Kinder Scout was a trespass by members of the Young Communist League, the youth branch of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), at Kinder Scout in the Peak District, Derbyshire, England, on 24 April 1932, to highlight that walkers were denied access to areas of open country. It was organised by Benny Rothman, secretary of the British Workers' Sports Federation.

  19. 1926

    1. The Treaty of Berlin is signed. Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five years.

      1. 1926 neutrality and non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union

        Treaty of Berlin (1926)

        The Treaty of Berlin was a treaty signed on 24 April 1926 under which Germany and the Soviet Union pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for five years. The treaty reaffirmed the German-Soviet Treaty of Rapallo (1922).

      2. Country in Eurasia (1922–1991)

        Soviet Union

        The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.

  20. 1924

    1. Thorvald Stauning becomes premier of Denmark (first term).

      1. Prime Minister of Denmark (1873–1942)

        Thorvald Stauning

        Thorvald August Marinus Stauning was the first social democratic Prime Minister of Denmark. He served as Prime Minister from 1924 to 1926 and again from 1929 until his death in 1942.

      2. Country in Northern Europe

        Denmark

        Denmark is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the most populous and politically central constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean. European Denmark is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying southwest of Sweden, south of Norway, and north of Germany.

  21. 1922

    1. The first portion of the Imperial Wireless Chain, a strategic international wireless telegraphy communications network created to link the countries of the British Empire, opened.

      1. Radiotelegraphic communications network within the British Empire in the 20th century

        Imperial Wireless Chain

        The Imperial Wireless Chain was a strategic international communications network of powerful long range radiotelegraphy stations, created by the British government to link the countries of the British Empire. The stations exchanged commercial and diplomatic text message traffic transmitted at high speed by Morse code using paper tape machines. Although the idea was conceived prior to World War I, the United Kingdom was the last of the world's great powers to implement an operational system. The first link in the chain, between Leafield in Oxfordshire and Cairo, Egypt, eventually opened on 24 April 1922, with the final link, between Australia and Canada, opening on 16 June 1928.

      2. Method of communication

        Wireless telegraphy

        Wireless telegraphy or radiotelegraphy is transmission of text messages by radio waves, analogous to electrical telegraphy using cables. Before about 1910, the term wireless telegraphy was also used for other experimental technologies for transmitting telegraph signals without wires. In radiotelegraphy, information is transmitted by pulses of radio waves of two different lengths called "dots" and "dashes", which spell out text messages, usually in Morse code. In a manual system, the sending operator taps on a switch called a telegraph key which turns the transmitter on and off, producing the pulses of radio waves. At the receiver the pulses are audible in the receiver's speaker as beeps, which are translated back to text by an operator who knows Morse code.

      3. States and dominions ruled by the United Kingdom

        British Empire

        The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 per cent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km2 (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", as the Sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.

    2. The first segment of the Imperial Wireless Chain providing wireless telegraphy between Leafield in Oxfordshire, England, and Cairo, Egypt, comes into operation.

      1. Radiotelegraphic communications network within the British Empire in the 20th century

        Imperial Wireless Chain

        The Imperial Wireless Chain was a strategic international communications network of powerful long range radiotelegraphy stations, created by the British government to link the countries of the British Empire. The stations exchanged commercial and diplomatic text message traffic transmitted at high speed by Morse code using paper tape machines. Although the idea was conceived prior to World War I, the United Kingdom was the last of the world's great powers to implement an operational system. The first link in the chain, between Leafield in Oxfordshire and Cairo, Egypt, eventually opened on 24 April 1922, with the final link, between Australia and Canada, opening on 16 June 1928.

      2. Method of communication

        Wireless telegraphy

        Wireless telegraphy or radiotelegraphy is transmission of text messages by radio waves, analogous to electrical telegraphy using cables. Before about 1910, the term wireless telegraphy was also used for other experimental technologies for transmitting telegraph signals without wires. In radiotelegraphy, information is transmitted by pulses of radio waves of two different lengths called "dots" and "dashes", which spell out text messages, usually in Morse code. In a manual system, the sending operator taps on a switch called a telegraph key which turns the transmitter on and off, producing the pulses of radio waves. At the receiver the pulses are audible in the receiver's speaker as beeps, which are translated back to text by an operator who knows Morse code.

      3. Human settlement in England

        Leafield

        Leafield is a village and civil parish about 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Witney in West Oxfordshire. The parish includes the hamlet of Langley, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Leafield village. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 945. The village is 635 feet (194 m) above sea level in the Cotswold Hills. It was the highest point in Oxfordshire until the 1974 county boundary changes enlarged the county.

      4. County of England

        Oxfordshire

        Oxfordshire is a landlocked county in the far west of the government statistical region of South East England. The ceremonial county borders Warwickshire to the north-west, Northamptonshire to the north-east, Buckinghamshire to the east, Berkshire to the south, Wiltshire to the south-west and Gloucestershire to the west.

      5. Capital city of Egypt

        Cairo

        Cairo is the capital of Egypt and the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East. The Greater Cairo metropolitan area, with a population of 21.9 million, is the 12th-largest in the world by population. Cairo is associated with ancient Egypt, as the Giza pyramid complex and the ancient cities of Memphis and Heliopolis are located in its geographical area. Located near the Nile Delta, the city first developed as Fustat, a settlement founded after the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 640 next to an existing ancient Roman fortress, Babylon. Under the Fatimid dynasty a new city, al-Qāhirah, was founded nearby in 969. It later superseded Fustat as the main urban centre during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life, and is titled "the city of a thousand minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture. Cairo's historic center was awarded World Heritage Site-status in 1979. Cairo is considered a World City with a "Beta +" classification according to GaWC.

  22. 1918

    1. First World War: The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux began, which contained the first instance of tanks fighting against each other.

      1. Global war, 1914–1918

        World War I

        World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

      2. 1918 battle of the First World War

        Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux

        The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux took place from 24 to 27 April 1918, during the German spring offensive to the east of Amiens. It is notable for being the first occasion on which tanks fought against each other; it was the biggest and most successful tank action of the German army in the First World War.

      3. Tracked heavy armoured fighting vehicle

        Tank

        A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and good battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engine; usually their main armament is mounted in a turret. They are a mainstay of modern 20th and 21st century ground forces and a key part of combined arms combat.

    2. World War I: First tank-to-tank combat, during the second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux. Three British Mark IVs meet three German A7Vs.

      1. Global war, 1914–1918

        World War I

        World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

      2. 1918 battle of the First World War

        Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux

        The Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux took place from 24 to 27 April 1918, during the German spring offensive to the east of Amiens. It is notable for being the first occasion on which tanks fought against each other; it was the biggest and most successful tank action of the German army in the First World War.

      3. British WWI Tank

        Mark IV tank

        The Mark IV was a British tank of the First World War. Introduced in 1917, it benefited from significant developments of the Mark I tank. The main improvements were in armour, the re-siting of the fuel tank and ease of transport. A total of 1,220 Mk IV were built: 420 "Males", 595 "Females" and 205 Tank Tenders, which made it the most numerous British tank of the war. The Mark IV was first used in mid 1917 at the Battle of Messines Ridge. It remained in British service until the end of the war, and a small number served briefly with other combatants afterwards.

      4. Tank used by Germany in WW I

        A7V

        The A7V was a heavy tank introduced by Germany in 1918 during World War I. One hundred chassis were ordered in early 1917, ten to be finished as fighting vehicles with armoured bodies, and the remainder as Überlandwagen cargo carriers. The number to be armoured was later increased to 20. They were used in action from March to October 1918, and were the only tanks produced by Germany in World War I to be used in combat.

  23. 1916

    1. Irish republicans led by Patrick Pearse began the Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland, and proclaimed the Irish Republic an independent state.

      1. Political movement for the unity and independence of Ireland

        Irish republicanism

        Irish republicanism is the political movement for the unity and independence of Ireland under a republic. Irish republicans view British rule in any part of Ireland as inherently illegitimate.

      2. Irish revolutionary (1879-1916)

        Patrick Pearse

        Patrick Henry Pearse was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist, republican political activist and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen others, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.

      3. 1916 armed insurrection in Ireland

        Easter Rising

        The Easter Rising, also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the aim of establishing an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was fighting the First World War. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798 and the first armed conflict of the Irish revolutionary period. Sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed from May 1916. The nature of the executions, and subsequent political developments, ultimately contributed to an increase in popular support for Irish independence.

      4. 1916 declaration of Irish independence from the United Kingdom

        Proclamation of the Irish Republic

        The Proclamation of the Republic, also known as the 1916 Proclamation or the Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. In it, the Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, styling itself the ’Provisional Government of the Irish Republic’, proclaimed Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom. The reading of the proclamation by Padraig Pearse outside the General Post Office (GPO) on Sackville Street, Dublin's main thoroughfare, marked the beginning of the Rising. The proclamation was modelled on a similar independence proclamation issued during the 1803 rebellion by Robert Emmet.

      5. Revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom; 1919-1922

        Irish Republic

        The Irish Republic was an unrecognised revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom in January 1919. The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to only 21 of Ireland's 32 counties, and British state forces maintained a presence across much of the north-east, as well as Cork, Dublin and other major towns. The republic was strongest in rural areas, and through its military forces was able to influence the population in urban areas that it did not directly control.

    2. Easter Rising: Irish rebels, led by Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, launch an uprising in Dublin against British rule and proclaim an Irish Republic.

      1. 1916 armed insurrection in Ireland

        Easter Rising

        The Easter Rising, also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the aim of establishing an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was fighting the First World War. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798 and the first armed conflict of the Irish revolutionary period. Sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed from May 1916. The nature of the executions, and subsequent political developments, ultimately contributed to an increase in popular support for Irish independence.

      2. Irish revolutionary (1879-1916)

        Patrick Pearse

        Patrick Henry Pearse was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist, republican political activist and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen others, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.

      3. Irish republican, trade unionist and socialist revolutionary

        James Connolly

        James Connolly was an Irish republican, socialist and trade union leader. Born to Irish parents in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland, Connolly left school for working life at the age of 11, and became involved in socialist politics in the 1880s.

      4. 1916 declaration of Irish independence from the United Kingdom

        Proclamation of the Irish Republic

        The Proclamation of the Republic, also known as the 1916 Proclamation or the Easter Proclamation, was a document issued by the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising in Ireland, which began on 24 April 1916. In it, the Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, styling itself the ’Provisional Government of the Irish Republic’, proclaimed Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom. The reading of the proclamation by Padraig Pearse outside the General Post Office (GPO) on Sackville Street, Dublin's main thoroughfare, marked the beginning of the Rising. The proclamation was modelled on a similar independence proclamation issued during the 1803 rebellion by Robert Emmet.

    3. Ernest Shackleton and five men of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition launch a lifeboat from uninhabited Elephant Island in the Southern Ocean to organise a rescue for the crew of the sunken Endurance.

      1. Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer (1874–1922)

        Ernest Shackleton

        Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

      2. 1914–1917 expedition to Antarctica

        Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

        The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing of the Antarctic continent. After Roald Amundsen's South Pole expedition in 1911, this crossing remained, in Shackleton's words, the "one great main object of Antarctic journeyings". Shackleton's expedition failed to accomplish this objective, but became recognized instead as an epic feat of endurance.

      3. Island off the coast of Antarctica

        Elephant Island

        Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated 245 kilometres north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1,253 kilometres west-southwest of South Georgia, 935 kilometres south of the Falkland Islands, and 885 kilometres southeast of Cape Horn. It is within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom.

      4. Ocean around Antarctica

        Southern Ocean

        The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. With a size of 20,327,000 km2 (7,848,000 sq mi), it is regarded as the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean. Over the past 30 years, the Southern Ocean has been subject to rapid climate change, which has led to changes in the marine ecosystem.

      5. Ship of Ernest Shackleton

        Endurance (1912 ship)

        Endurance was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton and a crew of 27 men sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914–1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The ship, originally named Polaris, was built at Framnæs shipyard and launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway. After her commissioners could no longer pay the shipyard, the ship was bought by Shackleton in January 1914 for the expedition, which would be her first voyage. A year later, she became trapped in pack ice and finally sank in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica on 21 November 1915. All of the crew survived her sinking and were eventually rescued in 1916 after using the ship's boats to travel to Elephant Island and Shackleton, the ship's captain Frank Worsley, and four others made a voyage to seek help.

  24. 1915

    1. The arrest of 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Istanbul marks the beginning of the Armenian genocide.

      1. Start of Armenian genocide

        Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

        The deportation of Armenian intellectuals is conventionally held to mark the beginning of the Armenian genocide. Leaders of the Armenian community in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, and later other locations, were arrested and moved to two holding centers near Angora. The order to do so was given by Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha on 24 April 1915. On that night, the first wave of 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals of Constantinople were arrested. With the adoption of the Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, these detainees were later relocated within the Ottoman Empire; most of them were ultimately killed. More than 80 such as Vrtanes Papazian, Aram Andonian, and Komitas survived.

      2. Largest city in Turkey

        Istanbul

        Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is the largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, cultural and historic hub. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, lying in both Europe and Asia, and has a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. Istanbul is the most populous European city, and the world's 15th-largest city.

      3. 1915–1917 mass murder in the Ottoman Empire

        Armenian genocide

        The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the forced Islamization of Armenian women and children.

  25. 1914

    1. The Franck–Hertz experiment, the first electrical measurement to clearly demonstrate quantum mechanics, was presented to the German Physical Society.

      1. Experiment confirming quantisation of energy levels

        Franck–Hertz experiment

        The Franck–Hertz experiment was the first electrical measurement to clearly show the quantum nature of atoms, and thus "transformed our understanding of the world". It was presented on April 24, 1914, to the German Physical Society in a paper by James Franck and Gustav Hertz. Franck and Hertz had designed a vacuum tube for studying energetic electrons that flew through a thin vapor of mercury atoms. They discovered that, when an electron collided with a mercury atom, it could lose only a specific quantity of its kinetic energy before flying away. This energy loss corresponds to decelerating the electron from a speed of about 1.3 million meters per second to zero. A faster electron does not decelerate completely after a collision, but loses precisely the same amount of its kinetic energy. Slower electrons merely bounce off mercury atoms without losing any significant speed or kinetic energy.

      2. Description of physics at the atomic scale

        Quantum mechanics

        Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.

      3. Physics organisation in Germany

        German Physical Society

        The German Physical Society is the oldest organisation of physicists. The DPG's worldwide membership is cited as 60,547, as of 2019, making it the largest physics society in the world. It holds an annual conference and multiple spring conferences, which are held at various locations and along topical subjects of given sections of the DPG. The DPG serves the fields of pure and applied physics. Main aims are to bring its members and all physicists living in Germany closer together, represent their entirety outwards as well as foster the exchange of ideas between its members and foreign colleagues. The DPG binds itself and its members to advocate for freedom, tolerance, veracity and dignity in science and to be aware about the fact that the people working in science are responsible to a particularly high extent for the configuration of the overall human activity.

    2. The Franck–Hertz experiment, a pillar of quantum mechanics, is presented to the German Physical Society.

      1. Experiment confirming quantisation of energy levels

        Franck–Hertz experiment

        The Franck–Hertz experiment was the first electrical measurement to clearly show the quantum nature of atoms, and thus "transformed our understanding of the world". It was presented on April 24, 1914, to the German Physical Society in a paper by James Franck and Gustav Hertz. Franck and Hertz had designed a vacuum tube for studying energetic electrons that flew through a thin vapor of mercury atoms. They discovered that, when an electron collided with a mercury atom, it could lose only a specific quantity of its kinetic energy before flying away. This energy loss corresponds to decelerating the electron from a speed of about 1.3 million meters per second to zero. A faster electron does not decelerate completely after a collision, but loses precisely the same amount of its kinetic energy. Slower electrons merely bounce off mercury atoms without losing any significant speed or kinetic energy.

      2. Non-technical introduction to quantum physics

        Introduction to quantum mechanics

        Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the moon. Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain. The desire to resolve inconsistencies between observed phenomena and classical theory led to two major revolutions in physics that created a shift in the original scientific paradigm: the theory of relativity and the development of quantum mechanics. This article describes how physicists discovered the limitations of classical physics and developed the main concepts of the quantum theory that replaced it in the early decades of the 20th century. It describes these concepts in roughly the order in which they were first discovered. For a more complete history of the subject, see History of quantum mechanics.

      3. Physics organisation in Germany

        German Physical Society

        The German Physical Society is the oldest organisation of physicists. The DPG's worldwide membership is cited as 60,547, as of 2019, making it the largest physics society in the world. It holds an annual conference and multiple spring conferences, which are held at various locations and along topical subjects of given sections of the DPG. The DPG serves the fields of pure and applied physics. Main aims are to bring its members and all physicists living in Germany closer together, represent their entirety outwards as well as foster the exchange of ideas between its members and foreign colleagues. The DPG binds itself and its members to advocate for freedom, tolerance, veracity and dignity in science and to be aware about the fact that the people working in science are responsible to a particularly high extent for the configuration of the overall human activity.

  26. 1913

    1. The Woolworth Building in New York City officially opened; at the time, it was the tallest building in the world, with a height of 792 ft (241 m).

      1. Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

        Woolworth Building

        The Woolworth Building is an early American skyscraper designed by architect Cass Gilbert located at 233 Broadway in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930, with a height of 792 feet (241 m). More than a century after its construction, it remains one of the 100 tallest buildings in the United States.

      2. Tallest buildings

        List of tallest buildings

        This list of tallest buildings includes skyscrapers with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least 340 metres (1,120 ft). Non-building structures, such as towers, are not included in this list.

    2. The Woolworth Building, a skyscraper in New York City, is opened.

      1. Skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

        Woolworth Building

        The Woolworth Building is an early American skyscraper designed by architect Cass Gilbert located at 233 Broadway in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930, with a height of 792 feet (241 m). More than a century after its construction, it remains one of the 100 tallest buildings in the United States.

      2. Tall habitable building

        Skyscraper

        A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having multiple floors. Modern sources currently define skyscrapers as being at least 100 metres (330 ft) or 150 metres (490 ft) in height, though there is no universally accepted definition. Skyscrapers are very tall high-rise buildings. Historically, the term first referred to buildings with between 10 and 20 stories when these types of buildings began to be constructed in the 1880s. Skyscrapers may host offices, hotels, residential spaces, and retail spaces.

  27. 1904

    1. Realizing that the Russification of Lithuania was not working, the Russian Empire lifted the 40-year-old ban on publications written in Lithuanian language using the Latin alphabet.

      1. Measures to increase the influence of Russian culture and language

        Russification

        Russification, or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian culture and the Russian language.

      2. Empire spanning Europe and Asia from 1721 to 1917

        Russian Empire

        The Russian Empire was the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity.

      3. Ban on Lithuanian language publications in the Russian Empire

        Lithuanian press ban

        The Lithuanian press ban was a ban on all Lithuanian language publications printed in the Latin alphabet in force from 1865 to 1904 within the Russian Empire, which controlled Lithuania proper at the time. Lithuanian-language publications that used Cyrillic were allowed and even encouraged.

      4. Baltic language, official in Lithuania and the European Union

        Lithuanian language

        Lithuanian [lʲeˈtʊvʲuː ˈkɐɫbɐ] is an Eastern Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is the official language of Lithuania and one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.8 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 200,000 speakers elsewhere.

      5. Alphabet used to write the Latin language

        Latin alphabet

        The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions, it used to write English and the other modern European languages. With modifications, it is also used for other alphabets, such as the Vietnamese alphabet. Its modern repertoire is standardised as the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

  28. 1895

    1. Joshua Slocum, the first person to sail single-handedly around the world, sets sail from Boston, Massachusetts aboard the sloop "Spray".

      1. 19th-century Canadian-American seaman; first to circumnavigate the world solo

        Joshua Slocum

        Joshua Slocum was the first person to sail single-handedly around the world. He was a Nova Scotian-born, naturalised American seaman and adventurer, and a noted writer. In 1900 he wrote a book about his journey, Sailing Alone Around the World, which became an international best-seller. He disappeared in November 1909 while aboard his boat, the Spray.

  29. 1885

    1. American sharpshooter Annie Oakley is hired by Nate Salsbury to be a part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West.

      1. Highly proficient with firearms

        Sharpshooter

        A sharpshooter is one who is highly proficient at firing firearms or other projectile weapons accurately. Military units composed of sharpshooters were important factors in 19th-century combat. Along with "marksman" and "expert", "sharpshooter" is one of the three marksmanship badges awarded by the United States Army and the United States Marine Corps. The United States Navy and the United States Coast Guard use a ribbon with an attached "S" device to note a sharpshooter qualification.

      2. American exhibition sharpshooter (1860–1926)

        Annie Oakley

        Annie Oakley was an American sharpshooter who starred in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show.

      3. American frontiersman and showman (1846–1917)

        Buffalo Bill

        William Frederick Cody, known as "Buffalo Bill", was an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman. He was born in Le Claire, Iowa Territory, but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in modern-day Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, before the family returned to the Midwest and settled in the Kansas Territory.

  30. 1877

    1. Russo-Turkish War: Russian Empire declares war on Ottoman Empire.

      1. 1877–1878 conflict fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire

        Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

        The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, it originated in emerging 19th century Balkan nationalism. Additional factors included the Russian goals of recovering territorial losses endured during the Crimean War of 1853–56, re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire.

      2. Empire spanning Europe and Asia from 1721 to 1917

        Russian Empire

        The Russian Empire was the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity.

      3. Empire existing from 1299 to 1922

        Ottoman Empire

        The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.

  31. 1866

    1. German composer Max Bruch conducted the premiere of his first violin concerto, which later became his most famous work.

      1. German romantic composer and conductor (1838–1920)

        Max Bruch

        Max Bruch was a German Romantic composer, violinist, teacher, and conductor who wrote more than 200 works, including three violin concertos, the first of which has become a prominent staple of the standard violin repertoire.

      2. Violin concerto by Max Bruch

        Violin Concerto No. 1 (Bruch)

        Max Bruch's Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26, is one of the most popular violin concertos in solo violin repertoire and, along with the Scottish Fantasy, the composer's most famous work. It has been recorded often.

  32. 1837

    1. A fire broke out in the Indian city of Surat, destroying 9,737 homes, about three-fourths of the city.

      1. 1837 fire in Surat, British India (now within Gujarat, India)

        1837 Surat fire

        In April 1837, a fire broke out in the Indian city of Surat, then under British East India Company rule. It resulted in more than 500 deaths and the destruction of 9,737 houses in a 93⁄4 mile radius. It was the most destructive fire in the history of the city.

      2. City in Gujarat, India

        Surat

        Surat is a city in the western Indian state of Gujarat. The word Surat literally means face in Gujarati language & Hindi language. Located on the banks of the river Tapti near its confluence with the Arabian Sea, it used to be a large seaport. It is now the commercial and economic center in South Gujarat, and one of the largest urban areas of western India. It has well-established diamond and textile industry, and is a major supply centre for apparels and accessories. About 90% of the world's diamonds supply are cut and polished in the city. It is the second largest city in Gujarat after Ahmedabad and the eighth largest city by population and ninth largest urban agglomeration in India. It is the administrative capital of the Surat district. The city is located 284 kilometres (176 mi) south of the state capital, Gandhinagar; 265 kilometres (165 mi) south of Ahmedabad; and 289 kilometres (180 mi) north of Mumbai. The city centre is located on the Tapti River, close to Arabian Sea.

    2. The great fire in Surat city of India caused more than 500 deaths and destruction of more than 9000 houses.

      1. 1837 fire in Surat, British India (now within Gujarat, India)

        1837 Surat fire

        In April 1837, a fire broke out in the Indian city of Surat, then under British East India Company rule. It resulted in more than 500 deaths and the destruction of 9,737 houses in a 93⁄4 mile radius. It was the most destructive fire in the history of the city.

  33. 1800

    1. The Library of Congress (building pictured), the de facto national library of the United States, was established as part of an act of Congress providing for the transfer of the nation's capital from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.

      1. US Congress research library

        Library of Congress

        The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.; it also maintains a conservation center in Culpeper, Virginia. The library's functions are overseen by the Librarian of Congress, and its buildings are maintained by the Architect of the Capitol. The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world. Its "collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 470 languages."

      2. Practical rather than theoretical reality

        De facto

        De facto describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with de jure, which refers to things that happen according to official law, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.

      3. Library specifically established by the government

        National library

        A national library is a library established by a government as a country's preeminent repository of information. Unlike public libraries, these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. A national library is that library which has the duty of collecting and preserving the literature of the nation within and outside the country. Thus, national libraries are those libraries whose community is the nation at large. Examples include the British Library, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.

      4. Law enacted by the United States Congress

        Act of Congress

        An Act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress. Acts may apply only to individual entities, or to the general public. For a bill to become an act, the text must pass through both houses with a majority, then be either signed into law by the president of the United States or receive congressional override against a presidential veto.

      5. Largest city in Pennsylvania, United States

        Philadelphia

        Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Since 1854, the city has been coextensive with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and one of world's largest metropolitan regions, with 6.245 million residents as of 2020. The city's population as of the 2020 census was 1,603,797, and over 56 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of Philadelphia.

      6. Capital city of the United States

        Washington, D.C.

        Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

    2. The United States Library of Congress is established when President John Adams signs legislation to appropriate $5,000 to purchase "such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress".

      1. US Congress research library

        Library of Congress

        The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.; it also maintains a conservation center in Culpeper, Virginia. The library's functions are overseen by the Librarian of Congress, and its buildings are maintained by the Architect of the Capitol. The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world. Its "collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 470 languages."

      2. President of the United States from 1797 to 1801

        John Adams

        John Adams was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain, and during the war served as a diplomat in Europe. He was twice elected vice president, serving from 1789 to 1797 in a prestigious role with little power. Adams was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important contemporaries, including his wife and adviser Abigail Adams as well as his friend and rival Thomas Jefferson.

      3. Branch of the United States federal government

        United States Congress

        The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.

  34. 1793

    1. French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is acquitted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of charges brought by the Girondin in Paris.

      1. Politician and journalist during the French Revolution (1743–1793)

        Jean-Paul Marat

        Jean-Paul Marat was a French political theorist, physician, and scientist. A journalist and politician during the French Revolution, he was a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes, a radical voice, and published his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers. His periodical L'Ami du peuple made him an unofficial link with the radical Jacobin group that came to power after June 1793.

  35. 1704

    1. John Campbell released the first issue of The Boston News-Letter, the first continuously published newspaper in British North America.

      1. John Campbell (editor)

        John Campbell was an early American newspaper publisher and editor and Postmaster of Boston. He founded the first regularly published newspaper in British America, The Boston News-Letter.

      2. First newspaper in British North America

        The Boston News-Letter

        The Boston News-Letter, first published on April 24, 1704, is regarded as the first continuously published newspaper in the colony of Massachusetts. It was heavily subsidized by the British government, with a limited circulation. All copies were approved by the Royal governor before publication. The colonies’ first newspaper was Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, which published its first and only issue on September 25, 1690. The Weekly Jamaica Courant followed in Kingston, Jamaica from 1718. In 1726 the Boston Gazette began publishing with Bartholomew Green, Jr., as printer.

      3. Former British imperial territories

        British North America

        British North America comprised the colonial territories of the British Empire in North America from 1783 onwards. English colonisation of North America began in the 16th century in Newfoundland, then further south at Roanoke and Jamestown, Virginia, and more substantially with the founding of the Thirteen Colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America.

    2. The first regular newspaper in British Colonial America, The Boston News-Letter, is published.

      1. British colonies forming the United States

        Thirteen Colonies

        The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th centuries, they began fighting the American Revolutionary War in April 1775 and formed the United States of America by declaring full independence in July 1776. Just prior to declaring independence, the Thirteen Colonies in their traditional groupings were: New England ; Middle ; Southern. The Thirteen Colonies came to have very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, dominated by Protestant English-speakers. The first of these colonies was Virginia Colony in 1607, a Southern colony. While all these colonies needed to become economically viable, the founding of the New England colonies, as well as the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania, were substantially motivated by their founders' concerns related to the practice of religion. The other colonies were founded for business and economic expansion. The Middle Colonies were established on an earlier Dutch colony, New Netherland. All the Thirteen Colonies were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included territory in Canada, Florida, and the Caribbean.

      2. First newspaper in British North America

        The Boston News-Letter

        The Boston News-Letter, first published on April 24, 1704, is regarded as the first continuously published newspaper in the colony of Massachusetts. It was heavily subsidized by the British government, with a limited circulation. All copies were approved by the Royal governor before publication. The colonies’ first newspaper was Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick, which published its first and only issue on September 25, 1690. The Weekly Jamaica Courant followed in Kingston, Jamaica from 1718. In 1726 the Boston Gazette began publishing with Bartholomew Green, Jr., as printer.

  36. 1558

    1. Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Dauphin of France, François, at Notre Dame de Paris.

      1. Queen of Scotland (r. 1542-67) and Dowager Queen of France

        Mary, Queen of Scots

        Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567.

      2. Title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France

        Dauphin of France

        Dauphin of France, originally Dauphin of Viennois, was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791, and from 1824 to 1830. The word dauphin is French for dolphin. At first, the heirs were granted the County of Viennois (Dauphiné) to rule, but eventually only the title was granted.

      3. King of France from 1559 to 1560

        Francis II of France

        Francis II was King of France from 1559 to 1560. He was also King consort of Scotland as a result of his marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots, from 1558 until his death in 1560.

      4. Cathedral in Paris

        Notre-Dame de Paris

        Notre-Dame de Paris, referred to simply as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité, in the 4th arrondissement of Paris. The cathedral, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. Several of its attributes set it apart from the earlier Romanesque style, particularly its pioneering use of the rib vault and flying buttress, its enormous and colourful rose windows, and the naturalism and abundance of its sculptural decoration. Notre Dame also stands out for its musical components, notably its three pipe organs and its immense church bells.

  37. 1547

    1. Battle of Mühlberg. Duke of Alba, commanding Spanish-Imperial forces of Charles I of Spain, defeats the troops of Schmalkaldic League.

      1. 1547 battle of the Schmalkaldic War

        Battle of Mühlberg

        The Battle of Mühlberg took place near Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War. The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and Landgrave Philip I of Hesse.

      2. Spanish military leader and diplomat (1507–1582)

        Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

        Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba, known as the Grand Duke of Alba in Spain and Portugal and as the Iron Duke in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general and diplomat. He was titled the 3rd Duke of Alba de Tormes, 4th Marquess of Coria, 3rd Count of Salvatierra de Tormes, 2nd Count of Piedrahita, 8th Lord of Valdecorneja, Grandee of Spain and a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. His motto in Latin was Deo patrum nostrorum.

      3. Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, and Duke of Burgundy

        Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

        Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and the Kingdom of Spain with its southern Italian possessions of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. Furthermore, he oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization of the Americas and the short-lived German colonization of the Americas. The personal union of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".

      4. Lutheran alliance in the Holy Roman Empire

        Schmalkaldic League

        The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.

  38. -1183

    1. Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy marking the end of the legendary Trojan War, given by chief librarian of the Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes, among others.

      1. Ancient Homeric-era city in northwest Asia Minor

        Troy

        Troy or Ilion was an ancient city located at Hisarlik in present-day Turkey, 30 kilometres (19 mi) south-west of Çanakkale and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) miles east of the Aegean Sea. It is known as the setting for the Greek myth of the Trojan War.

      2. Legendary war in Greek mythology

        Trojan War

        In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. The core of the Iliad describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.

      3. Greek mathematician, geographer, poet

        Eratosthenes

        Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today.

  39. -1479

    1. Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).

      1. Sixth Egyptian Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1479 BC - 1425 BC)

        Thutmose III

        Thutmose III, sometimes called Thutmose the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Officially, Thutmose III ruled Egypt for almost 54 years and his reign is usually dated from 28 April 1479 BC to 11 March 1425 BC, from the age of two and until his death at age fifty-six; however, during the first 22 years of his reign, he was coregent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut, who was named the pharaoh. While he was shown first on surviving monuments, both were assigned the usual royal names and insignia and neither is given any obvious seniority over the other. Thutmose served as the head of Hatshepsut's armies. During the final two years of his reign, he appointed his son and successor, Amenhotep II, as his junior co-regent. His firstborn son and heir to the throne, Amenemhat, predeceased Thutmose III. He would become one of the most powerful pharaohs of the 18th dynasty.

      2. Northeastern African civilization

        Ancient Egypt

        Ancient Egypt was a civilization in Northeast Africa situated in the Nile Valley. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes. The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.

      3. Second confirmed female Egyptian pharaoh

        Hatshepsut

        Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, after Sobekneferu.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2022

    1. Andrew Woolfolk, American saxophonist (b. 1950) deaths

      1. American saxophonist (1950–2022)

        Andrew Woolfolk

        Andrew Paul Woolfolk II was an American saxophonist. Woolfolk was a longtime member of the band Earth, Wind & Fire from 1973 to 1985, and from 1987 to 1993. He also collaborated with artists such as Deniece Williams, Stanley Turrentine, Phil Collins, Twennynine, Philip Bailey, and Level 42.

  2. 2017

    1. Robert Pirsig, American author and philosopher (b. 1928) deaths

      1. American writer and philosopher

        Robert M. Pirsig

        Robert Maynard Pirsig was an American writer and philosopher. He was the author of the philosophical novels Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974) and Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991), and he co-authored On Quality: An Inquiry Into Excellence: Selected and Unpublished Writings (2022) along with his wife and editor, Wendy Pirsig.

  3. 2016

    1. Tommy Kono, American weightlifter and coach (b. 1930) deaths

      1. Japanese-American weightlifter

        Tommy Kono

        Tamio "Tommy" Kono was a Japanese American weightlifter in the 1950s and 1960s. Kono set world records in four different weight classes: lightweight, middleweight, light-heavyweight and middle-heavyweight.

  4. 2015

    1. Władysław Bartoszewski, Polish journalist and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1922) deaths

      1. Polish politician and activist (1922–2015)

        Władysław Bartoszewski

        Władysław Bartoszewski was a Polish politician, social activist, journalist, writer and historian. A former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner, he was a World War II resistance fighter as part of the Polish underground and participated in the Warsaw Uprising. After the war he was persecuted and imprisoned by the communist Polish People's Republic due to his membership in the Home Army and opposition activity.

      2. Poland Ministry of Foreign Affairs

        Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)

        The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the Polish government department tasked with maintaining Poland's international relations and coordinating its participation in international and regional supra-national political organisations such as the European Union and United Nations. The head of the ministry holds a place in the Council of Ministers.

  5. 2014

    1. Hans Hollein, Austrian architect, designed Haas House (b. 1934) deaths

      1. Austrian architect and designer (1934–2014)

        Hans Hollein

        Hans Hollein was an Austrian architect and designer and key figure of postmodern architecture. Some of his most notable works are the Haas House and the Albertina extension in the inner city of Vienna.

      2. Building in Vienna

        Haas House

        The Haas House is a building in Vienna at the Stock-im-Eisen-Platz.

    2. Sandy Jardine, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1948) deaths

      1. Scottish professional footballer

        Sandy Jardine

        William "Sandy" Pullar Jardine was a Scottish professional footballer who played for Rangers, Hearts and represented Scotland. He played over 1000 professional games and twice won the Scottish Football Writers Association Player of the Year award. He won several honours with Rangers, including two domestic trebles in 1976 and 1978, and was part of the Rangers team that won the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1972. He won 38 caps for Scotland and played in the 1974 and 1978 World Cups. Jardine was also co-manager of Hearts with Alex MacDonald and later worked for Rangers.

    3. Shobha Nagi Reddy, Indian politician (b. 1968) deaths

      1. Indian politician

        Shobha Nagi Reddy

        Shobha Nagi Reddy was an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh, India. She represented the Allagadda constituency in the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh for four terms until 2012 when she resigned due to political turmoil in her party. She served as the chairperson of Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) and was the spokesperson for Prajarajyam party, having previously been General Secretary and also a state committee member in Telugu Desam Party. In 2012, she left the Prajarajyam party and joined the newly formed YSR Congress. Her husband Bhuma Nagi Reddy was also a politician who served twice as a Member of Legislative Assembly and thrice as a Member of Parliament.

    4. Tadeusz Różewicz, Polish poet and playwright (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Polish poet, playwright, writer, and translator

        Tadeusz Różewicz

        Tadeusz Różewicz was a Polish poet, playwright, writer, and translator. Różewicz was in the first generation of Polish writers born after Poland regained its independence in 1918, following the century of foreign partitions. He was born in Radomsko, near Łódź, in 1921. He first published his poetry in 1938. During World War II, he served in the Polish underground Home Army. His elder brother, Janusz, also a poet, was executed by the Gestapo in 1944 for serving in the Polish resistance movement. His younger brother, Stanisław, became a noted film director and screenwriter.

  6. 2011

    1. Sathya Sai Baba, Indian guru and philanthropist (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Indian spiritual guru

        Sathya Sai Baba

        Sathya Sai Baba was an Indian guru. At the age of fourteen he claimed that he was the reincarnation of Shirdi Sai Baba, and left his home to serve his devotees.

  7. 2008

    1. Jimmy Giuffre, American clarinet player, and saxophonist, and composer (b. 1921) deaths

      1. American jazz musician

        Jimmy Giuffre

        James Peter Giuffre was an American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, composer, and arranger. He is known for developing forms of jazz which allowed for free interplay between the musicians, anticipating forms of free improvisation.

  8. 2006

    1. Brian Labone, English footballer (b. 1940) deaths

      1. English footballer

        Brian Labone

        Brian Leslie Labone was an English footballer who played for and captained Everton. A one-club man, Labone's professional career lasted from 1958 to 1971, during which he won the Football League championship twice and the FA Cup once. He also played 26 times for the England national football team.

    2. Moshe Teitelbaum, Romanian-American rabbi and author (b. 1914) deaths

      1. Hasidic rabbi

        Moshe Teitelbaum (Satmar)

        Moshe (Moses) Teitelbaum was a Hasidic rebbe and the world leader of the Satmar Hasidim.

  9. 2005

    1. Ezer Weizman, Israeli general and politician, 7th President of Israel (b. 1924) deaths

      1. Israeli politician, 7th president of Israel

        Ezer Weizman

        Ezer Weizman was the seventh President of Israel, first elected in 1993 and re-elected in 1998. Before the presidency, Weizman was commander of the Israeli Air Force and Minister of Defense.

      2. Head of state of Israel

        President of Israel

        The president of the State of Israel is the head of state of Israel. The position is largely a ceremonial role, with executive power vested in the cabinet led by the prime minister. The incumbent president is Isaac Herzog, who took office on 7 July 2021. Presidents are elected by the Knesset for a single seven-year term.

    2. Fei Xiaotong, Chinese sociologist and academic (b. 1910) deaths

      1. Chinese anthropologist and political figure (1910–2005)

        Fei Xiaotong

        Fei Xiaotong or Fei Hsiao-tung was a Chinese anthropologist and sociologist. He was a pioneering researcher and professor of sociology and anthropology; he was also noted for his studies in the study of China's ethnic groups as well as a social activist. Starting in the late 1930s, he and his colleagues established Chinese sociology and his works were instrumental in laying a foundation for the development of sociological and anthropological studies in China, as well as in introducing social and cultural phenomena of China to the international community. His last post before his death in 2005 was as Professor of Sociology at Peking University.

  10. 2004

    1. José Giovanni, French-Swiss director and producer (b. 1923) deaths

      1. French film director

        José Giovanni

        José Giovanni was the pseudonym of Joseph Damiani, a French writer and film-maker of Corsican origin who became a naturalized Swiss citizen in 1986.

    2. Estée Lauder, American businesswoman, co-founded Estée Lauder Companies (b. 1906) deaths

      1. American businesswoman (1906–2004)

        Estée Lauder (businesswoman)

        Estée Lauder was an American businesswoman. She co-founded her eponymous cosmetics company with her husband, Joseph Lauter. Lauder was the only woman on Time magazine's 1998 list of the 20 most influential business geniuses of the 20th century.

      2. American-based cosmetics company

        The Estée Lauder Companies

        The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. is an American multinational cosmetics company, a manufacturer and marketer of makeup, skincare, fragrance and hair care products, based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is the second largest cosmetics company in the world after L'Oréal. The company owns a diverse portfolio of brands, distributed internationally through both digital commerce and retail channels.

  11. 2003

    1. Nüzhet Gökdoğan, Turkish astronomer and mathematician (b. 1910) deaths

      1. Turkish astronomer and mathematician

        Nüzhet Gökdoğan

        Hatice Nüzhet Gökdoğan was a Turkish astronomer, mathematician and academic. After studying mathematics and astronomy in France as a young adult, Gökdoğan joined the faculty of Istanbul University in 1934 and completed her PhD. She was elected Dean of the university's Faculty of Science in 1954, becoming the first Turkish woman to serve as a university dean, and she was later made Chair of the astronomy department, significantly expanding her department's capacity and working to improve national and international collaboration between astronomers.

  12. 2002

    1. Olivia Gadecki, Australian tennis player births

      1. Australian tennis player

        Olivia Gadecki

        Olivia Gadecki is a professional tennis player from Australia. She has a career-high singles rank of 160, reached on 23 May 2022, and a highest doubles rank of 178, achieved on 8 November 2021.

    2. Lucien Wercollier, Luxembourgian sculptor (b. 1908) deaths

      1. Luxembourgian sculptor

        Lucien Wercollier

        Lucien Wercollier was a sculptor from Luxembourg.

  13. 2001

    1. Josef Peters, German racing driver (b. 1914) deaths

      1. German racing driver

        Josef Peters (racing driver)

        Josef Peters was a racing driver from Düsseldorf, Germany. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, on August 3, 1952. He failed to finish, scoring no championship points.

    2. Johnny Valentine, American wrestler (b. 1928) deaths

      1. American professional wrestler (1928–2001)

        Johnny Valentine

        John Theodore Wisniski, better known by his ring name Johnny Valentine, was an American professional wrestler with a career spanning almost three decades. He has been inducted into four halls of fame for his achievements in wrestling. Wisniski is the father of professional wrestler Greg "The Hammer" Valentine.

  14. 1999

    1. Jerry Jeudy, American football player births

      1. American football player (born 1999)

        Jerry Jeudy

        Jerry Davarus Jeudy is an American football wide receiver for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama, where he was awarded the Fred Biletnikoff Award as the nation's best wide receiver as a sophomore in 2018, and was drafted by the Broncos with the 15th overall pick of the 2020 NFL Draft.

  15. 1998

    1. Ryan Newman, American actress births

      1. American actress

        Ryan Whitney (actress)

        Ryan Whitney is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Ginger Falcone in Disney XD's Zeke and Luther, Allison in The Thundermans, Cindy Collins in Zoom and Emily Hobbs in See Dad Run.

  16. 1997

    1. Lydia Ko, New Zealand golfer births

      1. New Zealand professional golfer

        Lydia Ko

        Lydia Ko is a New Zealand professional golfer. A former No. 1-ranked woman professional golfer, she achieved the top ranking on 2 February 2015 at 17 years, 9 months and 9 days of age, making her the youngest player of either gender to be ranked No. 1 in professional golf.

    2. Veronika Kudermetova, Russian tennis player births

      1. Russian tennis player

        Veronika Kudermetova

        Veronika Eduardovna Kudermetova is a Russian professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 9, achieved on 24 October 2022, and a best WTA doubles ranking of No. 2, reached on 6 June 2022. She also has reached a Grand Slam final, at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships in women's doubles with Elena Vesnina and won 2022 WTA Finals with Elise Mertens.

    3. Allan Francovich, American director and producer (b. 1941) deaths

      1. American film producer

        Allan Francovich

        Allan James Francovich was an American film maker. He is best known for creating a number of films critical of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), linking them to terrorist attacks during the Cold War in Africa, South America and Europe. The most notable of these are the Gladio (1992) series about Operation Gladio which featured on BBC's Timewatch and The Maltese Double Cross – Lockerbie (1994) about Pan Am Flight 103.

    4. Pat Paulsen, American comedian and activist (b. 1927) deaths

      1. American comedian and satirist

        Pat Paulsen

        Patrick Layton Paulsen was an American comedian and satirist notable for his roles on several of the Smothers Brothers television shows, and for his satirical campaigns for President of the United States between 1968 and 1996.

    5. Eugene Stoner, American engineer, designed the AR-15 rifle (b. 1922) deaths

      1. American firearms designer

        Eugene Stoner

        Eugene Morrison Stoner was an American firearms designer who is most associated with the development of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle that was redesigned and modified by Colt's Patent Firearm Company for the United States military as the M16 rifle.

      2. American assault rifle

        ArmaLite AR-15

        The ArmaLite AR-15 is a select-fire, gas-operated, air-cooled, magazine-fed rifle manufactured in the United States between 1959 and 1964. Designed by American gun manufacturer ArmaLite in 1956, it was based on its AR-10 rifle. The ArmaLite AR-15 was designed to be a lightweight rifle and to fire a new high-velocity, lightweight, small-caliber cartridge to allow infantrymen to carry more ammunition.

  17. 1996

    1. Ashleigh Barty, Australian tennis player births

      1. Australian tennis player (born 1996)

        Ashleigh Barty

        Ashleigh Barty is an Australian former professional tennis player and cricketer. She was the second Australian tennis player to be ranked No. 1 in the world in singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) after fellow Aboriginal Australian Evonne Goolagong Cawley, holding the ranking for 121 weeks overall. She was also a top-10 player in doubles, having achieved a career-high ranking of No. 5 in the world. Barty is a three-time Grand Slam singles champion, and the reigning champion at the Australian Open. She is also a Grand Slam doubles champion, having won the 2018 US Open with CoCo Vandeweghe. Barty won 15 singles titles and 12 doubles titles on the WTA Tour.

  18. 1995

    1. Lodewijk Bruckman, Dutch painter (b. 1903) deaths

      1. Dutch painter

        Lodewijk Bruckman

        Lodewijk Karel "Loki" Bruckman was a Dutch magic realist painter. He lived and worked in the Netherlands, the United States, and Mexico. Museum de Oude Wolden in the village of Bellingwolde has a permanent exhibition of his paintings.

  19. 1994

    1. Jordan Fisher, American singer, dancer, and actor births

      1. American actor, singer, dancer, and gamer

        Jordan Fisher

        Jordan William Fisher is an American actor, singer, dancer, gamer, and musician. He began his career with recurring roles on several television series, including The Secret Life of the American Teenager in 2012 and Liv and Maddie from 2015 to 2017. He also had supporting roles in the television films Teen Beach Movie (2013), Teen Beach 2 (2015) and Grease Live (2016), and starred in Rent: Live (2019).

    2. Caspar Lee, British-South African Youtuber births

      1. British-South African YouTuber (born 1994)

        Caspar Lee

        Caspar Richard George Lee is a British-South African YouTuber turned investor and serial entrepreneur. He was featured in Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2020 for his work in media and advertising.

  20. 1993

    1. Ben Davies, Welsh international footballer births

      1. Welsh footballer

        Ben Davies (footballer, born 1993)

        Benjamin Thomas Davies is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a left-back and central defender for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the Wales national team.

    2. Oliver Tambo, South African lawyer and activist (b. 1917) deaths

      1. South African anti-apartheid activist and politician (1917–1993)

        Oliver Tambo

        Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo was a South African anti-apartheid politician and revolutionary who served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1967 to 1991.

    3. Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese philosopher and theorist (b. 1917) deaths

      1. Phenomenology and Marxist philosophy

        Tran Duc Thao

        Trần Đức Thảo was a Vietnamese philosopher. His work attempted to unite phenomenology with Marxist philosophy. His work had some currency in France in the 1950s and 1960s, and was cited favorably by Jacques Derrida, Jean-François Lyotard and Louis Althusser.

  21. 1992

    1. Joe Keery, American actor births

      1. American actor and musician (born 1992)

        Joe Keery

        Joseph David Keery is an American actor and musician. He is best known for playing Steve Harrington in the science fiction series Stranger Things (2016–present) and for his role in the comedy film Free Guy (2021). Keery releases music under the stage name Djo. He is a former member of the psychedelic rock band Post Animal.

    2. Laura Kenny, English cyclist births

      1. British cyclist

        Laura Kenny

        Dame Laura Rebecca Kenny, Lady Kenny is a British track and road cyclist who specialises in track endurance events, specifically the team pursuit, omnium, scratch race, elimination race and madison disciplines. With six Olympic medals, having won both the team pursuit and the omnium at both the 2012 and 2016 Olympics and madison at the 2020 Olympics, along with a silver medal from the team pursuit at the 2020 Olympics, she is both the most successful female cyclist, and the most successful British female athlete, in Olympic history.

  22. 1991

    1. Sigrid Agren, French-Swedish model births

      1. French model from Martinique

        Sigrid Agren

        Sigrid Agren is a French model from Martinique, who rose to prominence during the Elite Model Look in 2006.

    2. Morgan Ciprès, French figure skater births

      1. French Olympic figure skater

        Morgan Ciprès

        Morgan Ciprès is a French former competitive pair skater. With partner Vanessa James, from the United States, he is the 2019 European Champion, the 2018 World bronze medalist, the 2017 European bronze medalist, the 2018 Grand Prix Final champion and a six-time French national champion. They have also won medals in Grand Prix and Challenger Series competitions. James and Ciprès represented France at the 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics.

    3. Batuhan Karadeniz, Turkish footballer births

      1. Turkish footballer

        Batuhan Karadeniz

        Batuhan Karadeniz is a Turkish professional footballer.

  23. 1990

    1. Kim Tae-ri, South Korean actress births

      1. South Korean actress

        Kim Tae-ri

        Kim Tae-ri is a South Korean actress. She is known for starring in the films The Handmaiden (2016), Little Forest (2018), Space Sweepers (2020) and in the historical drama Mr. Sunshine (2018).

    2. Jan Veselý, Czech basketball player births

      1. Czech basketball player

        Jan Veselý

        Jan Veselý is a Czech professional basketball player for FC Barcelona of the Spanish Liga ACB and the EuroLeague. Standing at 2.13 m, he can play both the power forward and center positions. He was selected sixth overall in the 2011 NBA draft by the Washington Wizards. Veselý is a Three-time All-EuroLeague First Team selection.

  24. 1989

    1. Elīna Babkina, Latvian basketball player births

      1. Latvian basketball player

        Elīna Dikaioulaku

        Elīna Dikaioulaku is a Latvian women's basketball player currently playing for the Latvia women's national basketball team.

    2. David Boudia, American diver births

      1. American diver

        David Boudia

        David Alasdair Boudia is an American diver. He won the gold medal in the 10 metre platform diving competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the bronze medal in the same event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He also won a bronze medal with Nick McCrory in the men's synchronized 10 metre platform at the 2012 Summer Olympics and a silver medal in the same event with Steele Johnson at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

    3. Taja Mohorčič, Slovenian tennis player births

      1. Slovenian tennis player

        Taja Mohorčič

        Taja Mohorčič is a retired Slovenian tennis player. On 25 February 2008, Mohorčič reached her best singles ranking of world number 957. On 26 November 2007, she peaked at world number 733 in the doubles rankings.

  25. 1987

    1. Ben Howard, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. English singer-songwriter (born 1987)

        Ben Howard

        Benjamin John Howard is an English singer-songwriter, musician and composer. His self-released debut EP Games in the Dark (2008) was followed by two more EPs, These Waters (2009) and Old Pine (2010). Signed to Island Records, his debut studio album came in 2011 titled Every Kingdom. The album reached number four on the UK Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Howard later released two more EPs, Ben Howard Live (2011) and The Burgh Island E.P. (2012).

    2. Kris Letang, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Kris Letang

        Kristopher Joseph Pierre Irwin Letang is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman and alternate captain for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played juniors in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) for three seasons, during which time he was selected 62nd overall by the Penguins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. In his second full NHL season, Letang won the Stanley Cup with Pittsburgh, in 2009, he became a two-time Stanley Cup champion when the Penguins defeated the San Jose Sharks in 2016, and a three-time Stanley Cup champion when the Penguins defeated the Nashville Predators in 2017. Internationally, he has competed for Canada at the under-18 and under-20 levels, winning back-to-back gold medals at the World Junior Championships in 2006 and 2007.

    3. Rein Taaramäe, Estonian cyclist births

      1. Estonian road bicycle racer

        Rein Taaramäe

        Rein Taaramäe is an Estonian road bicycle racer, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux.

    4. Jan Vertonghen, Belgian international footballer births

      1. Belgian association football player

        Jan Vertonghen

        Jan Bert Lieve Vertonghen is a Belgian professional footballer who plays for Belgian club Anderlecht and the Belgium national team. Mainly a central defender, he can also play as a left-back.

    5. Varun Dhawan, Indian actor births

      1. Indian actor (born 1987)

        Varun Dhawan

        Varun Dhawan is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. One of India's highest-paid actors, he has been featured in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list since 2014. He has starred in 11 consecutive box-office successes between 2012 and 2018.

  26. 1986

    1. Aaron Cunningham, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1986)

        Aaron Cunningham

        Aaron Roe Ward Cunningham is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He has played in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics, San Diego Padres, and Cleveland Indians.

    2. Wallis Simpson, American socialite, Duchess of Windsor (b. 1896) deaths

      1. Wife of the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII (1896–1986)

        Wallis Simpson

        Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, was an American socialite and wife of the former King-Emperor Edward VIII. Their intention to marry and her status as a divorcée caused a constitutional crisis that led to Edward's abdication.

  27. 1985

    1. Mike Rodgers, American sprinter births

      1. American sprinter

        Mike Rodgers

        Michael Rodgers is an American professional track and field sprinter who specializes in the 100 m and the 60 m. He won the gold medal in the 100m relay in Doha 2019. He is also the Pan-Am Games Champion.

  28. 1984

    1. Rafael Pérez y Pérez, Spanish author (b. 1891) deaths

      1. Rafael Pérez y Pérez

        Rafael Pérez y Pérez, was a popular Spanish writer of over 160 romantic novels from 1909 to 1971. He was one of the first writers to publish romance novels written in Spanish language. His novels have been translated into 22 languages, and had sold over 5 million copies by the year 1977, and some of his novels were adapted to film.

  29. 1983

    1. Hanna Melnychenko, Ukrainian heptathlete births

      1. Ukrainian heptathlete

        Hanna Melnychenko

        Hanna Anatoliïvna Kasyanova is a Ukrainian heptathlete.

    2. Erol Güngör, Turkish sociologist, psychologist, and academic (b. 1938) deaths

      1. Turkish sociologist (1938–1983)

        Erol Güngör

        Erol Güngör was a Turkish sociologist, psychologist, and writer.

    3. Rolf Stommelen, German racing driver (b. 1943) deaths

      1. German racing driver

        Rolf Stommelen

        Rolf Johann Stommelen was a racing driver from Siegen, Germany. He participated in 63 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, achieving one podium, and scored a total of 14 championship points. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.

  30. 1982

    1. Kelly Clarkson, American singer-songwriter, talk show host births

      1. American singer, songwriter, and television personality

        Kelly Clarkson

        Kelly Brianne Clarkson is an American singer, songwriter, author, and television personality. She rose to fame after winning the first season of American Idol in 2002, which earned her a record deal with RCA. Her debut single, "A Moment Like This", topped the US Billboard Hot 100, and became the country's best selling single of 2002. It was included on her debut studio album, Thankful (2003), which debuted atop the Billboard 200. Trying to reinvent her image, Clarkson parted ways with Idol management and shifted to pop rock for her second studio album, Breakaway (2004). Supported by four US top-ten singles – the title track, "Since U Been Gone", "Behind These Hazel Eyes", and "Because of You" – Breakaway sold over 12 million copies worldwide and won two Grammy Awards.

    2. David Oliver, American hurdler births

      1. American hurdler

        David Oliver (hurdler)

        David Oliver, is a retired American hurdling athlete. As a professional athlete, he competed in the 110 meter hurdles event outdoor and the 60 meter hurdles event indoors. He is the former 110 meter hurdles champion winning the gold medal at the World Championships in Moscow in 2013 with a time of 13 seconds. He won the bronze medal in the 2008 Olympic Games and won another bronze at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

    3. Simon Tischer, German volleyball player births

      1. German volleyball player

        Simon Tischer

        Simon Tischer is a German volleyball player. He was born in Schwäbisch Gmünd.

    4. Ville Ritola, Finnish runner (b. 1896) deaths

      1. Finnish long-distance runner

        Ville Ritola

        Vilho "Ville" Eino Ritola was a Finnish long-distance runner. Known as one of the "Flying Finns", he won five Olympic gold medals and three Olympic silver medals in the 1920s. He holds the record of winning most athletics medals at a single Games – four golds and two silvers in Paris 1924 - and ranks second in terms of most athletics gold medals at a single Games.

  31. 1981

    1. Taylor Dent, American tennis player births

      1. American tennis player

        Taylor Dent

        Taylor Phillip Dent is a retired professional tennis player from the United States. He reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 21, winning 4 singles titles.

    2. Yuko Nakanishi, Japanese swimmer births

      1. Japanese swimmer

        Yuko Nakanishi

        Yuko Nakanishi is a Japanese butterfly swimmer.

  32. 1980

    1. Fernando Arce, Mexican footballer births

      1. Mexican footballer

        Fernando Arce

        Fernando Enrique Arce Ruiz is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

    2. Karen Asrian, Armenian chess player (d. 2008) births

      1. Armenian chess player

        Karen Asrian

        Karen Asrian was an Armenian chess player. Awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1998, he was a three-time Armenian champion. Asrian was a member of the gold medal-winning Armenian team in the 37th Chess Olympiad.

    3. Alejo Carpentier, Swiss-Cuban musicologist and author (b. 1904) deaths

      1. Cuban novelist (1904 - 1980)

        Alejo Carpentier

        Alejo Carpentier y Valmont was a Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist who greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous "boom" period. Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, of French and Russian parentage, Carpentier grew up in Havana, Cuba, and despite his European birthplace, he strongly identified as Cuban throughout his life. He traveled extensively, particularly in France, and to South America and Mexico, where he met prominent members of the Latin American cultural and artistic community. Carpentier took a keen interest in Latin American politics and often aligned himself with revolutionary movements, such as Fidel Castro's Communist Revolution in Cuba in the mid-20th century. Carpentier was jailed and exiled for his leftist political philosophies.

  33. 1978

    1. Diego Quintana, Argentine footballer births

      1. Argentine footballer

        Diego Quintana

        Diego Jesús Quintana is an Argentine footballer who spent his career mostly playing for Skoda Xanthi F.C. in Greece.

  34. 1977

    1. Carlos Beltrán, Puerto Rican-American baseball player births

      1. Puerto Rican baseball player (born 1977)

        Carlos Beltrán

        Carlos Iván Beltrán is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder from 1998 to 2017 for the Kansas City Royals, Houston Astros, New York Mets, San Francisco Giants, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Yankees, and Texas Rangers. A right-handed thrower and switch hitter, Beltrán stands 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighs 215 pounds (98 kg).

    2. Diego Placente, Argentine footballer births

      1. Argentine footballer

        Diego Placente

        Diego Rodolfo Placente is a former Argentine footballer who played as a left-back.

  35. 1976

    1. Steve Finnan, Irish international footballer births

      1. Irish former international footballer

        Steve Finnan

        Stephen John Finnan is an Irish former international footballer who played as a right back.

    2. Frédéric Niemeyer, Canadian tennis player and coach births

      1. Canadian tennis player

        Frédéric Niemeyer

        Frédéric Niemeyer is a Canadian retired, professional tennis player and current tennis coach at Tennis Canada.

    3. Mark Tobey, American-Swiss painter and educator (b. 1890) deaths

      1. American painter

        Mark Tobey

        Mark George Tobey was an American painter. His densely structured compositions, inspired by Asian calligraphy, resemble Abstract expressionism, although the motives for his compositions differ philosophically from most Abstract Expressionist painters. His work was widely recognized throughout the United States and Europe. Along with Guy Anderson, Kenneth Callahan, Morris Graves, and William Cumming, Tobey was a founder of the Northwest School. Senior in age and experience, he had a strong influence on the others; friend and mentor, Tobey shared their interest in philosophy and Eastern religions. Similar to others of the Northwest School, Tobey was mostly self-taught after early studies at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1921, Tobey founded the art department at The Cornish School in Seattle, Washington.

  36. 1975

    1. Dejan Savić, Yugoslavian and Serbian water polo player births

      1. Serbian water polo player

        Dejan Savić

        Dejan Savić is a Serbian professional water polo coach and former player. He currently serves as head coach of the Serbia men's national water polo team and Crvena zvezda.

  37. 1974

    1. Eric Kripke, American director, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American writer and television producer (born 1974)

        Eric Kripke

        Eric Kripke is an American writer and television producer. He came to prominence as the creator of the fantasy drama series Supernatural (2005–2020) which aired on The CW. He served as the showrunner during the first five seasons of the series. Kripke also created the post-apocalyptic drama series Revolution (2012–2014) and co-created the science fiction series Timeless (2016–2018). Since 2019, he has served as showrunner of the superhero series The Boys, which was developed for Amazon Prime Video.

    2. Stephen Wiltshire, English illustrator births

      1. British architectural artist and autistic savant

        Stephen Wiltshire

        Stephen Wiltshire is a British architectural artist and autistic savant. He is known for his ability to draw a landscape from memory after seeing it just once. His work has gained worldwide popularity.

    3. Bud Abbott, American comedian and producer (b. 1895) deaths

      1. American comedian and actor (1897-1974)

        Bud Abbott

        William Alexander "Bud" Abbott was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known as the straight man half of the comedy duo Abbott and Costello.

  38. 1973

    1. Gabby Logan, English gymnast, television and radio host births

      1. British TV/radio presenter and rhythmic gymnast

        Gabby Logan

        Gabrielle Nicole Logan is an English presenter of Welsh heritage and a former international rhythmic gymnast. She hosted Final Score for BBC Sport from 2009 until 2013. She has also presented a variety of live sports events for the BBC, including a revived episode of Superstars in December 2012 and the London Marathon since 2015. Since 2013, she has co-hosted Sports Personality of the Year for the BBC and she presented the second series of The Edge in 2015.

    2. Damon Lindelof, American screenwriter and producer births

      1. American screenwriter and producer

        Damon Lindelof

        Damon Laurence Lindelof is an American screenwriter, comic book writer, and producer. Among his accolades, he received three Primetime Emmy Awards, from twelve nominations. In 2010, Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

    3. Brian Marshall, American bass player and songwriter births

      1. American musician

        Brian Marshall

        Brian Aubrey Marshall is an American musician and songwriter best known as the bassist and co-founder of the rock bands Creed and Alter Bridge.

    4. Eric Snow, American basketball player and coach births

      1. American basketball player and coach

        Eric Snow

        Eric Snow is an American basketball coach and former professional player. He played the point guard position in the National Basketball Association from 1995 to 2008 and appeared in three NBA Finals. Known for his defense, Snow was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 2003. Following his playing career, Snow served as an assistant coach at Florida Atlantic for two years (2014-2016) after having worked two seasons at SMU (2012–14) as the director of player development under Larry Brown, his former coach.

    5. Sachin Tendulkar, Indian cricketer births

      1. Indian cricketer (born 1973)

        Sachin Tendulkar

        Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar AO BR is an Indian former international cricketer who captained the Indian national team. Regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, and popularly known as "God of Cricket" for his extraordinary stats. He was a right-handed top-order bastmen in the Indian Cricket Team. He is known for his batting skills, technique, vision and game reading. He is the all time most runscorer in both ODI and Test Format with more than 18000 runs and 15000 runs respectively in total. He also holds the record for receiving most Man-of-the-match awards in International Cricket with all forms combined.

    6. Toomas Tohver, Estonian footballer births

      1. Estonian footballer

        Toomas Tohver

        Toomas Tohver is a retired Estonian international football goalkeeper, with 24 caps to his name. Tohver started his professional career at Flora Tallinn and had two spells abroad, first in Sweden and then in Norway.

    7. Lee Westwood, English golfer births

      1. English golfer

        Lee Westwood

        Lee John Westwood is an English professional golfer. Noted for his consistency, Westwood is one of the few golfers who has won tournaments on five continents – Europe, North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania – including victories on the European Tour and the PGA Tour. Westwood has also won tournaments in four decades, the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s and 2020s. Westwood was named European Tour Golfer of the Year for the 1998, 2000, 2009 and 2020 seasons. He has won the 2000 European Tour Order of Merit, and the renamed 2009 and 2020 Race to Dubai. Westwood has frequently been mentioned as one of the best golfers without a major championship victory, with several near misses including three runner-up finishes.

  39. 1972

    1. Rab Douglas, Scottish footballer births

      1. Scottish footballer

        Rab Douglas

        Robert James Douglas is a Scottish former professional footballer and current coach for Arbroath who played as a goalkeeper. He played for several clubs, including Livingston, Dundee, Celtic, Leicester City and Forfar Athletic. Douglas was part of the Celtic side that reached the 2003 UEFA Cup Final, under the management of Martin O'Neill. He also represented Scotland at international level, playing 19 times between 2002 and 2005. In 2017, Douglas was inducted into the Dundee FC Hall of Fame.

    2. Chipper Jones, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1972)

        Chipper Jones

        Larry Wayne "Chipper" Jones Jr. is an American former professional baseball third baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves from 1993 to 2012. The Braves chose Jones with the first overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft. He was also a member of their 1995 World Series championship team that beat the Cleveland Indians. An eight-time All-Star, Jones won the 1999 National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Award and the 1999 and 2000 NL Silver Slugger Award for third basemen. He was the MLB batting champion in 2008 after hitting .364.

    3. Jure Košir, Slovenian skier and singer births

      1. Slovenian alpine skier

        Jure Košir

        Jure Košir (pronunciation  ; born 24 April 1972 is a former Slovenian alpine skier.

    4. Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter (b. 1892) deaths

      1. Filipino painter

        Fernando Amorsolo

        Fernando Cueto Amorsolo was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes. Nicknamed the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art," he was the first-ever to be recognized as a National Artist of the Philippines. He was recognized as such for his "pioneering use of impressionistic technique" as well as his skill in the use of lighting and backlighting in his paintings, "significant not only in the development of Philippine art but also in the formation of Filipino notions of self and identity."

  40. 1971

    1. Kumar Dharmasena, Sri Lankan cricketer and umpire births

      1. Sri Lankan cricketer and umpire

        Kumar Dharmasena

        Deshabandu Handunnettige Deepthi Priyantha Kumar Dharmasena, popularly as Kumar Dharmasena, is a Sri Lankan cricket umpire and former international cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs for Sri Lanka. He is the first and only person to represent an ICC World Cup Final both as a player and an umpire. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off break bowler.

    2. Mauro Pawlowski, Belgian singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. Belgian musician

        Mauro Pawlowski

        Mauro Antonio Pawlowski is one of the key figures in the Belgian contemporary music scene. He was born in Koersel and is of Italian and Polish descent.

  41. 1970

    1. Damien Fleming, Australian cricketer, coach, and sportscaster births

      1. Australian cricketer and coach

        Damien Fleming

        Damien William Fleming is an Australian cricket commentator and former cricketer who played for the Australian national cricket team and domestic cricket for Victoria. He played in 20 Tests and 88 ODIs from 1994 to 2001 and was part of the all-conquering Australian teams under Steve Waugh and Mark Taylor. In recent years Fleming has spent time refining his theory of Bowlology, a set of scientific coaching principles to help developing bowlers.

    2. Otis Spann, American singer and pianist (b. 1930) deaths

      1. American musician

        Otis Spann

        Otis Spann was an American blues musician, whom many consider to be the leading postwar Chicago blues pianist.

  42. 1969

    1. Elias Atmatsidis, Greek footballer births

      1. Greek footballer

        Ilias Atmatsidis

        Ilias Atmatsidis is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the Director of Football at AEK Athens B.

    2. Rory McCann, Scottish actor births

      1. Scottish actor

        Rory McCann

        Rory McCann is a Scottish actor, best known for portraying Sandor "The Hound" Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones, Michael "Lurch" Armstrong in Edgar Wright's crime-comedy Hot Fuzz, Jurgen the Brutal in the adventure comedy Jumanji: The Next Level and the voice of Megatron in Transformers: EarthSpark.

    3. Eilidh Whiteford, Scottish academic and politician births

      1. SNP politician

        Eilidh Whiteford

        Eilidh Whiteford is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who served as the Member of Parliament for Banff and Buchan from 2010–17.

  43. 1968

    1. Aidan Gillen, Irish actor births

      1. Irish actor

        Aidan Gillen

        Aidan Murphy, better known as Aidan Gillen, is an Irish actor. He is the recipient of three Irish Film & Television Awards and has been nominated for a British Academy Television Award, a British Independent Film Award, and a Tony Award.

    2. Todd Jones, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1968)

        Todd Jones

        Todd Barton Jones is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was an effective middle reliever for several teams and also filled the role of closer, most notably with the Detroit Tigers for whom he earned 235 saves. On September 16, 2007, Jones became the 21st member of the 300-save club during his second stint with the Tigers.

    3. Roxanna Panufnik, English composer births

      1. British composer of Polish heritage (born 1968)

        Roxanna Panufnik

        Roxanna Panufnik is a British composer of Polish heritage. She is the daughter of the composer and conductor Sir Andrzej Panufnik and his second wife Camilla, née Jessel.

    4. Hashim Thaçi, Kosovan soldier and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Kosovo births

      1. Kosovar politician (born 1968)

        Hashim Thaçi

        Hashim Thaçi is a Kosovar Albanian politician who was the president of Kosovo from April 2016 until his resignation on 5 November 2020 to face a war crimes tribunal. prime minister of Kosovo and the Foreign minister and deputy prime minister in the new cabinet led by Isa Mustafa, which assumed office on 12 December 2014.

      2. Head of Government of Kosovo

        Prime Minister of Kosovo

        The prime minister of the Republic of Kosovo is the head of government of Kosovo.

    5. Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (b. 1876) deaths

      1. American track and field athlete

        Walter Tewksbury

        Walter Beardsley Tewksbury was an American track and field athlete. At the 1900 Summer Olympics, he won five medals, including two golds.

  44. 1967

    1. Dino Rađa, Croatian basketball player births

      1. Croatian basketball player

        Dino Rađa

        Dino Rađa is a Croatian former professional basketball player. He was a member of the Jugoplastika team of the late 1980s and early 1990s, which he helped to win two FIBA European Champions Cup championships. He spent three and a half seasons with the Boston Celtics, being one of the European pioneers in the NBA. Rađa was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players in 1991, and one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors in 2008. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, as a member of the 2018 class.

    2. Omar Vizquel, Venezuelan-American baseball player and coach births

      1. Venezuelan baseball player and coach

        Omar Vizquel

        Omar Enrique Vizquel González, nicknamed "Little O", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball shortstop. During his 24-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, Vizquel played for the Seattle Mariners, Cleveland Indians, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Chicago White Sox, and Toronto Blue Jays. In Venezuela he played for Leones del Caracas. From 2014 to 2017, he was the Detroit Tigers' first-base, infield and baserunning coach. He was manager for the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League.

    3. Vladimir Komarov, Russian pilot, engineer, and cosmonaut (b. 1927) deaths

      1. Soviet cosmonaut, aeronautical engineer and test pilot (1927–1967)

        Vladimir Komarov

        Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut. In October 1964, he commanded Voskhod 1, the first spaceflight to carry more than one crew member. He became the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly in space twice when he was selected as the solo pilot of Soyuz 1, its first crewed test flight. A parachute failure caused his Soyuz capsule to crash into the ground after re-entry on 24 April 1967, making him the first human to die in a space flight.

    4. Robert Richards, Australian politician, 32nd Premier of South Australia (b. 1885) deaths

      1. Australian politician

        Robert Richards (Australian politician)

        Robert Stanley Richards was the 32nd Premier of South Australia, representing the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party.

      2. Premier of South Australia

        The premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of South Australia, and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the House of Assembly.

  45. 1966

    1. Pierre Brassard, Canadian comedian and actor births

      1. Pierre Brassard

        Pierre Brassard is a French-Canadian actor, comedian, television personality and radio broadcaster. He is associated with CKOI-FM in Montreal and known for his phone call hoaxes.

    2. Alessandro Costacurta, Italian footballer, coach, and manager births

      1. Italian association football player and manager

        Alessandro Costacurta

        Alessandro Costacurta is an Italian football pundit, manager and a former professional defender, who usually played as a centre back.

    3. David Usher, English-Canadian singer-songwriter births

      1. Canadian musician

        David Usher

        David Usher is a British-born Canadian musician, best-selling author, keynote speaker, and activist best known as the front man for the band Moist. He has also released a number of solo albums. He is the founder of Reimagine AI, an artificial intelligence creative studio.

    4. Simon Chikovani, Georgian poet and author (b. 1902) deaths

      1. Simon Chikovani

        Simon Ivanes dze Chikovani was a prominent Georgian poet. He set out to be the leader of the Georgian Futurist movement and ended up as a Soviet establishment figure.

  46. 1965

    1. Jeff Jackson, Canadian ice hockey player and manager births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Jeff Jackson (ice hockey, born 1965)

        Jeff Jackson is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 263 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, Quebec Nordiques, and Chicago Blackhawks. Prior to playing in the NHL, he played for Canada's World Junior Under 20 team which won a gold medal at the 1985 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in Helsinki, Finland.

    2. Louise Dresser, American actress (b. 1878) deaths

      1. American actress (1878–1965)

        Louise Dresser

        Louise Dresser was an American actress. She is perhaps best known for her roles in the many films in which she played the wife of Will Rogers, including State Fair and David Harum.

  47. 1964

    1. Helga Arendt, German sprinter (d. 2013) births

      1. German sprinter

        Helga Arendt

        Helga Arendt was a West German sprinter who competed mainly in the 400 metres.

    2. Cedric the Entertainer, American comedian, actor, and producer births

      1. American actor and comedian

        Cedric the Entertainer

        Cedric Antonio Kyles, better known by his stage name Cedric the Entertainer, is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He hosted BET's ComicView during the 1993–1994 season and Def Comedy Jam in 1995. He is best known for co-starring with Steve Harvey on The WB sitcom The Steve Harvey Show, as one of The Original Kings of Comedy, and for starring as Eddie Walker in Barbershop. He hosted the 12th season of the daytime version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire in 2013–14 and starred in the TV Land original series The Soul Man, which aired from 2012 to 2016. He has also done voice work for Ice Age, the Madagascar film series, Charlotte's Web, Planes and Planes: Fire & Rescue. He currently stars on the CBS sitcom The Neighborhood. In 2019, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

    3. Djimon Hounsou, Beninese-American actor and producer births

      1. Beninese-American actor

        Djimon Hounsou

        Djimon Gaston Hounsou is a Beninese-American actor and model. He began his career appearing in music videos. He made his film debut in Without You I'm Nothing (1990) and earned widespread recognition for his role as Cinqué in the Steven Spielberg film Amistad (1997). He gained further recognition for his roles in Gladiator (2000), In America (2003), and Blood Diamond (2006), receiving Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nominations for both the latter films. He also played an antagonist in Furious 7 (2015). He has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. He plays an important role as well in the French film Forces spéciales (2011).

    4. Witold Smorawiński, Polish guitarist, composer, and educator births

      1. Witold Smorawiński

        Witold Smorawiński is Polish classical guitarist, composer and teacher. He comes from a family of musicians and therefore he had a chance to perform in public since his childhood.

    5. Gerhard Domagk, German pathologist and bacteriologist (b. 1895) deaths

      1. Gerhard Domagk

        Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk was a German pathologist and bacteriologist. He is credited with the discovery of sulfonamidochrysoidine (KL730) as an antibiotic for which he received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The drug became the first commercially available antibiotic and marketed under the brand name Prontosil.

  48. 1963

    1. Paula Frazer, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Paula Frazer

        Paula Frazer is an American singer-songwriter. She grew up in Georgia and Arkansas and moved to San Francisco in 1981. Her music is frequently described as melancholic alternative country, but with an eclectic mix of folk, blues and pop, among other genres. She first came to notice by fronting the band Tarnation in the 1990s and has appeared on recordings and in concert with many bands and solo artists including Cornershop, Sean Lennon, Frightwig, Tindersticks, the Czars, and Handsome Boy Modeling School.

    2. Billy Gould, American bass player, songwriter, and producer births

      1. American musician

        Billy Gould

        William David Gould is an American musician and producer. He is best known as the bassist of Faith No More.

    3. Mano Solo, French singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2010) births

      1. Mano Solo

        Mano Solo, born Emmanuel Cabut, was a French singer. He was born in Châlons-sur-Marne on 24 April 1963 to the illustrator Cabu and Isabelle Monin, co-founder of the ecology-related magazine, La Gueule ouverte.

  49. 1962

    1. Clemens Binninger, German politician births

      1. German politician of the CDU

        Clemens Binninger

        Clemens Binninger is a German politician of the CDU. Binninger was a member of the Bundestag from 2002 until 2017.

    2. Stuart Pearce, English footballer, coach, and manager births

      1. English footballer and manager (born 1962)

        Stuart Pearce

        Stuart Pearce is an English professional football manager and former player, who was most recently a first-team coach for Premier League club West Ham United. He was nicknamed "Psycho" for his unforgiving style of play.

    3. Steve Roach, Australian rugby league player, coach, and sportscaster births

      1. Australia international rugby league footballer

        Steve Roach (rugby league)

        Stephen David Roach, nicknamed Blocker or Blocker Roach, is an Australian former professional rugby league who played as a prop forward in the 1980s and early 1990s. His most famous catchphrase is “Big Boppa”

    4. Milt Franklyn, American composer (b. 1897) deaths

      1. American composer (1897–1962)

        Milt Franklyn

        Milton J. Franklyn was an American musical composer and arranger who worked on the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated cartoons.

  50. 1961

    1. Andrew Murrison, English physician and politician, Minister for International Security Strategy births

      1. British Conservative politician

        Andrew Murrison

        Andrew William Murrison is a British doctor, naval officer and politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Wiltshire, previously Westbury, since the 2001 general election. He has been serving as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence People, Veterans and Service Families since October 2022.

      2. Minister for International Security Strategy

        The Minister for International Security Strategy was a British government position. The last holder of the post was Andrew Murrison, Conservative Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence,

    2. Lee Moran, American actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1888) deaths

      1. American actor

        Lee Moran

        Lee Moran was an American actor, film director, and screenwriter.

  51. 1960

    1. Max von Laue, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879) deaths

      1. German physicist

        Max von Laue

        Max Theodor Felix von Laue was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Physics

        The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.

  52. 1959

    1. Paula Yates, British-Australian television host and author (d. 2000) births

      1. Welsh television personality and writer

        Paula Yates

        Paula Elizabeth Yates was a British television presenter and writer. Yates is best known for her work on two television programmes, The Tube and The Big Breakfast. She was the girlfriend of musician Bob Geldof from 1976 to 1986 and was married to him from 1986 to 1996. She was also in a relationship with musician Michael Hutchence from the mid-1990s until Hutchence's death in 1997. Yates died of a heroin overdose in 2000.

  53. 1958

    1. Brian Paddick, English police officer and politician births

      1. British Liberal Democrat Politician

        Brian Paddick, Baron Paddick

        Brian Leonard Paddick, Baron Paddick, is a British politician and retired police officer, currently sitting in the House of Lords as a life peer. He was the Liberal Democrat candidate for the London mayoral elections of 2008 and 2012. He was, until his retirement in May 2007, Deputy Assistant Commissioner in London's Metropolitan Police Service.

  54. 1957

    1. Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed, Pakistani-English businessman and politician births

      1. Disgraced British politician

        Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed

        Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed is a former British Labour politician of Pakistani origin. He was appointed a life peer in 1998 by the Labour Government.

  55. 1956

    1. James A. Winnefeld, Jr., American admiral births

      1. 9th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

        James A. Winnefeld Jr.

        Sandy Winnefeld is a retired United States Navy admiral who serves as the chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board since May 4, 2022. While on active duty, Winnefeld served as the ninth vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from August 4, 2011 to July 31, 2015.

  56. 1955

    1. Marion Caspers-Merk, German politician births

      1. German politician

        Marion Caspers-Merk

        Marion Caspers-Merk is a German politician and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). She was a member of the Bundestag, representing Lörrach – Müllheim, and Parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of Health. Alongside other prominent figures such as Kofi Annan and Javier Solana, Caspers-Merk served on the Global Commission on Drug Policy which advocates reforms in drug policies towards the regulation of all substances.

    2. John de Mol Jr., Dutch businessman, co-founded Endemol births

      1. Dutch media tycoon

        John de Mol Jr.

        Johannes Hendrikus Hubert "John" de Mol Jr. is a Dutch media tycoon. De Mol is one of the men behind production companies Endemol and Talpa. He created the reality television formats Big Brother, Fear Factor and The Voice.

      2. Former Dutch media company

        Endemol

        Endemol B.V. was a Dutch-based media company that produced and distributed multiplatform entertainment content. The company annually produced more than 15,000 hours of programming across scripted and non-scripted genres, including drama, reality TV, comedy, game shows, entertainment, factual and children's programming.

    3. Eamon Gilmore, Irish trade union leader and politician, 25th Tánaiste of Ireland births

      1. Irish former Labour Party leader

        Eamon Gilmore

        Eamon Gilmore is a European Union diplomat, and a former Irish Labour Party politician. He serves as European Union Special Representative for Human Rights since February 2019. He is also the European Union Special Envoy for the Colombian Peace Process since 2015. He was Ireland's Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from 2011 to 2014, Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2014, Chair of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe from 2012 to 2013, Minister of State at the Department of the Marine from 1994 to 1997. He was a Teachta Dála for the Dún Laoghaire constituency from 1989 to 2016.

      2. Deputy head of the government of Ireland

        Tánaiste

        The Tánaiste is the deputy head of the government of Ireland and thus holder of its second-most senior office. The Tánaiste is appointed by the President of Ireland on the advice of the Taoiseach. The current office holder is former Taoiseach Leo Varadkar, TD, who was appointed on 27 June 2020.

    4. Margaret Moran, British politician and criminal births

      1. British politician

        Margaret Moran

        Margaret Mary Moran is a former Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom. Moran was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Luton South from the 1997 general election to 2010. In November 2012, jurors at Southwark Crown Court ruled that she had falsified her parliamentary expenses; she had been unable to stand trial because of mental health issues, but the case was nevertheless heard without her. Her fraudulent claims totalled more than £53,000, the highest amount by any politician in the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal.

    5. Guy Nève, Belgian race car driver (d. 1992) births

      1. Belgian racing driver

        Guy Nève

        Guy Nève de Mevergnies, commonly known as Guy Nève, was a Belgian racing driver. Nève was killed in practice for a Procar endurance race on a temporary track in Chimay, Belgium. While driving a Porsche 911, Nève clipped a competitor, veered off the track and hit a grass bank, flipping several times before coming to rest on its roof. During the crash, fuel ignited and set the car on fire. Nève was 37 years old. He was the younger brother of fellow racer Patrick Nève.

    6. Michael O'Keefe, American actor births

      1. American actor

        Michael O'Keefe

        Michael O'Keefe is an American actor, known for his roles as Danny Noonan in Caddyshack, Ben Meechum in The Great Santini, for which he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and Darryl Palmer in the Neil Simon movie The Slugger's Wife. He also appeared as Fred on the television sitcom Roseanne from 1993 to 1995.

    7. Bill Osborne, New Zealand rugby player births

      1. Rugby player

        Bill Osborne

        William Michael Osborne is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A second five-eighth and centre, Osborne represented Wanganui and Waikato at a provincial level. Started his club career with the local Kaierau Rugby Union Club in Wanganui. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, between 1975 and 1982, playing 48 matches including 16 internationals.

  57. 1954

    1. Mumia Abu-Jamal, American journalist, activist, and convicted murderer births

      1. American political activist and journalist convicted of the murder of a police officer

        Mumia Abu-Jamal

        Mumia Abu-Jamal is an American political activist and journalist who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death in 1982 for the 1981 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. He became widely known while on death row for his writings and commentary on the criminal justice system in the United States. After numerous appeals, his death penalty sentence was overturned by a federal court. In 2011, the prosecution agreed to a sentence of life imprisonment without parole. He entered the general prison population early the following year.

    2. Jack Blades, American singer-songwriter and bass player births

      1. American musician

        Jack Blades

        Jack Martin Blades is an American rock musician. He has worked in the bands Rubicon, Night Ranger, and Damn Yankees. He has also recorded with Tommy Shaw under the name Shaw Blades, and has done work alongside the Tak Matsumoto Group. Blades' most recent efforts include a second solo CD. He is also a member of the band Revolution Saints.

    3. Guy Mairesse, French racing driver (b. 1910) deaths

      1. French racing driver

        Guy Mairesse

        Guy Mairesse was a French racing driver. He participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 3 September 1950. He scored no championship points.

  58. 1953

    1. Eric Bogosian, American actor and writer births

      1. Actor, playwright, monologist, novelist

        Eric Bogosian

        Eric Bogosian is an American actor, playwright, monologuist, novelist, and historian. Descended from Armenian American immigrants, he grew up in Watertown and Woburn, Massachusetts, and attended University of Chicago and Oberlin College. His numerous plays include subUrbia (1994) and Pulitzer Prize in Drama finalist Talk Radio (1987), which were adapted to film by Richard Linklater and Oliver Stone, respectively. He also starred as Arno in the Safdie brothers' critically acclaimed film Uncut Gems (2019).

  59. 1952

    1. Jean Paul Gaultier, French fashion designer births

      1. French fashion designer

        Jean Paul Gaultier

        Jean Paul Gaultier is a French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer. He is described as an "enfant terrible" of the fashion industry and is known for his unconventional designs with motifs including corsets, marinières, and tin cans. Gaultier founded his self-titled fashion label in 1982, and expanded with a line of fragrances in 1993. He was the creative director for French luxury house Hermès from 2003 to 2010, and retired following his 50th-anniversary haute couture show during Paris Fashion Week in January 2020.

    2. Ralph Winter, American film producer births

      1. American film producer (born 1952)

        Ralph Winter (producer)

        Ralph Frederick Winter is an American film producer who has helped to produce blockbuster movies such as the X-Men, Fantastic Four and Star Trek series as well as I, Robot and Planet of the Apes. His films have grossed collectively over $2 billion (USD).

  60. 1951

    1. Ron Arad, Israeli architect and academic births

      1. Israeli industrial designer

        Ron Arad (industrial designer)

        Ron Arad is an Israeli industrial designer, artist, and architectural designer.

    2. Christian Bobin, French author and poet births

      1. French author and poet (1951–2022)

        Christian Bobin

        Christian Bobin was a French author and poet.

    3. Nigel Harrison, English bass player and songwriter births

      1. English musician

        Nigel Harrison

        Nigel Harrison is an English musician. Harrison spent several years as the bassist of the American rock band Blondie during the 1970s and 1980s.

    4. Enda Kenny, Irish educator and politician, 13th Taoiseach of Ireland births

      1. 13th Taoiseach from 2011 to 2017

        Enda Kenny

        Enda Kenny is an Irish former Fine Gael politician who served as Taoiseach from 2011 to 2017, Leader of Fine Gael from 2002 to 2017, Minister for Defence from May to July 2014 and 2016 to 2017, Leader of the Opposition from 2002 to 2011, Minister for Tourism and Trade from 1994 to 1997 and Minister of State at the Department of Labour and Department of Education with responsibility for Youth Affairs from 1986 to 1987. He served as Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo West from 1975 to 1997 and for Mayo from 1997 to 2020.

      2. Head of government of Ireland

        Taoiseach

        The Taoiseach is the head of government of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.

  61. 1950

    1. Rob Hyman, American singer-songwriter and musician births

      1. American singer-songwriter

        Rob Hyman

        Robert Andrew Hyman is an American singer, songwriter, keyboard and accordion player, producer, arranger and recording studio owner, best known for being a founding member of the rock band The Hooters.

  62. 1949

    1. Eddie Hart, American sprinter births

      1. Eddie Hart (athlete)

        Edward James "Eddie" Hart is an American former track and field sprinter, winner of the gold medal in 4 × 100 m relay race at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

    2. Véronique Sanson, French singer-songwriter and producer births

      1. Musical artist

        Véronique Sanson

        Véronique Marie Line Sanson is a three-time Victoires de la Musique award-winning French singer-songwriter and record producer with an avid following in her native country.

  63. 1948

    1. Paul Cellucci, American soldier and politician, 69th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 2013) births

      1. American lawyer and politician (1948–2013)

        Paul Cellucci

        Argeo Paul Cellucci was an American politician and diplomat from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. A Republican, he served as the 69th governor of Massachusetts from 1999 to 2001, and as the United States Ambassador to Canada from 2001 to 2005. He also served as the Commonwealth's 68th lieutenant governor from 1991 to 1999, as well as in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and Senate from 1977 to 1991.

      2. Head of government of U.S. state of Massachusetts

        Governor of Massachusetts

        The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.

    2. Eliana Gil, Ecuadorian-American psychiatrist, therapist, and author births

      1. Family therapist focusing on trauma and abuse

        Eliana Gil

        Eliana Gil, is a lecturer, writer, and clinician of marriage, family and child. She is on the board of a number of professional counselling organizations that use play and art therapies, and she is the former president of the Association for Play Therapy (APT).

    3. Jāzeps Vītols, Latvian composer (b. 1863) deaths

      1. Latvian composer, pedagogue and music critic

        Jāzeps Vītols

        Jāzeps Vītols was a Latvian composer, pedagogue and music critic. He is considered one of the fathers of Latvian classical music.

  64. 1947

    1. Josep Borrell, Spanish engineer and politician, 22nd President of the European Parliament births

      1. Spanish-Argentine politician (born 1947)

        Josep Borrell

        Josep Borrell Fontelles is a Spanish politician serving as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy since 1 December 2019. A member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), he served as President of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2007 and as Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation in the Government of Spain from 2018 to 2019.

      2. Head of debate oversight in the European Union legislature

        President of the European Parliament

        The president of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. They also represent the Parliament within the European Union (EU) and internationally. The president's signature is required for enacting most EU laws and the EU budget.

    2. João Braz de Aviz, Brazilian cardinal births

      1. João Braz de Aviz

        João Braz de Aviz is a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as the prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life since his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI in 2011. He began his career working for twenty years as a parish priest and seminary teacher. He became a bishop in 1994 and was bishop of Ponta Grossa from 1998 to 2002, archbishop of Maringá from 2002 to 2004, and archbishop of Brasília from 2004 to 2011.

    3. Claude Dubois, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. Canadian musical artist

        Claude Dubois

        Claude André Dubois is a Canadian singer-songwriter.

    4. Denise Kingsmill, Baroness Kingsmill, New Zealand-English lawyer and politician births

      1. British Baroness (born 1947)

        Denise Kingsmill, Baroness Kingsmill

        Denise Patricia Byrne Kingsmill, Baroness Kingsmill CBE is a British Labour peer. She was appointed as a life peer in 2006 after practising as a solicitor in personal injury, trade union and employment law.

    5. Roger D. Kornberg, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births

      1. American biochemist and professor of structural biology

        Roger D. Kornberg

        Roger David Kornberg is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for his studies of the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied to RNA, "the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription."

      2. One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Chemistry

        The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.

    6. Hans Biebow, German SS officer (b. 1902) deaths

      1. Hans Biebow

        Hans Biebow was the chief of German Nazi administration of the Łódź Ghetto in occupied Poland.

      2. Nazi paramilitary organization

        Schutzstaffel

        The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

    7. Willa Cather, American novelist, short story writer, and poet (b. 1873) deaths

      1. American writer (1873–1947)

        Willa Cather

        Willa Sibert Cather was an American writer known for her novels of life on the Great Plains, including O Pioneers!, The Song of the Lark, and My Ántonia. In 1923, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, a novel set during World War I.

  65. 1946

    1. Doug Christie, Canadian lawyer and activist (d. 2013) births

      1. Doug Christie (lawyer)

        Douglas Hewson Christie, Jr. was a Canadian lawyer and political activist based in Victoria, British Columbia, who was known nationally for his defence of clients such as Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel, former Nazi prison guard Michael Seifert and neo-Nazi Paul Fromm among others.

  66. 1945

    1. Doug Clifford, American drummer and songwriter births

      1. American musician

        Doug Clifford

        Douglas Raymond Clifford is an American drummer, best known as a founding member of Creedence Clearwater Revival for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993. After the group disbanded in late 1972, Clifford released a solo album and later joined CCR bassist Stu Cook in the Don Harrison Band. In 1995, Clifford and Cook formed the band Creedence Clearwater Revisited, performing live versions of Creedence Clearwater Revival songs.

    2. Ernst-Robert Grawitz, German physician (b. 1899) deaths

      1. German SS physician, head of German Red Cross, SS-Obergruppenführer

        Ernst-Robert Grawitz

        Ernst-Robert Grawitz was a German physician and an SS functionary during the Nazi era.

  67. 1944

    1. Peter Cresswell, English judge births

      1. Peter Cresswell (judge)

        Sir Peter John Cresswell, DL is an English former High Court judge, and currently a judge of the Qatar International Court and Dispute Resolution Centre.

    2. Maarja Nummert, Estonian architect births

      1. Estonian architect

        Maarja Nummert

        Maarja Nummert is an Estonian architect who has designed a number of school buildings. She has received several awards for her work, sometimes using wood for village schools such as the one in Hageri where some of the rooms are circular providing a more attractive environment for the children. She also designed the Salem Baptist Church in Tartu which is known for its fine acoustics.

    3. Tony Visconti, American record producer, musician and singer births

      1. American record producer, musician and singer

        Tony Visconti

        Anthony Edward Visconti is an American record producer, musician and singer. Since the late 1960s, he has worked with an array of performers. His first hit single was T. Rex's "Ride a White Swan" in 1970, the first of many hits in collaboration with Marc Bolan. Visconti's lengthiest involvement was with David Bowie: intermittently from the production and arrangement of Bowie's 1968 single "In the Heat of the Morning" / "London Bye Ta-Ta" to his final album Blackstar in 2016, Visconti produced and occasionally performed on many of Bowie's albums. Visconti's work on Blackstar was cited in its Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical and his production of Angelique Kidjo's Djin Djin was cited in its Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album.

    4. Charles Jordan, American magician (b. 1888) deaths

      1. Charles Jordan (magician)

        Charles Thorton Jordan was an American magician.

  68. 1943

    1. Richard Sterban, American country and gospel bass singer births

      1. American quartet bass singer (born 1943)

        Richard Sterban

        Richard Anthony Sterban is an American singer. He was born in Camden, New Jersey. In 1973, he joined the country and gospel quartet The Oak Ridge Boys, in which he sings bass.

    2. Gordon West, English footballer (d. 2012) births

      1. English footballer

        Gordon West

        Gordon West was an English professional football goalkeeper. He won three international caps in a career that included a long stint at Everton.

  69. 1942

    1. Richard M. Daley, American lawyer and politician, 54th Mayor of Chicago births

      1. Mayor of Chicago from 1989 to 2011

        Richard M. Daley

        Richard Michael Daley is an American politician who served as the 54th mayor of Chicago, Illinois, from 1989 to 2011. Daley was elected mayor in 1989 and was reelected five times until declining to run for a seventh term. At 22 years, his was the longest tenure in Chicago mayoral history, surpassing the 21-year stay of his father, Richard J. Daley.

      2. American politician

        Mayor of Chicago

        The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments, submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, and members of city boards and commissions.

    2. Barbra Streisand, American singer, actress, activist, and producer births

      1. American singer (born 1942)

        Barbra Streisand

        Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand is an American singer, actress and director. With a career spanning over six decades, she has achieved success in multiple fields of entertainment, and is among the few performers awarded an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony (EGOT).

    3. Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian author (b. 1874) deaths

      1. Canadian novelist (1874–1942)

        Lucy Maud Montgomery

        Lucy Maud Montgomery, published as L. M. Montgomery, was a Canadian author best known for a collection of novels, essays, short stories, and poetry beginning in 1908 with Anne of Green Gables. She published 20 novels as well as 530 short stories, 500 poems, and 30 essays. Anne of Green Gables was an immediate success; the title character, orphan Anne Shirley, made Montgomery famous in her lifetime and gave her an international following. Most of the novels were set in Prince Edward Island, and those locations within Canada's smallest province became a literary landmark and popular tourist site – namely Green Gables farm, the genesis of Prince Edward Island National Park. She was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1935.

  70. 1941

    1. Richard Holbrooke, American journalist, banker, and diplomat, 22nd United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2010) births

      1. American diplomat and author (1941–2010)

        Richard Holbrooke

        Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke was an American diplomat and author. He was the only person to have held the position of Assistant Secretary of State for two different regions of the world.

      2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations

        The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is formally known as the permanent representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and representative of the United States of America in the United Nations Security Council.

    2. John Williams, Australian-English guitarist and composer births

      1. Australian classical guitarist

        John Williams (guitarist)

        John Christopher Williams is an Australian virtuosic classical guitarist renowned for his ensemble playing as well as his interpretation and promotion of the modern classical guitar repertoire. In 1973, he shared a Grammy Award in the Best Chamber Music Performance category with fellow guitarist Julian Bream for Together. Guitar historian Graham Wade has said that "John is perhaps the most technically accomplished guitarist the world has seen."

    3. Karin Boye, Swedish author and poet (b. 1900) deaths

      1. Swedish writer

        Karin Boye

        Karin Maria Boye was a Swedish poet and novelist. In Sweden she is acclaimed as a poet, but internationally she is best known for the dystopian science fiction novel Kallocain (1940).

  71. 1940

    1. Sue Grafton, American author (d. 2017) births

      1. American writer

        Sue Grafton

        Sue Taylor Grafton was an American author of detective novels. She is best known as the author of the "alphabet series" featuring private investigator Kinsey Millhone in the fictional city of Santa Teresa, California. The daughter of detective novelist C. W. Grafton, she said the strongest influence on her crime novels was author Ross Macdonald. Before her success with this series, she wrote screenplays for television movies.

  72. 1939

    1. Louis Trousselier, French cyclist (b. 1881) deaths

      1. French cyclist

        Louis Trousselier

        Louis Trousselier was a French racing cyclist who won the 1905 Tour de France. His other major wins were Paris–Roubaix, also in 1905, and the 1908 Bordeaux–Paris. He came third in the 1906 Tour de France and won 13 stages of the Tour de France over his career. He also competed in the men's 25 kilometres event at the 1900 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal in the Men's points race.

  73. 1938

    1. George Grey Barnard, American sculptor (b. 1863) deaths

      1. American sculptor

        George Grey Barnard

        George Grey Barnard, often written George Gray Barnard, was an American sculptor who trained in Paris. He is especially noted for his heroic sized Struggle of the Two Natures in Man at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, his twin sculpture groups at the Pennsylvania State Capitol, and his Lincoln statue in Cincinnati, Ohio. His major works are largely symbolical in character. His personal collection of medieval architectural fragments became a core part of The Cloisters in New York City.

  74. 1937

    1. Joe Henderson, American saxophonist and composer (d. 2001) births

      1. American jazz saxophonist (1937–2001)

        Joe Henderson

        Joe Henderson was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. In a career spanning more than four decades, Henderson played with many of the leading American players of his day and recorded for several prominent labels, including Blue Note, Milestone, and Verve.

  75. 1936

    1. David Crombie, Canadian educator and politician, 56th Mayor of Toronto births

      1. Canadian politician; mayor of Toronto

        David Crombie

        David Edward Crombie is a Canadian politician, professor and consultant. Crombie served as mayor of Toronto from 1972 to 1978. In federal politics, he served as a Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament from 1978 to 1988 serving in several cabinet positions.

      2. Political office

        Mayor of Toronto

        The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in office, mayors are styled His/Her Worship.

    2. Jill Ireland, English actress (d. 1990) births

      1. British actress

        Jill Ireland

        Jill Dorothy Ireland was an English actress and singer. She appeared in 16 films with her second husband, Charles Bronson, and was additionally involved in two other of Bronson's films as a producer.

  76. 1935

    1. Anastasios Papoulas, Greek general (b. 1857) deaths

      1. Greek general

        Anastasios Papoulas

        Anastasios Papoulas was a Greek general, most notable as the Greek commander-in-chief during most of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22. Originally a firm royalist, after 1922 he shifted towards the republican Venizelists, and was executed in 1935 for supporting a failed republican coup.

  77. 1934

    1. Jayakanthan, Indian journalist and author (d. 2015) births

      1. Indian writer, journalist, filmmaker

        Jayakanthan

        D. Jayakanthan, popularly known as JK, was an Indian writer, journalist, orator, filmmaker, critic and activist. Born in Cuddalore, he dropped out of school at the age of 9 and went to Madras, where he joined the Communist Party of India. In a career spanning six decades, he authored around 40 novels, 200 short stories, apart from two autobiographies. Outside literature, he made two films. In addition, four of his other novels were adapted into films by others.

    2. Shirley MacLaine, American actress, singer, and dancer births

      1. American actress, dancer, and author (born 1934)

        Shirley MacLaine

        Shirley MacLaine is an American actress, author, and former dancer. Known for her portrayals of quirky, strong-willed and eccentric women, MacLaine has received numerous accolades over her seven-decade career, including an Academy Award, an Emmy Award, two British Academy Film Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, two Volpi Cups and two Silver Bears. MacLaine is one of the last remaining stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood.

  78. 1931

    1. Abdelhamid Kermali, Algerian footballer and manager (d. 2013) births

      1. Algerian footballer and manager

        Abdelhamid Kermali

        Abdelhamid Kermali was an Algerian footballer and football manager of the Algerian national team.

    2. Bridget Riley, English painter and illustrator births

      1. British painter (born 1931)

        Bridget Riley

        Bridget Louise Riley is an English painter known for her op art paintings. She lives and works in London, Cornwall and the Vaucluse in France.

    3. David Kldiashvili, Georgian author and playwright (b. 1862) deaths

      1. David Kldiashvili

        David Kldiashvili was a Georgian prose-writer whose novels and plays are concentrated on the degeneration of the country’s gentry and the miseries of the peasantry, boldly exposing the antagonisms of Georgian society.

  79. 1930

    1. Jerome Callet, American instrument designer, educator, and author (d. 2019) births

      1. American musical artist (1930–2019)

        Jerome Callet

        Jerome Callet was a brass embouchure clinician, and designer of brass instruments and mouthpieces.

    2. Richard Donner, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2021) births

      1. American film director (1930–2021)

        Richard Donner

        Richard Donner was an American filmmaker whose notable works included some of the most financially-successful films during the New Hollywood era. According to film historian Michael Barson, Donner was "one of Hollywood's most reliable makers of action blockbusters". His career spanned over 50 years, crossing multiple genres and filmmaking trends.

    3. José Sarney, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 31st President of Brazil births

      1. President of Brazil from 1985 to 1990

        José Sarney

        José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and writer who served as 31st president of Brazil from 1985 to 1990. He briefly served as the 20th vice president of Brazil for a month between April and May 1985.

      2. Head of state and head of government of Brazil

        President of Brazil

        The president of Brazil, officially the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état against Emperor Pedro II. Since then, Brazil has had six constitutions, three dictatorships, and three democratic periods. During the democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory. The Constitution of Brazil, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, their term of office and the method of election.

  80. 1929

    1. Dr. Rajkumar, Indian actor and singer (d. 2006) births

      1. Indian Kannada film actor, singer (1929–2006)

        Dr. Rajkumar

        Singanalluru Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj, better known by his stage name Dr. Rajkumar, was an Indian actor and singer who worked in Kannada cinema. Regarded as one of the greatest actors in the history of Indian cinema and a versatile actor, he is considered a cultural icon and holds a matinée idol status in the Kannada diaspora, among whom he is popularly called as Nata Saarvabhouma, Bangarada Manushya, Vara Nata, Gaana Gandharva, Rasikara Raja, Kannada Kanteerava and Rajanna/Annavru. He was honoured with Padma Bhushan in 1983 and Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1995. He is the only lead actor to win National Award for singing. His 35 movies have been remade 58 times in 9 languages by 34 actors making him the first actor whose movies were remade more than fifty times and the first actor whose movies were remade in nine languages. He was the first actor in India to enact a role which was based on James Bond in a full-fledged manner. The success of his movie Jedara Bale is credited to have widely inspired a Desi bond genre in other Indian film industries. On the occasion of the "Centenary of Indian Cinema" in April 2013, Forbes included his performance in Bangaarada Manushya on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". Upon his death, The New York Times had described him as one of India's most popular movie stars.

  81. 1928

    1. Tommy Docherty, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2020) births

      1. Scottish association footballer and manager (1928–2020)

        Tommy Docherty

        Thomas Henderson Docherty, commonly known as The Doc, was a Scottish football player and manager. Docherty played for several clubs, most notably Preston North End, and represented Scotland 25 times between 1951 and 1959. He then managed a total of 13 clubs between 1961 and 1988, as well as the Scottish national team. Docherty was manager of Manchester United between 1972 and 1977, during which time they were relegated to the Second Division, but promoted back to the First Division as champions at the first attempt.

    2. Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (d. 2008) births

      1. American jazz saxophonist

        Johnny Griffin

        John Arnold Griffin III was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. Nicknamed "the Little Giant" for his short stature and forceful playing, Griffin's career began in the mid-1940s and continued until the month of his death. A pioneering figure in hard bop, Griffin recorded prolifically as a bandleader in addition to stints with pianist Thelonious Monk, drummer Art Blakey, in partnership with fellow tenor Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and as a member of the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band after he moved to Europe in the 1960s. In 1995, Griffin was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.

    3. Anahit Perikhanian, Russian-born Armenian Iranologist (d. 2012) births

      1. Anahit Perikhanian

        Anahit Georgievna Perikhanian was a Soviet-born Armenian academic. An Iranologist, Perikhanian specialized in Sasanian jurisprudence, history and society. In addition to her work on many aspects of ancient and medieval Iran, Perikhanian was also interested in ancient inscriptions of Asia Minor and the Middle East, as well as Middle Iranian languages and Armenian language. She also spent much time researching Armenian philology and etymology, especially in relation to Iranian loanwords in the Armenian language, and contributed to the understanding of Aramaic inscriptions found in Armenia.

  82. 1927

    1. Josy Barthel, Luxembourgian runner and politician, Luxembourgian Minister for Energy (d. 1992) births

      1. Luxembourgish athlete (1927–1992)

        Josy Barthel

        Joseph ("Josy") Barthel was a Luxembourgish athlete. He was the surprise winner of the Men's 1500 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the only athlete representing Luxembourg to have won a gold medal at the Olympics. Besides athletics, Barthel also led successful careers in both chemistry and politics.

      2. List of Ministers for Energy of Luxembourg

        The Minister for Energy was a position in the Luxembourgian cabinet from 15 July 1964 until 7 August 1999. After the 1999 general election, the office was folded into the portfolio held by the Minister for the Economy.

  83. 1926

    1. Marilyn Erskine, American actress births

      1. American actress

        Marilyn Erskine

        Marilyn Erskine is an American actress who started performing at the age of three on radio, and has since appeared in radio, theater, film and television roles from the 1920s through the 1970s.

    2. Thorbjörn Fälldin, Swedish farmer and politician, 27th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 2016) births

      1. Swedish Prime Minister from 1976 to 1982

        Thorbjörn Fälldin

        Nils Olof Thorbjörn Fälldin was a Swedish politician. He was Prime Minister of Sweden in three non-consecutive cabinets from 1976 to 1982, and leader of the Swedish Centre Party from 1971 to 1985. On his first appointment in 1976, he was the first non-Social Democrat Prime Minister for 40 years and the first since the 1930s not to have worked as a professional politician since his teens. He was also the last Prime Minister to not be from the Social Democrats or Moderate Party.

      2. Head of government of Sweden

        Prime Minister of Sweden

        The prime minister is the head of government of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are subject to the Parliament of Sweden. The prime minister is nominated by the Speaker of the Riksdag and elected by the chamber by simple majority, using negative parliamentarianism. The Riksdag holds elections every four years, in the even year between leap years.

  84. 1925

    1. Franco Leccese, Italian sprinter (d. 1992) births

      1. Italian sprinter

        Franco Leccese

        Franco Leccese was an Italian sprinter.

  85. 1924

    1. Clement Freud, German-English radio host, academic, and politician (d. 2009) births

      1. English broadcaster, writer, politician, chef and alleged sex offender

        Clement Freud

        Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a German-born British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef.

    2. Ruth Kobart, American actress and singer (d. 2002) births

      1. American actress (1924–2002)

        Ruth Kobart

        Ruth Kobart was an American performer, whose six-decade career encompassed opera, Broadway musical theatre, regional theatre, films, and television.

    3. G. Stanley Hall, American psychologist and academic (b. 1844) deaths

      1. American psychologist and educator (1846–1924)

        G. Stanley Hall

        Granville Stanley Hall was a pioneering American psychologist and educator. His interests focused on human life span development and evolutionary theory. Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association and the first president of Clark University. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Hall as the 72nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century, in a tie with Lewis Terman.

  86. 1923

    1. Gus Bodnar, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2005) births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Gus Bodnar

        August "Gus" Bodnar was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who was the Calder Memorial Trophy winner as the National Hockey League's rookie of the year for the 1943-44 season. He played 12 seasons in the NHL from 1943 to 1955, for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks and Boston Bruins.

    2. Doris Burn, American author and illustrator (d. 2011) births

      1. American writer

        Doris Burn

        Doris "Doe" Burn was an American children's book author and illustrator. She lived most of her life on Waldron Island in the San Juan Islands archipelago of Washington.

  87. 1922

    1. Marc-Adélard Tremblay, Canadian anthropologist and academic (d. 2014) births

      1. Marc-Adélard Tremblay

        Marc-Adélard Tremblay, was a Canadian anthropologist.

  88. 1920

    1. Gino Valenzano, Italian race car driver (d. 2011) births

      1. Italian racing driver

        Gino Valenzano

        Luigi "Gino" Valenzano was an Italian racing driver. He entered 39 races between 1947 and 1955 in Abarths, Maseratis and Lancias as a teammate of drivers like Robert Manzon and Froilán González.

  89. 1919

    1. David Blackwell, American mathematician and academic (d. 2010) births

      1. American mathematician and statistician

        David Blackwell

        David Harold Blackwell was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and statistics. He is one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem. He was the first African American inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, the first African American tenured faculty member at the University of California, Berkeley, and the seventh African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. In 2012, President Obama posthumously awarded Blackwell the National Medal of Science.

    2. Glafcos Clerides, Cypriot lawyer and politician, 4th President of Cyprus (d. 2013) births

      1. President of Cyprus

        Glafcos Clerides

        Glafcos Ioannou Clerides was a Cypriot politician and barrister who served as the fourth president of Cyprus from 1993 to 2003. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living former President of Cyprus.

      2. Head of state and head of government of the Republic of Cyprus

        President of Cyprus

        The president of Cyprus, officially the president of the Republic of Cyprus, is the head of state and the head of government of Cyprus. The office was created in 1960, after Cyprus gained its independence from the United Kingdom.

  90. 1916

    1. Lou Thesz, American wrestler and trainer (d. 2002) births

      1. American professional wrestler (1916–2002)

        Lou Thesz

        Aloysius Martin "Lou" Thesz was an American professional wrestler. He was a three-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion and held the title for a combined total of 10 years, three months and nine days – longer than anyone else in history. Considered to be one of the last true shooters in professional wrestling and described as the "quintessential athlete... a polished warrior who could break a man in two if pushed the wrong way", Thesz is widely regarded as one of the greatest wrestlers of all time and the single greatest wrestling world champion in history, and probably the last globally accepted world champion. In Japan, Thesz was known as the 'God of Wrestling' and was called Tetsujin, which means 'Ironman', in respect for his speed, conditioning and expertise in catch wrestling. Alongside Karl Gotch and Billy Robinson, Thesz later helped train young Japanese wrestlers and mixed martial artists in catch wrestling.

  91. 1914

    1. William Castle, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1977) births

      1. American film director, producer, screenwriter, and (1914–1977)

        William Castle

        William Castle was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor.

    2. Phil Watson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1991) births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player and coach

        Phil Watson

        Joseph Philippe Henri Watson was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach in the National Hockey League. He played for the Montreal Canadiens and New York Rangers between 1936 and 1948, and coached the Rangers from 1955 to 1960 and the Boston Bruins from 1961 to 1963 He was born in Montreal, Quebec.

    3. Justin Wilson, American chef and author (d. 2001) births

      1. American chef, actor and writer

        Justin Wilson (chef)

        Justin E. Wilson was a Southern American chef and humorist known for his brand of Cajun-inspired cuisine, humor and storytelling.

  92. 1913

    1. Dieter Grau, German-American scientist and engineer (d. 2014) births

      1. American aerospace engineer

        Dieter Grau

        Dieter Grau was a German-born American aerospace engineer and member of the "von Braun rocket group", at Peenemünde (1939–1945) working on the V-2 rockets in World War II. He was among the engineers who surrendered to the United States and traveled there, providing rocketry expertise via Operation Paperclip, which took them first to Fort Bliss, Texas. Grau was sent by the U.S. Army to White Sands in 1946 to work on the assemblage and testing of the V-2. His wife joined him there in 1947. While von Braun was on standby at Fort Bliss, Grau and other German aerospace engineers busily launched V-2s for U.S. scientists to analyze. A total of 67 V-2s were launched at White Sands.

  93. 1912

    1. Ruth Osburn, American discus thrower (d. 1994) births

      1. American discus thrower

        Ruth Osburn

        Ruth Osburn was an American athlete who competed mainly in the discus. She was born in Shelbyville, Missouri, United States.

  94. 1908

    1. Marceline Day, American actress (d. 2000) births

      1. American actress

        Marceline Day

        Marceline Day was an American motion picture actress whose career began as a child in the 1910s and ended in the 1930s.

    2. Inga Gentzel, Swedish runner (d. 1991) births

      1. Swedish runner

        Inga Gentzel

        Inga Kristina Gentzel was a Swedish runner, who won a bronze medal in the 800 m at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Shortly before the Olympics she set a new world record in this event, which was broken two weeks later, but remained a national record until 1943. Gentzel won the silver medal in the 1000 m at the 1926 Women's World Games.

    3. Józef Gosławski, Polish sculptor (d. 1963) births

      1. Polish sculptor and medallic artist

        Józef Gosławski (sculptor)

        Józef Jan Gosławski was a Polish sculptor and medallic artist. He was a designer of coins, monuments and medals. Laureate of many artistic competitions; decorated with the Silver Cross of Merit.

  95. 1907

    1. Gabriel Figueroa, Mexican cinematographer (d. 1997) births

      1. Gabriel Figueroa

        Gabriel Figueroa Mateos was a Mexican cinematographer who is regarded as one of the greatest cinematographers of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. He has worked in over 200 films, which cover a broad range of genres, and is best known for his technical dominance, his careful handling of framing and chiaroscuro, and affinity for the aesthetics of artists.

  96. 1906

    1. William Joyce, American-born Irish-British Nazi propaganda broadcaster (d. 1946) births

      1. American-born fascist and propaganda broadcaster

        William Joyce

        William Brooke Joyce, nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw, was an American-born fascist and Nazi propaganda broadcaster during the Second World War. After moving from New York to Ireland and subsequently to England, Joyce became a member of Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists (BUF) from 1932, before finally moving to Germany at the outset of the war where he took German citizenship in 1940.

    2. Mimi Smith, English nurse (d. 1991) births

      1. Aunt and parental guardian of John Lennon (1906–1991)

        Mimi Smith

        Mary Elizabeth "Mimi" Smith was a maternal aunt and the parental guardian of the English musician John Lennon. Mimi Stanley was born in Toxteth, Liverpool, England, the oldest of five daughters. She became a resident trainee nurse at the Woolton Convalescent Hospital and later worked as a private secretary. On 15 September 1939 she married George Toogood Smith who ran his family's dairy farm and a shop in Woolton, a suburb of Liverpool.

  97. 1905

    1. Al Bates, American long jumper (d. 1999) births

      1. American long jumper

        Al Bates

        Alfred Hilborn Bates was an American athlete who competed mainly in the long jump.

    2. Robert Penn Warren, American novelist, poet, and literary critic (d. 1989) births

      1. American poet, novelist, and literary critic

        Robert Penn Warren

        Robert Penn Warren was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. He was also a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He founded the literary journal The Southern Review with Cleanth Brooks in 1935. He received the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for All the King's Men (1946) and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1958 and 1979. He is the only person to have won Pulitzer Prizes for both fiction and poetry.

  98. 1904

    1. Willem de Kooning, Dutch-American painter and educator (d. 1997) births

      1. Dutch-American painter (1904–1997)

        Willem de Kooning

        Willem de Kooning was a Dutch-American abstract expressionist artist. He was born in Rotterdam and moved to the United States in 1926, becoming an American citizen in 1962. In 1943, he married painter Elaine Fried.

  99. 1903

    1. José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Spanish lawyer and politician, founded the Falange (d. 1936) births

      1. Spanish politician and founder of Falange Española (1903–1936)

        José Antonio Primo de Rivera

        José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquess of Estella, often referred to simply as José Antonio, was a Spanish politician who founded the falangist Falange Española, later Falange Española de las JONS.

      2. Political party in Spain

        Falange Española de las JONS

        The Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, was a fascist political party founded in Spain in 1934 as merger of the Falange Española and the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista. FE de las JONS, which became the main Fascist group during the Second Spanish Republic, ceased to exist as such when, during the Civil War, General Francisco Franco merged it with the Traditionalist Communion in April 1937 to form the similarly named Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS.

  100. 1900

    1. Elizabeth Goudge, English author and educator (d. 1984) births

      1. English novelist and children's writer, 1900–1984

        Elizabeth Goudge

        Elizabeth de Beauchamp Goudge FRSL was an English writer of fiction and children's books. She won the Carnegie Medal for British children's books in 1946 for The Little White Horse. Goudge was long a popular author in the UK and the US and regained attention decades later. In 1993 her book The Rosemary Tree was plagiarised by Indrani Aikath-Gyaltsen; the "new" novel set in India was warmly reviewed in The New York Times and The Washington Post before its source was discovered. In 2001 or 2002 J. K. Rowling identified The Little White Horse as one of her favourite books and one of few with a direct influence on the Harry Potter series.

  101. 1899

    1. Oscar Zariski, Russian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1986) births

      1. Russian-American mathematician

        Oscar Zariski

        Oscar Zariski was a Russian-born American mathematician and one of the most influential algebraic geometers of the 20th century.

  102. 1897

    1. Manuel Ávila Camacho, Mexican colonel and politician, 45th President of Mexico (d. 1955) births

      1. President of Mexico from 1940 to 1946

        Manuel Ávila Camacho

        Manuel Ávila Camacho was a Mexican politician and military leader who served as the President of Mexico from 1940 to 1946. Despite participating in the Mexican Revolution and achieving a high rank, he came to the presidency of Mexico because of his direct connection to General Lázaro Cárdenas and served him as a right-hand man as his Chief of his General Staff during the Mexican Revolution and afterwards. He was called affectionately by Mexicans "The Gentleman President". As president, he pursued "national policies of unity, adjustment, and moderation." His administration completed the transition from military to civilian leadership, ended confrontational anticlericalism, reversed the push for socialist education, and restored a working relationship with the US during World War II.

      2. Head of state and Head of government of Mexico

        President of Mexico

        The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.

    2. Benjamin Lee Whorf, American linguist, anthropologist, and engineer (d. 1941) births

      1. American linguist (1897-1941)

        Benjamin Lee Whorf

        Benjamin Lee Whorf was an American linguist and fire prevention engineer. Whorf is widely known as an advocate for the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world. This principle has frequently been called the “Sapir–Whorf hypothesis”, after him and his mentor Edward Sapir, but Whorf called it the principle of linguistic relativity, because he saw the idea as having implications similar to Einstein’s principle of physical relativity. The idea, however, follows from post-Hegelian 19th-century philosophy, especially from Wilhelm von Humboldt; and from Wilhelm Wundt's Völkerpsychologie.

  103. 1891

    1. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, German field marshal (b. 1800) deaths

      1. German field marshal (1800–1891)

        Helmuth von Moltke the Elder

        Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke was a Prussian field marshal. The chief of staff of the Prussian Army for thirty years, he is regarded as the creator of a new, more modern method of directing armies in the field. He commanded troops in Europe and the Middle East, in the Second Schleswig War, Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War. He is described as embodying "Prussian military organization and tactical genius". He was fascinated with railways and pioneered their military use. He is often referred to as Moltke the Elder to distinguish him from his nephew Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, who commanded the German Army at the outbreak of the First World War.

  104. 1889

    1. Stafford Cripps, English academic and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1952) births

      1. British politician and diplomat (1889–1952)

        Stafford Cripps

        Sir Richard Stafford Cripps was a British Labour Party politician, barrister, and diplomat.

      2. Minister for Finance in the United Kingdom and Head of Treasury

        Chancellor of the Exchequer

        The chancellor of the Exchequer, often abbreviated to chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom, and head of His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, the Chancellor is a high-ranking member of the British Cabinet and is third in the ministerial ranking, behind the prime minister and the deputy prime minister.

    2. Lyubov Popova, Russian painter and academic (d. 1924) births

      1. Russian artist (1889–1924)

        Lyubov Popova

        Lyubov Sergeyevna Popova was a Russian Empire and Soviet avant-garde artist, painter and designer.

    3. Zulma Carraud, French author (b. 1796) deaths

      1. French author

        Zulma Carraud

        Zulma Carraud was a French author. She is best known for her children's books and textbooks particularly La Petite Jeanne ou le devoir and Maurice ou le travail.

  105. 1888

    1. Pe Maung Tin, Burma-based scholar and educator (d. 1973) births

      1. Pe Maung Tin

        Pe Maung Tin was a scholar of Pali and Buddhism and educator in Myanmar, formerly Burma. Born to an Anglican family at Pauktaw, Insein Township, Rangoon, he was the fifth child of U Pe and Daw Myaing. His grandfather was the first Burmese pastor of Henzada. He learnt the basic Buddhist texts at a local private school before he went to Rangoon Government High School where he won a scholarship at age 14.

      2. Country in Southeast Asia

        Myanmar

        Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, also known as Burma, is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia, and has a population of about 54 million as of 2017. Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).

  106. 1887

    1. Denys Finch Hatton, English hunter (d. 1931) births

      1. British aristocrat and big-game hunter (1887–1931)

        Denys Finch Hatton

        The Honourable Denys George Finch Hatton MC was an English aristocratic big-game hunter and the lover of Baroness Karen Blixen, a Danish noblewoman who wrote about him in her autobiographical book Out of Africa, first published in 1937. In the book, his name is hyphenated: "Finch-Hatton".

  107. 1885

    1. Thomas Cronan, American triple jumper (d. 1962) births

      1. American triple jumper

        Thomas Cronan

        Thomas Francis Cronan was an American athlete who competed mainly in the triple jump.