Important events in history
on September 21 ^st

Events

2019
1. A 5.6 Mw earthquake shakes the Albanian port of Durrës. Forty-nine people are injured in the capital, Tirana.
  1. 2019 Albania earthquake
    
    Northwestern Albania was struck by a magnitude 6.4 earthquake with an epicentre 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west-southwest of Mamurras, at 03:54 CET (UTC+1) on 26 November 2019. The earthquake lasted at least 50 seconds and was felt in Albania's capital Tirana, and in places as far away as Bari, Taranto and Belgrade, 370 kilometres (230 mi) northeast of the epicentre. The maximum felt intensity was VIII (Severe) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. A total of 51 people were killed in the earthquake, with about 3,000 injured. It was the second earthquake to strike the region in the space of three months. It was the strongest earthquake to hit Albania in more than 40 years, its deadliest earthquake in 99 years and the world's deadliest earthquake in 2019.
  2. Albania
    
    Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.
  3. Durrës
    
    Durrës is the second most populous city of the Republic of Albania and seat of Durrës County and Durrës Municipality. It is located on a flat plain along the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast between the mouths of the Erzen and Ishëm at the southeastern corner of the Adriatic Sea. Durrës' climate is profoundly influenced by a seasonal Mediterranean climate.
  4. Tirana
    
    Tirana is the capital and largest city of Albania. It is located in the centre of the country, enclosed by mountains and hills with Dajti rising to the east and a slight valley to the northwest overlooking the Adriatic Sea in the distance. Due to its location at the Plain of Tirana and the close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the city is particularly influenced by a Mediterranean seasonal climate. It is among the wettest and sunniest cities in Europe, with 2,544 hours of sun per year.
2018
1. Killing of Zak Kostopoulos, LGBT rights activist beaten to death on a busy street in Athens
  1. Killing of Zak Kostopoulos
    
    Zak Kostopoulos was killed on a busy street near Omonoia Square, Athens during the day on 21 September 2018, first beaten by civilians and later by the police. The victim, a LGBT rights activist in Greece, died on the way to the hospital. The suspects in the case are awaiting trial for inflicting fatal bodily harm.
2013
1. Unidentified gunmen began a three-day attack on the upmarket Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya, resulting in the deaths of 67 people with at least another 175 wounded.
  1. Westgate shopping mall attack
    
    On 21 September 2013, four masked gunmen attacked the Westgate shopping mall, an upscale mall in Nairobi, Kenya. There are conflicting reports about the number killed in the attack, since part of the mall collapsed due to a fire that started during the siege. The attack resulted in 71 total deaths, including 62 civilians, five Kenyan soldiers, and four attackers. Approximately 200 people were wounded in the mass shooting.
  2. Westgate, Nairobi
    
    Westgate Shopping Mall is an upscale shopping mall located in the Westlands division of Nairobi, Kenya. It was first opened in 2007.
  3. Nairobi
    
    Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name is derived from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to "place of cool waters", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper had a population of 4,397,073 in the 2019 census, while the metropolitan area has a projected population in 2022 of 10.8 million. The city is commonly referred to as the Green City in the Sun.
2. Al-Shabaab Islamic militants attack the Westgate shopping mall in Kenya, killing at least 67 people.
  1. Al-Shabaab (militant group)
    
    Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, more commonly known as al-Shabaab, is an Islamic fundamentalist Salafi jihadist group which is based in Somalia and active elsewhere in East Africa. It is actively involved in the ongoing Somali Civil War. Even though its membership incorporates Somali nationalist elements, al-Shabaab's central aims are Salafi jihadist. Allegiant to the militant pan-Islamist organization al-Qaeda since 2012, it has also been suspected of forging ties with Boko Haram, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
  2. Westgate shopping mall attack
    
    On 21 September 2013, four masked gunmen attacked the Westgate shopping mall, an upscale mall in Nairobi, Kenya. There are conflicting reports about the number killed in the attack, since part of the mall collapsed due to a fire that started during the siege. The attack resulted in 71 total deaths, including 62 civilians, five Kenyan soldiers, and four attackers. Approximately 200 people were wounded in the mass shooting.
  3. Kenya
    
    Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres (224,081 sq mi), Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by area. With a population of more than 47.6 million in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country in the world. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest, currently second largest city, and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. Its geography, climate and population vary widely, ranging from cold snow-capped mountaintops with vast surrounding forests, wildlife and fertile agricultural regions to temperate climates in western and rift valley counties and dry less fertile arid and semi-arid areas and absolute deserts.
2012
1. Three Egyptian militants open fire on a group of Israeli soldiers in a southern Israel cross-border attack.
  1. Egyptians
    
    Egyptians are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt. Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population is concentrated in the Nile Valley, a small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean and enclosed by desert both to the east and to the west. This unique geography has been the basis of the development of Egyptian society since antiquity.
  2. Israel Defense Forces
    
    The Israel Defense Forces, alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym Tzahal (צה״ל), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and the Israeli Navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security apparatus, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel. The IDF is headed by the Chief of the General Staff, who is subordinate to the Israeli Defense Minister.
  3. September 2012 southern Israel cross-border attack
    
    September 2012 southern Israel cross-border attack refers to an incident on 21 September 2012, when three Egyptian militants, wearing civilian clothes and armed with explosive belts, AK-47 rifles and RPG launchers, approached the Egypt-Israel border in an area where the Egypt–Israel barrier was incomplete, and opened fire on a group of IDF soldiers supervising the civilian workers who were constructing the border fence.
2003
1. The Galileo spacecraft is terminated by sending it into Jupiter's atmosphere.
  1. Galileo (spacecraft)
    
    Galileo was an American robotic space probe that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as the asteroids Gaspra and Ida. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was delivered into Earth orbit on October 18, 1989, by Space Shuttle Atlantis, during STS-34. Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, after gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, and became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.
2001
1. With racial tensions high after the September 11 attacks, a gang of British Muslim youths in Peterborough, England, murdered 17-year-old Ross Parker.
  1. September 11 attacks
    
    The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the Northeastern United States to California. The hijackers crashed the first two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and the third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane was intended to hit a federal government building in Washington, D.C., but crashed in a field following a passenger revolt. The attacks killed nearly 3,000 people and instigated the war on terror.
  2. Peterborough
    
    Peterborough is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, east of England. It is the largest part of the City of Peterborough unitary authority district. It was part of Northamptonshire until 1974, when county boundary change meant the city became part of Cambridgeshire instead. The city is 76 mi (122 km) north of London, on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 mi (48 km) to the north-east. In 2020 the built-up area subdivision had an estimated population of 179,349. In 2021 the Unitary Authority area had a population of 215,671.
  3. Murder of Ross Parker
    
    Ross Andrew Parker, from Peterborough, England, was a seventeen-year-old white English male murdered in an unprovoked racially motivated crime. He bled to death after being stabbed, beaten with a hammer and repeatedly kicked by a gang of British Pakistani men. The incident occurred in Millfield, Peterborough, ten days after the September 11 attacks.
2. America: A Tribute to Heroes is broadcast by over 35 network and cable channels, raising over $200 million for the victims of the September 11 attacks.
  1. America: A Tribute to Heroes
    
    America: A Tribute to Heroes was a benefit concert created by the heads of the four major American broadcast networks; Fox, ABC, NBC and CBS. Joel Gallen was selected by them to produce and run the show. Actor George Clooney organized celebrities to perform and to staff the telephone bank.
3. Ross Parker is murdered in Peterborough, England, by a gang of ten British Pakistani youths.
  1. Murder of Ross Parker
    
    Ross Andrew Parker, from Peterborough, England, was a seventeen-year-old white English male murdered in an unprovoked racially motivated crime. He bled to death after being stabbed, beaten with a hammer and repeatedly kicked by a gang of British Pakistani men. The incident occurred in Millfield, Peterborough, ten days after the September 11 attacks.
  2. Peterborough
    
    Peterborough is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, east of England. It is the largest part of the City of Peterborough unitary authority district. It was part of Northamptonshire until 1974, when county boundary change meant the city became part of Cambridgeshire instead. The city is 76 mi (122 km) north of London, on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 mi (48 km) to the north-east. In 2020 the built-up area subdivision had an estimated population of 179,349. In 2021 the Unitary Authority area had a population of 215,671.
1999
1. A 7.7 Mw earthquake struck Jiji, Taiwan, killing 2,415 people, injuring more than 11,000 others and causing about NT$300 billion (US$10 billion) in damage across the island.
  1. Moment magnitude scale
    
    The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.
  2. 1999 Jiji earthquake
    
    The Chi-Chi earthquake (later also known as the Jiji earthquake) (Chinese: 集集地震; pinyin: Jíjí dìzhèn; Wade–Giles: Chi2-Chi2 Ti4-chên4), also known as the great earthquake of September 21 (九二一大地震; Jiǔ-èr-yī dàdìzhèn; '921 earthquake'), was a 7.3 ML or 7.7 Mw earthquake which occurred in Jiji (Chi-Chi), Nantou County, Taiwan on Tuesday, 21 September 1999 at 01:47:12 local time. 2,415 people were killed, 11,305 injured, and NT$300 billion worth of damage was done. It is the second-deadliest earthquake in Taiwan's recorded history, after the 1935 Shinchiku-Taichū earthquake.
  3. Jiji, Nantou
    
    Jiji or Chichi is an urban township located in the west central portion of Nantou County, Taiwan. Jiji is the smallest of Taiwan's townships by area.
  4. New Taiwan dollar
    
    The New Taiwan dollar is the official currency of Taiwan. The New Taiwan dollar has been the currency of Taiwan since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar, at a rate of 40,000 old dollars per one new dollar. The basic unit of the New Taiwan dollar is called a yuan (圓) and is subdivided into ten jiao (角), and into 100 fen (分) or cents, although in practice both jiao and fen are never actually used.
2. The Chi-Chi earthquake occurs in central Taiwan, leaving about 2,400 people dead.
  1. 1999 Jiji earthquake
    
    The Chi-Chi earthquake (later also known as the Jiji earthquake) (Chinese: 集集地震; pinyin: Jíjí dìzhèn; Wade–Giles: Chi2-Chi2 Ti4-chên4), also known as the great earthquake of September 21 (九二一大地震; Jiǔ-èr-yī dàdìzhèn; '921 earthquake'), was a 7.3 ML or 7.7 Mw earthquake which occurred in Jiji (Chi-Chi), Nantou County, Taiwan on Tuesday, 21 September 1999 at 01:47:12 local time. 2,415 people were killed, 11,305 injured, and NT$300 billion worth of damage was done. It is the second-deadliest earthquake in Taiwan's recorded history, after the 1935 Shinchiku-Taichū earthquake.
1997
1. St. Olaf's Church, a stone church from the 16th century in Tyrvää, Finland, was burnt down by a burglar.
  1. St. Olaf's Church, Tyrvää
    
    St. Olaf's Church in Tyrvää is a late medieval fieldstone church in Tyrvää, Sastamala, Finland. It is located on the shore of lake Rautavesi. The church was built approximately in 1510–1516 and burnt down by a burglar on 21 September 1997.
  2. Tyrvää
    
    Tyrvää was a municipality in the Satakunta region, Turku and Pori Province, Finland. It was established in 1439 when the Tyrvää parish was separated from the parish of Karkku. In 1915, the market town of Vammala was separated from Tyrvää, and in 1973, Tyrvää was consolidated with Vammala. In 2009, Vammala became a part of the newly established town Sastamala.
  3. Finland
    
    Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
1996
1. The Defense of Marriage Act was passed by the United States Congress, prohibiting federal recognition of same-sex marriage, while allowing states to adopt any marital definition of their choosing.
  1. Defense of Marriage Act
    
    The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. It banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage by limiting the definition of marriage to the union of one man and one woman, and it further allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states. All of the act's provisions, except those relating to its short title, were ruled unconstitutional or legally void by Supreme Court decisions in the cases of United States v. Windsor (2013) and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), which invalidated the law and any enforcement it had.
  2. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  3. Same-sex marriage in the United States
    
    The availability of legally recognized same-sex marriage in the United States expanded from one state (Massachusetts) in 2004 to all fifty states in 2015 through various court rulings, state legislation, and direct popular votes. States each have separate marriage laws, which must adhere to rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States that recognize marriage as a fundamental right guaranteed by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as first established in the 1967 landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia.
2. The Defense of Marriage Act is passed by the United States Congress.
  1. Defense of Marriage Act
    
    The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. It banned federal recognition of same-sex marriage by limiting the definition of marriage to the union of one man and one woman, and it further allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states. All of the act's provisions, except those relating to its short title, were ruled unconstitutional or legally void by Supreme Court decisions in the cases of United States v. Windsor (2013) and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), which invalidated the law and any enforcement it had.
  2. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
1993
1. Russian President Boris Yeltsin triggers a constitutional crisis when he suspends parliament and scraps the constitution.
  1. Boris Yeltsin
    
    Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the first president of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990. He later stood as a political independent, during which time he was viewed as being ideologically aligned with liberalism and Russian nationalism.
  2. 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
    
    The 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, also known as the 1993 October Coup, Black October, the Shooting of the White House or Ukaz 1400, was a political stand-off and a constitutional crisis between the Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation that was resolved by Yeltsin using military force.
  3. Duma
    
    A duma is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.
  4. Russian Constitution of 1978
    
    The Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 12 April 1978 was formally its supreme law.
1991
1. Armenia gains independence from the Soviet Union.
  1. Armenia
    
    Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and the financial center.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
1984
1. Brunei joins the United Nations.
  1. Brunei
    
    Brunei, formally Brunei Darussalam, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2020, its population was 460,345, of whom about 100,000 live in the capital and largest city, Bandar Seri Begawan. The government is an absolute monarchy ruled by its Sultan, entitled the Yang di-Pertuan, and implements a combination of English common law and sharia law, as well as general Islamic practices.
1981
1. Belize is granted full independence from the United Kingdom.
  1. Belize
    
    Belize is a Caribbean country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a water boundary with Honduras to the southeast. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) and a population of 397,621 (2020). Its mainland is about 290 km (180 mi) long and 110 km (68 mi) wide. It is the least populated and least densely populated country in Central America. Its population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second-highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is the namesake city of Belize City. Belize is often thought of as a Caribbean country in Central America because it has a history similar to that of English-speaking Caribbean nations. Indeed, Belize’s institutions and official language reflect its history as a British colony.
2. Sandra Day O'Connor is unanimously approved by the U.S. Senate as the first female Supreme Court justice.
  1. Sandra Day O'Connor
    
    Sandra Day O'Connor is an American retired attorney and politician who served as the first female associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. She was both the first woman nominated and the first confirmed to the court. Nominated by President Ronald Reagan, she was considered the swing vote for the Rehnquist Court and the first five months of the Roberts Court.
  2. United States Senate
    
    The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
1976
1. Orlando Letelier is assassinated in Washington, D.C because had been a member of the former Chilean Marxist government.
  1. Orlando Letelier
    
    Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar was a Chilean economist, politician and diplomat during the presidency of Salvador Allende. A refugee from the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, Letelier accepted several academic positions in Washington, D.C. following his exile from Chile. In 1976, agents of Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), the Pinochet regime's secret police, assassinated Letelier in Washington via the use of a car bomb. These agents had been working in collaboration with members of the Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, an anti-Castro militant group.
  2. Assassination of Orlando Letelier
    
    On 21 September 1976, Orlando Letelier, a leading opponent of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, was assassinated by car bombing, in Washington, D.C. Letelier, who was living in exile in the United States, was killed along with his work colleague Ronni Karpen Moffitt, who was in the car with her husband Michael. The assassination was carried out by agents of the Chilean secret police (DINA), and was one among many carried out as part of Operation Condor. Declassified U.S. intelligence documents confirm that Pinochet directly ordered the killing.
  3. Washington, D.C.
    
    Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
2. Seychelles joins the United Nations.
  1. Seychelles
    
    Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa. Nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago to the east. It is the least populated sovereign African country, with an estimated 2020 population of 98,462.
1972
1. Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos begins authoritarian rule by declaring martial law.
  1. Ferdinand Marcos
    
    Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. was a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator, and kleptocrat who was the 10th president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled under martial law from 1972 until 1981 and kept most of his martial law powers until he was deposed in 1986, branding his rule as "constitutional authoritarianism" under his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. One of the most controversial leaders of the 20th century, Marcos's rule was infamous for its corruption, extravagance, and brutality.
  2. Proclamation No. 1081
    
    Proclamation No. 1081 was the document which contained formal proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos, as announced to the public on September 23, 1972.
1971
1. Bahrain, Bhutan and Qatar join the United Nations.
  1. Bahrain
    
    Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in Western Asia. It is situated on the Persian Gulf, and comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island which makes up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2020 census, the country's population numbers 1,501,635, of which 712,362 are Bahraini nationals. Bahrain spans some 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi), and is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.
  2. Bhutan
    
    Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountainous country, Bhutan is known as "Druk Yul," or "Land of the Thunder Dragon". Nepal and Bangladesh are located near Bhutan but do not share a land border. The country has a population of over 727,145 and territory of 38,394 square kilometres (14,824 sq mi) and ranks 133rd in terms of land area and 160th in population. Bhutan is a Constitutional Democratic Monarchy with King as head of state and Prime Minister as head of government. Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism is the state religion and Je khenpo is the head of state religion.
  3. Qatar
    
    Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in Western Asia. It occupies the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. The capital is Doha, home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants, and the land area is mostly made up of flat, low-lying desert.
1968
1. The Soviet Union's Zond 5 landed in the Indian Ocean, becoming the first spacecraft to safely return to Earth after travelling around the Moon.
  1. Zond 5
    
    Zond 5 was a spacecraft of the Soviet Zond program. In September 1968 it became the first spaceship to travel to and circle the Moon, the first Moon mission to include animals, and the first to return safely to Earth. Zond 5 carried the first terrestrial organisms to the vicinity of the Moon, including two tortoises, fruit fly eggs, and plants. The Russian tortoises underwent biological changes during the flight, but it was concluded that the changes were primarily due to starvation and that they were little affected by space travel.
1965
1. Portugal accepted a diplomatic mission from Southern Rhodesia despite objections by Britain, which had required the colony to implement black majority rule as a condition of independence.
  1. Rhodesian mission in Lisbon
    
    The Rhodesian mission in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, operated from September 1965 to May 1975. It was a diplomatic mission representing Rhodesia, initially as a self-governing colony of Britain and, after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965, as an unrecognised state. Rhodesia informed Britain of its intent to open a Lisbon mission headed by an accredited representative, independent from the British Embassy in the city, in June 1965. Whitehall refused to endorse the idea but Rhodesia continued nonetheless, and later that month appointed Harry Reedman to head the mission. The British government attempted unsuccessfully to block this unilateral act—Rhodesia's first—for some months afterwards.
  2. Southern Rhodesia
    
    Southern Rhodesia was a landlocked self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally known as south Zambesia until annexed by Britain at the behest of Cecil Rhodes's British South Africa Company, for whom the colony was named. The bounding territories were Bechuanaland (Botswana), Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), Moçambique (Mozambique), and the Transvaal Republic.
2. The Gambia, Maldives and Singapore are admitted as members of the United Nations.
  1. The Gambia
    
    The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean, thus the long shape of the country. It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres (4,127 sq mi) with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area, while the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
  2. Maldives
    
    Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is an archipelagic state located in South Asia, situated in the Indian Ocean. It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about 750 kilometres from the Asian continent's mainland. The chain of 26 atolls stretches across the equator from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south.
  3. Singapore
    
    Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor to the north. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet; the combined area of these has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the third highest population density in the world. With a multicultural population and recognising the need to respect cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca and numerous public services are available only in English. Multiracialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.
  4. United Nations
    
    The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.
1964
1. Malta gains independence from the United Kingdom, but remains in the Commonwealth.
  1. Malta
    
    Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily (Italy), 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia, and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya. The official languages are Maltese and English, and 66% of the current Maltese population is at least conversational in the Italian language.
  2. United Kingdom
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
  3. Commonwealth of Nations
    
    The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations amongst member states. Numerous organisations are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.
2. The North American XB-70 Valkyrie, the world's fastest bomber, makes its maiden flight from Palmdale, California.
  1. North American XB-70 Valkyrie
    
    The North American Aviation XB-70 Valkyrie was the prototype version of the planned B-70 nuclear-armed, deep-penetration supersonic strategic bomber for the United States Air Force Strategic Air Command. Designed in the late 1950s by North American Aviation (NAA), the six-engined Valkyrie was capable of cruising for thousands of miles at Mach 3+ while flying at 70,000 feet (21,000 m).
  2. Palmdale, California
    
    Palmdale is a city in northern Los Angeles County in the U.S. state of California. The city lies in the Antelope Valley region of Southern California. The San Gabriel Mountains separate Palmdale from the Los Angeles Basin to the south.
1957
1. Pamir, a four-masted barque, was shipwrecked and sank off the Azores during Hurricane Carrie.
  1. Pamir (ship)
    
    Pamir was a four-masted barque built for the German shipping company F. Laeisz. One of their famous Flying P-Liners, she was the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn, in 1949. By 1957, she had been outmoded by modern bulk carriers and could not operate at a profit. Her shipping consortium's inability to finance much-needed repairs or to recruit sufficient sail-trained officers caused severe technical difficulties. On 21 September 1957, she was caught in Hurricane Carrie and sank off the Azores, with only six survivors rescued after an extensive search.
  2. Barque
    
    A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen rigged fore and aft. Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, bearing a square-rigged sail above.
  3. Azores
    
    The Azores, officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores, is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal. It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of Lisbon, about 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of Morocco, and about 1,930 km (1,200 mi) southeast of Newfoundland, Canada.
  4. Hurricane Carrie
    
    Hurricane Carrie was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1957 Atlantic hurricane season. The third named storm and second hurricane of the year, Carrie formed from an easterly tropical wave off the western coast of Africa on September 2, a type of tropical cyclogenesis typical of Cape Verde-type hurricanes. Moving to the west, the storm gradually intensified, reaching hurricane strength on September 5. Carrie intensified further, before reaching peak intensity on September 8 as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) in the open Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane curved northwards and fluctuated in intensity as it neared Bermuda on September 14. However, Carrie passed well north of the island and turned to the northeast towards Europe. Weakening as it reached higher latitudes, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 23, prior to affecting areas of the British Isles, and subsequently dissipated on September 28.
1953
1. Lieutenant No Kum-sok, a North Korean pilot, defects to South Korea with his jet fighter.
  1. No Kum-sok
    
    Kenneth H. Rowe is a Korean American engineer and aviator who served as a senior lieutenant in the Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force during the Korean War. Approximately two months after the end of hostilities, he defected to South Korea in a MiG-15 aircraft, and was subsequently granted political asylum in the United States.
  2. North Korea
    
    North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.
  3. Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force
    
    The Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force is the unified military aviation force of North Korea. It is the second largest branch of the Korean People's Army comprising an estimated 110,000 members. It possesses around 950 aircraft of different types, mostly of decades-old Soviet and Chinese origin. Its primary task is to defend North Korean airspace.
  4. South Korea
    
    South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), Korea Republic, is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a population of 51.75 million, of which roughly half live in the Seoul Capital Area, the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world. Other major cities include Incheon, Busan, and Daegu.
1943
1. Second World War: The German Army began the Massacre of the Acqui Division on the Greek island of Cephalonia, executing 5,155 Italian soldiers in the next five days.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Massacre of the Acqui Division
    
    The massacre of the Acqui Division, also known as the Cephalonia massacre, was the mass execution of the soldiers of the Italian 33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" by German soldiers on the island of Cephalonia, Greece, in September 1943, following the Italian armistice during the Second World War. About 5,000 soldiers were executed, and around 3,000 more drowned.
  3. Cephalonia
    
    Kefalonia or Cephalonia, formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (Κεφαλληνία), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It is also a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region. It was a former Latin Catholic diocese Kefalonia–Zakynthos (Cefalonia–Zante) and short-lived titular see as just Kefalonia. The capital city of Cephalonia is Argostoli.
1942
1. The Holocaust in Ukraine: On the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, Nazis send over 1,000 Jews of Pidhaitsi to Bełżec extermination camp.
  1. The Holocaust in Ukraine
    
    The Holocaust in Ukraine took place in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, the General Government, the Crimean General Government and some areas which were located to the East of Reichskommissariat Ukraine, in the Transnistria Governorate and Northern Bukovina and Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II. The listed areas are currently parts of Ukraine. Between 1941 and 1944, more than a million Jews living in the Soviet Union, almost all from Ukraine and Belarus, were murdered by Nazi Germany's "Final Solution" extermination policies and with the help of local Ukrainian collaborators. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement, of which Ukraine was the largest part. The major massacres against Jews mainly occurred during the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the Red Army of the Soviet Union.
  2. Yom Kippur
    
    Yom Kippur is the holiest day in Judaism and Samaritanism. It occurs annually on the 10th of Tishrei, the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Primarily centered on atonement and repentance, the day's observances consist of full fasting and ascetic behavior accompanied by intensive prayer as well as sin confessions. Alongside the related holiday of Rosh HaShanah, Yom Kippur is one of the two components of the "High Holy Days" of Judaism.
  3. Pidhaitsi
    
    Pidhaitsi is a small city in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is located ca. 15.5 mi south of Berezhany, 43.5 mi from Ternopil and ca. 62 mi south-east of Lviv. In 1939 Pidhaitsi obtained the formal status of a city. It hosts the administration of Pidhaitsi urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 2,661.
  4. Belzec extermination camp
    
    Belzec was a Nazi German extermination camp built by the SS for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to murder all Polish Jews, a major part of the "Final Solution" which in total entailed the murder of about 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. The camp operated from 17 March 1942 to the end of June 1943. It was situated about 500 m (1,600 ft) south of the local railroad station of Bełżec, in the new Lublin District of the General Government territory of German-occupied Poland. The burning of exhumed corpses on five open-air grids and bone crushing continued until March 1943.
2. The Holocaust in Ukraine: In Dunaivtsi, Ukraine, Nazis murder 2,588 Jews.
  1. Dunaivtsi
    
    Dunaivtsi is a city in Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion, Khmelnytskyi Oblast (province), Ukraine. It is located on the river Ternavka, 22 km away from the railway station Dunaivtsi and 68 km from the Khmelnytskyi. Reinforcement plant, repair and engineering works and butter-processing plant are located in the city. The city also houses a control center of the State Space Agency of Ukraine. Dunaivtsi hosts the administration of Dunaivtsi urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Current population is 15,799
3. The Holocaust in Poland: At the end of Yom Kippur, Germans order Jews to permanently move from Konstantynów to Biała Podlaska.
  1. The Holocaust in Poland
    
    The Holocaust in Poland was part of the European-wide Holocaust organized by Nazi Germany and took place in German-occupied Poland. During the genocide, three million Polish Jews were murdered, half of all Jews murdered during the Holocaust.
  2. Biała Podlaska
    
    Biała Podlaska (listen) is a city in eastern Poland with 56,498 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the Lublin Voivodeship, having previously been the capital of Biała Podlaska Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Biała Podlaska County, although the city is not part of the county. The city lies on the Krzna river.
4. The Boeing B-29 Superfortress makes its maiden flight.
  1. Boeing B-29 Superfortress
    
    The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is an American four-engined propeller-driven heavy bomber, designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War. Named in allusion to its predecessor, the B-17 Flying Fortress, the Superfortress was designed for high-altitude strategic bombing, but also excelled in low-altitude night incendiary bombing, and in dropping naval mines to blockade Japan. B-29s dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only aircraft ever to drop nuclear weapons in combat.
1939
1. Romanian Prime Minister Armand Călinescu is assassinated by the Iron Guard.
  1. Armand Călinescu
    
    Armand Călinescu was a Romanian economist and politician, who served as 39th Prime Minister from March 1939 until his assassination six months later. He was a staunch opponent of the fascist Iron Guard and may have been the real power behind the throne during the dictatorship of King Carol II. He survived several assassination attempts but was finally killed by members of the Iron Guard with German assistance.
  2. Iron Guard
    
    The Iron Guard was a Romanian militant revolutionary fascist movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael or the Legionnaire Movement. It was strongly anti-democratic, anti-capitalist, anti-communist, and anti-Semitic. It differed from other European right-wing movements of the period due to its spiritual basis, as the Iron Guard was deeply imbued with Romanian Orthodox Christian mysticism.
1938
1. The Great New England Hurricane made landfall on Long Island, New York, killing an estimated 682 people and injuring 1,754 others.
  1. 1938 New England hurricane
    
    The 1938 New England Hurricane was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England. The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on Wednesday, September 21. It is estimated that the hurricane killed 682 people, damaged or destroyed more than 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $306 million. Multiple other sources, however, mention that the 1938 hurricane might have really been a more powerful Category 4, having winds similar to Hurricanes Hugo, Harvey, Frederic and Gracie when it ran through Long Island and New England. Also, numerous others estimate the real damage between $347 million and almost $410 million. Damaged trees and buildings were still seen in the affected areas as late as 1951. It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.
  2. Long Island
    
    Long Island is a densely populated island in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of New York, part of the New York metropolitan area. With over 8 million people, Long Island is the most populous island in the United States and the 18th-most populous in the world. The island begins at New York Harbor approximately 0.35 miles (0.56 km) east of Manhattan Island and extends eastward about 118 miles (190 km) into the Atlantic Ocean and 23 miles wide at its most distant points. The island comprises four counties: Kings and Queens counties and Nassau County share the western third of the island, while Suffolk County occupies the eastern two thirds of the island. More than half of New York City's residents (58.4%) lived on Long Island as of 2020, in Brooklyn and in Queens. Culturally, many people in the New York metropolitan area colloquially use the term "Long Island" to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk counties, and conversely, employ the term "the City" to mean Manhattan alone. The Nassau-and-Suffolk-only definition of Long Island is recognized as a "region" by the state of New York. Although geographically an island, the Supreme Court of the United States has held that given the island's extensive ties to the mainland, it should be treated like a peninsula, allowing the state to have jurisdiction within its maritime boundaries.
  3. New York (state)
    
    New York, officially the State of New York, is a state in the Northeastern United States. It is often called New York State to distinguish it from its largest city, New York City. With a total area of 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2), New York is the 27th-largest U.S. state by area. With 20.2 million people, it is the fourth-most-populous state in the United States as of 2021, with approximately 44% living in New York City, including 25% of the state's population within Brooklyn and Queens, and another 15% on the remainder of Long Island, the most populous island in the United States. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east; it has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest.
2. The Great Hurricane of 1938 makes landfall on Long Island in New York. The death toll is estimated at 500–700 people.
  1. 1938 New England hurricane
    
    The 1938 New England Hurricane was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England. The storm formed near the coast of Africa on September 9, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale, before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on Long Island on Wednesday, September 21. It is estimated that the hurricane killed 682 people, damaged or destroyed more than 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $306 million. Multiple other sources, however, mention that the 1938 hurricane might have really been a more powerful Category 4, having winds similar to Hurricanes Hugo, Harvey, Frederic and Gracie when it ran through Long Island and New England. Also, numerous others estimate the real damage between $347 million and almost $410 million. Damaged trees and buildings were still seen in the affected areas as late as 1951. It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.
  2. New York (state)
    
    New York, officially the State of New York, is a state in the Northeastern United States. It is often called New York State to distinguish it from its largest city, New York City. With a total area of 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2), New York is the 27th-largest U.S. state by area. With 20.2 million people, it is the fourth-most-populous state in the United States as of 2021, with approximately 44% living in New York City, including 25% of the state's population within Brooklyn and Queens, and another 15% on the remainder of Long Island, the most populous island in the United States. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east; it has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest.
1937
1. J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy children's novel The Hobbit, which later served as a prelude to The Lord of the Rings, was first published.
  1. J. R. R. Tolkien
    
    John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
  2. Children's literature
    
    Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are created for children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader.
  3. The Hobbit
    
    The Hobbit, or There and Back Again is a children's fantasy novel by English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It was published in 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature.
  4. The Lord of the Rings
    
    The Lord of the Rings is an epic high-fantasy novel by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. Set in Middle-earth, intended to be Earth at some time in the distant past, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the best-selling books ever written, with over 150 million copies sold.
1934
1. Chandrashekhar Agashe established the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd., one of the oldest companies in India.
  1. Chandrashekhar Agashe
    
    Chandrashekhar Govind Agashe was an Indian industrialist and lawyer, best remembered as the founder of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. He served as the managing agent of the company from its inception in 1934 till his death in 1956. He served as the President of the Bhor State Council from 1932 to 1934.
  2. Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd.
    
    The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. is an Indian sugar company headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Established in 1934, it is one of the oldest companies in India.
  3. List of oldest companies in India
    
    This list of oldest companies in India includes brands and companies, excluding associations and educational, governmental, or religious organisations. To be listed, a brand or company name must remain, either in whole or in part, since inception and should have been established before 1947 and be currently operational. If the original name has since changed due to acquisitions or renaming, this must be verifiable.
2. The Muroto typhoon, the strongest in Japanese history at the time, made landfall on the mainland, killing more than 3,000 and leaving around 200,000 homeless.
  1. 1934 Muroto typhoon
    
    In September 1934, a violent typhoon caused tremendous devastation in Japan, leaving more than 3,000 people dead in its wake. Dubbed the Muroto typhoon , the system was first identified on September 13 over the western Federated States of Micronesia. Moving generally northwest, it eventually brushed the Ryukyu Islands on September 20. Turning northeast, the typhoon accelerated and struck Shikoku and southern Honshu the following morning. It made landfalls in Muroto, Kaifu, Awaji Island, and Kobe. A pressure of 911.9 hPa (26.93 inHg) was observed in Muroto, making the typhoon the strongest ever recorded to impact Japan at the time. This value was also the lowest land-based pressure reading in the world on record at the time; however, it was surpassed the following year during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. After clearing Japan, the now extratropical storm traveled east and weakened. Turning north by September 24, the system deepened and impacted the Aleutian Islands; it was last noted the following day over western Alaska.
3. A large typhoon hits western Honshū, Japan, killing more than 3,000 people.
  1. 1934 Muroto typhoon
    
    In September 1934, a violent typhoon caused tremendous devastation in Japan, leaving more than 3,000 people dead in its wake. Dubbed the Muroto typhoon , the system was first identified on September 13 over the western Federated States of Micronesia. Moving generally northwest, it eventually brushed the Ryukyu Islands on September 20. Turning northeast, the typhoon accelerated and struck Shikoku and southern Honshu the following morning. It made landfalls in Muroto, Kaifu, Awaji Island, and Kobe. A pressure of 911.9 hPa (26.93 inHg) was observed in Muroto, making the typhoon the strongest ever recorded to impact Japan at the time. This value was also the lowest land-based pressure reading in the world on record at the time; however, it was surpassed the following year during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. After clearing Japan, the now extratropical storm traveled east and weakened. Turning north by September 24, the system deepened and impacted the Aleutian Islands; it was last noted the following day over western Alaska.
  2. Honshu
    
    Honshu , historically called Hondo , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separates the Sea of Japan, which lies to its north and west, from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east. It is the seventh-largest island in the world, and the second-most populous after the Indonesian island of Java.
1933
1. Salvador Lutteroth ran the first Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre event, now the world's oldest professional wrestling promotion in existence, in Mexico City.
  1. Salvador Lutteroth
    
    Salvador Lutteroth González was a Mexican professional wrestling promoter of the mid-twentieth century. Lutteroth's organization, Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL), was the dominant Mexican wrestling promotional enterprise from its founding in 1933 until Lutteroth left the company in the 1950s. Under its current name of Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), it is, to date, the longest-running active professional wrestling promotion in the world presenting three weekly shows. Lutteroth was known as the "father of lucha libre," and, in his position as promoter and booker of the dominant promotion, was the most powerful man in Mexican wrestling, and one of the most powerful wrestling executives in the world. He was, in large part, responsible for the widespread fame of the most famous Mexican professional wrestlers of the mid-twentieth century, such as Octavio Gaona, the first Mexican wrestler to win the middleweight championship of the world by defeating Gus Kallio, Carlos Tarzán López, El Santo, Gory Guerrero, René Guajardo, Karloff Lagarde, Enrique Llanes, and the international league wrestler Medico Asesino, Rito Romero, Dorrel Dixon and Mil Máscaras, who wrestled in the United States, Japan, and Europe.
  2. Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
    
    Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Co., Ltd. is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico City. The promotion was previously known as Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL). Founded in 1933, it is the oldest professional wrestling promotion still in existence.
  3. Professional wrestling promotion
    
    A professional wrestling promotion is a company or business that regularly performs shows involving professional wrestling that has little relationship to the rules of the amateur olympic form. "Promotion" also describes a role which entails management, advertising and logistics of running a wrestling event. Within the convention of the show, the company is a sports governing body which sanctions wrestling matches and gives authority to the championships and is responsible for maintaining the divisions and their rankings. In truth, the company serves as a touring theatre troupe, as well as event promotion body for its own events.
2. Salvador Lutteroth establishes Mexican professional wrestling.
  1. Salvador Lutteroth
    
    Salvador Lutteroth González was a Mexican professional wrestling promoter of the mid-twentieth century. Lutteroth's organization, Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL), was the dominant Mexican wrestling promotional enterprise from its founding in 1933 until Lutteroth left the company in the 1950s. Under its current name of Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), it is, to date, the longest-running active professional wrestling promotion in the world presenting three weekly shows. Lutteroth was known as the "father of lucha libre," and, in his position as promoter and booker of the dominant promotion, was the most powerful man in Mexican wrestling, and one of the most powerful wrestling executives in the world. He was, in large part, responsible for the widespread fame of the most famous Mexican professional wrestlers of the mid-twentieth century, such as Octavio Gaona, the first Mexican wrestler to win the middleweight championship of the world by defeating Gus Kallio, Carlos Tarzán López, El Santo, Gory Guerrero, René Guajardo, Karloff Lagarde, Enrique Llanes, and the international league wrestler Medico Asesino, Rito Romero, Dorrel Dixon and Mil Máscaras, who wrestled in the United States, Japan, and Europe.
1921
1. A storage silo in Oppau, Germany, explodes, killing 500–600 people.
  1. Oppau explosion
    
    The Oppau explosion occurred on September 21, 1921, when approximately 4,500 tonnes of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate fertilizer stored in a tower silo exploded at a BASF plant in Oppau, now part of Ludwigshafen, Germany, killing 500–600 people and injuring about 2,000 more.
1898
1. Empress Dowager Cixi seizes power and ends the Hundred Days' Reform in China.
  1. Empress Dowager Cixi
    
    Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Manchu Yehe Nara clan, was a Chinese noblewoman, concubine and later regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908. Selected as a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor in her adolescence, she gave birth to a son, Zaichun, in 1856. After the Xianfeng Emperor's death in 1861, the young boy became the Tongzhi Emperor, and she assumed the role of co-empress dowager, alongside the Emperor's widow, Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed the regency along with Ci'an, who later mysteriously died. Cixi then consolidated control over the dynasty when she installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor at the death of her son, the Tongzhi Emperor, in 1875. This was contrary to the traditional rules of succession of the Qing dynasty that had ruled China since 1644.
  2. Hundred Days' Reform
    
    The Hundred Days' Reform or Wuxu Reform was a failed 103-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement that occurred from 11 June to 22 September 1898 during the late Qing dynasty. It was undertaken by the young Guangxu Emperor and his reform-minded supporters. Following the issuing of the reformative edicts, a coup d'état was perpetrated by powerful conservative opponents led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
  3. Qing dynasty
    
    The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria. It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing empire lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With 419,264,000 citizens in 1907, it was the world's most populous country at the time.
1897
1. In response to a letter written by eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon, The New York Sun published an editorial by Francis Pharcellus Church stating, "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus".
  1. The Sun (New York City)
    
    The Sun was a New York newspaper published from 1833 until 1950. It was considered a serious paper, like the city's two more successful broadsheets, The New York Times and the New York Herald Tribune. The Sun was the first successful penny daily newspaper in the United States and the first one to hire a Police reporter. It was also, for a time, the most successful newspaper in America.
  2. Francis Pharcellus Church
    
    Francis Pharcellus Church was an American publisher and editor. Born in Rochester, New York, he graduated from Columbia University and embarked on a career in journalism. With his brother, William Conant Church, Francis founded and edited several periodicals: The Army and Navy Journal, The Galaxy, and the Internal Revenue Record and Customs Journal. He was a war correspondent for The New York Times during the American Civil War. He worked at The New York Sun in the early 1860s and again from 1874 till his death, writing thousands of editorials.
  3. Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
    
    "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" is a line from an editorial by Francis Pharcellus Church titled "Is There a Santa Claus?", which appeared in the New York newspaper The Sun on September 21, 1897, and became one of the most famous editorials ever published. Written in response to a letter by eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon asking whether Santa Claus was real, the editorial was initially published anonymously, and Church's authorship was not disclosed until after his 1906 death. The Sun gradually accepted its popularity and republished it during the Christmas season every year from 1924 to 1950, when the paper ceased publication.
1896
1. Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan: British forces under the command of Horatio Kitchener take Dongola.
  1. Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
    
    The Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan in 1896–1899 was a reconquest of territory lost by the Khedives of Egypt in 1884 and 1885 during the Mahdist War. The British had failed to organise an orderly withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Sudan, and the defeat at Khartoum left only Suakin and Equatoria under Egyptian control after 1885. The conquest of 1896–99 defeated and destroyed the Mahdist state and re-established Anglo-Egyptian rule, which remained until Sudan became independent in 1956.
  2. Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
    
    Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, was a senior British Army officer and colonial administrator. Kitchener came to prominence for his imperial campaigns, his scorched earth policy against the Boers, his expansion of Lord Roberts' concentration camps during the Second Boer War and his central role in the early part of the First World War.
  3. Dongola
    
    Dongola, also spelled Dunqulah, is the capital of the state of Northern Sudan, on the banks of the Nile, and a former Latin Catholic bishopric. It should not be confused with Old Dongola, an ancient city located 80 km upstream on the opposite bank.
1860
1. Second Opium War: An Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the Battle of Palikao.
  1. Second Opium War
    
    The Second Opium War, also known as the Second Anglo-Sino War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a colonial war lasting from 1856 to 1860, which pitted the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China.
  2. Battle of Palikao
    
    The Battle of Palikao was fought at the bridge of Palikao by Anglo-French forces against the Qing Empire during the Second Opium War on the morning of 21 September 1860. It allowed Western forces to take the capital Beijing and eventually defeat the Qing Empire.
1843
1. The crew of schooner Ancud, including John Williams Wilson, takes possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of the Chilean government.
  1. Chilean schooner Ancud (1843)
    
    The schooner Ancud was the ship sent by Chile in 1843 to claim sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. It was built for the purpose in the city of San Carlos de Ancud and commanded by John Williams Wilson, a British-born Chilean captain.
  2. John Williams Wilson
    
    John Williams Wilson (1798–1857), also known as Juan Guillermos, was an English-Chilean sailor and politician. Born in Bristol, he entered the newly founded Chilean navy in 1824 and rose to the rank of commander. He was appointed governor of Talcahuano (1849–1855). He supervised construction of Fuerte Bulnes in 1843, which the government intended for a settlement at the Strait of Magellan. Puerto Williams, founded in 1953, was named for the naval commander.
  3. Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan
    
    Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan began in 1843 when an expedition founded Fuerte Bulnes. In 1848 the settlement of Punta Arenas was established further north in the strait and grew eventually to become the main settlement in the strait, a position it holds to this day. The Chilean settlement of the strait was crucial to establish its sovereignty claims in the area. Argentina formally recognised Chilean sovereignty in 1881. The Magallanes territory was made a regular Chilean province in 1928.
  4. Strait of Magellan
    
    The Strait of Magellan, also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It was discovered and first traversed by the Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan in 1520, after whom it is named. Prior to this, the strait had been navigated by canoe-faring indigenous peoples including the Kawésqar.
1823
1. According to Joseph Smith, he was first visited by the Angel Moroni (pictured), who would guide him to the golden plates that became the basis of the Book of Mormon.
  1. Joseph Smith
    
    Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon. By the time of his death, 14 years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religion that continues to the present with millions of global adherents.
  2. Angel Moroni
    
    The Angel Moroni is an angel whom Joseph Smith reported as having visited him on numerous occasions, beginning on September 21, 1823. According to Smith, the angel was the guardian of the golden plates, buried in the hill Cumorah near Smith's home in western New York; Latter Day Saints believe the plates were the source material for the Book of Mormon. An important figure in the theology of the Latter Day Saint movement, Moroni is featured prominently in Mormon architecture and art. Besides Smith, the Three Witnesses and several other witnesses also reported that they saw Moroni in visions in 1829.
  3. Golden plates
    
    According to Latter Day Saint belief, the golden plates are the source from which Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon, a sacred text of the faith. Some witnesses described the plates as weighing from 30 to 60 pounds, gold in color, and composed of thin metallic pages engraved with hieroglyphics on both sides and bound with three D-shaped rings.
  4. Book of Mormon
    
    The Book of Mormon is a religious text of the Latter Day Saint movement, which, according to Latter Day Saint theology, contains writings of ancient prophets who lived on the American continent from 600 BC to AD 421 and during an interlude dated by the text to the unspecified time of the Tower of Babel. It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith as The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi. The Book of Mormon is one of four standard works of the Latter Day Saint movement and one of the movement's earliest unique writings. The denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement typically regard the text primarily as scripture and secondarily as a record of God's dealings with ancient inhabitants of the Americas. The majority of Latter Day Saints believe the book to be a record of real-world history, with Latter Day Saint denominations viewing it variously as an inspired record of scripture to the lynchpin or "keystone" of their religion. Some Latter Day Saint academics and apologetic organizations strive to affirm the book as historically authentic through their scholarship and research, but mainstream archaeological, historical, and scientific communities have discovered little to support the existence of the civilizations described therein, and do not consider it to be an actual record of historical events.
1809
1. British Secretary of War Lord Castlereagh and Foreign Secretary George Canning meet in a duel on Putney Heath, with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh.
  1. Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
    
    The Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was a British cabinet-level position responsible for the army and the British colonies. The Secretary was supported by an Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.
  2. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
    
    Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry,, usually known as Lord Castlereagh, derived from the courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh by which he was styled from 1796 to 1821, was an Anglo-Irish politician and statesman. As secretary to the Viceroy of Ireland, he worked to suppress the Rebellion of 1798 and to secure passage in 1800 of the Irish Act of Union. As the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom from 1812, he was central to the management of the coalition that defeated Napoleon, and was British plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna. In the post-war government of Lord Liverpool, Castlereagh was seen to support harsh measures against agitation for reform. He killed himself while in office in 1822.
  3. Foreign Secretary
    
    The secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, known as the foreign secretary, is a minister of the Crown of the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Seen as one of the most senior ministers in the government and a Great Office of State, the incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, fourth in the ministerial ranking.
  4. George Canning
    
    George Canning was a British Tory statesman. He held various senior cabinet positions under numerous prime ministers, including two important terms as Foreign Secretary, finally becoming Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for the last 119 days of his life, from April to August 1827.
  5. Wimbledon Common
    
    Wimbledon Common is a large open space in Wimbledon, southwest London. There are three named areas: Wimbledon Common, Putney Heath, and Putney Lower Common, which together are managed under the name Wimbledon and Putney Commons totalling 460 hectares. Putney Lower Common is set apart from the rest of the Common by a minimum of 1 mile of the built-up western end of Putney.
1792
1. French Revolution: The National Convention abolishes the monarchy.
  1. French Revolution
    
    The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.
  2. National Convention
    
    The National Convention was the parliament of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for the rest of its existence during the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. The Convention sat as a single-chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795.
  3. Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy
    
    During the French Revolution, the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy was a proclamation by the National Convention of France announcing that it had abolished the French monarchy on 21 September 1792, giving birth to the French First Republic.
1780
1. American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold gives the British the plans to West Point.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Benedict Arnold
    
    Benedict Arnold was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British side of the conflict in 1780. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. Arnold was planning to surrender the fort there to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. He led the British army in battle against the soldiers whom he had once commanded, after which his name became synonymous with treason and betrayal in the United States.
1776
1. American Revolutionary War: The Great Fire of New York (depicted) broke out during the British occupation of New York City, destroying up to 1,000 buildings.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Great Fire of New York (1776)
    
    The Great Fire of New York was a devastating fire that burned through the night of September 20, 1776, and into the morning of September 21, on the West Side of what then constituted New York City at the southern end of the island of Manhattan. It broke out in the early days of the military occupation of the city by British forces during the American Revolutionary War.
2. Part of New York City is burned shortly after being occupied by British forces.
  1. New York City
    
    New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States, and is more than twice as populous as second-place Los Angeles. New York City lies at the southern tip of New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.
  2. Great Fire of New York (1776)
    
    The Great Fire of New York was a devastating fire that burned through the night of September 20, 1776, and into the morning of September 21, on the West Side of what then constituted New York City at the southern end of the island of Manhattan. It broke out in the early days of the military occupation of the city by British forces during the American Revolutionary War.
1745
1. Jacobite risings: Jacobite troops led by Charles Edward Stuart (pictured) defeated Hanoverian forces in Prestonpans, Scotland.
  1. Jacobitism
    
    Jacobitism was a political movement that supported the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. The name derives from the first name of James II and VII, which in Latin translates as Jacobus. When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England argued that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II, and her husband William III. In April, the Scottish Convention held that he "forfeited" the throne of Scotland by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.
  2. Charles Edward Stuart
    
    Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart, grandson of James II and VII, and the Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1766 as Charles III. During his lifetime, he was also known as "the Young Pretender" and "the Young Chevalier"; in popular memory, he is known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
  3. Battle of Prestonpans
    
    The Battle of Prestonpans, also known as the Battle of Gladsmuir, was fought on 21 September 1745, near Prestonpans, in East Lothian, the first significant engagement of the Jacobite rising of 1745.
  4. House of Hanover
    
    The House of Hanover, whose members are known as Hanoverians, is a European royal house of German origin that ruled Hanover, Great Britain, and Ireland at various times during the 17th to 20th centuries. The house originated in 1635 as a cadet branch of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, growing in prestige until Hanover became an Electorate in 1692. George I became the first Hanoverian monarch of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714. At Queen Victoria's death in 1901, the throne of the United Kingdom passed to her eldest son Edward VII, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The last reigning members of the House lost the Duchy of Brunswick in 1918 when Germany became a republic.
  5. Prestonpans
    
    Prestonpans is a small mining town, situated approximately eight miles east of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the Council area of East Lothian. The population as of 2020 is 10,460. It is near the site of the 1745 Battle of Prestonpans. Prestonpans is "Scotland's Mural Town", with many murals depicting local history.
2. A Hanoverian army is defeated, in ten minutes, by the Jacobite forces of Prince Charles Edward Stuart
  1. Battle of Prestonpans
    
    The Battle of Prestonpans, also known as the Battle of Gladsmuir, was fought on 21 September 1745, near Prestonpans, in East Lothian, the first significant engagement of the Jacobite rising of 1745.
  2. Jacobitism
    
    Jacobitism was a political movement that supported the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. The name derives from the first name of James II and VII, which in Latin translates as Jacobus. When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England argued that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II, and her husband William III. In April, the Scottish Convention held that he "forfeited" the throne of Scotland by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.
  3. Charles Edward Stuart
    
    Charles Edward Louis John Sylvester Maria Casimir Stuart was the elder son of James Francis Edward Stuart, grandson of James II and VII, and the Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1766 as Charles III. During his lifetime, he was also known as "the Young Pretender" and "the Young Chevalier"; in popular memory, he is known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.
1675
1. Led by Antonio de Vea, a Spanish naval expedition departed El Callao, Peru, for the fjords and channels of Patagonia to find whether rival colonial powers were in the region.
  1. Antonio de Vea
    
    Antonio de Vea was a 17th-century Spanish sailor best known for leading the Antonio de Vea expedition to the fjords and channels of Patagonia in 1675–1676. The map of the archipelagoes of southern Chile made by Antonio de Vea was a milestone in local cartography. As far as it is known no new Spanish maps were made of the west coast of Patagonia until José de Moraleda y Montero's explorations in the late 18th century.
  2. Antonio de Vea expedition
    
    The Antonio de Vea expedition of 1675–1676 was a Spanish naval expedition to the fjords and channels of Patagonia aimed to find whether rival colonial powers—specifically, the English—were active in the region. While this was not the first Spanish expedition to the region, it was the largest up to then, involving 256 men, one ocean-going ship, two long boats and nine dalcas. The expedition dispelled suspicion about English bases in Patagonia. Spanish authorities' knowledge of western Patagonia was greatly improved by the expedition, yet Spanish interest in the area waned thereafter until the 1740s.
  3. Callao
    
    Callao is a seaside city and region on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area. Callao is Peru's chief seaport and home to its main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport. Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region, which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao. Founded in 1537 by the Spaniards, the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific, as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era. Central Callao is about 15 km (9.3 mi) west of the Historic Centre of Lima.
  4. Fjords and channels of Chile
    
    The southern coast of Chile presents a large number of fjords and fjord-like channels from the latitudes of Cape Horn to Reloncaví Estuary. Some fjords and channels are important navigable channels providing access to ports like Punta Arenas, Puerto Chacabuco and Puerto Natales.
  5. Patagonia
    
    Patagonia refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and glaciers in the west and deserts, tablelands and steppes to the east. Patagonia is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and many bodies of water that connect them, such as the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel, and the Drake Passage to the south.
1435
1. The Congress of Arras causes Burgundy to switch sides in the Hundred Years' War.
  1. Congress of Arras
    
    The Congress of Arras was a diplomatic congregation established at Arras in the summer of 1435 during the Hundred Years' War, between representatives of England, France, and Burgundy. It was the first negotiation since the Treaty of Troyes and replaced the 15 year agreement between Burgundy and England that would have seen the dynasty of Henry V inherit the French crown.
  2. Burgundian State
    
    The Burgundian state is a concept coined by historians to describe the vast complex of territories that is also referred to as Valois Burgundy.
  3. Hundred Years' War
    
    The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. Over time, the war grew into a broader power struggle involving factions from across Western Europe, fuelled by emerging nationalism on both sides.
1217
1. Livonian Crusade: The Estonian leader Lembitu and Livonian leader Kaupo the Accursed are killed in the Battle of St. Matthew's Day.
  1. Livonian Crusade
    
    The Livonian crusade refers to the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – in what is now Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal-sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12–13th century. The Livonian crusade was conducted mostly by the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark. It ended with the creation of Terra Mariana and the Danish duchy of Estonia. The lands on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea were one of the last parts of Europe to be Christianised.
  2. Lembitu
    
    Lembitu was an ancient Estonian senior (elder) from Sakala County and military leader in the struggle against conquest of the Estonian lands by the German Livonian Brothers of the Sword at the beginning of the 13th century. He is the only Estonian pre-Crusade ruler, about whom some biographical information is known.
  3. Battle of St. Matthew's Day
    
    The Battle of Matthew's Day was fought near Viljandi on 21 September 1217 during the Livonian Crusade. The adversaries were the Sword Brethren with their recently converted Livonian and Latgalian allies versus an army of 6000 Estonian men from different counties, led by Lembitu, who had attempted to unify the Estonians. The Germans won, although the converted Livonian chieftain Caupo of Turaida died. Lembitu was also killed, and many other Estonians were forced to convert.
1170
1. Norman invasion of Ireland: English and Irish forces conquered Dublin, forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, the last Norse–Gaelic king of Dublin, into exile.
  1. Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
    
    The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland took place during the late 12th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land from the Irish, over which the kings of England then claimed sovereignty, all allegedly sanctioned by the Papal bull Laudabiliter. At the time, Gaelic Ireland was made up of several kingdoms, with a High King claiming lordship over most of the other kings. The Norman invasion was a watershed in Ireland's history, marking the beginning of more than 800 years of direct English and, later, British, involvement in Ireland.
  2. Kingdom of Dublin
    
    Vikings invaded the territory around Dublin in the 9th century, establishing the Norse Kingdom of Dublin, the earliest and longest-lasting Norse kingdom in Ireland. Its territory corresponded to most of present-day County Dublin. The Norse referred to the kingdom as Dyflin, which is derived from Irish Dubh Linn 'black pool'. The first reference to the Vikings comes from the Annals of Ulster and the first entry for 841 AD reads: "Pagans still on Lough Neagh". It is from this date onward that historians get references to ship fortresses or longphorts being established in Ireland. It may be safe to assume that the Vikings first over-wintered in 840–841 AD. The actual location of the longphort of Dublin is still a hotly debated issue. Norse rulers of Dublin were often co-kings, and occasionally also Kings of Jórvík in what is now Yorkshire. Under their rule, Dublin became the biggest slave port in Western Europe.
  3. Ascall mac Ragnaill
    
    Ascall mac Ragnaill meic Torcaill, also known as Ascall Mac Torcaill, was the last Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin. He was a member of the Meic Torcaill, a Dublin family of significance since the early twelfth century.
  4. Norse–Gaels
    
    The Norse–Gaels were a people of mixed Gaelic and Norse ancestry and culture. They emerged in the Viking Age, when Vikings who settled in Ireland and in Scotland became Gaelicised and intermarried with Gaels. The Norse–Gaels dominated much of the Irish Sea and Scottish Sea regions from the 9th to 12th centuries. They founded the Kingdom of the Isles, the Kingdom of Dublin, the Lordship of Galloway, and briefly ruled the Kingdom of York. The most powerful Norse–Gaelic dynasty were the Uí Ímair or House of Ivar.
2. The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Norman invaders.
  1. Kingdom of Dublin
    
    Vikings invaded the territory around Dublin in the 9th century, establishing the Norse Kingdom of Dublin, the earliest and longest-lasting Norse kingdom in Ireland. Its territory corresponded to most of present-day County Dublin. The Norse referred to the kingdom as Dyflin, which is derived from Irish Dubh Linn 'black pool'. The first reference to the Vikings comes from the Annals of Ulster and the first entry for 841 AD reads: "Pagans still on Lough Neagh". It is from this date onward that historians get references to ship fortresses or longphorts being established in Ireland. It may be safe to assume that the Vikings first over-wintered in 840–841 AD. The actual location of the longphort of Dublin is still a hotly debated issue. Norse rulers of Dublin were often co-kings, and occasionally also Kings of Jórvík in what is now Yorkshire. Under their rule, Dublin became the biggest slave port in Western Europe.
455
1. Emperor Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army and consolidates his power.
  1. Avitus
    
    Eparchius Avitus was Roman emperor of the West from July 455 to October 456. He was a senator of Gallic extraction and a high-ranking officer both in the civil and military administration, as well as Bishop of Piacenza.
  2. Rome
    
    Rome is the capital city of Italy. It is also the capital of the Lazio region, the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome, and a special comune named Comune di Roma Capitale. With 2,860,009 residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), Rome is the country's most populated comune and the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous metropolitan city in Italy. Its metropolitan area is the third-most populous within Italy. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber. Vatican City is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the City of Seven Hills due to its geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be the "cradle of Western civilization and Christian culture", and the centre of the Catholic Church.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Raju Srivastav, Indian comedian, actor and politician (b. 1963) deaths
  1. Raju Srivastav
    
    Satya Prakash Srivastav, known professionally as Raju Srivastav and often credited as Gajodhar, was an Indian comedian, actor and politician. He had been a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party since 2014.
2021
1. Willie Garson, American actor (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Willie Garson
    
    William Garson Paszamant was an American actor. He appeared in over 75 films and more than 300 TV episodes. He was known for playing Stanford Blatch on the HBO series Sex and the City, in the related films Sex and the City and Sex and the City 2 and in the spin-off And Just Like That..., Mozzie in the USA Network series White Collar from 2009 to 2014, Ralph in the 2005 romantic comedy Little Manhattan, Gerard Hirsch in the reboot of Hawaii Five-0, and Martin Lloyd in the sci-fi series Stargate SG-1.
2020
1. Arthur Ashkin, American scientist and Nobel laureate (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Arthur Ashkin
    
    Arthur Ashkin was an American scientist and Nobel laureate who worked at Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies. Ashkin has been considered by many as the father of optical tweezers, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 at age 96, becoming the oldest Nobel Laureate until 2019 when John B. Goodenough was awarded at 97. He resided in Rumson, New Jersey.
2018
1. Trần Đại Quang, President of Vietnam (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Trần Đại Quang
    
    Trần Đại Quang was a Vietnamese politician and former police general who served as the eighth President of Vietnam from 2 April 2016 until his death in 2018. Trần Đại Quang was elected to the post by the National Assembly of Vietnam, and nominated by his predecessor Trương Tấn Sang who retired from office. Trần Đại Quang was one of the country's top leaders, along with the Communist Party General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng.
  2. Vietnam
    
    Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.
2. Vitaliy Masol, Ukrainian Former Prime Minister (b.1928) deaths
  1. Vitaliy Masol
    
    Vitaliy Andriyovych Masol was a Soviet-Ukrainian politician who served as leader of Ukraine on two occasions. He held various posts in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, most notably the Head of the Council of Ministers, which is the equivalent of today's Prime Minister, from 1987 until late 1990, when he was forced to resign. He was later Prime Minister of Ukraine, confirmed in that post on 16 June 1994. He resigned from that post on 1 March 1995.
2015
1. Yoram Gross, Polish-Australian director and producer (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Yoram Gross
    
    Yoram Jerzy Gross was a Polish-born, Australian producer of children's and family entertainment.
2. Ray Warleigh, Australian-English saxophonist and flute player (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Ray Warleigh
    
    Raymond Kenneth Warleigh was an Australian alto saxophonist and flautist.
3. Richard Williamson, American footballer and coach (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Richard Williamson (American football)
    
    Richard Williamson was an American football player and coach. He was the head football coach at Memphis State University—now known as the University of Memphis—from 1975 to 1980. Williamson served as the head coach for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1990 to 1991.
2014
1. Michael Harari, Israeli intelligence officer (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Michael Harari
    
    Michael Harari was an Israeli intelligence officer in the Mossad. He was involved in several notable operations, including the failed Lillehammer affair and the rescue of hostages at Entebbe.
2. Caldwell Jones, American basketball player and coach (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Caldwell Jones
    
    Caldwell "Pops" Jones was an American professional basketball player.
3. Sheldon Patinkin, American director and playwright (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Sheldon Patinkin
    
    Sheldon Arthur Patinkin was a chair of the Theater Department of Columbia College Chicago, Artistic Director of the Getz Theater of Columbia College, Artistic Consultant of The Second City and of Steppenwolf Theatre and Co-Director of the Steppenwolf Theatre Summer Ensemble Workshops.
2013
1. Kofi Awoonor, Ghanaian author, poet, and diplomat (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Kofi Awoonor
    
    Kofi Awoonor was a Ghanaian poet and author whose work combined the poetic traditions of his native Ewe people and contemporary and religious symbolism to depict Africa during decolonization. He started writing under the name George Awoonor-Williams, and was also published as Kofi Nyidevu Awoonor. He taught African literature at the University of Ghana. Professor Awoonor was among those who were killed in the September 2013 attack at Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya, where he was a participant at the Storymoja Hay Festival.
2. Michel Brault, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Michel Brault
    
    Michel Brault, OQ was a Canadian cinematographer, cameraman, film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He was a leading figure of Direct Cinema, characteristic of the French branch of the National Film Board of Canada in the 1960s. Brault was a pioneer of the hand-held camera aesthetic.
3. Harl H. Haas, Jr., American lawyer, jurist, and politician (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Harl H. Haas Jr.
    
    Harl H. Haas Jr. was an American politician and jurist in Oregon. A native of Missouri, he served in both chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly as a Democrat before serving as a district attorney and Oregon Circuit Courts judge.
4. Walter Wallmann, German lawyer and politician, Minister-President of Hesse (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Walter Wallmann
    
    Walter Wallmann was a German lawyer politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as the Mayor of Frankfurt between 1977 and 1986, and as Minister-president of Hesse from 1987 to 1991.
  2. List of minister-presidents of Hesse
    
    The minister-president of Hesse, also referred to as the premier or minister-president, is the head of government of the German state of Hesse. The position in its current form was created in 1946, when the provisional state of Greater Hesse was renamed. Greater Hesse had been formed in 1945 after the Second World War from the Prussian Provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau and the People's State of Hesse. The current minister-president is Volker Bouffier, heading a coalition government between the Christian Democrats and the Greens. Bouffier succeeded Roland Koch following his departure from active politics.
5. Ko Wierenga, Dutch lawyer and politician (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Ko Wierenga
    
    Heiko "Ko" Wierenga was a Dutch politician and member of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as the Mayor of the municipality of Enschede from September 1977 until April 1994. Under Wierenga, artwork by Joop Hekman, called Het ei van Ko, was installed near Enschede's town hall in 1984.
2012
1. José Curbelo, Cuban-American pianist and manager (b. 1917) deaths
  1. José Curbelo
    
    José Curbelo was a Cuban-born American pianist and manager. Curbelo was a key figure in Latin jazz in New York City in the 1940s and helped to popularize Mambo and the cha cha dance in the 1950s.
2. Yehuda Elkana, Israeli historian and philosopher (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Yehuda Elkana
    
    Yehuda Elkana was a historian and philosopher of science, and a former President and Rector of the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary.
3. Sven Hassel, Danish-German soldier and author (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Sven Hassel
    
    Sven Hassel was the pen name of the Danish-born Børge Willy Redsted Pedersen known primarily for his novels focusing on stories of German combatants during World War II. In Denmark he used the pen name Sven Hazel. He is arguably one of the bestselling Danish authors, possibly second only to Hans Christian Andersen.
4. Bill King, English commander, sailor, and author (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Bill King (Royal Navy officer)
    
    Commander William Donald Aelian King, DSO & Bar, DSC was a British naval officer, yachtsman and author. He was the oldest participant in the first solo non-stop, around-the-world yacht race, the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, and the only person to command a British submarine on both the first and last days of World War II.
5. Tom Umphlett, American baseball player and manager (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Tom Umphlett
    
    Thomas Mullen Umphlett was a center and right fielder in Major League Baseball who played from 1953 to 1955 with the Boston Red Sox and Washington Senators. His 21-year professional baseball career as a player and manager lasted from 1950 through 1970. He batted and threw right-handed and was listed as 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and 180 pounds (82 kg).
2011
1. John Du Cann, English guitarist (b. 1946) deaths
  1. John Du Cann
    
    John William Cann, later known by his stage name John Du Cann, was an English guitarist primarily known through his work in the 1970s band Atomic Rooster.
2. Jun Henmi, Japanese author and poet (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Jun Henmi
    
    Jun Henmi , real name Mayumi Shimizu , was a Japanese writer and poet born in Mizuhashi, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. She was known for her works of fiction and nonfiction about people affected by World War II. Henmi was the daughter of Gen'yoshi Kadokawa, founder of publisher Kadokawa Shoten and the older sister of Haruki Kadokawa.
3. Pamela Ann Rymer, American lawyer and judge (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Pamela Ann Rymer
    
    Pamela Ann Rymer was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
2009
1. Robert Ginty, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Robert Ginty
    
    Robert Winthrop Ginty was an American actor, producer, screenwriter, and director perhaps best known for playing Thomas Craig Anderson on the television series The Paper Chase.
2007
1. Hallgeir Brenden, Norwegian skier (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Hallgeir Brenden
    
    Hallgeir Brenden was a Norwegian cross-country skier and steeplechase runner. He competed in various skiing events at the 1952, 1956 and 1960 Winter Olympics and won two individual gold medals in 1952 and 1956 and two silver medals in the 4 × 10 km relay in 1952 and 1960. He also won three events at the Holmenkollen ski festival: 18 km in 1952 and 15 km in 1956 and 1963. He received the Egebergs Ærespris in 1952 and the Holmenkollen medal in 1955.
2. Alice Ghostley, American actress (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Alice Ghostley
    
    Alice Margaret Ghostley was a Tony Award-winning American actress and singer on stage, film and television. She was best known for her roles as bumbling witch Esmeralda on Bewitched, as Cousin Alice (1970–71) on Mayberry R.F.D., and as Bernice Clifton (1986–93) on Designing Women, for which she received an Emmy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1992. She was a regular on Nichols (1971–72) and The Julie Andrews Hour (1972–73).
3. Rex Humbard, American evangelist and television host (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Rex Humbard
    
    Alpha Rex Emmanuel Humbard was an American television evangelist whose Cathedral of Tomorrow show was aired on over 600 stations at the peak of its popularity.
2006
1. Tasos Athanasiadis, Greek author (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Tasos Athanasiadis
    
    Anastasios (Tasos) Athanasiadis son of Michael was a writer and gownsman.
2004
1. Bob Mason, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Bob Mason (actor)
    
    Robert William Mason was a British actor and writer, born in Rochdale, Lancashire. Throughout 1976 he played Terry Bradshaw in Coronation Street and later as Sergeant Eddie Slater in The Lakes in 1997. He also had a regular role in Casualty during the early 2000s.
2002
1. Robert L. Forward, American physicist and science fiction author (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Robert L. Forward
    
    Robert Lull Forward was an American physicist and science fiction writer. His literary work was noted for its scientific credibility and use of ideas developed from his career as an aerospace engineer. He also made important contributions to gravitational wave detection research.
2000
1. Jacques Flynn, Canadian lawyer and politician, 35th Canadian Minister of Justice (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Jacques Flynn
    
    Jacques Flynn, was a Canadian lawyer and federal politician, serving in both the House of Commons and Senate.
  2. Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
    
    The minister of justice and attorney general of Canada is a dual-role portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet.
2. Leonid Rogozov, Russian physician and surgeon (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Leonid Rogozov
    
    Leonid Ivanovich Rogozov was a Soviet general practitioner who took part in the sixth Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1960–1961. In April 1961 he had developed appendicitis while at Novolazarevskaya Station, and being the only medical professional there at the time, had to perform his own appendectomy.
1999
1. Wang Junkai, Chinese singer births
  1. Wang Junkai
    
    Wang Junkai, also known as Karry Wang, is a Chinese singer and actor. He was a trainee of TF Family since 2010 and debuted as the leader of TFBOYS in 2013. He is one of China's wealthiest people born after 1990, with a personal net worth of 248 million yuan (US$36 million) as of December 2016.
2. Alexander Isak, Eritrean-Swedish professional footballer births
  1. Alexander Isak
    
    Alexander Isak is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Premier League club Newcastle United and the Sweden national team.
1998
1. Máscara de Bronce, Mexican wrestler births
  1. Multibronce
    
    Multibronce is a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler from Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. He previously worked for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) as Máscara de Bronce as a tecnico. Multibronce has also previously worked for the International Wrestling League (IWL). Prior to October 2016 he worked as the masked Gotita de Plata character, first in the Mini-Estrella and then in the regular sized division.
2. Florence Griffith Joyner, American sprinter (b. 1959) deaths
  1. Florence Griffith Joyner
    
    Florence Delorez Griffith Joyner, also known as Flo-Jo, was an American track and field athlete. She set world records in 1988 for the 100 m and 200 m. During the late 1980s she became a popular figure due to both her record-setting athleticism and eclectic personal style.
1995
1. Rudy Perpich, American dentist and politician, 34th Governor of Minnesota (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Rudy Perpich
    
    Rudolph George Perpich Sr. was an American politician and the longest-serving governor of Minnesota, serving a total of just over 10 years. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, he served as the 34th and 36th Governor of Minnesota from December 29, 1976, to January 4, 1979, and again from January 3, 1983, to January 7, 1991. He was also the state's only Roman Catholic governor and the only one to serve non-consecutive terms. Before entering politics, he was a dentist.
  2. Governor of Minnesota
    
    The governor of Minnesota is the head of government of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Forty people have been governor of Minnesota, though historically there were also three governors of Minnesota Territory. Alexander Ramsey, the first territorial governor, also served as state governor several years later. State governors are elected to office by popular vote, but territorial governors were appointed to the office by the United States president. The current governor of Minnesota is Tim Walz of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL).
1993
1. Kirsty Gilmour, Scottish badminton player births
  1. Kirsty Gilmour
    
    Kirsty Gilmour is a Scottish badminton player who has represented both Scotland and Great Britain.
2. Kwon Mina, South Korean singer and actress births
  1. Kwon Mina
    
    Kwon Mina mononymously known as Mina, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is best known as a former member of the girl group AOA. Kwon has acted in television dramas, including Modern Farmer (2014) and All About My Mom (2015).
3. Ante Rebić, Croatian footballer births
  1. Ante Rebić
    
    Ante Rebić is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Serie A club AC Milan and the Croatia national team. He can play on both wings, as well as a second striker.
1992
1. Kim Jong-dae, South Korean singer-songwriter births
  1. Chen (singer)
    
    Kim Jong-dae, better known by his stage name, Chen (Korean: 첸), is a South Korean singer and songwriter. He known for his work as a member of the South Korean-Chinese boy band Exo, its subgroup Exo-M and its subunit Exo-CBX, also participated in SM's projects SM the Ballad. He is predominantly known for his role as the main vocalist of Exo. Apart from his group's activities, Chen has also recorded songs for various television dramas, most notably "Best Luck" for It's Okay, That's Love (2014) and "Everytime" for Descendants of the Sun (2016).
2. Rodrigo Godínez, Mexican footballer births
  1. Rodrigo Godínez
    
    Rodrigo Godínez Orozco is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a defender for Liga MX club Tijuana.
3. Tarachand Barjatya, Indian film producer, founded Rajshri Productions (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Tarachand Barjatya
    
    Tarachand Barjatya was an Indian film producer. He has produced many Hindi films from the 1960s through to the 1980s. He founded Rajshri Productions which continues to produce films even today. His mainstay was family-oriented films based on family values.
  2. Rajshri Productions
    
    Rajshri Productions Pvt. Ltd. is a film production and distribution company based in Mumbai, India, established in 1947, which is primarily involved in producing Hindi films. The most successful films produced by the company include Dosti (1964), Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se (1978), Nadiya Ke Paar (1982), Saaransh (1984), Maine Pyar Kiya (1989) Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994), Hum Saath Saath Hain (1999), Vivah (2006) and Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015). It has produced successful shows like Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki, Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli, and Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara.
1991
1. Anastassia Kovalenko, Estonian motorcycle racer births
  1. Anastassia Kovalenko-Kõlvart
    
    Anastassia Kovalenko is an Estonian motorcycle road racer. First of all known after the plagiarism scandal. She is racing in European Junior Cup and is first female racer in Estonian road racing history to race on the international level. She currently holds the title of the best female motorcycle athlete of the year in Estonia. Her debut year was 2012 when she was riding a Kawasaki Ninja 250r. On the side of her motorcycling career she is acquiring her Master of Business Administration.
2. Gordon Bashford, English engineer (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Gordon Bashford
    
    Gordon Dennis Bashford was a British car design engineer. Bashford played a significant part in the design of most post-war Rover cars, including the Land Rover.
1990
1. Al-Farouq Aminu, American basketball player births
  1. Al-Farouq Aminu
    
    Al-Farouq Ajiede Aminu is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player who last played for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays internationally with the Nigeria national basketball team. Aminu was selected by the Los Angeles Clippers in the 2010 NBA draft with the eighth overall pick, and has also played for the New Orleans Pelicans, Dallas Mavericks, Portland Trail Blazers, Orlando Magic, and Chicago Bulls.
2. Danny Batth, English footballer births
  1. Danny Batth
    
    Daniel Tanveer Batth is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Sunderland.
3. Rob Cross, English darts player births
  1. Rob Cross (darts player)
    
    Robert Cross is an English professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. He became the 2018 PDC World Darts Champion following his victory over Phil Taylor. Cross won the World Championship on his debut, having turned professional just 11 months prior to the event.
4. Ivan Dorschner, American-Filipino model and actor births
  1. Ivan Dorschner
    
    Ivan Anthony Dorschner born September 21, 1990) is a Filipino-American actor, television host and model based in the Philippines. He is best known for being a former housemate of the Philippine reality television show Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Clash 2010. He is currently under contract to GMA Network, as well as the network's talent management arm GMA Artist Center along with Mika Dela Cruz and Addy Raj.
5. Sam Kasiano, New Zealand rugby league player births
  1. Sam Kasiano
    
    Sam Kasiano is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Warrington Wolves in Super League. He is both a New Zealand and Samoan international.
6. Takis Kanellopoulos, Greek director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Takis Kanellopoulos
    
    Takis Kanellopoulos was a Greek film director and screenwriter. He directed ten films between 1960 and 1980.
1989
1. Jason Derulo, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Jason Derulo
    
    Jason Joel Desrouleaux, known professionally as Jason Derulo, is an American singer and songwriter. Since the start of his solo recording career in 2009, he has sold over 30 million singles and has achieved eleven platinum singles including "Wiggle", "Talk Dirty", "Want to Want Me", "Trumpets", "It Girl", "In My Head", "Ridin' Solo", and "Whatcha Say".
2. Sandor Earl, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Sandor Earl
    
    Sandor Earl is a former New Zealand Māori international rugby league footballer who played on the wing for the Sydney Roosters, Penrith Panthers, Canberra Raiders and the Melbourne Storm in the National Rugby League (NRL). He was banned for four years for a doping violation in 2013.
3. Emma Watkins, Australian singer and actress births
  1. Emma Watkins
    
    Emma Olivia Watkins is an Australian singer, actress, and dancer, best known as a former member of the children's group the Wiggles. She debuted her own children's entertainment character, Emma Memma, in 2022; an accompanying television series entitled Emma Memma: Sing. Dance. Sign. is in development.
4. Rajini Thiranagama, Sri Lankan physician and academic (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Rajani Thiranagama
    
    Dr. Rajani Thiranagama was a Tamil human rights activist and feminist who was assassinated by Tamil Tigers cadres after she had criticised them for their atrocities. At the time of her assassination, she was the head of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Jaffna and an active member of University Teachers for Human Rights, Jaffna, and was is one of its founding members.
1988
1. Doug Baldwin, American football player births
  1. Doug Baldwin
    
    Douglas Dewayne Baldwin Jr. is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Stanford and was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2011. Baldwin is the Seahawks third all-time leader in team receptions and receiving yards, second in receiving touchdowns and was selected to the Pro Bowl twice and won Super Bowl XLVIII with them over the Denver Broncos.
2. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, Pakistani politician births
  1. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
    
    Bilawal Bhutto Zardari is a Pakistani politician who is serving as the 37th Minister of Foreign Affairs, in office since 27 April 2022. He became the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party, in 2007 following his mother's assassination. He belongs from the Bhutto family, a prominent political family of Pakistan. He is the son of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and former President Asif Ali Zardari. Bilawal became a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on 13 August 2018.
3. Glenn Robert Davis, American lieutenant and politician (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Glenn Robert Davis
    
    Glenn Robert Davis was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Wisconsin. He represented Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district from April 22, 1947 to January 3, 1957, and Wisconsin's 9th congressional district from January 3, 1965 to December 31, 1974.
1987
1. Jimmy Clausen, American football player births
  1. Jimmy Clausen
    
    James Richard Clausen is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 2010 to 2015. He played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was also a member of the Chicago Bears and Baltimore Ravens.
2. Anthony Don, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Anthony Don
    
    Anthony Don is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played on the wing for the Gold Coast Titans in the NRL.
3. Marcelo Estigarribia, Paraguayan footballer births
  1. Marcelo Estigarribia
    
    Marcelo Alejandro Estigarribia Balmori is a Paraguayan footballer who plays as a left winger for Sol de América in the Primera División Paraguaya.
4. Murilo Maccari, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Murilo Maccari
    
    Murilo Maccari is a Brazilian professional footballer, who plays for Naxxar Lions F.C. in Malta.
5. Ashley Paris, American basketball player births
  1. Ashley Paris
    
    Ashley Paris is an American basketball player. She is the twin sister of former WNBA center Courtney Paris, who last played for the Seattle Storm and is currently an assistant coach at the University of Oklahoma. She has been nationally recognized for her basketball achievements at the University of Oklahoma. She was selected on April 9, 2009 with 22nd overall pick in the 2009 WNBA Draft by the Los Angeles Sparks.
6. Courtney Paris, American basketball player births
  1. Courtney Paris
    
    Courtney Paris is an American basketball coach and former player. She is currently an assistant coach at her alma mater, Oklahoma. She last played as a center for the Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She is best known for her accomplishments during her college career at the University of Oklahoma, where she holds career averages of 21.4 points and 15.3 rebounds per game. She holds the NCAA record for most consecutive double-doubles at 112. During her senior season in 2009, Paris received considerable media attention when she announced that she would pay back her tuition to the University of Oklahoma if the Sooners did not win the 2009 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament. She would lead Oklahoma to the Final Four before falling short to eventual national runner-up Louisville. Paris was selected with the number seven overall pick by the now-defunct Sacramento Monarchs in the 2009 WNBA Draft.
7. Michał Pazdan, Polish footballer births
  1. Michał Pazdan
    
    Michał Pazdan is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Jagiellonia Białystok.
8. Ivelisse Vélez, Puerto Rican wrestler births
  1. Ivelisse Vélez
    
    Ivelisse Milagro Vélez, better known by her ring name Ivelisse, is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. She is known for her time in Lucha Underground, where she twice held the Lucha Underground Trios Championship. Vélez also wrestles extensively on the independent circuit, most notably for Shine Wrestling, where she is the current Shine Champion, and a former Shine Tag Team Champion. Vélez has also performed for Impact Wrestling and All Elite Wrestling (AEW).
9. Jaco Pastorius, American bass player, composer, and producer (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Jaco Pastorius
    
    John Francis Anthony "Jaco" Pastorius III was an American jazz bassist, composer and producer. He recorded albums as a solo artist and band leader and was a member of Weather Report from 1976 to 1981. He also collaborated with other artists, most notably Pat Metheny and Joni Mitchell. His bass playing employed funk, lyrical solos, bass chords, and innovative harmonics. As of 2017 he was the only electric bassist of seven bassists inducted into the DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame, and he has been lauded as among the best electric bassists of all time.
1986
1. Faris Badwan, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Faris Badwan
    
    Faris Adam Derar Badwan is an English musician, best known as the lead vocalist of the Horrors, and more recently as half of Cat's Eyes.
2. Lindsey Stirling, American violinist and composer births
  1. Lindsey Stirling
    
    Lindsey Stirling is an American violinist, songwriter, and dancer. She presents choreographed violin performances, in live and music videos found on her official YouTube channel, which she created in 2007.
1985
1. Justin Durant, American football player births
  1. Justin Durant
    
    Justin Ryan Durant is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League who played for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys and Atlanta Falcons. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the second round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Hampton University.
2. Gu Long, Chinese author and screenwriter (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Gu Long
    
    Xiong Yaohua, better known by his pen name Gu Long, was a Hong Kong-born Taiwanese novelist, screenwriter, film producer and director. A graduate of Cheng Kung Senior High School and Tamkang University, Xiong is best known for writing wuxia novels and serials, which include Juedai Shuangjiao, Xiaoli Feidao Series, Chu Liuxiang Series, Lu Xiaofeng Series and The Eleventh Son. Some of these works have been adapted into films and television series for numerous times. In the 1980s, he started his own film studio, Bao Sian (寶龍), to produce film adaptations of his works.
1984
1. Ben Wildman-Tobriner, American swimmer births
  1. Ben Wildman-Tobriner
    
    Benjamin Marshall Wildman-Tobriner is an American competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder.
2. Wale, American rapper births
  1. Wale (rapper)
    
    Olubowale Victor Akintimehin, better known by his stage name Wale, is an American rapper. He first gained recognition in 2006, when his song "Dig Dug " became popular in his hometown, leading Wale to became locally recognized as he continued recording music for the regional audience. Wale met English DJ-producer Mark Ronson in 2006 and joined his label, Allido Records in 2007. While signed to that label, Wale released several mixtapes and appeared in national media including MTV and various Black American-focused magazines. A song called "Ridin' in That Black Joint" was featured in the popular video game Saints Row 2's soundtrack in 2008.
1983
1. Ndiss Kaba Badji, Senegalese athlete births
  1. Ndiss Kaba Badji
    
    Ndiss Kaba Badji is a Senegalese athlete who competes in the long jump and triple jump. He is the Senegalese record holder for triple jump, with 17.07 metres achieved when he won the 2008 African Championships. He has a personal best long jump of 8.32 metres, achieved in October 2009 in Beirut, helping him to win the silver medal at the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie.
2. Alex Bailey, British footballer births
  1. Alex Bailey (footballer)
    
    Alex Bailey is a professional footballer. A right-back, Bailey began as an Arsenal trainee, winning the FA Youth Cup in 2001, but was released by the Gunners and signed by Chesterfield prior to the start of the 2004–05 season. He remained at Saltergate for three years scoring one goal before moving on to Halifax Town and then St Albans City before being released at the end of the 2009/10 season after only making 15 appearances
3. Dwayne Barker, English rugby league player births
  1. Dwayne Barker
    
    Dwayne Barker is an English former professional rugby league footballer. Barker's usual position was second-row, he could also operate in the centres.
4. Sarah Rees Brennan, Irish writer births
  1. Sarah Rees Brennan
    
    Sarah Rees Brennan is an Irish writer best known for young adult fantasy fiction. Her first novel, The Demon's Lexicon, was released June 2009 by Simon & Schuster. Rees Brennan's books are bestsellers in the UK.
5. Stipe Buljan, Croatian footballer births
  1. Stipe Buljan
    
    Stipe Buljan is a former Croatian football player who last played for KF Laçi in the Albanian Superliga.
6. John Castillo, Colombian footballer births
  1. John Castillo (footballer)
    
    John Eider Castillo Diago is a Colombian footballer who currently plays for UES in El Salvador.
7. Fernando Cavenaghi, Argentine footballer births
  1. Fernando Cavenaghi
    
    Fernando Ezequiel Cavenaghi is a retired Argentine professional footballer. He played as a striker who was efficient in front of goal with either foot and from any range.
8. Wagner Diniz, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Wagner Diniz
    
    Wagner Diniz Gomes de Araújo, or simply Wagner Diniz, is a Brazilian right back.
9. Moustapha Djallit, Algerian footballer births
  1. Moustapha Djallit
    
    Moustapha Djallit is an Algerian former footballer.
10. Francesco Dracone, Italian race car driver births
  1. Francesco Dracone
    
    Francesco Dracone is an Italian racing driver who currently competes in the European Le Mans Series with BHK Motorsport.
11. Scott Evans, American actor births
  1. Scott Evans (actor)
    
    Scott Evans is an American actor. He is known for playing the role of police officer Oliver Fish on the ABC daytime soap opera One Life to Live, and the recurring role of Oliver on the series Grace and Frankie. He is the younger brother of actor Chris Evans.
12. Anna Favella, Italian actress births
  1. Anna Favella
    
    Anna Favella is an Italian stage, television and movie actress. She is best known for her role as Elena Marsili in the TV series Terra Ribelle, directed by Cinzia TH Torrini, and Terra Ribelle – Il nuovo mondo, directed by Ambrogio Lo Giudice.
13. Éder Monteiro Fernandes, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Éder Monteiro
    
    Éder Monteiro Fernandes, sometimes known as just Éder, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Barretos as a defender.
14. Kristian Gidlund, Swedish drummer and journalist (d. 2013) births
  1. Kristian Gidlund
    
    Kristian Olof Erik Gidlund was a Swedish musician and author. He played drums in the rock band Sugarplum Fairy. He hosted Sommar i P1 on Swedish radio and released one book. In 2011 Gidlund was diagnosed with stomach cancer, and died from the disease in 2013 four days short of his 30th birthday.
15. Maggie Grace, American actress births
  1. Maggie Grace
    
    Margaret Grace Denig is an American actress and model. She is known for playing Shannon Rutherford on the ABC television series Lost, Kim Mills in the Taken trilogy (2008–2014), Irina in The Twilight Saga (2011–2012), and Althea Szewczyk-Przygocki in Fear the Walking Dead (2018–2021).
16. Bryan Willis Hamilton, American musician births
  1. Bryan Willis Hamilton
    
    Bryan Hamilton is a spiritual student and teacher in the Krishna Consciousness Movement. Hamilton is also a full-time manager of the Krishna Temple of San Antonio and initiated as a disciple of Guru Prasad Swami (ISKCON). Bryan was given the spiritual name of Bhagavan Narada Das in late 2012. He is also music producer and artist.
17. Liam Harrison, British rugby league player births
  1. Liam Harrison (rugby league)
    
    Liam Harrison is a former professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. He played representative level rugby league (RL) for Ireland and Cumbria, and at club level for Barrow Island ARLFC and Barrow Raiders, with whom he spent his whole professional rugby league career, as a wing, centre, second-row or loose forward, and club level rugby union (RU) for North Walsham R.F.C..
18. Cristian Hidalgo, Spanish footballer births
  1. Cristian Hidalgo
    
    Cristian Hidalgo González, known simply as Cristian, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Andorran club FC Ordino as a winger.
19. Greg Jennings, American football player births
  1. Greg Jennings
    
    Gregory Jennings Jr. is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons, primarily with the Green Bay Packers. He played college football at Western Michigan and was selected by Green Bay in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Jennings was named to two Pro Bowls during his seven seasons with the Packers and was part of the team that won a Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XLV. In his final three seasons, he was a member of the Minnesota Vikings and Miami Dolphins. For his accomplishments in Green Bay, was inducted to the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 2022.
20. Dorothea Kalpakidou, Greek discus thrower births
  1. Dorothea Kalpakidou
    
    Dorothea Kalpakidou is a female Greek discus thrower. Kalpakidou represented Greece at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed for the women's discus throw. She placed thirty-fifth in the qualifying rounds with a throw of 53.00 metres, failing to advance into the final.
21. Derek Landri, American footballer births
  1. Derek Landri
    
    Derek Landri is a former American football defensive lineman. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Notre Dame.
22. C. S. Magaoay, American researcher and activist births
  1. C. S. Magaoay
    
    Christopher Scott Magaoay, best known by his activist alias C. S. Magaoay, is an American researcher and activist best known for his outspoken stance on the War on Terror and North America Immigration Policies. His statements have been published in newspapers, periodicals and books worldwide. He has also had interviews broadcast internationally, featured in multiple documentaries and spoken throughout Canada during his time there in exile during his unauthorized absence from the United States Marine Corps.
23. Joseph Mazzello, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Joseph Mazzello
    
    Joseph Francis Mazzello III is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Tim Murphy in Jurassic Park, Eugene Sledge in the HBO miniseries The Pacific, Dustin Moskovitz in The Social Network, and Queen bass player John Deacon in the biopic Bohemian Rhapsody.
24. Anna Meares, Australian track cyclist births
  1. Anna Meares
    
    Anna Maree Devenish Meares is an Australian retired track cyclist. She currently resides in Adelaide in South Australia where the Australian Institute of Sport's Track Cycling program has its headquarters at the Adelaide Super-Drome.
25. Reggie Nelson, American footballer births
  1. Reggie Nelson
    
    Reggie Lee Nelson is a former American football safety. He played college football for the University of Florida, where he was a member of a national championship team and earned consensus All-American honors. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft and also played for the Cincinnati Bengals and Oakland Raiders.
26. Dênis Oliveira de Souza, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Dênis (footballer, born 1983)
    
    Dênis Oliveira de Souza, known as just Dênis, is a retired Brazilian right back.
27. Rasmus Persson, Swedish radio personality births
  1. Rasmus Persson (radio personality)
    
    Rasmus Oskar Persson, born 21 September 1983 in Östanås, Värmland, is a Swedish radio show personality and researcher on the program Christer and Morgan Rapporterar on Swedish National Radio Station P3.
28. Marcin Piekarski, Polish luger births
  1. Marcin Piekarski (luger)
    
    Marcin Piekarski is a Polish luger who has competed since 1998. He finished 17th in the men's doubles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.
29. Rafael Marques Pinto, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Rafael Marques (footballer, born September 1983)
    
    Rafael Marques Pinto, most commonly known as Rafael Marques, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Vasco.
30. Tori Polk, American athlete births
  1. Tori Polk
    
    Tori Polk is an American track and field athlete who competes in the long jump. She has a personal record of 6.75 m for the event.
31. Miguel Potes Mina, Colombian footballer births
  1. Miguel Potes
    
    Miguel Ángel Potes Mina is a Colombian football player who most recently played for Vista Hermosa of El Salvador.
32. Javier Alejandro Rabbia, Argentine footballer births
  1. Javier Alejandro Rabbia
    
    Javier Alejandro Rabbia is an Argentine footballer. He currently plays as a midfielder for Atlético Balboa.
33. Wakakirin Shinichi, Japanese sumo wrestler and mixed martial artist births
  1. Wakakirin Shinichi
    
    Wakakirin Shinichi , born September 21, 1983 as Shinichi Suzukawa , is a former sumo wrestler from Hyōgo prefecture in Japan. His highest rank was maegashira 9. He was thrown out of the sport in February 2009 after being arrested for cannabis possession. In 2010 he became a professional wrestler.
34. Joana Solnado, Portuguese actress births
  1. Joana Solnado
    
    Joana Solnado is a Portuguese actress.
35. Ben Richardson, British cinematographer births
  1. Ben Richardson
    
    Benjamin T. Richardson, ASC is an English cinematographer and television producer. He is best known for his work on the films Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012), The Fault in Our Stars (2014), Wind River (2017), and Those Who Wish Me Dead (2021), as well as the limited series Mare of Easttown (2021), which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.
  2. Cinematographer
    
    The cinematographer or director of photography is the person responsible for the photographing or recording of a film, television production, music video or other live action piece. The cinematographer is the chief of the camera and light crews working on such projects and would normally be responsible for making artistic and technical decisions related to the image and for selecting the camera, film stock, lenses, filters, etc. The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography.
36. Asa Taccone, American musician births
  1. Asa Taccone
    
    Asa Taccone is an American musician, songwriter, producer, and frontman of the band Electric Guest with whom he has released three albums since 2012. He is noted as a close collaborator of The Lonely Island and has contributed to their musical work on Saturday Night Live and a number of their films. He also has written music for other comedy film and television projects including American Dad! and Portlandia.
37. Ronny Toma, Italian footballer births
  1. Ronny Toma
    
    Ronny Diuk Toma is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder. He spent his whole professional career in Lombardy and Serie C2.
38. Sanka Wijegunaratne, Sri Lankan cricketer births
  1. Sanka Wijegunaratne
    
    Sanka Wijegunaratne is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut for Polonnaruwa District in the 2016–17 Districts One Day Tournament on 18 March 2017.
39. Ycare, French singer songwriter births
  1. Ycare
    
    Assane Attyé better known by his stage name Ycare or is a French singer songwriter who was first known as a contestant in Nouvelle Star before launching a solo career releasing four studio albums, Au bord du monde (2009), Lumière noire (2011), La Somone (2014) and Adieu je t'aime (2018) and a live album Un tour sans fin (2016).
40. Andrew Brewin, Canadian politician (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Andrew Brewin
    
    Francis Andrew Brewin was a lawyer and Canadian politician and Member of Parliament. He was the grandson of Liberal cabinet minister Andrew George Blair. His son John Brewin also served in the House of Commons of Canada.
41. Bob Donham, American basketball player (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Bob Donham
    
    Robert E. Donham was an American professional basketball player. Donham was selected in the third round of the 1950 NBA Draft by the Boston Celtics after a collegiate career at Ohio State. In four NBA seasons, all with the Celtics, Donham recorded 1,818 points, 1,071 rebounds and 706 assists.
42. Bada Rajan, Indian mobster (b. unknown) deaths
  1. Bada Rajan
    
    Rajan Mahadevan Nair, popularly known in the Mumbai underworld by his moniker Bada Rajan, was an Indian mobster and underworld don from Mumbai.
  2. Gangster
    
    A gangster is a criminal who is a member of a gang. Most gangs are considered to be part of organized crime. Gangsters are also called mobsters, a term derived from mob and the suffix -ster. Gangs provide a level of organization and resources that support much larger and more complex criminal transactions than an individual criminal could achieve. Gangsters have been active for many years in countries around the world. Gangsters are the subject of many novels, films, television series and video games.
43. Birgit Tengroth, Swedish actor (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Birgit Tengroth
    
    Birgit Tengroth was a Swedish film actress. She appeared in more than 40 films between 1926 and 1950.
44. Willy Trenk-Trebitsch, Austrian actor (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Willy Trenk-Trebitsch
    
    Willy Trenk-Trebitsch was an Austrian actor.
45. Xavier Zubiri, Basque philosopher (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Xavier Zubiri
    
    Xavier Zubiri was a Spanish philosopher.
  2. Basque Country (autonomous community)
    
    The Basque Country, also called Basque Autonomous Community, is an autonomous community of Spain. It includes the provinces of Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa, located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, bordering on the autonomous communities of Cantabria, Castile and León, La Rioja, and Navarre, and the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
  3. Philosopher
    
    A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term philosopher comes from the Ancient Greek: φιλόσοφος, romanized: philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. In the classical sense, a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life, focusing upon resolving existential questions about the human condition; it was not necessary that they discoursed upon theories or commented upon authors. Those who most arduously committed themselves to this lifestyle would have been considered philosophers.
1982
1. Eduardo Azevedo, Brazilian race car driver births
  1. Eduardo Azevedo
    
    Eduardo Azevedo is a race car driver. He was the 2001 Brazilian Formula Junior champion and the 2002 South American Formula Three Class-B champion. He raced in Brazilian Formula Renault in 2003.
2. Dominic Perrottet, Australian politician, 46th Premier of New South Wales births
  1. Dominic Perrottet
    
    Dominic Francis Perrottet is an Australian politician who is currently serving as the 46th premier of New South Wales and leader of the New South Wales division of the Liberal Party of Australia. He assumed office on 5 October 2021 following the resignation of Gladys Berejiklian.
  2. Premier of New South Wales
    
    The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.
3. Christos Tapoutos, Greek basketball player births
  1. Christos Tapoutos
    
    Christos Tapoutos is a Greek former professional basketball player. At a height of 2.06 m (6'9") tall, he played at both the small forward and power forward positions, with power forward being his main position. During his early professional years, Tapoutos was considered to be one of the greatest scorers and talents in his age group in all of Europe.
4. Rowan Vine, English footballer births
  1. Rowan Vine
    
    Rowan Lewis Vine is an English footballer who was most recently a player-coach at Hemel Hempstead Town.
5. Ivan Bagramyan, Russian general (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Ivan Bagramyan
    
    Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan, also known as Hovhannes Khachaturi Baghramyan, was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union of Armenian origin.
1981
1. Nicole Richie, American actress, fashion designer, and author births
  1. Nicole Richie
    
    Nicole Camille Richie is an American television personality, fashion designer, socialite, and actress. She came to prominence after appearing in the reality television series The Simple Life (2003–2007), in which she starred alongside her childhood friend and fellow socialite Paris Hilton. Richie's personal life attracted media attention during the series' five-year run and thereafter.
2. Sarah Whatmore, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Sarah Whatmore
    
    Sarah Louise Whatmore is an English singer-songwriter, best known for appearing in the first series of the British TV series Pop Idol. Whatmore later went on to launch her own solo career.
1980
1. Nyree Kindred, Welsh swimmer births
  1. Nyree Kindred
    
    Nyree Elise Kindred MBE is a Welsh swimmer who has competed in the Paralympic Games on four occasions winning ten medals.
2. Tomas Scheckter, South African race car driver births
  1. Tomas Scheckter
    
    Tomas Scheckter is a South African former racing driver best known for his time in the IndyCar Series.
3. Autumn Reeser, American actress births
  1. Autumn Reeser
    
    Autumn Reeser is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Taylor Townsend on the Fox series The O.C., Lizzie Grant on HBO's Entourage, Katie Andrews on ABC's No Ordinary Family, and Leslie Bellcamp on E!'s The Arrangement. She has appeared in the films The Girl Next Door (2004), So Undercover (2012), Sully (2016), and in ten Hallmark Channel television films in leading roles.
4. Kareena Kapoor, Indian actress births
  1. Kareena Kapoor
    
    Kareena Kapoor Khan is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films. She is the daughter of actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and the younger sister of actress Karisma Kapoor. Noted for playing a variety of characters in a range of film genres—from romantic comedies to crime dramas—Kapoor is the recipient of several awards, including six Filmfare Awards, and is one of Bollywood's highest-paid actresses.
1979
1. James Allan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. James Allan (musician)
    
    James Allan is the lead singer and guitarist of the Scottish rock band Glasvegas, and a former footballer.
2. Richard Dunne, Irish footballer births
  1. Richard Dunne
    
    Richard Patrick Dunne is an Irish former footballer and current television pundit for BT Sport, who played as a defender. He made 431 Premier League appearances, including 253 for Manchester City.
3. Chris Gayle, Jamaican cricketer births
  1. Chris Gayle
    
    Christopher Henry Gayle, OD is a Jamaican cricketer who has been playing international cricket for the West Indies since 1999. A destructive batter, Gayle is widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen to have played Twenty20 cricket, and by some as the best ever. He played a crucial role in the West Indies teams that won 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, 2012 ICC World Twenty20 and 2016 ICC World Twenty20.
4. Julian Gray, English footballer births
  1. Julian Gray
    
    Julian Raymond Marvin Gray is an English former professional footballer who last played for Walsall.
5. Monika Merl, German runner births
  1. Monika Merl
    
    Monika Merl is a German 800 metres runner and former champion in the 800 meters in Germany.
1978
1. Paulo Costanzo, Canadian actor, director, and producer births
  1. Paulo Costanzo
    
    Paulo Costanzo is a Canadian actor. He is best known for playing Aximili-Esgarrouth-Isthill (Ax) in the TV series Animorphs, the roles of Rubin Carver in the comedy film Road Trip, Alexander Cabot in Josie and the Pussycats, Michael Tribbiani in the NBC sitcom Joey, Evan R. Lawson in the USA Network series Royal Pains, and Lyor Boone in the ABC political drama Designated Survivor.
2. Luke Godden, Australian footballer births
  1. Luke Godden
    
    Luke Godden is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League
3. Doug Howlett, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Doug Howlett
    
    Douglas Charles Howlett is a retired New Zealand professional rugby union player. He was primarily a wing, but he also sometimes played as a fullback.
1977
1. Kārlis Lācis, Latvian pianist and composer births
  1. Kārlis Lācis
    
    Kārlis Lācis is a Latvian contemporary composer. Along with the scores for theatre productions, movies, and musical arrangements, a large part of his work is dedicated to vocal and choral music, symphonic, and instrumental compositions, including "Te Deum" (2014) with the State Choir Latvija, and double concerto for flute, oboe and orchestra "42.195" (2014) with Liepaja symphony orchestra. "Rorate coeli" (2014) for soprano, saxophone and organ and the first symphony "Via Crucis" premiered on April 3, 2015 with Latvian National symphony orchestra. Kārlis was one of the jury members for 2014 World choir games while Latvian capital Riga was the European capital of culture. His creative contribution includes musicals staged in Liepāja theatre and Dailes theatre "Pūt vējiņi" (2011) and "Oņēgins" (2013), both rewarded with the highest annual theater award for the best music author.
2. Andre Pärn, Estonian basketball player births
  1. Andre Pärn
    
    Andre Pärn is an Estonian former basketball player.
3. Kohei Sato, Japanese wrestler births
  1. Kohei Sato
    
    Kohei Sato is a Japanese professional wrestler contracted with Pro Wrestling Zero1. Sato is also a former mixed martial artist.
4. Brian Tallet, American baseball player births
  1. Brian Tallet
    
    Brian Curtis Tallet is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Tallet played the majority of his career for the Toronto Blue Jays. He also played for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Cleveland Indians. He is 6' 6" in height. He pitched for the LSU Tigers and won a national championship in 2000.
1976
1. Jonas Bjerre, Danish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Jonas Bjerre
    
    Jonas Bjerre Terkelsbøl is a musician and visual artist from Copenhagen, Denmark, best known as the lead singer of Danish rock band Mew. Bjerre creates animated videos for Mew's live shows. He has an uncommon vocal range, above the average pitch, which has helped contribute to Mew's unique sound, and earned him a Danish Music Award for Danish Male Singer in 2006. He went to school at the international school of Bernadotteskolen and was a student of Aurehøj Amtsgymnasium.
2. Poul Hübertz, Danish footballer and manager births
  1. Poul Hübertz
    
    Poul Hübertz is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a forward. He previously played for a number of Danish clubs, including Farum BK, Herfølge BK, AaB, and FC Midtjylland in the Danish Superliga, and has also represented English football clubs Millwall and Northampton Town. With his long legs and unelegant style, he was known in Denmark as a somewhat atypical striker.
3. Benjamin Graham, British-American economist, professor, and investor (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Benjamin Graham
    
    Benjamin Graham was a British-born American economist, professor and investor. He is widely known as the "father of value investing", and wrote two of the founding texts in neoclassical investing: Security Analysis (1934) with David Dodd, and The Intelligent Investor (1949). His investment philosophy stressed investor psychology, minimal debt, buy-and-hold investing, fundamental analysis, concentrated diversification, buying within the margin of safety, activist investing, and contrarian mindsets.
4. Orlando Letelier, Chilean economist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Chile (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Orlando Letelier
    
    Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar was a Chilean economist, politician and diplomat during the presidency of Salvador Allende. A refugee from the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet, Letelier accepted several academic positions in Washington, D.C. following his exile from Chile. In 1976, agents of Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), the Pinochet regime's secret police, assassinated Letelier in Washington via the use of a car bomb. These agents had been working in collaboration with members of the Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, an anti-Castro militant group.
  2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile)
    
    The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the foreign policy formulated by the President of Chile. It is located in the Edificio José Miguel Carrera at Plaza de la Constitución, in downtown Santiago.
1975
1. Doug Davis, American baseball player births
  1. Doug Davis (pitcher)
    
    Douglas N. Davis is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Chicago Cubs.
2. Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Turkish painter and poet (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu
    
    Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu was a Turkish painter, mosaic-maker, muralist, writer and poet. His art work was inspired by Anatolian village scenes and folk literature, and included traditional handicraft folk patterns.
1974
1. Bryce Drew, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Bryce Drew
    
    Bryce Homer Drew is an American college basketball coach and former player who is the head coach of the Grand Canyon Antelopes. Previously he served as the head coach of the Vanderbilt Commodores and in the same capacity at his alma mater, Valparaiso, having succeeded his father, Homer Drew. Drew has led his teams to the NCAA tournament on four occasions, including at least once at each of the three schools he has been the head coach of.
2. Andy Todd, English footballer and manager births
  1. Andy Todd (footballer, born 1974)
    
    Andrew John James Todd is an English football coach and former player.
3. Walter Brennan, American actor (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Walter Brennan
    
    Walter Andrew Brennan was an American actor and singer. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in Come and Get It (1936), Kentucky (1938), and The Westerner (1940), making him one of only three male actors to win three Academy Awards, and the only male or female actor to win three awards in the supporting actor category. Brennan was also nominated for his performance in Sergeant York (1941). Other noteworthy performances were in To Have and Have Not (1944), My Darling Clementine (1946), Red River (1948), and Rio Bravo (1959).
4. Jacqueline Susann, American author and actress (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Jacqueline Susann
    
    Jacqueline Susann was an American novelist and actress. Her iconic novel, Valley of the Dolls (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, The Love Machine (1969) and Once Is Not Enough (1973), Susann became the first author to have three novels top The New York Times Best Seller List consecutively.
1973
1. Vanessa Grigoriadis, American journalist and author births
  1. Vanessa Grigoriadis
    
    Vanessa Maia Grigoriadis is an American journalist. Her work has been featured in The New York Times, Vanity Fair, and Rolling Stone among other publications.
2. Virginia Ruano Pascual, Spanish tennis player births
  1. Virginia Ruano Pascual
    
    Virginia Ruano Pascual is a Spanish former professional tennis player.
3. Oswaldo Sánchez, Mexican footballer births
  1. Oswaldo Sánchez
    
    Oswaldo Javier Sánchez Ibarra is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and a sports analyst for Televisa Deportes. He is highly regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in Mexican football history.
1972
1. Olivia Bonamy, French actress births
  1. Olivia Bonamy
    
    Olivia Bonamy is a French actress. She is best known for her appearances in the films Jefferson in Paris, Jacques Audiard's Read My Lips, the thriller Ils and Le ciel, les oiseaux et ta mère.
2. Liam Gallagher, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Liam Gallagher
    
    William John Paul Gallagher is an English singer and songwriter. He achieved fame as the lead vocalist and part time songwriter of the rock band Oasis from 1991 to 2009, and later fronted the rock band Beady Eye from 2009 to 2014, before starting a successful solo career in 2017. Oasis had various line-up changes, though Gallagher and his older brother Noel remained the only staple members. One of the most recognisable figures in British rock music, Gallagher is noted for his distinctive vocal style and outspoken, arrogant, and volatile personality. His demeanour during Oasis' commercial peak in the mid-1990s garnered much attention from British tabloids, which often ran stories concerning his drug use and self-destructive behaviour.
3. Jon Kitna, American football player and coach births
  1. Jon Kitna
    
    Jon Kelly Kitna is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League for the Seattle Seahawks, Cincinnati Bengals, Detroit Lions and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Central Washington University and was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 1996. He is currently a football coach at Burleson High School.
4. Henry de Montherlant, French essayist, novelist, and dramatist (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Henry de Montherlant
    
    Henry Marie Joseph Frédéric Expedite Millon de Montherlant was a French essayist, novelist, and dramatist. He was elected to the Académie française in 1960.
1971
1. John Crawley, English cricketer and academic births
  1. John Crawley
    
    John Paul Crawley is a former English first-class cricketer who played at international level for England and county cricket for Hampshire and Lancashire. Crawley, one of three brothers who all played first-class cricket, was a right-handed batsman and occasional wicket-keeper.
2. Alfonso Ribeiro, American actor, director, and comedian births
  1. Alfonso Ribeiro
    
    Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro is an American actor and television host. He is best known for his roles as Alfonso Spears on the sitcom Silver Spoons, Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Maxwell Stanton on In the House.
3. Luke Wilson, American actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Luke Wilson
    
    Luke Cunningham Wilson is an American actor known for his roles in films such as Bottle Rocket (1996), Rushmore (1998), My Dog Skip (2000), Legally Blonde (2001), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Idiocracy (2006), You Kill Me (2007), The Skeleton Twins (2014), Meadowland (2015) and Brad's Status (2017). On television, he played Casey Kelso on That '70s Show (2005–06), Levi Callow on Enlightened (2011–13) and Pat Dugan / S.T.R.I.P.E. on Stargirl (2020–present). He is the brother of actors Andrew Wilson and Owen Wilson.
4. Bernardo Houssay, Argentinian physiologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Bernardo Houssay
    
    Bernardo Alberto Houssay was an Argentine physiologist. Houssay was a co-recipient of the 1947 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering the role played by pituitary hormones in regulating the amount of glucose in animals, sharing the prize with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori. He is the first Argentine Nobel laureate in the sciences.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1970
1. Melissa Ferrick, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Melissa Ferrick
    
    Melissa Ferrick is an American singer-songwriter. Her song "Drive" (2000) is considered a lesbian anthem. She is a music professor at Northeastern University and at Berklee College of Music.
2. Samantha Power, Irish-American journalist, academic, and diplomat, 28th United States Ambassador to the United Nations births
  1. Samantha Power
    
    Samantha Jane Power is an Irish-American journalist, diplomat and government official who is currently serving as the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. She previously served as the 28th United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2013 to 2017. Power is a member of the Democratic Party.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations
    
    The United States ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is formally known as the permanent representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and representative of the United States of America in the United Nations Security Council.
1969
1. Anne Burrell, American chef and television host births
  1. Anne Burrell
    
    Anne W. Burrell is an American chef, television personality, and former instructor at the Institute of Culinary Education. She is the host of the Food Network show Secrets of a Restaurant Chef and co-host of Worst Cooks in America. She was also one of the Iron Chefs, Mario Batali's sous chefs in the Iron Chef America series and appears on other programs on the network such as The Best Thing I Ever Ate. She was a contestant on the fourth season of The Food Network competition show, The Next Iron Chef Super Chefs being eliminated in episode 6. She was also a contestant on the first season of Chopped All-Stars Tournament, winning the "Food Network Personalities" preliminary round to advance to the final round, where she placed second runner up to Nate Appleman (winner) and Aarón Sanchez. In 2015, Burrell won the fourth installment of the Chopped All-Stars tournament winning $75,000 for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. She also hosted the series Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell in 2012–2013.
2. Jason Christiansen, American baseball player births
  1. Jason Christiansen
    
    Jason Samuel Christiansen is a former Major League Baseball left-handed relief pitcher.
3. Curtis Leschyshyn, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Curtis Leschyshyn
    
    Curtis Michael Leschyshyn is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Leschyshyn played 1,033 games in the National Hockey League. He is the only NHL player to have played for two relocated franchises, both before and after relocation, the Nordiques/Avalanche and the Whalers/Hurricanes. Since he was drafted and played for the Wild in their inaugural season, he is the only NHL player to have played for three new teams in their inaugural season in the league. In addition, he also played for the two national capital city franchises in the NHL, the Capitals and the Senators.
1968
1. Kevin Buzzard, British mathematician births
  1. Kevin Buzzard
    
    Kevin Mark Buzzard is a British mathematician and currently a professor of pure mathematics at Imperial College London. He specialises in arithmetic geometry and the Langlands program.
2. David Jude Jolicoeur, American rapper, songwriter, and producer births
  1. David Jude Jolicoeur
    
    David Jude Jolicoeur, also known under the stage name Trugoy the Dove and more recently Dave, is an American rapper, producer, and one third of the hip hop trio De La Soul. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, but grew up in East Massapequa.
3. Ricki Lake, American actress, producer, and talk show host births
  1. Ricki Lake
    
    Ricki Pamela Lake is an American television host and actress. She is known for her lead role as Tracy Turnblad in the 1988 film Hairspray, for which she received a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead. She is also known for her talk show, Ricki Lake, which was broadcast internationally from September 1993 until May 2004. When the show debuted, Lake was 24 and credited as being the youngest person to host a syndicated talk show at the time. In late 2012, Lake began hosting a second syndicated talk show, The Ricki Lake Show. The series was canceled in 2013 after a single season, but Lake won her first Daytime Emmy Award for the project.
1967
1. Faith Hill, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress births
  1. Faith Hill
    
    Audrey Faith McGraw, known professionally as Faith Hill, is an American singer and actress. She is one of the most successful country music artists of all time, having sold more than 40 million albums worldwide.
2. Suman Pokhrel, Nepali poet, lyricist and playwright births
  1. Suman Pokhrel
    
    Suman Pokhrel is a Nepali poet, lyricist, playwright, translator and artist. Universities in Nepal and India have included his poetry in their syllabus.
3. Tyler Stewart, Canadian drummer births
  1. Tyler Stewart
    
    Tyler Joseph Stewart is the drummer for the Canadian music group Barenaked Ladies.
1966
1. Kerrin Lee-Gartner, Canadian skier and journalist births
  1. Kerrin Lee-Gartner
    
    Kerrin Anne Lee-Gartner is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medallist from Canada.
2. Paul Reynaud, French lawyer and politician, 118th Prime Minister of France (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Paul Reynaud
    
    Paul Reynaud was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany.
  2. Prime Minister of France
    
    The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
1965
1. Frédéric Beigbeder, French author and critic births
  1. Frédéric Beigbeder
    
    Frédéric Beigbeder is a French writer, literary critic and television presenter. He won the Prix Interallié in 2003 for his novel Windows on the World and the Prix Renaudot in 2009 for his book Un roman français. He is also the creator of the Flore and Sade Awards. In addition, he is the executive director of Lui, a French adult entertainment magazine.
2. Cheryl Hines, American actress births
  1. Cheryl Hines
    
    Cheryl Ruth Hines is an American actress and director, best known for playing the role of Larry David's wife, Cheryl, on HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm, for which she has been nominated for two Emmy Awards. She also starred as Dallas Royce on the ABC sitcom Suburgatory and made her directorial debut in 2009 with the film Serious Moonlight.
3. Johanna Vuoksenmaa, Finnish director and screenwriter births
  1. Johanna Vuoksenmaa
    
    Johanna Vuoksenmaa is a Finnish television and film director and screenwriter who has also worked as a photographer, installation artist and a teacher. Her films have been shown at numerous film festivals around the world and she has won many Finnish film and television awards for directing and screenwriting. As a director and screenwriter, Vuoksenmaa prefers the comedy genre because to her comedy means relief, forgiveness and defense. She does not use casting agencies but prefers to cast actors to her films herself, since she thinks that it creates a level of trust between the actor and the director.
1964
1. Jorge Drexler, Uruguayan singer-songwriter births
  1. Jorge Drexler
    
    Jorge Abner Drexler Prada is a Uruguayan musician, actor and doctor specializing in otolaryngology.
2. Lester Quitzau, Canadian guitarist births
  1. Lester Quitzau
    
    Lester Quitzau is a Canadian folk and blues guitarist from Edmonton, Alberta.
3. Josef Müller, Croatian entomologist (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Josef Müller (entomologist)
    
    Josef Müller, also known as Giuseppe Müller, was a Croatian entomologist.
1963
1. Curtly Ambrose, Antiguan cricketer and bass player births
  1. Curtly Ambrose
    
    Sir Curtly Elconn Lynwall Ambrose KCN is an Antiguan former cricketer who played 98 Test matches for the West Indies. Widely acknowledged as one of the greatest fast bowlers of all time, he took 405 Test wickets at an average of 20.99 and topped the ICC Player Rankings for much of his career to be rated the best bowler in the world. His great height—he is 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall—allowed him to make the ball bounce unusually high after he delivered it; allied to his pace and accuracy, it made him a very difficult bowler for batsmen to face. A man of few words during his career, he was notoriously reluctant to speak to journalists. He was chosen as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1992; after he retired he was entered into the International Cricket Council Hall of Fame and selected as one of West Indies all-time XI by a panel of experts.
2. Cecil Fielder, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Cecil Fielder
    
    Cecil Grant Fielder is an American former professional baseball player in Major League Baseball (MLB). Fielder was a power hitter in the 1980s and 1990s. He attended college at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). He played in MLB for the Toronto Blue Jays (1985–1988), in Japan's Central League for the Hanshin Tigers (1989), and then in MLB for the Detroit Tigers (1990–1996), New York Yankees (1996–97), Anaheim Angels in 1998, and Cleveland Indians in 1998. With the Yankees, he won the 1996 World Series over the Atlanta Braves. In 1990, he became the first player to reach the 50–home run mark since George Foster hit 52 for the Cincinnati Reds in 1977 and the first American League player to do so since Mickey Mantle and Roger Maris famously hit 54 and 61 in 1961.
3. Angus Macfadyen, Scottish actor and screenwriter births
  1. Angus Macfadyen
    
    Angus Macfadyen is a Scottish actor. His roles include Robert the Bruce, both in Braveheart and Robert the Bruce, Komodo in Warriors of Virtue, Vice-Counsel Dupont in Equilibrium, Jeff Denlon in the Saw franchise, Robert Rogers in the AMC historical drama Turn: Washington's Spies, McCreedy in Cameron Crowe's We Bought a Zoo, and biologist James Murray in The Lost City of Z. He has made appearances on several television series such as Californication, Criminal Minds, the final season of Chuck and Superman & Lois.
4. Mamoru Samuragochi, Japanese composer births
  1. Mamoru Samuragochi
    
    Mamoru Samuragochi is a Japanese composer from Hiroshima Prefecture who falsely stated that he was totally deaf. He said throughout his career that he was deaf which led to foreign media dubbing him a "digital-age Beethoven". He was also the name credited for the video games Resident Evil: Dual Shock Ver. (1998) and Onimusha: Warlords (2001). In February 2014, it was revealed that most of the work attributed to him over the previous 18 years had been written by Takashi Niigaki.
5. Trevor Steven, English footballer births
  1. Trevor Steven
    
    Trevor McGregor Steven is an English former professional footballer who played as a right-sided midfielder. He progressed through the ranks at Burnley, making his debut in 1981 and becoming a regular supplier of goals over the next two seasons. Everton boss Howard Kendall, who was building a new team based on youth, decided to make a bid for him. He became known as a member of the successful Everton side of the 1980s and went on to be part of the Rangers '9-in-a-row' team. Steven won further honours in France during a spell with Marseille and gained 36 international caps for England. He is now known for his media work, particularly with RTÉ Sport in Ireland.
6. David J. Wales, British academic and educator births
  1. David J. Wales
    
    David John Wales FRS FRSC is a professor of Chemical Physics, in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge.
7. Paulino Masip, Spanish author, playwright, and screenwriter (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Paulino Masip
    
    Paulino Masip Roca was a Spanish playwright, screenwriter and novelist. Driven into exile in Mexico in 1939 by the events of the Spanish Civil War, he became involved with the nascent Golden age of Mexican cinema and was the author of over 50 screenplays. Masip is best known for his novel ¨El Diario de Hamlet Garcia¨ which takes place during the Spanish Civil War.
1962
1. Rob Morrow, American actor births
  1. Rob Morrow
    
    Robert Alan Morrow is an American actor and director. He is known for his portrayal of Dr. Joel Fleischman on Northern Exposure, a role that garnered him three Golden Globe and two Emmy nominations for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series, and later for his role as FBI agent Don Eppes on Numb3rs.
2. Bo Carter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Bo Carter
    
    Armenter Chatmon, known as Bo Carter, was an early American blues musician. He was a member of the Mississippi Sheiks in concerts and on a few of their recordings. He also managed that group, which included his brothers Lonnie Chatmon on fiddle and, occasionally, Sam Chatmon on bass, and their friend Walter Vinson on guitar and lead vocals.
1961
1. Billy Collins, Jr., American boxer (d. 1984) births
  1. Billy Collins Jr.
    
    William Ray Collins Jr. was an undefeated American professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1983. His career was cut short after his final fight when he sustained serious injuries against Luis Resto in their ten-round bout. Aided by his trainer Panama Lewis, Resto used illegal, tampered gloves with an ounce of the gloves' cushioning removed, along with hand wraps which had been soaked in plaster of Paris.
2. Dan Borislow, American businessman and inventor (d. 2014) births
  1. Dan Borislow
    
    Daniel Marc Borislow was an American entrepreneur, sports team owner, inventor, and thoroughbred horse breeder. Borislow was born and grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and attended Widener University. In 1989, he founded Tel-Save, Inc. to resell access to AT&T long-distance lines. Borislow took the company public in 1995, and two years later brokered a $100 million deal with AOL at the "Cafe Europa." In early 1998, Tel-Save had sales of $300 million and was valued by Wall Street investors at $2 billion. However, due to the financial strain of paying off the AOL deal, Tel-Save lost $221 million in 1999, and Borislow sold his stock for approximately $300 million and retired.
3. Nancy Travis, American actress and producer births
  1. Nancy Travis
    
    Nancy Ann Travis is an American actress.
4. Ed Oliver, American golfer (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Ed Oliver (golfer)
    
    Edward Stewart "Porky" Oliver, Jr. was a professional golfer from the United States. He played on what is now known as the PGA Tour in the 1940s and 1950s.
1960
1. David James Elliott, Canadian-American actor and director births
  1. David James Elliott
    
    David James Elliott is a Canadian actor who was the star of the series JAG, playing lead character Harmon Rabb Jr. from 1995 to 2005.
2. Masoumeh Ebtekar, Iranian journalist, politician and scientist, first woman Vice President of Iran births
  1. Masoumeh Ebtekar
    
    Masoumeh Ebtekar was the former Vice President of Iran for Women and Family Affairs, from August 9, 2017, to September 1, 2021. She previously headed Department of Environment from 1997 to 2005, making her the first female member in the cabinet of Iran since 1979 and the third in history. She held the same level of office from 2013 to 2017. She is a full professor at Tarbiat Modares University in the School of Medical Sciences, Immunology Department.
  2. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
3. Kelley Eskridge, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Kelley Eskridge
    
    Kelley Eskridge is an American writer of fiction, non-fiction and screenplays. Her work is generally regarded as speculative fiction and is associated with the more literary edge of the category, as well as with the category of slipstream fiction.
4. Musalia Mudavadi, Kenyan politician and Former Deputy Prime Minister births
  1. Musalia Mudavadi
    
    Wycliffe Musalia Mudavadi is a Kenyan politician and land economist who is currently serving as the Prime Cabinet Secretary of Kenya. Until October 2022, he was also the party leader of the Amani National Congress (ANC), one of the founding political parties, of the Kenya Kwanza alliance. He served as the 7th Vice-President of Kenya in 2002 and Deputy Prime Minister (2008–2012), when he resigned to contest for the Presidency in the 2013 Kenyan general election and emerged third. He was the deputy party leader of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) (2005–2012) and Party Leader of the United Democratic Forum Party (UDF) from May 2012 to July 2015.
5. Graham Southern, English art dealer and gallery owner births
  1. Graham Southern
    
    Graham Southern is an English art dealer and gallery owner. In 1994, Southern was the Founding Director of Christie's (London) Post-War & Contemporary Art Department which he ran until 2001, leaving to become a director of the Anthony d'Offay Gallery. In 2002, he founded Haunch of Venison gallery with Harry Blain. The gallery represented, amongst others, Turner Prize winners Richard Long and Keith Tyson.
6. Maurizio Cattelan, Italian sculptor births
  1. Maurizio Cattelan
    
    Maurizio Cattelan is an Italian artist. Known primarily for his hyperrealistic sculptures and installations, Cattelan's practice also includes curating and publishing. His satirical approach to art has resulted in him being frequently labelled as a joker or prankster of the art world. Self-taught as an artist, Cattelan has exhibited internationally in museums and Biennials. In 2011 the Guggenheim Museum, New York presented a retrospective of his work. Some of Cattelan's better-known works include America, consisting of a solid gold toilet; La Nona Ora, a sculpture depicting a fallen Pope who has been hit by a meteorite; and Comedian, a fresh banana duct-taped to a wall.
1959
1. Crin Antonescu, Romanian educator and politician, former Interim President of Romania births
  1. Crin Antonescu
    
    George Crin Laurențiu Antonescu is a Romanian politician, who was President of the National Liberal Party (PNL) from 2009 to 2014. He also served as the country Acting President after the impeachment of Traian Băsescu and as the President of the Senate.
  2. President of Romania
    
    The president of Romania is the head of state of Romania. Following a modification to the Romanian Constitution in 2003, the president is directly elected by a two-round system and serves for five years. An individual may serve two terms. During their term in office, the president may not be a formal member of a political party.
2. Andrzej Buncol, Polish footballer births
  1. Andrzej Buncol
    
    Andrzej Bernard Buncol is a Polish former footballer who played as a midfielder.
3. Dave Coulier, American actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Dave Coulier
    
    David Alan Coulier is an American actor, stand-up comedian, impressionist, and television host. He played Joey Gladstone on the ABC sitcom Full House, voiced Peter Venkman on The Real Ghostbusters, the cartoon adaptation of Ghostbusters and voiced Animal and Bunsen on Muppet Babies.
4. Danny Cox, English-American baseball player and coach births
  1. Danny Cox (baseball)
    
    Daniel Bradford Cox is a British-born American former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals (1983–1988), the Philadelphia Phillies (1991–1992), the Pittsburgh Pirates (1992), and the Toronto Blue Jays (1993–1995), after which he retired from active play.
5. Corinne Drewery, English singer-songwriter and fashion designer births
  1. Corinne Drewery
    
    Corinne Drewery is an English singer-songwriter and fashion designer, best known for being the lead vocalist of the band Swing Out Sister.
1958
1. Rick Mahorn, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Rick Mahorn
    
    Derrick Allen Mahorn is an American former professional basketball player who played power forward and center for the Washington Bullets, Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, and the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is currently a radio analyst for the Detroit Pistons, works as a co-host/analyst on SiriusXM NBA Radio, and during the summer is the head coach of the Aliens of the BIG3.
2. Simon Mayo, English radio host births
  1. Simon Mayo
    
    Simon Andrew Hicks Mayo is an English radio presenter and author who worked for BBC Radio from 1982 until 2022.
3. Peter Whitehead, English race car driver (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Peter Whitehead (racing driver)
    
    Peter Nield Whitehead was a British racing driver. He was born in Menston, Yorkshire and was killed in an accident at Lasalle, France, during the Tour de France endurance race. A cultured, knowledgeable and well-travelled racer, he was excellent in sports cars. He won the 1938 Australian Grand Prix, which along with a 24 Heures du Mans win in 1951, probably was his finest achievement, but he also won two 12 Heures internationales de Reims events. He was a regular entrant, mostly for Peter Walker and Graham Whitehead, his half-brother. His death in 1958 ended a career that started in 1935 – however, he was lucky to survive an air crash in 1948.
1957
1. Ethan Coen, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Coen brothers
    
    Joel Daniel Coen and Ethan Jesse Coen, collectively known as the Coen brothers, are American filmmakers. Their films span many genres and styles, which they frequently subvert or parody. Their most acclaimed works include Raising Arizona (1987), Miller's Crossing (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Fargo (1996), The Big Lebowski (1998), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), No Country for Old Men (2007), True Grit (2010), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), and The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018).
2. Mark Levin, American lawyer, radio host, and author births
  1. Mark Levin
    
    Mark Reed Levin is an American lawyer, author, and radio personality. He is the host of syndicated radio show The Mark Levin Show, as well as Life, Liberty & Levin on Fox News. Levin worked in the administration of President Ronald Reagan and was a chief of staff for Attorney General Edwin Meese. He is the former president of the Landmark Legal Foundation, a New York Times best-selling author of seven books, and contributes commentary to media outlets such as National Review Online. Since 2015, Levin has been editor-in-chief of the Conservative Review and is known for his incendiary commentary.
3. Sidney Moncrief, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Sidney Moncrief
    
    Sidney Alvin Moncrief is an American former professional basketball player. As an NCAA college basketball player from 1975 to 1979, Moncrief played for the University of Arkansas Razorbacks, leading them to the 1978 Final Four and a win in the NCAA Consolation Game versus #6 Notre Dame. Nicknamed Sid the Squid, Sir Sid, and El Sid, Moncrief went on to play 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association, including ten seasons with the Milwaukee Bucks. He was a five-time NBA All-Star and won the first two NBA Defensive Player of the Year awards in 1983 and 1984. He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2019.
4. Kevin Rudd, Australian politician and diplomat, 26th Prime Minister of Australia births
  1. Kevin Rudd
    
    Kevin Michael Rudd is an Australian former politician and diplomat who served as the 26th prime minister of Australia from 2007 to 2010 and again from June 2013 to September 2013, holding office as the leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP).
  2. Prime Minister of Australia
    
    The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who became prime minister on 23 May 2022.
5. Haakon VII of Norway (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Haakon VII of Norway
    
    Haakon VII was the King of Norway from November 1905 until his death in September 1957.
1956
1. Jack Givens, American basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Jack Givens
    
    Jack "Goose" Givens is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats, earning consensus second-team All-American honors. He led the team to the 1978 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship and was named that year's Final Four Most Outstanding Player due in most part to his 41-point performance in Kentucky's 94–88 victory over Duke in the championship game. He was a 6'5", 205 lb (93 kg) forward. Givens played professionally for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also played overseas in Japan.
2. Marta Kauffman, American screenwriter and producer births
  1. Marta Kauffman
    
    Marta Fran Kauffman is an American television writer and producer. She is best known as the co-creator of the NBC sitcom Friends with her longtime friend, David Crane. Both Kauffman and Crane were also executive producers of the show, along with Kevin Bright. Kauffman and Crane produced Veronica's Closet and Jesse. From 2005 to 2006 she was an executive producer on Related. Both writers were the creators of the HBO series Dream On. Without Crane, she co-created the Netflix series Grace and Frankie.
3. Ricky Morton, American wrestler births
  1. Ricky Morton
    
    Richard Wendell Morton is an American professional wrestler, currently performing on the independent circuit. He is the current ECW Television Champion, after pinning Matt Cardona at GCW Say You Will. For most of his career, Morton has performed with Robert Gibson as The Rock N' Roll Express, described as "the consummate baby face tag team". Morton has wrestled for multiple promotions in the United States including the Continental Wrestling Association, Mid-South Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation, and Extreme Championship Wrestling, as well as the Japanese promotions All Japan Pro Wrestling, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, and Wrestle Association R.
4. Bill Struth, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1875) deaths
  1. Bill Struth
    
    William Struth was a Scottish football manager. He was the second manager of Rangers Football Club, leading the club for 34 years between 1920 and 1954, as well as being the holder of a number of other positions, including director. Struth is one of the most successful managers in Scottish and British football history, winning 30 major trophies in his career; a record 18 Scottish league championships, 10 Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups.
1955
1. Richard Hieb, American engineer and astronaut births
  1. Richard Hieb
    
    Richard James Hieb is a former NASA astronaut and a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions. He was a mission specialist on STS-39 and STS-49, and was a payload commander on STS-65. After leaving NASA he worked at AlliedSignal and Orbital before spending 14 years as an executive at Lockheed Martin. He is currently a faculty member in the University of Colorado Boulder Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department.
2. Israel Katz, Israeli politician births
  1. Israel Katz
    
    Israel Katz is an Israeli politician who currently serves as a member of the Knesset for Likud. He was a member of the Security Cabinet of Israel. He has previously held the posts of Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Transportation, Minister of Intelligence, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance.
3. Mika Kaurismäki, Finnish director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Mika Kaurismäki
    
    Mika Juhani Kaurismäki is a Finnish film director.
1954
1. Shinzo Abe, Japanese lawyer and politician, 90th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022) births
  1. Shinzo Abe
    
    Shinzo Abe was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020. He was the longest-serving prime minister in Japanese history. Abe also served as Chief Cabinet Secretary from 2005 to 2006 under Junichiro Koizumi and was briefly the opposition leader in 2012.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
2. Thomas S. Ray, American ecologist and academic births
  1. Thomas S. Ray
    
    Thomas S. Ray is an ecologist who created and developed the Tierra project, a computer simulation of artificial life.
3. Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor, English rock drummer (d. 2015) births
  1. Phil Taylor (musician)
    
    Philip John Taylor, better known as "Philthy Animal", was an English drummer. He was a member of the rock band Motörhead from 1975 to 1984 and 1987 to 1992, recording eleven studio albums and four live albums with the band. The Motörhead line-up consisting of Taylor, Lemmy and "Fast" Eddie Clarke is generally regarded as the 'classic' line-up of the band.
4. Mikimoto Kōkichi, Japanese businessman (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Mikimoto Kōkichi
    
    Mikimoto Kōkichi was a Japanese entrepreneur who is credited with creating the first cultured pearl and subsequently starting the cultured pearl industry with the establishment of his luxury pearl company Mikimoto.
1953
1. Arie Luyendyk, Dutch race car driver and sportscaster births
  1. Arie Luyendyk
    
    Arie Luijendijk, nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman," is a Dutch former auto racing driver, and winner of the 1990 and 1997 Indianapolis 500 races. He was inducted into the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 2009, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2014.
2. Reinhard Marx, German cardinal births
  1. Reinhard Marx
    
    Reinhard Marx is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He serves as the Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Pope Benedict XVI elevated Marx to the cardinalate in a consistory in 2010.
3. Necmettin Sadak, Turkish publisher and politician, 10th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Necmettin Sadak
    
    Sadık Necmettin Sadak was a Turkish politician, former minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey and former chairman of the Turkish sports club Galatasaray.
  2. List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
    
    This is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
1952
1. Dave Gregory, English guitarist and keyboard player births
  1. Dave Gregory (musician)
    
    David Charles Gregory is an English guitarist from Swindon, best known for his work with the rock band XTC. He was a member of the group between the single "Life Begins at the Hop" (1979) and early sessions for the album Apple Venus Volume 1 (1999), contributing guitar, keyboards, and occasional string arrangements.
2. John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick, English lawyer and politician births
  1. John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick
    
    John David Beckett Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick is a member of the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. His full title is "The Lord Taylor of Warwick". In 1996, at the age of 44, he became one of the youngest people in the upper house.
1951
1. Bruce Arena, American soccer player and manager births
  1. Bruce Arena
    
    Bruce Arena is an American soccer coach who is the head coach and sporting director of the New England Revolution.
2. Aslan Maskhadov, Chechen general and politician, 3rd President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (d. 2005) births
  1. Aslan Maskhadov
    
    Aslan (Khalid) Aliyevich Maskhadov was a Soviet and Chechen politician and military commander who served as the third president of the unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
  2. President of Ichkeria
    
    The president of Ichkeria, formally the president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was the head of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria from 1991 to 2007, the Islamic Republic that existed until the victory of the Russian Federation in the Second Chechen War.
1950
1. Charles Clarke, English economist and politician, Secretary of State for Education births
  1. Charles Clarke
    
    Charles Rodway Clarke is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South from 1997 until 2010, and served as Home Secretary from December 2004 until May 2006.
  2. Secretary of State for Education
    
    The secretary of state for education, also referred to as the education secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the work of the Department for Education. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 14th in the ministerial ranking.
2. Bill Murray, American actor, comedian, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Bill Murray
    
    William James Murray is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his deadpan delivery. He rose to fame on The National Lampoon Radio Hour (1973–1974) before becoming a national presence on Saturday Night Live from 1977 to 1980, where he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series. He starred in comedy films including Meatballs (1979), Caddyshack (1980), Stripes (1981), Tootsie (1982), Ghostbusters (1984), Scrooged (1988), What About Bob? (1991), Groundhog Day (1993), Kingpin (1996), The Man Who Knew Too Little (1997), Charlie's Angels (2000), and Osmosis Jones (2001). His only directorial credit is Quick Change (1990), which he co-directed with Howard Franklin.
1949
1. Henry Butler, American pianist and photographer (d. 2018) births
  1. Henry Butler
    
    Henry Butler was an American jazz and blues pianist. He learned piano, drums, and saxophone in school. He received a college degree and graduate degree and taught at the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts. He worked as a soloist and in groups in Los Angeles and New York City. Despite his blindness, he spent time as a photographer and had his work exhibited in galleries.
2. Artis Gilmore, American basketball player and radio host births
  1. Artis Gilmore
    
    Artis Gilmore is an American former professional basketball player who played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA). Gilmore was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on August 12, 2011.
3. Odilo Scherer, Brazilian cardinal births
  1. Odilo Scherer
    
    Odilo Pedro Scherer is a Brazilian cardinal of the Catholic Church, who has been the Archbishop of São Paulo since March 2007. He was made a cardinal in November 2007. In the international media, he was mentioned as a possible contender to succeed Benedict XVI in 2013. He also holds the position of Grand-Chancellor of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), one of the largest and most prestigious universities in Brazil.
1948
1. Jack Dromey, English union leader and politician births
  1. Jack Dromey
    
    John Eugene Joseph Dromey was a British politician and trade unionist who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Erdington from 2010 until his death. A member of the Labour Party, he was deputy general secretary of Unite from 2003 to 2010.
2. Mitsuo Momota, Japanese wrestler births
  1. Mitsuo Momota
    
    Mitsuo Momota is a retired Japanese professional wrestler and executive, known for his work in the Japanese promotions All Japan Pro Wrestling and later in Pro Wrestling NOAH. He is the son of wrestler Rikidōzan.
1947
1. Don Felder, American musician and songwriter births
  1. Don Felder
    
    Donald William Felder is an American musician who was the lead guitarist of the rock band Eagles from 1974 until his termination from the band in 2001. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 with the Eagles. Felder was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2016.
2. Keith Harris, English ventriloquist and singer (d. 2015) births
  1. Keith Harris (ventriloquist)
    
    Keith Shenton Harris was an English ventriloquist, best known for his television show The Keith Harris Show (1982–90), audio recordings, and club appearances with his puppets Orville the Duck and Cuddles the Monkey. He had a UK Top 10 hit single in 1982 with "Orville's Song" which reached number 4 in the charts.
3. Rupert Hine, English musician, songwriter, and record producer (d. 2020) births
  1. Rupert Hine
    
    Rupert Neville Hine was an English musician, songwriter and record producer. He produced albums for artists including Rush, Kevin Ayers, Tina Turner, Howard Jones, Saga, the Fixx, Bob Geldof, Thompson Twins, Stevie Nicks, Chris de Burgh, Suzanne Vega, Underworld, Duncan Sheik, Formula and Eleanor McEvoy. Additionally, Hine recorded eleven albums, including those billed under his own name, the pseudo-band name Thinkman, and as a member of the band Quantum Jump; with the latter, he achieved a number 5 hit on the UK Singles Chart in 1979, "The Lone Ranger". Additionally, he composed for film and television soundtracks, including the 1989 Ian Fleming biopic Goldeneye and the black comedy Better Off Dead.
4. Stephen King, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Stephen King
    
    Stephen Edwin King is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, crime, science-fiction, and fantasy novels. Described as the "King of Horror", a play on his surname and a reference to his high standing in pop culture, his books have sold more than 350 million copies, and many have been adapted into films, television series, miniseries, and comic books. King has published 64 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, and five non-fiction books. He has also written approximately 200 short stories, most of which have been published in book collections.
5. Ed Nimmervoll, Austrian-Australian journalist, historian, and author (d. 2014) births
  1. Ed Nimmervoll
    
    Edward Charles Nimmervoll was an Australian music journalist, author and historian. He worked on rock and pop magazines Go-Set (1966–1974) and Juke Magazine (1975–92) both as a journalist and as an editor. From 2000, Nimmervoll was editor of HowlSpace, a website detailing Australian rock/pop music history, providing artist profiles, news and video interviews. He was an author of books on the same subject and co-authored books with musicians including Brian Cadd and Renée Geyer.
6. Marsha Norman, American playwright and author births
  1. Marsha Norman
    
    Marsha Norman is an American playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. She received the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for her play 'night, Mother. She wrote the book and lyrics for such Broadway musicals as The Secret Garden, for which she won a Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical, and The Red Shoes, as well as the libretto for the musical The Color Purple and the book for the musical The Bridges of Madison County. She is co-chair of the playwriting department at The Juilliard School.
7. Harry Carey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Harry Carey (actor)
    
    Henry DeWitt Carey II was an American actor and one of silent film's earliest superstars, usually cast as a Western hero. One of his best known performances is as the president of the United States Senate in the drama film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was the father of Harry Carey Jr., who was also a prominent actor.
1946
1. Rose Garrard, English sculptor and author births
  1. Rose Garrard
    
    Rose Garrard is an installation, video and performance artist, sculptor, and author. Garrard's works have been exhibited at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Tate Gallery, the British Council maintained Great Britain pavilion at the 1984 Venice Biennale, and national galleries in Austria and Canada.
2. Moritz Leuenberger, Swiss lawyer and politician, 87th President of the Swiss Confederation births
  1. Moritz Leuenberger
    
    Moritz Leuenberger is a Swiss politician and lawyer who served as a Member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1995 to 2010. A member of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), he was President of the Swiss Confederation in 2001 and 2006. Leuenberger headed the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications for the whole of his tenure as a Federal Councillor.
  2. President of the Swiss Confederation
    
    The president of the Swiss Confederation, also known as the president of the Confederation or colloquially as the president of Switzerland, is the head of Switzerland's seven-member Federal Council, the country's executive branch. Elected by the Federal Assembly for one year, the officeholder chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties.
3. Mart Siimann, Estonian psychologist and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Estonia births
  1. Mart Siimann
    
    Mart Siimann was the Prime Minister of Estonia from 1997 to 1999, representing the liberal/centrist Estonian Coalition Party. He was the president of the Estonian Olympic Committee from 2001 to 2012.
  2. Prime Minister of Estonia
    
    The Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the president after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and confirmed by the parliament (Riigikogu). In case of disagreement, the Parliament can reject the president's nomination and choose their own candidate. In practice, since the prime minister must maintain the confidence of Parliament in order to remain in office, they are usually the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition. The current prime minister is Kaja Kallas of the Reform Party. She took the office on 26 January 2021 following the resignation of Jüri Ratas.
1945
1. Richard Childress, American race car driver and businessman births
  1. Richard Childress
    
    Richard Childress is an American former race car driver in NASCAR. As the owner of Richard Childress Racing (RCR), he became one of the wealthiest men in North Carolina. In 2004, he opened a vineyard in the Yadkin Valley AVA near Lexington. He was on the Board of Directors of the National Rifle Association. His grandsons Austin Dillon and Ty Dillon are NASCAR drivers.
2. Shaw Clifton, Northern Irish 18th General of The Salvation Army births
  1. Shaw Clifton
    
    Shaw Clifton is a former General of The Salvation Army. He succeeded John Larsson as the 18th General on 2 April 2006.
  2. General of The Salvation Army
    
    General is the title of the international leader and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers. The General is elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army and serves a term of five years, which may be extended to seven years. Brian Peddle, the current general, assumed the position in August 2018 upon the retirement of Andre Cox. The organisation's founder, William Booth, was the first and longest-serving general. There have been 21 generals as of 2018.
3. Kay Ryan, American poet and educator births
  1. Kay Ryan
    
    Kay Ryan is an American poet and educator. She has published seven volumes of poetry and an anthology of selected and new poems. From 2008 to 2010 she was the sixteenth United States Poet Laureate. In 2011 she was named a MacArthur Fellow and she won the Pulitzer Prize.
1944
1. Steve Beshear, American lawyer and politician, 61st Governor of Kentucky births
  1. Steve Beshear
    
    Steven Lynn Beshear is an American attorney and politician who served as the 61st governor of Kentucky from 2007 to 2015. He served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1974 to 1980, was the state's 44th attorney general from 1980 to 1983, and was the 49th lieutenant governor from 1983 to 1987.
  2. Governor of Kentucky
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of government of Kentucky. Sixty-two men and one woman have served as governor of Kentucky. The governor's term is four years in length; since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the state's history, four men have served two non-consecutive terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U.S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years. The current governor is Andy Beshear, who was first elected in 2019.
2. Marcus Binney, English historian and author births
  1. Marcus Binney
    
    Marcus Hugh Crofton Binney is a British architectural historian and author. He is best known for his conservation work regarding Britain's heritage.
3. Fannie Flagg, American actress, comedian, and author births
  1. Fannie Flagg
    
    Fannie Flagg is an American actress, comedian and author. She is best known as a semi-regular panelist on the 1973–1982 versions of the game show Match Game and for the 1987 novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe, which was adapted into the 1991 motion picture Fried Green Tomatoes. She was nominated for an Academy Award for the screenplay adaptation. Flagg lives in California and Alabama.
4. Hamilton Jordan, American politician, 8th White House Chief of Staff (d. 2008) births
  1. Hamilton Jordan
    
    William Hamilton McWhorter Jordan was an American politician who served as Chief of Staff to President of the United States Jimmy Carter.
  2. White House Chief of Staff
    
    The White House chief of staff is the head of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a cabinet position, in the federal government of the United States.
5. Bobby Tench, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Bobby Tench
    
    Robert Tench is a British vocalist, guitarist, sideman, songwriter and arranger.
6. Alexander Koshetz, Ukrainian choral conductor, arranger, composer (b. 1875) deaths
  1. Alexander Koshetz
    
    Alexander Koshetz was a Ukrainian choral conductor, arranger, composer, ethnographer, writer, musicologist, and lecturer. He helped popularize Ukrainian music around the world. His name is sometimes transliterated as Oleksandr Koshyts.
7. Artur Phleps, Romanian general (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Artur Phleps
    
    Artur Gustav Martin Phleps was an Austro-Hungarian, Romanian and German army officer who held the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS in the Waffen-SS during World War II. At the post-war Nuremberg trials, the Waffen-SS – of which Phleps was a senior officer – was declared to be a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity. An Austro-Hungarian Army officer before and during World War I, Phleps specialised in mountain warfare and logistics, and had been promoted to Oberstleutnant by the end of the war. During the interwar period he joined the Romanian Army, reaching the rank of General-locotenent, and also became an adviser to King Carol. After he spoke out against the government, he asked to be dismissed from the army after being sidelined.
1943
1. David Hood, American session bassist and trombone player births
  1. David Hood
    
    David Hood is an American bassist from Muscle Shoals, Alabama. He also plays the trombone. He is a member of the Alabama Music Hall of Fame.
2. Jerry Bruckheimer, American film and television producer births
  1. Jerry Bruckheimer
    
    Jerome Leon Bruckheimer is an American film and television producer. He has been active in the genres of action, drama, fantasy, and science fiction.
1942
1. Sam McDowell, American baseball player births
  1. Sam McDowell
    
    Samuel Edward Thomas McDowell, is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a starting pitcher from 1961 to 1975, most notably for the Cleveland Indians. A six-time All-Star, McDowell led the American League in strikeouts five times. Tall and powerful, his left-handed fastball was delivered with an unusually calm pitching motion which led to his memorable nickname, Sudden Sam.
2. John Symes, English cricketer (b. 1879) deaths
  1. John Symes
    
    John Symes, OBE was a member of the gold medal winning Great Britain Olympic cricket team at the 1900 Olympic Games.
1941
1. Jack Brisco, American wrestler and manager (d. 2010) births
  1. Jack Brisco
    
    Freddie Joe "Jack" Brisco was an American amateur and professional wrestler. As an amateur for Oklahoma State, Brisco was two-time All-American and won the NCAA Division I national championship. He turned pro shortly after and performed for various territories of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), becoming a two-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, and multi-time NWA Tag Team Champion with his brother Gerald Brisco.
2. R. James Woolsey, Jr., American scholar and diplomat, 16th Director of Central Intelligence births
  1. R. James Woolsey Jr.
    
    Robert James Woolsey Jr. is an American political appointee who has served in various senior positions. He headed the Central Intelligence Agency as Director of Central Intelligence from February 5, 1993, until January 10, 1995. He held a variety of government positions in the 1970s and 1980s, including as United States Under Secretary of the Navy from 1977 to 1979, and was involved in treaty negotiations with the Soviet Union for five years in the 1980s. His career also included time as a professional lawyer, venture capitalist and investor in the private sector.
  2. Director of Central Intelligence
    
    The director of central intelligence (DCI) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2005, acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the president of the United States and the United States National Security Council, as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various US intelligence agencies.
1940
1. Ron Fenton, English footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2013) births
  1. Ron Fenton
    
    Ronald Fenton was an English football player, coach and manager. He played as an inside forward and made nearly 200 appearances in the Football League.
2. Hermann Knoflacher, Austrian engineer and academic births
  1. Hermann Knoflacher
    
    Hermann Knoflacher is an Austrian civil engineer. He was the head of the Institute for Transport Planning and Technology at the Vienna University of Technology.
3. Bill Kurtis, American journalist and producer births
  1. Bill Kurtis
    
    Bill Kurtis, is an American television journalist, television producer, narrator, and news anchor.
1939
1. Agnivesh, Indian philosopher, academic, and politician births
  1. Agnivesh
    
    Swami Agnivesh, was an Indian social activist and the founder of Arya Sabha, a political party based on the principles of Arya Samaj. He also served as a cabinet minister in the state of Haryana. He is best known for his work against bonded labour through the Bonded Labour Liberation Front, which he founded in 1981.
2. Armand Călinescu, Romanian economist and politician, 39th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Armand Călinescu
    
    Armand Călinescu was a Romanian economist and politician, who served as 39th Prime Minister from March 1939 until his assassination six months later. He was a staunch opponent of the fascist Iron Guard and may have been the real power behind the throne during the dictatorship of King Carol II. He survived several assassination attempts but was finally killed by members of the Iron Guard with German assistance.
  2. Prime Minister of Romania
    
    The prime minister of Romania, officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania, is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers, when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers. The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.
1938
1. Doug Moe, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Doug Moe
    
    Douglas Edwin Moe is an American former professional basketball player and coach. As a head coach with the Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association (NBA), he was named the NBA Coach of the Year in 1988.
2. Olu Falae, Nigerian politician and government official births
  1. Olu Falae
    
    Chief Samuel Oluyemisi FalaeListen, is a Nigerian banker, administrator and politician, he was secretary to the military government of Ibrahim Babangida from January 1986 to December 1990, and was briefly the Finance Minister in 1990. He ran for president in Nigeria's Third and Fourth republics.
3. Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Croatian author and poet (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić
    
    Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić was a Croatian writer. Within her native land, as well as internationally, she has been praised as the best Croatian writer for children.
1937
1. John D'Amico, Canadian ice hockey player and referee (d. 2005) births
  1. John D'Amico (ice hockey)
    
    John David D'Amico was a National Hockey League (NHL) linesman and later supervisor of officials.
2. Osgood Perkins, American actor (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Osgood Perkins
    
    James Ridley Osgood Perkins was an American actor.
1936
1. Ian Albery, English manager and producer births
  1. Ian Albery
    
    Ian Bronson Albery is an English theatre consultant, manager, and producer. He is a former chief executive of Sadler's Wells Theatre (1994-2002), and was in charge of the Donmar Warehouse from 1961 to 1989.
2. Dickey Lee, American pop-country singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Dickey Lee
    
    Royden Dickey Lipscomb, known professionally as Dickey Lee, is an American pop/country singer and songwriter, best known for the 1960s teenage tragedy songs "Patches" and "Laurie ". He also has a number of hit songs on the country charts in the 1970s, including "Rocky" and "9,999,999 Tears", and has written or co-written songs recorded by other singers, such as "She Thinks I Still Care", "The Door Is Always Open" and "The Keeper of the Stars".
3. Yury Luzhkov, Russian soldier and politician, 2nd Mayor of Moscow (d. 2019) births
  1. Yury Luzhkov
    
    Yury Mikhailovich Luzhkov was a Russian politician who served as mayor of Moscow from 1992 to 2010. Before the election of Gavriil Popov as the first mayor of Moscow, he also headed the capital in 1990-1991 as chairman of the Mosgorispolkom. He was the vice-chairman and one of the founders of the ruling United Russia party. During Luzhkov's time, Moscow's economy expanded and he presided over large construction projects in the city, including the building of a new financial district. At the same time, he was accused of corruption, bulldozing historic buildings, and poor handling of traffic, as well as the city's smog crisis during the 2010 Russian wildfires. On 28 September 2010, Luzhkov was fired from his post by a decree issued by President Dmitry Medvedev.
  2. Mayor of Moscow
    
    The Mayor of Moscow is the head and the highest-ranking official of Moscow, who leads the Government of Moscow, the main executive body of the city.
4. Diane Rehm, American journalist and radio host births
  1. Diane Rehm
    
    Diane Rehm is an American journalist and the host of Diane Rehm: On My Mind podcast, produced at WAMU, which is licensed to American University in Washington, D.C.. She also hosts a monthly book club series, Diane Rehm Book Club, at WAMU. Rehm is the former American public radio talk show host of The Diane Rehm Show, which was distributed nationally and internationally by National Public Radio. The show was produced at WAMU.
1935
1. Jimmy Armfield, English footballer and manager (d. 2018) births
  1. Jimmy Armfield
    
    James Christopher Armfield, was an English professional football player and manager who latterly worked as a football pundit for BBC Radio Five Live. He played the whole of his Football League career at Blackpool, usually at right back. Between 1954 and 1971 he played 627 games in all competitions, scored six goals, and spent a decade as the club's captain. He also represented the England national team 43 times between 1959 and 1966, and captained them in 15 games. He was a member of England's 1966 World Cup-winning squad. After retiring from playing, Armfield managed Bolton Wanderers and Leeds United.
2. Henry Gibson, American actor (d. 2009) births
  1. Henry Gibson
    
    Henry Gibson was an American actor. His best-known roles include his time as a cast member of the TV sketch-comedy series Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In from 1968 to 1971, the voice for the protagonist Wilbur in the 1973 animated film Charlotte's Web, his portrayal of country star Haven Hamilton in Robert Altman's 1975 film Nashville, as the Illinois Nazi leader in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers, and in his performance opposite Tom Hanks in 1989's The 'Burbs.
1934
1. Leonard Cohen, Canadian singer-songwriter and poet (d. 2016) births
  1. Leonard Cohen
    
    Leonard Norman Cohen was a Canadian singer-songwriter, poet and novelist. His work explored religion, politics, isolation, depression, sexuality, loss, death, and romantic relationships. He was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honour. In 2011, he received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize.
2. María Rubio, Mexican actress (d. 2018) births
  1. María Rubio
    
    María Rubio was a Mexican actress. She worked with Televisa on many telenovelas. She appeared as the villain Catalina Creel in the 1986–87 telenovela, Cuna de lobos.
1933
1. Allan Jeans, Australian footballer and coach (d. 2011) births
  1. Allan Jeans
    
    Allan Lindsay Jeans was an Australian rules footballer and coach. He was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame at its inception in 1996. Jeans was known for his oratory and motivation skills as a coach and led St Kilda and Hawthorn to a total of four premierships.
2. Dick Simon, American race car driver births
  1. Dick Simon
    
    Richard Raymond Simon is retired American auto racing driver and racing team owner. Simon drove Indy cars in USAC and CART, and made 17 starts at the Indianapolis 500. At the 1988 Indianapolis 500, Simon set a record as the oldest driver in Indy 500 history, a record that was later broken by A. J. Foyt.
3. Kenji Miyazawa, Japanese author and poet (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Kenji Miyazawa
    
    Kenji Miyazawa was a Japanese novelist and poet of children's literature from Hanamaki, Iwate, in the late Taishō and early Shōwa periods. He was also known as an agricultural science teacher, a vegetarian, cellist, devout Buddhist, and utopian social activist.
1932
1. Shirley Conran, English journalist and author births
  1. Shirley Conran
    
    Shirley Conran OBE is a British novelist and journalist.
2. Marjorie Fletcher, English Director of the Women's Royal Naval Service (d. 2008) births
  1. Marjorie Fletcher
    
    Commandant Marjorie Fletcher CBE, who served as Director of the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) between 1986–1988.
  2. Women's Royal Naval Service
    
    The Women's Royal Naval Service was the women's branch of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. First formed in 1917 for the First World War, it was disbanded in 1919, then revived in 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War, remaining active until integrated into the Royal Navy in 1993. WRNS included cooks, clerks, wireless telegraphists, radar plotters, weapons analysts, range assessors, electricians and air mechanics.
3. Don Preston, American keyboard player and composer births
  1. Don Preston
    
    Donald Ward Preston is an American jazz and rock keyboardist. He is known for working with Frank Zappa from the mid 1960s to the mid 1970s.
1931
1. Larry Hagman, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2012) births
  1. Larry Hagman
    
    Larry Martin Hagman was an American film and television actor, director, and producer, best known for playing ruthless oil baron J. R. Ewing in the 1978–1991 primetime television soap opera, Dallas, and the befuddled astronaut Major Anthony Nelson in the 1965–1970 sitcom I Dream of Jeannie. Hagman had supporting roles in numerous films, including Fail-Safe, Harry and Tonto, S.O.B., Nixon, and Primary Colors. His television appearances also included guest roles on dozens of shows spanning from the late 1950s until his death, and a reprise of his signature role on the 2012 revival of Dallas. Hagman also worked as a television producer and director. He was the son of actress Mary Martin. Hagman underwent a life-saving liver transplant in 1995. He died on November 23, 2012, from complications of acute myeloid leukemia.
1930
1. John Morgan, Welsh-Canadian actor and screenwriter (d. 2004) births
  1. John Morgan (comedian)
    
    John Morgan was a Welsh-born Canadian comedian.
2. Bob Stokoe, English footballer and manager (d. 2004) births
  1. Bob Stokoe
    
    Robert Stokoe was an English footballer and manager who was able, almost uniquely, to transcend the traditional north-east animosity between the region's footballing rivals, Newcastle United and Sunderland. As a player, he won an FA Cup winner's medal with Newcastle in 1955. As a manager, he guided Blackpool to victory in the 1971 Anglo-Italian Cup final. Two years later, he led Sunderland to success in the 1973 FA Cup Final, and followed it up with promotion from the Second Division in 1975–76.
1929
1. Sándor Kocsis, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1979) births
  1. Sándor Kocsis
    
    Sándor Péter Kocsis was a Hungarian footballer who played for Ferencváros TC, Budapest Honvéd, Young Fellows Zürich, FC Barcelona and Hungary as a striker. During the 1950s, along with Ferenc Puskás, Zoltán Czibor, József Bozsik and Nándor Hidegkuti, he was a member of the Mighty Magyars. After the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, he moved to Spain where he became a member of the FC Barcelona team of the late 1950s.
2. Edgar Valter, Estonian author and illustrator (d. 2006) births
  1. Edgar Valter
    
    Edgar Valter was an Estonian graphic artist, caricaturist, writer and illustrator of children's books, with over 250 books to his name, through 55 years of activity (1950–2005). His most famous work is Pokuraamat.
3. Bernard Williams, English-Italian philosopher and academic (d. 2003) births
  1. Bernard Williams
    
    Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams, FBA was an English moral philosopher. His publications include Problems of the Self (1973), Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985), Shame and Necessity (1993), and Truth and Truthfulness (2002). He was knighted in 1999.
1926
1. Don Dunstan, Fijian-Australian lawyer and politician, 35th Premier of South Australia (d. 1999) births
  1. Don Dunstan
    
    Donald Allan Dunstan was an Australian politician who served as the 35th premier of South Australia from 1967 to 1968, and again from 1970 to 1979. He was a member of the House of Assembly (MHA) for the division of Norwood from 1953 to 1979, and leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party from 1967 to 1979. Before becoming premier, Dunstan served as the 38th attorney-general of South Australia and the treasurer of South Australia. He is the fourth longest serving premier in South Australian history.
  2. Premier of South Australia
    
    The premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the Governor of South Australia, and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the House of Assembly.
2. Donald A. Glaser, American physicist and neurobiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) births
  1. Donald A. Glaser
    
    Donald Arthur Glaser was an American physicist, neurobiologist, and the winner of the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamber used in subatomic particle physics.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
3. Fereydoon Moshiri, Iranian poet and critic (d. 2000) births
  1. Fereydoon Moshiri
    
    Fereydoon Moshiri was one of the prominent contemporary Persian poets who wrote poems in both modern and classic styles of the Persian poem.
4. Léon Charles Thévenin, French engineer (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Léon Charles Thévenin
    
    Léon Charles Thévenin was a French telegraph engineer who extended Ohm's law to the analysis of complex electrical circuits.
1924
1. Hermann Buhl, Austrian mountaineer (d. 1957) births
  1. Hermann Buhl
    
    Hermann Buhl was an Austrian mountaineer. He was innovative in applying Alpine style to Himalayan climbing. His accomplishments include the first ascents of Nanga Parbat in 1953 and Broad Peak in 1957.
1923
1. Fred Hunt, British jazz pianist (d. 1986) births
  1. Fred Hunt (musician)
    
    Herbert Frederick Hunt was an English jazz pianist.
1921
1. John McHale, American baseball player and manager (d. 2008) births
  1. John McHale (baseball)
    
    John Joseph McHale was an American professional baseball player and executive. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a first baseman for the Detroit Tigers during the 1940s, and later served as the general manager of the Tigers, Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves, and Montreal Expos. He was the first president and executive director of the Expos during their maiden years in the National League, and owned ten percent of the team. His son John McHale Jr. became an MLB executive vice president.
1920
1. Kenneth McAlpine, British race car driver births
  1. Kenneth McAlpine
    
    Kenneth McAlpine is a British former racing driver from England.
1919
1. Mario Bunge, Argentinian-Canadian physicist and philosopher (d. 2020) births
  1. Mario Bunge
    
    Mario Augusto Bunge was an Argentine-Canadian philosopher and physicist. His philosophical writings combined scientific realism, systemism, materialism, emergentism, and other principles.
2. Herman Fowlkes, Jr., American trumpet player and educator (d. 1993) births
  1. Herman Fowlkes Jr.
    
    Herman Fowlkes Jr. was an American jazz musician and educator from Chicago, Illinois.
3. Fazlur Rahman Malik, Pakistani philosopher and scholar (d. 1988) births
  1. Fazlur Rahman Malik
    
    Fazlur Rahman Malik, commonly known as Fazlur Rahman, was a modernist scholar and Islamic philosopher from today's Pakistan. Fazlur Rahman is renowned as a prominent liberal reformer of Islam, who devoted himself to educational reform and the revival of independent reasoning (ijtihad). His works are subject of widespread interest and criticism in Muslim-majority countries. He was protested by more than a thousand clerics, faqihs, muftis, and teachers in his own country and banished.
1918
1. John Gofman, American physicist, chemist, and biologist (d. 2007) births
  1. John Gofman
    
    John William Gofman was an American scientist and advocate. He was Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California at Berkeley.
2. Karl Slover, American actor (d. 2011) births
  1. Karl Slover
    
    Karl Slover was a Slovakian-born American actor best known as one of the Munchkins in The Wizard of Oz (1939). Only three other adult Munchkin performers remained alive at the time of Slover's death.
3. Juan José Arreola, Mexican writer and academic (d. 2001) births
  1. Juan José Arreola
    
    Juan José Arreola Zúñiga was a Mexican writer, academic, and actor. He is considered Mexico's premier experimental short story writer of the 20th century. Arreola is recognized as one of the first Latin American writers to abandon realism; he used elements of fantasy to underscore existentialist and absurdist ideas in his work. Although he is little known outside Mexico, Arreola has served as the literary inspiration for a legion of Mexican writers who have sought to transform their country's realistic literary tradition by introducing elements of magical realism, satire, and allegory. Alongside Jorge Luis Borges, he is considered one of the masters of the hybrid subgenre of the essay-story. Arreola is primarily known for his short stories and he only published one novel, La feria.
1917
1. Phyllis Nicolson, English mathematician and academic (d. 1968) births
  1. Phyllis Nicolson
    
    Phyllis Nicolson was a British mathematician and physicist best known for her work on the Crank–Nicolson method together with John Crank.
1916
1. Françoise Giroud, Swiss-French journalist and politician, French Minister of Culture (d. 2003) births
  1. Françoise Giroud
    
    Françoise Giroud, born Lea France Gourdji was a French journalist, screenwriter, writer, and politician.
  2. Ministry of Culture (France)
    
    The Ministry of Culture is the ministry of the Government of France in charge of national museums and the monuments historiques. Its goal is to maintain the French identity through the promotion and protection of the arts on national soil and abroad. Its budget is mainly dedicated to the management of the Archives Nationales and the regional Maisons de la culture.
1912
1. Chuck Jones, American animator, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2002) births
  1. Chuck Jones
    
    Charles Martin Jones was an American animator, director, and painter, best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of shorts. He wrote, produced, and/or directed many classic Animated Cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner, Pepé Le Pew, and Porky Pig, among others.
2. György Sándor, Hungarian pianist and composer (d. 2005) births
  1. György Sándor
    
    György Sándor was a Hungarian pianist and writer.
1910
1. Meinrad Schütter, Swiss composer (d. 2006) births
  1. Meinrad Schütter
    
    Meinrad Schütter was a Swiss composer. He studied with Willy Burkhard during World War II and with Paul Hindemith from 1950 to 1954.
1909
1. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanaian educator and politician, 1st President of Ghana (d. 1972) births
  1. Kwame Nkrumah
    
    Kwame Nkrumah was a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary. He was the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana, having led the Gold Coast to independence from Britain in 1957. An influential advocate of Pan-Africanism, Nkrumah was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and winner of the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union in 1962.
  2. President of Ghana
    
    The president of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current president of Ghana is Nana Akufo-Addo, who won the 2020 presidential election against former president, John Dramani Mahama, by a margin of 4.23%. He was sworn into office for his second term on 7 January 2021.
1906
1. Henry Beachell, American biologist and botanist (d. 2006) births
  1. Henry Beachell
    
    Henry Monroe "Hank" Beachell was an American plant breeder. His research led to the development of hybrid rice cultivars that saved millions of people around the world from starvation.
2. Samuel Arnold, American conspirator (b. 1838) deaths
  1. Samuel Arnold (conspirator)
    
    Samuel Bland Arnold was an American Confederate sympathizer involved in a plot to kidnap U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. He had joined the Confederate Army shortly after the start of the Civil War but was discharged due to health reasons in 1864.
1905
1. Robert Lebel, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1999) births
  1. Robert Lebel (ice hockey)
    
    Robert Lebel or LeBel was a Canadian ice hockey administrator, who served as president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). Lebel founded a senior ice hockey league during World War II, and then became president of the Quebec Amateur Hockey Association (QAHA). He was a mayor of Chambly, Quebec, before joining the CAHA as an executive member and later its president. He was president of the IIHF during the early Cold War era, the last Canadian to lead the federation. He later founded the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League for junior ice hockey players. He received the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal, was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the IIHF Hall of Fame, three halls of fame in his native Quebec, and is the namesake of the Robert Lebel Trophy.
2. Nikolay Benardos, Ukrainian inventor (b. 1842) deaths
  1. Nikolay Benardos
    
    Nikolay Nikolayevich Benardos (1842–1905) was a Russian inventor of Greek origin who in 1881 introduced carbon arc welding, which was the first practical arc welding method.
1904
1. Hans Hartung, German-French painter (d. 1989) births
  1. Hans Hartung
    
    Hans Hartung was a German-French painter, known for his gestural abstract style. He was also a decorated World War II veteran of the Legion d'honneur.
2. Chief Joseph, American tribal leader (b. 1840) deaths
  1. Chief Joseph
    
    Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, popularly known as Chief Joseph, Young Joseph, or Joseph the Younger, was a leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States, in the latter half of the 19th century. He succeeded his father Tuekakas in the early 1870s.
1903
1. Preston Tucker, American engineer and businessman, designed the Tucker Sedan (d. 1956) births
  1. Preston Tucker
    
    Preston Thomas Tucker was an American automobile entrepreneur.
  2. Tucker 48
    
    The Tucker 48, commonly referred to as the Tucker Torpedo, was an automobile conceived by Preston Tucker while in Ypsilanti, Michigan and briefly produced in Chicago, Illinois in 1948. Only 51 cars were made including their prototype before the company was forced to declare bankruptcy and cease all operations on March 3, 1949, due to negative publicity initiated by the news media, a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation, and a heavily publicized stock fraud trial. Tucker suspected that the Big Three automakers and Michigan Senator Homer S. Ferguson had a role in the Tucker Corporation's demise.
1902
1. Luis Cernuda, Spanish poet and critic (d. 1963) births
  1. Luis Cernuda
    
    Luis Cernuda Bidón was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27. During the Spanish Civil War, in early 1938, he went to the UK to deliver some lectures and this became the start of an exile that lasted till the end of his life. He taught in the universities of Glasgow and Cambridge before moving in 1947 to the US. In the 1950s he moved to Mexico. While he continued to write poetry, he also published wide-ranging books of critical essays, covering French, English and German as well as Spanish literature. He was frank about his homosexuality at a time when this was problematic and became something of a role model for this in Spain. His collected poems were published under the title La realidad y el deseo.
2. Allen Lane, English publisher, founded Penguin Books (d. 1970) births
  1. Allen Lane
    
    Sir Allen Lane was a British publisher who together with his brothers Richard and John Lane founded Penguin Books in 1935, bringing high-quality paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market.
  2. Penguin Books
    
    Penguin Books is a British publishing house. It was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers The Bodley Head, only becoming a separate company the following year. Penguin revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive paperbacks, sold through Woolworths and other stores for sixpence, bringing high-quality fiction and non-fiction to the mass market. Its success showed that large audiences existed for serious books. It also affected modern British popular culture significantly through its books concerning politics, the arts, and science.
3. Howie Morenz, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1937) births
  1. Howie Morenz
    
    Howard William Morenz was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Beginning in 1923, he played centre for three National Hockey League (NHL) teams: the Montreal Canadiens, the Chicago Black Hawks, and the New York Rangers. Before joining the NHL, Morenz excelled in the junior Ontario Hockey Association, where his team played for the Memorial Cup, the championship for junior ice hockey in Canada. In the NHL, he was one of the most dominant players in the league and set several league scoring records. A strong skater, Morenz was referred to as the "Stratford Streak" and "Mitchell Meteor" in reference to his speed on the ice.
1899
1. Frederick Coutts, Scottish 8th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1986) births
  1. Frederick Coutts
    
    Frederick Coutts, CBE was the 8th General of The Salvation Army (1963-1969).
  2. General of The Salvation Army
    
    General is the title of the international leader and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers. The General is elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army and serves a term of five years, which may be extended to seven years. Brian Peddle, the current general, assumed the position in August 2018 upon the retirement of Andre Cox. The organisation's founder, William Booth, was the first and longest-serving general. There have been 21 generals as of 2018.
1898
1. Frances Mary Albrier, American civil rights activist (d. 1987) births
  1. Frances Mary Albrier
    
    Frances Mary Albrier was a civil rights activist and community leader.
1894
1. Anton Piëch, Austrian lawyer and businessman (d. 1952) births
  1. Anton Piëch
    
    Anton Piëch was an Austrian-German lawyer and the son-in-law of Ferdinand Porsche. He headed Volkswagenwerk GmbH between 1941 and 1945, which produced the Volkswagen vehicles (KdF-Wagen) at the factory in Wolfsburg, Germany.
1890
1. Max Immelmann, German lieutenant and pilot (d. 1916) births
  1. Max Immelmann
    
    Max Immelmann PLM was the first German World War I flying ace. He was a pioneer in fighter aviation and is often mistakenly credited with the first aerial victory using a synchronized gun, which was in fact achieved on 1 July 1915 by the German ace Kurt Wintgens. He was the first aviator to receive the Pour le Mérite, being awarded it at the same time as Oswald Boelcke. His name has become attached to a common flying tactic, the Immelmann turn, and remains a byword in aviation. He is credited with 15 aerial victories.
2. Charles William Train, English sergeant, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1965) births
  1. Charles William Train
    
    Sergeant Charles William Train VC was an English born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest British honour awarded for gallantry in the presence of the enemy. It was awarded in the First World War to British and Dominion forces and the Indian Army.
  2. Victoria Cross
    
    The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded by countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two-thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. The investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.
1884
1. Dénes Kőnig, Hungarian mathematician and theorist (d. 1944) births
  1. Dénes Kőnig
    
    Dénes Kőnig was a Hungarian mathematician of Jewish heritage who worked in and wrote the first textbook on the field of graph theory.
1882
1. Geevarghese Ivanios, Indian metropolitan (d. 1953) births
  1. Geevarghese Ivanios
    
    Geevarghese Ivanios was the first metropolitan archbishop of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and Major Archdiocese of Trivandrum. He was the founder of Bethany Ashram order of monks and Bethany madom order of nuns. He was the first M.A. degree holder in the Malankara Church. He also served as the principal of the Kottayam M.D Seminary High School and as a professor at Serampore College. He has been declared Servant of God by Cardinal Baselios Cleemis.
1880
1. Manuel Montt, Chilean scholar and politician, 6th President of Chile (b. 1809) deaths
  1. Manuel Montt
    
    Manuel Francisco Antonio Julián Montt Torres was a Chilean statesman and scholar. He was twice elected President of Chile between 1851 and 1861.
  2. President of Chile
    
    The president of Chile, officially known as the President of the Republic of Chile, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Chile. The president is responsible for both the Government of Chile and state administration. Although its role and significance has changed over the history of Chile, as well as its position and relations with other actors in the national political organization, it is one of the most prominent political offices. It is also considered one of the institutions that make up the "Historic Constitution of Chile", and is essential to the country's political stability.
1878
1. Peter McWilliam, Scottish-English footballer and manager (d. 1951) births
  1. Peter McWilliam
    
    Peter McWilliam was a Scottish footballer who played at left-half for Inverness Thistle, Newcastle United and Scotland. He won every domestic trophy during his nine years with Newcastle United.
1874
1. Gustav Holst, English composer and educator (d. 1934) births
  1. Gustav Holst
    
    Gustav Theodore Holst was an English composer, arranger and teacher. Best known for his orchestral suite The Planets, he composed many other works across a range of genres, although none achieved comparable success. His distinctive compositional style was the product of many influences, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss being most crucial early in his development. The subsequent inspiration of the English folksong revival of the early 20th century, and the example of such rising modern composers as Maurice Ravel, led Holst to develop and refine an individual style.
2. Jean-Baptiste Élie de Beaumont, French geologist and engineer (b. 1798) deaths
  1. Jean-Baptiste Élie de Beaumont
    
    Jean-Baptiste Armand Louis Léonce Élie de Beaumont was a French geologist.
1873
1. Papa Jack Laine, American drummer and bandleader (d. 1966) births
  1. Papa Jack Laine
    
    George Vital "Papa Jack" Laine was an American musician and a pioneering band leader in New Orleans in the years from the Spanish–American War to World War I. He was often credited for training many musicians who would later become successful in jazz music.
1872
1. Henry Tingle Wilde, English chief officer on the RMS Titanic (d. 1912) births
  1. Henry Tingle Wilde
    
    Henry Tingle Wilde, RNR was a British naval officer who was the chief officer of the RMS Titanic. He died in the sinking.
  2. Titanic
    
    RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner, operated by the White Star Line, which sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City, United States. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship up to that time. It remains the deadliest peacetime sinking of a superliner or cruise ship. The disaster drew public attention, provided foundational material for the disaster film genre, and has inspired many artistic works.
1867
1. Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe, English politician, 4th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1958) births
  1. Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe
    
    Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe, was a British Conservative politician and colonial governor. He was Governor-General of New Zealand from 1930 to 1935.
  2. Governor-General of New Zealand
    
    The governor-general of New Zealand is the viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently King Charles III. As the King is concurrently the monarch of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in the United Kingdom, he, on the advice of his New Zealand prime minister, appoints a governor-general to carry out his constitutional and ceremonial duties within the Realm of New Zealand.
2. Henry L. Stimson, American colonel, lawyer, and politician, 46th United States Secretary of State (d. 1950) births
  1. Henry L. Stimson
    
    Henry Lewis Stimson was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican Party politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in U.S. foreign policy by serving in both Republican and Democratic administrations. He served as Secretary of War (1911–1913) under President William Howard Taft, Secretary of State (1929–1933) under President Herbert Hoover, and Secretary of War (1940–1945) under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, overseeing American military efforts during World War II.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
1866
1. Charles Nicolle, French-Tunisian microbiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936) births
  1. Charles Nicolle
    
    Charles Jules Henri Nicolle was a French bacteriologist who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
2. H. G. Wells, English novelist, historian, and critic (d. 1946) births
  1. H. G. Wells
    
    Herbert George Wells was an English writer. Prolific in many genres, he wrote more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories. His non-fiction output included works of social commentary, politics, history, popular science, satire, biography and autobiography. Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and has been called the "father of science fiction."
1863
1. John Bunny, American actor (d. 1915) births
  1. John Bunny
    
    John Bunny was an American actor. Bunny began his career as a stage actor, but transitioned to a film career after joining Vitagraph Studios around 1910. At Vitagraph, Bunny made over 150 short films – many of them domestic comedies with the comedian Flora Finch – and became one of the most well-known actors of his era.
1862
1. James E. Talmage, English-American religious leader and author (d. 1933) births
  1. James E. Talmage
    
    James Edward Talmage was an English chemist, geologist, and religious leader who served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1911 until his death.
1860
1. Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher and author (b. 1788) deaths
  1. Arthur Schopenhauer
    
    Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation, which characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind noumenal will. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism. He was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism.
1859
1. Francesc Macià, Catalan colonel and politician, 122nd President of Catalonia (d. 1933) births
  1. Francesc Macià
    
    Francesc Macià i Llussà was a Spanish politician from Catalonia who served as the 122nd president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, and formerly an officer in the Spanish Army.
  2. List of presidents of the Government of Catalonia
    
    The list of presidents of the Government of Catalonia compiles the official list of presidents of the Generalitat de Catalunya since its inception in 1359 to present time. It has been the traditional way of listing presidents, starting with Berenguer de Cruïlles. The most recent stable version of the list dates from 2003, by Josep M. Solé i Sabaté in his work Historia de la Generalitat de Catalunya i dels seus presidents. The procedure to set up this list is the following: for the period of the medieval Generalitat, the president was the most eminent ecclesiastic deputy of the Deputation of the General of Catalonia, a body of the Catalan Courts dissolved in 1716 and reinstated for two years in 1874. From April 1931 on, the list includes the elected presidents as well as the proclaimed exiled presidents during the Francoist dictatorship. The functions of the President of the Government of Catalonia have varied considerably over history, in parallel with the attributions of the Generalitat itself.
1853
1. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926) births
  1. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
    
    Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate. He exploited the Hampson–Linde cycle to investigate how materials behave when cooled to nearly absolute zero and later to liquefy helium for the first time, in 1908. He also discovered superconductivity in 1911.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1851
1. Fanny Searls, American biologist (d. 1939) births
  1. Fanny Searls
    
    Fanny Searls, also known by her married name Fanny Gradle, was an American physician and botanical collector. Dalea searlsiae, Searls' prairie clover, is named after her. Born in Waukegan, Illinois, she attended Northwestern University and the University of Michigan, gaining her medical degree in 1877. She then worked at Bellevue Hospital as a student nurse as there were few opportunities for women to gain medical internships at the time. In the meantime, she had developed skills as a concert pianist and a collector of botanical and geological specimens. In the last capacity, she donated a collection of 215 specimens gathered in Nevada to Northwestern University, including the first subsequently named Searls’ prairie clover. She moved to Santa Barbara, dying there in 1939.
1849
1. Maurice Barrymore, American actor (d. 1905) births
  1. Maurice Barrymore
    
    Herbert Arthur Chamberlayne Blythe, known professionally by his stage name Maurice Barrymore, was an Indian-born British stage actor. He is the patriarch of the Barrymore acting family, father of John, Lionel and Ethel, and great-grandfather of actress Drew.
1846
1. Mihály Kolossa, Hungarian-Slovene author and poet (d. 1906) births
  1. Mihály Kolossa
    
    Mihály Kolossa was a Slovene ploughman and writer in Hungary.
1842
1. Abdul Hamid II, 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1918) births
  1. Abdul Hamid II
    
    Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid II was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 to 27 April 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. The time period which he reigned in the Ottoman Empire is known as the Hamidian Era. He oversaw a period of decline, with rebellions, and he presided over an unsuccessful war with the Russian Empire (1877–1878) followed by a successful war against the Kingdom of Greece in 1897, though Ottoman gains were tempered by subsequent Western European intervention.
1840
1. Murad V, Ottoman sultan (d. 1904) births
  1. Murad V
    
    Murad V was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who reigned from 30 May to 31 August 1876. The son of Abdulmejid I, he supported the conversion of the government to a constitutional monarchy. His uncle Abdulaziz had succeeded Abdulmejid to the throne and had attempted to name his own son as heir to the throne, which spurred Murad to participate in the overthrow of his uncle. However, his own frail physical and mental health caused his reign to be unstable and Murad V was deposed in favor of his half-brother Abdul Hamid II after only 93 days.
1832
1. Walter Scott, Scottish novelist, playwright, and poet (b. 1771) deaths
  1. Walter Scott
    
    Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, was a Scottish novelist, poet, playwright and historian. Many of his works remain classics of European and Scottish literature, notably the novels Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Waverley, Old Mortality, The Heart of Mid-Lothian and The Bride of Lammermoor, and the narrative poems The Lady of the Lake and Marmion. He had a major impact on European and American literature.
1819
1. Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois (d. 1864) births
  1. Princess Louise d'Artois
    
    Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois was a duchess and later a regent of Parma. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of King Charles X of France and Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily. She served as regent of Parma during the minority of her son from 1854 until 1859.
1812
1. Emanuel Schikaneder, German actor and playwright (b. 1751) deaths
  1. Emanuel Schikaneder
    
    Emanuel Schikaneder was a German impresario, dramatist, actor, singer, and composer. He wrote the libretto of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera The Magic Flute and was the builder of the Theater an der Wien. Peter Branscombe called him "one of the most talented theatre men of his era". Aside from Mozart, he worked with Salieri, Haydn and Beethoven.
1798
1. George Read, American lawyer and politician, 3rd Governor of Delaware (b. 1733) deaths
  1. George Read (American politician, born 1733)
    
    George Read was an American politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, president of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and chief justice of Delaware.
  2. List of governors of Delaware
    
    The governor of Delaware is the head of government of Delaware and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Delaware Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and only with the recommendation of the Board of Pardons.
1796
1. François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers, French general (b. 1769) deaths
  1. François Séverin Marceau
    
    François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers was a French general of the Revolutionary Wars.
1776
1. John Fitchett, English poet (d. 1838) births
  1. John Fitchett (poet)
    
    John Fitchett was an English poet.
1760
1. Ivan Dmitriev, Russian poet and politician, Minister of Justice for Imperial Russia (d. 1837) births
  1. Ivan Dmitriev
    
    Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev was a Russian statesman and poet associated with the sentimentalist movement in Russian literature.
  2. List of Ministers of Justice of Russia
    
    This is a list of Ministers of Justice of Russia.
1758
1. Christopher Gore, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 8th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1827) births
  1. Christopher Gore
    
    Christopher Gore was a prominent Massachusetts lawyer, Federalist politician, and U.S. diplomat. Born into a family divided by the American Revolution, Gore sided with the victorious Patriots, established a successful law practice in Boston, and built a fortune by purchasing Revolutionary government debts at a discount and receiving full value for them from the government.
  2. Governor of Massachusetts
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.
1748
1. John Balguy, English philosopher and author (b. 1686) deaths
  1. John Balguy
    
    John Balguy was an English divine and philosopher.
1743
1. Jai Singh II, Indian king (b. 1688) deaths
  1. Sawai Jai Singh
    
    Jai Singh II popularly known as Sawai Jai Singh was the 29th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He was born at Amber, the capital of the Kachwaha Rajputs. He became ruler of Amber at the age of 11 after the death of his father, Raja Bishan Singh on 31 December 1699.
1719
1. Johann Heinrich Acker, German historian and academic (b. 1647) deaths
  1. Johann Heinrich Acker
    
    Johann Heinrich Acker was a German writer. He sometimes wrote under the name of Melissander.
1709
1. Ivan Mazepa, Ukrainian statesman, Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (b. 1639) deaths
  1. Ivan Mazepa
    
    Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa was a Ukrainian military, political, and civic leader who served as the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host in 1687–1708. He was awarded a title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1707 for his efforts for the Holy League. The historical events of Mazepa's life have inspired many literary, artistic and musical works. He was famous as a patron of the arts.
1706
1. Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg (d. 1735) births
  1. Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
    
    Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont whom she married in 1724. The mother of the future Victor Amadeus III, she was Queen of Sardinia from 1730 until her death in 1735.
1645
1. Louis Jolliet, Canadian explorer (d. 1700) births
  1. Louis Jolliet
    
    Louis Jolliet was a French-Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America. In 1673, Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit Catholic priest and missionary, were the first non-Natives to explore and map the Upper Mississippi River.
1643
1. Emperor Hong Taiji of China (b. 1592) deaths
  1. Hong Taiji
    
    Hong Taiji, also rendered as Huang Taiji and sometimes referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty and the founding emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He was also responsible for changing the name of the Jurchen ethnicity to "Manchu" in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636. The Qing dynasty lasted until 1912.
1640
1. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife (d. 1701) births
  1. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
    
    Monsieur Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, was the younger son of King Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria. His elder brother was the "Sun King", Louis XIV. Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston in 1660. In 1661, he also received the dukedoms of Valois and Chartres. Following Philippe's victory in battle in 1671, Louis XIV granted his brother the dukedom of Nemours, the marquisates of Coucy and Folembray, and the countships of Dourdan and Romorantin.
1637
1. William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1602) deaths
  1. William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
    
    William V, a member of the House of Hesse, was Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1627 to 1637. Having come to rule in unfavorable circumstances and in the midst of the Thirty Years' War, he continued to suffer losses of territory and wealth.
1629
1. Philip Howard, English cardinal (d. 1694) births
  1. Philip Howard (cardinal)
    
    Philip Howard was an English Roman Catholic cardinal.
2. Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1587) deaths
  1. Jan Pieterszoon Coen
    
    Jan Pieterszoon Coen was an officer of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the early 17th century, holding two terms as governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. He was the founder of Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies. Renowned for providing the impulse that set the VOC on the path to dominance in the Dutch East Indies, he was long considered a national hero in the Netherlands. Since the 19th century, his legacy has become controversial due to the violence he employed, especially during the last stage of the Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands, in order to secure a trade monopoly on nutmeg, mace and clove.
  2. Dutch East Indies
    
    The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies, was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
1586
1. Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, French cardinal and diplomat (b. 1517) deaths
  1. Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle
    
    Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, Comte de La Baume Saint Amour, was a Bisontin statesman, made a cardinal, who followed his father as a leading minister of the Spanish Habsburgs, and was one of the most influential European politicians during the time which immediately followed the appearance of Protestantism in Europe; "the dominating Imperial statesman of the whole century". He was also a notable art collector, the "greatest private collector of his time, the friend and patron of Titian and Leoni and many other artists".
1576
1. Gerolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician, physician, and astrologer (b. 1501) deaths
  1. Gerolamo Cardano
    
    Gerolamo Cardano was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance, and was one of the key figures in the foundation of probability and the earliest introducer of the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem in the Western world. He wrote more than 200 works on science.
1559
1. Cigoli, Italian painter and architect (d. 1613) births
  1. Cigoli
    
    Lodovico Cardi, also known as Cigoli, was an Italian painter and architect of the late Mannerist and early Baroque period, trained and active in his early career in Florence, and spending the last nine years of his life in Rome.
1558
1. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1500) deaths
  1. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and the Spain with its southern Italian possessions of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. He oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization of the Americas and the short-lived German colonization of the Americas. The personal union of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".
1552
1. Barbara Longhi, Italian painter (d. 1638) births
  1. Barbara Longhi
    
    Barbara Longhi was an Italian painter. She was much admired in her lifetime as a portraitist, although most of her portraits are now lost or unattributed. Her work, such as her many Madonna and Child paintings, earned her a fine reputation as an artist.
1457
1. Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria, Polish princess (d. 1502) births
  1. Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria
    
    Hedwig Jagiellon, baptized as "Hedwigis", was a Polish princess and member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, as well as Duchess of Bavaria by marriage.
1452
1. Girolamo Savonarola, Italian priest and philosopher (d. 1498) births
  1. Girolamo Savonarola
    
    Girolamo Savonarola, OP or Jerome Savonarola was an Italian Dominican friar from Ferrara and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule, and the exploitation of the poor.
1433
1. Guillaume Fichet, French scholar and academic (d. 1480) births
  1. Guillaume Fichet
    
    Guillaume Fichet was a French scholar, who cooperated with Johann Heynlin to establish the first printing press in France (Paris) in 1470.
1428
1. Jingtai Emperor of China (d. 1457) births
  1. Jingtai Emperor
    
    The Jingtai Emperor, born Zhu Qiyu, was the seventh Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1449 to 1457. The second son of the Xuande Emperor, he was selected in 1449 to succeed his elder brother Emperor Yingzong, when the latter was captured by Mongols following the Tumu Crisis. He reigned for 8 years before being removed from the throne by his elder brother Emperor Yingzong. The Jingtai Emperor's era name, "Jingtai", means "exalted view". He was one of two Ming emperors who was not buried in either the Ming tombs in Beijing or the Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing.
1415
1. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1493) births
  1. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Frederick III was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death. He was the fourth king and first emperor of the House of Habsburg. He was the penultimate emperor to be crowned by the pope, and the last to be crowned in Rome.
1411
1. Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, English politician, Lord Protector of England (d. 1460) births
  1. Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
    
    Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, also named Richard Plantagenet, was a leading English magnate and claimant to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. He was a member of the ruling House of Plantagenet by virtue of being a direct male-line descendant of Edmund of Langley, King Edward III's fourth surviving son. However, it was through his mother, Anne Mortimer, a descendant of Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp, that Richard inherited his strongest claim to the throne. He also inherited vast estates and served in various offices of state in Ireland, France and England, a country he ultimately governed as Lord Protector during the madness of King Henry VI.
  2. Lord Protector
    
    Lord Protector was a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It was sometimes used to refer to holders of other temporary posts; for example, a regent acting for the absent monarch.
1407
1. Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1450) births
  1. Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara
    
    Leonello d'Este was Marquess of Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio Emilia from 1441 to 1450. Despite the presence of legitimate children, Leonello was favoured by his father as his successor. In addition, his virtuous qualities, high level of education, and popularity among the common people as well as his formal papal recognition ultimately made him the most suitable heir.
1397
1. Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, English admiral (b. 1346) deaths
  1. Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel
    
    Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel, 9th Earl of Surrey, KG was an English medieval nobleman and military commander.
1371
1. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1440) births
  1. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
    
    Frederick was the last Burgrave of Nuremberg from 1397 to 1427, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from 1398, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1420, and Elector of Brandenburg from 1415 until his death. He became the first member of the House of Hohenzollern to rule the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
1327
1. Edward II of England (b. 1284) deaths
  1. Edward II of England
    
    Edward II, also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to the throne following the death of his elder brother Alphonso. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on invasions of Scotland. In 1306, he was knighted in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey. Following his father's death, Edward succeeded to the throne in 1307. He married Isabella, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV of France, in 1308, as part of a long-running effort to resolve tensions between the English and French crowns.
1256
1. William of Kilkenny, Lord Chancellor of England deaths
  1. William of Kilkenny
    
    William of Kilkenny was a Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely.
  2. Lord Chancellor
    
    The lord chancellor, formally the lord high chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest-ranking traditional minister among the Great Officers of State in Scotland and England in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking the prime minister. The lord chancellor is appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister. Prior to their Union into the Kingdom of Great Britain, there were separate lord chancellors for the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland; there were lord chancellors of Ireland until 1922.
1235
1. Andrew II of Hungary (b. 1175) deaths
  1. Andrew II of Hungary
    
    Andrew II, also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. He was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary, who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych in 1188. Andrew's rule was unpopular, and the boyars expelled him. Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land. Instead, Andrew forced his elder brother, King Emeric of Hungary, to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197. The following year, Andrew occupied Hum.
1217
1. Lembitu, Estonian king and military leader deaths
  1. Lembitu
    
    Lembitu was an ancient Estonian senior (elder) from Sakala County and military leader in the struggle against conquest of the Estonian lands by the German Livonian Brothers of the Sword at the beginning of the 13th century. He is the only Estonian pre-Crusade ruler, about whom some biographical information is known.
2. Caupo of Turaida deaths
  1. Caupo of Turaida
    
    Caupo of Turaida, or Kaupo was a leader of the Finnic-speaking Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century, in what is now part of Latvia and Estonia. He is sometimes called a 'King of Livonia', the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia refers to him as quasi rex, 'like a king'.
1051
1. Bertha of Savoy (d. 1087) births
  1. Bertha of Savoy
    
    Bertha of Savoy, also called Bertha of Turin, was Queen consort of Germany from 1066 and Holy Roman Empress from 1084 until 1087 as the first wife of the Salian emperor Henry IV.
1026
1. Otto-William, Count of Burgundy deaths
  1. Otto-William, Count of Burgundy
    
    Otto-William was count of Mâcon, Nevers, and Burgundy.
953
1. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, Buyid prince births
  1. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim (Buyid)
    
    Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, also known by his honorific title of Umdat al-Dawla, was a Buyid prince, who was the youngest son of the Buyid ruler Mu'izz al-Dawla.
687
1. Pope Conon (b. 630) deaths
  1. Pope Conon
    
    Pope Conon was the bishop of Rome from 21 October 686 to his death. He had been put forward as a compromise candidate, there being a conflict between the two factions resident in Rome — the military and the clerical. He consecrated the Irish missionary St Kilian and commissioned him to preach in Franconia.
580
1. Pope Vitalian (d. 672) births
  1. Pope Vitalian
    
    Pope Vitalian was the bishop of Rome from 30 July 657 to his death. His pontificate was marked by the dispute between the papacy and the imperial government in Constantinople over Monothelitism, which Rome condemned. Vitalian tried to resolve the dispute and had a conciliatory relationship with Emperor Constans II, who visited him in Rome and gave him gifts. Vitalian's pontificate also saw the secession of the Archbishopric of Ravenna from the papal authority.
454
1. Flavius Aetius, Roman general and politician (b. 396) deaths
  1. Aetius (general)
    
    Flavius Aetius was a Roman general and statesman of the closing period of the Western Roman Empire. He was a military commander and the most influential man in the Empire for two decades (433–454). He managed policy in regard to the attacks of barbarian federates settled throughout the West. Notably, he mustered a large Roman and allied (foederati) army in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, ending a devastating invasion of Gaul by Attila in 451, though the Hun and his subjugated allies still managed to invade Italy the following year, an incursion best remembered for the ruthless Sack of Aquileia and the intercession of Pope Leo I.
-19
1. Virgil, Roman poet (b. 70 BC) deaths
  1. Virgil
    
    Publius Vergilius Maro, usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, were attributed to him in ancient times, but modern scholars consider his authorship of these poems as dubious.

Holidays

Autumnal equinox observances in the Northern Hemisphere, vernal equinox observances in the Southern Hemisphere (see September 22): Spring Day (Argentina)
1. Spring day
  
  Spring day is a holiday marking the coming of the spring season, which takes place in different countries, on varying dates.
Christian feast day: Ephigenia of Ethiopia
1. Ephigenia of Ethiopia
  
  Saint Ephigenia of Ethiopia or Iphigenia of Ethiopia, also called Iphigenia of Abyssinia, is a folk saint whose life is told in the Golden Legend as a virgin converted to Christianity and then consecrated to God by St. Matthew the Apostle, who was spreading the Gospel to the region of "Ethiopia," which in this case is understood to be located in the regions south of the Caspian Sea, either in one of the provinces of Mesopotamia, or in Ancient Armenia (Colchis).
Christian feast day: Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert (one of the Korean Martyrs)
1. Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert
  
  Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert, sometimes called Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert and affectionately known in Korea as Bishop Imbert Bum was a French missionary bishop in Asia. Most notable among the Koreans, he was appointed by Pope Gregory XVI in August 1836 when first Bishop Barthélemy Bruguière died in Manchuria.
2. Korean Martyrs
  
  The Korean Martyrs were the victims of religious persecution against Catholics during the nineteenth century in Korea. Between 8,000–10,000 Korean Christians were killed during this period. 103 Catholics were canonized en masse in May 1984, including the first Korean Catholic priest, Andrew Kim Taegon, who was executed by sword in 1846.
Christian feast day: Matthew the Evangelist (Western Church)
1. Matthew the Apostle
  
  Matthew the Apostle, also known as Saint Matthew and possibly as Levi, was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. According to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists as author of the Gospel of Matthew, and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist, a claim rejected by most biblical scholars, though the "traditional authorship still has its defenders."
2. Western Christianity
  
  Western Christianity is one of two sub-divisions of Christianity. Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the Old Catholic Church, Independent Catholicism and Restorationism.
Christian feast day: Nativity of the Theotokos (Eastern Orthodox Church, Julian calendar)
1. Nativity of Mary
  
  The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Nativity of Mary, the Marymas or the Birth of the Virgin Mary, refers to a Christian feast day celebrating the birth of Mary, mother of Jesus.
2. Eastern Orthodox Church
  
  The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via local synods. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Roman Catholic Church—the Pope—but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognized by them as primus inter pares, which may be explained as a representative of the church. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially calls itself the Orthodox Catholic Church.
3. Julian calendar
  
  The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandria.
Christian feast day: September 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. September 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  Sep. 20 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 22
Arbor Day (Brazil)
1. Arbor Day
  
  Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
Commemoration of the Declaration of Martial Law (Philippines)
1. Proclamation No. 1081
  
  Proclamation No. 1081 was the document which contained formal proclamation of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos, as announced to the public on September 23, 1972.
2. Philippines
  
  The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City; both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila.
Customs Service Day (Poland)
1. Public holidays in Poland
  
  Holidays in Poland are regulated by the Non-working Days Act of 18 January 1951. The Act, as amended in 2010, currently defines thirteen public holidays.
2. Poland
  
  Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.
Founder's Day and National Volunteer Day (Ghana)
1. Founders' Day (Ghana)
  
  Founders' Day is a national public holiday observed to commemorate the contributions of all the people, notably the "Big Six" who led the struggle for Ghana's independence. The Founder's Day was formerly called "Founder's Day" with the letter "S" appearing after an apostrophe and it was celebrated to earmark the achievements of Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Kwame Nkrumah was Ghana's first president and a member of the "Big Six". He was born on 21 September, hence, the "Founder's" Day celebration on 21 September in each year in honour of his participation in the Ghanaian movement for independence from British colonial rule. Other members of the "Big Six" were Edward Akufo-Addo, Joseph Boakye Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, William Ofori Atta, and Ebenezer Ako-Adjei. There were several thoughts and realizations of the leaders of the Present President Akufo Addo's regime that other members of the "Big Six" who were part of the struggles for Ghana's independence must be honour as part of the celebration. The name was changed from "Founder's Day" to "Founders' Day". Meaning that the word is plural to include other member of the "Big Six" as part of Ghana's "Founder's Day" celebration and in honour of them.
2. National Volunteer Day
  
  National Volunteer Day (NVDay) is a day slated for the September 21 of every year which is also Founder's Day by The GhanaThink Foundation, geared towards encouraging Ghanaians to take up the attitude of Volunteerism.
3. Ghana
  
  Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Ghana covers an area of 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), spanning diverse biomes that range from coastal savannas to tropical rainforests. With nearly 31 million inhabitants, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa, after Nigeria. The capital and largest city is Accra; other major cities are Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union in 1991.
1. Independence Day (Armenia)
  
  The Independence Day of Armenia is the main state holiday in Armenia. This date is celebrated on September 21.
2. Armenia
  
  Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital, largest city and the financial center.
3. Soviet Union
  
  The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Belize from the United Kingdom in 1981.
1. Public holidays in Belize
  
  This is a list of public holidays in Belize.
2. Belize
  
  Belize is a Caribbean country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a water boundary with Honduras to the southeast. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) and a population of 397,621 (2020). Its mainland is about 290 km (180 mi) long and 110 km (68 mi) wide. It is the least populated and least densely populated country in Central America. Its population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second-highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is the namesake city of Belize City. Belize is often thought of as a Caribbean country in Central America because it has a history similar to that of English-speaking Caribbean nations. Indeed, Belize’s institutions and official language reflect its history as a British colony.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Malta from the United Kingdom in 1964.
1. Independence Day (Malta)
  
  Independence Day is one of the five national holidays in Malta. It celebrates the day the country gained independence from the United Kingdom on 21 September 1964. Throughout its existence, Malta had a long and complex history which resulted in the island being ruled by a plethora of foreign rulers. Such rulers include the likes of the “Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Sicilians, Swabians, Aragonese, Hospitallers, French, and British”. Malta's final ruler, Britain, granted Malta self-governance after Malta's brave resistance to the Axis powers and loyalty to Britain during World War II, which did allow for the movement for independence to grow more in popularity. Malta attained independence from the British Empire and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1964 and declared itself a republic a decade later, known as Republic Day.
2. Malta
  
  Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily (Italy), 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia, and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya. The official languages are Maltese and English, and 66% of the current Maltese population is at least conversational in the Italian language.
International Day of Peace (International)
1. International Day of Peace
  
  The International Day of Peace, also officially known as World Peace Day, is a United Nations-sanctioned holiday observed annually on 21 September. It is dedicated to world peace, and specifically the absence of war and violence, such as might be occasioned by a temporary ceasefire in a combat zone for humanitarian aid access. The day was first celebrated in 1981 and is kept by many nations, political groups, military groups, and people.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
Student's Day (Bolivia)
1. Spring day
  
  Spring day is a holiday marking the coming of the spring season, which takes place in different countries, on varying dates.
Victory over the Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo (Russia)
1. Days of Military Honour
  
  The Days of Military Honour are special memorable dates in the Russian Armed Forces dedicated to the most outstanding victories won by Russia. Some of these dates are state holidays but the majority of them is celebrated purely in the armed forces, while 7 November is marked by parades in Moscow and Samara.

Important events in history on September 21 st

Events

2019 Albania earthquake

Albania

Durrës

Tirana

Killing of Zak Kostopoulos

Westgate shopping mall attack

Westgate, Nairobi

Nairobi

Al-Shabaab (militant group)

Westgate shopping mall attack

Kenya

Egyptians

Israel Defense Forces

September 2012 southern Israel cross-border attack

Galileo (spacecraft)

September 11 attacks

Peterborough

Murder of Ross Parker

America: A Tribute to Heroes

Murder of Ross Parker

Peterborough

Moment magnitude scale

1999 Jiji earthquake

Jiji, Nantou

New Taiwan dollar

1999 Jiji earthquake

St. Olaf's Church, Tyrvää

Tyrvää

Finland

Defense of Marriage Act

United States Congress

Same-sex marriage in the United States

Defense of Marriage Act

United States Congress

Boris Yeltsin

1993 Russian constitutional crisis

Duma

Russian Constitution of 1978

Armenia

Soviet Union

Brunei

Belize

Sandra Day O'Connor

United States Senate

Orlando Letelier

Assassination of Orlando Letelier

Washington, D.C.

Seychelles

Ferdinand Marcos

Proclamation No. 1081

Bahrain

Bhutan

Qatar

Zond 5

Rhodesian mission in Lisbon

Southern Rhodesia

The Gambia

Maldives

Singapore

United Nations

Malta

United Kingdom

Commonwealth of Nations

North American XB-70 Valkyrie

Palmdale, California

Pamir (ship)

Barque

Azores

Hurricane Carrie

No Kum-sok

North Korea

Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force

South Korea

World War II

Massacre of the Acqui Division

Cephalonia

The Holocaust in Ukraine

Yom Kippur

Important events in history
on September 21 ^st