Important events in history
on September 28 ^th

Events

2018
1. The 7.5 Mw 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, which triggered a large tsunami, leaves 4,340 dead and 10,679 injured.
  1. 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami
    
    On 28 September 2018, a shallow, large earthquake struck in the neck of the Minahasa Peninsula, Indonesia, with its epicentre located in the mountainous Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi. The magnitude 7.5 quake was located 70 km (43 mi) away from the provincial capital Palu and was felt as far away as Samarinda on East Kalimantan and also in Tawau, Malaysia. This event was preceded by a sequence of foreshocks, the largest of which was a magnitude 6.1 tremor that occurred earlier that day.
2016
1. The 2016 South Australian blackout occurs, lasting up to three days in some areas.
  1. 2016 South Australian blackout
    
    The South Australian blackout of 2016 was a widespread power outage in South Australia that occurred as a result of storm damage to electricity transmission infrastructure on 28 September 2016. The cascading failure of the electricity transmission network resulted in almost the entire state losing its electricity supply, affecting 850,000 SA customers. Kangaroo Island did not lose its supply, as the Kangaroo Island power station had been built to supply the island for the contingency of a failure in the power cable under the Backstairs Passage.
2014
1. The 2014 Hong Kong protests begin in response to restrictive political reforms imposed by the NPC in Beijing.
  1. 2014 Hong Kong protests
    
    A series of sit-in street protests, often called the Umbrella Revolution and sometimes used interchangeably with Umbrella Movement, or Occupy Movement, occurred in Hong Kong from 26 September to 15 December 2014.
  2. National People's Congress
    
    The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, or simply the National People's Congress, is constitutionally the supreme state authority and the national legislature of the People's Republic of China.
2012
1. War in Somalia: Somali National Army forces and their AMISOM and Raskamboni allies launched an offensive against Al-Shabaab in the latter's last major stronghold of Kismayo.
  1. Somali Civil War (2009–present)
    
    The Somali Civil War (2009–present) is a phase of the Somali Civil War which is concentrated in southern and central Somalia. It began in late January 2009 with the conflict mainly between the forces of the Federal Government of Somalia assisted by African Union peacekeeping troops and Al-Qaeda aligned Al-Shabaab militants.
  2. Somali National Army
    
    The Somali National Army is the ground forces component of the Somali Armed Forces, and is the largest out of the three service branches that make up the majority of the Armed Forces.
  3. African Union Mission to Somalia
    
    The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) was a regional peacekeeping mission operated by the African Union with the approval of the United Nations Security Council. It was mandated to support transitional governmental structures, implement a national security plan, train the Somali security forces, and to assist in creating a secure environment for the delivery of humanitarian aid. As part of its duties, AMISOM supported the Federal Government of Somalia's forces in their battle against Al-Shabaab militants.
  4. Raskamboni Movement
    
    The Raskamboni Movement was a jihadist Islamic movement led by Sheikh Ahmed Madobe, the current president of the Jubaland state in southern Somalia. After fighting with Al-Shabaab they managed to capture Kismayo with the help of Kenya.
  5. Battle of Kismayo (2012)
    
    The Battle of Kismayo was an offensive led by the Kenya Defence Forces, under the codename Operation Sledge Hammer, to seize the port city of Kismayo, Somalia, from Al-Shabaab from 28 September 2012. Fighting alongside the Kenya Army were Raskamboni movement militia and the Somali Army.
  6. Al-Shabaab (militant group)
    
    Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, more commonly known as al-Shabaab, is an Islamic fundamentalist Salafi jihadist group which is based in Somalia and active elsewhere in East Africa. It is actively involved in the ongoing Somali Civil War. Even though its membership incorporates Somali nationalist elements, al-Shabaab's central aims are Salafi jihadist. Allegiant to the militant pan-Islamist organization al-Qaeda since 2012, it has also been suspected of forging ties with Boko Haram, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
  7. Kismayo
    
    Kismayo is a port city in the southern Lower Juba province of Somalia. It is the commercial capital of the autonomous Jubaland region.
2. Somali and African Union forces launch a coordinated assault on the Somali port of Kismayo to take back the city from al-Shabaab militants.
  1. Battle of Kismayo (2012)
    
    The Battle of Kismayo was an offensive led by the Kenya Defence Forces, under the codename Operation Sledge Hammer, to seize the port city of Kismayo, Somalia, from Al-Shabaab from 28 September 2012. Fighting alongside the Kenya Army were Raskamboni movement militia and the Somali Army.
2009
1. A protest held by 50,000 people in Conakry, Guinea, was forcefully disrupted by the military junta, resulting in at least 157 deaths and over 1,200 injuries.
  1. 2009 Guinean protests
    
    The 2009 Guinean protests were an opposition rally in Conakry, Guinea on Monday, 28 September 2009, with about 50,000 participants protesting against the junta government that came to power after the Guinean coup d'état of December 2008. The protest march was fueled by the indication of junta leader Captain Moussa Dadis Camara breaking his pledge to not run in the next presidential vote due in January 2010. The government had already banned any form of protests until 2 October, and when the demonstrators gathered in a large stadium, the security forces opened fire at them. At least 157 demonstrators were killed, 1,253 injured and 30, including Cellou Dalein Diallo, the leader of the opposition Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea (UDFG), were arrested and taken away in lorries.
  2. Conakry
    
    Conakry is the capital and largest city of Guinea. A port city, it serves as the economic, financial and cultural centre of Guinea. Its population as of the 2014 Guinea census was 1,660,973.
2. The military junta leading Guinea attacks a protest rally, killing or wounding 1,400 people.
  1. 2009 Guinean protests
    
    The 2009 Guinean protests were an opposition rally in Conakry, Guinea on Monday, 28 September 2009, with about 50,000 participants protesting against the junta government that came to power after the Guinean coup d'état of December 2008. The protest march was fueled by the indication of junta leader Captain Moussa Dadis Camara breaking his pledge to not run in the next presidential vote due in January 2010. The government had already banned any form of protests until 2 October, and when the demonstrators gathered in a large stadium, the security forces opened fire at them. At least 157 demonstrators were killed, 1,253 injured and 30, including Cellou Dalein Diallo, the leader of the opposition Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea (UDFG), were arrested and taken away in lorries.
2008
1. Falcon 1 becomes the first privately developed liquid-fuel ground-launched vehicle to put a payload into orbit by the RatSat mission.
  1. Falcon 1
    
    Falcon 1 was a small-lift launch vehicle that was operated from 2006 to 2009 by SpaceX, an American aerospace manufacturer. On 28 September 2008, Falcon 1 became the first privately-developed fully liquid-fueled launch vehicle to go into orbit around the Earth.
  2. RatSat
    
    RatSat or DemoSat was an aluminum mass simulator on the fourth flight of the Falcon 1 rocket, launched on 28 September 2008. Ratsat remained bolted to the second stage of the carrier rocket after reaching low Earth orbit. It is an aluminium alloy chamber in hexagonal prism shape with 1.5 m (5 ft) length.
2. The Singapore Grand Prix is held as Formula One's inaugural night race, with Fernando Alonso winning the event. Almost a year later it was revealed that Alonso's team-mate Nelson Piquet Jr. had been ordered to crash his car to help bring out the safety car and give Alonso the advantage and win.
  1. 2008 Singapore Grand Prix
    
    The 2008 Singapore Grand Prix, formally known as the 2008 Formula 1 SingTel Singapore Grand Prix, was a Formula One race held on 28 September 2008 at 20:00 SST at the newly built Marina Bay Street Circuit in Marina Bay, Singapore. It was the 15th race of the 2008 Formula One World Championship, the 800th Formula One World Championship race overall, and the first ever Formula One race held at night. This was also the first time Singapore hosted a Formula One race, as the last Singapore Grand Prix was a Formula Libre event in 1973.
  2. Formula One
    
    Formula One is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The World Drivers' Championship, which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981, has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, which take place worldwide on both purpose-built circuits and closed public roads.
  3. Fernando Alonso
    
    Fernando Alonso Díaz is a Spanish racing driver currently competing for Alpine in Formula One. He won the series' World Drivers' Championship in 2005 and 2006 with Renault, and has also driven for McLaren, Ferrari, and Minardi. With Toyota, Alonso won the 24 Hours of Le Mans twice, in 2018 and 2019, and the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2018–19. He also won the 24 Hours of Daytona with Wayne Taylor Racing in 2019.
  4. Nelson Piquet Jr.
    
    Nelson Angelo Tamsma Piquet Souto Maior, also known as Nelson Piquet Junior or Nelsinho Piquet, is a Brazilian stock car racing driver and former Formula One and Formula E driver where he was champion in the 2014–15 season. He currently competes full-time in the Brazilian Stock Car Pro Series, driving the No. 33 Toyota Corolla E210 for Motul TMG Racing.
  5. Renault Formula One crash controversy
    
    The Renault Formula One crash controversy, dubbed Crashgate by some in the media, was a sporting scandal caused when Renault F1 driver Nelson Piquet Jr. deliberately crashed during the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix to give a sporting advantage to his Renault teammate, Fernando Alonso.
  6. Safety car
    
    In motorsport, a safety car, or a pace car, is an automobile which limits the speed of competing cars or motorcycles on a racetrack in the case of a caution period such as an obstruction on the track or bad weather. The aim of the safety car is to enable the clearance of any obstruction under safer conditions, especially for marshals and/or await more favourable track conditions weather-wise.
2006
1. Typhoon Xangsane passed Manila on its way to causing more than 300 deaths, mostly in the Phillippines and Vietnam.
  1. Typhoon Xangsane
    
    Typhoon Xangsane, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Milenyo, was a typhoon that affected the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific typhoon season. The name Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant.
  2. Manila
    
    Manila, officially the City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populated city proper. Manila is considered to be a global city and rated as an Alpha – City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). It was the first chartered city in the country, designated as such by the Philippine Commission Act 183 of July 31, 1901. It became autonomous with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949. Manila is considered to be part of the world's original set of global cities because its commercial networks were the first to extend across the Pacific Ocean and connect Asia with the Spanish Americas through the galleon trade; when this was accomplished, it marked the first time in world history that an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been established. It is among the most populous and fastest growing cities in Southeast Asia.
2000
1. Al-Aqsa Intifada: Ariel Sharon visits Al-Aqsa Mosque known to Jews as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
  1. Second Intifada
    
    The Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major Palestinian uprising against Israel. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centred around the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, which was expected to reach a final agreement on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process in July 2000. Outbreaks of violence began in September 2000, after Ariel Sharon, then the Israeli opposition leader, made a provocative visit to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem; the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that were put down by Israeli police with rubber bullets and tear gas.
  2. Ariel Sharon
    
    Ariel Sharon was an Israeli general and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Israel from March 2001 until April 2006.
  3. Temple Mount
    
    The Temple Mount, also known as al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf, al-Aqsa Mosque compound, or simply al-Aqsa Mosque, and sometimes as Jerusalem's sacred esplanade, is a hill in the Old City of Jerusalem that has been venerated as a holy site in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam for thousands of years.
  4. Jerusalem
    
    Jerusalem is a city in Western Asia. Situated on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, it is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered to be a holy city for the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Because of this dispute, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.
1995
1. Bob Denard and a group of mercenaries take the islands of the Comoros in a coup.
  1. Bob Denard
    
    Robert Denard was a French soldier of fortune and mercenary. Sometimes known under the aliases Gilbert Bourgeaud and Saïd Mustapha Mhadjou, he was known for having performed various jobs in support of Françafrique—France's sphere of influence in its former colonies in Africa—for Jacques Foccart, co-ordinator of President Charles de Gaulle's African policy.
2. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat sign the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
  1. Oslo II Accord
    
    The Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip commonly known as Oslo II or Oslo 2, was a key and complex agreement in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Because Oslo II was signed in Taba, it is sometimes called the Taba Agreement. The Oslo Accords envisioned the establishment of a Palestinian interim self-government in the Palestinian territories. Oslo II created the Areas A, B and C in the West Bank. The Palestinian Authority was given some limited powers and responsibilities in the Areas A and B and a prospect of negotiations on a final settlement based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338. The Accord was officially signed on 28 September 1995.
1994
1. The cruise ferry MS Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea, killing 852 people.
  1. MS Estonia
    
    MS Estonia was a cruiseferry built in 1980 at the West German shipyard Meyer Werft in Papenburg. In 1993, she was sold to Nordström & Thulin for use on Estline's Tallinn–Stockholm route. The ship's sinking on 28 September 1994, in the Baltic Sea between Sweden, Finland and Estonia, was one of the worst maritime disasters of the 20th century, claiming 852 lives.
1992
1. A Pakistan International Airlines flight crashes into a hill in Nepal, killing all 167 passengers and crew.
  1. Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268
    
    Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 was an Airbus A300, registration AP-BCP, which crashed while approaching Kathmandu's Tribhuvan International Airport on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. Flight 268 is the worst crash of Pakistan International Airlines, and the worst ever to occur in Nepal.
1986
1. The Democratic Progressive Party becomes the first opposition party in Taiwan.
  1. Democratic Progressive Party
    
    The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and centre-left political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Controlling both the Republic of China presidency and the unicameral Legislative Yuan, it is the majority ruling party and the dominant party in the Pan-Green Coalition as of 2022.
1978
1. Pope John Paul I died only 33 days after his papal election due to an apparent myocardial infarction, resulting in the first year of three popes since 1605.
  1. Pope John Paul I
    
    Pope John Paul I was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 26 August 1978 to his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent year of three popes and the first to occur since 1605. John Paul I remains the most recent Italian-born pope, the last in a succession of such popes that started with Clement VII in 1523.
  2. August 1978 papal conclave
    
    The August 1978 papal conclave, the first of the two conclaves held that year, was convoked after the death of Pope Paul VI on 6 August 1978 at Castel Gandolfo. After the cardinal electors assembled in Rome, they elected Cardinal Albino Luciani, Patriarch of Venice, as the new pope on the fourth ballot. He accepted the election and took the name of John Paul I.
  3. Myocardial infarction
    
    A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the coronary artery of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw. Often it occurs in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. Women more often present without chest pain and instead have neck pain, arm pain or feel tired. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest.
  4. Year of three popes
    
    A Year of Three Popes is a year when the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church is required to elect two new Popes within the same calendar year. Such a year generally occurs when a newly elected pope dies or resigns very early into his papacy. This results in the Catholic Church's being led by three different popes during the same calendar year. In one instance, in 1276, there was a Year of Four Popes.
1975
1. An attempted robbery of the Spaghetti House restaurant in Knightsbridge, London, went wrong, becoming a six-day hostage situation.
  1. Knightsbridge
    
    Knightsbridge is a residential and retail district in central London, south of Hyde Park. It is identified in the London Plan as one of two international retail centres in London, alongside the West End.
  2. Spaghetti House siege
    
    The Spaghetti House siege took place between 28 September and 3 October 1975. An attempted robbery of the Spaghetti House restaurant in Knightsbridge, London, went wrong and the police were quickly on the scene. The three robbers took the staff down into a storeroom and barricaded themselves in. They released all the hostages unharmed after six days. Two of the gunmen gave themselves up; the ringleader, Franklin Davies, shot himself in the stomach. All three were later imprisoned, as were two of their accomplices.
2. The Spaghetti House siege, in which nine people are taken hostage, takes place in London.
  1. Spaghetti House siege
    
    The Spaghetti House siege took place between 28 September and 3 October 1975. An attempted robbery of the Spaghetti House restaurant in Knightsbridge, London, went wrong and the police were quickly on the scene. The three robbers took the staff down into a storeroom and barricaded themselves in. They released all the hostages unharmed after six days. Two of the gunmen gave themselves up; the ringleader, Franklin Davies, shot himself in the stomach. All three were later imprisoned, as were two of their accomplices.
1973
1. The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT's alleged involvement in the coup d'état in Chile.
  1. ITT Inc.
    
    ITT Inc., formerly ITT Corporation, is an American worldwide manufacturing company based in Stamford, Connecticut. The company produces specialty components for the aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. ITT's three businesses include Industrial Process, Motion Technologies, and Connect and Control Technologies.
  2. 1973 Chilean coup d'état
    
    The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a military coup in Chile that deposed the Popular Unity government of President Salvador Allende. Allende had been the first Marxist to be elected president of a liberal democracy in Latin America. On 11 September 1973, after an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress and the socialist President, as well as economic war ordered by United States President Richard Nixon, a group of military officers led by General Augusto Pinochet seized power in a coup of their own, ending civilian rule.
1972
1. Against the backdrop of the Cold War, the Canadian ice hockey team defeated the Soviet team in the Summit Series.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Canada men's national ice hockey team
    
    The Canada men's national ice hockey team is the ice hockey team representing Canada internationally. The team is overseen by Hockey Canada, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. From 1920 until 1963, Canada's international representation was by senior amateur club teams. Canada's national men's team was founded in 1963 by Father David Bauer as a part of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, playing out of the University of British Columbia. The nickname "Team Canada" was first used for the 1972 Summit Series and has been frequently used to refer to both the Canadian national men's and women's teams ever since.
  3. Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team
    
    The Soviet national ice hockey team was the national men's ice hockey team of the Soviet Union. From 1954, the team won at least one medal each year at either the Ice Hockey World Championships or the Olympic hockey tournament.
  4. Summit Series
    
    The Summit Series, Super Series 72, Canada–USSR Series, or Series of the Century, was an eight-game ice hockey series between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972. It was the first competition between the Soviet national team and a Canadian team represented by professional players of the National Hockey League (NHL), known as Team Canada. It was the first international ice hockey competition for Canada after they had withdrawn from such competitions in a dispute with the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The series was organized with the intention to create a true best-against-best competition in the sport of ice hockey. The Soviets had become the dominant team in international competitions, in which the Canadian professionals were ineligible to play. Canada had had a long history of dominance of the sport prior to the Soviets' rise.
1970
1. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser dies of a heart attack in Cairo.
  1. Gamal Abdel Nasser
    
    Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was an Egyptian politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, he cracked down on the organization, put President Mohamed Naguib under house arrest and assumed executive office. He was formally elected president in June 1956.
1963
1. Whaam!, now considered one of Roy Lichtenstein's most important works, debuted at an exhibition held at the Leo Castelli Gallery, New York City.
  1. Whaam!
    
    Whaam! is a 1963 diptych painting by the American artist Roy Lichtenstein. It is one of the best-known works of pop art, and among Lichtenstein's most important paintings. Whaam! was first exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City in 1963, and purchased by the Tate Gallery, London, in 1966. It has been on permanent display at Tate Modern since 2006.
  2. Roy Lichtenstein
    
    Roy Fox Lichtenstein was an American pop artist. During the 1960s, along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and James Rosenquist among others, he became a leading figure in the new art movement. His work defined the premise of pop art through parody. Inspired by the comic strip, Lichtenstein produced precise compositions that documented while they parodied, often in a tongue-in-cheek manner. His work was influenced by popular advertising and the comic book style. His artwork was considered to be "disruptive". He described pop art as "not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting". His paintings were exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City.
  3. Leo Castelli
    
    Leo Castelli was an Italian-American art dealer who originated the contemporary art gallery system. His gallery showcased contemporary art for five decades. Among the movements which Castelli showed were Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism, Neo-Dada, Pop Art, Op Art, Color field painting, Hard-edge painting, Lyrical Abstraction, Minimal Art, Conceptual Art, and Neo-expressionism.
1961
1. A military coup in Damascus effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.
  1. 1961 Syrian coup d'état
    
    The Syrian coup d'état of 1961 was an uprising by disgruntled Syrian Army officers on 28 September 1961, that resulted in the break-up of the United Arab Republic and the restoration of an independent Syrian Republic.
  2. United Arab Republic
    
    The United Arab Republic was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1971. It was initially a political union between Egypt and Syria from 1958 until Syria seceded from the union after the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until 1971.
1951
1. CBS makes the first color televisions available for sale to the general public, but the product is discontinued less than a month later.
  1. Color television
    
    Color television or Colour television is a television transmission technology that includes color information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improves on the monochrome or black-and-white television technology, which displays the image in shades of gray (grayscale). Television broadcasting stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black-and-white to color transmission between the 1960s and the 1980s. The invention of color television standards was an important part of the history and technology of television.
1944
1. World War II: Soviet Army troops liberate Klooga concentration camp in Estonia.
  1. Klooga concentration camp
    
    Klooga concentration camp was a Nazi forced labor subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp complex established in September 1943 in Harju County, during World War II, in German-occupied Estonia near the village of Klooga. The Vaivara camp complex was commanded by German officers Hans Aumeier, Otto Brennais and Franz von Bodmann and consisted of 20 field camps, some of which existed only for short periods.
1941
1. World War II: The Drama uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins.
  1. Drama uprising
    
    The Drama uprising was an uprising of the population of the northern Greek city of Drama and the surrounding villages on 28–29 September 1941 against the Bulgarian occupation regime. The revolt lacked organization or military resources; the Bulgarian Army swiftly suppressed it, with massive reprisals. The revolt had guidance from the Communist Party of Greece (KKE).
2. Ted Williams achieves a .406 batting average for the season, and becomes the last major league baseball player to bat .400 or better.
  1. Ted Williams
    
    Theodore Samuel Williams was an American professional baseball player and manager. He played his entire 19-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, primarily as a left fielder, for the Boston Red Sox from 1939 to 1960; his career was interrupted by military service during World War II and the Korean War. Nicknamed "Teddy Ballgame", "the Kid", "the Splendid Splinter", and "The Thumper", Williams is regarded as one of the greatest hitters in baseball history and to date is the last player to hit over .400 in a season.
1939
1. World War II: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
    
    The German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty was a second supplementary protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939. It was a secret clause as amended on 28 September 1939 by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union after their joint invasion and occupation of sovereign Poland. It was signed by Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov, the foreign ministers of Germany and the Soviet Union respectively, in the presence of Joseph Stalin. Only a small portion of the protocol, which superseded the first treaty, was publicly announced, while the spheres of influence of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union remained secret. The third secret protocol of the Pact was signed on 10 January 1941 by Friedrich Werner von Schulenburg and Molotov, wherein Germany renounced its claims to portions of Lithuania, only a few months before their anti-Soviet Operation Barbarossa.
2. World War II: The siege of Warsaw comes to an end.
  1. Siege of Warsaw (1939)
    
    The siege of Warsaw in 1939 was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army garrisoned and entrenched in Warsaw and the invading German Army.
1928
1. Scottish biologist and pharmacologist Alexander Fleming (pictured) discovered penicillin when he noticed a bacteria-killing mould growing in his laboratory.
  1. Alexander Fleming
    
    Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin from the mould Penicillium rubens is described as the "single greatest victory ever achieved over disease." For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.
  2. Penicillin
    
    Penicillins are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using deep tank fermentation and then purified. A number of natural penicillins have been discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical use: penicillin G and penicillin V. Penicillins were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today for different bacterial infections, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.
  3. Mold
    
    A mold or mould is one of the structures certain fungi can form. The dust-like, colored appearance of molds is due to the formation of spores containing fungal secondary metabolites. The spores are the dispersal units of the fungi. Not all fungi form molds. Some fungi form mushrooms; others grow as single cells and are called microfungi.
2. Alexander Fleming notices a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.
  1. Alexander Fleming
    
    Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin from the mould Penicillium rubens is described as the "single greatest victory ever achieved over disease." For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.
  2. Penicillin
    
    Penicillins are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using deep tank fermentation and then purified. A number of natural penicillins have been discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical use: penicillin G and penicillin V. Penicillins were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today for different bacterial infections, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.
1924
1. A team of U.S. Army Air Service aviators landed in Seattle, Washington, to complete the first aerial circumnavigation of the world.
  1. United States Army Air Service
    
    The United States Army Air Service (USAAS) was the aerial warfare service component of the United States Army between 1918 and 1926 and a forerunner of the United States Air Force. It was established as an independent but temporary branch of the U.S. War Department during World War I by two executive orders of President Woodrow Wilson: on May 24, 1918, replacing the Aviation Section, Signal Corps as the nation's air force; and March 19, 1919, establishing a military Director of Air Service to control all aviation activities. Its life was extended for another year in July 1919, during which time Congress passed the legislation necessary to make it a permanent establishment. The National Defense Act of 1920 assigned the Air Service the status of "combatant arm of the line" of the United States Army with a major general in command.
  2. Seattle
    
    Seattle is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The Seattle metropolitan area's population is 4.02 million, making it the 15th-largest in the United States. Its growth rate of 21.1% between 2010 and 2020 makes it one of the nation's fastest-growing large cities.
  3. First aerial circumnavigation
    
    The first aerial circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1924 by four aviators from an eight-man team of the United States Army Air Service, the precursor of the United States Air Force. The 175-day journey covered over 26,345 miles (42,398 km). The team generally traveled east to west, around the northern-Pacific Rim, through to South Asia and Europe and back to the United States. Airmen Lowell H. Smith and Leslie P. Arnold, and Erik H. Nelson and John Harding Jr. made the trip in two single-engined open-cockpit Douglas World Cruisers (DWC) configured as floatplanes for most of the journey. Four more flyers in two additional DWC began the journey but their aircraft crashed or were forced down. All airmen survived.
2. The first aerial circumnavigation is completed by a team from the US Army.
  1. First aerial circumnavigation
    
    The first aerial circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1924 by four aviators from an eight-man team of the United States Army Air Service, the precursor of the United States Air Force. The 175-day journey covered over 26,345 miles (42,398 km). The team generally traveled east to west, around the northern-Pacific Rim, through to South Asia and Europe and back to the United States. Airmen Lowell H. Smith and Leslie P. Arnold, and Erik H. Nelson and John Harding Jr. made the trip in two single-engined open-cockpit Douglas World Cruisers (DWC) configured as floatplanes for most of the journey. Four more flyers in two additional DWC began the journey but their aircraft crashed or were forced down. All airmen survived.
1919
1. Race riots begin in Omaha, Nebraska.
  1. Omaha race riot of 1919
    
    The Omaha Race Riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, September 28–29, 1919. The race riot resulted in the lynching of Will Brown, a black civilian; the death of two white rioters; the injuries of many Omaha Police Department officers and civilians, including the attempted hanging of Mayor Edward Parsons Smith; and a public rampage by thousands of white rioters who set fire to the Douglas County Courthouse in downtown Omaha. It followed more than 20 race riots that occurred in major industrial cities of the United States during the Red Summer of 1919.
1918
1. World War I: The Fifth Battle of Ypres begins.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Fifth Battle of Ypres
    
    The Fifth Battle of Ypres, also called the Advance in Flanders and the Battle of the Peaks of Flanders is an informal name used to identify a series of World War I battles in northern France and southern Belgium (Flanders) from late September to October 1918.
1912
1. The Ulster Covenant is signed by some 500,000 Ulster Protestant Unionists in opposition to the Third Irish Home Rule Bill.
  1. Ulster Covenant
    
    Ulster's Solemn League and Covenant, commonly known as the Ulster Covenant, was signed by nearly 500,000 people on and before 28 September 1912, in protest against the Third Home Rule Bill introduced by the British Government in the same year.
2. Corporal Frank S. Scott of the United States Army becomes the first enlisted man to die in an airplane crash.
  1. Frank S. Scott
    
    Frank S. Scott was a United States Army corporal who died during his second enlistment, aged 28, in an aircraft crash. As the first enlisted American to die in an aircraft incident, Scott was memorialized multiple times.
1901
1. Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas killed more than forty American soldiers in a surprise attack in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island.
  1. Philippine–American War
    
    The Philippine–American War or the Filipino–American War, previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that started on February 4, 1899, and ended on July 2, 1902. The conflict arose in 1898 when the United States, rather than acknowledging the Philippines' declaration of independence, annexed the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. The war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
  2. Battle of Balangiga
    
    The Battle of Balangiga, also known as the Balangiga Encounter, Balangiga Incident, or Balangiga Conflict, was a battle that occurred during the Philippine–American War between Philippine forces and American troops. The battle is sometimes termed the "Balingiga massacre," usually in accounts describing occupying American troops as victims of a massacre by townspeople. In response to the attack, United States General Jacob H. Smith ordered indiscriminate attacks on the island of Samar, openly disregarding General Order 100, killing 2,000 to 2,500 people. The battle is commemorated yearly as Balangiga Encounter Day in Eastern Samar.
  3. Balangiga
    
    Balangiga, officially the Municipality of Balangiga, is a 4th class municipality in the province of Eastern Samar, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 14,341 people.
  4. Samar
    
    Samar is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided into three provinces: Samar, Northern Samar, and Eastern Samar. These three provinces, along with the provinces on the nearby islands of Leyte and Biliran, are part of the Eastern Visayas region.
2. Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty American soldiers while losing 28 of their own.
  1. Philippine–American War
    
    The Philippine–American War or the Filipino–American War, previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that started on February 4, 1899, and ended on July 2, 1902. The conflict arose in 1898 when the United States, rather than acknowledging the Philippines' declaration of independence, annexed the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. The war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
  2. Battle of Balangiga
    
    The Battle of Balangiga, also known as the Balangiga Encounter, Balangiga Incident, or Balangiga Conflict, was a battle that occurred during the Philippine–American War between Philippine forces and American troops. The battle is sometimes termed the "Balingiga massacre," usually in accounts describing occupying American troops as victims of a massacre by townspeople. In response to the attack, United States General Jacob H. Smith ordered indiscriminate attacks on the island of Samar, openly disregarding General Order 100, killing 2,000 to 2,500 people. The battle is commemorated yearly as Balangiga Encounter Day in Eastern Samar.
1893
1. Foundation of the Portuguese football club FC Porto.
  1. Association football
    
    Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45 minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries, it is considered the world's most popular sport.
  2. FC Porto
    
    Futebol Clube do Porto, MHIH, OM, commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto, is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto. It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga, the top flight of Portuguese football.
1892
1. The first night game for American football takes place in a contest between Wyoming Seminary and Mansfield State Normal.
  1. 1892 Wyoming Seminary vs. Mansfield State Normal football game
    
    The 1892 Wyoming Seminary vs. Mansfield State Normal football game, played September 28, 1892, was the first-ever American football game played at night. The game was played between Wyoming Seminary and Mansfield State Normal School in Mansfield, Pennsylvania. During the time period, it was common for a college and high school to play each other in football—a practice that has long since been discontinued.
1889
1. The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the length of a metre.
  1. General Conference on Weights and Measures
    
    The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the supreme authority of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the intergovernmental organization established in 1875 under the terms of the Metre Convention through which member states act together on matters related to measurement science and measurement standards. The CGPM is made up of delegates of the governments of the member states and observers from the Associates of the CGPM. Under its authority, the International Committee for Weights and Measures executes an exclusive direction and supervision of the BIPM.
  2. History of the metre
    
    The history of the metre starts with the Scientific Revolution that is considered to have begun with Nicolaus Copernicus's publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543. Increasingly accurate measurements were required, and scientists looked for measures that were universal and could be based on natural phenomena rather than royal decree or physical prototypes. Rather than the various complex systems of subdivision then in use, they also preferred a decimal system to ease their calculations.
1871
1. The Brazilian Parliament passes a law that frees all children thereafter born to slaves, and all government-owned slaves.
  1. Rio Branco Law
    
    The Rio Branco law, also known as the Law of Free Birth, named after its champion, Prime Minister José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, was passed by the Brazilian Parliament on September 28 in 1871. It was intended to provide freedom to all newborn children of slaves, and slaves of the state or crown. Slaveholders of the children's parents were to provide care for the children until the age of 21, or turn them over to the state in return for monetary compensation.
1868
1. The Battle of Alcolea causes Queen Isabella II of Spain to flee to France.
  1. Battle of Alcolea (1868)
    
    The Battle of Alcolea took place on 28 September 1868, over a bridge above Guadalquivir river in the town of Alcolea, Córdoba, Spain. In this battle, revolutionary forces led by General Francisco Serrano y Domínguez defeated Queen Isabella II of Spain's governmental forces commanded by general Manuel Pavía, forcing her to leave Spain and be exiled in France.
1867
1. Toronto becomes the capital of Ontario, having also been the capital of Ontario's predecessors since 1796.
  1. History of Toronto
    
    Toronto was founded as the Town of York and capital of Upper Canada in 1793 after the Mississaugas surrendered the land to the British in the Toronto Purchase. For over 12,000 years, Indigenous People have lived in the Toronto area. The ancestors of the Huron-Wendat were the first known groups to establish agricultural villages in the area about 1,600 years ago.
1844
1. Oscar I of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
  1. Oscar I of Sweden
    
    Oscar I was King of Sweden and Norway from 8 March 1844 until his death. He was the second monarch of the House of Bernadotte.
1821
1. The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City.
  1. Declaration of Independence (Mexico)
    
    The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is the document by which the Mexican Empire declared independence from the Spanish Empire. This founding document of the Mexican nation was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City on September 28, 1821, by Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros, secretary of the Provisional Governmental Board.
  2. National Palace (Mexico)
    
    The National Palace is the seat of the federal executive in Mexico. Since 2018 it has also served as the official residence for the President of Mexico. It is located on Mexico City's main square, the Plaza de la Constitución. This site has been a palace for the ruling class of Mexico since the Aztec Empire, and much of the current palace's building materials are from the original one that belonged to the 16th-century leader Moctezuma II.
2. The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is drafted. It will be made public on 13 October.
  1. Declaration of Independence (Mexico)
    
    The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is the document by which the Mexican Empire declared independence from the Spanish Empire. This founding document of the Mexican nation was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City on September 28, 1821, by Juan José Espinosa de los Monteros, secretary of the Provisional Governmental Board.
1787
1. The Congress of the Confederation votes to send the newly written United States Constitution to the state legislatures for approval.
  1. History of the United States Constitution
    
    The United States Constitution has served as the supreme law of the United States since taking effect in 1789. The document was written at the 1787 Philadelphia Convention and was ratified through a series of state conventions held in 1787 and 1788. Since 1789, the Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times; particularly important amendments include the ten amendments of the United States Bill of Rights and the three Reconstruction Amendments.
1781
1. American Revolution: French and American forces backed by a French fleet begin the siege of Yorktown.
  1. Siege of Yorktown
    
    The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the surrender at Yorktown, or the German battle, beginning on September 28, 1781, and ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of the American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, and French Army troops led by Comte de Rochambeau over British Army troops commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American region, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.
1779
1. American Revolution: Samuel Huntington is elected President of the Continental Congress, succeeding John Jay.
  1. American Revolution
    
    The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America as the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy.
  2. Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)
    
    Samuel Huntington was a Founding Father of the United States and a lawyer, jurist, statesman, and Patriot in the American Revolution from Connecticut. As a delegate to the Continental Congress, he signed the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. He also served as President of the Continental Congress from 1779 to 1781, President of the United States in Congress Assembled in 1781, chief justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1784 to 1785, and the 18th Governor of Connecticut from 1786 until his death. He was the first United States governor to have died while in office.
1542
1. Explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (pictured), the first European to travel along the coast of California, landed at what is now the city of San Diego.
  1. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
    
    Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo was an Iberian maritime explorer best known for investigations of the West Coast of North America, undertaken on behalf of the Spanish Empire. He was the first European to explore present-day California, navigating along the coast of California in 1542–1543 on his voyage from New Spain.
  2. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
  3. San Diego
    
    San Diego is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is also the eighth most populous city in the United States and the seat of San Diego County, the fifth most populous county in the United States, with 3,338,330 estimated residents as of 2019. The city is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches and parks, long association with the U.S. armed forces, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center. San Diego is the second largest city in the state of California after Los Angeles.
2. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo of Portugal arrives at what is now San Diego, California. He is the first European in California.
  1. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
    
    Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo was an Iberian maritime explorer best known for investigations of the West Coast of North America, undertaken on behalf of the Spanish Empire. He was the first European to explore present-day California, navigating along the coast of California in 1542–1543 on his voyage from New Spain.
1538
1. Ottoman–Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.
  1. Battle of Preveza
    
    The Battle of Preveza was a naval battle that took place on 28 September 1538 near Preveza in Ionian Sea in northwestern Greece between an Ottoman fleet and that of a Holy League assembled by Pope Paul III. It occurred in the same area in the Ionian Sea as the Battle of Actium, 31 BC. It was one of the three largest sea battles that took place in the sixteenth century Mediterranean, along with the Battle of Djerba and the Battle of Lepanto. In this battle, the Ottomans defeated the Europeans.
1322
1. Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats Frederick I of Austria in the Battle of Mühldorf.
  1. Battle of Mühldorf
    
    The Battle of Mühldorf was fought near Mühldorf am Inn on September 28, 1322 between the Duchy of (Upper) Bavaria and Austria. The Bavarians were led by the German king Louis of Wittelsbach, while the Austrians were under the command of his cousin, the anti-king Frederick of Habsburg.
1238
1. King James I of Aragon conquers Valencia from the Moors. Shortly thereafter, he proclaims himself king of Valencia.
  1. James I of Aragon
    
    James I the Conqueror was King of Aragon and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276; King of Majorca from 1231 to 1276; and Valencia from 1238 to 1276 and Count of Barcelona. His long reign—the longest of any Iberian monarch—saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon in three directions: Languedoc to the north, the Balearic Islands to the southeast, and Valencia to the south. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he achieved the renunciation of any possible claim of French suzerainty over the County of Barcelona and the other Catalan counties, while he renounced northward expansion and taking back the once Catalan territories in Occitania and vassal counties loyal to the County of Barcelona, lands that were lost by his father Peter II of Aragon in the Battle of Muret during the Albigensian Crusade and annexed by the Kingdom of France, and then decided to turn south. His great part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia. One of the main reasons for this formal renunciation of most of the once Catalan territories in Languedoc and Occitania and any expansion into them is the fact that he was raised by the Knights Templar crusaders, who had defeated his father fighting for the Pope alongside the French, so it was effectively forbidden for him to try to maintain the traditional influence of the Count of Barcelona that previously existed in Occitania and Languedoc.
  2. Kingdom of Valencia
    
    The Kingdom of Valencia, located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. When the Crown of Aragon merged by dynastic union with the Crown of Castile to form the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Valencia became a component realm of the Spanish monarchy.
1106
1. In the Battle of Tinchebray in Normandy, the invading King Henry I of England captured his brother Robert Curthose.
  1. Battle of Tinchebray
    
    The Battle of Tinchebray took place on 28 September 1106, in Tinchebray, Normandy, between an invading force led by King Henry I of England, and the Norman army of his elder brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy. Henry's knights won a decisive victory: they captured Robert, and Henry imprisoned him in England and then in Wales until Robert's death in 1134.
  2. Duchy of Normandy
    
    The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo. The duchy was named for its inhabitants, the Normans.
  3. Henry I of England
    
    Henry I, also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, but Henry was left landless. He purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but his brothers deposed him in 1091. He gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William Rufus against Robert.
  4. Robert Curthose
    
    Robert Curthose, or Robert II of Normandy, was the eldest son of William the Conqueror and succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy in 1087, reigning until 1106. Robert was also an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of England. The epithet "Curthose" had its origins in the Norman French word courtheuse 'short stockings' and was apparently derived from a nickname given to Robert by his father; the chroniclers William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis reported that William the Conqueror had derisively called Robert brevis-ocrea.
2. King Henry I of England defeats his brother Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebray.
  1. Henry I of England
    
    Henry I, also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, but Henry was left landless. He purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but his brothers deposed him in 1091. He gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William Rufus against Robert.
  2. Robert Curthose
    
    Robert Curthose, or Robert II of Normandy, was the eldest son of William the Conqueror and succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy in 1087, reigning until 1106. Robert was also an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of England. The epithet "Curthose" had its origins in the Norman French word courtheuse 'short stockings' and was apparently derived from a nickname given to Robert by his father; the chroniclers William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis reported that William the Conqueror had derisively called Robert brevis-ocrea.
  3. Battle of Tinchebray
    
    The Battle of Tinchebray took place on 28 September 1106, in Tinchebray, Normandy, between an invading force led by King Henry I of England, and the Norman army of his elder brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy. Henry's knights won a decisive victory: they captured Robert, and Henry imprisoned him in England and then in Wales until Robert's death in 1134.
1066
1. William the Conqueror (pictured) and his fleet of around 600 ships landed at Pevensey, Sussex, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
  1. William the Conqueror
    
    William I, usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. A descendant of Rollo, he was Duke of Normandy from 1035 onward. By 1060, following a long struggle to establish his throne, his hold on Normandy was secure. In 1066, following the death of Edward the Confessor, William invaded England, leading an army of Normans to victory over the Anglo-Saxon forces of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands, and by difficulties with his eldest son, Robert Curthose.
  2. Pevensey
    
    Pevensey is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. The main village is located five miles (8 km) north-east of Eastbourne, one mile (1.6 km) inland from Pevensey Bay. The settlement of Pevensey Bay forms part of the parish. It was here that William the Conqueror made the landing in his invasion of England in 1066 after crossing the English Channel from Normandy.
  3. Sussex
    
    Sussex, from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is a historic county in South East England that was formerly an independent medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom. It is bounded to the west by Hampshire, north by Surrey, northeast by Kent, south by the English Channel, and divided for many purposes into the ceremonial counties of West Sussex and East Sussex.
  4. Norman Conquest
    
    The Norman Conquest was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
2. William the Conqueror lands in England, beginning the Norman conquest.
  1. England
    
    England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
  2. Norman Conquest
    
    The Norman Conquest was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
995
1. Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, kills most members of the rival Slavník dynasty.
  1. Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia
    
    Boleslaus II the Pious, a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 972 until his death.
935
1. Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I, who succeeds him.
  1. Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
    
    Wenceslaus I, Wenceslas I or Václav the Good was the Duke (kníže) of Bohemia from 921 until his death, probably in 935. According to the legend, he was assassinated by his younger brother, Boleslaus the Cruel.
  2. Bohemia
    
    Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohemian kings, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, in which case the smaller region is referred to as Bohemia proper as a means of distinction.
  3. Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
    
    Boleslaus I, a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was ruler of the Duchy of Bohemia from 935 to his death. He is notorious for the murder of his elder brother Wenceslaus, through which he became duke.
365
1. Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, and proclaims himself emperor.
  1. AD 365
    
    Year 365 (CCCLXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in the West as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Valens. The denomination 365 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Procopius (usurper)
    
    Procopius was a Roman usurper against Valens, and a member of the Constantinian dynasty.
351
1. The Eastern Roman armies under Constantius II defeated those of the usurper Magnentius at the Battle of Mursa Major.
  1. Constantius II
    
    Constantius II was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues, and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death.
  2. Magnentius
    
    Magnus Magnentius was a Roman general and usurper against Constantius II from 350 to 353. Of Germanic descent, Magnentius served with distinction in Gaul under the Western emperor Constans. On 18 January 350 Magnentius was acclaimed Augustus. Quickly killing the unpopular Constans, Magnentius gained control over most of the Western Empire. The Eastern emperor Constantius II, the brother of Constans, refused to acknowledge Magnentius' legitimacy and led a successful campaign against Magnentius in the Roman civil war of 350–353. Ultimately, Magnentius' forces were scattered after the Battle of Mons Seleucus, and he committed suicide on 11 August 353.
  3. Battle of Mursa Major
    
    The Battle of Mursa was fought on 28 September 351 between the eastern Roman armies led by the Emperor Constantius II and the western forces supporting the usurper Magnentius. It took place at Mursa, near the Via Militaris in the province of Pannonia. The battle, one of the bloodiest in Roman history, was a pyrrhic victory for Constantius.
2. Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius.
  1. Battle of Mursa Major
    
    The Battle of Mursa was fought on 28 September 351 between the eastern Roman armies led by the Emperor Constantius II and the western forces supporting the usurper Magnentius. It took place at Mursa, near the Via Militaris in the province of Pannonia. The battle, one of the bloodiest in Roman history, was a pyrrhic victory for Constantius.
235
1. Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus of Rome.
  1. Pope Pontian
    
    Pope Pontian was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 230 to 28 September 235. In 235, during the persecution of Christians in the reign of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, Pontian was arrested and sent to the island of Sardinia.
  2. Hippolytus of Rome
    
    Hippolytus of Rome was one of the most important second-third century Christian theologians, whose provenance, identity and corpus remain elusive to scholars and historians. Suggested communities include Rome, Palestine, Egypt, Anatolia and other regions of the Middle East. The best historians of literature in the ancient church, including Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome, openly confess they cannot name where Hippolytus the biblical commentator and theologian served in leadership. They had read his works but did not possess evidence of his community. Photios I of Constantinople describes him in his Bibliotheca as a disciple of Irenaeus, who was said to be a disciple of Polycarp, and from the context of this passage it is supposed that he suggested that Hippolytus so styled himself. This assertion is doubtful. One older theory asserts he came into conflict with the popes of his time and seems to have headed a schismatic group as a rival to the bishop of Rome, thus becoming an antipope. In this view, he opposed the Roman Popes who softened the penitential system to accommodate the large number of new pagan converts. However, he was reconciled to the Church before he died as a martyr.
-48
1. Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.
  1. Pompey
    
    Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of Rome from republic to empire. He was a student of Roman general Sulla as well as the political ally, and later enemy, of Julius Caesar.
  2. Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
    
    Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator was Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 47 BC, and one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty. He was the son of Ptolemy XII and the brother of and co-ruler with Cleopatra VII. Cleopatra's exit from Egypt caused a civil war to break out between the pharaohs. Ptolemy later ruled jointly with his other sister, Arsinoe IV.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Coolio, American rapper (b. 1963) deaths
  1. Coolio
    
    Artis Leon Ivey Jr., known professionally as Coolio, was an American rapper. First rising to fame as a member of the gangsta rap group WC and the Maad Circle, Coolio achieved mainstream success as a solo artist in the mid-to-late 1990s with his albums It Takes a Thief (1994), Gangsta's Paradise (1995), and My Soul (1997).
2019
1. José José, Mexican musician and singer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. José José
    
    José Rómulo Sosa Ortiz, known professionally as José José, was a Mexican singer and actor. Born into a family of musicians, José began his musical career in his early teens playing guitar and singing in serenade. He later joined a jazz and bossa nova trio where he sang and played bass and double bass.
2018
1. Predrag Ejdus, Serbian actor (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Predrag Ejdus
    
    Predrag Ejdus was a Serbian actor of theater, film and television. His extensive body of work includes over 200 theater productions, 50 films and 30 television series.
2017
1. Daniel Pe'er, Israeli television host and newsreader (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Daniel Pe'er
    
    Daniel Pe'er was an Israeli television host and newsreader.
2016
1. Agnes Nixon, American television writer and director (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Agnes Nixon
    
    Agnes Nixon was an American television writer and producer, and the creator of the ABC soap operas One Life to Live, All My Children, as well as Loving and its spin-off The City.
2. Gary Glasberg, American television writer and producer (b. 1966) deaths
  1. Gary Glasberg
    
    Gary Glasberg was an American television writer and producer. He was born in New York City. He was the showrunner on NCIS and creator of NCIS: New Orleans.
3. Shimon Peres, Polish-Israeli statesman and politician, 9th President of Israel (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Shimon Peres
    
    Shimon Peres was an Israeli politician who served as the eighth prime minister of Israel from 1984 to 1986 and from 1995 to 1996 and as the ninth president of Israel from 2007 to 2014. He was a member of twelve cabinets and represented five political parties in a political career spanning 70 years. Peres was elected to the Knesset in November 1959 and except for a three-month-long interregnum in early 2006, served as a member of the Knesset continuously until he was elected president in 2007. Serving in the Knesset for 48 years, Peres is the longest serving member in the Knesset's history. At the time of his retirement from politics in 2014, he was the world's oldest head of state and was considered the last link to Israel's founding generation.
  2. President of Israel
    
    The president of the State of Israel is the head of state of Israel. The position is largely a ceremonial role, with executive power vested in the cabinet led by the prime minister. The incumbent president is Isaac Herzog, who took office on 7 July 2021. Presidents are elected by the Knesset for a single seven-year term.
4. Gloria Naylor, American novelist (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Gloria Naylor
    
    Gloria Naylor was an American novelist, known for novels including The Women of Brewster Place (1982), Linden Hills (1985) and Mama Day (1988).
2015
1. Alexander Faris, Irish composer and conductor (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Alexander Faris
    
    Samuel Alexander "Sandy" Faris was a Northern Irish composer, conductor and writer, known for his television theme tunes, including the theme music for the 1970s TV series Upstairs, Downstairs. He composed and recorded many operas and musicals, and also composed film scores and orchestral works. As a conductor, he was especially known for his revivals of Jacques Offenbach and Gilbert and Sullivan operettas.
2. Walter Dale Miller, American rancher and politician, 29th Governor of South Dakota (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Walter Dale Miller
    
    Walter Dale "Walt" Miller was an American politician and member of the Republican Party. He served as the 29th Governor of South Dakota from 1993 to 1995, having assumed the office upon the death of George S. Mickelson. He was, at age 67 upon taking office, the oldest person to serve as the Governor of South Dakota.
  2. Governor of South Dakota
    
    The governor of South Dakota is the head of government of South Dakota. The governor is elected to a four-year term in even years when there is no presidential election. The current governor is Kristi Noem, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 5, 2019.
3. Ignacio Zoco, Spanish footballer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Ignacio Zoco
    
    Ignacio Zoco Esparza was a Spanish footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
2014
1. Dannie Abse, Welsh physician, poet, and author (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Dannie Abse
    
    Daniel Abse CBE FRSL was a Welsh poet and physician. His poetry won him many awards. As a medic, he worked in a chest clinic for over 30 years.
2. Joseph H. Alexander, American colonel and historian (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Joseph H. Alexander
    
    Joseph H. Alexander was a Colonel of the United States Marine Corps and a historian.
3. Sheila Faith, English dentist and politician (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Sheila Faith
    
    Irene Sheila Faith was a British politician and dental surgeon. She served one term each in the House of Commons and European Parliament as a Conservative. She was a native of Newcastle upon Tyne and attended Newcastle upon Tyne Central High School and the University of Durham.
4. Tim Rawlings, English footballer and manager (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Tim Rawlings
    
    Charles John "Tim" Rawlings was an English footballer. A half-back, he made 231 league appearances in a 15-year career in the Football League. He made the bulk of these appearances for Walsall in between 1956 and 1963, but also had six years without a game at West Bromwich Albion, and also spent two years at Port Vale. He helped Walsall to win two consecutive promotions from the Fourth Division to the Second Division in 1959–60 and 1960–61.
5. Petr Skoumal, Czech pianist and composer (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Petr Skoumal
    
    Petr Skoumal was a Czech musician and composer.
2013
1. James Emanuel, American-French poet and scholar (b. 1921) deaths
  1. James Emanuel
    
    James Emanuel was a poet and scholar from Alliance, Nebraska. Emanuel, who is ranked by some critics as one of the best and most neglected poets of the 20th century, published more than 300 poems, 13 individual books, an influential anthology of African-American literature, an autobiography, and more. He is also credited with creating a new literary genre, jazz-and-blues haiku, often read with musical accompaniment.
2. Jonathan Fellows-Smith, South African cricketer and rugby player (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Jonathan Fellows-Smith
    
    Jonathan Payn Fellows-Smith was a South African cricketer who played in four Tests in 1960.
3. George Amon Webster, American singer and pianist (b. 1945) deaths
  1. George Amon Webster
    
    George Amon Webster was the baritone vocalist and the pianist with the Cathedral Quartet from 1969 through 1971, their pianist from 1973 through 1974, and their baritone vocalist and bassist from 1974 through 1979. George Webster wrote "Thanks For Loving Me" and the critically acclaimed song, "He Loves Me", during his second stint with the Cathedral Quartet.
2012
1. Avraham Adan, Israeli general (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Avraham Adan
    
    Avraham "Bren" Adan was an Israeli major-general and author. Prior to Israel's independence, he served with the Palmach, an elite formation within the Haganah paramilitary force of the Yishuv community in British Mandatory Palestine. Adan fought under the Haganah and later under the newly formed Israel Defense Forces during the First Arab–Israeli War, and was photographed while raising the Israeli Ink Flag at the site of what is now Eilat to mark the end of the war. He served with the Israel Defense Forces from 1948 to 1977, and fought in all of the major Arab–Israeli wars that occurred during that period.
2. Chris Economaki, American journalist and sportscaster (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Chris Economaki
    
    Christopher Constantine Economaki was an American motorsports commentator, pit road reporter, and journalist. Economaki was given the title "The Dean of American Motorsports Journalism." He was an inductee of several halls of fame, including the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America, National Sprint Car Hall of Fame & Museum, and Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame.
3. Brajesh Mishra, Indian politician and diplomat, 1st Indian National Security Advisor (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Brajesh Mishra
    
    Brajesh Chandra Mishra was an Indian diplomat from the Indian Foreign Service and politician, best known for serving as Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's principal secretary and National Security Advisor from 1998 to 2004. He received Padma Vibhushan for his contribution
  2. National Security Advisor (India)
    
    The National Security Advisor is the senior official on the National Security Council of India, and the chief advisor to the Prime Minister of India on national security policy and international affairs. Ajit Doval is the current NSA, and has the same rank as a Union Cabinet Minister.
2010
1. Kurt Albert, German mountaineer and photographer (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Kurt Albert
    
    Kurt Albert was a climber and photographer. He started climbing at the age of 14. Before he committed himself to a career of climbing in 1986, he was a mathematics and physics teacher.
2. Arthur Penn, American director and producer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Arthur Penn
    
    Arthur Hiller Penn was an American director and producer of film, television and theater. Closely associated with the American New Wave, Penn directed critically acclaimed films throughout the 1960s such as the drama The Chase (1966), the biographical crime film Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and the comedy Alice's Restaurant (1969). He also received attention for his acclaimed revisionist Western Little Big Man (1970). Night Moves (1975) and The Missouri Breaks (1976) which were commercial flops, though the first generated positive reviews.
3. Dolores Wilson, American soprano and actress (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Dolores Wilson
    
    Dolores Mae Wilson was an American coloratura soprano who had an active international opera career from the late 1940s through the early 1960s. Beginning her career with major theatres in Europe, she performed in six seasons at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City during the 1950s. She is perhaps best known for originating the title role in the world premiere of Douglas Moore's The Ballad of Baby Doe at the Central City Opera in 1956. After abandoning her opera career, she embarked on a second career as a musical theatre actress; making several appearances on Broadway in the following decades.
2009
1. Guillermo Endara, Panamanian lawyer and politician, 32nd President of Panama (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Guillermo Endara
    
    Guillermo David Endara Galimany was a Panamanian politician who served as the President of Panama from 1989 to 1994. Raised in a family allied to Panameñista Party founder Arnulfo Arias, Endara attended school in exile in the United States and Argentina following Arias's removal from power. Endara later received a law degree in Panama. He subsequently served as a member of Panama's National Assembly, and briefly as a government minister before heading into exile again following Arias' third overthrow.
  2. List of heads of state of Panama
    
    This article lists the heads of state of Panama since the short-lived first independence from the Republic of New Granada in 1840 and the final separation from Colombia in 1903.
2. Ulf Larsson, Swedish actor and director (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Ulf Larsson
    
    Ulf Sigfrid "Uffe" Larsson was a Swedish actor, revue artist, comedian and stage director.
2007
1. René Desmaison, French mountaineer (b. 1930) deaths
  1. René Desmaison
    
    René Desmaison was a veteran French mountaineer, climber and alpinist.
2. Wally Parks, American businessman, founded the National Hot Rod Association (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Wally Parks
    
    Wallace Gordon Parks was an American writer. He was the founder, president, and chairman of the National Hot Rod Association, better known as NHRA. He was instrumental in establishing drag racing as a legitimate amateur and professional motorsport.
  2. National Hot Rod Association
    
    The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) is a drag racing governing body, which sets rules in drag racing and hosts events all over the United States and Canada. With over 40,000 drivers in its rosters, the NHRA claims to be the largest motorsports sanctioning body in the world.
2005
1. Constance Baker Motley, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Constance Baker Motley
    
    Constance Baker Motley was an American jurist and politician, who served as a Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. A key strategist of the civil rights movement, she was state senator, and Borough President of Manhattan in New York City before becoming a United States federal judge. She obtained a role with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund as a staff attorney in 1946 after receiving her law degree, and continued her work with the organization for more than twenty years. She was the first Black woman to argue at the Supreme Court and argued 10 landmark civil rights cases, winning nine. She was a law clerk to Thurgood Marshall, aiding him in the case Brown v. Board of Education. Motley was also the first African-American woman appointed to the federal judiciary, serving as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
2004
1. Geoffrey Beene, American fashion designer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Geoffrey Beene
    
    Geoffrey Beene was an American fashion designer. Beene was one of New York's most famous fashion designers, recognized for his artistic and technical skills and for creating simple, comfortable and dressy women's wear.
2003
1. Althea Gibson, American tennis player and golfer (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Althea Gibson
    
    Althea Neale Gibson was an American tennis player and professional golfer, and one of the first Black athletes to cross the color line of international tennis. In 1956, she became the first African American to win a Grand Slam title. The following year she won both Wimbledon and the US Nationals, then won both again in 1958 and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years. In all, she won 11 Grand Slam tournaments: five singles titles, five doubles titles, and one mixed doubles title. Gibson was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the International Women's Sports Hall of Fame. "She is one of the greatest players who ever lived", said Bob Ryland, a tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and Serena Williams. "Martina [Navratilova] couldn't touch her. I think she'd beat the Williams sisters." In the early 1960s she also became the first Black player to compete on the Women's Professional Golf Tour.
2. Elia Kazan, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Elia Kazan
    
    Elia Kazan was an American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter and actor, described by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history".
3. George Odlum, Saint Lucian politician and diplomat (b. 1934) deaths
  1. George Odlum
    
    George William Odlum was a Saint Lucian left-wing politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. Born in Castries, Odlum studied at Bristol University and Oxford University in the United Kingdom before returning to Saint Lucia as Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Trade. After working for the Commonwealth Secretariat and the West Indies Associated States, he formed the Saint Lucia Forum, a left-wing pressure group. This group merged with the Saint Lucia Labour Party in time for the 1974 elections; although the Party did not win, the progress they made allowed them to take power in 1979, with Odlum as Deputy Prime Minister.
2002
1. Patsy Mink, American lawyer and politician (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Patsy Mink
    
    Patsy Matsu Mink was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Hawaii. Mink was a third-generation Japanese American, having been born and raised on the island of Maui. After graduating as valedictorian of the Maui High School class in 1944, she attended the University of Hawaii at Mānoa for two years and subsequently enrolled at the University of Nebraska, where she experienced racism and worked to have segregation policies eliminated. After illness forced her to return to Hawaii to complete her studies there, she applied to 12 medical schools to continue her education but was rejected by all of them. Following a suggestion by her employer, she opted to study law and was accepted at the University of Chicago Law School in 1948. While there, she met and married a graduate student in geology, John Francis Mink. When they graduated in 1951, Patsy Mink was unable to find employment and after the birth of their daughter in 1952, the couple moved to Hawaii.
2. Hartland Molson, Canadian captain and politician (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Hartland Molson
    
    Hartland de Montarville Molson, was an Anglo-Quebecer statesman, Canadian senator, military aviator, and a member of the Molson family of brewers.
2000
1. Pierre Trudeau, Canadian journalist, lawyer, and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Pierre Trudeau
    
    Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, also referred to by his initials PET, was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 15th prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984. He also briefly served as the leader of the Opposition from 1979 to 1980. He served as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1968 to 1984.
  2. Prime Minister of Canada
    
    The prime minister of Canada is the head of government of Canada. Under the Westminster system, the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority the elected House of Commons; as such, the prime minister typically sits as a member of Parliament (MP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. As first minister, the prime minister selects ministers to form the Cabinet, and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, the Crown exercises executive power on the advice of the Cabinet, which is collectively responsible to the House of Commons.
1999
1. Kayla Day, American tennis player births
  1. Kayla Day
    
    Kayla Day is an American professional tennis player. She has a career-high ranking of No. 122 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). As a junior, she won one junior Grand Slam title, at the 2016 US Open. There, she also finished runner–up in the girls' doubles event, partnering with Caroline Dolehide. Despite having success as junior, Day is mostly spending time playing at the ITF Women's Circuit instead of WTA Tour, due to her ranking. She officially turned professional in 2017, at the Australian Open.
2. Escott Reid, Canadian academic and diplomat (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Escott Reid
    
    Escott Graves Meredith Reid, CC, was a Canadian diplomat who helped shape the United Nations and NATO, author, international public servant and academic administrator.
1998
1. Panna Udvardy, Hungarian tennis player births
  1. Panna Udvardy
    
    Panna Udvardy is a Hungarian tennis player. She has career-high WTA rankings of 76 in singles, achieved on 12 September 2022, and 65 in doubles, set on 24 October 2022.
1996
1. Aiden Moffat, British race car driver births
  1. Aiden Moffat
    
    Aiden Moffat is a British racing driver currently competing in the British Touring Car Championship for Laser Tools Racing. He became the youngest driver ever to compete in the BTCC when he made his debut at the Knockhill round of the 2013 season.
1995
1. Jason Williams, English footballer births
  1. Jason Williams (footballer, born 1995)
    
    Jason Norrel Williams is an English footballer who plays for Tonbridge Angels.
1994
1. Urmas Alender, Estonian singer (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Urmas Alender
    
    Urmas Alender was an Estonian singer and musician, the vocalist of popular Estonian bands Ruja and Propeller.
2. José Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Mexican lawyer and politician, 6th Governor of Guerrero (b. 1946) deaths
  1. José Francisco Ruiz Massieu
    
    José Francisco Ruiz Massieu was a Mexican political figure. He was governor of Guerrero from 1987 to 1993. He then served as the secretary-general of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1994. His term ended with his assassination.
  2. List of governors of Guerrero
    
    List of governors of Guerrero since it became a state of Mexico in 1917.
3. Harry Saltzman, Canadian production manager and producer (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Harry Saltzman
    
    Herschel Saltzman, known as Harry Saltzman, was a Canadian theatre and film producer. He is best remembered for co-producing the first nine of the James Bond film series with Albert R. Broccoli. He lived most of his life in Denham, Buckinghamshire, England.
4. K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor and comedian (b. 1917) deaths
  1. K. A. Thangavelu
    
    Karaikal Arunachalam Thangavelu popularly known as "Danaal Thangavelu", was an Indian actor and comedian popular in the 1950s to 1970s. Not known for physical, acrobatic comedy like his contemporaries J. P. Chandrababu and Nagesh, Thangavelu's humour is recognised for his impeccable timing in verbal agility and the characteristic twang of his delivery. He exclusively acted in Tamil films.
1993
1. Jodie Williams, English sprinter births
  1. Jodie Williams
    
    Jodie Alicia Williams is a British sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres, having begun her career concentrating on 100 and 200 metres. A prodigious junior, she is the 2009 World Youth Champion at 100 and 200 m, the 2010 World Junior Champion at 100 m, the 2011 European Junior Champion at 100 m and 200 m, and the 2013 European U23 Champion at 200 m.
2. Peter De Vries, American editor and novelist (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Peter De Vries
    
    Peter De Vries was an American editor and novelist known for his satiric wit. He has been described by the philosopher Daniel Dennett as "probably the funniest writer on religion ever".
3. Alexander A. Drabik, American sergeant (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Alexander A. Drabik
    
    Sgt. Alexander Albert Drabik was the first American soldier to cross the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine river at Remagen, Germany in World War II during the Battle of Remagen. He led two other enlisted men across the bridge, running 398 metres (1,306 ft) while under fire, knowing that the demolition charges attached to the bridge could be detonated at any moment. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his action.
1992
1. Khem Birch, Canadian professional basketball player births
  1. Khem Birch
    
    Khem Xavier Birch is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Pittsburgh Panthers and the UNLV Runnin' Rebels.
2. Paula Ormaechea, Argentine tennis player births
  1. Paula Ormaechea
    
    Paula Ormaechea is an Argentine tennis player based in Italy. She has won 16 singles and nine doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 21 October 2013, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 59.
3. Adam Thompson, English-Northern Irish footballer births
  1. Adam Thompson
    
    Adam Lee Thompson is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Leyton Orient. A graduate of Watford's youth academy, he made his professional debut for Watford in 2010, and his senior international debut for Northern Ireland the following year. He played for Southend United from 2014 to 2017 and joined Bury on 1 June 2017.
4. Kōko Tsurumi, Japanese gymnast births
  1. Tsurumi Kōko
    
    Tsurumi Kōko (鶴見虹子) is a retired Japanese artistic gymnast. She is the 2009 World all-around bronze medalist, uneven bars silver medalist, and a two-time Olympian.
1991
1. Miles Davis, American trumpet player, composer, and bandleader (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Miles Davis
    
    Miles Dewey Davis III was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz and 20th-century music. Davis adopted a variety of musical directions in a five-decade career that kept him at the forefront of many major stylistic developments in jazz.
1990
1. Phoenix Battye, Australian rugby player births
  1. Phoenix Battye
    
    Phoenix Battye is an Australian rugby union player. He currently plays in the French Top 14 competition but started his professional career with the Western Force. His usual position is lock.
2. Larry O'Brien, American businessman and politician, 57th United States Postmaster General (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Larry O'Brien
    
    Lawrence Francis O'Brien Jr. was an American politician and basketball commissioner. He was one of the United States Democratic Party's leading electoral strategists for more than two decades. He served as Postmaster General in the cabinet of President Lyndon Johnson and chair of the Democratic National Committee. He also served as commissioner of the National Basketball Association from 1975 to 1984. The NBA Championship Trophy is named after him.
  2. United States Postmaster General
    
    The United States Postmaster General (PMG) is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service (USPS). The PMG is responsible for managing and directing the day-to-day operations of the agency.
1989
1. Çağla Büyükakçay, Turkish tennis player births
  1. Çağla Büyükakçay
    
    Çağla Büyükakçay is a Turkish professional tennis player.
2. Darius Johnson-Odom, American basketball player births
  1. Darius Johnson-Odom
    
    Darius "Darjo" Earvin Johnson-Odom is an American professional basketball player for Rapid București of the Liga Națională. In 2009, he transferred to Marquette University from Hutchinson Community College. As a senior, Johnson-Odom was named first-team All-Big East.
3. Mark Randall, English footballer births
  1. Mark Randall (footballer)
    
    Mark Leonard Randall is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for NIFL Premiership club Larne.
4. Ferdinand Marcos, Filipino lawyer and politician, 10th President of the Philippines (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ferdinand Marcos
    
    Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. was a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator, and kleptocrat who was the 10th president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled under martial law from 1972 until 1981 and kept most of his martial law powers until he was deposed in 1986, branding his rule as "constitutional authoritarianism" under his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. One of the most controversial leaders of the 20th century, Marcos's rule was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality.
  2. President of the Philippines
    
    The president of the Philippines is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
1988
1. Marin Čilić, Croatian tennis player births
  1. Marin Čilić
    
    Marin Čilić is a Croatian professional tennis player. Čilić has won 20 ATP Tour singles titles, including a major at the 2014 US Open. He was also runner-up at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships and the 2018 Australian Open, and won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the men's doubles tournament partnering Ivan Dodig. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 3, achieved on 28 January 2018.Čilić has reached the semifinal stage or better at all four majors, and the quarterfinal stage or better at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments. He is one of six active players with at least 20 ATP Tour titles and one of the five active players to reach at least the semifinal stage at all four majors. Alongside compatriot Goran Ivanišević, Čilić is widely considered to be one of the greatest Croatian tennis players in history.
2. Esmée Denters, Dutch singer-songwriter births
  1. Esmée Denters
    
    Esmée Denters is a Dutch singer and YouTube celebrity. Denters started promoting herself as a musician online in 2006, covering songs by artists including Justin Timberlake and Natasha Bedingfield. By mid-2008 she became one of the first music artists to exceed 100 million views on YouTube. Denters was signed by Timberlake as the first artist to his label Tennman Records. In May 2009, she released her debut studio album, Outta Here, and toured the United States with Timberlake. After the label dropped her, Denters moved to London, where she competed in BBC One's The Voice UK.
3. Aleks Vrteski, Australian footballer births
  1. Aleks Vrteski
    
    Aleksandar "Aleks" Vrteski is a football goalkeeper who plays for Stirling Lions. Born in Australia, Vrteski represented Australia internationally before switching to represent Macedonia.
4. Worakls, French DJ and electronic musician births
  1. Worakls
    
    Kevin Rodrigues, better known as Worakls, is a French DJ and electronic musician.
1987
1. Pierre Becken, German footballer births
  1. Pierre Becken
    
    Pierre Dominik Becken is a German footballer who plays as a centre-back or defensive midfielder for BSV Schwarz-Weiß Rehden.
2. Gary Deegan, Irish footballer births
  1. Gary Deegan
    
    Gary Richard Deegan is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League of Ireland Premier Division club Drogheda United. Beginning his career in his native Ireland, he played in the Scottish Premiership for Hibernian and various clubs in all three divisions of the English Football League.
3. Hilary Duff, American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Hilary Duff
    
    Hilary Erhard Duff is an American actress and singer. She is the recipient of various accolades, including seven Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, four Teen Choice Awards and two Young Artist Awards. She began her acting career at a young age, quickly being labeled a teen idol, as the title character of the television series, Lizzie McGuire (2001–2004), and in the film based on the series, The Lizzie McGuire Movie (2003).
4. Chloë Hanslip, English violinist births
  1. Chloë Hanslip
    
    Chloë Elise Hanslip is a British classical violinist.
5. Viktoria Leks, Estonian high jumper births
  1. Viktoria Leks
    
    Viktoria Leks is an Estonian high jumper and National Indoor Champion 2006–2007.
1986
1. Andrés Guardado, Mexican footballer births
  1. Andrés Guardado
    
    José Andrés Guardado Hernández is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for La Liga club Real Betis and captains the Mexico national team.
2. Meskerem Legesse, Ethiopian runner (d. 2013) births
  1. Meskerem Legesse
    
    Meskerem Legesse was an Ethiopian distance runner. She participated in the 1,500 meters at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Legesse turned professional and participated in a number of U.S. events at various distances.
3. Dominic Waters, American basketball player births
  1. Dominic Waters
    
    Dominic Wayne Waters is an American professional basketball player, who lastly played for Ironi Nahariya of the Israeli Premier League. Standing at 1.85 m, he plays at the point guard position. In 2013, he was the Israeli Premier League Assists Leader.
1985
1. Shindong, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer births
  1. Shindong
    
    Shin Dong-hee, better known by his stage name Shindong, is a South Korean rapper, singer, dancer, host, radio personality and video director. He is best known as a member of Super Junior and its subgroups Super Junior-T and Super Junior-H.
2. Alina Ibragimova, Russian-English violinist births
  1. Alina Ibragimova
    
    Alina Rinatovna Ibragimova is a Russian-British violinist.
1984
1. Jenny Omnichord, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Jenny Omnichord
    
    Jenny Mitchell, better known by the stage name Jenny Omnichord, is a Canadian indie rock musician. She has released three solo albums and an EP as a solo artist, and also records and performs with the bands The Barmitzvah Brothers and The Burning Hell.
2. Luke Pomersbach, Australian cricketer births
  1. Luke Pomersbach
    
    Luke Anthony Pomersbach is a former Australian cricketer. He played mainly for Western Australia and Royal Challengers Bangalore. Citing mental health issues, he retired from the game in June 2014.
3. Naim Terbunja, Kosovan-Swedish boxer births
  1. Naim Terbunja
    
    Naim Terbunja is a Swedish professional boxer of Kosovar-Albanian descent who qualified for the 2008 Olympics at middleweight.
4. Melody Thornton, American singer-songwriter and dancer births
  1. Melody Thornton
    
    Melody Thornton is an American singer and television personality. After graduating high school, Thornton became one the main vocalists of the pop girl group the Pussycat Dolls and released the albums PCD (2005) and Doll Domination (2008) becoming one of the world's best-selling girl groups. As part of the group, she has received a Grammy Award nomination.
5. Mathieu Valbuena, French footballer births
  1. Mathieu Valbuena
    
    Mathieu Valbuena is a French professional footballer who plays for Super League Greece club Olympiacos. He plays as an attacking midfielder and a winger and is known for his pace, technical ability, and tenacious style of play. He is described by his former coach at Libourne Saint-Seurin, Didier Tholot, as "an explosive player who is capable of quickly taking two opponents out of the game to create space, above all due to his dribbling skills." Due to his small stature, Valbuena is nicknamed le petit vélo, which translates to "the little bike".
6. Ryan Zimmerman, American baseball player births
  1. Ryan Zimmerman
    
    Ryan Wallace Zimmerman is an American former professional baseball first baseman and third baseman who played 16 seasons for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball (MLB). Zimmerman graduated from Kellam High School in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and played college baseball at the University of Virginia. He is nicknamed "Mr. National" as he had been a member of the team from the Nationals’ 2005 inaugural season through 2021; additionally, he was the team's first draft pick after the franchise's relocation from Montreal. Zimmerman was drafted in the first round as the fourth overall pick by the Nationals in the 2005 Major League Baseball draft. He is well known for his clutch hitting and walk-off hits. Zimmerman was primarily a third baseman before transitioning to first base in 2015.
7. Cihad Baban, Turkish journalist, author, and politician (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Cihad Baban
    
    Mustafa Cihad Baban was a Turkish journalist, author, and a parliamentary deputy in the 1950s and 1960s.
1983
1. Stefan Moore, English footballer births
  1. Stefan Moore
    
    Stefan Leroy Moore is an English former footballer who played as a striker.
2. John Schwalger, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. John Schwalger
    
    John Schwalger is a former New Zealand rugby union player who played at the prop position.
1982
1. Aleksandr Anyukov, Russian footballer births
  1. Aleksandr Anyukov
    
    Aleksandr Gennadyevich Anyukov is a Russian association football coach and a former player, who played as a right-back. He is an assistant coach with FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.
2. Abhinav Bindra, Indian target shooter births
  1. Abhinav Bindra
    
    Abhinav Apjit Bindra is an Indian Olympic gold medallist, retired sport shooter, and businessman. He is the first and one of only 2 Indians to win an Individual Olympic Gold Medal. He is the first Indian to have held concurrently the world and Olympic titles for the men's 10-meter air rifle event, having earned those honors at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2006 ISSF World Shooting Championships. Bindra has also won seven medals at the Commonwealth Games and three medals at the Asian Games.
3. Ray Emery, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2018) births
  1. Ray Emery
    
    Raymond Robert Emery was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for eleven seasons, between 2003 and 2015. Emery was chosen 99th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. During the 2006–07 season, he was a member of the Senators team that reached the Stanley Cup Finals, the first appearance in the finals for the modern Senators' franchise. He won a Stanley Cup championship with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2013.
4. Ranbir Kapoor, Indian actor and director births
  1. Ranbir Kapoor
    
    Ranbir Kapoor is an Indian actor known for his work in Hindi-language films. He is one of the highest-paid actors of Hindi cinema and has featured in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list since 2012. Kapoor is the recipient of several awards, including six Filmfare Awards.
5. Nolwenn Leroy, French singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Nolwenn Leroy
    
    Nolwenn Le Magueresse, known by her stage name Nolwenn Leroy, is a French singer-songwriter, musician and actress.
6. Emeka Okafor, American basketball player births
  1. Emeka Okafor
    
    Chukwuemeka Ndubuisi "Emeka" Okafor is an American former professional basketball player. Okafor attended Bellaire High School in Bellaire, Texas and the University of Connecticut, where in 2004 he won a national championship. In his first season in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 2004–05, Okafor was named Rookie of the Year. He was traded to the New Orleans Hornets in 2009 and was then dealt to the Washington Wizards in 2012. However, a herniated disc in his neck caused Okafor to miss four consecutive seasons from 2013 to 2017 before being medically cleared to play.
7. Dustin Penner, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Dustin Penner
    
    Dustin Penner is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Anaheim Ducks, Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings and Washington Capitals. Undrafted by any NHL team, in 2004, Penner signed with Anaheim after playing college hockey at the University of Maine in the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA). Penner won the Stanley Cup in his first full season with the Anaheim Ducks in 2007, before adding a second Stanley Cup in his first full season with Los Angeles in 2012.
8. Aivar Rehemaa, Estonian skier births
  1. Aivar Rehemaa
    
    Aivar Rehemaa is an Estonian cross-country skier. He competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He represented Estonia at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. His best finish at the Winter Olympics is 10th in the 4×10 km relay in 2014.
9. Anderson Varejão, Brazilian basketball player births
  1. Anderson Varejão
    
    Anderson França Varejão is a Brazilian former professional basketball player who played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), 13 of those with the Cleveland Cavaliers. With a career that spanned four decades and four professional leagues, he also played for Franca and the Flamengo of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB), Barcelona of the EuroLeague and Liga ACB, and has been a regular member of the Brazilian national team, winning a gold medal in 2003 at the Pan American Games.
10. St. Vincent, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. St. Vincent (musician)
    
    Anne Erin Clark, known professionally as St. Vincent, is an American singer, musician, and songwriter. Her music is noted for its complex arrangements utilizing a wide array of instruments. St. Vincent is the recipient of various accolades, including three Grammy Awards.
11. Mabel Albertson, American actress (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Mabel Albertson
    
    Mabel Ida Albertson was an American actress of television, stage, radio and film who portrayed Phyllis Stephens in the TV sitcom Bewitched.
1981
1. Greg Anderson, American pianist and composer births
  1. Greg Anderson (pianist)
    
    Greg Anderson is an American pianist, composer, video producer, and writer. According to his website, Anderson's mission is to "make classical piano music a relevant and powerful force in society."
2. Willy Caballero, Argentine footballer births
  1. Willy Caballero
    
    Wilfredo Daniel Caballero Lazcano is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Southampton.
3. José Calderón, Spanish basketball player births
  1. José Calderón (basketball)
    
    José Manuel Calderón Borrallo is a Spanish basketball executive and former player who is a special advisor for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). With the Spain national team, he won a FIBA World Cup title in 2006, two Olympic silver medals in 2008 and 2012, as well as a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He also won a EuroBasket title in 2011, two silver medals in 2003 and 2007 as well as a bronze in 2013. Calderón earned an All-EuroBasket Team selection in 2007.
4. Jorge Guagua, Ecuadorian footballer births
  1. Jorge Guagua
    
    Jorge Daniel Guagua Tamayo is an Ecuadorian retired professional footballer who played as a defender. He is currently a sporting director of Club 9 de Octubre.
5. Iracema Trevisan, Brazilian bass player births
  1. Iracema Trevisan
    
    Iracema Trevisan Carneiro, also known as Ira, is a Brazilian designer. She was the bassist for Brazilian indie-electro band CSS.
6. Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuelan journalist and politician, President of Venezuela (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Rómulo Betancourt
    
    Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello, known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was the president of Venezuela, serving from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century.
  2. President of Venezuela
    
    The president of Venezuela, officially known as the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is the head of state and head of government in Venezuela. The president leads the National Executive of the Venezuelan government and is the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces. Presidential terms were set at six years with the adoption of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela, and presidential term limits were removed in 2009.
1980
1. Marlon Parmer, American basketball player births
  1. Marlon Parmer
    
    Marlon Palmer is an American former professional basketball player.
1979
1. Bam Margera, American skateboarder, actor, and stuntman births
  1. Bam Margera
    
    Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera is an American former professional skateboarder, stunt performer, television personality, and filmmaker. He rose to prominence in the early 2000s as one of the stars of the MTV reality stunt show Jackass and subsequent sequels. He also created the Jackass spin-off shows Viva La Bam, Bam's Unholy Union, Bam's World Domination, and Bam's Bad Ass Game Show, and co-wrote and directed the films Haggard and Minghags.
2. Taki Tsan, American-Greek rapper and producer births
  1. Taki Tsan
    
    Panagiotis Stravalexis, better known by his stage names Waze Timvorihos, Pedi Thavma and Taki Tsan, is a Greek music producer, tattoo artist and rapper. He is a founding member of the group Zontanoi Nekroi and also a member of the rap duet Tigre Sporakia, .
3. John Herbert Chapman, Canadian physicist and engineer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. John Herbert Chapman
    
    John Herbert Chapman was a Canadian space researcher. He started his career with his work on radio propagation and the ionosphere.
1978
1. Ben Edmondson, Australian cricketer births
  1. Ben Edmondson
    
    Ben Matthew Edmondson is an Australian cricketer who has played for the Western Warriors, Southern Redbacks and Gloucestershire. He is a right-arm fast-medium bowler.
2. Pope John Paul I (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Pope John Paul I
    
    Pope John Paul I was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 26 August 1978 to his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent year of three popes and the first to occur since 1605. John Paul I remains the most recent Italian-born pope, the last in a succession of such popes that started with Clement VII in 1523.
1977
1. Ireneusz Marcinkowski, Polish footballer births
  1. Ireneusz Marcinkowski
    
    Ireneusz Marcinkowski is a Polish footballer.
2. Pak Se-ri, South Korean golfer births
  1. Pak Se-ri
    
    Pak Se-ri or Se-ri Pak is a South Korean former professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour from 1998 to 2016. She was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2007.
3. Young Jeezy, American rapper births
  1. Jeezy
    
    Jay Wayne Jenkins, known by his stage name Jeezy, is an American rapper. Signing to Def Jam Recordings in 2004, his major label debut, Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101, was released the following year and debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, selling 172,000 copies in its first week and was later receiving platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Jeezy is credited, along with fellow Atlanta-based rappers T.I. and Gucci Mane, for helping to pioneer and popularize trap music with a mainstream audience.
1976
1. Fedor Emelianenko, Russian mixed martial artist and politician births
  1. Fedor Emelianenko
    
    Fedor Vladimirovich Emelianenko is a Russian heavyweight mixed martial artist (MMA), sambist, and judoka, currently competing for Rizin Fighting Federation and Bellator MMA. He has won championships and accolades in multiple sports, most notably in MMA Pride Fighting Championships, FIAS World Combat Sambo Championship, and Russian Judo Federation National Championship.
2. Bonzi Wells, American basketball player births
  1. Bonzi Wells
    
    Gawen DeAngelo "Bonzi" Wells is an American college basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach of the LeMoyne-Owen Magicians men's basketball team. He played college basketball at Ball State University and was drafted in the 1998 NBA draft. In the NBA, Wells played for five teams from 1998 to 2008: the Portland Trail Blazers, Memphis Grizzlies, Sacramento Kings, Houston Rockets, and New Orleans Hornets.
1975
1. Stuart Clark, Australian cricketer and manager births
  1. Stuart Clark
    
    Stuart Rupert Clark is an Australian former cricketer who played for New South Wales and the Australian team. He was a right-arm fast-medium bowler. His nickname "Sarfraz" originates from the similarities of his bowling style to Sarfraz Nawaz.
2. Isamu Jordan, American journalist and academic (d. 2013) births
  1. Isamu Jordan
    
    Isamu Jordan was an American journalist, musician, and professor. When he was 15 years old, he joined the staff of The Spokesman-Review, where he wrote articles for Our Generation, the teen section of the newspaper. After earning a Bachelor's degree in English and Journalism, he returned to the paper, where he wrote articles about music and pop culture. He also wrote and edited articles for the weekly news magazine Spokane7, which provided coverage on local entertainment, art and culture, dining, and sporting events. As a musician, he was a member of the band The Dead Casuals and was known for establishing the hip hop orchestra, Flying Spiders, in which he was the lead vocalist. As the creator, producer, and director of The Som Show, Jordan provided booking support and concert promotions for local bands and music artists, while his multimedia music website featured artist profiles, events, and venues, along with videos and concert reviews. Spokane's Online Music Awards, known as The Sommy Awards, honored local bands and musicians through nominations made through his website. In addition to his background in journalism and music, Jordan was an adjunct professor and Program Director of Intercultural Student Services at Whitworth University.
3. Lenny Krayzelburg, Russian-American swimmer births
  1. Lenny Krayzelburg
    
    Lenny Krayzelburg is an American former backstroke swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record holder. He swam in the 2000 and 2004 Olympics, winning a total of four Olympic gold medals.
1974
1. Marco Di Loreto, Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Marco Di Loreto
    
    Marco Di Loreto is an Italian former footballer turned manager. He has played over 200 matches at Italian Serie A since his debut at age 26.
2. Mariya Kiselyova, Russian swimmer births
  1. Mariya Kiselyova
    
    Mariya Aleksandrovna Kiselyova is a female synchronised swimmer from Russia. She competes in synchronised swimming and has won three Olympic golds and three golds in the world championships. In Russia, she is currently known as a TV show presenter and a politician for the ruling United Russia party. She is currently a member of the Moscow City Duma.
3. Joonas Kolkka, Finnish footballer and coach births
  1. Joonas Kolkka
    
    Joonas Einari Kolkka is a Finnish retired professional footballer who played as a left winger most of his career, but could also play on the right wing. Having started his career in his native Finland, he went on to play for several clubs in the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, England, and the USA.
4. Shane Webcke, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Shane Webcke
    
    Shane Webcke is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer, who spent his entire club career playing for the Brisbane Broncos. Webcke represented Queensland in the State of Origin 21 times and also captained the side. He made 26 test appearances for Australia. His position was prop forward and at his peak he was renowned as the best front rower in the world. Alongside Glenn Lazarus and Arthur Beetson, Webcke is considered by many to have been one of the finest post-war front-rowers to play the game.
1973
1. Brian Rafalski, American ice hockey player births
  1. Brian Rafalski
    
    Brian Christopher Rafalski is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New Jersey Devils and Detroit Red Wings, in the SM-liiga for HPK and HIFK, in the Elitserien for Brynäs IF, and in the ECHL for the Florida Everblades.
1972
1. Dita Von Teese, American model and dancer births
  1. Dita Von Teese
    
    Heather Renée Sweet, known professionally as Dita Von Teese, is an American vedette, burlesque dancer, model, and businesswoman. She is credited with re-popularizing burlesque performance, earning the moniker "Queen of Burlesque".
1971
1. Joseph Arthur, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Joseph Arthur
    
    Joseph Arthur is an American singer-songwriter and artist from Akron, Ohio. He is best known for his solo material, and as a member of Fistful of Mercy and RNDM. Arthur has built his reputation over the years through critically acclaimed releases and constant touring; his unique solo live performances often incorporate the use of a number of distortion and loop pedals, and his shows are recorded live at the soundboard and made available to concertgoers immediately following the show on recordable media.
2. George Eustice, English lawyer and politician births
  1. George Eustice
    
    Charles George Eustice is a British politician and former public relations executive who held office as Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs between 2020 and 2022. A member of the Conservative Party, he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Camborne and Redruth since 2010.
3. Braam van Straaten, South African rugby player births
  1. Braam van Straaten
    
    Abraham Johannes Jacobus "Braam" van Straaten is a former South African rugby union footballer. He was capable of playing either at fly-half or centre, and represented the Springboks in 21 tests from 1999 to 2001, scoring 221 points.
4. Alan Wright, English footballer and manager births
  1. Alan Wright
    
    Alan Geoffrey Wright is an English football manager and former professional footballer.
1970
1. Kimiko Date-Krumm, Japanese tennis player births
  1. Kimiko Date
    
    Kimiko Date is a Japanese former professional tennis player. She reached the semifinals of the 1994 Australian Open, the 1995 French Open and the 1996 Wimbledon Championships, and won the Japan Open a record four times. She reached a career-high ranking of world No. 4 in 1995, and retired from professional tennis in November 1996.
2. Mike DeJean, American baseball player births
  1. Mike DeJean
    
    Michael Dwain DeJean is a former right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball.
3. Gualter Salles, Brazilian race car driver births
  1. Gualter Salles
    
    Gualter Salles, is an open wheel race car driver. He raced in the 1997-2000 and 2003 CART seasons, with 49 career starts. His best finish came in his last race, the Gold Coast Indy 300 at Surfers Paradise in Australia, where he finished sixth. Salles also raced one competition in the Indy Racing League in 1999. Also competed in Stock Car Brasil.
4. John Dos Passos, American novelist, poet, essayist, and playwright (b. 1896) deaths
  1. John Dos Passos
    
    John Roderigo Dos Passos was an American novelist, most notable for his U.S.A. trilogy.
5. Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egyptian colonel and politician, 2nd President of Egypt (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Gamal Abdel Nasser
    
    Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was an Egyptian politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, he cracked down on the organization, put President Mohamed Naguib under house arrest and assumed executive office. He was formally elected president in June 1956.
  2. President of Egypt
    
    The president of Egypt is the executive head of state of Egypt and the de facto appointer of the official head of government under the Egyptian Constitution of 2014. Under the various iterations of the Constitution of Egypt following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the president is also the supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and head of the executive branch of the Egyptian government. The current president is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who has been in office since 8 June 2014.
1969
1. Kerri Chandler, electronic music producer and DJ births
  1. Kerri Chandler
    
    Kerri Camar Chandler is an American house DJ and record producer.
2. Marcel Dost, Dutch decathlete births
  1. Marcel Dost
    
    Henk Marcel Dost is a retired decathlete from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. There he finished in 18th place in the men's decathlon competition, earning a total number of 8.111 points. The other competitor from the Netherlands, Jack Rosendaal, ended up in 21st place.
3. Ben Greenman, American journalist and author births
  1. Ben Greenman
    
    Ben Greenman is a novelist and magazine journalist who has written more than twenty fiction and non-fiction books, including collaborations with pop-music artists like Questlove, George Clinton, Brian Wilson, Gene Simmons, and others. From 2000 to 2014, he was an editor at The New Yorker.
4. Piper Kerman, American author and memoirist births
  1. Piper Kerman
    
    Piper Eressea Kerman is an American author. She was indicted in 1998 on charges of felonious money-laundering activities, and sentenced to 15 months' detention in a federal correctional facility, of which she eventually served 13 months. Her memoir of her prison experiences, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), was adapted into the critically-acclaimed Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2016). Since leaving prison, Kerman has spoken widely about women in prison and problems with the federal prison system. She now works as a communication strategist for non-profit organizations.
5. Éric Lapointe, Canadian singer-songwriter and keyboard player births
  1. Éric Lapointe (singer)
    
    Éric Lapointe is a francophone lead singer and guitarist for his eponymous band. His band is characterized by a heavy metal style containing elements of punk, grunge, pop and hard rock from guitarist Stéphane Dufour's riffs. Lapointe has released eight studio albums, three compilation albums, and two live albums. He is currently the most successful male music artist in French Canadian history in terms of sales, having sold more than one million total discs. He has also made appearances on film.
6. Sascha Maassen, German race car driver births
  1. Sascha Maassen
    
    Sascha Maassen is a veteran sports car driver.
7. Angus Robertson, Scottish politician births
  1. Angus Robertson
    
    Angus Struan Carolus Robertson is a Scottish politician serving as the Cabinet Secretary for the Constitution, External Affairs and Culture since 2021. Former Depute Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) from 2016 to 2018, he has served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Edinburgh Central since 2021. Robertson previously served as a Westminster MP for Moray from 2001 to 2017, where he served from 2007 to 2017 as the Leader of the SNP in the House of Commons.
8. Nico Vaesen, Belgian footballer births
  1. Nico Vaesen
    
    Nico-Jos Theodoor Vaesen is a Belgian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He retired from football shortly after joining Lierse, but returned to the game in 2008 with K.F.C. Verbroedering Geel for one season where his contract wasn't renewed.
1968
1. Francois Botha, South African boxer and mixed martial artist births
  1. Francois Botha
    
    Francois "Frans" Botha is a South African former professional boxer and kickboxer. He competed in boxing from 1990 to 2014, and is perhaps best known for winning the IBF heavyweight title against Axel Schulz in 1995, but was later stripped after failing a drug test. He later challenged twice for world heavyweight titles in 2000 and 2002. Botha has competed against former Heavyweight Champions Mike Tyson, Wladimir Klitschko, Lennox Lewis, Michael Moorer and Evander Holyfield late in their respective careers. Botha participated once in mixed martial arts in 2004.
2. Mika Häkkinen, Finnish race car driver births
  1. Mika Häkkinen
    
    Mika Pauli Häkkinen, nicknamed "The Flying Finn", is a Finnish former racing driver. He won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1998 and 1999, both times driving for McLaren. Häkkinen is one of three Formula One drivers from Finland that have won the World Drivers' Championship, and the only one to have done so more than once. He currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies.
3. Trish Keenan, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011) births
  1. Trish Keenan
    
    Patricia Anne Keenan was an English musician and singer. She was the lead vocalist and founding member of the electronic band Broadcast, which she formed in 1995. The band released a total of five studio albums, including The Noise Made by People (2000), Haha Sound (2003), and Tender Buttons (2005), and earned a cult following.
4. Sean Levert, American R&B singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2008) births
  1. Sean Levert
    
    Sean Edward Levert was an American singer-songwriter and actor. Levert was best known as a member of the R&B vocal group LeVert. Levert was the son of O'Jays lead singer Eddie Levert and younger brother of singer Gerald Levert.
5. Rob Moroso, American race car driver (d. 1990) births
  1. Rob Moroso
    
    Robert James Moroso was a NASCAR racing driver who was champion of the NASCAR Busch Series in 1989, and was posthumously awarded the 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year award. A promising young driver, he and another driver were killed when Moroso was driving under the influence at excessive speeds on roads near his hometown of Terrell, North Carolina.
6. Naomi Watts, English-Australian actress and producer births
  1. Naomi Watts
    
    Naomi Ellen Watts is a British actress. After her family moved to Australia, she made her film debut there in the drama For Love Alone (1986) and then appeared in three television series, Hey Dad..! (1990), Brides of Christ (1991), and Home and Away (1991), and the film Flirting (1991). After moving to the United States, Watts initially struggled as an actress, taking roles in small-scale films until she starred in David Lynch's psychological thriller Mulholland Drive in 2001 as an aspiring actress. This role started her rise to international prominence.
1967
1. Mira Sorvino, American actress births
  1. Mira Sorvino
    
    Mira Katherine Sorvino is an American actress. She won the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995).
2. Moon Zappa, American actress and author births
  1. Moon Zappa
    
    Moon Unit Zappa is an American actress, singer, and author. She is the daughter of musician Frank Zappa.
1966
1. Scott Adams, American football player (d. 2013) births
  1. Scott Adams (American football)
    
    Scott Alexander Adams was a professional American football player who played guard for a six-season career, in-which he played for the Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, Chicago Bears, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Atlanta Falcons.
2. Maria Canals-Barrera, Cuban-American actress births
  1. Maria Canals-Barrera
    
    Maria Canals-Barrera is an American actress. She is known for starring as Theresa Russo in the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–2012), Connie Torres in Camp Rock (2008) and Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010), and Daniela in the ABC comedy series Cristela (2014–2015).
3. Puri Jagannadh, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Puri Jagannadh
    
    Petla "Puri" Jagannadh is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer, who works primarily in the Telugu film Industry. He made his directorial debut with the Telugu film Badri starring Pawan Kalyan, Renu Desai and Ameesha Patel. In 2006, he directed the Telugu film Pokiri, premiered at the 7th IIFA Film Festival held in Dubai. The film was later re-made into several Indian languages, and brought Puri widespread Indian recognition. He made his Hindi film debut in 2004, with the film Shart: The Challenge. In 2011, he directed the Hindi film Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap starring Amitabh Bachchan, which was archived in the Oscar library.
4. André Breton, French author and poet (b. 1896) deaths
  1. André Breton
    
    André Robert Breton was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first Surrealist Manifesto of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as "pure psychic automatism".
1964
1. Claudio Borghi, Argentinian footballer and manager births
  1. Claudio Borghi (footballer)
    
    Claudio Daniel Borghi Bidos, nicknamed Bichi, is an Argentine naturalized Chilean football manager and former player who played as an attacking midfielder.
2. Gregor Fisken, Scottish race car driver births
  1. Gregor Fisken
    
    Gregor Fisken is a British racing driver and businessman who currently races historic and modern-day sportscars. He is one of only a handful of racing drivers to have driven in all four classes at the famous Le Mans 24 Hours motor race.
3. Janeane Garofalo, American comedian, actress, and screenwriter births
  1. Janeane Garofalo
    
    Janeane Marie Garofalo is an American comedian, actress, and former co-host on the now-defunct Air America Radio's The Majority Report.
4. Paul Jewell, English footballer and manager births
  1. Paul Jewell
    
    Paul Jewell is an English football manager and former player, who was most recently director of football at Swindon Town.
5. Mārtiņš Roze, Latvian lawyer and politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Mārtiņš Roze
    
    Mārtiņš Roze was a Latvian politician. From 2002 till 2009 he was Minister for Agriculture of Latvia. He was member of Latvian Farmers' Union. He has graduated from University of Latvia.
6. Harpo Marx, American comedian, actor, and singer (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Harpo Marx
    
    Arthur "Harpo" Marx was an American comedian, actor, mime artist, and harpist, and the second-oldest of the Marx Brothers. In contrast to the mainly verbal comedy of his brothers Groucho and Chico, Harpo's comic style was visual, being an example of vaudeville, clown and pantomime traditions. He wore a curly reddish blond wig and was silent in all his movie appearances, instead blowing a horn or whistling to communicate. Marx frequently employed props such as a horn cane constructed from a lead pipe, tape, and a bulbhorn.
1963
1. Steve Blackman, American wrestler and martial artist births
  1. Steve Blackman
    
    Steve Blackman is an American martial arts instructor, bail bondsman, and former professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1997 to 2002, where he was a frequent challenger for the promotion's mid-card titles. He held the WWF Hardcore Championship six times and holds the record for most combined days as champion, a total of 172 days.
2. Érik Comas, French race car driver births
  1. Érik Comas
    
    Érik Gilbert Comas is a French former Formula One driver. He was French Formula 3 champion in 1988, and then Formula 3000 champion in 1990, after scoring the same number of points as Jean Alesi in 1989, but losing on a count-back of positions. He participated in 63 Grands Prix, debuting on 10 March 1991. He scored a total of 7 championship points. His last point, in the 1994 German Grand Prix, was also the last one for the Larrousse team.
3. Greg Weisman, American voice actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Greg Weisman
    
    Greg Weisman is an American novelist, writer, producer and voice actor. He is best known as the creator of the animated series Gargoyles, The Spectacular Spider-Man and Young Justice.
1962
1. Grant Fuhr, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Grant Fuhr
    
    Grant Scott Fuhr is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League and former goaltending coach for the Arizona Coyotes, who is best remembered for a decade of stellar play for the Edmonton Oilers in the 1980s during which he won the Stanley Cup five times.
2. Laurie Rinker, American golfer births
  1. Laurie Rinker
    
    Laurie Anne Rinker is an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s.
3. Dietmar Schacht, German footballer and manager births
  1. Dietmar Schacht
    
    Dietmar "Didi" Schacht is a German football coach and former player who most recently was in charge of SV Straelen.
4. Chuck Taylor, American journalist births
  1. Chuck Taylor (music journalist)
    
    Chuck Taylor is an American music journalist. He served as a reporter, senior writer, columnist and senior editor at Billboard magazine from 1995 to 2009. There, he held the titles of Senior Editor/Talent, Senior Writer, Radio Editor, host of the Billboard Radio Countdown (online), columnist of AirWaves and, Single Reviews Editor since 1998; as well as Managing Editor of Top 40/AC for affiliated publication Billboard Radio Monitor, and senior editor/features and AC format editor for Billboard sister Radio & Records.
5. Roger Nimier, French soldier and author (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Roger Nimier
    
    Roger Nimier was a French novelist.
1961
1. Helen Grant, English lawyer and politician, Minister for Sport and the Olympics births
  1. Helen Grant (politician)
    
    Helen Grant is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidstone and The Weald since 2010. A member of the Conservative Party, she succeeded Ann Widdecombe, who was first elected in 1987.
  2. Minister for Sport and Civil Society
    
    The Minister for Sport and Civil Society was a junior minister in the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport of the United Kingdom government, with responsibility for sport and Civil Society in England. In 2020, the role merged with that of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Arts, Heritage and Tourism to become Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sport, Tourism, Heritage and Civil Society.
2. Gregory Jbara, American actor and singer births
  1. Gregory Jbara
    
    Gregory Jbara is an American film, television, and stage actor, and a singer.
3. Quentin Kawānanakoa, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Quentin Kawānanakoa
    
    Quentin Kūhiō Kawānanakoa born September 28, 1961 in Monterey, California. Kawānanakoa is an organizer of the Republican Party of Hawaii. He is part of the House of Kawānanakoa. He is also an heir to the James Campbell estate.
4. Anne White, American tennis player births
  1. Anne White
    
    Anne White is an American former professional tennis player from Charleston, West Virginia. She is most famous for wearing a white body suit at Wimbledon in 1985.
1960
1. Gary Ayres, Australian footballer and coach births
  1. Gary Ayres
    
    Gary James Ayres is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is currently the senior coach for the Montrose Football Club in the Eastern Football Netball League (EFNL). Ayres' playing career is honored by the existence of the Gary Ayres Award, an annual award given to the player judged best-afield by the AFL Coaches Association throughout each AFL finals series.
2. Tom Byrum, American golfer births
  1. Tom Byrum
    
    Thomas Elliott Byrum is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions.
3. Frank Hammerschlag, German footballer and manager births
  1. Frank Hammerschlag
    
    Frank Hammerschlag is a German football manager and former player.
4. Gus Logie, Trinidadian cricketer births
  1. Gus Logie
    
    Augustine Lawrence Logie, commonly known as Gus Logie, is a former West Indies and Trinidad and Tobago cricketer and is currently an international cricket coach.
5. Kamlesh Patel, Baron Patel of Bradford, English politician births
  1. Kamlesh Patel, Baron Patel of Bradford
    
    Kamlesh Kumar Patel, Lord Patel of Bradford, is a member of the House of Lords. Having been appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, he was created a life peer as Baron Patel of Bradford, of Bradford in the County of West Yorkshire on 8 June 2006.
6. Jennifer Rush, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Jennifer Rush
    
    Jennifer Rush is an American pop and rock singer. She achieved success during the mid-1980s around the world, with the release of a number of singles and studio albums including the million-selling single "The Power of Love", which she co-wrote and released in 1984. She saw her greatest success in Europe, particularly Germany.
7. Socrates Villegas, Filipino archbishop births
  1. Socrates Villegas
    
    Sócrates Buenaventura Villegas is a Filipino prelate, and a professed member of the Dominican Order, He is the current Archbishop of Lingayen-Dagupan in Pangasinan, and is the former president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, from December 1, 2013 to December 1, 2017, when he finished his second and final term as president of the said conference. He was also the vice president of the episcopal conference from 2011 to 2013. He had previously served as Bishop of Balanga in Bataan from July 3, 2004 until November 4, 2009.
1959
1. Ron Fellows, Canadian race car driver births
  1. Ron Fellows
    
    Ronald Charles Fellows CM is a Canadian auto racing driver. Fellows holds the record for most wins by a foreign-born driver in NASCAR's top three series with six – four in Nationwide and two in trucks.
2. Laura Bruce, American artist births
  1. Laura Bruce
    
    Laura Bruce is an American contemporary artist living in Berlin.
3. Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Rudolf Caracciola
    
    Otto Wilhelm Rudolf Caracciola was a racing driver from Remagen, Germany. He won the European Drivers' Championship, the pre-1950 equivalent of the modern Formula One World Championship, an unsurpassed three times. He also won the European Hillclimbing Championship three times – twice in sports cars, and once in Grand Prix cars. Caracciola raced for Mercedes-Benz during their original dominating Silver Arrows period, named after the silver colour of the cars, and set speed records for the firm. He was affectionately dubbed Caratsch by the German public, and was known by the title of Regenmeister, or "Rainmaster", for his prowess in wet conditions.
1957
1. Bill Cassidy, American politician and physician births
  1. Bill Cassidy
    
    William Morgan Cassidy is an American physician and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Louisiana, a seat he has held since 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he served in the Louisiana State Senate from 2006 to 2009 and in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2009 to 2015.
2. Luis Cluzeau Mortet, Uruguayan violinist and composer (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Luis Cluzeau Mortet
    
    Luis Cluzeau Mortet was a Uruguayan composer and musician.
1956
1. Martha Isabel Fandiño Pinilla, Colombian-Italian mathematician and author births
  1. Martha Isabel Fandiño Pinilla
    
    Martha Isabel Fandiño Pinilla is a Colombian and Italian mathematician and author of dual nationality.
2. William Boeing, American businessman, founded the Boeing Company (b. 1881) deaths
  1. William E. Boeing
    
    William Edward Boeing was an American aviation pioneer who founded the Pacific Airplane Company in 1916, which a year later was renamed to The Boeing Company, now the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value and among the largest aerospace manufacturers in the world. William Boeing's first design was the Boeing Model 1, which first flew in June 1916, a month before the company was founded. He also helped create the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation in 1929 and served as its chairman. He received the Daniel Guggenheim Medal in 1934 and was posthumously inducted in to the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1966, ten years after his death.
  2. Boeing
    
    The Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, telecommunications equipment, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support services. Boeing is among the largest global aerospace manufacturers; it is the third-largest defense contractor in the world based on 2020 revenue, and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value. Boeing stock is included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Boeing is incorporated in Delaware.
1955
1. Stéphane Dion, Canadian sociologist and politician, 15th Canadian Minister of the Environment births
  1. Stéphane Dion
    
    Stéphane Maurice Dion is a Canadian diplomat, academic and former politician who has been the Canadian ambassador to France and Monaco since 2022 and special envoy to the European Union since 2017. Dion was Leader of the Opposition and the leader of the Liberal Party from 2006 to 2008. He served in cabinets as intergovernmental affairs minister (1996–2003), environment minister (2003–2006), and foreign affairs minister (2015–2017), and served as ambassador to Germany from 2017 to 2022.
  2. Minister of Environment and Climate Change
    
    The Minister of Environment and Climate Change is a federal minister in the Canadian cabinet. The position is responsible for the Department of Environment and Climate Change, as well as the national park service, and the Impact Assessment Agency of Canada.
2. Mercy Manci, Xhosa sangoma and HIV activist from South Africa births
  1. Mercy Manci
    
    Mercy Manci is a Xhosa sangoma and HIV activist from South Africa. She has participated and presented at conferences in a.o. Cameroon, Nigeria, and Italy.
  2. Xhosa people
    
    The Xhosa people, or Xhosa-speaking people are a Nguni ethnic group whose traditional homeland is primarily the Cape Provinces of South Africa. They are the second largest racial group in Southern Africa and are native speakers of the IsiXhosa language.
  3. Traditional healers of Southern Africa
    
    Traditional healers of Southern Africa are practitioners of traditional African medicine in Southern Africa. They fulfill different social and political roles in the community, including divination, healing physical, emotional and spiritual illnesses, directing birth or death rituals, finding lost cattle, protecting warriors, counteracting witchcraft, and narrating the history, cosmology, and concepts of their tradition. There are two main types of traditional healers within the Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, and Tsonga societies of Southern Africa: the diviner (sangoma), and the herbalist (inyanga). These healers are effectively South African shamans who are highly revered and respected in a society where illness is thought to be caused by witchcraft, pollution or through neglect of the ancestors. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 traditional healers in South Africa compared to 25,000 doctors trained in bio-medical medicine. Traditional healers are consulted by approximately 60% of the South African population, usually in conjunction with modern biomedical services. = For harmony between the living and the dead, vital for a trouble-free life, traditional healers believe that the ancestors must be shown respect through ritual and animal sacrifice. They perform summoning rituals by burning plants like imphepho, dancing, chanting, channelling or playing drums. Traditional healers will often give their patients muti—medications made from plant, animal and minerals—imbued with spiritual significance. These muthi often have powerful symbolism; for example, lion fat might be prepared for children to promote courage. There are medicines for everything from physical and mental illness, social disharmony and spiritual difficulties to potions for protection, love and luck.
  4. HIV
    
    The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.
  5. Activism
    
    Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good. Forms of activism range from mandate building in a community, petitioning elected officials, running or contributing to a political campaign, preferential patronage of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes.
  6. South Africa
    
    South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini. It also completely enclaves the country Lesotho. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World, and the second-most populous country located entirely south of the equator, after Tanzania. South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot, with unique biomes, plant and animal life. With over 60 million people, the country is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres. South Africa has three capital cities, with the executive, judicial and legislative branches of government based in Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and Cape Town respectively. The largest city is Johannesburg.
3. Kenny Kirkland, American pianist (d. 1998) births
  1. Kenny Kirkland
    
    Kenneth David Kirkland was an American pianist and keyboardist.
1954
1. Steve Largent, American football player and politician births
  1. Steve Largent
    
    Stephen Michael Largent is an American former football wide receiver and politician who played in the National Football League for 14 seasons with the Seattle Seahawks. A member of the Republican Party, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma's 1st congressional district from 1994 to 2002. He was also the Republican nominee in the 2002 Oklahoma gubernatorial election.
2. George Lynch, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. George Lynch (musician)
    
    George Lynch is an American guitarist, best known for his work with the heavy metal band Dokken and his post-Dokken solo band Lynch Mob. He is considered to be one of the most famous and influential 1980s metal guitarists and is known for his unique playing style and sound. He is ranked No. 47 on "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" by Guitar World magazine and No. 10 on "Top 10 Metal Guitarists of All Time" by Gibson.
3. John Scott, English rugby player births
  1. John Scott (rugby union)
    
    John Scott is a former rugby union international who represented England from 1978 to 1984.
4. Margot Wallström, Swedish politician and diplomat, 42nd Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs births
  1. Margot Wallström
    
    Margot Elisabeth Wallström is a Swedish politician of the Swedish Social Democratic Party who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden and Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2014 to 2019 and Minister for Nordic Cooperation from 2016 to 2019.
  2. Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)
    
    The Minister for Foreign Affairs is the foreign minister of Sweden and the head of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
1953
1. Otmar Hasler, Liechtensteiner educator and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Liechtenstein births
  1. Otmar Hasler
    
    Otmar Hasler was the Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 5 April 2001 to 25 March 2009.
  2. List of heads of government of Liechtenstein
    
    This is a list of heads of government of Liechtenstein.
2. Edwin Hubble, American astronomer and scholar (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Edwin Hubble
    
    Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer. He played a crucial role in establishing the fields of extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology.
1952
1. Christopher Buckley, American satirical novelist births
  1. Christopher Buckley (novelist)
    
    Christopher Taylor Buckley is an American author and political satirist. He also served as chief speechwriter to Vice President George H. W. Bush. He is known for writing God Is My Broker, Thank You for Smoking, Little Green Men, The White House Mess, No Way to Treat a First Lady, Wet Work, Florence of Arabia, Boomsday, Supreme Courtship, Losing Mum and Pup: A Memoir, and The Judge Hunter.
2. Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou, Greek basketball player and coach births
  1. Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou
    
    Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou is a Greek former professional basketball coach.
3. Sylvia Kristel, Dutch model and actress (d. 2012) births
  1. Sylvia Kristel
    
    Sylvia Maria Kristel was a Dutch actress and model who appeared in over 50 films. She is best remembered as the eponymous character in five of the seven Emmanuelle films, including originating the role with Emmanuelle (1974).
4. Andy Ward, English drummer births
  1. Andy Ward (musician)
    
    Andrew John Ward is an English progressive rock drummer.
1951
1. Jim Diamond, Scottish singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2015) births
  1. Jim Diamond (singer)
    
    James Aaron Diamond was a Scottish singer-songwriter, best known for his three top 5 hits: "I Won't Let You Down" (1982), as the lead singer of PhD; and his solo performances "I Should Have Known Better", a United Kingdom No. 1 in 1984, and "Hi Ho Silver", the theme song from Boon, which reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart in 1986.
1950
1. Paul Burgess, English drummer births
  1. Paul Burgess (musician)
    
    Paul Burgess is an English rock drummer, notable for his association with a wide range of British rock and folk-rock bands. In addition to extensive session work, he has been an official member of 10cc, Jethro Tull, Camel, Magna Carta, and The Icicle Works.
2. Christina Hoff Sommers, American author and philosopher births
  1. Christina Hoff Sommers
    
    Christina Marie Hoff Sommers is an American author and philosopher. Specializing in ethics, she is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Sommers is known for her critique of contemporary feminism. Her work includes the books Who Stole Feminism? (1994) and The War Against Boys (2000). She also hosts a video blog called The Factual Feminist.
3. John Sayles, American novelist, director, and screenwriter births
  1. John Sayles
    
    John Thomas Sayles is an American independent film director, screenwriter, editor, actor, and novelist. He has twice been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, for Passion Fish (1992) and Lone Star (1996). His film Men with Guns (1997) was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film. His directorial debut, Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980), has been added to the National Film Registry.
1949
1. Jim Henshaw, Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Jim Henshaw
    
    Jim Henshaw is a Canadian actor, screenwriter and film and television producer.
2. Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Chrysanthus of Athens
    
    Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens, born Charilaos Filippidis, was the Archbishop of Athens and all Greece between 1938 and 1941.
1947
1. Bob Carr, Australian journalist and politician, 37th Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs births
  1. Bob Carr
    
    Robert John Carr is an Australian retired politician and journalist who served as the 39th Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005, as the leader of the NSW Branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). He later entered federal politics as a New South Wales senator, and served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2013. Following his departure from politics he served as the Director of the Australia-China Relations Institute (ACRI) from 2014 to 2019 at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS).
  2. Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)
    
    The Minister for Foreign Affairs is the minister in the Government of Australia who is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy section of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Senator Penny Wong was appointed as Foreign Minister in the ministry led by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese in May 2022 following the 2022 Australian federal election. As the first female foreign minister from the Australian Labor Party, Wong also became the third female foreign minister in a row, following Julie Bishop and Marise Payne. The Foreign Minister is one of two cabinet-level portfolio ministers under the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the other being the Minister for Trade and Tourism Senator Don Farrell.
2. Sheikh Hasina, Bangladeshi politician, 10th Prime Minister of Bangladesh births
  1. Sheikh Hasina
    
    Sheikh Hasina Wazed is a Bangladeshi politician and stateswoman who has served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh since January 2009. Hasina is the daughter of the founding father and first President of Bangladesh, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. She previously served as prime minister from June 1996 to July 2001. She is the longest serving prime minister in the history of Bangladesh, having served for a combined total of over 18 years. As of 9 December 2022, she is the world's longest-serving female Head of Government in history.
  2. Prime Minister of Bangladesh
    
    The Prime Minister of Bangladesh, officially Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the chief executive of the government of Bangladesh. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Prime Minister is ceremonially appointed by the President of Bangladesh.
3. Jon Snow, English journalist and academic births
  1. Jon Snow (journalist)
    
    Jonathan George Snow HonFRIBA is an English journalist and television presenter. He is best known as the longest-running presenter of Channel 4 News, which he presented from 1989 to 2021. On 29 April 2021, Snow announced his retirement from the role; his final programme aired on 23 December 2021. Although Channel 4's news programming is produced by ITN, Snow was employed directly by the broadcaster.
4. Rhonda Hughes, American mathematician and academic births
  1. Rhonda Hughes
    
    Rhonda Jo Hughes is an American mathematician, the Helen Herrmann Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Bryn Mawr College.
1946
1. Tom Bower, English journalist and author births
  1. Tom Bower
    
    Thomas Michael Bower is a British writer and former BBC journalist and television producer. He is known for his investigative journalism and for his unauthorised biographies, often of business tycoons and newspaper proprietors.
2. Majid Khan, Indian-Pakistani cricketer births
  1. Majid Khan (cricketer)
    
    Majid Jahangir Khan, nicknamed "Majestic Khan" by the British press, is a former cricketer, batsman and captain of the Pakistan national cricket team. In his heydays, he was considered to be one of the best batsmen in the world. In his first class cricket career spanning 18 years, from 1961 to 1985, Majid Khan played in 63 Test matches for Pakistan, scoring 3,931 runs with 8 centuries, scored over 27,000 first-class runs and made 73 first-class centuries, with 128 fifties. Majid played his last Test for Pakistan in January 1983 against India at Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore and his last One Day International (ODI) was in July 1982 against England at Old Trafford, Manchester.
1945
1. Marielle Goitschel, French skier births
  1. Marielle Goitschel
    
    Marielle Goitschel is a former French alpine skier. Marielle is the younger sister of Christine Goitschel, another champion skier of the time, and the aunt of speed skier Philippe Goitschel.
2. Manolis Rasoulis, Greek singer-songwriter and journalist (d. 2011) births
  1. Manolis Rasoulis
    
    Emmanouil (Manolis) Rasoulis, best known as the lyricist of famous songs, was a Greek music composer, singer, writer, and journalist.
3. Fusako Shigenobu, Japanese activist, founded the Japanese Red Army births
  1. Fusako Shigenobu
    
    Fusako Shigenobu is a Japanese communist activist and former founder of the disbanded militant group Japanese Red Army (JRA).
  2. Japanese Red Army
    
    The Japanese Red Army was a militant communist organization active from 1971 to 2001. It was designated a terrorist organization by Japan and the United States. The JRA was founded by Fusako Shigenobu and Tsuyoshi Okudaira in February 1971 and was most active in the 1970s and 1980s. After the Lod Airport massacre, it sometimes called itself the Arab-JRA. The group was also known as the Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB), the Holy War Brigade, and the Anti-War Democratic Front.
1944
1. Richie Karl, American golfer births
  1. Richie Karl
    
    Richard Karl is an American professional golfer who is best known as the last golf club professional to win an official PGA Tour event.
2. Marcia Muller, American journalist and author births
  1. Marcia Muller
    
    Marcia Muller is an American author of fictional mystery and thriller novels.
1943
1. Warren Lieberfarb, American businessman births
  1. Warren Lieberfarb
    
    Warren N. Lieberfarb is Chairman of Warren N. Lieberfarb & Associates, LLC (WNLA), a boutique consulting and investment firm based in Los Angeles focused on digital media technology and distribution.
2. George W. S. Trow, American novelist, playwright, and critic (d. 2006) births
  1. George W. S. Trow
    
    George William Swift Trow, Jr. was an American essayist, novelist, playwright, and media critic. He worked for The New Yorker for almost 30 years, and wrote numerous essays and several books. He is best known for his long essay on television and its effect on American culture, "Within the Context of No Context," first published in The New Yorker on November 17, 1980, one of the few times the magazine devoted its central section to a single piece of writing.
3. Nick St. Nicholas, German-Canadian bass player births
  1. Nick St. Nicholas
    
    Nick St. Nicholas is a German bandleader, bass guitarist, singer and songwriter; best known for his partnership in Steppenwolf.
4. Sam Ruben, American chemist and academic (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Sam Ruben
    
    Samuel Ruben was an American chemist who with Martin Kamen co-discovered the synthesis of the isotope carbon-14 in 1940.
5. Filippo Illuminato, Italian partisan, Gold Medal of Military Valour (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Filippo Illuminato
    
    Filippo Illuminato was an Italian partisan who died attacking Nazi German troops during the Four days of Naples in World War II. He was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour, Italy's highest award for gallantry.
1942
1. Pierre Clémenti, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1999) births
  1. Pierre Clémenti
    
    Pierre André Clémenti was a French actor.
2. Edward "Little Buster" Forehand, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2006) births
  1. Edward "Little Buster" Forehand
    
    Little Buster was an American soul and blues musician. He was born sighted, but developed glaucoma at the age of three. By the time his vision was completely gone, he was fluent on six instruments, including the guitar.
1941
1. David Lewis, American philosopher and academic (d. 2001) births
  1. David Lewis (philosopher)
    
    David Kellogg Lewis was an American philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. Lewis taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton University from 1970 until his death. He is closely associated with Australia, whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than 30 years.
2. Edmund Stoiber, German lawyer and politician, Minister President of Bavaria births
  1. Edmund Stoiber
    
    Edmund Rüdiger Stoiber is a German politician who served as the 16th Minister President of the state of Bavaria between 1993 and 2007 and chairman of the Christian Social Union (CSU) between 1999 and 2007. In 2002, he ran for the office of Chancellor of Germany in the federal election, but in one of the narrowest elections in German history lost against Gerhard Schröder. On 18 January 2007, he announced his decision to step down from the posts of minister-president and party chairman by 30 September, after having been under fire in his own party for weeks.
  2. List of ministers-president of Bavaria
    
    Below is a list of the men who have served in the capacity of Minister-President or equivalent office in the German state of Bavaria from the 17th century to the present.
3. Marion Miley, American golfer, ranked No. 1 in the United States (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Marion Miley
    
    Marion Miley was an American amateur golfer. Active in the 1930s, she won dozens of amateur tournaments and was ranked as high as #1 in the United States. She was noted by the press as being one of the most photogenic golfers in the world and received international acclaim from her successes both nationally and abroad, bringing attention to the sport of women's golf in the era prior to the establishment of the LPGA. She was murdered in 1941 during a robbery of the country club where she and her mother lived, dying at the age of 27; her mother also died as a result of the crime.
1939
1. Stuart Kauffman, American biologist and academic births
  1. Stuart Kauffman
    
    Stuart Alan Kauffman is an American medical doctor, theoretical biologist, and complex systems researcher who studies the origin of life on Earth. He was a professor at the University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Calgary. He is currently emeritus professor of biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and affiliate faculty at the Institute for Systems Biology. He has a number of awards including a MacArthur Fellowship and a Wiener Medal.
1938
1. Ben E. King, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2015) births
  1. Ben E. King
    
    Benjamin Earl King was an American soul and R&B singer and record producer. He is best known as the singer and co-composer of "Stand by Me"—a US Top 10 hit, both in 1961 and later in 1986, a number one hit in the United Kingdom in 1987, and number 25 on the RIAA's list of Songs of the Century—and as one of the principal lead singers of the R&B vocal group The Drifters, notably singing the lead vocals of one of their biggest global hit singles, "Save the Last Dance for Me". Besides "Stand By Me", his songs "There Goes My Baby" and "Spanish Harlem" also appeared on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.
2. Charles Duryea, American engineer and businessman, founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Charles Duryea
    
    Charles Edgar Duryea was an American engineer. He was the engineer of the first-ever working American gasoline-powered car and co-founder of Duryea Motor Wagon Company. He was born near Canton, Illinois, a son of George Washington Duryea and Louisa Melvina Turner, and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but spent most of his life working in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was in Springfield that Charles and his brother, Frank, produced and road-tested America’s first gasoline-powered car.
  2. Duryea Motor Wagon Company
    
    The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, established in 1895 in Springfield, Massachusetts, was the first American firm to build gasoline automobiles.
1937
1. Alice Mahon, English trade union leader and politician births
  1. Alice Mahon
    
    Alice Mahon is a former British Member of Parliament for the Labour Party. She was also an active trade unionist during her working life. Mahon represented Halifax in the House of Commons from 1987 until 2005.
2. Glenn Sutton, American country music songwriter and record producer (d. 2007) births
  1. Glenn Sutton
    
    Royce Glenn Sutton was an American country music songwriter, record producer, and one of the architects of the countrypolitan sound.
1936
1. Emmett Chapman, American guitarist, invented the Chapman Stick (d. 2021) births
  1. Emmett Chapman
    
    Emmett Chapman was an American jazz musician best known as the inventor of the Chapman Stick and maker of the Chapman Stick family of instruments.
  2. Chapman Stick
    
    The Chapman Stick is an electric musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. A member of the guitar family, the Chapman Stick usually has ten or twelve individually tuned strings and is used to play bass lines, melody lines, chords, or textures. Designed as a fully polyphonic chordal instrument, it can also cover several of these musical parts simultaneously.
2. Eddie Lumsden, Australian rugby league player (d. 2019) births
  1. Eddie Lumsden
    
    Edmund Lumsden was an Australian professional rugby league footballer. He was a wing with the St. George Dragons during their eleven-year premiership winning run from 1956 to 1966, playing in and winning nine grand finals. Lumsden is one of four brothers who all played for Country. Jack Lumsden played for Manly and Australia. Eddie Lumsden's twin, Richie, and his other brother, Ray, were both "bush footballers".
3. Robert Wolders, Dutch television actor (d. 2018) births
  1. Robert Wolders
    
    Robert Wolders was a Dutch television actor known for his role in the US television series Laredo and appearing in series such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Bewitched and The Mary Tyler Moore Show. He was married to Merle Oberon, and was the longtime partner of Audrey Hepburn.
1935
1. Bruce Crampton, Australian golfer births
  1. Bruce Crampton
    
    Bruce Crampton is an Australian professional golfer.
2. David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick, English diplomat, British Permanent Representative to the United Nations births
  1. David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick
    
    David Hugh Alexander Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick is a British diplomat.
  2. Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations
    
    The Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative to the United Nations, and in charge of the United Kingdom Mission to the United Nations (UKMIS). UK permanent representatives to the UN hold the personal rank of ambassador. The full official title and style is His Britannic Majesty's Permanent Representative from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations.
3. Ronald Lacey, English actor (d. 1991) births
  1. Ronald Lacey
    
    Ronald William Lacey was an English actor. He made numerous television and film appearances over a 30-year period. His roles included Harris in Porridge (1977), Frankie in the Bud Spencer comedy Charleston (1978), SD agent Sturmbannführer Arnold Ernst Toht in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and the Bishop of Bath and Wells in Blackadder II (1986).
4. William Kennedy Dickson, French-Scottish actor, director, and producer, invented the Kinetoscope (b. 1860) deaths
  1. William Kennedy Dickson
    
    William Kennedy Laurie Dickson was a British inventor who devised an early motion picture camera under the employment of Thomas Edison.
  2. Kinetoscope
    
    The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device, designed for films to be viewed by one person at a time through a peephole viewer window. The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector, but it introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video: it created the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. First described in conceptual terms by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1888, it was largely developed by his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. Dickson and his team at the Edison lab in New Jersey also devised the Kinetograph, an innovative motion picture camera with rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go, film movement, to photograph movies for in-house experiments and, eventually, commercial Kinetoscope presentations.
1934
1. Brigitte Bardot, French actress births
  1. Brigitte Bardot
    
    Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot, often referred to by her initials B.B., is a former French actress, singer and model. Famous for portraying sexually emancipated characters with hedonistic lifestyles, she was one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s. Although she withdrew from the entertainment industry in 1973, she remains a major popular culture icon.
1933
1. Joe Benton, English soldier and politician births
  1. Joe Benton
    
    Joseph Edward Benton is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bootle from 1990 to 2015.
2. Miguel Ortiz Berrocal, Spanish sculptor and educator (d. 2006) births
  1. Miguel Ortiz Berrocal
    
    Miguel Ortiz Berrocal was a Spanish figurative and abstract sculptor. He is best known for his puzzle sculptures, which can be disassembled into many abstract pieces. These works are also known for the miniature artworks and jewelry incorporated into or concealed within them, and the fact that some of the sculptures can be reassembled or reconfigured into different arrangements. Berrocal's sculptures span a wide range of physical sizes from monumental outdoor public works, to intricate puzzle sculptures small enough to be worn as pendants, bracelets, or other body ornamentation.
3. Johnny "Country" Mathis, American singer-songwriter (d. 2011) births
  1. "Country" Johnny Mathis
    
    "Country" Johnny Mathis was an American country music singer and songwriter. He is credited with penning more than 500 tunes over the course of his long career.
1932
1. Jeremy Isaacs, Scottish screenwriter and producer births
  1. Jeremy Isaacs
    
    Sir Jeremy Israel Isaacs is a Scottish television producer and executive, opera manager, and a recipient of many British Academy Television Awards and International Emmy Awards.
2. Víctor Jara, Chilean singer-songwriter, poet, and director (d. 1973) births
  1. Víctor Jara
    
    Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez was a Chilean teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and Communist political activist. He developed Chilean theater by directing a broad array of works, ranging from locally produced plays to world classics, as well as the experimental work of playwrights such as Ann Jellicoe. He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva canción chilena movement. This led to an uprising of new sounds in popular music during the administration of President Salvador Allende.
1930
1. Tommy Collins, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 2000) births
  1. Tommy Collins (singer)
    
    Leonard Raymond Sipes, better known as Tommy Collins, was an American country music singer and songwriter.
2. Immanuel Wallerstein, American sociologist, author, and academic (d. 2019) births
  1. Immanuel Wallerstein
    
    Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein was an American sociologist and economic historian. He is perhaps best known for his development of the general approach in sociology which led to the emergence of his world-systems approach. He was a Senior Research Scholar at Yale University from 2000 until his death in 2019, and published bimonthly syndicated commentaries through Agence Global on world affairs from October 1998 to July 2019.
1929
1. Lata Mangeshkar, Indian playback singer and composer (d. 2022) births
  1. Lata Mangeshkar
    
    Lata Mangeshkar was an Indian playback singer and occasional music composer. She is widely considered to have been one of the greatest and most influential singers in India. Her contribution to the Indian music industry in a career spanning eight decades gained her honorific titles such as the "Queen of Melody", "Nightingale of India", and "Voice of the Millennium".
1928
1. Koko Taylor, American singer (d. 2009) births
  1. Koko Taylor
    
    Koko Taylor was an American singer whose style encompassed Chicago blues, electric blues, rhythm and blues and soul blues. Sometimes called "The Queen of the Blues", she was known for her rough, powerful vocals.
1926
1. Jerry Clower, American soldier, comedian, and author (d. 1998) births
  1. Jerry Clower
    
    Howard Gerald "Jerry" Clower was an American stand-up comedian. Born and raised in the state of Mississippi, Clower was best known for his stories of the rural South and was given the nickname "The Mouth of Mississippi".
1925
1. Seymour Cray, American computer scientist, founded the CRAY Computer Company (d. 1996) births
  1. Seymour Cray
    
    Seymour Roger Cray was an American electrical engineer and supercomputer architect who designed a series of computers that were the fastest in the world for decades, and founded Cray Research which built many of these machines. Called "the father of supercomputing", Cray has been credited with creating the supercomputer industry. Joel S. Birnbaum, then chief technology officer of Hewlett-Packard, said of him: "It seems impossible to exaggerate the effect he had on the industry; many of the things that high performance computers now do routinely were at the farthest edge of credibility when Seymour envisioned them." Larry Smarr, then director of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois said that Cray is "the Thomas Edison of the supercomputing industry."
  2. Cray
    
    Cray Inc., a subsidiary of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in Seattle, Washington. It also manufactures systems for data storage and analytics. Several Cray supercomputer systems are listed in the TOP500, which ranks the most powerful supercomputers in the world.
2. Cromwell Everson, South African composer (d. 1991) births
  1. Cromwell Everson
    
    Cromwell Everson was primarily known as a composer during his lifetime. He was brought up as an Afrikaner by his mother, Maria De Wit and father, Robert Everson. He continued this tradition and all his children were brought up as Afrikaners.
3. Martin David Kruskal, American physicist and mathematician (d. 2006) births
  1. Martin David Kruskal
    
    Martin David Kruskal was an American mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions in many areas of mathematics and science, ranging from plasma physics to general relativity and from nonlinear analysis to asymptotic analysis. His most celebrated contribution was in the theory of solitons.
4. Paul Vermoyal, French actor (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Paul Vermoyal
    
    Pierre Paul Vermoyal was a French stage and film actor.
1924
1. Rudolf Barshai, Russian-Swiss viola player and conductor (d. 2010) births
  1. Rudolf Barshai
    
    Rudolf Borisovich Barshai was a Soviet and Russian conductor and violist.
2. Marcello Mastroianni, Italian-French actor and singer (d. 1996) births
  1. Marcello Mastroianni
    
    Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni was an Italian film actor, regarded as one of his country's most iconic male performers of the 20th century. He played leading roles for many of Italy's top directors in a career spanning 147 films between 1939 and 1997, and garnered many international honors including 2 BAFTA Awards, 2 Best Actor awards at the Venice and Cannes film festivals, 2 Golden Globes, and 3 Academy Award nominations.
1923
1. Tuli Kupferberg, American singer, poet, and writer (d. 2010) births
  1. Tuli Kupferberg
    
    Naphtali "Tuli" Kupferberg was an American counterculture poet, author, singer, cartoonist, publisher, and co-founder of the rock band The Fugs.
2. John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch, Scottish captain and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Selkirkshire (d. 2007) births
  1. John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch
    
    Walter Francis John Montagu Douglas Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch and 11th Duke of Queensberry, was a Scottish peer, politician and landowner. He served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in the Second World War, and represented Edinburgh North in the House of Commons for 13 years.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Selkirkshire
    
    This is a list of people, who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Selkirkshire. The office was replaced by the Lord Lieutenant of Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale in 1975.Charles Montagu-Scott, Earl of Dalkeith 17 March 1794 – 1797 Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier 17 November 1797 – 1 August 1823 Henry Montagu-Scott, 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton 25 August 1823 – 30 October 1845 Henry Hepburne-Scott, 7th Lord Polwarth 5 December 1845 – 16 August 1867 Alan Eliott-Lockhart 15 November 1867 – 15 March 1878 Walter Hepburne-Scott, 8th Lord Polwarth 2 May 1878 – 1920 Maj. Charles Henry Scott Plummer 6 June 1920 – 26 June 1948 Sir Samuel Strang Steel, 1st Baronet 13 September 1948 – 1958 V-Adm. Sir Edward Michael Conolly Abel Smith 15 February 1958 – 1975 Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch 16 March 1975 – 1975 Buccleuch became Lord Lieutenant of Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale
3. William Windom, American actor (d. 2012) births
  1. William Windom (actor)
    
    William Windom was an American actor. Known as a character actor of the stage and screen, he is perhaps best known for his recurring role as Dr. Seth Hazlitt alongside Angela Lansbury in the CBS mystery series Murder, She Wrote (1984–1996).
1922
1. Larry Munson, American sportscaster (d. 2011) births
  1. Larry Munson
    
    Lawrence Harry Munson was an American sports announcer and talk-show host based out of the U.S. city of Athens, Georgia. He was best known for handling radio play-by-play of University of Georgia Bulldogs football games from 1966 to 2008. He also handled the play-by-play for UGA basketball and Atlanta Falcons radio broadcasts and hosted sports-related talk shows.
2. Jules Sedney, Prime Minister of Suriname (d. 2020) births
  1. Jules Sedney
    
    Jules Sedney was a Surinamese politician, and Prime Minister of Suriname from 20 November 1969 to 24 December 1973. In 1980, he became governor of the Central Bank of Suriname, but had to flee the country in 1983 after a dispute with Dési Bouterse. Sedney returned to Suriname in 1989.
  2. List of prime ministers of Suriname
    
    This article lists the prime ministers of Suriname from 1949 to 1988. In 1988 the position of Prime Minister of Suriname was abolished and replaced by a Vice President, who chairs the Council of Ministers ex officio.
1920
1. Yu Gwansun, Korean Independence Activist (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Yu Gwansun
    
    Yu Gwan-sun was a Korean independence activist organizer in what would come to be known as the March First Independence Movement against Imperial Japanese colonial rule of Korea in South Chungcheong. The movement was a peaceful demonstration by the Korean people against Japanese rule. Yu became one of the most famous figures in this movement and later a symbol of Korea's fight for independence.
1919
1. Doris Singleton, American actress (d. 2012) births
  1. Doris Singleton
    
    Dorthea "Doris" Singleton was an American actress, perhaps best remembered as Lucy Ricardo's nemesis/frenemy, Carolyn Appleby, in I Love Lucy.
1918
1. Ángel Labruna, Argentinian footballer and manager (d. 1983) births
  1. Ángel Labruna
    
    Ángel Amadeo Labruna was an Argentine footballer and coach who played as a forward. With 323 goals scored in official matches, which include 294 league goals, Labruna is the 2nd all-time top scorer of Primera División after Paraguayan Arsenio Erico. Labruna was also part of the celebrated River Plate offense, nicknamed La Máquina, and he was considered one of the best South-American footballers of his generation. In his career, Labruna scored 564 goals.
2. Arnold Stang, American actor (d. 2009) births
  1. Arnold Stang
    
    Arnold Sidney Stang was an American comic actor.
3. Georg Simmel, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Georg Simmel
    
    Georg Simmel was a German sociologist, philosopher, and critic.
4. Freddie Stowers, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Freddie Stowers
    
    Freddie Stowers was an African-American corporal in the United States Army who was killed in action during World War I while serving in an American unit under French command. Over 70 years later, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor and Purple Heart for his actions.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1917
1. Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (d. 2005) births
  1. Wee Chong Jin
    
    Wee Chong Jin was a Malayan-born Singaporean judge who served as the first chief justice of Singapore between 1963 and 1990, appointed by President Yusof Ishak.
1916
1. Peter Finch, English-Australian actor (d. 1977) births
  1. Peter Finch
    
    Frederick George Peter Ingle Finch was an English-Australian actor of theatre, film and radio.
2. Olga Lepeshinskaya, Ukrainian-Russian ballerina and educator (d. 2008) births
  1. Olga Lepeshinskaya (dancer)
    
    Olga Vasiliyevna Lepeshinskaya was a Soviet ballerina. She was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1951.
1915
1. Ethel Rosenberg, American spy (d. 1953) births
  1. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
    
    Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were convicted of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime.
2. Saitō Hajime, Japanese samurai (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Saitō Hajime
    
    Saitō Hajime was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period, who most famously served as the captain of the third unit of the Shinsengumi. He was one of the few core members who survived the numerous wars of the Bakumatsu period. He was later known as Fujita Gorō and worked as a police officer in Tokyo during the Meiji Restoration where he was worked mostly undercover for them.
1914
1. Maria Franziska von Trapp, Austrian-American refugee and singer (d. 2014) births
  1. Maria Franziska von Trapp
    
    Maria Agatha Franziska Gobertina von Trapp was the second-oldest daughter of Georg von Trapp and his first wife, Agathe Whitehead von Trapp. She was a member of the Trapp Family Singers, whose lives inspired the musical and film The Sound of Music. She was portrayed by Heather Menzies as the character "Louisa". She died at age 99, and was the last surviving sibling portrayed in the film.
2. Richard Warren Sears, American businessman, co-founded Sears (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Richard Warren Sears
    
    Richard Warren Sears was an American manager, businessman and the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Alvah Curtis Roebuck.
  2. Sears
    
    Sears, Roebuck and Co., commonly known as Sears, is an American chain of department stores founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck and reincorporated in 1906 by Richard Sears and Julius Rosenwald, with what began as a mail ordering catalog company migrating to opening retail locations in 1925, the first in Chicago. In 2005, the company was bought by the management of the American big box discount chain Kmart, which upon completion of the merger, formed Sears Holdings. Through the 1980s, Sears was the largest retailer in the United States. In 2018, it was the 31st-largest. After several years of declining sales, Sears's parent company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on October 15, 2018. It announced on January 16, 2019, that it had won its bankruptcy auction, and that a reduced number of 425 stores would remain open, including 223 Sears stores.
1913
1. Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss illustrator (d. 2007) births
  1. Warja Lavater
    
    Warja Lavater was born in Winterthur, Switzerland. She was a Swiss artist and illustrator noted primarily for working in the artist's books genre by creating accordion fold books that re-tell classic fairy tales with symbols rather than words.
2. Alice Marble, American tennis player (d. 1990) births
  1. Alice Marble
    
    Alice Marble was an American tennis player who won 18 Grand Slam championships between 1936 and 1940: five in singles, six in women's doubles, and seven in mixed doubles. She was ranked world No. 1 in 1939.
1910
1. Diosdado Macapagal, Filipino lawyer and politician, 9th President of the Philippines (d. 1997) births
  1. Diosdado Macapagal
    
    Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. was a Filipino lawyer, poet and politician who served as the ninth president of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth vice president, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, and headed the Constitutional Convention of 1970. He was the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who followed his path as president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
  2. President of the Philippines
    
    The president of the Philippines is the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
2. Wenceslao Vinzons, Filipino lawyer and politician (d. 1942) births
  1. Wenceslao Vinzons
    
    Wenceslao "Bintao" Quinito Vinzons was a Filipino patriot and leader of the Philippine armed resistance against the Japanese invasion in World War II. He was the youngest delegate to the 1935 Philippine Constitutional Convention. For leading demonstrations as a student leader, he was dubbed the "Father of Student Activism in the Philippines".
1909
1. Al Capp, American author and illustrator (d. 1979) births
  1. Al Capp
    
    Alfred Gerald Caplin, better known as Al Capp, was an American cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip Li'l Abner, which he created in 1934 and continued writing and drawing until 1977. He also wrote the comic strips Abbie an' Slats and Long Sam (1954). He won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award in 1947 for Cartoonist of the Year, and their 1979 Elzie Segar Award, posthumously for his "unique and outstanding contribution to the profession of cartooning". Capp's comic strips dealt with urban experiences in the northern states of the USA until the year he introduced "Li'l Abner". Although Capp was from Connecticut, he spent 43 years teaching the world about Dogpatch, reaching an estimated 60 million readers in more than 900 American newspapers and 100 more papers in 28 countries internationally. M. Thomas Inge says Capp made a large personal fortune through the strip and "had a profound influence on the way the world viewed the American South".
1907
1. Heikki Savolainen, Finnish gymnast and physician (d. 1997) births
  1. Heikki Savolainen (gymnast)
    
    Heikki Ilmari Savolainen was a Finnish artistic gymnast. He competed in five consecutive Olympics from 1928 to 1952 and won at least one medal in each of them. In 1928, he won a bronze on pommel horse, which was the first-ever medal in gymnastics for Finland. Winning his last medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, he became the oldest gymnastics medalist, at 44 years old; he delivered the Olympic Oath in the opening ceremony of those games. In 1932, Savolainen and his teammate Einari Teräsvirta had the same score on horizontal bar, but the Finnish team voted to give the silver medal to Savolainen. In 1948, he again had the same score as teammates Veikko Huhtanen and Paavo Aaltonen on pommel horse, and the gold medal was shared between the three.
2. Bhagat Singh, Indian activist (d. 1931) births
  1. Bhagat Singh
    
    Bhagat Singh was a charismatic Indian revolutionary who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer in what was to be retaliation for the death of an Indian nationalist. He later took part in a largely symbolic bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi and a hunger strike in jail, which—on the back of sympathetic coverage in Indian-owned newspapers—turned him into a household name in the Punjab region, and after his execution at age 23 into a martyr and folk hero in Northern India. Borrowing ideas from Bolshevism and anarchism, he electrified a growing militancy in India in the 1930s, and prompted urgent introspection within the Indian National Congress's nonviolent but eventually successful campaign for India's independence.
1905
1. Max Schmeling, German boxer (d. 2005) births
  1. Max Schmeling
    
    Maximilian Adolph Otto Siegfried Schmeling was a German boxer who was heavyweight champion of the world between 1930 and 1932. His two fights with Joe Louis in 1936 and 1938 were worldwide cultural events because of their national associations. Schmeling is the only boxer to win the world heavyweight championship on a foul.
1903
1. Haywood S. Hansell, American general (d. 1988) births
  1. Haywood S. Hansell
    
    Haywood Shepherd Hansell Jr. was a general officer in the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during World War II, and later the United States Air Force. He became an advocate of the doctrine of strategic bombardment, and was one of the chief architects of the concept of daylight precision bombing that governed the use of airpower by the USAAF in the war.
1901
1. William S. Paley, American broadcaster, founded CBS (d. 1990) births
  1. William S. Paley
    
    William Samuel Paley was an American businessman, primarily involved in the media, and best known as the chief executive who built the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) from a small radio network into one of the foremost radio and television network operations in the United States.
  2. CBS
    
    CBS Broadcasting Inc., an abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System and commonly shortened to CBS, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network. It is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of Paramount Global. The network's headquarters are at the CBS Building in New York City, with major production facilities and operations at the CBS Broadcast Center and Paramount headquarters One Astor Plaza also in that city and Television City and the CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles.
2. Ed Sullivan, American television host (d. 1974) births
  1. Ed Sullivan
    
    Edward Vincent Sullivan was an American television personality, impresario, sports and entertainment reporter, and syndicated columnist for the New York Daily News and the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. He was the creator and host of the television variety program The Toast of the Town, which in 1955 was renamed The Ed Sullivan Show. Broadcast from 1948 to 1971, it set a record as the longest-running variety show in US broadcast history. "It was, by almost any measure, the last great American TV show," said television critic David Hinckley. "It's one of our fondest, dearest pop culture memories."
1900
1. Isabel Pell, American socialite, fought as part of the French Resistance during WWII (d. 1951) births
  1. Isabel Pell
    
    Isabel Townsend Pell was an American socialite and member of the French Resistance during World War II. She was subsequently decorated with the Legion of Honour.
  2. French Resistance
    
    The French Resistance was a collection of organisations who fought the Nazi occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The Resistance's men and women came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Roman Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims, liberals, anarchists and communists.
1899
1. Giovanni Segantini, Austrian painter (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Giovanni Segantini
    
    Giovanni Segantini was an Italian painter known for his large pastoral landscapes of the Alps. He was one of the most famous artists in Europe in the late 19th century, and his paintings were collected by major museums. In later life, he combined a Divisionist painting style with Symbolist images of nature. He was active in Switzerland during the last period of his life.
1898
1. Carl Clauberg, German Nazi physician (d. 1957) births
  1. Carl Clauberg
    
    Carl Clauberg was a German gynecologist who conducted medical experiments on human subjects at Auschwitz concentration camp. He worked with Horst Schumann in X-ray sterilization experiments at Auschwitz concentration camp.
  2. Nazism
    
    Nazism, the common name in English for National Socialism, is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitlerism. The later related term "neo-Nazism" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the Second World War.
1895
1. Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist (b. 1822) deaths
  1. Louis Pasteur
    
    Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization, the latter of which was named after him. His research in chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine. His works are credited to saving millions of lives through the developments of vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern bacteriology and has been honored as the "father of bacteriology" and the "father of microbiology".
1893
1. Hilda Geiringer, Austrian mathematician (d. 1973) births
  1. Hilda Geiringer
    
    Hilda Geiringer, also known as Hilda von Mises and Hilda Pollaczek-Geiringer, was an Austrian mathematician.
2. Giannis Skarimpas, Greek author, poet, and playwright (d. 1984) births
  1. Giannis Skarimpas
    
    Giannis Skarimpas, Giannis Skarimbas or Yiannis Skarimbas, was a Greek writer, dramatist, and poet.
3. Annie Feray Mutrie, British painter (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Annie Feray Mutrie
    
    Annie Feray Mutrie was a British still-life painter. She exhibited regularly and she and her sister Martha were considered the best flower painters in oils.
1892
1. Elmer Rice, American playwright (d. 1967) births
  1. Elmer Rice
    
    Elmer Rice was an American playwright. He is best known for his plays The Adding Machine (1923) and his Pulitzer Prize-winning drama of New York tenement life, Street Scene (1929).
1891
1. Herman Melville, American author and poet (b. 1819) deaths
  1. Herman Melville
    
    Herman Melville was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. Among his best-known works are Moby-Dick (1851); Typee (1846), a romanticized account of his experiences in Polynesia; and Billy Budd, Sailor, a posthumously published novella. Although his reputation was not high at the time of his death, the 1919 centennial of his birth was the starting point of a Melville revival, and Moby-Dick grew to be considered one of the great American novels.
1890
1. Florence Violet McKenzie, Australian electrical engineer (d. 1982) births
  1. Florence Violet McKenzie
    
    Florence Violet McKenzie, affectionately known as "Mrs Mac", was Australia's first female electrical engineer, founder of the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps (WESC) and lifelong promoter for technical education for women. She campaigned successfully to have some of her female trainees accepted into the all-male Navy, thereby originating the Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS). Some 12,000 servicemen passed through her signal instruction school in Sydney, acquiring skill in Morse code and visual signalling.
1889
1. Jack Fournier, American baseball player and coach (d. 1973) births
  1. Jack Fournier
    
    John Frank Fournier was an American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Robins, and Boston Braves from 1912 to 1927. Fournier was known for having outstanding batting abilities but subpar fielding abilities.
1887
1. Avery Brundage, American businessman, 5th President of the International Olympic Committee (d. 1975) births
  1. Avery Brundage
    
    Avery Brundage was an American sports administrator who served as the fifth president of the International Olympic Committee from 1952 to 1972. The only American and only non-European to attain that position, Brundage is remembered as a zealous advocate of amateurism and for his involvement with the 1936 and 1972 Summer Olympics, both held in Germany.
  2. President of the International Olympic Committee
    
    The president of the International Olympic Committee is head of the executive board that assumes the general overall responsibility for the administration of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the management of its affairs. The IOC Executive Board consists of the president, four vice-presidents and ten other IOC members; all of the board members are elected by the IOC Session, using a secret ballot, by a majority vote.
1885
1. Emil Väre, Finnish wrestler, coach, and referee (d. 1974) births
  1. Emil Väre
    
    Emil Ernst Väre was a Finnish wrestler who won the gold medals in the lightweight class at the 1912 and 1920 Summer Olympics.
1882
1. Mart Saar, Estonian organist and composer (d. 1963) births
  1. Mart Saar
    
    Mart Saar was an Estonian composer, organist and collector of folk songs.
1881
1. Pedro de Cordoba, American actor (d. 1950) births
  1. Pedro de Cordoba
    
    Pedro de Cordoba was an American actor.
1878
1. Joseph Ruddy, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1962) births
  1. Joe Ruddy
    
    Joseph Aloysius Ruddy Sr. was an American competition swimmer and water polo player who represented the United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri. Ruddy won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the men's 4x50-yard freestyle relay. He won a second gold medal as a member of the first-place U.S. water polo team.
1877
1. Albert Young, American boxer and promoter (d. 1940) births
  1. Albert Young (boxer)
    
    Albert Young was an American welterweight boxer who competed in the early twentieth century. He won a gold medal in boxing at the 1904 Summer Olympics.
1873
1. Émile Gaboriau, French journalist and author (b. 1832) deaths
  1. Émile Gaboriau
    
    Émile Gaboriau was a French writer, novelist, journalist, and a pioneer of detective fiction.
1870
1. Florent Schmitt, French composer and critic (d. 1958) births
  1. Florent Schmitt
    
    Florent Schmitt was a French composer. He was part of the group known as Les Apaches. His most famous pieces are La tragédie de Salome and Psaume XLVII. He has been described as "one of the most fascinating of France's lesser-known classical composers".
1867
1. Hiranuma Kiichirō, Japanese lawyer and politician, 35th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1952) births
  1. Hiranuma Kiichirō
    
    Kiichirō Hiranuma was a prominent right-wing Japanese politician and Prime Minister of Japan in 1939. He was convicted of war crimes committed during World War II and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
2. James Edwin Campbell, American poet, editor, short story writer and educator (d. 1896) births
  1. James Edwin Campbell (poet)
    
    James Edwin Campbell was an American educator, school administrator, newspaper editor, poet, and essayist. Campbell was the first principal of the West Virginia Colored Institute from 1892 until 1894, and is considered by the university as its first president.
1861
1. Amélie of Orléans, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1951) births
  1. Amélie of Orléans
    
    Dona Maria Amélia was the last Queen consort of Portugal as the wife of Carlos I of Portugal. She was regent of Portugal during the absence of her spouse in 1895.
1860
1. Paul Ulrich Villard, French chemist and physicist (d. 1934) births
  1. Paul Ulrich Villard
    
    Paul Ulrich Villard was a French chemist and physicist. He discovered gamma rays in 1900 while studying the radiation emanating from radium.
1859
1. Carl Ritter, German geographer and academic (b. 1779) deaths
  1. Carl Ritter
    
    Carl Ritter was a German geographer. Along with Alexander von Humboldt, he is considered one of the founders of modern geography. From 1825 until his death, he occupied the first chair in geography at the University of Berlin.
1856
1. Kate Douglas Wiggin, American author and educator (d. 1923) births
  1. Kate Douglas Wiggin
    
    Kate Douglas Wiggin was an American educator, author and composer. She wrote children's stories, most notably the classic children's novel Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, and composed collections of children's songs. She started the first free kindergarten in San Francisco in 1878. With her sister during the 1880s, she also established a training school for kindergarten teachers. Kate Wiggin devoted her adult life to the welfare of children in an era when children were commonly thought of as cheap labor.
1852
1. Henri Moissan, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907) births
  1. Henri Moissan
    
    Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan was a French chemist and pharmacist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds. Moissan was one of the original members of the International Atomic Weights Committee.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
2. Isis Pogson, British astronomer and meteorologist (d. 1945) births
  1. Isis Pogson
    
    Isis Pogson,, was a British astronomer and meteorologist, who was one of the first women to be elected as a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
1844
1. Robert Stout, Scottish-New Zealand lawyer and politician, 13th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1930) births
  1. Robert Stout
    
    Sir Robert Stout was a New Zealand politician who was the 13th premier of New Zealand on two occasions in the late 19th century, and later Chief Justice of New Zealand. He was the only person to hold both these offices. He was noted for his support of liberal causes such as women's suffrage, and for his strong belief that philosophy and theory should always triumph over political expediency.
  2. Prime Minister of New Zealand
    
    The prime minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The incumbent prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, took office on 26 October 2017.
2. Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy, Russian general and politician (b. 1769) deaths
  1. Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy
    
    Count Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy was a Russian general and statesman.
1841
1. Georges Clemenceau, French journalist, physician, and politician, 85th Prime Minister of France (d. 1929) births
  1. Georges Clemenceau
    
    Georges Benjamin Clemenceau was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A key figure of the Independent Radicals, he was a strong advocate of separation of church and state, amnesty of the Communards exiled to New Caledonia, as well as opposition to colonisation. Clemenceau, a physician turned journalist, played a central role in the politics of the Third Republic, most notably successfully leading France through the end of the First World War.
  2. Prime Minister of France
    
    The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
1836
1. Thomas Crapper, English plumber, invented the ballcock (d. 1910) births
  1. Thomas Crapper
    
    Thomas Crapper was an English plumber and businessman. He founded Thomas Crapper & Co in London, a plumbing equipment company. His notability with regard to toilets has often been overstated, mostly due to the publication in 1969 of a fictional biography by New Zealand satirist Wallace Reyburn.
  2. Ballcock
    
    A ballcock is a mechanism or machine for filling water tanks, such as those found in flush toilets, while avoiding overflow and backflow. The modern ballcock was invented by José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez, a Mexican priest and scientist, who described the device in 1790 in the Gaceta de Literatura Méxicana. The ballcock device was patented in 1797 for use in steam engines by Edmund Cartwright.
1829
1. Nikolay Raevsky, Russian general and politician (b. 1771) deaths
  1. Nikolay Raevsky
    
    Nikolay Nikolayevich Raevsky was a Russian general and statesman who achieved fame for his feats of arms during the Napoleonic Wars. His family left a lasting legacy in Russian society and culture.
1824
1. Francis Turner Palgrave, English poet and critic (d. 1897) births
  1. Francis Turner Palgrave
    
    Francis Turner Palgrave was a British critic, anthologist and poet.
1823
1. Alexandre Cabanel, French painter and educator (d. 1889) births
  1. Alexandre Cabanel
    
    Alexandre Cabanel was a French painter. He painted historical, classical and religious subjects in the academic style. He was also well known as a portrait painter. According to Diccionario Enciclopedico Salvat, Cabanel is the best representative of L'art pompier, and was Napoleon III's preferred painter.
1821
1. Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, American minister and politician (d. 1874) births
  1. Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs
    
    Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, II was an American Presbyterian minister who served as Secretary of State and Superintendent of Public Instruction of Florida, and along with Josiah Thomas Walls, U.S. Congressman from Florida was among the most powerful black officeholders in the state during Reconstruction. An African-American who served during the Reconstruction era, he was the first black Florida Secretary of State. Jesse McCrary, who served for 5 months in 1979, was the second black Florida Secretary of State.
1819
1. Narcís Monturiol, Spanish engineer and publisher (d. 1885) births
  1. Narcís Monturiol
    
    Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol was a Spanish inventor, artist and engineer born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. He was the inventor of the first air-independent and combustion-engine-driven submarine.
1809
1. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, American physician and botanist (d. 1899) births
  1. Alvan Wentworth Chapman
    
    Alvan Wentworth Chapman was an American physician and pioneering botanist in the study of flora of the American Southeast. He wrote Flora of the Southern United States, the first comprehensive description of US plants in any region beyond the northeastern states.
1805
1. Christoph Franz von Buseck, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg (b. 1724) deaths
  1. Christoph Franz von Buseck
    
    Christoph Franz von Buseck was the Roman Catholic bishop of Bamberg and the last Prince-Bishop of Bamberg.
1803
1. Prosper Mérimée, French archaeologist, historian, and author (d. 1870) births
  1. Prosper Mérimée
    
    Prosper Mérimée was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, and one of the pioneers of the novella, a short novel or long short story. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, and an important figure in the history of architectural preservation. He is best known for his novella Carmen, which became the basis of Bizet's opera Carmen. He learned Russian, a language for which he had great affection, and translated the work of several important Russian writers, including Pushkin and Gogol, into French. From 1830 until 1860 he was the inspector of French historical monuments, and was responsible for the protection of many historic sites, including the medieval citadel of Carcassonne and the restoration of the façade of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Along with the writer George Sand, he discovered the series of tapestries called The Lady and the Unicorn, and arranged for their preservation. He was instrumental in the creation of Musée national du Moyen Âge in Paris, where the tapestries now are displayed. The official database of French monuments, the Base Mérimée, bears his name.
1765
1. Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (d. 1814) births
  1. Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
    
    Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg was a Danish prince and feudal magnate. He held the island of Als and some other castles in Schleswig.
1746
1. William Jones, English-Welsh philologist and scholar (d. 1794) births
  1. William Jones (philologist)
    
    Sir William Jones was a British philologist, a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among European and Indo-Aryan languages, which later came to be known as the Indo-European languages.
1742
1. Jean Baptiste Massillon, French bishop (b. 1663) deaths
  1. Jean Baptiste Massillon
    
    Jean-Baptiste Massillon, CO, was a French Catholic prelate and famous preacher who served as Bishop of Clermont from 1717 until his death.
1735
1. Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1811) births
  1. Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton
    
    Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton,, styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1705
1. Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, English politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (d. 1774) births
  1. Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland
    
    Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, PC, of Holland House in Kensington and of Holland House in Kingsgate, Kent, was a leading British politician. He identified primarily with the Whig faction. He held the posts of Secretary at War, Southern Secretary and Paymaster of the Forces, from which latter post he enriched himself. Whilst widely tipped as a future Prime Minister, he never held that office. His third son was the Whig statesman Charles James Fox.
  2. Secretary of State for the Southern Department
    
    The Secretary of State for the Southern Department was a position in the cabinet of the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain up to 1782, when the Southern Department became the Home Office.
2. Johann Peter Kellner, German organist and composer (d. 1772) births
  1. Johann Peter Kellner
    
    Johann Peter Kellner was a German organist and composer. He was the father of Johann Christoph Kellner.
1702
1. Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, French-English lawyer and politician, Lord President of the Council (b. 1640) deaths
  1. Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland
    
    Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, was an English nobleman and politician of the Spencer family. An able and gifted statesman, his caustic temper and belief in absolute monarchy nevertheless made him numerous enemies. He was forced to flee England in 1688, but later established himself with the new regime after the Revolution of that year. Subsequently, he took on a more disinterested role as an adviser to the Crown, seeking neither office nor favour. He evinced no party loyalty, but was devoted to his country's interests, as he saw them. By the notoriously lax standards of the Restoration Court, his private life was remarkably free from scandal, which won him favour in the more sober post-Revolution state.
  2. Lord President of the Council
    
    The lord president of the Council is the presiding officer of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and the fourth of the Great Officers of State, ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Lord President usually attends and is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Privy Council, presenting business for the approval of the sovereign. In the modern era, the incumbent is by convention always a member of one of the Houses of Parliament, and the office is normally a Cabinet position.
1694
1. Gabriel Mouton, French mathematician and theologian (b. 1618) deaths
  1. Gabriel Mouton
    
    Gabriel Mouton was a French abbot and scientist. He was a doctor of theology from Lyon, but was also interested in mathematics and astronomy. His 1670 book, the Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae apparentium, proposed a natural standard of length based on the circumference of the Earth, divided decimally. It was influential in the adoption of the metric system in 1799.
1687
1. Francis Turretin, Swiss-Italian theologian and academic (b. 1623) deaths
  1. Francis Turretin
    
    Francis Turretin was a Genevan-Italian Reformed scholastic theologian.
1681
1. Johann Mattheson, German composer, lexicographer, and diplomat (d. 1764) births
  1. Johann Mattheson
    
    Johann Mattheson was a German composer, singer, writer, lexicographer, diplomat and music theorist.
1618
1. Josuah Sylvester, English poet and translator (b. 1563) deaths
  1. Josuah Sylvester
    
    Josuah Sylvester was an English poet.
1605
1. Ismaël Bullialdus, French astronomer and mathematician (d. 1694) births
  1. Ismaël Bullialdus
    
    Ismaël Boulliau was a 17th-century French astronomer and mathematician who was also interested in history, theology, classical studies, and philology. He was an active member of the Republic of Letters, an intellectual community that exchanged ideas. An early defender of the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, Ismael Bullialdus has been called "the most noted astronomer of his generation". One of his books is Astronomia Philolaica (1645).
1596
1. Margaret Clifford, countess of Derby (b. 1540) deaths
  1. Margaret Stanley, Countess of Derby
    
    Margaret Stanley, Countess of Derby was the only surviving daughter of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland and Lady Eleanor Brandon. Her maternal grandparents were Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Mary Tudor, Queen of France. Mary was the third daughter of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.
1582
1. George Buchanan, Scottish historian and scholar (b. 1506) deaths
  1. George Buchanan
    
    George Buchanan was a Scottish historian and humanist scholar. According to historian Keith Brown, Buchanan was "the most profound intellectual sixteenth century Scotland produced." His ideology of resistance to royal usurpation gained widespread acceptance during the Scottish Reformation. Brown says the ease with which King James VII was deposed in 1689 shows the power of Buchananite ideas.
1573
1. Théodore de Mayerne, Swiss physician (d. 1654) births
  1. Théodore de Mayerne
    
    Sir Théodore Turquet de Mayerne was a Genevan-born physician who treated kings of France and England and advanced the theories of Paracelsus.
1555
1. Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Marshal of France (d. 1623) births
  1. Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon
    
    Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne was a member of the powerful House of La Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Sedan and a marshal of France.
1494
1. Agnolo Firenzuola, Italian poet and playwright (d. 1545) births
  1. Agnolo Firenzuola
    
    Agnolo Firenzuola was an Italian poet and litterateur.
1429
1. Cymburgis of Masovia, duchess consort of Austria (b. 1394) deaths
  1. Cymburgis of Masovia
    
    Cymburgis of Masovia, , also Zimburgis or Cimburga, a member of the Polish Piast dynasty, was Duchess of Austria from 1412 until 1424, by her marriage with the Habsburg duke Ernest the Iron. As the mother of later Emperor Frederick III, Cymburgis, after Gertrude of Hohenberg, became the second female ancestor of all later Habsburgs, as only her husband's Ernestine branch of the family survived in the male line.
1330
1. Elizabeth of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (b. 1292) deaths
  1. Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)
    
    Elizabeth of Bohemia was a princess of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty who became Queen of Bohemia as the first wife of King John the Blind. She was the mother of Emperor Charles IV, King of Bohemia, and a daughter of Judith of Habsburg, member of the House of Habsburg.
1213
1. Gertrude of Merania, queen consort of Hungaria (b. 1185) deaths
  1. Gertrude of Merania
    
    Gertrude of Merania was Queen of Hungary as the first wife of Andrew II from 1205 until her assassination. She was regent during her husband's absence.
1197
1. Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165) deaths
  1. Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Henry VI, a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. From 1194 he was also King of Sicily.
980
1. Minamoto no Hiromasa, Japanese nobleman (b. 918) deaths
  1. Minamoto no Hiromasa
    
    Minamoto no Hiromasa was a nobleman and gagaku musician in the Heian period. He was the eldest son of Prince Katsuakira and the grandson of Emperor Daigo. His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Tokihira.
935
1. Wenceslaus I, duke of Bohemia (b. c. 907) deaths
  1. Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
    
    Wenceslaus I, Wenceslas I or Václav the Good was the Duke (kníže) of Bohemia from 921 until his death, probably in 935. According to the legend, he was assassinated by his younger brother, Boleslaus the Cruel.
782
1. Leoba, Anglo-Saxon nun (b. c. 710) deaths
  1. Leoba
    
    Leoba, OSB was an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine nun and is recognized as a saint. In 746 she and others left Wimborne Minster in Dorset to join her kinsman Boniface in his mission to the German people. She was a learned woman and was involved in the foundation of nunneries in Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt. She had a leading role in evangelizing the area. Leoba was acclaimed for many miracles: saving a village from fire; saving a town from a terrible storm; protecting the reputation of the nuns in her convent; and saving the life of a fellow nun who was gravely ill – all accomplished through prayer.
616
1. Javanshir, King of Caucasian Albania (d. 680) births
  1. Javanshir
    
    Javanshir, was the prince of Caucasian Albania from 637 to 680, hailing from the region of Gardman. His life and deeds were the subject of legends that were recorded in Armenian medieval texts. He was from the Parthian Mihranid family, an offshoot of the House of Mihran, one of the seven Parthian clans of the Sasanian Empire.
  2. Caucasian Albania
    
    Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus: mostly in what is now Azerbaijan. The modern endonyms for the area are Aghwank and Aluank, among the Udi people, who regard themselves as descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania. However, its original endonym is unknown.
135
1. Rabbi Akiva, Jewish sage, martyr. (b. c. 50) deaths
  1. AD 135
    
    Year 135 (CXXXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lupercus and Atilianus. The denomination 135 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Rabbi Akiva
    
    Akiva ben Yosef, also known as Rabbi Akiva, was a leading Jewish scholar and sage, a tanna of the latter part of the first century and the beginning of the second century. Rabbi Akiva was a leading contributor to the Mishnah and to Midrash halakha. He is referred to in the Talmud as Rosh la-Hakhamim "Chief of the Sages". He was executed by the Romans in the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt.
  3. Ten Martyrs
    
    The Ten Martyrs were ten rabbis living during the era of the Mishnah who were martyred by the Roman Empire in the period after the destruction of the Second Temple. Their story is detailed in Midrash Eleh Ezkerah.
-48
1. Pompey, Roman general and politician (b. 106 BC) deaths
  1. Pompey
    
    Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of Rome from republic to empire. He was a student of Roman general Sulla as well as the political ally, and later enemy, of Julius Caesar.
-551
1. Confucius, Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. (d. 479 BC) births
  1. Confucius
    
    Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius's teachings and philosophy underpin East Asian culture and society, remaining influential across China and East Asia to this day.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Aaron of Auxerre
1. Aaron of Auxerre
  
  Aaron of Auxerre was a bishop of Auxerre. He has been beatified by the Roman Catholic Church, and his relics are venerated in the Church of Saint-Germain in Auxerre, where his feast day is celebrated on 28 September.
Christian feast day: Annemund
1. Annemund
  
  Saint Annemund, also known as Annemundus, Aunemundus, Ennemond and Chamond, was an archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lyon. Annemund was a councillor of Clovis II and a friend of Wilfrid of York. The year of his death is variously given as either 657 or 658. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Conval
1. Saint Conval
  
  Saint Conval (Conwall) was an Irish-born missionary who, when pondering his vocation, was carried by the stone he stood on across the Irish Sea to Inchinnan in Scotland. He was active in the Kingdom of Strathclyde in the area of East Renfrewshire, where there were “Conval wells” in Barrhead and Thornliebank. He is believed to have founded churches at Inchinnan, Pollokshaws and Fereneze. His bones were preserved in an impressive sarcophagus at the Inchinnan church.
Christian feast day: Eustochium
1. Eustochium
  
  Eustochium, born Eustochium Julia at Rome, is also venerated as a saint and was an early Desert Mother. Eustochium was the daughter of Paula of Rome and the third of four daughters of the Roman Senator Toxotius, for whom Jerome made a number of disputable claims of ancestry. After the death of her husband around 380 Paula and her daughter Eustochium lived in Rome as austere a life as the fathers of the desert. Eustochium had three sisters, Blaesilla, Paulina, and Rufina, and a brother, Toxotius.
Christian feast day: Exuperius
1. Exuperius
  
  Saint Exuperius was Bishop of Toulouse at the beginning of the 5th century.
Christian feast day: Faustus of Riez
1. Faustus of Riez
  
  Saint Faustus of Riez was an early Bishop of Riez (Rhegium) in Southern Gaul (Provence), the best known and most distinguished defender of Semipelagianism.
Christian feast day: John of Dukla
1. John of Dukla
  
  John of Dukla is a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. He is one of the patron saints of Poland and Lithuania.
Christian feast day: Leoba
1. Leoba
  
  Leoba, OSB was an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine nun and is recognized as a saint. In 746 she and others left Wimborne Minster in Dorset to join her kinsman Boniface in his mission to the German people. She was a learned woman and was involved in the foundation of nunneries in Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt. She had a leading role in evangelizing the area. Leoba was acclaimed for many miracles: saving a village from fire; saving a town from a terrible storm; protecting the reputation of the nuns in her convent; and saving the life of a fellow nun who was gravely ill – all accomplished through prayer.
Christian feast day: Lorenzo Ruiz
1. Lorenzo Ruiz
  
  Lorenzo Ruiz, also called Saint Lorenzo of Manila, is a Filipino saint venerated in the Catholic Church. A Chinese-Filipino, he became his country's protomartyr after his execution in Japan by the Tokugawa Shogunate during its persecution of Japanese Christians in the 17th century.
Christian feast day: Paternus of Auch
1. Paternus of Auch
  
  Saint Paternus was the Bishop of Auch, although born a Basque.
Christian feast day: Richard Rolle, Walter Hilton and Margery Kempe (Episcopal Church (USA))
1. Richard Rolle
  
  Richard Rolle was an English hermit, mystic, and religious writer. He is also known as Richard Rolle of Hampole or de Hampole, since at the end of his life he lived near a Cistercian nunnery in Hampole, now in South Yorkshire. In the words of Nicholas Watson, scholarly research has shown that "[d]uring the fifteenth century he was one of the most widely read of English writers, whose works survive in nearly four hundred English ... and at least seventy Continental manuscripts, almost all written between 1390 and 1500."
2. Walter Hilton
  
  Walter Hilton Can.Reg. was an English Augustinian mystic, whose works gained influence in 15th-century England and Wales. He has been canonized by the Church of England and by the Episcopal Church in the United States.
3. Margery Kempe
  
  Margery Kempe was an English Christian mystic, known for writing through dictation The Book of Margery Kempe, a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the English language. Her book chronicles Kempe's domestic tribulations, her extensive pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and the Holy Land, as well as her mystical conversations with God. She is honoured in the Anglican Communion, but has not been canonised as a Catholic saint.
4. Episcopal Church (United States)
  
  The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.
Christian feast day: Simón de Rojas
1. Simón de Rojas
  
  Simón de Rojas was a Spanish priest of the Trinitarian Order known as the "Apostle of the Ave Maria", for his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. A person of many abilities, Rojas was a theologian and a spiritual writer, as well as a friend and benefactor of the poor.
Christian feast day: Wenceslas
1. Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
  
  Wenceslaus I, Wenceslas I or Václav the Good was the Duke (kníže) of Bohemia from 921 until his death, probably in 935. According to the legend, he was assassinated by his younger brother, Boleslaus the Cruel.
Christian feast day: September 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics).
1. September 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  September 27 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - September 29
Czech Statehood Day (Czech Republic)
1. Public holidays in the Czech Republic
  
  Public holidays in the Czech Republic:
2. Czech Republic
  
  The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec.
Freedom from Hunger Day
1. Freedom from Hunger Day
  
  The first Freedom from Hunger Day was held on September 28, 2006 to increase awareness about global hunger and promote Freedom from Hunger's empowerment of women around the world. The event included walk-through exhibits of regions where Freedom from Hunger operates - India, Latin America, West Africa, and the Philippines - where visitors enjoyed native food and entertainment. In addition, Freedom from Hunger provided children with passports that included historical and cultural information from each region that were stamped at each exhibit.
International Day for Universal Access to Information
1. International Day for Universal Access to Information
  
  The International Day for Universal Access to Information (IDUAI) was proclaimed on 15 October 2019 at the 74th UN General Assembly to be held on 28 September.
National Day of Awareness and Unity against Child Pornography (Philippines)
1. Child pornography
  
  Child pornography is pornography that unlawfully exploits children for sexual stimulation. It may be produced with the direct involvement or sexual assault of a child or it may be simulated child pornography. Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts or lascivious exhibitions of genitals or pubic areas which are recorded in the production of child pornography. Child pornography may use a variety of mediums, including writings, magazines, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, video, and video games. Child pornography may be created for profit or other reasons.
2. Philippines
  
  The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City; both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila.
Teachers' Day (Taiwan and Chinese-Filipino schools in the Philippines), ceremonies dedicated to Confucius are also observed.
1. List of Teachers' Days
  
  Teachers' Day is a special day for the appreciation of teachers, and may include celebrations to honor them for their special contributions in a particular field area, or the community tone in education. This is the primary reason why countries celebrate this day on different dates, unlike many other International Days. For example, Argentina has commemorated Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's death on 11 September as Teachers' Day since 1915. In India the birthday of the second president Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 5 September, is celebrated as Teachers' Day since 1962, while Guru Purnima has been traditionally observed as a day to worship teachers/gurus by Hindus. Many countries celebrate their Teachers' Day on 5 October in conjunction with World Teachers' Day, which was established by UNESCO in 1994.
2. Taiwan
  
  Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The territories controlled by the ROC consist of 168 islands, with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres (13,974 sq mi). The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital, Taipei, forms along with New Taipei City and Keelung the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.
3. Philippines
  
  The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City; both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila.
4. Confucius
  
  Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius's teachings and philosophy underpin East Asian culture and society, remaining influential across China and East Asia to this day.
World Rabies Day (International)
1. World Rabies Day
  
  World Rabies Day is an international awareness campaign coordinated by the Global Alliance for Rabies Control, a non-profit organization with headquarters in the United States. It is a United Nations Observance and has been endorsed by international human and veterinary health organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.

Important events in history on September 28 th

Events

2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami

2016 South Australian blackout

2014 Hong Kong protests

National People's Congress

Somali Civil War (2009–present)

Somali National Army

African Union Mission to Somalia

Raskamboni Movement

Battle of Kismayo (2012)

Al-Shabaab (militant group)

Kismayo

Battle of Kismayo (2012)

2009 Guinean protests

Conakry

2009 Guinean protests

Falcon 1

RatSat

2008 Singapore Grand Prix

Formula One

Fernando Alonso

Nelson Piquet Jr.

Renault Formula One crash controversy

Safety car

Typhoon Xangsane

Manila

Second Intifada

Ariel Sharon

Temple Mount

Jerusalem

Bob Denard

Oslo II Accord

MS Estonia

Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268

Democratic Progressive Party

Pope John Paul I

August 1978 papal conclave

Myocardial infarction

Year of three popes

Knightsbridge

Spaghetti House siege

Spaghetti House siege

ITT Inc.

1973 Chilean coup d'état

Cold War

Canada men's national ice hockey team

Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team

Summit Series

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Whaam!

Roy Lichtenstein

Leo Castelli

1961 Syrian coup d'état

United Arab Republic

Color television

Klooga concentration camp

Drama uprising

Ted Williams

World War II

German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty

Siege of Warsaw (1939)

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

Mold

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin

United States Army Air Service

Seattle

First aerial circumnavigation

First aerial circumnavigation

Omaha race riot of 1919

World War I

Fifth Battle of Ypres

Ulster Covenant

Frank S. Scott

Philippine–American War

Battle of Balangiga

Balangiga

Samar

Important events in history
on September 28 ^th