Important events in history
on September 29 ^th

Events

2019
1. Violence and low turnout mar the 2019 Afghan presidential election.
  1. 2019 Afghan presidential election
    
    Presidential elections were held in Afghanistan on 28 September 2019. According to preliminary results, which runner-up Abdullah Abdullah appealed against, incumbent Ashraf Ghani was re-elected with 923,592 votes, 50.64% of the vote. After delays over disputed votes, Ghani was declared the winner in the final results on 18 February 2020. Abdullah Abdullah rejected the results and moved to set up his own parallel government and separate inauguration. However, Ghani was officially sworn in for a second term on 9 March 2020. The ensuing political crisis was not resolved until 16 May 2020, when Ghani and Abdullah signed a power-sharing deal in which Ghani would remain president and Abdullah would lead the peace talks with the Taliban when they start. Voter turnout was less than 20%.
2016
1. Eleven days after the Uri attack, the Indian Army conducts "surgical strikes" against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir.
  1. 2016 Uri attack
    
    The 2016 Uri attack was carried out on 18 September by four Jaish-e-Mohammed insurgents from Pakistan against an Indian Army brigade headquarters near the town of Uri in the erstwhile Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. 19 Indian soldiers were killed in the attack, and 19–30 others were injured. It was reported by the BBC as having been "the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two decades".
  2. Indian Army
    
    The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army, and its professional head is the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who is a four-star general. Two officers have been conferred with the rank of field marshal, a five-star rank, which is a ceremonial position of great honour. The Indian Army was formed in 1895 alongside the long established presidency armies of the East India Company, which too were absorbed into it in 1903. The princely states had their own armies, which were merged into the national army after independence. The units and regiments of the Indian Army have diverse histories and have participated in several battles and campaigns around the world, earning many battle and theatre honours before and after Independence.
  3. 2016 Indian Line of Control strike
    
    On 29 September 2016, India announced that it conducted surgical strikes against militant launch pads across the Line of Control in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, and inflicted "significant casualties". Pakistan rejected India's claim, and instead claimed that Indian troops did not cross the Line of Control and had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border.
  4. Azad Kashmir
    
    Azad Jammu and Kashmir, abbreviated as AJK and colloquially referred to as simply Azad Kashmir, is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing entity and constituting the western portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. The territory shares a border to the north with Gilgit-Baltistan, together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organizations as "Pakistani-administered Kashmir". Azad Kashmir also shares borders with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the south and west, respectively. On its eastern side, Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir by the Line of Control (LoC), which serves as the de facto border between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir. Geographically, the administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir covers a total area of 13,297 km2 (5,134 sq mi) and has a total population of 4,045,366 as per the 2017 national census.
2013
1. Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Nigeria.
  1. Gujba college massacre
    
    On 29 September 2013, gunmen from Boko Haram entered the male dormitory in the College of Agriculture in Gujba, Yobe State, Nigeria, killing forty-four students and teachers.
  2. Boko Haram
    
    Boko Haram, officially known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād, is an Islamic terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, which is also active in Chad, Niger, and northern Cameroon. In 2016, the group split, resulting in the emergence of a hostile faction known as the Islamic State's West Africa Province.
2011
1. The special court in India convicted all 269 accused officials for atrocity on Dalits and 17 for rape in the Vachathi case.
  1. Dalit
    
    Dalit, also previously known as untouchable, is a name for people belonging to the lowest stratum of the castes in India. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of Panchama. Dalits now profess various religious beliefs, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and various other belief systems. Scheduled Castes is the official term for Dalits as per the Constitution of India.
  2. Vachathi case
    
    The Vachathi case involved a mass crime that occurred on 20 June 1992 in the village of Vachathi, in Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu. A team of 155 forest personnel, 108 policemen and six revenue officials entered the Tribal-dominated Vachathi village, searching for smuggled sandalwood and to gather information about Veerappan. Under the pretext of conducting a search, the team ransacked the villagers' property, destroyed their houses, killed their cattle, assaulted around 100 villagers, and raped 18 women.
2009
1. The 8.1 Mw  Samoa earthquake results in a tsunami that kills over 189 and injures hundreds.
  1. 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami
    
    The 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami took place on 29 September 2009 in the southern Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone. The submarine earthquake occurred in an extensional environment and had a moment magnitude of 8.1 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). It was the largest earthquake of 2009. The earthquake initiated with a normal-faulting event with a magnitude of 8.1. Within two minutes of the earthquake rupture, two large magnitude 7.8 earthquakes occurred on the subduction zone interface. The two magnitude 7.8 earthquakes had a combined magnitude equivalent to 8.0. The event can be considered a doublet earthquake.
2008
1. The stock market crashes after the first United States House of Representatives vote on the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act fails, leading to the Great Recession.
  1. Stock market crash
    
    A stock market crash is a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices across a major cross-section of a stock market, resulting in a significant loss of paper wealth. Crashes are driven by panic selling and underlying economic factors. They often follow speculation and economic bubbles.
  2. United States House of Representatives
    
    The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
  3. Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
    
    The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, often called the "bank bailout of 2008", was proposed by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, passed by the 110th United States Congress, and signed into law by President George W. Bush. It became law as part of Public Law 110-343 on October 3, 2008, in the midst of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. It created the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to purchase toxic assets from banks. The funds were mostly redirected to inject capital into banks and other financial institutions while the Treasury continued to examine the usefulness of targeted asset purchases.
  4. Great Recession
    
    The Great Recession was a period of marked general decline, i.e. a recession, observed in national economies globally that occurred between 2007 and 2009. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country. At the time, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that it was the most severe economic and financial meltdown since the Great Depression. One result was a serious disruption of normal international relations.
2007
1. Calder Hall, the world's first commercial nuclear power station, is demolished in a controlled explosion.
  1. Sellafield
    
    Sellafield is a large multi-function nuclear site close to Seascale on the coast of Cumbria, England. As of August 2022, primary activities are nuclear waste processing and storage and nuclear decommissioning. Former activities included nuclear power generation from 1956 to 2003, and nuclear fuel reprocessing from 1952 to 2022. Reprocessing ceased on 17 July 2022, when the Magnox Reprocessing Plant completed its last batch of fuel after 58 years of operation.
  2. Nuclear power plant
    
    A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power stations, heat is used to generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity. As of 2022, the International Atomic Energy Agency reported there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in 32 countries around the world.
2006
1. Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 collided in mid-air with an Embraer Legacy business jet near Peixoto de Azevedo, Brazil, killing 154 people and triggering a national aviation crisis.
  1. Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907
    
    Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Manaus, Brazil, to Brasília and Rio de Janeiro. On 29 September 2006, the Boeing 737-800 operating the flight collided with an Embraer Legacy 600 business jet over the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. The winglet equipped wingtip of the Legacy sliced off about half of the 737's left wing, causing the 737 to break up in midair and crash into an area of dense jungle, killing all 154 passengers and crew. Despite sustaining serious damage to its left wing and tail, the Legacy landed with its seven occupants uninjured.
  2. Embraer Legacy 600
    
    The Embraer Legacy 600 is a business jet derivative of the Embraer ERJ 145 family of commercial jet aircraft.
  3. Peixoto de Azevedo
    
    Peixoto de Azevedo is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. Peixoto de Azevedo was the ancient location of the Panará indigenous people. They were expelled during the 19th century gold rush in the region. From the 20th century, the Panará people were relocated to the Kapoto-Jarinã indigenous territory created by the Villas-Bôas brothers.
  4. 2006–2007 Brazilian aviation crisis
    
    Between 2006 and 2007, Brazil's civil aviation sector suffered a crisis characterized by significant flight delays and cancellations, air traffic controller strikes and safety concerns about the country's airport and air traffic infrastructure. It ostensibly started after the crash of Gol Flight 1907 in September 2006, and extended to January 2008. While the government has announced a series of measures aimed at mitigating its effects, no clear solution has been found. In Brazil the crisis has been dubbed "Apagão Aéreo", an allusion to an energy crisis which Brazil experienced between 2001 and 2002.
2. A Boeing 737 and an Embraer 600 collide in mid-air, killing 154 people and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis.
  1. Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907
    
    Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Manaus, Brazil, to Brasília and Rio de Janeiro. On 29 September 2006, the Boeing 737-800 operating the flight collided with an Embraer Legacy 600 business jet over the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. The winglet equipped wingtip of the Legacy sliced off about half of the 737's left wing, causing the 737 to break up in midair and crash into an area of dense jungle, killing all 154 passengers and crew. Despite sustaining serious damage to its left wing and tail, the Legacy landed with its seven occupants uninjured.
  2. 2006–2007 Brazilian aviation crisis
    
    Between 2006 and 2007, Brazil's civil aviation sector suffered a crisis characterized by significant flight delays and cancellations, air traffic controller strikes and safety concerns about the country's airport and air traffic infrastructure. It ostensibly started after the crash of Gol Flight 1907 in September 2006, and extended to January 2008. While the government has announced a series of measures aimed at mitigating its effects, no clear solution has been found. In Brazil the crisis has been dubbed "Apagão Aéreo", an allusion to an energy crisis which Brazil experienced between 2001 and 2002.
2005
1. John Roberts is confirmed as Chief Justice of the United States.
  1. John Roberts
    
    John Glover Roberts Jr. is an American lawyer and jurist who has served as the 17th chief justice of the United States since 2005. Roberts has authored the majority opinion in several landmark cases, including National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, Shelby County v. Holder, and Riley v. California. He has been described as having a conservative judicial philosophy but, above all, as an institutionalist. He has shown a willingness to work with the Supreme Court's liberal bloc, and after the retirement of Anthony Kennedy in 2018, he has been regarded as the primary swing vote on the Court. Roberts is no longer the median vote since Amy Coney Barrett replaced Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 2020.
  2. Chief Justice of the United States
    
    The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint "Judges of the supreme Court", who serve until they resign, retire, are impeached and convicted, or die. The existence of a chief justice is explicit in Article One, Section 3, Clause 6 which states that the chief justice shall preside on the impeachment trial of the president.
2004
1. Archaeologists and volunteers began excavation of the remains of Fort Tanjong Katong in Singapore.
  1. Fort Tanjong Katong
    
    Fort Tanjong Katong, which stood from 1879 to 1901, was one of the oldest military forts built by the former British colonial government of Singapore. The fort gave its name to today's Fort Road, and it used to stand on the grounds of the present Katong Park. Fort Tanjong Katong, the only one of its kind on the eastern side of the island, was part of a series of defensive batteries and fortifications along the southern coast of Singapore, that defended the eastern approaches to the Singapore Harbour and Singapore Town against seaborne attacks. Due to its poor structural design and remoteness, the fort was subsequently abandoned and buried until its rediscovery in 2001. Found with traces of a moat and near intact perimeter wall, the fort was considered by local archaeological experts as one of Singapore's most important archaeological finds of a "true 19-century fort" to date. As a result, an archaeology group has been lobbying for the site to be gazetted as a National Monument. As of May 2010, the National Heritage Board has stated that it has no plans to gazette the fort for the time being.
2. The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.
  1. 4179 Toutatis
    
    4179 Toutatis, provisional designation 1989 AC, is an elongated, stony asteroid and slow rotator, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo asteroid and Alinda asteroid groups, approximately 2.5 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by French astronomer Christian Pollas at Caussols in 1989, the asteroid was named after Toutatis from Celtic mythology.
3. Burt Rutan's Ansari SpaceShipOne performs a successful spaceflight, the first of two required to win the Ansari X Prize.
  1. Burt Rutan
    
    Elbert Leander "Burt" Rutan is a retired American aerospace engineer and entrepreneur noted for his originality in designing light, strong, unusual-looking, and energy-efficient air and space craft. He designed the record-breaking Voyager, which in 1986 was the first plane to fly around the world without stopping or refueling, and the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, which in 2006 set the world record for the fastest and longest nonstop non-refueled circumnavigation flight in history. In 2004, Rutan's sub-orbital spaceplane design SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded spacecraft to enter the realm of space, winning the Ansari X-Prize that year for achieving the feat twice within a two-week period.
  2. SpaceShipOne
    
    SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched rocket-powered aircraft with sub-orbital spaceflight capability at speeds of up to 3,000 ft/s (900 m/s), using a hybrid rocket motor. The design features a unique "feathering" atmospheric reentry system where the rear half of the wing and the twin tail booms folds 70 degrees upward along a hinge running the length of the wing; this increases drag while retaining stability. SpaceShipOne completed the first crewed private spaceflight in 2004. That same year, it won the US$10 million Ansari X Prize and was immediately retired from active service. Its mother ship was named "White Knight". Both craft were developed and flown by Mojave Aerospace Ventures, which was a joint venture between Paul Allen and Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan's aviation company. Allen provided the funding of approximately US$25 million.
  3. Ansari X Prize
    
    The Ansari X Prize was a space competition in which the X Prize Foundation offered a US$10,000,000 prize for the first non-government organization to launch a reusable crewed spacecraft into space twice within two weeks. It was modeled after early 20th-century aviation prizes, and aimed to spur development of low-cost spaceflight.
1992
1. Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello is impeached.
  1. Fernando Collor de Mello
    
    Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first President democratically elected after the end of the Brazilian military government. He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from the presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of corruption continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence.
1991
1. The award-winning Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast premiered while unfinished at the New York Film Festival.
  1. Walt Disney Animation Studios
    
    Walt Disney Animation Studios (WDAS), sometimes shortened to Disney Animation, is an American animation studio that creates animated features and short films for The Walt Disney Company. The studio's current production logo features a scene from its first synchronized sound cartoon, Steamboat Willie (1928). Founded on October 16, 1923, by brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney, it is the oldest-running animation studio in the world. It is currently organized as a division of Walt Disney Studios and is headquartered at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank, California. Since its foundation, the studio has produced 61 feature films, from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) to Strange World (2022), and hundreds of short films.
  2. Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)
    
    Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period, it is based on the 1756 fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, while also containing ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau. The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise and produced by Don Hahn, from a screenplay by Linda Woolverton.
  3. New York Film Festival
    
    The New York Film Festival (NYFF) is a film festival held every fall in New York City, presented by Film at Lincoln Center (FLC). Founded in 1963 by Richard Roud and Amos Vogel with the support of Lincoln Center president William Schuman, it is one of the longest-running and most prestigious film festivals in the United States. The non-competitive festival is centered on a "Main Slate" of typically 20–30 feature films, with additional sections for experimental cinema and new restorations.
2. A Haitian coup d'état occurs.
  1. 1991 Haitian coup d'état
    
    The 1991 Haitian coup d'état took place on 29 September 1991, when President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, elected eight months earlier in the 1990–91 Haitian general election, was deposed by the Armed Forces of Haiti. Haitian military officers, primarily Army General Raoul Cédras, Army Chief of Staff Philippe Biamby and Chief of the National Police, Michel François led the coup. Aristide was sent into exile, his life only saved by the intervention of US, French and Venezuelan diplomats. Aristide would later return to power in 1994.
1990
1. The Lockheed YF-22, the prototype for the F-22 Raptor, made its first flight.
  1. Lockheed YF-22
    
    The Lockheed/Boeing/General Dynamics YF-22 is an American single-seat, twin-engine fighter aircraft technology demonstrator designed for the United States Air Force (USAF). The design was a finalist in the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter competition, and two prototypes were built for the demonstration/validation phase of the competition. The YF-22 won the contest against the Northrop YF-23, and entered production as the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor. The YF-22 has a similar aerodynamic layout and configuration as the F-22, but with differences in the position and design of the cockpit, tail fins and wings, and in internal structural layout.
  2. Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
    
    The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is an American single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force (USAF). As the result of the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, the aircraft was designed as an air superiority fighter, but also has ground attack, electronic warfare, and signals intelligence capabilities. The prime contractor, Lockheed Martin, built most of the F-22's airframe and weapons systems and conducted final assembly, while Boeing provided the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and training systems.
2. Construction of the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (better known as Washington National Cathedral) is completed in Washington, D.C.
  1. Washington National Cathedral
    
    The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington, commonly known as Washington National Cathedral, is an American cathedral of the Episcopal Church. The cathedral is located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The structure is of Neo-Gothic design closely modeled on English Gothic style of the late fourteenth century. It is the second-largest church building in the United States, and the third-tallest building in Washington, D.C. The cathedral is the seat of both the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, Michael Bruce Curry, and the bishop of the Diocese of Washington, Mariann Edgar Budde. Over 270,000 people visit the structure annually.
  2. Washington, D.C.
    
    Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
3. The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.
  1. Lockheed YF-22
    
    The Lockheed/Boeing/General Dynamics YF-22 is an American single-seat, twin-engine fighter aircraft technology demonstrator designed for the United States Air Force (USAF). The design was a finalist in the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter competition, and two prototypes were built for the demonstration/validation phase of the competition. The YF-22 won the contest against the Northrop YF-23, and entered production as the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor. The YF-22 has a similar aerodynamic layout and configuration as the F-22, but with differences in the position and design of the cockpit, tail fins and wings, and in internal structural layout.
4. The Tampere Hall, the largest concert and congress center in the Nordic countries, is inaugurated in Tampere, Finland.
  1. Tampere Hall
    
    The Tampere Hall is the largest congress centre in the Nordic countries, located in the southern edge of Sorsapuisto, in the centre of Tampere, Finland. It was inaugurated on September 29, 1990. Opposite of the Tampere Hall is the main building of the University of Tampere, and the Tampere railway station is only half a kilometre away. The seating capacity of the main auditorium is 1,756.
  2. Nordic countries
    
    The Nordic countries are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden; the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland; and the autonomous region of Åland.
  3. Tampere
    
    Tampere is a city in the Pirkanmaa region, located in the western part of Finland. Tampere is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. It has a population of 244,029; the urban area has a population of 341,696; and the metropolitan area, also known as the Tampere sub-region, has a population of 393,941 in an area of 4,970 km2 (1,920 sq mi). Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland, after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo, and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area. Today, Tampere is one of the major urban, economic, and cultural hubs in the whole inland region.
  4. Finland
    
    Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
1988
1. NASA launches STS-26, the first Space Shuttle mission since the Challenger disaster.
  1. STS-26
    
    STS-26 was the 26th NASA Space Shuttle mission and the seventh flight of the orbiter Discovery. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on September 29, 1988, and landed four days later on October 3, 1988. STS-26 was declared the "Return to Flight" mission, being the first mission after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of January 28, 1986. It was the first mission since STS-9 to use the original Space Transportation System (STS) numbering system, the first to have all its crew members wear pressure suits for launch and landing since STS-4, and the first mission with bailout capacity since STS-4. STS-26 was also the first U.S. space mission with an all-veteran crew since Apollo 11, with all of its crew members having flown at least one prior mission.
  2. Space Shuttle
    
    The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development. The first (STS-1) of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights (STS-5) beginning in 1982. Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011. They launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), conducted science experiments in orbit, participated in the Shuttle-Mir program with Russia, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The Space Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1,323 days.
  3. Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
    
    On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all seven crew members aboard. The spacecraft disintegrated 46,000 feet (14 km) above the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39 a.m. EST. It was the first fatal accident involving an American spacecraft in flight.
1981
1. An Iranian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft crashes into a firing range near Kahrizak, Iran, killing 80 people.
  1. Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
    
    The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF); Persian: نیروی هوایی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Nirvi-ye Hevayi-ye Artesh-e Jimhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Iran) is the aviation branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. The present air force came into being when the Imperial Iranian Air Force was renamed in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution. The IRIAF was heavily involved in the Iran–Iraq War, carrying out major operations like Operation Kaman 99, Operation Sultan 10, the H-3 airstrike, and the first attack on a nuclear reactor in history, Operation Scorch Sword. As a result of eight years of aerial combat in that conflict, the IRIAF has the second highest claimed number of fighter aces in the region, exceeded only by the Israeli Air Force; as many as seven IRIAF pilots claimed more than six kills, mostly achieved in the F-14 Tomcat. Veterans of the Iran–Iraq War would go on to form the core of the IRIAF command.
  2. Lockheed C-130 Hercules
    
    The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed. Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally designed as a troop, medevac, and cargo transport aircraft. The versatile airframe has found uses in other roles, including as a gunship (AC-130), for airborne assault, search and rescue, scientific research support, weather reconnaissance, aerial refueling, maritime patrol, and aerial firefighting. It is now the main tactical airlifter for many military forces worldwide. More than 40 variants of the Hercules, including civilian versions marketed as the Lockheed L-100, operate in more than 60 nations.
  3. 1981 Iranian Air Force C-130 crash
    
    On 29 September 1981, an Iranian Air Force C-130 military cargo aircraft crashed into a firing range near Kahrizak, Iran. The plane was flying from Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province to Tehran, while returning from an inspection tour of Iranian military gains in the Iran–Iraq War.
  4. Kahrizak
    
    Kahrizak is one of the cities of Tehran Province, Kahrizak, which is located in Iran, Tehran Province. Its population was 8,704 people in 2,178 households in the 2005 census
  5. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
1979
1. The dictator Francisco Macias of Equatorial Guinea is executed by soldiers from Western Sahara.
  1. Francisco Macías Nguema
    
    Francisco Macías Nguema, often mononymously referred to as Macías, was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the first President of Equatorial Guinea from the country's independence in 1968 until his overthrow in 1979. He is widely remembered as one of the most brutal dictators in history.
  2. Equatorial Guinea
    
    Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2021, the country had a population of 1,468,777.
  3. Western Sahara
    
    Western Sahara is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. About 20% of the territory is controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), while the remaining 80% of the territory is occupied and administered by neighboring Morocco. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres (103,000 sq mi). It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at just over 500,000, of which nearly 40% live in Laayoune, the largest city in Western Sahara.
1975
1. WGPR becomes the first black-owned-and-operated television station in the US.
  1. WWJ-TV
    
    WWJ-TV is a television station in Detroit, Michigan, United States, owned and operated by the CBS television network. Under common ownership with CW affiliate WKBD-TV under the network's CBS News and Stations group, both stations share studios on Eleven Mile Road in the Detroit suburb of Southfield, while WWJ-TV's transmitter is located in Oak Park.
1972
1. Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.
  1. Japan
    
    Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 6852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers (145,937 sq mi); the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.
  2. China–Japan relations
    
    China–Japan relations or Sino–Japanese relations are the bilateral relations between China and Japan. The countries are geographically separated by the East China Sea. Japan has been strongly influenced throughout its history by China, especially by the East and Southeast through the gradual process of Sinicization with its language, architecture, culture, cuisine, religion, philosophy, and law. When Japan was forced to open trade relations with the West after the Perry Expedition in the mid-19th century, Japan plunged itself through an active process of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and began viewing China under the Qing Dynasty as an antiquated civilization unable to defend itself against foreign forces—in part due to the First and Second Opium Wars along with the Eight-Nation Alliance's involvement in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. Japan eventually took advantage of such weaknesses by invading China, including the First Sino-Japanese War and the Second Sino-Japanese War.
  3. China
    
    China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.
  4. Taiwan
    
    Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands, with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres (13,974 sq mi). The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.
1971
1. Oman joins the Arab League.
  1. Arab League
    
    The Arab League, formally the League of Arab States, is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Northern Africa, Western Africa, Eastern Africa, and Western Asia. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945, initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members, but Syria's participation has been suspended since November 2011.
1963
1. The University of East Anglia was founded in Norwich, England, after talk of establishing a university in the city began as early as the 19th century.
  1. University of East Anglia
    
    The University of East Anglia (UEA) is a public research university in Norwich, England. Established in 1963 on a 320-acre (130-hectare) campus west of the city centre, the university has four faculties and 26 schools of study. The annual income of the institution for 2020–21 was £292.1 million, of which £35.2 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £290.4 million, and had an undergraduate offer rate of 85.1% in 2021.
  2. Norwich
    
    Norwich is a cathedral city and district of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. Norwich is by the River Wensum, about 100 miles (160 km) north-east of London, 40 miles (64 km) north of Ipswich and 65 miles (105 km) east of Peterborough. As the seat of the See of Norwich, with one of the country's largest medieval cathedrals, it is the largest settlement and has the largest urban area in East Anglia.
1959
1. A Lockheed L-188 Electra crashes in Buffalo, Texas, killing 34 people.
  1. Lockheed L-188 Electra
    
    The Lockheed L-188 Electra is an American turboprop airliner built by Lockheed. First flown in 1957, it was the first large turboprop airliner built in the United States. Initial sales were good, but after two fatal crashes that led to expensive modifications to fix a design defect, no more were ordered. With its unique high power-to-weight ratio, huge propellers and very short wings, large Fowler flaps which significantly increased effective wing area when extended, and four-engined design, the airplane had airfield performance capabilities unmatched by many jet transport aircraft even today—particularly on short runways and high field elevations. Jet airliners soon supplanted turboprops for many purposes, and many Electras were modified as freighters. Some Electras are still being used in various roles into the 21st century. The airframe was also used as the basis for the Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft.
  2. Braniff International Airways Flight 542
    
    Braniff International Airways Flight 542, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, registration N9705C, was a scheduled domestic flight from Houston, Texas, bound for New York with scheduled stops in Dallas and Washington, D.C. On September 29, 1959, 23 minutes into the 41-minute flight from Houston to Dallas Love Field, the aircraft disintegrated in mid-air approximately 3.8 miles (6.1 km) southeast of Buffalo, Texas, killing everyone on board.
  3. Buffalo, Texas
    
    Buffalo is a city in Leon County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,767 at the 2020 census.
1957
1. An explosion at the Soviet nuclear reprocessing plant Mayak released 74 to 1,850 PBq of radioactive material.
  1. Nuclear reprocessing
    
    Nuclear reprocessing is the chemical separation of fission products and actinides from spent nuclear fuel. Originally, reprocessing was used solely to extract plutonium for producing nuclear weapons. With commercialization of nuclear power, the reprocessed plutonium was recycled back into MOX nuclear fuel for thermal reactors. The reprocessed uranium, also known as the spent fuel material, can in principle also be re-used as fuel, but that is only economical when uranium supply is low and prices are high. A breeder reactor is not restricted to using recycled plutonium and uranium. It can employ all the actinides, closing the nuclear fuel cycle and potentially multiplying the energy extracted from natural uranium by about 60 times.
  2. Mayak
    
    The Mayak Production Association is one of the biggest nuclear facilities in the Russian Federation, housing a reprocessing plant. The closest settlements are Ozyorsk to the northwest and Novogornyi to the south.
  3. Kyshtym disaster
    
    The Kyshtym disaster, sometimes referred to as the Mayak disaster or Ozyorsk disaster in newer sources, was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
  4. Becquerel
    
    The becquerel is the unit of radioactivity in the International System of Units (SI). One becquerel is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. For applications relating to human health this is a small quantity, and SI multiples of the unit are commonly used.
  5. Radioactive decay
    
    Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay, all of which involve emitting one or more particles. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay, while the other two are governed by the electromagnetism and nuclear force. A fourth type of common decay is electron capture, in which an unstable nucleus captures an inner electron from one of the electron shells. The loss of that electron from the shell results in a cascade of electrons dropping down to that lower shell resulting in emission of discrete X-rays from the transitions. A common example is iodine-125 commonly used in medical settings.
2. The Kyshtym disaster is the third-worst nuclear accident ever recorded.
  1. Kyshtym disaster
    
    The Kyshtym disaster, sometimes referred to as the Mayak disaster or Ozyorsk disaster in newer sources, was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
  2. Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
    
    A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility. Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to the environment, reactor core melt." The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011.
1955
1. The first Indonesian legislative election resulted in an unexpectedly poor result for the Masyumi Party of incumbent prime minister Burhanuddin Harahap (pictured).
  1. 1955 Indonesian legislative election
    
    Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 29 September 1955, to elect the 257 members of the People's Representative Council, the country's national legislature. The elections were the first national election held since the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations. The result of the election was inconclusive, as no party was given a clear mandate. The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved by President Sukarno in 1959, through Presidential Decree number 150.
  2. Masyumi Party
    
    The Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations, better known as the Masyumi Party, was a major Islamic political party in Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia. It was banned in 1960 by President Sukarno for supporting the PRRI rebellion.
  3. Burhanuddin Harahap
    
    Burhanuddin Harahap was an Indonesian politician and lawyer who served as the 9th prime minister of Indonesia from 1955 until 1956. A member of the Masyumi Party, he also served as Minister of Defense from 1955 until 1956. Born to a Batak family in North Sumatra, his father worked as a civil servant in the colonial government. Burhanuddin moved to Java to pursue higher education, becoming active in Islamic student organizations and enrolling in the Rechts Hogeschool in Batavia before his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion of the colony in 1942. During the Japanese occupation period, he served as public prosecutor in state courts in Jakarta and Yogyakarta. Following the proclamation of Indonesian independence, he became more involved in politics, joining the Masyumi Party and rising through its ranks to become a prominent party member, becoming the leader of Masyumi's parliamentary faction by 1950.
1954
1. Willie Mays of the New York Giants made The Catch, one of the most famous defensive plays in the history of Major League Baseball.
  1. Willie Mays
    
    Willie Howard Mays Jr., nicknamed "the Say Hey Kid" and "Buck", is a former center fielder in Major League Baseball (MLB). Regarded as one of the greatest players ever, Mays ranks second behind only Babe Ruth on most all-time lists, including those of The Sporting News and ESPN. Mays played in the National League (NL) between 1951 and 1973 for the New York/San Francisco Giants and New York Mets. Mays is the oldest living member of the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame.
  2. San Francisco Giants
    
    The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco, California. The Giants compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams, and renamed three years later the New York Giants, the team eventually moved from New York City to San Francisco in 1958.
  3. The Catch (baseball)
    
    The Catch was a baseball play made by New York Giants center fielder Willie Mays on September 29, 1954, during Game 1 of the 1954 World Series at the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan, New York City. During the eighth inning with the score tied 2–2, Cleveland Indians batter Vic Wertz hit a deep fly ball to center field that had the runners on base poised to score. However, Mays made an over-the-shoulder catch while on the run to record the out, and his throw back to the infield prevented the runners from advancing. The Giants won the game 5–2 in extra innings, and eventually the World Series. The Catch is regarded as one of the greatest plays in baseball history.
  4. Major League Baseball
    
    Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization and the oldest major professional sports league in the world. MLB is composed of 30 total teams, divided equally between the National League (NL) and the American League (AL), with 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The NL and AL were formed in 1876 and 1901, respectively. Beginning in 1903, the two leagues signed the National Agreement and cooperated but remained legally separate entities until 2000, when they merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball. MLB is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan. It is also included as one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.
2. The convention establishing CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.
  1. CERN
    
    The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN, is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 23 member states, and Israel is currently the only non-European country holding full membership. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer.
1941
1. The Holocaust: Nazi forces, aided by Ukrainian collaborators, began a massacre of Jews in a ravine in Kyiv, killing more than 30,000 civilians in two days and thousands more in the following months.
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
    
    Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany took place during the occupation of Poland and the Ukrainian SSR by Nazi Germany in World War II.
  3. Babi Yar
    
    Babi Yar or Babyn Yar is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv and a site of massacres carried out by Nazi Germany's forces during its campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II. The first and best documented of the massacres took place on 29–30 September 1941, killing some 33,771 Jews. The decision to murder all the Jews in Kyiv was made by the military governor Generalmajor Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch. Sonderkommando 4a as the sub-unit of Einsatzgruppe C, along with the aid of the SD and Order Police battalions with the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police backed by the Wehrmacht, carried out the orders. Sonderkommando 4a and the 45th Battalion of the German Order Police conducted the shootings. Servicemen of the 303rd Battalion of the German Order Police at this time guarded the outer perimeter of the execution site.
2. During World War II, German forces, with the aid of local Ukrainian collaborators, begin the two-day Babi Yar massacre.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
    
    Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany took place during the occupation of Poland and the Ukrainian SSR by Nazi Germany in World War II.
  3. Babi Yar
    
    Babi Yar or Babyn Yar is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv and a site of massacres carried out by Nazi Germany's forces during its campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II. The first and best documented of the massacres took place on 29–30 September 1941, killing some 33,771 Jews. The decision to murder all the Jews in Kyiv was made by the military governor Generalmajor Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch. Sonderkommando 4a as the sub-unit of Einsatzgruppe C, along with the aid of the SD and Order Police battalions with the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police backed by the Wehrmacht, carried out the orders. Sonderkommando 4a and the 45th Battalion of the German Order Police conducted the shootings. Servicemen of the 303rd Battalion of the German Order Police at this time guarded the outer perimeter of the execution site.
1940
1. Two Avro Ansons of the Royal Australian Air Force collided in mid-air over Brocklesby, but locked together and were landed safely.
  1. Avro Anson
    
    The Avro Anson is a British twin-engined, multi-role aircraft built by the aircraft manufacturer Avro. Large numbers of the type served in a variety of roles for the Royal Air Force (RAF), Fleet Air Arm (FAA), Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and numerous other air forces before, during, and after the Second World War.
  2. Royal Australian Air Force
    
    The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the principal air and space force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Australian Army. Constitutionally, the Governor-General of Australia, is the de jure Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force. The Royal Australian Air Force is commanded by the Chief of Air Force (CAF), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF). The CAF is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Air Force.
  3. 1940 Brocklesby mid-air collision
    
    On 29 September 1940, a mid-air collision occurred over Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia. The accident was unusual in that the aircraft involved, two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying Training School, remained locked together after colliding, and then landed safely. The collision stopped the engines of the upper Anson, but those of the machine underneath continued to run, allowing the aircraft to keep flying. Both navigators and the pilot of the lower Anson bailed out. The pilot of the upper Anson found that he was able to control the interlocked aircraft with his ailerons and flaps, and made an emergency landing in a nearby paddock. All four crewmen survived the incident, and the upper Anson was repaired and returned to flight service.
  4. Brocklesby, New South Wales
    
    Brocklesby is a town in the Riverina region of south west New South Wales, Australia. The town is in the Greater Hume Shire Council local government area, 45 kilometres (28 mi) north-west of the regional centre of Albury. In the 2006 census Brocklesby had a population of 238.
2. Two Avro Ansons collide in mid-air over New South Wales, Australia, remain locked together, then land safely.
  1. Avro Anson
    
    The Avro Anson is a British twin-engined, multi-role aircraft built by the aircraft manufacturer Avro. Large numbers of the type served in a variety of roles for the Royal Air Force (RAF), Fleet Air Arm (FAA), Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and numerous other air forces before, during, and after the Second World War.
  2. 1940 Brocklesby mid-air collision
    
    On 29 September 1940, a mid-air collision occurred over Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia. The accident was unusual in that the aircraft involved, two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying Training School, remained locked together after colliding, and then landed safely. The collision stopped the engines of the upper Anson, but those of the machine underneath continued to run, allowing the aircraft to keep flying. Both navigators and the pilot of the lower Anson bailed out. The pilot of the upper Anson found that he was able to control the interlocked aircraft with his ailerons and flaps, and made an emergency landing in a nearby paddock. All four crewmen survived the incident, and the upper Anson was repaired and returned to flight service.
  3. New South Wales
    
    New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east. The Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory are enclaves within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In December 2021, the population of New South Wales was over 8 million, making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 5.3 million, live in the Greater Sydney area.
  4. Australia
    
    Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi), Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, and mountain ranges in the south-east.
1932
1. Last day of the Battle of Boquerón between Paraguay and Bolivia during the Chaco War.
  1. Battle of Boquerón (1932)
    
    The Battle of Boquerón was a battle fought from September 7–29, 1932, between the Bolivian and Paraguayan armies in and around the stronghold of Boquerón. It was the first major battle of the Chaco War. The outpost (fortín) of Boquerón, among others, had been occupied by Bolivian troops since late July 1932 following instructions of president Daniel Salamanca, which led to the escalation of what began as a border conflict into a full-scale war.
  2. Paraguay
    
    Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. It has a population of seven million, nearly three million of whom live in the capital and largest city of Asunción, and its surrounding metro. Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America, Paraguay has ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.
  3. Bolivia
    
    Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest and Peru to the west. The seat of government and executive capital is La Paz, while the constitutional capital is Sucre. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.
  4. Chaco War
    
    The Chaco War was fought from 1932 to 1935 between Bolivia and Paraguay, over the control of the northern part of the Gran Chaco region of South America, which was thought to be rich in oil. The war is also referred to as La Guerra de la Sed in literary circles since it was fought in the semi-arid Chaco. The bloodiest interstate military conflict fought in South America in the 20th century, it was fought between two of its poorest countries, both of which had lost territory to neighbours in 19th-century wars.
1923
1. The Mandate for Palestine came into effect, officially creating the protectorates of Mandatory Palestine under British administration and Transjordan as a separate emirate under King Abdullah I.
  1. Mandate for Palestine
    
    The Mandate for Palestine was a League of Nations mandate for British administration of the territories of Palestine and Transjordan, both of which had been conceded by the Ottoman Empire following the end of World War I in 1918. The mandate was assigned to Britain by the San Remo conference in April 1920, after France's concession in the 1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement of the previously-agreed "international administration" of Palestine under the Sykes–Picot Agreement. Transjordan was added to the mandate after the Arab Kingdom in Damascus was toppled by the French in the Franco-Syrian War. Civil administration began in Palestine and Transjordan in July 1920 and April 1921, respectively, and the mandate was in force from 29 September 1923 to 15 May 1948 and to 25 May 1946 respectively.
  2. Mandatory Palestine
    
    Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
  3. Emirate of Transjordan
    
    The Emirate of Transjordan, officially known as the Amirate of Trans-Jordan, was a British protectorate established on 11 April 1921, which remained as such until achieving formal independence in 1946.
  4. Emirate
    
    An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world. From a historical point of view, an emirate is a political-religious unit smaller than a caliphate. It can be considered equivalent to a principality in non-Muslim contexts.
  5. Abdullah I of Jordan
    
    Abdullah I bin Al-Hussein was the ruler of Jordan from 11 April 1921 until his assassination in 1951. He was the Emir of Transjordan, a British protectorate, until 25 May 1946, after which he was king of an independent Jordan. As a member of the Hashemite dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, Abdullah was a 38th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad.
2. The Mandate for Palestine takes effect, creating Mandatory Palestine.
  1. Mandate for Palestine
    
    The Mandate for Palestine was a League of Nations mandate for British administration of the territories of Palestine and Transjordan, both of which had been conceded by the Ottoman Empire following the end of World War I in 1918. The mandate was assigned to Britain by the San Remo conference in April 1920, after France's concession in the 1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement of the previously-agreed "international administration" of Palestine under the Sykes–Picot Agreement. Transjordan was added to the mandate after the Arab Kingdom in Damascus was toppled by the French in the Franco-Syrian War. Civil administration began in Palestine and Transjordan in July 1920 and April 1921, respectively, and the mandate was in force from 29 September 1923 to 15 May 1948 and to 25 May 1946 respectively.
  2. Mandatory Palestine
    
    Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
3. The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon takes effect.
  1. Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
    
    The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon. The mandate system was supposed to differ from colonialism, with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for self-government. At that point, the mandate would terminate and an independent state would be born.
4. The First American Track and Field championships for women are held.
  1. 1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
    
    The 1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships women's competition were the first national track and field championships for women in the United States. The tournament was held on 29 September 1923 at Weequahic Park in Newark, New Jersey.
1918
1. World War I: The Battle of St Quentin Canal took place, which led to the British Fourth Army making the first breach of the German defensive Hindenburg Line.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Battle of St Quentin Canal
    
    The Battle of St. Quentin Canal was a pivotal battle of World War I that began on 29 September 1918 and involved British, Australian and American forces operating as part of the British Fourth Army under the overall command of General Sir Henry Rawlinson. Further north, part of the British Third Army also supported the attack. South of the Fourth Army's 19 km (12 mi) front, the French First Army launched a coordinated attack on a 9.5 km (6 mi) front. The objective was to break through one of the most heavily defended stretches of the German Siegfriedstellung, which in this sector used the St Quentin Canal as part of its defences. The assault achieved its objectives, resulting in the first full breach of the Hindenburg Line, in the face of heavy German resistance. In concert with other attacks of the Grand Offensive along the length of the line, Allied success convinced the German high command that there was little hope of an ultimate German victory.
  3. Fourth Army (United Kingdom)
    
    The Fourth Army was a field army that formed part of the British Expeditionary Force during the First World War. The Fourth Army was formed on 5 February 1916 under the command of General Sir Henry Rawlinson to carry out the main British contribution to the Battle of the Somme.
  4. Hindenburg Line
    
    The Hindenburg Line was a German defensive position built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front during the First World War. The line ran from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. In 1916, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme left the German western armies exhausted and on the Eastern Front, the Brusilov Offensive had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies and forced the Germans to take over more of the front. The declaration of war by Romania had placed additional strain on the German army and war economy.
2. Bulgaria signs the Armistice of Salonica ending its participation in World War I.
  1. Armistice of Salonica
    
    The Armistice of Salonica was signed on 29 September 1918 between Bulgaria and the Allied Powers in Thessaloniki. The convention followed a request by the Bulgarian government for a ceasefire on 24 September.
  2. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
3. The Hindenburg Line is broken by an Allied attack in World War I.
  1. Hindenburg Line
    
    The Hindenburg Line was a German defensive position built during the winter of 1916–1917 on the Western Front during the First World War. The line ran from Arras to Laffaux, near Soissons on the Aisne. In 1916, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme left the German western armies exhausted and on the Eastern Front, the Brusilov Offensive had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies and forced the Germans to take over more of the front. The declaration of war by Romania had placed additional strain on the German army and war economy.
  2. Battle of St Quentin Canal
    
    The Battle of St. Quentin Canal was a pivotal battle of World War I that began on 29 September 1918 and involved British, Australian and American forces operating as part of the British Fourth Army under the overall command of General Sir Henry Rawlinson. Further north, part of the British Third Army also supported the attack. South of the Fourth Army's 19 km (12 mi) front, the French First Army launched a coordinated attack on a 9.5 km (6 mi) front. The objective was to break through one of the most heavily defended stretches of the German Siegfriedstellung, which in this sector used the St Quentin Canal as part of its defences. The assault achieved its objectives, resulting in the first full breach of the Hindenburg Line, in the face of heavy German resistance. In concert with other attacks of the Grand Offensive along the length of the line, Allied success convinced the German high command that there was little hope of an ultimate German victory.
4. Germany's Supreme Army Command tells Kaiser Wilhelm II and Imperial Chancellor Georg Michaelis to open negotiations for an armistice to end World War I.
  1. Oberste Heeresleitung
    
    The Oberste Heeresleitung was the highest echelon of command of the army (Heer) of the German Empire. In the latter part of World War I, the Third OHL assumed dictatorial powers and became the de facto political authority in the empire.
  2. Wilhelm II, German Emperor
    
    Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empire's position as a great power by building a powerful navy, his tactless public statements and erratic foreign policy greatly antagonized the international community and are considered by many to be one of the underlying causes of World War I. When the German war effort collapsed after a series of crushing defeats on the Western Front in 1918, he was forced to abdicate, thereby marking the end of the German Empire and the House of Hohenzollern's 300-year reign in Prussia and 500-year reign in Brandenburg.
  3. Georg Michaelis
    
    Georg Michaelis was the chancellor of the German Empire for a few months in 1917. He was the first chancellor not of noble birth to hold the office. With an economic background in business, Michaelis' main achievement was to encourage the ruling classes to open peace talks with Russia. Contemplating that the end of the war was near, he encouraged infrastructure development to facilitate recovery at war's end through the media of Mitteleuropa. A somewhat humourless character, known for process engineering, Michaelis was faced with insurmountable problems of logistics and supply in his brief period as chancellor.
  4. Armistice of 11 November 1918
    
    The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, sea, and air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. It was concluded after the German government sent a message to American president Woodrow Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared "Fourteen Points", which later became the basis of the German surrender at the Paris Peace Conference, which took place the following year.
1911
1. Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
  1. Italo-Turkish War
    
    The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911, to 18 October 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet, of which the main sub-provinces were Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and Tripoli itself. These territories became the colonies of Italian Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, which would later merge into Italian Libya.
  2. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
1907
1. The cornerstone is laid at the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (better known as Washington National Cathedral) in Washington, D.C.
  1. Washington National Cathedral
    
    The Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the City and Diocese of Washington, commonly known as Washington National Cathedral, is an American cathedral of the Episcopal Church. The cathedral is located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The structure is of Neo-Gothic design closely modeled on English Gothic style of the late fourteenth century. It is the second-largest church building in the United States, and the third-tallest building in Washington, D.C. The cathedral is the seat of both the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, Michael Bruce Curry, and the bishop of the Diocese of Washington, Mariann Edgar Budde. Over 270,000 people visit the structure annually.
  2. Washington, D.C.
    
    Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
1885
1. The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.
  1. Blackpool Tramway
    
    The Blackpool Tramway runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England. The line dates back to 1885 and is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world. It is operated by Blackpool Transport Services (BTS) and runs for 18 km. It carried 4.8 million passengers in 2019/20.
  2. Blackpool
    
    Blackpool is a seaside resort in Lancashire, England. Located on the northwest coast of England, it is the main settlement within the borough also called Blackpool. The town is by the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre rivers, and is 27 miles (43 km) north of Liverpool and 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Manchester. At the 2011 census, the unitary authority of Blackpool had an estimated population of 139,720 while the urban settlement had a population of 147,663, making it the most populous settlement in Lancashire, and the fifth-most populous in North West England after Manchester, Liverpool, Bolton and Warrington. The wider built-up area had a population of 239,409, making it the fifth-most populous urban area in the North West after the Manchester, Liverpool, Preston and Birkenhead areas. It is home to the Blackpool Tower, which when built in 1894 was the tallest building in the British Empire.
1864
1. The Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought in the American Civil War.
  1. Battle of Chaffin's Farm
    
    The Battle of Chaffin's Farm and New Market Heights, also known as Laurel Hill and combats at Forts Harrison, Johnson, and Gilmer, was fought in Virginia on September 29–30, 1864, as part of the siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War.
  2. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
2. The Treaty of Lisbon defines the boundaries between Spain and Portugal and abolishes the Couto Misto microstate.
  1. Treaty of Lisbon (1864)
    
    The Treaty of Lisbon is a treaty on the borders of Spain and Portugal from the mouth of the Minho River to the junction of the Caia River with the Guadiana River. Signed in Lisbon on 29 September 1864, it abolished the Couto Misto microstate.
  2. Couto Misto
    
    Couto Misto was an independent microstate on the border between Spain and Portugal. It was composed of the villages of Santiago de Rubiás, Rubiás, and Meaus, all in the Salas Valley, Ourense, Galicia. The territory of the Couto Misto also included a small uninhabited strip now part of the Portuguese municipality of Montalegre.
1855
1. The Philippine port of Iloilo is opened to world trade by the Spanish administration.
  1. Port of Iloilo
    
    The Port of Iloilo in Iloilo City, Philippines, serves the province and city of Iloilo and the entire Panay Island, in Western Visayas of the Philippines. It is located away from the older port facilities on the Southern coast of Panay Island, in the Panay Gulf, and one of the country’s safest and most natural harbors. Guimaras Island shields the port from violent storms and makes it ideal for harboring ships and vessels.
  2. Spanish East Indies
    
    The Spanish East Indies were the overseas territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1898, governed from Mexico City and Madrid through the captaincy general in Manila.
1850
1. The papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae restores the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales.
  1. Universalis Ecclesiae
    
    Universalis Ecclesiae was a papal bull of 29 September 1850 by which Pope Pius IX recreated the Roman Catholic diocesan hierarchy in England, which had been extinguished with the death of the last Marian bishop in the reign of Elizabeth I. New names were given to the dioceses, as the old ones were in use by the Church of England. The bull aroused considerable anti-Catholic feeling among English Protestants.
  2. England and Wales
    
    England and Wales is one of the three legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom. It covers the constituent countries England and Wales and was formed by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. The substantive law of the jurisdiction is English law.
1848
1. The Battle of Pákozd is a stalemate between Hungarian and Croatian forces and is the first battle of the Hungarian Revolution.
  1. Battle of Pákozd
    
    The Battle of Pákozd was a battle in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, fought on the 29 September 1848 in the Pákozd – Sukoró – Pátka triangle. It was the first and one of the most important battles of the revolution, in which the Hungarian revolutionary army led by Lieutenant-General János Móga clashed with the troops of the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić.
  2. Hungarian Revolution of 1848
    
    The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 or fully Hungarian Civic Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 was one of many European Revolutions of 1848 and was closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. Although the revolution failed, it is one of the most significant events in Hungary's modern history, forming the cornerstone of modern Hungarian national identity.
1829
1. The Metropolitan Police of London, later also known as the Met, is founded.
  1. Metropolitan Police
    
    The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), formerly and still commonly known as the Metropolitan Police, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement and the prevention of crime in Greater London. In addition, the Metropolitan Police is also responsible for some specialised matters throughout the United Kingdom; these responsibilities include co-ordinating and leading national counter-terrorism measures and the personal safety of specific individuals, such as the Monarch and other members of the Royal Family, members of the Government, and other officials.
1789
1. The United States Department of War first establishes a regular army with a strength of several hundred men.
  1. United States Department of War
    
    The United States Department of War, also called the War Department, was the United States Cabinet department originally responsible for the operation and maintenance of the United States Army, also bearing responsibility for naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798, and for most land-based air forces until the creation of the Department of the Air Force on September 18, 1947.
  2. Regular Army (United States)
    
    The Regular Army of the United States succeeded the Continental Army as the country's permanent, professional land-based military force. In modern times the professional core of the United States Army continues to be called the Regular Army. From the time of the American Revolution until after the Spanish–American War, state militias and volunteer regiments organized by the states supported the smaller Regular Army of the United States. These volunteer regiments came to be called United States Volunteers (USV) in contrast to the Regular United States Army (USA). During the American Civil War, about 97 percent of the Union Army was United States Volunteers.
1717
1. An earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city's architecture.
  1. 1717 Guatemala earthquake
    
    The 1717 Guatemala earthquake struck colonial Guatemala on September 29 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.4, and a Mercalli intensity of approximately IX (Violent). The earthquake essentially destroyed much of the architecture of Antigua Guatemala, which was the colonial capital of Central America at the time. Over 3,000 buildings were ruined including many temples and churches. Such was the effect of the disaster that the authorities considered moving the headquarters to a settlement which was less prone to natural disasters.
  2. Antigua Guatemala
    
    Antigua Guatemala, commonly known as Antigua or La Antigua, is a city in the central highlands of Guatemala known for its centuries-old architecture and ruins. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, featuring Spanish Baroque-influenced buildings.
1714
1. The Cossacks of the Russian Empire kill about 800 people overnight in Hailuoto during the Great Hatred.
  1. Cossacks
    
    The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Orthodox Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia. Historically, they were a semi-nomadic and semi-militarized people, who, while under the nominal suzerainty of various Eastern European states at the time, were allowed a great degree of self-governance in exchange for military service. Although numerous linguistic and religious groups came together to form the Cossacks, most of them coalesced and became East Slavic-speaking Orthodox Christians. The Cossacks were particularly noted for holding democratic traditions. The rulers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russian Empire endowed Cossacks with certain special privileges in return for the military duty to serve in the irregular troops. The various Cossack groups were organized along military lines, with large autonomous groups called hosts. Each host had a territory consisting of affiliated villages called stanitsa.
  2. Russian Empire
    
    The Russian Empire was the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity.
  3. Hailuoto
    
    Hailuoto is a Finnish island in the northern Baltic Sea and a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia region. The population of Hailuoto is 949, which make it the smallest municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia and the former Oulu Province in terms of population. The municipality covers an area of 200.53 km2 (77.43 sq mi) of which 1.70 km2 (0.66 sq mi) is inland water. The population density is 4.73/km2 (12.3/sq mi). Of all the Finnish sea islands, Hailuoto is the third largest after Fasta Åland and Kimitoön.
  4. Great Wrath
    
    The Great Wrath was a period of Finnish history dominated by the Russian invasion and subsequent military occupation of Finland, then part of the Swedish Empire, from 1714 until the treaty of Nystad (1721), which ended the Great Northern War.
1578
1. Tegucigalpa, capital city of Honduras, is claimed by the Spaniards.
  1. Tegucigalpa
    
    Tegucigalpa, formally Tegucigalpa, Municipality of the Central District, and colloquially referred to as Tegus or Teguz, is the capital and largest city of Honduras along with its twin sister, Comayagüela.
  2. Spanish colonization of the Americas
    
    Spain began colonizing the Americas under the Crown of Castile and was spearheaded by the Spanish conquistadors. The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions of South America and the Caribbean. The crown created civil and religious structures to administer the vast territory. The main motivations for colonial expansion were profit through resource extraction and the spread of Catholicism through indigenous conversions.
1567
1. During the French War of Religion, Protestant coup officials in Nîmes massacre Catholic priests in an event now known as the Michelade.
  1. French Wars of Religion
    
    The French Wars of Religion is the term which is used in reference to a period of civil war between French Catholics and Protestants, commonly called Huguenots, which lasted from 1562 to 1598. According to estimates, between two and four million people died from violence, famine or diseases which were directly caused by the conflict; additionally, the conflict severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. The fighting ended in 1598 when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. However, the Catholics continued to have a hostile opinion of Protestants in general and they also continued to have a hostile opinion of him as a person, and his assassination in 1610 triggered a fresh round of Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s.
  2. Nîmes
    
    Nîmes is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of 148,561 (2019).
  3. Michelade
    
    The Michelade is the name given to the massacre of Catholics, including 18 Catholic priests and monks, by Protestant coup officials in Nîmes on Michaelmas 1567, after the outbreak of the Second French War of Religion after the failure of the Surprise of Meaux. The massacre represented one of the largest non-military massacres by Protestants during the civil wars.
1364
1. During the Hundred Years' War, Anglo-Breton forces defeat the Franco-Breton army in Brittany, ending the War of the Breton Succession.
  1. Hundred Years' War
    
    The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. Over time, the war grew into a broader power struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides.
  2. Battle of Auray
    
    The Battle of Auray took place on 29 September 1364 at the Breton-French town of Auray. This battle was the decisive confrontation of the Breton War of Succession, a part of the Hundred Years' War.
  3. War of the Breton Succession
    
    The War of the Breton Succession was a conflict between the Counts of Blois and the Montforts of Brittany for control of the Sovereign Duchy of Brittany, then a fief of the Kingdom of France. It was fought between 1341 and 12 April 1365. It is also known as the War of the Two Jeannes due to the involvement of two queens of that name.
1267
1. The Treaty of Montgomery recognises Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales, but only as a vassal of King Henry III.
  1. Treaty of Montgomery
    
    The Treaty of Montgomery was an Anglo-Welsh treaty signed on 29 September 1267 in Montgomeryshire by which Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was acknowledged as Prince of Wales by King Henry III of England. It was the only time an English ruler recognised the right of a ruler of Gwynedd over Wales. Llywelyn's grandfather Llywelyn the Great had previously laid claim to be the effective prince of Wales by using the title "Prince of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon" in the 1230s, after subduing all the other Welsh dynasties. Likewise Llywelyn's uncle, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, claimed the title of Prince of Wales during his reign from 1240 to 1246. However, Llywelyn's supremacy in the late 1260s forced recognition of his authority in Wales by an English Crown weakened by internal division.
1227
1. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for his failure to participate in the Crusades during the Investiture Controversy.
  1. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Frederick II was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of emperor Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and Queen Constance of Sicily of the Hauteville dynasty.
  2. Pope Gregory IX
    
    Pope Gregory IX was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the Decretales and instituting the Papal Inquisition, in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions established during the time of Pope Lucius III, by means of the papal bull Ad abolendam, issued in 1184.
  3. Investiture Controversy
    
    The Investiture Controversy, also called Investiture Contest, was a conflict between the church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself. A series of popes in the 11th and 12th centuries undercut the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and other European monarchies, and the controversy led to nearly 50 years of conflict.
1011
1. Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.
  1. Siege of Canterbury
    
    The siege of Canterbury was a major Viking raid on the city of Canterbury fought between a Viking army led by Thorkell the Tall and the Anglo-Saxons that occurred between 8 and 29 September 1011. The details of the siege are largely unknown, and most of the known events were recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
  2. Ælfheah of Canterbury
    
    Ælfheah, more commonly known today as Alphege, was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester, later Archbishop of Canterbury. He became an anchorite before being elected abbot of Bath Abbey. His reputation for piety and sanctity led to his promotion to the episcopate and, eventually, to his becoming archbishop. Ælfheah furthered the cult of Dunstan and also encouraged learning. He was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 during the siege of Canterbury and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed. Ælfheah was canonised as a saint in 1078. Thomas Becket, a later Archbishop of Canterbury, prayed to him just before his own murder in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170.
  3. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
-61
1. Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
  1. Pompey
    
    Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of Rome from republic to empire. He was a student of Roman general Sulla as well as the political ally, and later enemy, of Julius Caesar.
  2. Roman triumph
    
    The Roman triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.
  3. Mithridatic Wars
    
    The Mithridatic Wars were three conflicts fought by Rome against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 BC and 63 BC. They are named after Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus who initiated the hostilities after annexing the Roman province of Asia into its Pontic Empire and committing massacres against the local Roman population known as the Asian Vespers. As Roman troops were sent to recover the territory, they faced an uprising in Greece organized and supported by Mithridates. Mithridates was able to mastermind such general revolts against Rome and played the magistrates of the optimates party off against the magistrates of the populares party in the Roman civil wars. Nevertheless, the first war ended with a Roman victory, confirmed by the Treaty of Dardanos signed by Sulla and Mithridates. Greece was restored to Roman rule and Pontus was expected to restore the status quo ante bellum in Asia Minor.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Kathleen Booth, British computer scientist and mathematician (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Kathleen Booth
    
    Kathleen Hylda Valerie Booth was a British computer scientist and mathematician who wrote the first assembly language and designed the assembler and autocode for the first computer systems at Birkbeck College, University of London. She helped design three different machines including the ARC, SEC, and APE(X)C.
2. Akissi Kouamé, Ivorian army officer (b. 1955) deaths
  1. Akissi Kouamé
    
    Brigadier-General Akissi Kouamé was an Ivorian army officer. She joined the army's medical service in 1981, whilst still a medical student. Kouamé became the first woman in the army to qualify as a paratrooper and in 2012 became its first female general.
  2. Ivory Coast
    
    Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Christianity, Islam, and indigenous faiths.
2020
1. Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti Emir (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
    
    Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was the Emir of Kuwait and Commander of the Kuwait Military Forces from 29 January 2006 until his death in 2020.
2. Helen Reddy, Australian-American singer, actress, and activist (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Helen Reddy
    
    Helen Maxine Reddy was an Australian-American singer, actress, television host, and activist. Born in Melbourne to a showbusiness family, Reddy started her career as an entertainer at age four. She sang on radio and television and won a talent contest on the television program Bandstand in 1966; her prize was a ticket to New York City and a record audition, which was unsuccessful. She pursued her international singing career by moving to Chicago, and subsequently, Los Angeles, where she made her debut singles "One Way Ticket" and "I Believe in Music" in 1968 and 1970, respectively. The B-side of the latter single, "I Don't Know How to Love Him", reached number eight on the pop chart of the Canadian magazine RPM. She was signed to Capitol Records a year later.
2019
1. Martin Bernheimer, German-American music critic (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Martin Bernheimer
    
    Martin Bernheimer was a German-born American music critic. Described as "a widely respected and influential critic, who is particularly knowledgeable about opera and the voice", Bernheimer was the chief classical music critic of the Los Angeles Times from 1965 to 1996.
2018
1. Otis Rush, American blues guitarist and singer (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Otis Rush
    
    Otis Rush Jr. was an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. His distinctive guitar style featured a slow-burning sound and long bent notes. With qualities similar to the styles of other 1950s artists Magic Sam and Buddy Guy, his sound became known as West Side Chicago blues and was an influence on many musicians, including Michael Bloomfield, Peter Green and Eric Clapton.
2017
1. Tom Alter, Indian actor (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Tom Alter
    
    Thomas Beach Alter was an Indian actor. He was best known for his works in Hindi cinema, and Indian theatre. In 2008, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India.
2016
1. Miriam Defensor Santiago, Filipina politician (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Miriam Defensor Santiago
    
    Miriam Palma Defensor-Santiago was a Filipino scholar, academic, lawyer, judge, author, and stateswoman who served in all three branches of the Philippine government: judicial, executive, and legislative. Defensor Santiago was named one of The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World in 1997 by The Australian. She was known for being a long-serving Senator of the Republic of the Philippines, an elected judge of the International Criminal Court, and the sole female recipient of the Philippines' highest national honor, the Quezon Service Cross.
2015
1. Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian prince (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
    
    Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was a Saudi Arabian businessman and politician. A member of the House of Saud, he became a close ally of King Abdullah. In different periods Prince Nawwaf held significant government posts, including the director of Saudi intelligence agency.
2. Hellmuth Karasek, Czech-German journalist, author, and critic (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Hellmuth Karasek
    
    Hellmuth Karasek was a German journalist, literary critic, novelist, and the author of many books on literature and film. He was one of Germany's best-known feuilletonists.
3. Phil Woods, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Phil Woods
    
    Philip Wells Woods was an American jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, bandleader, and composer.
2014
1. Mary Cadogan, English author (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Mary Cadogan
    
    Mary Cadogan was an English author. She wrote extensively on popular and children's fiction including biographies of the creators of William Brown and Billy Bunter.
2. John Ritchie, New Zealand composer and educator (b. 1921) deaths
  1. John Ritchie (composer)
    
    John Anthony Ritchie was a New Zealand composer and professor of music at the University of Canterbury.
2013
1. Harold Agnew, American physicist and engineer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Harold Agnew
    
    Harold Melvin Agnew was an American physicist, best known for having flown as a scientific observer on the Hiroshima bombing mission and, later, as the third director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
2. S. N. Goenka, Indian teacher of Vipassanā meditation (b. 1924) deaths
  1. S. N. Goenka
    
    Satya Narayana Goenka was an Indian teacher of Vipassanā meditation. Born in Burma to an Indian business family, he moved to India in 1969 and started teaching meditation. His teaching emphasized that the Buddha's path to liberation was non-sectarian, universal, and scientific in character. He became an influential teacher and played an important role in establishing non-commercial Vipassana meditation centers globally. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 2012, an award given for distinguished service of high order.
3. Marcella Hazan, Italian cooking writer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Marcella Hazan
    
    Marcella Hazan was an Italian cooking writer whose books were published in English. Her cookbooks are credited with introducing the public in the United States and the United Kingdom to the techniques of traditional Italian cooking. She was considered by chefs and fellow food writers to be the doyenne of Italian cuisine.
2012
1. Neil Smith, Scottish geographer and academic (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Neil Smith (geographer)
    
    Neil Robert Smith was a Scottish geographer and academic. He was Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and winner of numerous awards, including the Globe Book Award of the Association of American Geographers.
2. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, American publisher (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger
    
    Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Sr. was an American publisher and a businessman. Born into a prominent media and publishing family, Sulzberger became publisher of The New York Times in 1963 and chairman of the board of The New York Times Company in 1973. Sulzberger relinquished to his son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., the office of publisher in 1992, and chairman of the board in 1997.
3. Malcolm Wicks, English academic and politician (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Malcolm Wicks
    
    Malcolm Hunt Wicks was a British Labour Party politician and academic specialising in social policy. He was a member of parliament (MP) from 1992, first for Croydon North West and then for Croydon North, until his death in 2012.
2011
1. Sylvia Robinson, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Sylvia Robinson
    
    Sylvia Robinson was an American singer, record producer, and record label executive. Robinson achieved success as a performer on two R&B chart toppers: as half of Mickey & Sylvia with the 1957 single "Love Is Strange", and her solo record "Pillow Talk" in 1973. She later became known for her work as founder and CEO of the hip hop label Sugar Hill Records.
2010
1. Tony Curtis, American actor (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Tony Curtis
    
    Tony Curtis was an American actor whose career spanned six decades, achieving the height of his popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s. He acted in more than 100 films, in roles covering a wide range of genres. In his later years, Curtis made numerous television appearances.
2. Greg Giraldo, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Greg Giraldo
    
    Gregory Carlos Giraldo was an American stand-up comedian, television personality, and lawyer. He is remembered for his appearances on Comedy Central's televised roast specials, and for his work on that network's television shows Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Lewis Black's Root of All Evil, and the programming block Stand-Up Nation, the last of which he hosted.
2008
1. Hayden Carruth, American poet and critic (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Hayden Carruth
    
    Hayden Carruth was an American poet, literary critic and anthologist. He taught at Syracuse University.
2007
1. Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Lois Maxwell
    
    Lois Ruth Maxwell was a Canadian actress who portrayed Miss Moneypenny in the first fourteen Eon-produced James Bond films (1962–1985). She was the first actress to play the part. The films in which she played Miss Moneypenny were Dr. No (1962), From Russia with Love (1963), Goldfinger (1964), Thunderball (1965), You Only Live Twice (1967), On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969), Diamonds Are Forever (1971), Live and Let Die (1973), The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), Moonraker (1979), For Your Eyes Only (1981), Octopussy (1983), and A View to a Kill (1985). She did not appear in the 1967 adaptation of Casino Royale, nor in the 1983 remake of Thunderball, Never Say Never Again, as the production was not Eon's, though she did, as a similar character, in the spoof O.K. Connery.
2. Katsuko Saruhashi, Japanese geochemist (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Katsuko Saruhashi
    
    Katsuko Saruhashi (猿橋勝子, Saruhashi Katsuko, March 22, 1920 – September 29, 2007) was a Japanese geochemist who created tools that let her take some of the first measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in seawater. She later showed evidence of the dangers of radioactive fallout and how far it can travel. Along with this focus on safety, she also researched peaceful uses of nuclear power.
2006
1. Walter Hadlee, New Zealand cricketer and manager (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Walter Hadlee
    
    Walter Arnold Hadlee was a New Zealand cricketer and Test match captain. He played domestic first-class cricket for Canterbury and Otago. Three of his five sons, Sir Richard, Dayle and Barry played cricket for New Zealand. The Chappell–Hadlee Trophy, which is competed for by ODI teams from New Zealand and Australia is named in honour of the Hadlee family and the Australian Chappell family.
2. Michael A. Monsoor, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1981) deaths
  1. Michael A. Monsoor
    
    Michael Anthony Monsoor was a United States Navy SEAL who was killed during Invasion of Iraq and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. He enlisted in the United States Navy in 2001 and graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL Training BUD/S class 250 in 2004. After further training he was assigned to Delta Platoon, SEAL Team 3.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
3. Louis-Albert Vachon, Canadian cardinal (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Louis-Albert Vachon
    
    Louis-Albert Vachon, was a Canadian educator, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, and Archbishop of Quebec.
2005
1. Patrick Caulfield, English painter and academic (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Patrick Caulfield
    
    Patrick Joseph Caulfield,, was an English painter and printmaker known for his bold canvases, which often incorporated elements of photorealism within a pared-down scene. Examples of his work are Pottery and Still Life Ingredients.
2. Austin Leslie, American chef and author (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Austin Leslie
    
    Austin Leslie was an internationally famous New Orleans, Louisiana, chef whose work defined 'Creole Soul'. He died in Atlanta, Georgia, at the age of 71 after having been evacuated from New Orleans; he had been trapped in his attic for two days in the 98 °F heat, in the aftermath of the August 29 Hurricane Katrina. He was honored with the first jazz funeral after Katrina on October 9, 2005, in the still largely-deserted city. The procession, led by the Hot 8 Brass Band, marched through the flood-ravaged remains of Leslie's old Seventh Ward neighborhood, starting out at Pampy's Creole Kitchen and stopping along the way at the location of the original Chez Helene.
2004
1. Richard Sainct, French motorcycle racer (b. 1970) deaths
  1. Richard Sainct
    
    Richard Sainct was a French rally raid motorcycle rider, best known for his three victories on The Paris-Dakar rally in 1999, 2000 and 2003.
2. Patrick Wormald, English historian (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Patrick Wormald
    
    Charles Patrick Wormald was a British historian born in Neston, Cheshire, son of historian Brian Wormald.
2001
1. Mabel Fairbanks, American figure skater and coach (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Mabel Fairbanks
    
    Mabel Fairbanks was an American figure skater and coach. As an African American and Native American woman she paved the way for other minorities to compete in the sport of figure skating such as Naomi Lang. She was inducted into the US Figure Skating Hall of Fame, as the first person of African American and Native American descent, and the International Women's Sports Hall of Fame.
2. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, South Vietnamese military officer and politician, 2nd President of South Vietnam (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
    
    Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was a South Vietnamese military officer and politician who was the president of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. He was a general in the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF), became head of a military junta in 1965, and then president after winning an election in 1967. He established rule over South Vietnam until he resigned and left the nation and relocated to Taipei, Taiwan a few days before the fall of Saigon and the ultimate North Vietnamese victory.
  2. Leaders of South Vietnam
    
    This is a list of leaders of South Vietnam, since the establishment of the Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina in 1946, and the division of Vietnam in 1954 until the fall of the Republic of Vietnam in 1975, and the reunification of Vietnam in 1976.
2000
1. John Grant, English journalist and politician (b. 1932) deaths
  1. John Grant (British politician)
    
    John Douglas Grant was British politician who served as an MP of the United Kingdom parliament from 1970 to 1983. He was as a member of the Labour Party until he left in 1981 to join the new Social Democratic Party (SDP). He represented Islington East from 1970 to 1974 and Islington Central from 1974 to 1983.
1999
1. Choi Ye-na, South Korean singer and dancer births
  1. Choi Ye-na
    
    Choi Ye-na, known mononymously as Yena, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is a former member of temporary girl group Iz*One after finishing fourth on Mnet's reality girl group survival show Produce 48. She is currently a soloist and actress under Yuehua Entertainment. Yena made her solo debut on January 17, 2022, with the release of her first EP Smiley.
2. Edward William O'Rourke, American bishop (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Edward William O'Rourke
    
    Edward William O'Rourke was the sixth Roman Catholic Bishop of Peoria (1971–1990).
1998
1. Vera Lapko, Belarusian tennis player births
  1. Vera Lapko
    
    Vera Valeryevna Lapko is a Belarusian professional tennis player.
2. Tom Bradley, American lieutenant and politician, 38th Mayor of Los Angeles (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Tom Bradley (American politician)
    
    Thomas Bradley was an American politician and police officer who served as the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles from 1973 to 1993. He was the first black mayor of Los Angeles, and his 20 years in office mark the longest tenure by any mayor in the city's history. His election as mayor in 1973 made him the second black mayor of a major U.S. city. Bradley retired in 1993, after his approval ratings began dropping subsequent to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.
  2. Mayor of Los Angeles
    
    The mayor of the City of Los Angeles is the official head and chief executive officer of Los Angeles. The officeholder is elected for a four-year term and is limited to serving no more than two terms.
3. Bruno Munari, Italian artist, designer, and inventor (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Bruno Munari
    
    Bruno Munari was an Italian artist, designer, and inventor who contributed fundamentals to many fields of visual arts in modernism, futurism, and concrete art, and in non-visual arts with his research on games, didactic method, movement, tactile learning, kinesthetic learning, and creativity.
1997
1. Sven-Eric Johanson, Swedish composer and organist (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Sven-Eric Johanson
    
    Sven Eric Emanuel Johanson (10 December 1919 - 29 September 1997) was a Swedish composer and organist.
2. Roy Lichtenstein, American painter and sculptor (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Roy Lichtenstein
    
    Roy Fox Lichtenstein was an American pop artist. During the 1960s, along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and James Rosenquist among others, he became a leading figure in the new art movement. His work defined the premise of pop art through parody. Inspired by the comic strip, Lichtenstein produced precise compositions that documented while they parodied, often in a tongue-in-cheek manner. His work was influenced by popular advertising and the comic book style. His artwork was considered to be "disruptive". He described pop art as "not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting". His paintings were exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City.
1996
1. Shūsaku Endō, Japanese author (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Shūsaku Endō
    
    Shūsaku Endō was a Japanese author who wrote from the rare perspective of a Japanese Catholic. Internationally, he is known for his 1966 historical fiction novel Silence, which was adapted into a 2016 film of the same name by director Martin Scorsese. He was the laureate of several prestigious literary accolades, including the Akutagawa Prize and the Order of Culture, and was inducted into the Roman Catholic Order of St. Sylvester by Pope Paul VI.
1995
1. Sasha Lane, American actress births
  1. Sasha Lane
    
    Sasha Bianca Lane is an American actress. She made her film debut in American Honey (2016), directed by Andrea Arnold, before portraying Hunter C-20 in the first season of the Disney+ television series Loki, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
1994
1. Halsey, American singer births
  1. Halsey (singer)
    
    Ashley Nicolette Frangipane, known professionally as Halsey, is an American singer and songwriter. She was born and raised in New Jersey. Gaining attention from self-released music on social media platforms, she was signed by Astralwerks in 2014 and released her debut EP, Room 93, later that year. She released her debut studio album, Badlands, in 2015. The album was later certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), as were its tracks "Colors" and "Gasoline".
1993
1. Nathan Buddle, English footballer births
  1. Nathan Buddle
    
    Nathan John Buddle is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spennymoor Town. He has previously played for Hartlepool United, Carlisle United and Gateshead.
2. Gordon Douglas, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Gordon Douglas (director)
    
    Gordon Douglas Brickner was an American film director and actor, who directed many different genres of films over the course of a five-decade career in motion pictures.
1992
1. Jean Aurenche, French screenwriter (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Jean Aurenche
    
    Jean Aurenche was a French screenwriter. During his career, he wrote 80 films for directors such as René Clément, Bertrand Tavernier, Marcel Carné, Jean Delannoy and Claude Autant-Lara. He is often associated with the screenwriter Pierre Bost, with whom he had a fertile partnership from 1940 to 1975.
2. William H. Sebrell Jr., American nutritionist, 7th Director of the National Institutes of Health (b. 1901) deaths
  1. William H. Sebrell Jr.
    
    William H. Sebrell Jr. was an American nutritionist.
  2. Director of the National Institutes of Health
    
    The director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) plays an active role in shaping the agency's activities and outlook. The director is responsible for providing leadership to the institutes and for constantly identifying needs and opportunities, especially for efforts that involve multiple institutes. The NIH director is responsible for advising the U.S. president on their annual budget request to Congress on the basis of extensive discussions with the institute directors.
3. Don West, American writer, poet, educator, trade union organizer and civil-rights activist (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Don West (educator)
    
    Donald Lee West was an American writer, poet, educator, trade union organizer, civil-rights activist and a co-founder of the Highlander Folk School.
1991
1. Souleymane Doukara, French footballer births
  1. Souleymane Doukara
    
    Souleymane Doukara is a professional footballer who plays as a striker or a winger for Super League Greece club Levadiakos. He is nicknamed Dudu or The Duke. Born in France, he represents the Mauritania national team.
2. Nathan Modest, English footballer births
  1. Nathan Modest
    
    Nathan Daniel Modest is an English footballer.
3. Grace Zaring Stone, American novelist and short-story writer (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Grace Zaring Stone
    
    Grace Zaring Stone was an American novelist and short-story writer. She is perhaps best known for having three of her novels made into films: The Bitter Tea of General Yen, Winter Meeting, and Escape. She also used the pseudonym Ethel Vance.
1990
1. Doug Brochu, American voice actor births
  1. Doug Brochu
    
    Douglas Mark Brochu is an American actor, comedian and producer. He is best known as Grady Mitchell in the Disney Channel Original Series, Sonny with a Chance and So Random!. Doug has an older brother, Chris Brochu, who is notable for his role as Ray Beech in the Disney Channel Original Movie Lemonade Mouth.
1989
1. Shyima Hall, Egyptian human rights activist births
  1. Shyima Hall
    
    Shyima Hall, from South Alexandria, Egypt, is known for advocating against human trafficking by sharing her personal experiences as a child slave. At eight years old, she was sold into slavery by her parents to a rich family in Cairo. Hall was given to the family in order to repay her older sister's debt of about thirty dollars. She worked for Abdel Nasser Eid Youssef and Amal Admed Ewis-Abd El Motelib for two years among other slaves. The family moved to Irvine, California where Hall was forced to live in a small room in the family's garage and do chores for the parents and their five children. A neighbor reported their suspicions to child protective services. In 2002, immigration officers came into her captors' home and took her away. She was put into foster care and lived with three foster families until she was 18. In 2014, she and Lisa Wysocky published Hidden Girl, which detailed her childhood as a slave. She now lives in Banning, California with her boyfriend and four-year-old daughter, campaigning against human trafficking by sharing her story of captivity and rescue.
2. Aaron Martin, English footballer births
  1. Aaron Martin (footballer, born 1989)
    
    Aaron Martin is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for National League club Eastleigh.
3. Gussie Busch, American businessman (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Gussie Busch
    
    August Anheuser "Gussie" Busch Jr. was an American brewing magnate who built the Anheuser-Busch Companies into the largest brewery in the world by 1957 as company chairman from 1946 to 1975.
4. Georges Ulmer, Danish-French singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Georges Ulmer
    
    Georges Ulmer (1919–1989) was a Danish-born composer, librettist, and actor who became a naturalized French citizen. He was born Jørgen Frederik Ulmer on 16 February 1919 in Copenhagen, Denmark, and died on 29 September 1989 at Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. He was the father of singer Laura Ulmer.
1988
1. Samuel Di Carmine, Italian footballer births
  1. Samuel Di Carmine
    
    Samuel Di Carmine is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie B club Perugia.
2. Kevin Durant, American basketball player births
  1. Kevin Durant
    
    Kevin Wayne Durant, also known by his initials KD, is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played one season of college basketball for the Texas Longhorns, and was selected as the second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 2007 NBA draft. He played nine seasons with the franchise, which became the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008, before signing with the Golden State Warriors in 2016, winning consecutive NBA championships in 2017 and 2018. After sustaining an Achilles injury in the 2019 finals, he joined the Nets as a free agent that summer. Durant is widely regarded as one of the greatest players and scorers of all time.
3. Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Charles Addams
    
    Charles Samuel Addams was an American cartoonist known for his darkly humorous and macabre characters, signing the cartoons as Chas Addams. Some of his recurring characters became known as the Addams Family, and were subsequently popularized through various adaptations.
1987
1. Henry Ford II, American businessman (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Henry Ford II
    
    Henry Ford II, sometimes known as "Hank the Deuce", was an American businessman in the automotive industry. He was the oldest son of Edsel Ford I and oldest grandson of Henry Ford I. He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960, chief executive officer (CEO) from 1947 to 1979, and chairman of the board of directors from 1960 to 1980. Under the leadership of Henry Ford II, Ford Motor Company became a publicly traded corporation in 1956. From 1943 to 1950, he also served as president of the Ford Foundation.
1986
1. Inika McPherson, American track and field athlete births
  1. Inika McPherson
    
    Inika McPherson is an American track and field athlete specializing in the high jump. She was the 2013 and 2014 US Indoor champion. She also won the women's high jump at the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships by clearing 2.00 m for the first time. McPherson has many tattoos and has had a variety of hairstyles, including mohawks.
1985
1. Calvin Johnson, American football player births
  1. Calvin Johnson
    
    Calvin Johnson Jr., is an American former football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons with the Detroit Lions. He played college football at Georgia Tech, where he twice received first-team All-American honors, and was selected by the Lions second overall in the 2007 NFL Draft. Nicknamed "Megatron" after the Transformers character of the same name, he is regarded as one of the greatest wide receivers of all time.
2. Michelle Payne, Australian jockey births
  1. Michelle Payne
    
    Michelle J. Payne is an Australian jockey. She won the 2015 Melbourne Cup, riding Prince of Penzance, and is the first and only female jockey to win the event.
1984
1. Per Mertesacker, German footballer births
  1. Per Mertesacker
    
    Per Mertesacker is a German football coach and former professional player who played as a centre back. He is the current manager of the Arsenal Academy.
2. Hal Porter, Australian novelist, playwright and poet (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Hal Porter
    
    Harold Edward "Hal" Porter was an Australian novelist, playwright, poet and short story writer.
1983
1. Ryan Garry, English footballer and coach births
  1. Ryan Garry
    
    Ryan Felix Mayne Garry is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender and could also operate as a midfielder for Arsenal and AFC Bournemouth. He is currently head coach of the England U17s.
2. Alan Moorehead, Australian war correspondent and author (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Alan Moorehead
    
    Alan McCrae Moorehead, was a war correspondent and author of popular histories, most notably two books on the nineteenth-century exploration of the Nile, The White Nile (1960) and The Blue Nile (1962). Australian-born, he lived in England, and Italy, from 1937.
1982
1. Adrian Moody, English footballer births
  1. Adrian Moody
    
    Adrian Moody is an English former footballer, who played as a defender. Whilst he mostly played in the Welsh Premier League, he made appearances in the English Football League with Wrexham.
2. A. L. Lloyd, English folk singer (b. 1908) deaths
  1. A. L. Lloyd
    
    Albert Lancaster Lloyd, usually known as A. L. Lloyd or Bert Lloyd, was an English folk singer and collector of folk songs, and as such was a key figure in the British folk revival of the 1950s and 1960s. While Lloyd is most widely known for his work with British folk music, he had a keen interest in the music of Spain, Latin America, Southeastern Europe and Australia. He recorded at least six discs of Australian Bush ballads and folk music.
3. Monty Stratton, American baseball player and coach (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Monty Stratton
    
    Monty Franklin Pierce Stratton was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born in Palacios, Texas and lived in Greenville, Texas, for part of his life. His major league career ended prematurely when a hunting accident in 1938 forced doctors to amputate his right leg. Wearing a prosthetic leg, Stratton played in the minor leagues from 1946 to 1953. His comeback was the subject of the 1949 film The Stratton Story, in which he was portrayed by Jimmy Stewart.
1981
1. Matt Piper, English footballer and coach births
  1. Matt Piper
    
    Matthew James Piper is an English former professional footballer and current coach, who played as a winger.
2. Suzanne Shaw, English actress and singer births
  1. Suzanne Shaw
    
    Suzanne Christine Crowshaw, known as Suzanne Shaw, is an English actress, singer and television personality, who rose to fame after winning the talent contest Popstars and subsequently being a member of the band Hear'Say.
3. Bill Shankly, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Bill Shankly
    
    William Shankly was a Scottish football player and manager, who is best known for his time as manager of Liverpool. Shankly brought success to Liverpool, gaining promotion to the First Division and winning three League Championships and the UEFA Cup. He laid foundations on which his successors Bob Paisley and Joe Fagan were able to build by winning seven league titles and four European Cups in the ten seasons after Shankly retired in 1974. A charismatic, iconic figure at the club, his oratory stirred the emotions of the fanbase. In 2019, 60 years after Shankly arrived at Liverpool, Tony Evans of The Independent wrote, “Shankly created the idea of Liverpool, transforming the football club by emphasising the importance of the Kop and making supporters feel like participants.”
4. Frances Yates, English historian (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Frances Yates
    
    Dame Frances Amelia Yates was an English historian of the Renaissance, who wrote books on esoteric history.
1980
1. Dallas Green, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Dallas Green (musician)
    
    Dallas Michael John Albert Green is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter and record producer who records under the name City and Colour. He is also known for his contributions as a singer, rhythm guitarist and songwriter for the post-hardcore band Alexisonfire. In 2005, he debuted his first full-length album, Sometimes, which achieved platinum certification in 2006. City and Colour began performing in small intimate venues between Alexisonfire tours. The name City and Colour comes from his own name: Dallas, a city, and Green, a colour. His reasoning for the name was that he felt uneasy "putting the album out under the name Dallas Green".
2. Zachary Levi, American actor and singer births
  1. Zachary Levi
    
    Zachary Levi Pugh is an American actor. He received critical acclaim for starring as Chuck Bartowski in the series Chuck, and as the title character in Shazam! and its 2023 sequel, as a part of the DC Extended Universe.
3. Chrissy Metz, American actress births
  1. Chrissy Metz
    
    Christine Michelle Metz is an American actress and singer. She played Kate Pearson in the television series This Is Us (2016–2022), which earned her nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards. She has also appeared in films such as Sierra Burgess Is a Loser (2018) and Breakthrough (2019).
4. Harold Alexander Abramson, American physician (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Harold Alexander Abramson
    
    Harold Alexander R. Abramson was an American physician, remembered as an early advocate of therapeutic LSD. He played a significant role in the CIA's MKULTRA program to investigate the possible applications for LSD.
1979
1. Francisco Macías Nguema, Equatoguinean politician, 1st President of Equatorial Guinea (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Francisco Macías Nguema
    
    Francisco Macías Nguema, often mononymously referred to as Macías, was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the first President of Equatorial Guinea from the country's independence in 1968 until his overthrow in 1979. He is widely remembered as one of the most brutal dictators in history.
  2. List of presidents of Equatorial Guinea
    
    This article lists the presidents of Equatorial Guinea, a country in the Gulf of Guinea and on the western equatorial coast of Central Africa, since the establishment of the office of president in 1968. Francisco Macías Nguema was the first person to hold the office, taking effect on 12 October 1968. The incumbent is Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, having taken office on 3 August 1979.
2. Ivan Wyschnegradsky, Russian composer (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Ivan Wyschnegradsky
    
    Ivan Alexandrovich Wyschnegradsky, was a Russian composer primarily known for his microtonal compositions, including the quarter tone scale utilized in his pieces for two pianos in quarter tones. He also used scales of up to 72 divisions. For most of his life, from 1920 onwards, Wyschnegradsky lived in Paris.
1978
1. Kurt Nilsen, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Kurt Nilsen
    
    Kurt Erik Nilsen is a Norwegian pop/country singer. He won the first season of the Norwegian reality show Idol, which aired on TV 2 in May 2003. He then won a one-off international version of Pop Idol called World Idol on 1 January 2004, featuring winners of the various national Idol shows.
2. Neville Roach, English footballer births
  1. Neville Roach
    
    Neville Roach is an English former professional footballer.
3. Nathan West, actor, musician, and singer births
  1. Nathan West
    
    Nathan Luke West is an American actor, musician, and singer.
1977
1. Robert McKimson, American animator and illustrator (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Robert McKimson
    
    Robert Porter McKimson Sr. was an American animator and illustrator, best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie–Freleng Enterprises. He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Foghorn Leghorn, Hippety Hopper, and The Tasmanian Devil, among other characters. He was also well known for defining Bugs Bunny's look in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare.
2. Alexander Tcherepnin, Russian-American composer and pianist (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Alexander Tcherepnin
    
    Alexander Nikolayevich Tcherepnin was a Russian-born composer and pianist. His father, Nikolai Tcherepnin, and his sons, Serge Tcherepnin and Ivan Tcherepnin, as well as two of his grandsons, Sergei and Stefan, were composers. His son Serge was involved in the earliest development of electronic music and instruments. His mother was a member of the artistic Benois family, a niece of Alexandre Benois.
1976
1. Darren Byfield, English-Jamaican footballer births
  1. Darren Byfield
    
    Darren Asherton Byfield is a former professional footballer. He is currently a coach of Crawley Town.
2. Kelvin Davis, English footballer births
  1. Kelvin Davis (footballer)
    
    Kelvin Geoffrey Davis is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He began his career with Luton Town as a youth player in 1991 and remained there until 1999. Davis later played for Wimbledon, Ipswich Town and Sunderland before moving to Southampton in 2006.
1975
1. Stephanie Klein, American author births
  1. Stephanie Klein
    
    Stephanie Klein is an American weight loss strategist and consultant, popular blog and the author of Straight Up and Dirty: A Memoir and Moose: A Memoir of Fat Camp.
2. Gladys Skelton, Australian-British poet, novelist and playwright (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Gladys Skelton
    
    Gladys Skelton was an Australian and United Kingdom poet, novelist and playwright who wrote using the pseudonym John Presland.
3. Casey Stengel, American baseball player and manager (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Casey Stengel
    
    Charles Dillon "Casey" Stengel was an American Major League Baseball right fielder and manager, best known as the manager of the championship New York Yankees of the 1950s and later, the expansion New York Mets. Nicknamed "The Ol' Perfessor", he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1966.
1974
1. Alexis Cruz, American actor births
  1. Alexis Cruz
    
    Alexis Cruz is an American actor, known for his performances as Rafael in Touched by an Angel and as Skaara in Stargate and Stargate SG-1.
2. Dedric Ward, American football wide receiver births
  1. Dedric Ward
    
    Dedric Lamar Ward is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the New York Jets, Miami Dolphins, Baltimore Ravens, New England Patriots and Dallas Cowboys. He also was an assistant coach in the National Football League. He played college football at University of Northern Iowa.
1973
1. Alfie Boe, English tenor and actor births
  1. Alfie Boe
    
    Alfred Giovanni Roncalli Boe is an English tenor and actor, notably performing in musical theatre.
2. W. H. Auden, English-American poet, playwright, and critic (b. 1907) deaths
  1. W. H. Auden
    
    Wystan Hugh Auden was a British-American poet. Auden's poetry was noted for its stylistic and technical achievement, its engagement with politics, morals, love, and religion, and its variety in tone, form, and content. Some of his best known poems are about love, such as "Funeral Blues"; on political and social themes, such as "September 1, 1939" and "The Shield of Achilles"; on cultural and psychological themes, such as The Age of Anxiety; and on religious themes such as "For the Time Being" and "Horae Canonicae".
1972
1. Robert Webb, English comedian, actor and writer births
  1. Robert Webb
    
    Robert Patrick Webb is an English comedian, actor, writer, and television personality. He is one half of the double act Mitchell and Webb, alongside David Mitchell. Webb and Mitchell both starred in the Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show, in which Webb plays Jeremy "Jez" Usbourne. The two also starred in the sketch comedy programme That Mitchell and Webb Look, for which they then performed a stage adaption, The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb. The duo starred in the 2007 film Magicians, and in the short-lived series Ambassadors. Webb headed the critically acclaimed sitcom The Smoking Room and was a performer in the sketch show Bruiser. Since 2017, he has starred alongside Mitchell in the Channel 4 comedy-drama Back.
2. Kathleen Clarke, Irish politician and activist (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Kathleen Clarke
    
    Kathleen Clarke was a founder member of Cumann na mBan, a women's paramilitary organisation formed in Ireland in 1914, and one of very few privy to the plans of the Easter Rising in 1916. She was the wife of Tom Clarke and sister of Ned Daly, both of whom were executed for their part in the Rising. She was subsequently a Teachta Dála (TD) and Senator with both Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil, and the first female Lord Mayor of Dublin (1939–1941).
1971
1. Joanna Brooks, American author and professor births
  1. Joanna Brooks
    
    Joanna Brooks is an American author and professor of English and comparative literature at San Diego State University. Brooks is currently the Associate Vice President of Faculty Advancement and professor of English and Comparative Literature. She is a frequent media commentator on faith in American life, particularly in relation to her own Mormonism. Politico named her one of 2011's "50 politicos to watch" for her Twitter feed, @askmormongirl.
2. Ray Buchanan, American football player births
  1. Ray Buchanan
    
    Raymond Louis Buchanan is a former American football player in the NFL. He was drafted out of Louisville in 1993 by the Indianapolis Colts in the 3rd round, and subsequently played for the Atlanta Falcons and the Oakland Raiders.
3. Mackenzie Crook, English actor and screenwriter births
  1. Mackenzie Crook
    
    Paul James "Mackenzie" Crook is an English actor, comedian, director and writer. He played Gareth Keenan in The Office, Ragetti in the Pirates of the Caribbean films, Orell in the HBO series Game of Thrones, and the title role of Worzel Gummidge. He is also the creator and star of BBC Four's Detectorists (2014–2017), for which he won two BAFTA awards. He also plays major roles in TV series Britannia, as the opposite leading druids Veran and Harka.
4. Theodore Shapiro, American composer births
  1. Theodore Shapiro
    
    Theodore Michael Shapiro is an American composer best known for his film scores.
1970
1. Emily Lloyd, English actress births
  1. Emily Lloyd
    
    Emily Alice Lloyd-Pack, known as Emily Lloyd, is an English actress. At the age of 16, she starred in her debut and breakthrough role in the 1987 film Wish You Were Here, for which she received critical acclaim and Best Actress awards from the National Society of Film Critics and the Evening Standard British Film Awards. She subsequently relocated to Manhattan at 17, received numerous film offers, and starred in the 1989 films Cookie and In Country.
2. Russell Peters, Canadian comedian, actor, and producer births
  1. Russell Peters
    
    Russell Dominic Peters is a Canadian stand-up comedian, actor, and producer. He began performing in Toronto in 1989 and won a Gemini Award in 2008. In 2013, he was number three on Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid comedians, and became the first comedian to get a Netflix stand-up special. He also won the Peabody Award and the International Emmy Award for Best Arts Programming for producing Hip-Hop Evolution (2016). He lives in Los Angeles.
3. Natasha Gregson Wagner, American actress births
  1. Natasha Gregson Wagner
    
    Natasha Gregson Wagner is an American actress. She is the daughter of film producer Richard Gregson and actress Natalie Wood. She has appeared in films including Lost Highway (1997), Two Girls and a Guy (1997), First Love, Last Rites (1997), Urban Legend (1998), Another Day in Paradise (1998) and High Fidelity (2000).
4. Khushbu Sundar, South Indian actress and producer births
  1. Khushbu
    
    Khushbu Sundar is an Indian actress, politician, film producer and television presenter. She is known for her works predominantly in Tamil, besides Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada films.
5. Edward Everett Horton, American actor (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Edward Everett Horton
    
    Edward Everett Horton Jr. was an American character actor. He had a long career in film, theater, radio, television, and voice work for animated cartoons.
6. Gilbert Seldes, American writer and cultural critic (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Gilbert Seldes
    
    Gilbert Vivian Seldes was an American writer and cultural critic. Seldes served as the editor and drama critic of the seminal modernist magazine The Dial and hosted the NBC television program The Subject is Jazz (1958). He also wrote for other magazines and newspapers like Vanity Fair and the Saturday Evening Post. He was most interested in American popular culture and cultural history. He wrote and adapted for Broadway, including Lysistrata and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the 1930s. Later, he made films, wrote radio scripts and became the first director of television for CBS News and the founding dean of the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania.
1969
1. Erika Eleniak, American model and actress births
  1. Erika Eleniak
    
    Erika Eleniak is an American actress, Playboy Playmate, and model known for her role in Baywatch as Shauni McClain. Her film debut was in E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982). She starred in the films The Blob (1988), Under Siege (1992), and The Beverly Hillbillies (1993).
2. Robert Kurzban, American author and professor births
  1. Robert Kurzban
    
    Robert Kurzban is a freelance writer and former psychology professor specializing in evolutionary psychology.
3. Carlos Watson, American entrepreneur, journalist and television host births
  1. Carlos Watson (journalist)
    
    Carlos Watson is an American entrepreneur, journalist, and television host. A former contributor on MSNBC and anchor on CNN, he co-founded media company Ozy in 2013, and hosted several shows produced by the company. As an entrepreneur, Watson co-founded Achieva College Prep Service in 2002, which he later sold to The Washington Post and Kaplan. During his tenure as CEO of Ozy, the company raised over $70 million from investors. Watson was the host of The Carlos Watson Show, a daily interview show on YouTube.
1968
1. Darius de Haas, American stage actor and singer births
  1. Darius de Haas
    
    Darius de Haas is an American stage actor and singer.
2. Luke Goss, English actor births
  1. Luke Goss
    
    Luke Damon Goss is an English actor, and drummer of the 1980s band Bros. He has appeared in numerous films including Blade II (2002) as Jared Nomak, One Night with the King (2006) as King Xerxes, Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008) as Prince Nuada, Tekken (2009) as Steve Fox, Interview with a Hitman (2012) as Viktor, and Traffik (2018) as Red.
3. Adam Segal, American cybersecurity expert births
  1. Adam Segal
    
    Adam Segal is an American cybersecurity expert. He serves as the Ira A. Lipman Chair in Emerging Technologies and National Security and Director of the Digital and Cyberspace Policy Program at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is the author of three monographs on technology.
1967
1. Sara Sankey, English badminton player births
  1. Sara Sankey
    
    Sara Sankey née Sara Halsall is a retired English badminton player.
2. Carson McCullers, American novelist, playwright, essayist, and poet (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Carson McCullers
    
    Carson McCullers was an American novelist, short-story writer, playwright, essayist, and poet. Her first novel, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940), explores the spiritual isolation of misfits and outcasts in a small town of the Southern United States. Her other novels have similar themes and most are set in the deep South.
1966
1. Hersey Hawkins, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Hersey Hawkins
    
    Hersey R. Hawkins Jr. is an American former professional basketball player. After starring at Chicago's Westinghouse High School, the 6'3" shooting guard attended Bradley University. Hawkins played for 4 teams throughout his 12-year National Basketball Association career. Hersey was given his nickname, “The Big Kiss”, by David Gborie.
2. Bujar Nishani, Albanian politician, 7th President of Albania (d. 2022) births
  1. Bujar Nishani
    
    Bujar Nishani was an Albanian politician. He served as President of Albania from 24 July 2012 to 24 July 2019.
  2. President of Albania
    
    The president of Albania, officially styled the President of the Republic of Albania, is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and the representative of the unity of the Albanian people.
3. Jill Whelan, American actress births
  1. Jill Whelan
    
    Jill Whelan is an American actress. She played Vicki Stubing, the daughter of Captain Stubing, in the first nine seasons of the American television series The Love Boat on ABC and guest starred on its revival on UPN.
4. Bernard Gimbel, American businessman (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Bernard Gimbel
    
    Bernard Feustman Gimbel was an American businessman and president of the Gimbels department store.
1965
1. Suzanne Kamata, American author and educator births
  1. Suzanne Kamata
    
    Suzanne Kamata is an American author and educator.
2. Robert F. Worth, American journalist births
  1. Robert F. Worth
    
    Robert Forsyth Worth is an American journalist and former chief of The New York Times Beirut bureau. He is the author of Rage for Order.
1964
1. PJ Manney, American writer births
  1. PJ Manney
    
    Patricia J. Manney is an American writer and speaker on humanist and futurist topics. She is the author of (R)EVOLUTION, a near-future techno thriller, which Publishers Weekly called “intriguing” and described it as being written with “poignancy and sensitivity.
1963
1. Les Claypool, American bass player, singer, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Les Claypool
    
    Leslie Edward Claypool is an American musician, best known as the founder, lead singer, bassist, primary songwriter, and only continuous member of the rock band Primus. Frequently considered one of the best bass players of all time, his playing style is well known for mixing tapping, flamenco-like strumming, whammy bar bends, and slapping.
2. Francis Jue, American actor and singer births
  1. Francis Jue
    
    Francis Jue is an American actor and singer. Jue is known for his performances on Broadway, in national tours, Off-Broadway and in regional theatre, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area and at The Muny in St. Louis. His roles in plays and musicals range from Shakespeare to Rodgers and Hammerstein to David Henry Hwang. He is also known for his recurring role on the TV series Madam Secretary (2014–2019).
1962
1. Roger Bart, American actor births
  1. Roger Bart
    
    Roger Bart is an American actor and singer. He won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his performance as Snoopy in the 1999 revival of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown.
1961
1. Mohammed Dahlan, Palestinian politician births
  1. Mohammed Dahlan
    
    Mohammad Yusuf Dahlan born on September 29, 1961 in Khan Yunis Refugee Camp, Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip also known by the kunya Abu Fadi is a Palestinian politician, the former leader of Fatah in Gaza. Dahlan was born to a refugee family from Hamama, the youngest of six children.
2. Julia Gillard, Welsh-Australian lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Australia births
  1. Julia Gillard
    
    Julia Eileen Gillard is an Australian former politician who served as the 27th prime minister of Australia from 2010 to 2013, holding office as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). She is the first and only female prime minister in Australian history.
  2. Prime Minister of Australia
    
    The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who became prime minister on 23 May 2022.
1960
1. Steve Burke, English footballer births
  1. Steve Burke (footballer)
    
    Steven James Burke is an English former footballer who played 156 games in the Football League. He played as a winger.
2. Rob Deer, American baseball player births
  1. Rob Deer
    
    Robert George Deer is an American former professional baseball outfielder.
3. John Baillie, Scottish theologian (b. 1886) deaths
  1. John Baillie (theologian)
    
    John Baillie was a Scottish theologian, a Church of Scotland minister and brother of theologian Donald Macpherson Baillie.
4. John Goodwin, British soldier and medical practitioner, 14th Governor of Queensland (b. 1871) deaths
  1. John Goodwin (British Army officer)
    
    Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Herbert John Chapman Goodwin, known as Sir John Goodwin, was a British soldier and medical practitioner, who served as the Governor of Queensland from 1927 to 1932.
  2. Governor of Queensland
    
    The governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the monarch of Australia. In an analogous way to the governor-general of Australia at the national level, the governor performs constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level. In particular the governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the premier of Queensland and all other ministers in the cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state parliament.
1959
1. Jon Fosse, Norwegian author and dramatist births
  1. Jon Fosse
    
    Jon Olav Fosse is a Norwegian author and dramatist.
2. Marissa Moss, American author births
  1. Marissa Moss
    
    Marissa Moss is an American children's book author.
3. Bruce Bairnsfather, British humorist and cartoonist (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Bruce Bairnsfather
    
    Captain Charles Bruce Bairnsfather was a prominent British humorist and cartoonist. His best-known cartoon character is Old Bill. Bill and his pals Bert and Alf featured in Bairnsfather's weekly "Fragments from France" cartoons published weekly in The Bystander magazine during the First World War.
1958
1. Pete Fromm, American author births
  1. Pete Fromm
    
    Pete Fromm is an American novelist, short story writer, and memoir writer.
2. Andy Straka, American author births
  1. Andy Straka
    
    Andy Straka is a Shamus Award-winning American crime novelist. Born and raised in upstate New York and a graduate of Williams College, he worked in publishing and medical sales for nearly fifteen years before turning to writing in the late 1990s. His debut private-eye novel, A Witness Above, garnered Shamus, Anthony, and Agatha Award nominations for Best First Novel in 2002. A Killing Sky received an Anthony Award nomination in 2003, and Straka's third book, Cold Quarry, won a 2004 Shamus Award. His series of six Frank Pavlicek novels features a former New York City police detective who also spends much of his time flying various hawks to help inspire him to solve criminal cases. The fourth novel in the Pavlicek series, Kitty Hitter, was called a "great read" by Library Journal. Kitty Hitter was re-released with a new title, The Night Falconer, as an e-book and paperback. A fifth book featuring Pavlicek is the novella Flightfall. Another full-length novel, The K Street Hunting Society, was released as book 6 in the Pavlicek series in 2014.
3. Karen Young, American actress births
  1. Karen Young (actress)
    
    Karen Young is an American film, television, and stage actress.
4. Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Aarre Merikanto
    
    Aarre Merikanto was a Finnish composer.
1957
1. Chris Broad, English cricketer and referee births
  1. Chris Broad (cricketer)
    
    Brian Christopher Broad is a former English cricketer and broadcaster who currently serves as a cricket official.
2. Andrew Dice Clay, American comedian and actor births
  1. Andrew Dice Clay
    
    Andrew Dice Clay is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He rose to prominence in the late 1980s with a brash, deliberately offensive persona known as "The Diceman". In 1990, he became the first stand-up comedian to sell out Madison Square Garden for two consecutive nights. That same year, he played the lead role in the comedy-mystery film The Adventures of Ford Fairlane.
3. Joel Gallen, American director, producer and screenwriter births
  1. Joel Gallen
    
    Joel Gallen is an American television and film director, producer, screenwriter, and founder and president of Tenth Planet Productions. He is a graduate of the University of Rhode Island, and currently serves on the University's Harrington School of Communication and Media Executive Advisory Board.
4. Mark Nicholas, English cricketer and sportscaster births
  1. Mark Nicholas
    
    Mark Charles Jefford Nicholas is an English cricket commentator and former cricketer and broadcaster. He played for Hampshire from 1978 to 1995, captaining them from 1985 to his retirement.
1956
1. Susanne Antonetta, American poet and author births
  1. Susanne Antonetta
    
    Susanne Antonetta is the pen name of Suzanne Paola, an American poet and author who is most widely known for her book Body Toxic: An Environmental Memoir. In 2001, Body Toxic was named by the New York Times as a "Notable Book". An excerpt of "Body Toxic" was published as a stand-alone essay which was recognized as a "Notable Essay" in the 1998 Best American Essays 1998 anthology. She has published several prize-winning collections of poems, including Bardo, a Brittingham Prize in Poetry winner, and the poetry books Petitioner, Glass, and most recently The Lives of The Saints. She currently resides in Washington with her husband and adopted son. She is widely published both in newspapers such as The New York Times and The Washington Post, as well as in literary journals including Orion, Brevity, JuxtaProse Literary Magazine, Seneca Review, and Image. She is the current Editor-in-Chief of Bellingham Review.
2. Sebastian Coe, English sprinter and politician births
  1. Sebastian Coe
    
    Sebastian Newbold Coe, Baron Coe,, often referred to as Seb Coe, is a British politician and former track and field athlete. As a middle-distance runner, Coe won four Olympic medals, including 1500 metres gold medals at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984. He set nine outdoor and three indoor world records in middle-distance track events – including, in 1979, setting three world records in the space of 41 days – and the world record he set in the 800 metres in 1981 remained unbroken until 1997. Coe's rivalries with fellow Britons Steve Ovett and Steve Cram dominated middle-distance racing for much of the 1980s.
3. Suzzy Roche, American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Suzzy Roche
    
    Suzzy Roche is an American singer and actress best known for her work with the vocal group The Roches, alongside sisters Maggie and Terre. Suzzy is the youngest of the three, and joined the act in 1977. She is the author of the novels Wayward Saints and The Town Crazy and the children's book Want To Be in a Band?
4. Anastasio Somoza García, Nicaraguan politician, 21st President of Nicaragua (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Anastasio Somoza García
    
    Anastasio Somoza García was the leader of Nicaragua from 1937 until his assassination in 1956. He was only officially the 21st President of Nicaragua from 1 January 1937 to 1 May 1947 and from 21 May 1950 until his assassination on 29 September 1956, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military strongman. He was the patriarch of the Somoza family, which ruled Nicaragua as a family dictatorship for 42 years.
  2. President of Nicaragua
    
    The president of Nicaragua, officially known as the president of the Republic of Nicaragua, is the head of state and head of government of Nicaragua. The office was created in the Constitution of 1854. From 1825 until the Constitution of 1839, the head of state of Nicaragua was styled simply as Head of State, and from 1839 to 1854 as Supreme Director.
1955
1. Ann Bancroft, American explorer and author births
  1. Ann Bancroft
    
    Ann Bancroft is an American author, teacher, adventurer, and public speaker. She was the first woman to finish a number of expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1995.
2. Joe Donnelly, American politician and lawyer births
  1. Joe Donnelly
    
    Joseph Simon Donnelly Sr. is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as a United States senator from Indiana from 2013 to 2019. Since 2022, he has served as the United States Ambassador to the Holy See.
3. Gwen Ifill, American journalist (d. 2016) births
  1. Gwen Ifill
    
    Gwendolyn L. Ifill was an American journalist, television newscaster, and author. In 1999, she became the first African-American woman to host a nationally televised U.S. public affairs program with Washington Week in Review. She was the moderator and managing editor of Washington Week and co-anchor and co-managing editor, with Judy Woodruff, of the PBS NewsHour, both of which air on PBS. Ifill was a political analyst and moderated the 2004 and 2008 vice-presidential debates. She authored the best-selling book The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama.
4. Louis Leon Thurstone, American psychologist (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Louis Leon Thurstone
    
    Louis Leon Thurstone was an American pioneer in the fields of psychometrics and psychophysics. He conceived the approach to measurement known as the law of comparative judgment, and is well known for his contributions to factor analysis. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Thurstone as the 88th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, tied with John Garcia, James J. Gibson, David Rumelhart, Margaret Floy Washburn, and Robert S. Woodworth.
1954
1. Harry E. Johnson, American lawyer and public servant births
  1. Harry E. Johnson
    
    Harry E. Johnson is a career lawyer, entrepreneur, public servant and partner at the Law Office of Glenn and Johnson in Houston, Texas. He served as City Attorney for Kendelton, Texas from 1996 to 1999, and taught at Texas Southern University in both the Thurgood Marshall School of Law and School of Public Affairs from 1994 to 1999. Johnson is a former National President of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, and is the President and CEO of the Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc.
2. Geoffrey Marcy, American astronomer births
  1. Geoffrey Marcy
    
    Geoffrey William Marcy is an American astronomer. He was an early influence in the field of exoplanet detection, discovery, and characterization. Marcy was a professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, and an adjunct professor of physics and astronomy at San Francisco State University. Marcy and his research teams discovered many extrasolar planets, including 70 out of the first 100 known exoplanets and also the first planetary system around a Sun-like star, Upsilon Andromedae. Marcy was a co-investigator on the NASA Kepler mission. His collaborators have included R. Paul Butler, Debra Fischer and Steven S. Vogt, Jason Wright, Andrew Howard, Katie Peek, John Johnson, Erik Petigura, Lauren Weiss, Lea Hirsch and the Kepler Science Team.
1953
1. Mona Baker, Egyptian-British professor births
  1. Mona Baker
    
    Mona Baker is a professor of translation studies and Director of the Centre for Translation and Intercultural Studies at the University of Manchester in England.
2. Drake Hogestyn, American actor births
  1. Drake Hogestyn
    
    Donald Drake Hogestyn is an American actor best known for his long running role as John Black on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives.
3. Janis F. Kearney, American author, lecturer and publisher births
  1. Janis F. Kearney
    
    Janis Faye Kearney is an American author, lecturer, and publisher. She served as a personal diarist to President Bill Clinton from 1995 to 2001.
4. Ernst Reuter, German politician (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Ernst Reuter
    
    Ernst Rudolf Johannes Reuter was the mayor of West Berlin from 1948 to 1953, during the time of the Cold War.
1952
1. Roy Campbell, Jr., American trumpet player (d. 2014) births
  1. Roy Campbell Jr.
    
    Roy Sinclair Campbell Jr. was an American trumpeter frequently linked to free jazz, although he also performed rhythm and blues and funk during his career.
2. Pete Hautman, American author births
  1. Pete Hautman
    
    Peter Murray Hautman is an American author best known for his novels for young adults. One of them, Godless, won the 2004 National Book Award for Young People's Literature. The National Book Foundation summary is, "A teenage boy decides to invent a new religion with a new god."
3. Max Sandlin, American lawyer, judge, and politician births
  1. Max Sandlin
    
    Max Allen Sandlin Jr. is a former Democratic Congressman who served eight years (1997–2005) in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Texas District 1.
4. John Cobb, English race car driver and pilot (b. 1899) deaths
  1. John Cobb (racing driver)
    
    John Rhodes Cobb was an early to mid 20th century English racing motorist. He was three times holder of the World Land Speed Record, in 1938, 1939 and 1947, set at Bonneville Speedway in Utah, US. He was awarded the Segrave Trophy in 1947. He was killed in 1952 whilst piloting a jet powered speedboat attempting to break the World Water Speed Record on Loch Ness water in Scotland.
5. C. H. Douglas, British engineer (b. 1879) deaths
  1. C. H. Douglas
    
    Major Clifford Hugh "C. H." Douglas, MIMechE, MIEE, was a British engineer and pioneer of the social credit economic reform movement.
1951
1. Michelle Bachelet, Chilean politician, President of Chile births
  1. Michelle Bachelet
    
    Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is a Chilean politician who served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2018 to 2022. She previously served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018 for the Socialist Party of Chile; she is the first woman to hold the Chilean presidency and the first elected female leader in South America. After leaving the presidency in 2010 and while not immediately reelectable, she was appointed the first executive director of the newly created United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. In December 2013, Bachelet was reelected with over 62% of the vote, bettering the 54% she obtained in 2006. She was the first President of Chile to be reelected since 1932.
  2. President of Chile
    
    The president of Chile, officially known as the President of the Republic of Chile, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Chile. The president is responsible for both the Government of Chile and state administration. Although its role and significance has changed over the history of Chile, as well as its position and relations with other actors in the national political organization, it is one of the most prominent political offices. It is also considered one of the institutions that make up the "Historic Constitution of Chile", and is essential to the country's political stability.
2. Pier Luigi Bersani, Italian educator and politician, 6th President of Emilia-Romagna births
  1. Pier Luigi Bersani
    
    Pier Luigi Bersani is an Italian politician and was Secretary of the Democratic Party (PD), Italy's leading centre-left party, from 2009 to 2013. Bersani was Minister of Industry, Commerce and Craftmanship from 1996 to 1999, Minister of Transport from 1999 to 2001, and Minister of Economic Development from 2006 to 2008.
  2. List of presidents of Emilia-Romagna
    
    This is the list of presidents of Emilia–Romagna since 1970.
3. Roslyn Schwartz, Canadian author births
  1. Roslyn Schwartz
    
    Roslyn Schwartz is a Canadian children's author and animator.
4. Thomas Cahill, American soccer player and coach (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Thomas Cahill (soccer)
    
    Thomas W. Cahill was one of the founding fathers of soccer in the United States, and is considered the most important administrator in U.S. Soccer before World War II. Cahill formed the United States Football Association in 1913, which later became the United States Soccer Federation. In 1916 he became the first coach of the United States men's national soccer team. Cahill was enshrined in the U.S. National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1950.
1950
1. Merle Collins, Grenadian poet and short story writer births
  1. Merle Collins
    
    Merle Collins is a distinguished Grenadian poet and short story writer.
1949
1. George Dalaras, Greek singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. George Dalaras
    
    George Dalaras is a Greek musician and singer. He is one of the most prominent figures of Greek musical culture. In October 2006, he was selected as a Goodwill Ambassador for the UN Refugee Agency.
2. Douglas Frantz, American investigative journalist and author births
  1. Douglas Frantz
    
    Douglas Frantz is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning former investigative journalist and author, and served as the Deputy Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development from 2015 to 2017.
3. Rosa Olitzka, German-American contralto singer (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Rosa Olitzka
    
    Rosa Olitzka was a German-born contralto singer. She sang with the Metropolitan Opera from 1895 to 1901, and with the Chicago Opera from 1910 to 1911.
1948
1. Mark Farner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Mark Farner
    
    Mark Fredrick Farner is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter, best known as the lead singer and lead guitarist for the hard rock band Grand Funk Railroad, and later as a contemporary Christian musician.
2. Bryant Gumbel, American journalist and sportscaster births
  1. Bryant Gumbel
    
    Bryant Charles Gumbel is an American television journalist and sportscaster, best known for his 15 years as co-host of NBC's Today. He is the younger brother of sportscaster Greg Gumbel. Since 1995, he has hosted HBO's acclaimed investigative series Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel, which has been rated as "flat out TV's best sports program" by the Los Angeles Times. It won a Peabody Award in 2012.
3. Theo Jörgensmann, German clarinet player and composer births
  1. Theo Jörgensmann
    
    Theodor Franz Jörgensmann is a German jazz clarinetist.
4. John M. McHugh, American politician births
  1. John M. McHugh
    
    John Michael McHugh is an American politician from the U.S. state of New York who served as the 21st United States Secretary of the Army, and represented the state's 23rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives.
1947
1. Richard J. Evans, British historian births
  1. Richard J. Evans
    
    Sir Richard John Evans is a British historian of 19th- and 20th-century Europe with a focus on Germany. He is the author of eighteen books, including his three-volume The Third Reich Trilogy (2003–2008). Evans was Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge from 2008 until his retirement in 2014, and President of Cambridge's Wolfson College from 2010 to 2017. He has been Provost of Gresham College in London since 2014. Evans was appointed Knight Bachelor for services to scholarship in the 2012 Birthday Honours.
2. Ülo Kaevats, Estonian philosopher, academic, and politician (d. 2015) births
  1. Ülo Kaevats
    
    Ülo Kaevats was an Estonian statesman, academic and philosopher.
3. S. H. Kapadia, Indian lawyer, judge, and politician, 38th Chief Justice of India (d. 2016) births
  1. S. H. Kapadia
    
    Sarosh Homi Kapadia was the thirty-eighth Chief Justice of India. He was the first chief justice born in independent India.
  2. Chief Justice of India
    
    The Chief Justice of India is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of India as well as the highest-ranking officer of the Indian Judiciary. The Constitution of India grants power to the President of India to appoint, in consultation with the outgoing chief justice, the next chief justice, who will serve until they reach the age of sixty-five or are removed by impeachment. As per convention, the name suggested by the incumbent chief justice is almost always the next senior most judge in the Supreme Court.
1946
1. Patricia Hodge, English actress births
  1. Patricia Hodge
    
    Patricia Ann Hodge, OBE is an English actor. She is known on-screen for playing Phyllida Erskine-Brown in Rumpole of the Bailey (1978–1992), Jemima Shore in Jemima Shore Investigates (1983), Penny in Miranda (2009–2015) and Mrs Pumphrey in All Creatures Great and Small (2021–present).
2. Arturo Lindsay, Panamanian-American artist births
  1. Arturo Lindsay
    
    Arturo Lindsay is a Panamanian-born artist and professor of art and art history at Spelman College. His scholarship specializes in ethnographic research on African spiritual and aesthetic retentions in contemporary American cultures. His Panamanian/American identity is reflected in his art, which focuses on African culture in America.
1945
1. Kyriakos Sfetsas, Greek composer and poet births
  1. Kyriakos Sfetsas
    
    Kyriakos Sfetsas is a Greek composer. His body of work consists of a large number of compositions: symphonic, choral, ballet and theatre music, chamber, electronic, film scores, pieces for solo instruments, pieces in jazz and fusion style, songs in Greek and world poems.
2. Lella Cuberli, American soprano births
  1. Lella Cuberli
    
    Lella Cuberli is an American soprano, particularly associated with the Belcanto repertory.
1944
1. Isla Blair, British actress and singer births
  1. Isla Blair
    
    Isla Blair Glover is a British actress and singer. She made her first stage appearance in 1963 as Philia in the London debut of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.
2. Mike Post, American composer and producer births
  1. Mike Post
    
    Mike Post is an American composer, best known for his TV theme music for various shows, including Law & Order; Law & Order: Special Victims Unit; The A-Team; NYPD Blue; Renegade; The Rockford Files; L.A. Law; Quantum Leap; Magnum, P.I.; and Hill Street Blues.
3. Douglas Crawford McMurtrie, American typeface designer, graphic designer, historian and author (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Douglas Crawford McMurtrie
    
    Douglas Crawford McMurtrie was an American typeface designer, graphic designer, historian, author and bibliographer of printing.
1943
1. Juan Flores, American academic and professor (d. 2014) births
  1. Juan Flores (professor)
    
    Juan Flores was a Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis and director of Latino Studies at New York University. He was considered a leading pioneer, scholar, and expert in Latin American and Nuyorican culture, often working with his wife Miriam Jiménez Román.
2. Lech Wałęsa, Polish electrician and politician, 2nd President of Poland, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Lech Wałęsa
    
    Lech Wałęsa is a Polish statesman, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who served as the President of Poland between 1990 and 1995. After winning the 1990 election, Wałęsa became the first democratically elected President of Poland since 1926 and the first-ever Polish President elected in popular vote. A shipyard electrician by trade, Wałęsa became the leader of the Solidarity movement, and led a successful pro-democratic effort which in 1989 ended the Communist rule in Poland and ushered in the end of the Cold War.
  2. President of Poland
    
    The president of Poland, officially the president of the Republic of Poland, is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition, the president has a right to dissolve parliament in certain cases, can veto legislation and represents Poland in the international arena.
  3. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1942
1. Felice Gimondi, Italian cyclist (d. 2019) births
  1. Felice Gimondi
    
    Felice Gimondi was an Italian professional racing cyclist. With his 1968 victory at the Vuelta a España, only three years after becoming a professional cyclist, Gimondi, nicknamed "The Phoenix", was the second cyclist to win all three Grand Tours of road cycling: Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, and Vuelta a España (1968). He is one of only seven cyclists to have done so.
2. Madeline Kahn, American actress and singer (d. 1999) births
  1. Madeline Kahn
    
    Madeline Gail Kahn was an American actress, comedian and singer, known for comedic roles in films directed by Peter Bogdanovich and Mel Brooks, including What's Up, Doc? (1972), Young Frankenstein (1974), High Anxiety (1977), History of the World, Part I (1981), and her Academy Award–nominated roles in Paper Moon (1973) and Blazing Saddles (1974).
3. Ian McShane, English actor births
  1. Ian McShane
    
    Ian David McShane is an English actor, producer and director. He is known for his television performances, particularly as the title role in the BBC series Lovejoy (1986–1994), Al Swearengen in Deadwood (2004–2006) and its 2019 film continuation, as well as Mr. Wednesday in American Gods (2017–2021). For the original series of Deadwood, McShane won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama and received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series; for the film, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie.
4. Bill Nelson, American politician births
  1. Bill Nelson
    
    Clarence William Nelson II is an American politician and attorney serving as the administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Nelson previously served as a United States Senator from Florida from 2001 to 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. In January 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of U.S. Congress to fly in space, after Senator Jake Garn, when he served as a payload specialist on mission STS-61-C aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia. Before entering politics he served in the U.S. Army Reserve during the Vietnam War.
5. Jean-Luc Ponty, French violinist and composer births
  1. Jean-Luc Ponty
    
    Jean-Luc Ponty is a French jazz violinist and composer.
6. Janet Powell, Australian educator and politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Janet Powell
    
    Janet Frances Powell AM was an Australian politician.
7. Steve Tesich, Serbian-American screenwriter and playwright (d. 1996) births
  1. Steve Tesich
    
    Stojan Steve Tesich was a Serbian-American screenwriter, playwright, and novelist. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1979 for the film Breaking Away. Tesich is also credited as the inventor of the term "post-truth".
1941
1. Oscar H. Ibarra, Filipino-American theoretical computer scientist births
  1. Oscar H. Ibarra
    
    Oscar H. Ibarra is a Filipino-American theoretical computer scientist, prominent for work in automata theory, formal languages, design and analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory. He was a Professor of the Department of Computer Science at the University of California-Santa Barbara until his retirement in 2011. Previously, he was on the faculties of UC Berkeley (1967-1969) and the University of Minnesota (1969-1990). He is currently a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at UCSB.
2. Robert Lieber, American writer and academic births
  1. Robert Lieber
    
    Robert J. Lieber is an American academic and Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Lieber is the author or editor of a total of seventeen books and has served as the Chair of the Government Department and as Interim Chair of Psychology.
1940
1. Billy Cobb, English footballer births
  1. Billy Cobb
    
    Walter William Cobb, known as Billy Cobb, was an English footballer who scored 38 goals from 199 appearances in the Football League playing for Nottingham Forest, Plymouth Argyle, Brentford and Lincoln City. He played in midfield. He went on to play for Boston United in the Northern Premier League.
1939
1. Jim Baxter, Scottish footballer (d. 2001) births
  1. Jim Baxter
    
    James Curran Baxter was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a left half. He is generally regarded as one of the country's greatest ever players. He was born, educated and started his career in Fife, but his peak playing years were in the early 1960s with the Glasgow club Rangers, whom he helped to win ten trophies between 1960 and 1965, and where he became known as "Slim Jim". However, he started drinking heavily during a four-month layoff caused by a leg fracture in December 1964, his fitness suffered, and he was transferred to Sunderland in summer 1965. In two and a half years at Sunderland he played 98 games and scored 12 goals, becoming known for drinking himself unconscious the night before a match and playing well the next day. At the end of 1967 Sunderland transferred him to Nottingham Forest, who gave him a free transfer back to Rangers in 1969 after 50 games. After a further year with Rangers Baxter retired from football in 1970, at the age of 31.
2. Larry Linville, American actor (d. 2000) births
  1. Larry Linville
    
    Lawrence Lavon Linville was an American actor known for his portrayal of the surgeon Major Frank Burns on the television series M*A*S*H.
3. Rhodri Morgan, Welsh politician, 2nd First Minister of Wales (d. 2017) births
  1. Rhodri Morgan
    
    Hywel Rhodri Morgan was a Welsh Labour politician who was the First Minister of Wales and the Leader of Welsh Labour from 2000 to 2009. He was also the Assembly Member for Cardiff West from 1999 to 2011 and the Member of Parliament for Cardiff West from 1987 to 2001. He was, as of 2018, the longest-serving First Minister of Wales. He was Chancellor of Swansea University from 2011 to 2017.
  2. First Minister of Wales
    
    The first minister of Wales is the leader of the Welsh Government and keeper of the Welsh Seal. The first minister chairs the Welsh Cabinet and is primarily responsible for the formulation, development and presentation of Welsh Government policy. Additional functions of the first minister include promoting and representing Wales in an official capacity, at home and abroad, and responsibility for constitutional affairs, as they relate to devolution and the Welsh Government.
1938
1. Wim Kok, Dutch union leader and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 2018) births
  1. Wim Kok
    
    Willem "Wim" Kok was a Dutch politician and trade union leader who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002. He was a member of the Labour Party (PvdA).
  2. Prime Minister of the Netherlands
    
    The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands. Although the monarch is the de jure head of government, the prime minister de facto occupies this role as the officeholder chairs the Council of Ministers and coordinates its policy with the rest of the cabinet. The current prime minister has been Mark Rutte since 14 October 2010, whose fourth cabinet was inaugurated on 10 January 2022.
2. Michael Stürmer, German historian births
  1. Michael Stürmer
    
    Michael Stürmer is a conservative German historian best known for his role in the Historikerstreit of the 1980s, for his geographical interpretation of German history and for an admiring 2008 biography of the Russian politician Vladimir Putin.
1937
1. Kōichirō Matsuura, Japanese diplomat births
  1. Kōichirō Matsuura
    
    Kōichirō Matsuura is a Japanese diplomat. He is the former Director-General of UNESCO. He was first elected in 1999 to a six-year term and reelected on 12 October 2005 for four years, following a reform instituted by the 29th session of the General Conference. In November 2009, he was replaced by Irina Bokova.
2. Tom McKeown, American poet and educator births
  1. Tom McKeown (poet)
    
    Thomas Shanks McKeown is an American poet and educator. He published his first poetry chapbooks in the late 1960s and continued to develop his reputation as a poet of surrealist sensibilities throughout the 1970s, publishing in major magazines such as The New Yorker.
3. Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková, Czech botanist and zoologist (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková
    
    Dr. Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková was the first female Czech botanist and zoologist.
4. Ray Ewry, American triple jumper (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Ray Ewry
    
    Raymond "Ray" Clarence Ewry was an American track and field athlete who won eight gold medals at the Olympic Games and two gold medals at the Intercalated Games. This puts him among the most successful Olympians of all time.
1936
1. Silvio Berlusconi, Italian businessman and politician, 50th Prime Minister of Italy births
  1. Silvio Berlusconi
    
    Silvio Berlusconi is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1994 to 2013, and has served as a member of the Senate of the Republic since 2022, and previously from March to November 2013, and as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019, and previously from 1999 to 2001.
  2. Prime Minister of Italy
    
    The prime minister, officially the president of the Council of Ministers, of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office.
2. James Fogle, American author (d. 2012) births
  1. James Fogle
    
    James Fogle was the American author of the autobiographical novel Drugstore Cowboy, which became the basis for the film of the same name. He was born in Elcho, Wisconsin.
3. Hal Trosky, Jr., American baseball player (d. 2012) births
  1. Hal Trosky Jr.
    
    Harold Arthur Trosky Jr. was an American professional baseball player who appeared as a pitcher in Major League Baseball in two games for the Chicago White Sox during the 1958 season. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, he was the son of Hal Trosky Sr., the Indians' slugging first baseman who played 11 seasons in the major leagues. Hal Jr. threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed 205 pounds (93 kg).
1935
1. Jerry Lee Lewis, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2022) births
  1. Jerry Lee Lewis
    
    Jerry Lee Lewis was an American singer, songwriter and pianist. Nicknamed "The Killer", he was described as "rock & roll's first great wild man". A pioneer of rock and roll and rockabilly music, Lewis made his first recordings in 1952 at Cosimo Matassa's J&M Studio in New Orleans, Louisiana, and early recordings in 1956 at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee. "Crazy Arms" sold 300,000 copies in the Southern United States, but it was his 1957 hit "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" that shot Lewis to worldwide fame. He followed this with the major hits "Great Balls of Fire", "Breathless", and "High School Confidential". His rock and roll career faltered in the wake of his marriage to Myra Gale Brown, his 13-year-old cousin once removed.
2. Carmen Delgado Votaw, Puerto Rican civil rights pioneer (d. 2017) births
  1. Carmen Delgado Votaw
    
    Carmen Delgado Votaw was a civil rights pioneer, a public servant, an author, and community leader. She studied at the University of Puerto Rico and graduated from American University in Washington, D.C., with a bachelor of arts in international studies. She was subsequently awarded an honorary doctorate in humanities by Hood College in Frederick, Maryland.
3. Winifred Holtby, English novelist and journalist (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Winifred Holtby
    
    Winifred Holtby was an English novelist and journalist, now best known for her novel South Riding, which was posthumously published in 1936.
1934
1. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Hungarian-American psychologist and academic (d. 2021) births
  1. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
    
    Mihaly Robert Csikszentmihalyi was a Hungarian-American psychologist. He recognized and named the psychological concept of "flow", a highly focused mental state conducive to productivity. He was the Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management at Claremont Graduate University. He was also the former head of the department of psychology at the University of Chicago and of the department of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest College.
2. Stuart M. Kaminsky, American author and screenwriter (d. 2009) births
  1. Stuart M. Kaminsky
    
    Stuart M. Kaminsky was an American mystery writer and film professor. He is known for three long-running series of mystery novels featuring the protagonists Toby Peters, a private detective in 1940s Hollywood (1977-2004); Inspector Porfiry Petrovich Rostnikov, a Moscow police inspector (1981-2010); and veteran Chicago police officer Abe Lieberman (1990-2007). There is also a fourth series featuring a Sarasota, Florida, process server named Lew Fonesca (1999-2009).
1933
1. Samora Machel, Mozambican commander and politician, 1st President of Mozambique (d. 1986) births
  1. Samora Machel
    
    Samora Moisés Machel was a Mozambican military commander and political leader. A socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the country's independence in 1975.
  2. List of presidents of Mozambique
    
    The following is a list of presidents of Mozambique, since the establishment of the office of President in 1975.
2. Jean-François Delmas, French bass-baritone (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Jean-François Delmas (bass-baritone)
    
    Jean-François Delmas, or Francisque Delmas was a French bass-baritone who created roles in many French operas including Athanaël in Thaïs.
1932
1. Robert Benton, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Robert Benton
    
    Robert Douglas Benton is an American screenwriter and film director. He is best known as the writer and director of the film Kramer vs. Kramer, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. He had previously written the screenplay for the film Bonnie and Clyde.
2. Mehmood, Indian actor, singer, director and producer births
  1. Mehmood (actor)
    
    Mehmood Ali, popularly known simply as Mehmood, was an Indian actor, singer, director and producer best known for playing comic roles in Hindi films.
1931
1. James Cronin, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016) births
  1. James Cronin
    
    James Watson Cronin was an American particle physicist.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. Anita Ekberg, Swedish-Italian model and actress (d. 2015) births
  1. Anita Ekberg
    
    Kerstin Anita Marianne Ekberg was a Swedish actress active in American and European films, known for her beauty and stunning figure. She became prominent in her iconic role as Sylvia in the Federico Fellini film La Dolce Vita (1960). Ekberg worked primarily in Italy, where she became a permanent resident in 1964.
3. Joseph M. McDade, American politician (d. 2017) births
  1. Joseph M. McDade
    
    Joseph Michael McDade was an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives, having represented Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district.
4. William Orpen, Irish artist (b. 1878) deaths
  1. William Orpen
    
    Major Sir William Newenham Montague Orpen, was an Irish artist who worked mainly in London. Orpen was a fine draughtsman and a popular, commercially successful painter of portraits for the well-to-do in Edwardian society, though many of his most striking paintings are self-portraits.
1930
1. Richard Bonynge, Australian pianist and conductor births
  1. Richard Bonynge
    
    Richard Alan Bonynge is an Australian conductor and pianist. He is the widower of Australian dramatic coloratura soprano Dame Joan Sutherland. Bonynge conducted virtually all of Sutherland's operatic performances from 1962 until her retirement in 1990.
2. Colin Dexter, English author and educator (d. 2017) births
  1. Colin Dexter
    
    Norman Colin Dexter was an English crime writer known for his Inspector Morse series of novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as an ITV television series, Inspector Morse, from 1987 to 2000. His characters have spawned a sequel series, Lewis, and a prequel series, Endeavour.
3. Ilya Repin, Ukrainian-Russian painter and illustrator (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Ilya Repin
    
    Ilya Yefimovich Repin was a Russian painter, born in what is now Ukraine. He became one of the most renowned artists in Russia during the 19th century. His major works include Barge Haulers on the Volga (1873), Religious Procession in Kursk Province (1880–1883), Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan (1885); and Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (1880–1891). He is also known for the revealing portraits he made of the leading literary and artistic figures of his time, including Mikhail Glinka, Modest Mussorgsky, Pavel Tretyakov and especially Leo Tolstoy, with whom he had a long friendship.
1928
1. Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, English lieutenant, engineer, and politician (d. 2016) births
  1. Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury
    
    Eric Reginald Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, was an English politician and human rights campaigner. He served as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Orpington from 1962 to 1970. He then served in the House of Lords, having inherited the title of Baron Avebury in 1971, until his death. In 1999, when most hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords, he was elected by his fellow Liberal Democrats to remain. When he died, he was the longest serving Liberal Democrat peer.
2. Brajesh Mishra, Indian politician and diplomat, 1st Indian National Security Advisor (d. 2012) births
  1. Brajesh Mishra
    
    Brajesh Chandra Mishra was an Indian diplomat from the Indian Foreign Service and politician, best known for serving as Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's principal secretary and National Security Advisor from 1998 to 2004. He received Padma Vibhushan for his contribution
  2. National Security Advisor (India)
    
    The National Security Advisor is the senior official on the National Security Council of India, and the chief advisor to the Prime Minister of India on national security policy and international affairs. Ajit Doval is the current NSA, and has the same rank as a Union Cabinet Minister.
3. Jeffrey O'Connell, American legal expert, professor, and attorney (d. 2013) births
  1. Jeffrey O'Connell
    
    Jeffrey Thomas O'Connell was an American legal expert, professor, and attorney. In 1965, O'Connell and Harvard Law School professor Robert Keeton co-authored the book Basic Protection for the Traffic Victim: A Blueprint for Reforming Automobile Insurance, which created the theoretical underpinnings of no-fault law. His specialty was product liability, and he wrote numerous books about this, advocating no-fault insurance for automobiles and other products.
4. John Devoy, Irish-American Fenian rebel leader (b. 1842) deaths
  1. John Devoy
    
    John Devoy was an Irish republican rebel and journalist who owned and edited The Gaelic American, a New York weekly newspaper, from 1903 to 1928.
  2. Fenian
    
    The word Fenian served as an umbrella term for the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and their affiliate in the United States, the Fenian Brotherhood, secret political organisations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic. In 1867 they sought to coordinate raids into Canada from the United States with a rising in Ireland. In the 1916 Easter Rising and the 1919–1921 Irish War of Independence, the IRB led the republican struggle.
5. Ernst Steinitz, German mathematician (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Ernst Steinitz
    
    Ernst Steinitz was a German mathematician.
1927
1. Pete McCloskey, American politician births
  1. Pete McCloskey
    
    Paul Norton McCloskey Jr. is an American politician who represented San Mateo County, California as a Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1967 to 1983.
2. Barbara Mertz, American historian and author (d. 2013) births
  1. Barbara Mertz
    
    Barbara Louise Mertz was an American author who wrote under her own name as well as under the pseudonyms Elizabeth Peters and Barbara Michaels. In 1952, she received a PhD in Egyptology from the University of Chicago. While she was best known for her mystery and suspense novels, in the 1960s she authored two books on ancient Egypt, both of which have remained in print ever since.
3. Arthur Achleitner, German journalist and author (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Arthur Achleitner
    
    Arthur Achleitner was a German writer. His works are noteworthy because he describes local customs and peculiarities of the people in the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, and the Mediterranean regions of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.
4. Willem Einthoven, Indonesian-Dutch physiologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Willem Einthoven
    
    Willem Einthoven was a Dutch doctor and physiologist. He invented the first practical electrocardiograph in 1895 and received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1924 for it.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1926
1. Chuck Cooper, American basketball player (d. 1984) births
  1. Chuck Cooper (basketball)
    
    Charles Henry Cooper was an American professional basketball player. He and two others, Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton and Earl Lloyd, became the first African-American players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1950. Cooper was also the first African-American to be drafted by an NBA team, as the first pick of the second round by the Boston Celtics. Cooper was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on September 9, 2019.
2. Pete Elliott, American football player and coach (d. 2013) births
  1. Pete Elliott
    
    Peter R. Elliott was an American football player and coach. Elliott served as the head football coach at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (1956), the University of California, Berkeley (1957–1959), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1960–1966), and the University of Miami (1973–1974), compiling a career college football record of 56–72–11. From 1979 to 1996, Elliott served as executive director of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
1925
1. Steve Forrest, American actor (d. 2013) births
  1. Steve Forrest (actor)
    
    Steve Forrest was an American actor who was well known for his role as Lt. Hondo Harrelson in the hit television series S.W.A.T. which was broadcast on ABC from 1975 to 1976. He was also known for his performance in Mommie Dearest (1981).
2. Paul MacCready, American engineer, founded AeroVironment (d. 2007) births
  1. Paul MacCready
    
    Paul B. MacCready Jr. was an American aeronautical engineer. He was the founder of AeroVironment and the designer of the human-powered aircraft that won the first Kremer prize. He devoted his life to developing more efficient transportation vehicles that could "do more with less".
  2. AeroVironment
    
    AeroVironment, Inc. is an American defense contractor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, that designs and manufactures unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Dr. Paul B. MacCready Jr., a designer of human-powered aircraft, founded the company in 1971. The company is best known for its lightweight human-powered and solar-powered vehicles. The company is the US military's top supplier of small drones — notably the Raven, Switchblade, Wasp and Puma models.
3. Léon Bourgeois, French police officer and politician, 64th Prime Minister of France, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1851) deaths
  1. Léon Bourgeois
    
    Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois was a French statesman. His ideas influenced the Radical Party regarding a wide range of issues. He promoted progressive taxation such as progressive income taxes and social insurance schemes, along with economic equality, expanded educational opportunities, and cooperative solidarism. In foreign policy, he called for a strong League of Nations, and the maintenance of peace through compulsory arbitration, controlled disarmament, economic sanctions, and perhaps an international military force.
  2. Prime Minister of France
    
    The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
  3. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
4. Runar Schildt, Finnish author (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Runar Schildt
    
    Ernst Runar Schildt was a Swedish-speaking Finnish author from Helsinki. His son was art historian and author Göran Schildt. Although Schildt wrote his books in Swedish, they have also been translated into Finnish, English, French and German.
1923
1. Stan Berenstain, American author and illustrator (d. 2005) births
  1. Stan and Jan Berenstain
    
    Stanley Melvin Berenstain and Janice Marian Berenstain were American writers and illustrators best known for creating the children's book series The Berenstain Bears.
2. Bum Phillips, American football player and coach (d. 2013) births
  1. Bum Phillips
    
    Oail Andrew "Bum" Phillips Jr. was an American football coach at the high school, college and professional levels. He served as head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for the Houston Oilers from 1975 to 1980 and the New Orleans Saints from 1981 to 1985.
3. Walther Penck, German geologist and geomorphologist (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Walther Penck
    
    Walther Penck was a geologist and geomorphologist known for his theories on landscape evolution. Penck is noted for criticizing key elements of the Davisian cycle of erosion, concluding that the process of uplift and denudation occur simultaneously, at gradual and continuous rates. Penck's idea of parallel slope retreat led to revisions of Davis's cycle of erosion.
1922
1. Reed Irvine, American economist and activist (d. 2004) births
  1. Reed Irvine
    
    Reed Irvine was an American economist and activist who founded the conservative media watchdog organization Accuracy in Media, and remained its head for 35 years. Irvine was motivated by his belief that established news media from the dominant television news media to large city newspaper reporting was colored and biased in favor of a socialist perspective. He became concerned that this dominant perspective was shaping the way the dominant media reported foreign news and events.
2. Lizabeth Scott, American actress (d. 2015) births
  1. Lizabeth Scott
    
    Lizabeth Virginia Scott was an American actress, singer and model for the Walter Thornton Model Agency, known for her "smoky voice" and being "the most beautiful face of film noir during the 1940s and 1950s". After understudying the role of Sabina in the original Broadway and Boston stage productions of The Skin of Our Teeth, she emerged in such films as The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946), Dead Reckoning (1947), Desert Fury (1947), and Too Late for Tears (1949). Of her 22 films, she was the leading lady in all but one. In addition to stage and radio, she appeared on television from the late 1940s to early 1970s.
1921
1. James Cross, Irish-British diplomat (d. 2021) births
  1. James Cross
    
    James Richard Cross was an Irish-born British diplomat who served in India, Malaysia and Canada. While posted in Canada, Cross was kidnapped by members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) during the October Crisis of October 1970. He was ultimately released almost two months later, and subsequently returned to the United Kingdom.
2. John Ritchie, New Zealand composer and educator (d. 2014) births
  1. John Ritchie (composer)
    
    John Anthony Ritchie was a New Zealand composer and professor of music at the University of Canterbury.
1920
1. Peter D. Mitchell, English biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) births
  1. Peter D. Mitchell
    
    Peter Dennis Mitchell, FRS was a British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1919
1. Bill Proud, English cricketer (d. 1961) births
  1. Bill Proud
    
    Roland Barton "Bill" Proud was an English first-class cricketer. Proud was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.
2. Edward Pulsford, English-Australian politician and free-trade campaigner (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Edward Pulsford
    
    Edward Pulsford was an English-born Australian politician and free-trade campaigner.
1918
1. Billy Bevis, English footballer (d. 1994) births
  1. Billy Bevis
    
    William Ernest Bevis DSM was an English footballer who played for Southampton as an outside right in the years either side of the Second World War.
2. Lawrence Weathers, Australian soldier (b. 1890). deaths
  1. Lawrence Weathers
    
    Lawrence Carthage Weathers, was a New Zealand-born Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in battle that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces at the time. His parents returned to their native South Australia when Weathers was seven, and he completed his schooling before obtaining work as an undertaker in Adelaide. He enlisted as a private in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in early 1916, and joined the 43rd Battalion. His unit deployed to the Western Front in France and Belgium in late December. After a bout of illness, Weathers returned to his battalion in time to take part in the Battle of Messines in June 1917, during which he was wounded. Evacuated to the United Kingdom, he rejoined his unit in early December.
1916
1. Carl Giles, English cartoonist (d. 1995) births
  1. Carl Giles
    
    Ronald "Carl" Giles OBE, often referred to simply as Giles, was a cartoonist who worked for the British newspaper the Daily Express.
2. Josef Traxel, German operatic tenor (d. 1975) births
  1. Josef Traxel
    
    Josef Traxel was a German operatic tenor, particularly associated with Mozart roles and the German repertory.
1915
1. Vincent DeDomenico, American businessman, founded the Napa Valley Wine Train (d. 2007) births
  1. Vincent DeDomenico
    
    Vincent Michael "Vince" DeDomenico, Sr. was an American entrepreneur, one of the inventors of Rice-A-Roni, and a founder of the Napa Valley Wine Train.
  2. Napa Valley Wine Train
    
    The Napa Valley Wine Train is a privately operated excursion train that runs between Napa and St. Helena, California. Much of the rail line parallels State Route 29 after leaving the City of Napa and passes the towns of Yountville, Rutherford and Oakville. The route passes by many the region's vineyards and wineries located in Napa County.
2. Oscar Handlin, American historian and academic (d. 2011) births
  1. Oscar Handlin
    
    Oscar Handlin (1915–2011) was an American historian. As a professor of history at Harvard University for over 50 years, he directed 80 PhD dissertations and helped promote social and ethnic history, virtually inventing the field of immigration history in the 1950s. Handlin won the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for History for The Uprooted (1951). Handlin's 1965 testimony before Congress was said to "have played an important role" in passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that abolished the discriminatory immigration quota system in the US.
3. Brenda Marshall, American actress (d. 1992) births
  1. Brenda Marshall
    
    Brenda Marshall, was an American film actress.
4. Luther Orlando Emerson, American musician, composer and music publisher (b. 1820) deaths
  1. Luther Orlando Emerson
    
    Luther Orlando Emerson was an American musician, composer and music publisher.
5. Rudi Stephan, German composer (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Rudi Stephan
    
    Rudi Stephan was a German composer of great promise who was considered one of the leading talents among his generation. He was killed in action during World War I.
1914
1. Olive Dehn, English author and poet (d. 2007) births
  1. Olive Dehn
    
    Olive Marie Dehn was an English children's writer, anarchist, farmer and poet who was active from the 1930s to the 2000s. She began her writing career with a satirical poem in German, and wrote stories for the BBC Radio programme Children's Hour. Dehn moved into children's literature and into farming at her home in the Ashdown Forest. In 1960, she became a member of the Committee of 100 to take non-violent direct action against nuclear power, and successfully campaigned with her husband David Markham for the release of the Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky. The Olive Dehn Papers on her life and career were deposited at the Seven Stories in Newcastle.
1913
1. Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988) births
  1. Trevor Howard
    
    Trevor Wallace Howard-Smith was an English stage, film, and television actor. After varied work in the theatre, he achieved star status with his role in the film Brief Encounter (1945), followed by The Third Man (1949). He is also known for his roles in Golden Salamander (1950), The Clouded Yellow (1951), Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), Battle of Britain (1969), Lola (1969), Ryan's Daughter (1970), Superman (1978), Windwalker (1981), and Gandhi (1982). For his performance in Sons and Lovers (1960) he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.
2. Stanley Kramer, American director and producer (d. 2001) births
  1. Stanley Kramer
    
    Stanley Earl Kramer was an American film director and producer, responsible for making many of Hollywood's most famous "message films" and a liberal movie icon. As an independent producer and director, he brought attention to topical social issues that most studios avoided. Among the subjects covered in his films were racism, nuclear war, greed, creationism vs. evolution and the causes and effects of fascism. His other films included High Noon, The Caine Mutiny, and Ship of Fools (1965).
3. Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the diesel engine (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Rudolf Diesel
    
    Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel was a German inventor and mechanical engineer who is famous for having invented the diesel engine, which burns diesel fuel; both are named after him.
  2. Diesel engine
    
    The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-called compression-ignition engine. This contrasts with engines using spark plug-ignition of the air-fuel mixture, such as a petrol engine or a gas engine.
4. John F. Lacey, American politician (b. 1841) deaths
  1. John F. Lacey
    
    John Fletcher Lacey was an eight-term Republican United States congressman from Iowa's 6th congressional district. He was also the author of the Lacey Act of 1900, which made it a crime to ship illegal game across state lines, and the Lacey Act of 1907, which further regulated the handling of tribal funds. As the first federal conservation law, the Lacey Act of 1900 remains one of the foundations of conservation law enforcement.
1912
1. Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 2007) births
  1. Michelangelo Antonioni
    
    Michelangelo Antonioni was an Italian filmmaker. He is best known for directing his "trilogy on modernity and its discontents"—L'Avventura (1960), La Notte (1961), and L'Eclisse (1962)—as well as the English-language film Blow-up (1966), all considered masterpieces of world cinema.
1911
1. Charles Court, English-Australian politician, 21st Premier of Western Australia (d. 2007) births
  1. Charles Court
    
    Sir Charles Walter Michael Court, was a Western Australian politician, and the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 1974 to 1982. He was a member of the Liberal Party.
  2. Premier of Western Australia
    
    The premier of Western Australia is the head of government of the state of Western Australia. The role of premier at a state level is similar to the role of the prime minister of Australia at a federal level. The premier leads the executive branch of the Government of Western Australia and is accountable to the Parliament of Western Australia. The premier is appointed by the governor of Western Australia. By convention, the governor appoints as premier whoever has the support of the majority of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. In practice, this means that the premier is the leader of the political party or group of parties with a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. Since Western Australia achieved self-governance in 1890, there have been 31 premiers. Mark McGowan is the current premier, having been appointed to the position on 17 March 2017.
1910
1. Bill Boyd, American singer and guitarist (d. 1977) births
  1. Bill Boyd (musician)
    
    William Lemuel Boyd was an American Western-style singer and guitarist.
2. Diosdado Macapagal, Phillipine politician, 9th President of the Philippines (d. 1997) births
  1. Diosdado Macapagal
    
    Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. was a Filipino lawyer, poet and politician who served as the ninth president of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth vice president, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, and headed the Constitutional Convention of 1970. He was the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who followed his path as president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
  2. President of the Philippines
    
    The president of the Philippines is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
3. Rebecca Harding Davis, American author and journalist (b. 1831) deaths
  1. Rebecca Harding Davis
    
    Rebecca Blaine Harding Davis was an American author and journalist. She was a pioneer of literary realism in American literature. She graduated valedictorian from Washington Female Seminary in Pennsylvania. Her most important literary work is the short story "Life in the Iron-Mills," published in the April 1861 edition of The Atlantic Monthly which quickly made her an established female writer. Throughout her lifetime, Davis sought to effect social change for African Americans, women, Native Americans, immigrants, and the working class, by intentionally writing about the plight of these marginalized groups in the 19th century.
4. Winslow Homer, American painter, illustrator, and engraver (b. 1836) deaths
  1. Winslow Homer
    
    Winslow Homer was an American landscape painter and illustrator, best known for his marine subjects. He is considered one of the foremost painters in 19th-century America and a preeminent figure in American art.
1909
1. Virginia Bruce, American actress (d. 1982) births
  1. Virginia Bruce
    
    Virginia Bruce was an American actress and singer.
1908
1. Eddie Tolan, American sprinter and educator (d. 1967) births
  1. Eddie Tolan
    
    Thomas Edward "Eddie" Tolan, nicknamed the "Midnight Express", was an American track and field athlete who competed in sprints. He set world records in the 100-yard dash and 100 meters event and Olympic records in the 100 meters and 200 meters events. He was the first non-Euro-American to receive the title of the "world's fastest human" after winning gold medals in the 100 and 200 meters events at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In March 1935, Tolan won the 75, 100 and 220-yard events at the World Professional Sprint Championships in Melbourne to become the first man to win both the amateur and professional world sprint championships. In his full career as a sprinter, Tolan won 300 races and lost only 7.
2. Machado de Assis, Brazilian author, poet, and playwright (b. 1839) deaths
  1. Machado de Assis
    
    Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, often known by his surnames as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho, was a pioneer Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright and short story writer, widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature. Nevertheless, Assis did not achieve widespread popularity outside Brazil during his lifetime. In 1897 he founded and became the first President of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was multilingual, having taught himself French, English, German and Greek in later life.
1907
1. Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and businessman (d. 1998) births
  1. Gene Autry
    
    Orvon Grover "Gene" Autry, nicknamed the Singing Cowboy, was an American singer, songwriter, actor, musician, rodeo performer, and baseball owner who gained fame largely by singing in a crooning style on radio, in films, and on television for more than three decades beginning in the early 1930s. Autry was the owner of a television station, several radio stations in Southern California, and the Los Angeles/Anaheim/California Angels Major League Baseball team from 1961 to 1997.
2. George W. Jenkins, American businessman, founded Publix (d. 1996) births
  1. George W. Jenkins
    
    George Washington Jenkins Jr. was an American businessman, who founded Publix Super Markets. As of 2016, the employee-owned, privately held corporation included 1,100 stores in the Southeastern United States with 170,000 employees and sales of $32 billion.
  2. Publix
    
    Publix Super Markets, Inc., commonly known as Publix, is an employee-owned American supermarket chain headquartered in Lakeland, Florida. Founded in 1930 by George W. Jenkins, Publix is a private corporation that is wholly owned by present and past employees and members of the Jenkins family. Publix operates throughout the Southeastern United States, with locations in Florida (838), Georgia (197), Alabama (83), South Carolina (65), Tennessee (53), North Carolina (51), and Virginia (19).
1906
1. Henry Nash Smith, American academic (d. 1986) births
  1. Henry Nash Smith
    
    Henry Nash Smith was a scholar of American culture and literature. He was co-founder of the academic discipline "American studies". He was also a noted Mark Twain scholar, and the curator of the Mark Twain Papers. The Handbook of Texas reported that an uncle encouraged Smith to read at an early age, and that the boy developed an interest in the works of Rudyard Kipling, Robert L. Stevenson and Mark Twain.
1905
1. Fidel LaBarba, American boxer and sportswriter (d. 1981) births
  1. Fidel LaBarba
    
    Fidel LaBarba was an American boxer and sportswriter. He was born in New York City and grew up in Los Angeles, California. LaBarba began his amateur career at fourteen, eventually winning the flyweight division at the national Amateur Athletic Union tournament in Boston and later qualifying for the United States Olympic team.
2. Alexander Hay Japp, Scottish author, journalist and publisher (b. 1836) deaths
  1. Alexander Hay Japp
    
    Alexander Hay Japp was a Scottish author, journalist and publisher.
1904
1. Greer Garson, English-American actress (d. 1996) births
  1. Greer Garson
    
    Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson was an English-American actress and singer. She was a major star at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer who became popular during the Second World War for her portrayal of strong women on the homefront; listed by the Motion Picture Herald as one of America's top-ten box office draws from 1942 to 1946.
2. Alfred Nehring, German zoologist and paleontologist (b. 1845) deaths
  1. Alfred Nehring
    
    Alfred Nehring was a German zoologist and paleontologist.
1903
1. Miguel Alemán Valdés, Mexican lawyer and civilian politician, 46th President of Mexico (d. 1983) births
  1. Miguel Alemán Valdés
    
    Miguel Alemán Valdés was a Mexican politician who served a full term as the President of Mexico from 1946 to 1952, the first civilian president after a string of revolutionary generals. His administration was characterized by Mexico's rapid industrialization, often called the Mexican Miracle, but also for a high level of personal enrichment for himself and his associates. His presidency was the first of a new generation of Mexican leaders, who had not directly participated in the Mexican Revolution, and many in his cabinet were also young, university-educated civilians, close friends from his days at university.
  2. President of Mexico
    
    The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.
2. Diana Vreeland, American journalist (d. 1989) births
  1. Diana Vreeland
    
    Diana Vreeland was a French-American fashion columnist and editor. She worked for the fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar and as editor-in-chief at Vogue, later becoming a special consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She was named on the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1964. Vreeland coined the term youthquake in 1965.
1902
1. William McGonagall, Scottish poet and actor (b. 1825) deaths
  1. William McGonagall
    
    William Topaz McGonagall was a Scottish poet of Irish descent. He gained notoriety as an extremely bad poet who exhibited no recognition of, or concern for, his peers' opinions of his work.
2. Émile Zola, French journalist, author, and playwright (b. 1840) deaths
  1. Émile Zola
    
    Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in his renowned newspaper opinion headlined J'Accuse…! Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902.
1901
1. Lanza del Vasto, Italian poet, philosopher, and activist (d. 1981) births
  1. Lanza del Vasto
    
    Lanza del Vasto was an Italian philosopher, poet, artist, Catholic and nonviolent activist.
2. Enrico Fermi, Italian-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954) births
  1. Enrico Fermi
    
    Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. He has been called the "architect of the nuclear age" and the "architect of the atomic bomb". He was one of very few physicists to excel in both theoretical physics and experimental physics. Fermi was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity by neutron bombardment and for the discovery of transuranium elements. With his colleagues, Fermi filed several patents related to the use of nuclear power, all of which were taken over by the US government. He made significant contributions to the development of statistical mechanics, quantum theory, and nuclear and particle physics.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1900
1. Samuel Fenton Cary, American lawyer and politician (b. 1814) deaths
  1. Samuel Fenton Cary
    
    Samuel Fenton Cary was an American politician who was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio and significant temperance movement leader in the 19th century. Cary became well known nationally as a prohibitionist author and lecturer.
1899
1. László Bíró, Hungarian-Argentinian journalist and inventor, invented the ballpoint pen (d. 1985) births
  1. László Bíró
    
    László József Bíró, Hispanicized as Ladislao José Biro, was a Hungarian-Argentine inventor who patented the first commercially successful modern ballpoint pen. The first ballpoint pen had been invented roughly 50 years earlier by John J. Loud, but it was not a commercial success.
  2. Ballpoint pen
    
    A ballpoint pen, also known as a biro, ball pen, or dot pen (Nepali) is a pen that dispenses ink over a metal ball at its point, i.e. over a "ball point". The metal commonly used is steel, brass, or tungsten carbide. The design was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to dip pens and fountain pens, and it is now the world's most-used writing instrument; millions are manufactured and sold daily. It has influenced art and graphic design and spawned an artwork genre.
2. Billy Butlin, South African-English businessman, founded Butlins (d. 1980) births
  1. Billy Butlin
    
    Sir William Heygate Edmund Colborne Butlin was a South African-born British entrepreneur whose name is synonymous with the British holiday camp. Although holiday camps such as Warner's existed in one form or another before Butlin opened his first in 1936, it was Butlin who turned holiday camps into a multimillion-pound industry and an important aspect of British culture.
  2. Butlin's
    
    Butlin's is a chain of large seaside resorts in the United Kingdom. Butlin's was founded by Billy Butlin to provide affordable holidays for ordinary British families.
1898
1. Trofim Lysenko, Ukrainian-Russian biologist and agronomist (d. 1976) births
  1. Trofim Lysenko
    
    Trofim Denisovich Lysenko was a Soviet agronomist and biologist. He was a strong proponent of Lamarckism, and rejected Mendelian genetics in favour of his own idiosyncratic, pseudoscientific ideas later termed Lysenkoism.
2. Thomas F. Bayard, American lawyer, politician and diplomat (b. 1828) deaths
  1. Thomas F. Bayard
    
    Thomas Francis Bayard was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat from Wilmington, Delaware. A Democrat, he served three terms as United States Senator from Delaware and made three unsuccessful bids for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. In 1885, President Grover Cleveland appointed him Secretary of State. After four years in private life, he returned to the diplomatic arena as Ambassador to Great Britain.
1897
1. Herbert Agar, American journalist and historian (d. 1980) births
  1. Herbert Agar
    
    Herbert Sebastian Agar was an American journalist and historian, and an editor of the Louisville Courier-Journal.
1895
1. Clarence Ashley, American singer, guitarist, and banjo player (d. 1967) births
  1. Clarence Ashley
    
    Clarence "Tom" Ashley was an American musician and singer, who played the clawhammer banjo and the guitar. He began performing at medicine shows in the Southern Appalachian region as early as 1911, and gained initial fame during the late 1920s as both a solo recording artist and as a member of various string bands. After his "rediscovery" during the folk revival of the 1960s, Ashley spent the last years of his life playing at folk music concerts, including appearances at Carnegie Hall in New York and at the Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island.
2. Joseph Banks Rhine, American botanist and parapsychologist (d. 1980) births
  1. Joseph Banks Rhine
    
    Joseph Banks Rhine, usually known as J. B. Rhine, was an American botanist who founded parapsychology as a branch of psychology, founding the parapsychology lab at Duke University, the Journal of Parapsychology, the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, and the Parapsychological Association. Rhine wrote the books Extrasensory Perception and Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind.
3. Roscoe Turner, American pilot (d. 1970) births
  1. Roscoe Turner
    
    Roscoe Turner was a record-breaking American aviator who was a three-time winner of the Thompson Trophy air race and widely recognized by his flamboyant style and his pet, Gilmore the Lion.
1891
1. Ian Fairweather, Scottish-Australian painter (d. 1974) births
  1. Ian Fairweather
    
    Ian Fairweather was a Scottish painter resident in Australia for much of his life. He combined western and Asian influences in his work.
1889
1. Louis Faidherbe, French general and politician (b. 1818) deaths
  1. Louis Faidherbe
    
    Louis Léon César Faidherbe was a French general and colonial administrator. He created the Senegalese Tirailleurs when he was governor of Senegal.
1887
1. Bernhard von Langenbeck, German surgeon and academic (b. 1810) deaths
  1. Bernhard von Langenbeck
    
    Bernhard Rudolf Konrad von Langenbeck was a German surgeon known as the developer of Langenbeck's amputation and founder of Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.
1882
1. Lilias Armstrong, English phonetician (d. 1937) births
  1. Lilias Armstrong
    
    Lilias Eveline Armstrong was an English phonetician. She worked at University College London, where she attained the rank of reader. Armstrong is most known for her work on English intonation as well as the phonetics and tone of Somali and Kikuyu. Her book on English intonation, written with Ida C. Ward, was in print for 50 years. Armstrong also provided some of the first detailed descriptions of tone in Somali and Kikuyu.
1881
1. Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-American economist, sociologist, and philosopher (d. 1973) births
  1. Ludwig von Mises
    
    Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises was an Austrian School economist, historian, logician, and sociologist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on the societal contributions of classical liberalism. He is best known for his work on praxeology studies comparing communism and capitalism. He is considered one of the most influential economic and political thinkers of the 20th century.
1867
1. Sterling Price, American major general and politician (b. 1809) deaths
  1. Sterling Price
    
    Major-General Sterling Price was a United States General and senior officer of the Confederate States Army who fought in both the Western and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War. He rose to prominence during the Mexican–American War and served as governor of Missouri from 1853 to 1857. He is remembered today for his service in Arkansas (1862–1865) and for his defeat at the Battle of Westport on October 23, 1864.
1866
1. Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ukrainian historian, academic, and politician (d. 1934) births
  1. Mykhailo Hrushevsky
    
    Mykhailo Serhiiovych Hrushevsky was a Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman who was one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century. He is often considered the country's greatest modern historian, the foremost organiser of scholarship, the leader of the pre-revolution Ukrainian national movement, the head of the Central Rada, and a leading cultural figure in the Ukrainian SSR during the 1920s.
1864
1. Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish philosopher and author (d. 1936) births
  1. Miguel de Unamuno
    
    Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo was a Spanish essayist, novelist, poet, playwright, philosopher, professor of Greek and Classics, and later rector at the University of Salamanca.
1863
1. Ludwig Holborn, German physicist (d. 1926) births
  1. Ludwig Holborn
    
    Ludwig Friedrich Christian Holborn was a German physicist known for his work in the measurement of high temperature using optical pyrometry.
2. Hugo Haase, German lawyer, jurist, and politician (d. 1919) births
  1. Hugo Haase
    
    Hugo Haase was a German socialist politician, jurist and pacifist. With Friedrich Ebert, he co-chaired of the Council of the People's Deputies after the German Revolution of 1918–19.
1862
1. William "Bull" Nelson, American general (b. 1824) deaths
  1. William "Bull" Nelson
    
    William "Bull" Nelson was a United States naval officer who became a Union general during the American Civil War.
1861
1. Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1829 or 1834) deaths
  1. Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska
    
    Tekla Bądarzewska-Baranowska was a Polish composer and pianist. She composed mainly for the piano and is internationally known for her composition A Maiden's Prayer.
1853
1. Luther D. Bradley, American cartoonist (d. 1917) births
  1. Luther D. Bradley
    
    Luther Daniels Bradley was an American illustrator and political cartoonist associated with the Chicago Daily News. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, he graduated from Yale University in 1875. After some years at his father's business, he traveled abroad, and spent over a decade in Melbourne, Australia, drawing for such publications as Melbourne Punch. He returned to Chicago in 1893, working for the Daily Journal and Inter Ocean, before joining the Daily News in 1899, where he spent the remainder of his life and career. He was known for strong anti-war sentiments, opposing U.S. involvement in World War I.
1850
1. David Keith Ballow, Scottish-Australian doctor (b. 1804) deaths
  1. David Keith Ballow
    
    David Keith Ballow (1804–1850) was the Government Medical Officer in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and the first doctor to establish a private practice in Brisbane.
1844
1. Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 10th President of Argentina (d. 1909) births
  1. Miguel Ángel Juárez
    
    Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman was an Argentine lawyer and politician. President of the Nation from October 12, 1886 until his resignation on August 6, 1890.
  2. President of Argentina
    
    The president of Argentina, officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national constitution, the president is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
2. Edward Pulsford, English-Australian politician and free-trade campaigner (d. 1919) births
  1. Edward Pulsford
    
    Edward Pulsford was an English-born Australian politician and free-trade campaigner.
1843
1. Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (d. 1882) births
  1. Mikhail Skobelev
    
    Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev, a Russian general, became famous for his conquest of Central Asia and for his heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Dressed in a white uniform and mounted on a white horse, and always in the thickest of the fray, he was known and adored by his soldiers as the "White General". During a campaign in Khiva, his Turkmen opponents called him goz ganly or "Bloody Eyes".
1833
1. Ferdinand VII of Spain (b. 1784) deaths
  1. Ferdinand VII of Spain
    
    Ferdinand VII was a King of Spain during the early 19th century. He reigned briefly in 1808 and then again from 1813 to his death in 1833. He was known to his supporters as el Deseado and to his detractors as el Rey Felón.
1832
1. Joachim Oppenheim, Czech rabbi and author (d. 1891) births
  1. Joachim Oppenheim
    
    Joachim (Ḥayyim) Oppenheim, also known as Joachim Heinrich Oppenheim, was a Czech rabbi and author.
2. Miguel Miramón, Unconstitutional president of Mexico (d. 1867) births
  1. Miguel Miramón
    
    Miguel Gregorio de la Luz Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo, known as Miguel Miramón, was a Mexican conservative general who became president of Mexico at the age of 27 during the Reform War, serving between February 1859 and December 1860. He was the first Mexican president to be born after the Mexican War of Independence.
1812
1. Adolph Göpel, German mathematician (d. 1847) births
  1. Adolph Göpel
    
    Adolph Göpel was a German mathematician who did the first paper on hyperelliptic functions and who introduced Göpel tetrads.
1810
1. Elizabeth Gaskell, English author (d. 1865) births
  1. Elizabeth Gaskell
    
    Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of Victorian society, including the very poor. Her work is of interest to social historians as well as readers of literature. Her first novel, Mary Barton, was published in 1848. Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, was the first biography of Charlotte Brontë. In this biography, she wrote only of the moral, sophisticated things in Brontë's life; the rest she omitted, deciding certain, more salacious aspects were better kept hidden. Among Gaskell's best known novels are Cranford (1851–53), North and South (1854–55), and Wives and Daughters (1865), all having been adapted for television by the BBC.
1808
1. Henry Bennett, American lawyer and politician (d. 1868) births
  1. Henry Bennett (American politician)
    
    Henry Bennett was an American politician and a United States representative from New York.
1804
1. Michael Hillegas, American politician, 1st Treasurer of the United States (b. 1728) deaths
  1. Michael Hillegas
    
    Michael Hillegas was the first Treasurer of the United States.
  2. Treasurer of the United States
    
    The treasurer of the United States is an official in the United States Department of the Treasury who serves as custodian and trustee of the federal government's collateral assets and the supervisor of the department's currency and coinage production functions. The current treasurer is Marilynn Malerba, who is the first Native American to hold the post.
1803
1. Jacques Charles François Sturm, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1850) births
  1. Jacques Charles François Sturm
    
    Jacques Charles François Sturm was a French mathematician.
1800
1. Michael Denis, Austrian poet and author (b. 1729) deaths
  1. Michael Denis
    
    Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael Denis, also: Sined the Bard, was an Austrian Catholic priest and Jesuit, who is best known as a poet, bibliographer, and lepidopterist.
1766
1. Charlotte, Princess Royal of England (d. 1828) births
  1. Charlotte, Princess Royal
    
    Charlotte, Princess Royal, was Queen of Württemberg as the wife of King Frederick I. She was the eldest daughter and fourth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
1758
1. Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, English admiral (d. 1805) births
  1. Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
    
    Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronte was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy. His inspirational leadership, grasp of strategy, and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest naval commanders in history.
1725
1. Robert Clive, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire (d. 1774) births
  1. Robert Clive
    
    Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive,, also known as Clive of India, was the first British Governor of the Bengal Presidency. Clive has been widely credited for laying the foundation of the British East India Company rule in Bengal. He began as a writer for the East India Company (EIC) in 1744 and established Company rule in Bengal by winning the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In return for supporting the Nawab Mir Jafar as ruler of Bengal, Clive was granted a jagir of £30,000 per year which was the rent the EIC would otherwise pay to the Nawab for their tax-farming concession. When Clive left India he had a fortune of £180,000 which he remitted through the Dutch East India Company.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire
    
    The following is a list of people who have held the title of Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire. After 1761, all Lord Lieutenants were also Custos Rotulorum of Montgomeryshire. The office was abolished on 31 March 1974 and replaced by the Lord Lieutenant of Powys, with Deputy Lieutenants for Montgomeryshire.
1715
1. George Haliburton, Scottish bishop (b. 1635) deaths
  1. George Haliburton (bishop of Aberdeen)
    
    George Haliburton was a Scottish cleric and Jacobite. He was both Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of King's College, Aberdeen.
1703
1. François Boucher, French painter and set designer (d. 1770) births
  1. François Boucher
    
    François Boucher was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher, who worked in the Rococo style. Boucher is known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories, and pastoral scenes. He was perhaps the most celebrated painter and decorative artist of the 18th century.
1691
1. Richard Challoner, English bishop (d. 1781) births
  1. Richard Challoner
    
    Richard Challoner was an English Roman Catholic bishop, a leading figure of English Catholicism during the greater part of the 18th century. The titular Bishop of Doberus, he is perhaps most famous for his revision of the Douay–Rheims translation of the Bible.
1673
1. Jacques-Martin Hotteterre, French flute player and composer (d. 1763) births
  1. Jacques-Martin Hotteterre
    
    Jacques-Martin Hotteterre, also known as Jacques Martin or Jacques Hotteterre, was a French composer and flautist who was the most celebrated of a family of wind instrument makers and wind performers.
1642
1. René Goupil, French missionary and saint (b. 1608) deaths
  1. René Goupil
    
    René Goupil, S.J., was a French Jesuit lay missionary who became a lay brother of the Society of Jesus shortly before his death. He was the first of the eight North American Martyrs of the Roman Catholic Church to receive the crown of martyrdom and the first canonized Catholic martyr in North America.
2. William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire (b. 1561) deaths
  1. William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby
    
    William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, KG was an English nobleman and politician. Stanley inherited a prominent social position that was both dangerous and unstable, as his mother was heir to Queen Elizabeth I under the Third Succession Act, a position inherited in 1596 by his deceased brother's oldest daughter, Anne, two years after William had inherited the Earldom from his brother. After a period of European travel in his youth, a long legal battle eventually consolidated his social position. Nevertheless, he was careful to remain circumspect in national politics, devoting himself to administration and cultural projects, including playwriting.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire
    
    This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of the County Palatine of Chester. Since 1689, all Lords Lieutenant have also been Custos Rotulorum of Cheshire.
1640
1. Antoine Coysevox, French sculptor and educator (d. 1720) births
  1. Antoine Coysevox
    
    Charles Antoine Coysevox, was a French sculptor in the Baroque and Louis XIV style, best known for his sculpture decorating the gardens and Palace of Versailles and his portrait busts.
1639
1. William Russell, Lord Russell, English politician (d. 1683) births
  1. William Russell, Lord Russell
    
    William Russell, Lord Russell was an English politician. He was a leading member of the Country Party, forerunners of the Whigs, who during the reign of King Charles II, laid the groundwork for opposition in the House of Commons to the accession of an openly Catholic king in Charles's brother James. This ultimately resulted in Russell's execution for treason, almost two years before Charles died and James acceded to the throne.
1637
1. Lorenzo Ruiz, Filipino martyr and saint (b. 1600) deaths
  1. Lorenzo Ruiz
    
    Lorenzo Ruiz, also called Saint Lorenzo of Manila, is a Filipino saint venerated in the Catholic Church. A Chinese-Filipino, he became his country's protomartyr after his execution in Japan by the Tokugawa Shogunate during its persecution of Japanese Christians in the 17th century.
1636
1. Thomas Tenison, English archbishop (d. 1715) births
  1. Thomas Tenison
    
    Thomas Tenison was an English church leader, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1694 until his death. During his primacy, he crowned two British monarchs.
1602
1. Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, English military leader (d. 1668) births
  1. Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland
    
    Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy, KG, JP was an English aristocrat, and supporter of the Parliamentary cause in the First English Civil War.
1574
1. Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, Scottish nobleman and politician (d. 1624) births
  1. Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox
    
    Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox and 1st Duke of Richmond, lord of the Manor of Cobham, Kent, was a Scottish nobleman who through their paternal lines was a second cousin of King James VI of Scotland and I of England. He was involved in the Plantation of Ulster in Ireland and the colonization of Maine in New England. Richmond's Island and Cape Richmond as well as Richmond, Maine, are named after him. His magnificent monument with effigies survives in Westminster Abbey.
1561
1. Adriaan van Roomen, Flemish priest and mathematician (d. 1615) births
  1. Adriaan van Roomen
    
    Adriaan van Roomen, also known as Adrianus Romanus, was a mathematician, professor of medicine and medical astronomer from the Duchy of Brabant in the Habsburg Netherlands who was active throughout Central Europe in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. As a mathematician he worked in algebra, trigonometry and geometry; and on the decimal expansion of π. He solved the Problem of Apollonius using a new method that involved intersecting hyperbolas. He also wrote on the Gregorian calendar reform.
1560
1. Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496) deaths
  1. Gustav I of Sweden
    
    Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family and later known as Gustav Vasa, was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560, previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm (Riksföreståndare) from 1521, during the ongoing Swedish War of Liberation against King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Gustav rose to lead the rebel movement following the Stockholm Bloodbath, where his father was executed. Gustav's election as king on 6 June 1523 and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union.
1548
1. William V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1626) births
  1. William V, Duke of Bavaria
    
    William V, called the Pious, was Duke of Bavaria from 1579 to 1597.
1547
1. Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (d. 1616) births
  1. Miguel de Cervantes
    
    Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. He is best known for his novel Don Quixote, a work often cited as both the first modern novel and one of the pinnacles of world literature.
1527
1. John Lesley, Scottish bishop (d. 1596) births
  1. John Lesley
    
    John Lesley was a Scottish Roman Catholic bishop and historian. His father was Gavin Lesley, rector of Kingussie, Badenoch.
1511
1. Michael Servetus, Spanish physician, cartographer, and theologian (d. 1553) births
  1. Michael Servetus
    
    Michael Servetus was a Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the first European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary circulation, as discussed in Christianismi Restitutio (1553). He was a polymath versed in many sciences: mathematics, astronomy and meteorology, geography, human anatomy, medicine and pharmacology, as well as jurisprudence, translation, poetry, and the scholarly study of the Bible in its original languages.
1501
1. Andrew Stewart, Scottish bishop (b. 1442) deaths
  1. Andrew Stewart (bishop of Moray)
    
    Andrew Stewart was a 15th-century Scottish prelate and administrator.
1402
1. Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (d. 1443) births
  1. Ferdinand the Holy Prince
    
    Ferdinand the Holy Prince, sometimes called the "Saint Prince" or the "Constant Prince", was an infante of the Kingdom of Portugal. He was the youngest of the "Illustrious Generation" of 15th-century Portuguese princes of the House of Aviz, and served as lay administrator of the Knightly Order of Aviz.
1382
1. Izz al-Din ibn Rukn al-Din Mahmud, malik of Sistan deaths
  1. Izz al-Din ibn Rukn al-Din Mahmud
    
    Izz al-Din was the Mihrabanid malik of Sistan from 1352 until 1380. He was the son of Rukn al-Din Mahmud.
1364
1. Charles I, Duke of Brittany (b. 1319) deaths
  1. Charles, Duke of Brittany
    
    Charles of Blois-Châtillon, nicknamed "the Saint", was the legalist Duke of Brittany from 1341 until his death, via his marriage to Joan, Duchess of Brittany and Countess of Penthièvre, holding the title against the claims of John of Montfort. The cause of his possible canonization was the subject of a good deal of political maneuvering on the part of his cousin, Charles V of France, who endorsed it, and his rival, Montfort, who opposed it. The cause fell dormant after Pope Gregory XI left Avignon in 1376, but was revived in 1894. Charles of Blois was beatified in 1904.
1304
1. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, English general (b. 1231) deaths
  1. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey
    
    John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey was a prominent English nobleman and military commander during the reigns of Henry III of England and Edward I of England. During the Second Barons' War he switched sides twice, ending up in support of the king, for whose capture he was present at Lewes in 1264. Warenne was later appointed a Guardian of Scotland and featured prominently in Edward I's wars in Scotland.
1298
1. Guido I da Montefeltro, Italian military strategist (b. 1223) deaths
  1. Guido I da Montefeltro
    
    Guido da Montefeltro was an Italian military strategist and lord of Urbino. He became a friar late in life, and was condemned by Dante Alighieri in his Divine Comedy for giving false or fraudulent counsel.
1240
1. Margaret of England, Queen consort of Scots (d. 1275) births
  1. Margaret of England
    
    Margaret of England was Queen of Scots by marriage to King Alexander III.
1225
1. Arnaud Amalric, Papal legate who allegedly promoted mass murder deaths
  1. Arnaud Amalric
    
    Arnaud Amalric was a Cistercian abbot who played a prominent role in the Albigensian Crusade. It is reported that prior to the massacre of Béziers, Amalric, when asked how to distinguish Cathars from Catholics, responded, "Kill them [all], for God knows which are His own."
1186
1. William of Tyre, Archbishop of Tyre (b. 1130) deaths
  1. William of Tyre
    
    William of Tyre was a medieval prelate and chronicler. As archbishop of Tyre, he is sometimes known as William II to distinguish him from his predecessor, William I, the Englishman, a former Prior of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, who was Archbishop of Tyre from 1127 to 1135. He grew up in Jerusalem at the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had been established in 1099 after the First Crusade, and he spent twenty years studying the liberal arts and canon law in the universities of Europe.
  2. See of Tyre
    
    The see of Tyre was one of the most ancient dioceses in Christianity. The existence of a Christian community there already in the time of Saint Paul is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. Seated at Tyre, which was the capital of the Roman province of Phoenicia Prima, the bishopric was a metropolitan see. Its position was briefly challenged by the see of Berytus in the mid-5th century; but after 480/1 the metropolitan of Tyre established himself as the first (protothronos) of all the metropolitans subject to the Patriarch of Antioch.
855
1. Lothair I, Roman emperor (b. 795) deaths
  1. Lothair I
    
    Lothair I or Lothar I was emperor, and the governor of Bavaria (815–817), King of Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (840–855).
722
1. Leudwinus, Frankish archbishop and saint (b. 660) deaths
  1. Leudwinus
    
    Saint Leudwinus, Count of Treves founded an abbey in Mettlach. He was Archbishop of Treves and Laon. As patron saint of the Mettlach parish, his relics are carried through the town by procession at the annual Pentecost celebration. His feast day is September 23. He was the son of Saint Warinus, the paternal grandson of Saint Sigrada, and nephew of Saint Leodegarius.
-106
1. Pompey, Roman general and politician (d. 48 BC) births
  1. Pompey
    
    Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of Rome from republic to empire. He was a student of Roman general Sulla as well as the political ally, and later enemy, of Julius Caesar.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Charles, Duke of Brittany
1. Charles, Duke of Brittany
  
  Charles of Blois-Châtillon, nicknamed "the Saint", was the legalist Duke of Brittany from 1341 until his death, via his marriage to Joan, Duchess of Brittany and Countess of Penthièvre, holding the title against the claims of John of Montfort. The cause of his possible canonization was the subject of a good deal of political maneuvering on the part of his cousin, Charles V of France, who endorsed it, and his rival, Montfort, who opposed it. The cause fell dormant after Pope Gregory XI left Avignon in 1376, but was revived in 1894. Charles of Blois was beatified in 1904.
Christian feast day: Hripsime
1. Hripsime
  
  Hripsime, also called Rhipsime, Ripsime, Ripsima, Ripsimia, Ripsimus, Arbsima or Arsema was a martyr of Roman origin; she and her companions in martyrdom are venerated as some of the first Christian martyrs of Armenia.
Christian feast day: Jean de Montmirail
1. Jean de Montmirail
  
  Jean de Montmirail, Baron de Montmirail, O.S.B. Cist., was a French nobleman who became a Cistercian monk. He is venerated as a beatus in the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Theodota of Philippi
1. Theodota of Philippi
  
  Theodota of Philippi was a Greek harlot and martyr. Her feast day is 29 September.
Christian feast day: September 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. September 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  September 28 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - September 30
Christian feast day: the Archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. One of the four quarter days in the Irish calendar. (England and Ireland). Called Michaelmas in some western liturgical traditions.
1. Archangel
  
  Archangels are the second lowest rank of angel in the hierarchy of angels. The word archangel itself is usually associated with the Abrahamic religions, but beings that are very similar to archangels are found in a number of other religious traditions. Archangels also appear in the religious texts of Gnosticism.
2. Michael (archangel)
  
  Michael, also called Saint Michael the Archangel, Saint Michael the Taxiarch in Orthodoxy and Archangel Michael is an archangel in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i faith. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in 3rd- and 2nd-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the angels and archangels and responsible for the care of Israel. Christianity adopted nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him, and he is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7–12, where he does battle with Satan, and in the Epistle of Jude, where the author denounces heretics by contrasting them with Michael.
3. Gabriel
  
  In Abrahamic religions, Gabriel is an archangel mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Quran.
4. Raphael (archangel)
  
  Raphael is an archangel first mentioned in the Book of Tobit and in 1 Enoch, both estimated to date from between the 3rd and 2nd century BCE. In later Jewish tradition, he became identified as one of the three heavenly visitors entertained by Abraham at the Oak of Mamre. He is not named in either the New Testament or the Quran, but later Christian tradition identified him with healing and as the angel who stirred waters in the Pool of Bethesda in John 5:2–4, and in Islam, where his name is Israfil, he is understood to be the unnamed angel of Quran 6:73, standing eternally with a trumpet to his lips, ready to announce the Day of Judgment. In Gnostic tradition, Raphael is represented on the Ophite Diagram.
5. Quarter days
  
  In British and Irish tradition, the quarter days were the four dates in each year on which servants were hired, school terms started, and rents were due. They fell on four religious festivals roughly three months apart and close to the two solstices and two equinoxes.
6. Irish calendar
  
  The Irish calendar is the Gregorian calendar as it is in use in Ireland, but also incorporating Irish cultural festivals and views of the division of the seasons, presumably inherited from earlier Celtic calendar traditions.
7. Michaelmas
  
  Michaelmas is a Christian festival observed in some Western liturgical calendars on 29 September, and on 8 November in the Eastern tradition. Michaelmas has been one of the four quarter days of the English and Irish financial, judicial, and academic year.
Inventors' Day (Argentina)
1. Inventors' Day
  
  Inventors' Day is a day of the year set aside by a country to recognise the contributions of inventors. Not all countries recognise Inventors' Day. Those countries which do recognise an Inventors' Day do so with varying degrees of emphasis and on different days of the year.
2. Argentina
  
  Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica.
Victory of Boquerón Day (Paraguay)
1. Public holidays in Paraguay
  
  The following are national holidays in Paraguay
2. Paraguay
  
  Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. It has a population of seven million, nearly three million of whom live in the capital and largest city of Asunción, and its surrounding metro. Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America, Paraguay has ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.
World Heart Day
1. World Heart Federation
  
  The World Heart Federation (WHF) is a non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, formed in 1972. The current President for World Heart Federation is Fausto Pinto.

Important events in history on September 29 th

Events

2019 Afghan presidential election

2016 Uri attack

Indian Army

2016 Indian Line of Control strike

Azad Kashmir

Gujba college massacre

Boko Haram

Dalit

Vachathi case

2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami

Stock market crash

United States House of Representatives

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008

Great Recession

Sellafield

Nuclear power plant

Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907

Embraer Legacy 600

Peixoto de Azevedo

2006–2007 Brazilian aviation crisis

Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907

2006–2007 Brazilian aviation crisis

John Roberts

Chief Justice of the United States

Fort Tanjong Katong

4179 Toutatis

Burt Rutan

SpaceShipOne

Ansari X Prize

Fernando Collor de Mello

Walt Disney Animation Studios

Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)

New York Film Festival

1991 Haitian coup d'état

Lockheed YF-22

Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor

Washington National Cathedral

Washington, D.C.

Lockheed YF-22

Tampere Hall

Nordic countries

Tampere

Finland

STS-26

Space Shuttle

Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force

Lockheed C-130 Hercules

1981 Iranian Air Force C-130 crash

Kahrizak

Iran

Francisco Macías Nguema

Equatorial Guinea

Western Sahara

WWJ-TV

Japan

China–Japan relations

China

Taiwan

Arab League

University of East Anglia

Norwich

Lockheed L-188 Electra

Braniff International Airways Flight 542

Buffalo, Texas

Nuclear reprocessing

Mayak

Kyshtym disaster

Becquerel

Radioactive decay

Kyshtym disaster

Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

1955 Indonesian legislative election

Masyumi Party

Burhanuddin Harahap

Willie Mays

San Francisco Giants

The Catch (baseball)

Important events in history
on September 29 ^th