Important events in history
on October 4 ^th

Events

2022
1. Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger are jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
  1. Alain Aspect
    
    Alain Aspect is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.
  2. John Clauser
    
    John Francis Clauser is an American theoretical and experimental physicist known for contributions to the foundations of quantum mechanics, in particular the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt inequality.
  3. Anton Zeilinger
    
    Anton Zeilinger is an Austrian quantum physicist and Nobel laureate in physics of 2022. Zeilinger is professor of physics emeritus at the University of Vienna and senior scientist at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Most of his research concerns the fundamental aspects and applications of quantum entanglement.
  4. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2021
1. Bubba Wallace becomes the first African-American Driver in the modern era of NASCAR to win a major race
  1. Bubba Wallace
    
    William Darrell "Bubba" Wallace Jr. is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 23 Toyota Camry for 23XI Racing and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 18 Toyota Supra for Joe Gibbs Racing.
  2. NASCAR
    
    The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC (NASCAR) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock car racing. The privately owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948, and his son, Jim France, has been the CEO since August 2018. The company is headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida. Each year, NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 48 US states as well as in Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Europe.
2017
1. Joint Nigerien-American Special Forces are ambushed by Islamic State militants outside the village of Tongo Tongo.
  1. United States Army Special Forces
    
    The United States Army Special Forces (SF), colloquially known as the "Green Berets" due to their distinctive service headgear, are a special operations force of the United States Army.
  2. Tongo Tongo ambush
    
    The Tongo Tongo ambush or the Niger ambush occurred on 4 October 2017, when armed militants from the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) attacked Nigerien and US soldiers outside the village of Tongo Tongo, Niger, while they were returning to base after a stop in the village. During the ambush, four Nigeriens, four US soldiers, and at least 21 ISGS militants were killed, and eight Nigeriens and two US soldiers including the team commander were wounded. In the day preceding the ambush, the Nigerien and US soldiers conducted a mission attempting to locate and capture or kill Doundou Chefou, a commander in the ISGS.
  3. Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
    
    The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (IS-GS) is a terrorist group adhering to the ideology of Salafi Jihadism. IS-GS was formed on 15 May 2015 as the result of a split within the militant group Al-Mourabitoun. The rift was a reaction to the adherence of one of its leaders, Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahraoui, to the Islamic State. From March 2019 to 2022, IS-GS was formally part of the Islamic State – West Africa Province (ISWAP); when it was also called "ISWAP-Greater Sahara". In March 2022, IS declared the province autonomous, separating it from its West Africa Province.
  4. Tongo Tongo
    
    Tongo Tongo is a village in the rural commune (municipality) of Tondikiwindi, Ouallam Department, Tillabéri Region in southwestern Niger, 174 km north of the nation's capital Niamey and 28 km south of the border with Mali. The village has about 160-170 huts/dwellings, irregularly clustered. There are no roads, only trails that connect to nearby villages such as Siwili, Firo, Sabara Bangou, Sinka Koira, Gollo, Gouré Tonndi, Kokorobé Koukou, and Zerma Daré.
2010
1. The Ajka plant accident in Hungary releases a million cubic metres of liquid alumina sludge, killing nine, injuring 122, and severely contaminating two major rivers.
  1. Ajka alumina plant accident
    
    An industrial accident at a caustic waste reservoir chain took place at the Ajkai Timföldgyár alumina plant in Ajka, Veszprém County, in western Hungary. On 4 October 2010, at 12:25 CEST (10:25 UTC), the northwestern corner of the dam of reservoir number 10 collapsed, freeing approximately one million cubic metres of liquid waste from red mud lakes. The mud was released as a 1–2 m (3–7 ft) wave, flooding several nearby localities, including the village of Kolontár and the town of Devecser. Ten people died, and 150 people were injured. About 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) of land were initially affected. The spill reached the Danube on 7 October 2010.
2006
1. WikiLeaks is launched.
  1. WikiLeaks
    
    WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources. Its website stated in 2015 that it had released online 10 million documents since beginning in 2006 in Iceland. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is generally described as its founder and director and is currently fighting extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks. Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief.
2004
1. SpaceShipOne wins the Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight.
  1. SpaceShipOne
    
    SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched rocket-powered aircraft with sub-orbital spaceflight capability at speeds of up to 3,000 ft/s (900 m/s), using a hybrid rocket motor. The design features a unique "feathering" atmospheric reentry system where the rear half of the wing and the twin tail booms folds 70 degrees upward along a hinge running the length of the wing; this increases drag while retaining stability. SpaceShipOne completed the first crewed private spaceflight in 2004. That same year, it won the US$10 million Ansari X Prize and was immediately retired from active service. Its mother ship was named "White Knight". Both craft were developed and flown by Mojave Aerospace Ventures, which was a joint venture between Paul Allen and Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan's aviation company. Allen provided the funding of approximately US$25 million.
2003
1. A suicide bomber killed 21 people and injured 60 others inside a restaurant in Haifa, Israel.
  1. Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
    
    The Maxim restaurant suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on October 4, 2003 in the beachfront "Maxim" restaurant in Haifa, Israel. Twenty-one people were killed in the attack and 60 were injured. Among the victims were two families and four children, including a two-month-old baby.
  2. Haifa
    
    Haifa is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of 285,316 in 2019. The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith's Baháʼí World Centre, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage.
2. The Maxim restaurant suicide bombing in Israel kills twenty-one Israelis, both Jews and Arabs.
  1. Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
    
    The Maxim restaurant suicide bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on October 4, 2003 in the beachfront "Maxim" restaurant in Haifa, Israel. Twenty-one people were killed in the attack and 60 were injured. Among the victims were two families and four children, including a two-month-old baby.
2001
1. Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 crashes after being struck by an errant Ukrainian missile. Seventy-eight people are killed.
  1. Siberia Airlines Flight 1812
    
    Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 was a commercial flight shot down by the Ukrainian Air Force over the Black Sea on 4 October 2001, en route from Tel Aviv, Israel to Novosibirsk, Russia. The aircraft, a Soviet-made Tupolev Tu-154, carried 66 passengers and 12 crew members. Most of the passengers were Israelis visiting relatives in Russia. There were no survivors. The crash site is about 190 km west-southwest of the Black Sea resort of Sochi, 140 km north of the Turkish coastal town of Fatsa and 350 km south-southeast of Feodosiya in Crimea. The accident resulted from combat-missile launches during joint Ukrainian-Russian military air-defence exercises. The exercises were held at the Russian-controlled training ground of the 31st Russian Black Sea Fleet Research center on Cape Opuk near the city of Kerch in Crimea. Ukraine eventually admitted that it might have caused the crash, probably by an errant S-200 missile fired by its armed forces. Ukraine paid $15 million to surviving family members of the 78 victims.
1997
1. The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history occurs in North Carolina
  1. October 1997 Loomis Fargo robbery
    
    $17.3 million in cash was robbed from the Charlotte, North Carolina, regional office vault of Loomis, Fargo & Co. on the evening of October 4, 1997. The robbery was committed by Loomis vault supervisor David Scott Ghantt, his married girlfriend Kelly Campbell, Steven Eugene Chambers, his wife Michelle Chambers, Michael Gobbies, and four other co-conspirators. An FBI criminal investigation ultimately resulted in the arrest and conviction of eight people directly involved in the heist, as well as sixteen others who had indirectly helped them, and the recovery of approximately 88% of the stolen money.
1993
1. Battle of Mogadishu occurs killing 18 U.S. Special Forces, two UN Peacekeepers and at least 600 Somalian militia men and civilians.
  1. Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
    
    The Battle of Mogadishu, also known as the Black Hawk Down incident, was part of Operation Gothic Serpent. It was fought on 3–4 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United States—supported by UNOSOM II—against the forces of the Somali National Alliance (SNA) and citizens of south Mogadishu. The battle was part of the broader Somali Civil War that had begun in 1991. The United Nations had initially become involved to provide food aid to alleviate starvation in the south of the country, but in the months preceding the battle, had shifted the mission to establishing democracy and restoring a central government.
  2. United Nations peacekeeping
    
    Peacekeeping by the United Nations is a role held by the Department of Peace Operations as an "instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace". It is distinguished from peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peace enforcement although the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are "mutually reinforcing" and that overlap between them is frequent in practice.
2. Tanks bombard the Russian parliament, while demonstrators against President Yeltsin rally outside.
  1. 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
    
    The 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, also known as the 1993 October Coup, Black October, the Shooting of the White House or Ukaz 1400, was a political stand-off and a constitutional crisis between the Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation that was resolved by Yeltsin using military force.
1992
1. The Rome General Peace Accords end a 16-year civil war in Mozambique.
  1. Rome General Peace Accords
    
    The Rome General Peace Accords, officially the General Peace Accords, was a peace treaty signed between the government of Mozambique and RENAMO, ending the Mozambican Civil War on October 4, 1992. Negotiations preceding the agreement began in July 1990. They were brokered by a team of four mediators, two members of the Community of Sant'Egidio, Andrea Riccardi and Matteo Zuppi, as well as Bishop Jaime Gonçalves and Italian government representative Mario Raffaelli. The delegation of the Mozambican government was headed by Armando Guebuza, who went on to become President of Mozambique. The RENAMO delegation consisted of Raul Domingos, José de Castro, Vicente Ululu, Agostinho Murrial, João Almirante, José Augusto and Anselmo Victor. The accords were then signed by the then-president of Mozambique Joaquim Chissano, and by the leader of RENAMO, Afonso Dhlakama.
2. El Al Flight 1862 crashes into two apartment buildings in Amsterdam, killing 43 including 39 on the ground.
  1. El Al Flight 1862
    
    On 4 October 1992, El Al Flight 1862, a Boeing 747 cargo aircraft of the then state-owned Israeli airline El Al, crashed into the Groeneveen and Klein-Kruitberg flats in the Bijlmermeer neighbourhood of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The crash is known in Dutch as the Bijlmerramp.
1991
1. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.
  1. Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
    
    The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Madrid Protocol, is a complementary legal instrument to the Antarctic Treaty signed in Madrid on October 4, 1991. It entered into force on January 14, 1998.
1985
1. The Free Software Foundation is founded.
  1. Free Software Foundation
    
    The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on October 4, 1985, to support the free software movement, with the organization's preference for software being distributed under copyleft terms, such as with its own GNU General Public License. The FSF was incorporated in Boston, Massachusetts, US, where it is also based.
1983
1. Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468 miles per hour (1,019.468 km/h) at the Black Rock Desert in Nevada.
  1. Richard Noble
    
    Richard James Anthony Noble, OBE is a Scottish entrepreneur who was holder of the land speed record between 1983 and 1997. He was also the project director of ThrustSSC, the vehicle which holds the current land speed record, set at Black Rock Desert, Nevada in 1997.
1967
1. Omar Ali Saifuddien III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son.
  1. Omar Ali Saifuddien III
    
    Sultan Sir Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien was the 28th Sultan of Brunei, reigning from 4 June 1950 until his abdication from the throne on 5 October 1967.
1966
1. Basutoland becomes independent from the United Kingdom and is renamed Lesotho.
  1. Basutoland
    
    Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho. Though the Basotho and their territory had been under British control starting in 1868, the Cape Colony was unpopular and unable to control the territory. As a result, Basutoland was brought under direct authority of Queen Victoria, via the High Commissioner, and run by an Executive Council presided over by a series of British Resident Commissioners.
1965
1. Pope Paul VI begins the first papal visit to the Americas.
  1. Pope Paul VI
    
    Pope Paul VI was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in August 1978. Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.
1963
1. Hurricane Flora kills 6,000 in Cuba and Haiti.
  1. Hurricane Flora
    
    Hurricane Flora is among the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes in recorded history, with a death total of at least 7,193. The seventh tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season, Flora developed from a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone on September 26 while located 755 miles (1,215 km) southwest of the Cape Verde islands. After remaining a weak depression for several days, it rapidly organized on September 29 to attain tropical storm status. Flora continued to quickly strengthen to reach Category 3 hurricane status before moving through the Windward Islands and passing over Tobago, and it reached maximum sustained winds of 145 miles per hour (233 km/h) in the Caribbean.
1960
1. An airliner crashes on takeoff from Boston's Logan International Airport, killing 62 people.
  1. Eastern Air Lines Flight 375
    
    Eastern Air Lines Flight 375, registration N5533, was a Lockheed L-188 Electra aircraft that crashed on takeoff from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 4, 1960. Ten survived, nine with serious injuries, but 62 of 72 on board were killed in the accident.
1958
1. The current constitution of France is adopted.
  1. Constitution of France
    
    The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958. It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (French: Constitution de la Ve République), and it replaced the Constitution of the Fourth Republic of 1946 with the exception of the preamble per a Constitutional Council decision in July 1971. The current Constitution regards the separation of church and state, democracy, social welfare, and indivisibility as core principles of the French state.
1957
1. The Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 1 (replica pictured), the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth, was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
  1. Soviet space program
    
    The Soviet space program was the national space program of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
  2. Sputnik 1
    
    Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. It sent a radio signal back to Earth for three weeks before its three silver-zinc batteries ran out, and continued in orbit for three months until aerodynamic drag caused it to fall back into the atmosphere on 4 January 1958.
  3. Baikonur Cosmodrome
    
    The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia. The Cosmodrome is the world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest operational space launch facility. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
2. Sputnik 1 becomes the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.
  1. Sputnik 1
    
    Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. It sent a radio signal back to Earth for three weeks before its three silver-zinc batteries ran out, and continued in orbit for three months until aerodynamic drag caused it to fall back into the atmosphere on 4 January 1958.
1941
1. Willie Gillis, one of Norman Rockwell's trademark characters, debuted on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post.
  1. Willie Gillis
    
    Willie Gillis, Jr. is a fictional character created by Norman Rockwell for a series of World War II paintings that appeared on the covers of 11 issues of The Saturday Evening Post between 1941 and 1946. Gillis was an everyman with the rank of private whose career was tracked on the cover of the Post from induction through discharge without being depicted in battle. He and his girlfriend were modeled by two of Rockwell's acquaintances.
  2. Norman Rockwell
    
    Norman Percevel Rockwell was an American painter and illustrator. His works have a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of the country's culture. Rockwell is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over nearly five decades. Among the best-known of Rockwell's works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He is also noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), during which he produced covers for their publication Boys' Life, calendars, and other illustrations. These works include popular images that reflect the Scout Oath and Scout Law such as The Scoutmaster, A Scout Is Reverent and A Guiding Hand, among many others.
  3. The Saturday Evening Post
    
    The Saturday Evening Post is an American magazine, currently published six times a year. It was issued weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, then every two weeks until 1969. From the 1920s to the 1960s, it was one of the most widely circulated and influential magazines within the American middle class, with fiction, non-fiction, cartoons and features that reached two million homes every week. The magazine declined in readership through the 1960s, and in 1969 The Saturday Evening Post folded for two years before being revived as a quarterly publication with an emphasis on medical articles in 1971. As of the late 2000s, The Saturday Evening Post is published six times a year by the Saturday Evening Post Society, which purchased the magazine in 1982. The magazine was redesigned in 2013.
2. Norman Rockwell's Willie Gillis character debuts on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post.
  1. Willie Gillis
    
    Willie Gillis, Jr. is a fictional character created by Norman Rockwell for a series of World War II paintings that appeared on the covers of 11 issues of The Saturday Evening Post between 1941 and 1946. Gillis was an everyman with the rank of private whose career was tracked on the cover of the Post from induction through discharge without being depicted in battle. He and his girlfriend were modeled by two of Rockwell's acquaintances.
  2. The Saturday Evening Post
    
    The Saturday Evening Post is an American magazine, currently published six times a year. It was issued weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, then every two weeks until 1969. From the 1920s to the 1960s, it was one of the most widely circulated and influential magazines within the American middle class, with fiction, non-fiction, cartoons and features that reached two million homes every week. The magazine declined in readership through the 1960s, and in 1969 The Saturday Evening Post folded for two years before being revived as a quarterly publication with an emphasis on medical articles in 1971. As of the late 2000s, The Saturday Evening Post is published six times a year by the Saturday Evening Post Society, which purchased the magazine in 1982. The magazine was redesigned in 2013.
1936
1. The Metropolitan Police and various anti-fascist organizations violently clash in the Battle of Cable Street.
  1. Metropolitan Police
    
    The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), formerly and still commonly known as the Metropolitan Police, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement and the prevention of crime in Greater London. In addition, the Metropolitan Police is also responsible for some specialised matters throughout the United Kingdom; these responsibilities include co-ordinating and leading national counter-terrorism measures and the personal safety of specific individuals, such as the Monarch and other members of the Royal Family, members of the Government, and other officials.
  2. Battle of Cable Street
    
    The Battle of Cable Street was a series of clashes that took place at several locations in the inner East End, most notably Cable Street, on Sunday 4 October 1936. It was a clash between the Metropolitan Police, sent to protect a march by members of the British Union of Fascists led by Oswald Mosley, and various de jure and de facto anti-fascist demonstrators, including local trade unionists, communists, anarchists, British Jews and socialist groups. The anti-fascist counter-demonstration included both organised and unaffiliated participants.
1927
1. Gutzon Borglum begins sculpting Mount Rushmore.
  1. Gutzon Borglum
    
    John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was an American sculptor best known for his work on Mount Rushmore. He is also associated with various other public works of art across the U.S., including Stone Mountain in Georgia, the statue of Union General Philip Sheridan in Washington, D.C., as well as a bust of Abraham Lincoln which was exhibited in the White House by Theodore Roosevelt and which is now held in the United States Capitol crypt in Washington, D.C.
  2. Mount Rushmore
    
    Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a national memorial centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum. The sculpture features the 60-foot-tall (18 m) heads of four United States Presidents recommended by Borglum: George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). The four presidents were chosen to represent the nation's birth, growth, development and preservation, respectively. The memorial park covers 1,278 acres and the mountain itself has an elevation of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.
1925
1. Great Syrian Revolt: Rebels led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji captured the city of Hama from the French Mandate of Syria.
  1. Great Syrian Revolt
    
    The Great Syrian Revolt or Revolt of 1925 was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927. The leading rebel forces comprised fighters of the Jabal Druze State in southern Syria, joined by Sunni, Druze, Alawite, and Christian factions. The common goal was to end French rule in the newly mandated regions, passed from Turkish to French administration following World War I.
  2. Fawzi al-Qawuqji
    
    Fawzi al-Qawuqji was a leading Arab nationalist military figure in the interwar period. The British military were impressed by his military acumen when he served briefly in Palestine in 1936 fighting the British Mandatory suppression of the Palestinian Revolt. A political decision by the British enabled him to flee the country in 1937. He was based in Nazi Germany during World War II, and served as the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) field commander during the 1948 Palestine War.
  3. 1925 Hama uprising
    
    The 1925 Hama uprising was one of the major events of the Great Syrian Revolt. It involved a rebel assault led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji against Mandatory French security installations in Hama and a subsequent uprising by residents sympathetic to the rebel cause. Heavy French bombardment of the city and the dispatch of reinforcements followed. The hostilities began on 4 October 1925 and negotiations between a delegation of Hama's leading families and the French authorities resulted in the rebels' withdrawal on 5 October.
  4. Hama
    
    Hama is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 km (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 kilometres (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate. With a population of 854,000, Hama is the fourth-largest city in Syria after Damascus, Aleppo and Homs.
  5. Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
    
    The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon. The mandate system was supposed to differ from colonialism, with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for self-government. At that point, the mandate would terminate and an independent state would be born.
2. Great Syrian Revolt: Rebels led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji captured Hama from the French Mandate of Syria.
  1. Great Syrian Revolt
    
    The Great Syrian Revolt or Revolt of 1925 was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927. The leading rebel forces comprised fighters of the Jabal Druze State in southern Syria, joined by Sunni, Druze, Alawite, and Christian factions. The common goal was to end French rule in the newly mandated regions, passed from Turkish to French administration following World War I.
  2. Fawzi al-Qawuqji
    
    Fawzi al-Qawuqji was a leading Arab nationalist military figure in the interwar period. The British military were impressed by his military acumen when he served briefly in Palestine in 1936 fighting the British Mandatory suppression of the Palestinian Revolt. A political decision by the British enabled him to flee the country in 1937. He was based in Nazi Germany during World War II, and served as the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) field commander during the 1948 Palestine War.
  3. 1925 Hama uprising
    
    The 1925 Hama uprising was one of the major events of the Great Syrian Revolt. It involved a rebel assault led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji against Mandatory French security installations in Hama and a subsequent uprising by residents sympathetic to the rebel cause. Heavy French bombardment of the city and the dispatch of reinforcements followed. The hostilities began on 4 October 1925 and negotiations between a delegation of Hama's leading families and the French authorities resulted in the rebels' withdrawal on 5 October.
  4. Hama
    
    Hama is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 km (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 kilometres (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate. With a population of 854,000, Hama is the fourth-largest city in Syria after Damascus, Aleppo and Homs.
  5. Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
    
    The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon. The mandate system was supposed to differ from colonialism, with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for self-government. At that point, the mandate would terminate and an independent state would be born.
3. S2, a Finnish Sokol class torpedo boat, sinks during a fierce storm near the coast of Pori in the Gulf of Bothnia, taking with it the whole crew of 53.
  1. Finnish torpedo boat S2
    
    S2 was a Finnish Sokol class torpedo boat that had been seized from the Russians after the Finnish Civil War 1918. She sank during a fierce storm on 4 October 1925, taking with her the whole crew of 53.
  2. S-class torpedo boat
    
    The Finnish S-class torpedo boats was a series of six ex-Russian torpedo boats that had been taken over by the Finns after the Russian Revolution and the Finnish Civil War.
  3. Torpedo boat
    
    A torpedo boat is a relatively small and fast naval ship designed to carry torpedoes into battle. The first designs were steam-powered craft dedicated to ramming enemy ships with explosive spar torpedoes. Later evolutions launched variants of self-propelled Whitehead torpedoes.
  4. Pori
    
    Pori is a city and municipality on the west coast of Finland. The city is located some 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the Gulf of Bothnia, on the estuary of the Kokemäki River, 110 kilometres (68 mi) west of Tampere, 140 kilometres (87 mi) north of Turku and 241 kilometres (150 mi) north-west of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. Pori was established in 1558 by Duke John, who later became King John III of Sweden.
  5. Gulf of Bothnia
    
    The Gulf of Bothnia is divided into the Bothnian Bay and Bothnian Sea, and it is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea, between Finland's west coast and the Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lies Åland, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea.
1920
1. The Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, a Finnish non-governmental organization, is founded on the initiative of Sophie Mannerheim.
  1. Mannerheim League for Child Welfare
    
    Mannerheim League for Child Welfare is a Finnish non-governmental organization founded in 1920 that promotes the well-being of children, young people and families with children. MLL's goal is a child-friendly Finland. It can be attributed to the construction of a comprehensive counseling system in Finland.
  2. Non-governmental organization
    
    A non-governmental organization (NGO) or non-governmental organisation is an organization that generally is formed independent from government. They are typically nonprofit entities, and many of them are active in humanitarianism or the social sciences; they can also include clubs and associations that provide services to their members and others. Surveys indicate that NGOs have a high degree of public trust, which can make them a useful proxy for the concerns of society and stakeholders. However, NGOs can also be lobby groups for corporations, such as the World Economic Forum. NGOs are distinguished from international and intergovernmental organizations (IOs) in that the latter are more directly involved with sovereign states and their governments.
  3. Sophie Mannerheim
    
    Baroness Eva Charlotta Lovisa Sofia (Sophie) Mannerheim was a famous nurse known as pioneer of modern nursing in Finland. She was daughter of count Carl Robert Mannerheim and sister of a former Finnish President, marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, as well as the artist and writer Eva Mannerheim-Sparre. Her career started as a bank employee for 6 years until she married in 1896. After her divorce in 1902 she was trained in nursing at the Nightingale School at St Thomas' Hospital in London. Returning home she was appointed as head nurse of Helsinki Surgical Hospital and later elected President of the Finnish Nurses' Association, a position she had for 24 years. As a result of her international involvement she was also elected President of the International Council of Nurses (ICN). Sophie Mannerheim was, together with Dr Arvo Ylppö, founder of the Children's Castle (Lastenlinna) hospital in Helsinki as well as the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare.
1918
1. An ammunition plant in Sayreville, New Jersey, U.S., exploded, killing around 100 people and destroying more than 300 buildings.
  1. Sayreville, New Jersey
    
    Sayreville is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. Sayreville is within the heart of the Raritan Valley region, located on the south banks of the Raritan River, and also located on the Raritan Bay. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 42,704, reflecting an increase of 2,327 (+5.8%) from the 40,377 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 5,391 (+15.4%) from the 34,986 counted in the 1990 Census.
  2. T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion
    
    The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion, sometimes called the Morgan Munitions Depot explosion or similar titles, began at 7:36 pm EDT on Friday, October 4, 1918, at a World War I ammunition plant in the Morgan area of Sayreville in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The initial explosion, generally believed to be accidental, triggered a fire and subsequent series of explosions that continued for three days, totaling approximately six kilotons, killing about 100 people and injuring hundreds more. The facility, one of the largest in the world at the time, was destroyed along with more than 300 surrounding buildings, forcing the evacuation and reconstruction of Sayreville, South Amboy, and Laurence Harbor. Over a century later, explosive debris continues to surface regularly across a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) radius.
2. World War I: An explosion kills more than 100 people and destroys a Shell Loading Plant in New Jersey.
  1. T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion
    
    The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion, sometimes called the Morgan Munitions Depot explosion or similar titles, began at 7:36 pm EDT on Friday, October 4, 1918, at a World War I ammunition plant in the Morgan area of Sayreville in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The initial explosion, generally believed to be accidental, triggered a fire and subsequent series of explosions that continued for three days, totaling approximately six kilotons, killing about 100 people and injuring hundreds more. The facility, one of the largest in the world at the time, was destroyed along with more than 300 surrounding buildings, forcing the evacuation and reconstruction of Sayreville, South Amboy, and Laurence Harbor. Over a century later, explosive debris continues to surface regularly across a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) radius.
1917
1. First World War: The Allies devastated the German defence at the Battle of Broodseinde, prompting a crisis among German commanders and causing a severe loss of morale in the 4th Army.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Allies of World War I
    
    The Allies of World War I, Entente Powers, or Allied Powers were a coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and their colonies during the First World War (1914–1918).
  3. Battle of Broodseinde
    
    The Battle of Broodseinde was fought on 4 October 1917 near Ypres in Belgium, at the east end of the Gheluvelt plateau, by the British Second and Fifth armies against the German 4th Army. The battle was the most successful Allied attack of the Third Battle of Ypres. Using bite-and-hold tactics, with objectives limited to what could be held against German counter-attacks, the British devastated the German defence, which prompted a crisis among the German commanders and caused a severe loss of morale in the 4th Army. Preparations were made by the Germans for local withdrawals and planning began for a greater withdrawal, which would entail the abandonment by the Germans of the Belgian coast, one of the strategic aims of the Flanders offensive.
  4. 4th Army (German Empire)
    
    The 4th Army was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 from the VI Army Inspection. The army was disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war.
2. World War I: The Battle of Broodseinde is fought between the British and German armies in Flanders.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Battle of Broodseinde
    
    The Battle of Broodseinde was fought on 4 October 1917 near Ypres in Belgium, at the east end of the Gheluvelt plateau, by the British Second and Fifth armies against the German 4th Army. The battle was the most successful Allied attack of the Third Battle of Ypres. Using bite-and-hold tactics, with objectives limited to what could be held against German counter-attacks, the British devastated the German defence, which prompted a crisis among the German commanders and caused a severe loss of morale in the 4th Army. Preparations were made by the Germans for local withdrawals and planning began for a greater withdrawal, which would entail the abandonment by the Germans of the Belgian coast, one of the strategic aims of the Flanders offensive.
1895
1. Horace Rawlins wins the first U.S. Open Men's Golf Championship.
  1. Horace Rawlins
    
    Horace Thomas Rawlins was an English professional golfer who won the first U.S. Open Championship in 1895.
1883
1. First run of the Orient Express.
  1. Orient Express
    
    The Orient Express was a long-distance passenger train service created in 1883 by the Belgian company Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL) that operated until 2009. The train traveled the length of continental Europe and into western Asia, with terminal stations in Paris and London in the northwest and Athens or Istanbul in the southeast.
2. First meeting of the Boys' Brigade in Glasgow, Scotland.
  1. Boys' Brigade
    
    The Boys' Brigade (BB) is an international interdenominational Christian youth organisation, conceived by the Scottish businessman Sir William Alexander Smith to combine drill and fun activities with Christian values. Following its inception in Glasgow in 1883 the BB quickly spread across the United Kingdom, becoming a worldwide organisation by the early 1890s. As of 2018, there were 750,000 Boys' Brigade members in 60 countries.
1876
1. Texas A&M University opened as the first public institution of higher education in the U.S. state.
  1. Texas A&M University
    
    Texas A&M University is a public, land-grant, research university in College Station, Texas. It was founded in 1876 and became the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System in 1948. As of late 2021, Texas A&M has the largest student body in the United States, and is the only university in Texas to hold simultaneous designations as a land, sea, and space grant institution. In 2001, it was inducted into the Association of American Universities. The university's students, alumni, and sports teams are known as Aggies, and its athletes compete in eighteen varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference.
2. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas opens as the first public college in Texas.
  1. Texas A&M University
    
    Texas A&M University is a public, land-grant, research university in College Station, Texas. It was founded in 1876 and became the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System in 1948. As of late 2021, Texas A&M has the largest student body in the United States, and is the only university in Texas to hold simultaneous designations as a land, sea, and space grant institution. In 2001, it was inducted into the Association of American Universities. The university's students, alumni, and sports teams are known as Aggies, and its athletes compete in eighteen varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference.
1862
1. American Civil War: Union forces capture Galveston, Texas.
  1. Union Army
    
    During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also known as the Federal Army and the Northern Army, referring to the United States Army, was the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. It proved essential to the preservation of the United States as a working, viable republic.
  2. Battle of Galveston Harbor (1862)
    
    The Battle of Galveston Harbor was fought at Galveston, Texas on October 4, 1862, during the American Civil War. After attempts to blockade the Texas coastline were unsuccessful, the Union Navy decided to attempt to capture the port of Galveston. While Galveston was defended by Confederate forces, most of the cannons in the city's defenses were removed, as Galveston was thought to be indefensible. On October 4, five Union naval vessels commanded by Commander William B. Renshaw approached Galveston, and a single ship, USRC Harriet Lane was sent into Galveston Bay under a flag of truce.
1853
1. The Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Russian Empire.
  1. Crimean War
    
    The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia.
1830
1. The Belgian Revolution takes legal form when the provisional government secedes from the Netherlands.
  1. Belgian Revolution
    
    The Belgian Revolution was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium.
1824
1. Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.
  1. 1824 Constitution of Mexico
    
    The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 was enacted on October 4 of 1824, after the overthrow of the Mexican Empire of Agustin de Iturbide. In the new Frame of Government, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion. It was replaced by the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857.
1795
1. Napoleon first rises to prominence by suppressing counter-revolutionary rioters threatening the National Convention.
  1. 13 Vendémiaire
    
    13 Vendémiaire Year 4 in the French Republican Calendar is the name given to a battle between the French Revolutionary troops and Royalist forces in the streets of Paris. This battle was part of the establishing of a new form of government, the so-called Directory, and it was a major factor in the rapid advancement of Republican General Napoleon Bonaparte's career.
1777
1. American Revolutionary War: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under William Howe.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Battle of Germantown
    
    The Battle of Germantown was a major engagement in the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was fought on October 4, 1777, at Germantown, Pennsylvania, between the British Army led by Sir William Howe, and the American Continental Army under George Washington.
1693
1. Nine Years' War: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.
  1. Nine Years' War
    
    The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy, Sweden and Portugal. Although not the first European war to spill over to Europe's overseas colonies, the events of the war spread to such far away places as the Americas, India, and West Africa. It is for this reason that it is sometimes considered the first world war. The conflict encompassed the Glorious Revolution in England, where William of Orange deposed the unpopular James VII and II and subsequently struggled against him for control of Scotland and Ireland, and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Native American allies.
  2. Battle of Marsaglia
    
    The Battle of Marsaglia was a battle in the Nine Years' War, fought in Italy on 4 October 1693, between the French army of Marshal Nicolas Catinat and the army of the Grand Alliance under Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy.
1636
1. Thirty Years' War: The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.
  1. Thirty Years' War
    
    The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War.
  2. Battle of Wittstock
    
    The Battle of Wittstock took place during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). It was fought on 24 September or 4 October 1636. A Swedish-allied army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Saxon Elector John George I.
1602
1. Anglo-Spanish War: An English fleet intercepted and attacked six Spanish galleys in the Dover Straits.
  1. Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
    
    The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England. It was never formally declared. The war included much English privateering against Spanish ships, and several widely separated battles. It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule.
  2. Battle of the Narrow Seas
    
    The Battle of the Narrow Seas, also known as the Battle of the Goodwin Sands or Battle of the Dover Straits was a naval engagement that took place on 3–4 October 1602 during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585 and part of the Dutch Revolt. An English fleet under Sir Robert Mansell intercepted and attacked six Spanish galleys under the command of Federico Spinola in the Dover Straits. The battle was fought initially off the coast of England and finally off the Spanish Netherlands. The English were soon joined by a Dutch fleet under Jan Adriaanszoon Cant, and they completed the destruction.
  3. Galley
    
    A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by oars. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, and low freeboard. Virtually all types of galleys had sails that could be used in favorable winds, but human effort was always the primary method of propulsion. This allowed galleys to navigate independently of winds and currents. The galley originated among the seafaring civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea in the late second millennium BC and remained in use in various forms until the early 19th century in warfare, trade, and piracy.
  4. Strait of Dover
    
    The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait, is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and the North Sea, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. The shortest distance across the strait, at approximately 20 miles, is from the South Foreland, northeast of Dover in the English county of Kent, to Cap Gris Nez, a cape near to Calais in the French département of Pas-de-Calais. Between these points lies the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers. The entire strait is within the territorial waters of France and the United Kingdom, but a right of transit passage under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea allows vessels of other nations to move freely through the strait.
2. Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War: A fleet of Spanish galleys are defeated by English and Dutch galleons in the English Channel.
  1. Eighty Years' War
    
    The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (c.1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, taxation, and the rights and privileges of the nobility and cities. After the initial stages, Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebel-held territories. However, widespread mutinies in the Spanish army caused a general uprising. Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic- and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself. Despite Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma's steady military and diplomatic successes, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration, and establishing the Protestant-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588. In the Ten Years thereafter, the Republic made remarkable conquests in the north and east against a struggling Spanish Empire, and received diplomatic recognition from France and England in 1596. The Dutch colonial empire emerged, which began with Dutch attacks on Portugal's overseas territories.
  2. Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
    
    The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England. It was never formally declared. The war included much English privateering against Spanish ships, and several widely separated battles. It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule.
  3. Galley
    
    A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by oars. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, and low freeboard. Virtually all types of galleys had sails that could be used in favorable winds, but human effort was always the primary method of propulsion. This allowed galleys to navigate independently of winds and currents. The galley originated among the seafaring civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea in the late second millennium BC and remained in use in various forms until the early 19th century in warfare, trade, and piracy.
  4. Battle of the Narrow Seas
    
    The Battle of the Narrow Seas, also known as the Battle of the Goodwin Sands or Battle of the Dover Straits was a naval engagement that took place on 3–4 October 1602 during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585 and part of the Dutch Revolt. An English fleet under Sir Robert Mansell intercepted and attacked six Spanish galleys under the command of Federico Spinola in the Dover Straits. The battle was fought initially off the coast of England and finally off the Spanish Netherlands. The English were soon joined by a Dutch fleet under Jan Adriaanszoon Cant, and they completed the destruction.
  5. Galleon
    
    Galleons were large, multi-decked sailing ships first used as armed cargo carriers by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries during the age of sail and were the principal vessels drafted for use as warships until the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the mid-1600s. Galleons generally carried three or more masts with a lateen fore-and-aft rig on the rear masts, were carvel built with a prominent squared off raised stern, and used square-rigged sail plans on their fore-mast and main-masts.
  6. English Channel
    
    The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest shipping area in the world.
1597
1. Governor Gonzalo Méndez de Canço begins to suppress a native uprising against his rule in what is now the state of Georgia.
  1. Gonzalo Méndez de Canço
    
    Gonzalo Méndez de Canço y Donlebún was a Spanish admiral who served as the seventh governor of the Spanish province of La Florida (1596–1603). He fought in the Battle of San Juan (1595) against the English admiral Francis Drake. During his tenure as governor of Florida, he dealt severely with a rebellion known as Juanillo's revolt among the Native Americans in Guale, forcing them, as well as other tribes in Florida, to submit to Spanish domination. De Canço was best known, however, for promoting the cultivation of maize in the province, and for introducing its cultivation to Asturias, Spain, where it eventually became an important crop.
1582
1. The Gregorian Calendar is introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.
  1. Gregorian calendar
    
    The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun.
1535
1. The Coverdale Bible is printed, with translations into English by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
  1. Coverdale Bible
    
    The Coverdale Bible, compiled by Myles Coverdale and published in 1535, was the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible, and the first complete printed translation into English. The later editions published in 1537 were the first complete Bibles printed in England. The 1537 folio edition carried the royal licence and was therefore the first officially approved Bible translation in English. The Psalter from the Coverdale Bible was included in the Great Bible of 1540 and the Anglican Book of Common Prayer beginning in 1662, and in all editions of the U.S. Episcopal Church Book of Common Prayer until 1979.
1511
1. Formation of the Holy League of Aragon, the Papal States and Venice against France.
  1. War of the League of Cambrai
    
    The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and several other names, was fought from February 1508 to December 1516 as part of the Italian Wars of 1494–1559. The main participants of the war, who fought for its entire duration, were France, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice; they were joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe, including Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Ferrara, and the Swiss.
1363
1. Battle of Lake Poyang: In one of the largest naval battles in history, Zhu Yuanzhang's rebels defeat rival Chen Youliang.
  1. Battle of Lake Poyang
    
    The Battle of Lake Poyang was a naval conflict which took place between the rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang during the Red Turban Rebellion which led to the fall of the Yuan dynasty. Chen Youliang besieged Nanchang with a large fleet on Lake Poyang, one of China's largest freshwater lakes, and Zhu Yuanzhang met his force with a smaller fleet. After an inconclusive engagement exchanging fire, Zhu employed fire ships to burn the enemy tower ships and destroyed their fleet. This was the last major battle of the rebellion prior to the rise of the Ming dynasty.
1302
1. The Byzantine–Venetian War comes to an end.
  1. Byzantine–Venetian War (1296–1302)
    
    The Byzantine–Venetian War of 1296–1302 was an offshoot of the second Venetian–Genoese War of 1294–1299.
1209
1. Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
  1. Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Otto IV was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218.
  2. Holy Roman Emperor
    
    The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans during the Middle Ages, and also known as the German-Roman Emperor since the early modern period, was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. The title was held in conjunction with the title of king of Italy from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of king of Germany throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.
  3. Holy Roman Empire
    
    The Holy Roman Empire, also known after 1512 as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
  4. Pope Innocent III
    
    Pope Innocent III, born Lotario dei Conti di Segni, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 July 1216.
23
1. Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion.
  1. AD 23
    
    AD 23 (XXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pollio and Vetus. The denomination AD 23 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Chang'an
    
    Chang'an is the traditional name of Xi'an. The site had been settled since Neolithic times, during which the Yangshao culture was established in Banpo, in the city's suburbs. Furthermore, in the northern vicinity of modern Xi'an, Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty, China's first emperor, held his imperial court, and constructed his massive mausoleum guarded by the Terracotta Army.
  3. Lulin
    
    Lulin was one of two major agrarian rebellion movements against Wang Mang's short-lived Xin dynasty in the modern southern Henan and northern Hubei regions. These two regions banded together to pool their strengths, their collective strength eventually leading to the downfall of the Xin and a temporary reinstatement of the Han Dynasty with Liu Xuan as the emperor. Many Lülin leaders became important members of the Gengshi Emperor's government, but infighting and incompetence in governing the empire led to the fall of the regime after only two years, paving the way for the eventual rise of Liu Xiu of the Eastern Han. The name Lülin comes from the Lülin Mountains, where the rebels had their stronghold for a while.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Loretta Lynn, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Loretta Lynn
    
    Loretta Lynn was an American country music singer and songwriter. In a career spanning six decades, Lynn released multiple gold albums. She had numerous hits such as "You Ain't Woman Enough ", "Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' ", "One's on the Way", "Fist City", and "Coal Miner's Daughter". In 1980, the film Coal Miner's Daughter was made based on her life.
2020
1. Clark Middleton, American actor (b. 1957) deaths
  1. Clark Middleton
    
    Clark Tinsley Middleton was an American actor. He is best known for his supporting roles in Kill Bill: Vol. 2, Sin City, Fringe, Snowpiercer, and The Blacklist.
2. Kenzō Takada, Japanese-French fashion designer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Kenzō Takada
    
    Kenzō Takada was a Japanese fashion designer living in France. He founded Kenzo, a worldwide clothing brand, that also markets skin care and perfumes, Takada was the honorary president of the Asian Couture Federation.
2015
1. Dave Pike, American vibraphone player and songwriter (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Dave Pike
    
    David Samuel Pike was an American jazz vibraphone and marimba player. He appeared on many albums by Nick Brignola, Paul Bley and Kenny Clarke, Bill Evans, and Herbie Mann. He also recorded extensively as leader, including a number of albums on MPS Records.
  2. Vibraphone
    
    The vibraphone is a percussion instrument in the metallophone family. It consists of tuned metal bars and is typically played by using mallets to strike the bars. A person who plays the vibraphone is called a vibraphonist, vibraharpist, or vibist.
2. Edida Nageswara Rao, Indian director and producer (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Edida Nageswara Rao
    
    Edida Nageswara Rao was an Indian film producer in Telugu cinema. He owned the film production house Poornodaya Movie Creations in Tollywood. He produced Sankarabharanam, Swayam Krushi, Siri Siri Muvva and Swati Mutyam, which were showcased at the Moscow Film Festival. He won five Nandi Awards.
3. Neal Walk, American basketball player (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Neal Walk
    
    Neal Eugene Walk was an American college and professional basketball player who was a center in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for eight seasons during the late 1960s and 1970s, playing overseas afterward. Walk played college basketball for the University of Florida, and remains the Florida Gators' all-time rebounds leader. The Phoenix Suns picked Walk second overall in the 1969 NBA draft, having lost the coin toss with the Milwaukee Bucks for Lew Alcindor. Walk played professionally for the Suns, the New Orleans Jazz and the New York Knicks of the NBA.
2014
1. Konrad Boehmer, German-Dutch composer and educator (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Konrad Boehmer
    
    Konrad Boehmer was a German-Dutch composer, educator, and writer.
2. Hugo Carvana, Brazilian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Hugo Carvana
    
    Hugo Carvana de Hollanda was a Brazilian actor and film director. He appeared in more than 110 films and television shows between 1954 and 2014.
3. Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer and manager (b. 1959) deaths
  1. Fyodor Cherenkov
    
    Fyodor Fyodorovich Cherenkov was a Soviet and Russian football midfielder who played for Spartak Moscow and Red Star Football Club (1990–91).
4. Jean-Claude Duvalier, Haitian politician, 41st President of Haiti (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Jean-Claude Duvalier
    
    Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed "Baby Doc", was a Haitian politician who was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in February 1986. He succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after his death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere.
  2. President of Haiti
    
    The president of Haiti, officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti, is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of Haiti. There is currently no president in Haiti following the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse on 7 July 2021.
2013
1. John Cloudsley-Thompson, Pakistani-English commander (b. 1921) deaths
  1. John Cloudsley-Thompson
    
    John Leonard Cloudsley-Thompson DSc CBiol FSB FRES FZS was a British naturalist renowned for his work on desert fauna. He was a tank commander during the Second World War.
2. Ulric Cross, Trinidadian navigator, judge, and diplomat (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ulric Cross
    
    Philip Louis Ulric Cross was a Trinidadian jurist, diplomat and Royal Air Force (RAF) navigator, recognised as possibly the most decorated West Indian of World War II. He is credited with helping to prevent some two hundred bombers from being shot down in a raid over Germany in 1943. He subsequently studied law at London's Middle Temple, and went on to fulfil a distinguished international career as a jurist across Africa and within Trinidad and Tobago. He also served as a diplomat for Trinidad and Tobago to the United Kingdom.
3. Akira Miyoshi, Japanese composer (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Akira Miyoshi
    
    Akira Miyoshi was a Japanese composer.
4. Diana Nasution, Indonesian singer (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Diana Nasution
    
    Diana Nasution, was a very popular Indonesian singer and actress in the 1970s and 1980s.
5. Võ Nguyên Giáp, Vietnamese general and politician, 3rd Minister of Defence for Vietnam (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Võ Nguyên Giáp
    
    Võ Nguyên Giáp was a Vietnamese general and communist politician who is regarded as having been one of the greatest military strategists of the 20th century. He served as interior minister in President Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh government, the military commander of the Việt Minh, the commander of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), minister of defence, and deputy prime minister. He also served as a member of the Politburo of the Vietnam Workers' Party, which in 1976 became the Communist Party of Vietnam.
  2. Minister of Defence (Vietnam)
    
    The Minister of Defence is the Government of Vietnam member in charge of the Ministry of Defence. The Minister directs the management functions of state for defense, and is responsible for and is the second highest commander of the Vietnam People's Army and Militia. The Minister is also Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a Member of the Politburo and a Member of the Council for National Defense and Security. The current Minister of Defence is Army General Phan Văn Giang, since 8 April 2021.
6. Nicholas Oresko, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Nicholas Oresko
    
    Nicholas Oresko was an American combat veteran of World War II who received the Medal of Honor for his valorous actions in Germany on January 23, 1945.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
2012
1. David Atkinson, Canadian actor and singer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. David Atkinson (baritone)
    
    David Anthony Stuart Atkinson was a Canadian baritone and New York Broadway actor/singer. Most of his career was spent performing in musicals and operettas in New York City from the late 1940s through the early 1970s, although he did appear in some operas and made a few television appearances. In 1952 he created the role of Sam in the world premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Trouble in Tahiti. From 1956-1962 he was a leading performer at the New York City Opera where he starred in several musicals and appeared in the world premieres of several English language operas. His greatest success on the stage came late in his career: the role of Cervantes in Man of La Mancha which he portrayed in the original Broadway production, the 1968 national tour, and in the 1972 Broadway revival.
2. Stan Mudenge, Zimbabwean historian and politician, Zimbabwean Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Stan Mudenge
    
    Isaak Stanislaus Gorerazvo Mudenge was a Zimbabwean politician who served in the government of Zimbabwe as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 2005 and as Minister of Higher Education from 2005 to 2012.
  2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zimbabwe)
    
    The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Zimbabwe is a cabinet ministry of Zimbabwe, responsible for conducting foreign relations of the country.
3. Tom Stannage, Australian footballer, historian, and academic (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Tom Stannage
    
    Charles Thomas Stannage, AM was a prominent Western Australian historian, academic, and Australian rules football player. He edited the major work A New History of Western Australia, which was published in 1981.
2011
1. Doris Belack, American actress (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Doris Belack
    
    Doris Belack was an American character actress of stage, film and television.
2010
1. Norman Wisdom, English actor, comedian, and singer-songwriter (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Norman Wisdom
    
    Sir Norman Joseph Wisdom, was an English actor, comedian, musician and singer best known for a series of comedy films produced between 1953 and 1966 featuring a hapless onscreen character often called Norman Pitkin. He was awarded the 1953 BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles following the release of Trouble in Store, his first film in a lead role.
2009
1. Gerhard Kaufhold, German footballer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Gerhard Kaufhold
    
    Gerhard Kaufhold was a German footballer who spent his entire career at Kickers Offenbach. He played a total of 396 games in the Oberliga Süd for the club, scoring 112 goals. He also represented West Germany in a 3–1 defeat against England in 1954.
2. Günther Rall, German general and pilot (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Günther Rall
    
    Günther Rall was a highly decorated German military aviator, officer and General, whose military career spanned nearly forty years. Rall was the third most successful fighter pilot in aviation history, behind Gerhard Barkhorn, who is second, and Erich Hartmann, who is first.
2007
1. Qassem Al-Nasser, Jordanian general (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Qassem Al-Nasser
    
    HE Major General Qassem Pasha Al-Nasser (1925–2007) was a Jordanian officer who participated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. He was part of many battles, such as: Latrun, Bab El-wad, and Misherem, amongst others.
2005
1. Stanley K. Hathaway, American lawyer and politician, 40th United States Secretary of the Interior (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Stanley K. Hathaway
    
    Stanley Knapp Hathaway served as the 27th Governor of Wyoming from January 2, 1967 to January 6, 1975, and as United States Secretary of the Interior under President Gerald Ford from June to October, 1975.
  2. United States Secretary of the Interior
    
    The United States secretary of the interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. The secretary and the Department of the Interior are responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land along with natural resources, leading such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Geological Survey, Bureau of Indian Affairs and the National Park Service. The secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation Board. The secretary is a member of the United States Cabinet and reports to the president of the United States. The function of the U.S. Department of the Interior is different from that of the interior minister designated in many other countries.
2004
1. Gordon Cooper, American colonel, engineer, and astronaut (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Gordon Cooper
    
    Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper Jr. was an American aerospace engineer, test pilot, United States Air Force pilot, and the youngest of the seven original astronauts in Project Mercury, the first human space program of the United States. Cooper learned to fly as a child, and after service in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, he was commissioned into the United States Air Force in 1949. After service as a fighter pilot, he qualified as a test pilot in 1956, and was selected as an astronaut in 1959.
2003
1. Sid McMath, American lawyer and politician, 34th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Sid McMath
    
    Sidney Sanders McMath was a U.S. marine, attorney and the 34th governor of Arkansas from 1949 to 1953. In defiance of his state's political establishment, he championed rapid rural electrification, massive highway and school construction, the building of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, strict bank and utility regulation, repeal of the poll tax, open and honest elections and broad expansion of opportunity for black citizens in the decade following World War II.
  2. List of governors of Arkansas
    
    The governor of Arkansas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arkansas government and is charged with enforcing state laws. They have the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arkansas General Assembly, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.
2002
1. André Delvaux, Belgian-Spanish director and screenwriter (b. 1926) deaths
  1. André Delvaux
    
    André Albert Auguste Delvaux was a Belgian film director. He co-founded the film school INSAS in 1962 and is regarded as the founder of the Belgian national cinema. Adapting works by writers such as Johan Daisne, Julien Gracq and Marguerite Yourcenar, he received international attention for directing magic realist films.
2001
1. Blaise Alexander, American race car driver (b. 1976) deaths
  1. Blaise Alexander
    
    Blaise Robert Alexander Jr. was an American professional stock car racer from Montoursville, Pennsylvania. He began racing at the age of 12 in go-karts, winning the coveted World Karting Association East Regional championship in 1992. In 1995, he moved south to Mooresville, North Carolina and drove in the ARCA Racing Series. Named ARCA's rookie of the year in 1996, Alexander was a regular driver in that series while also driving in both the NASCAR Busch Series and Craftsman Truck Series.
2. John Collins, American guitarist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. John Collins (jazz guitarist)
    
    John Elbert Collins was an American jazz guitarist who was a member of the Nat King Cole trio.
3. Ahron Soloveichik, Russian rabbi and scholar (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ahron Soloveichik
    
    Ahron (Aaron) Soloveichik was a renowned Orthodox rosh yeshiva, and scholar of Talmud and halakha.
2000
1. Yu Kuo-hwa, Chinese politician, 32nd Premier of the Republic of China (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Yu Kuo-hwa
    
    Yu Kuo-hwa was the Premier of the Republic of China from 1984 to 1989.
  2. Premier of the Republic of China
    
    The Premier of the Republic of China, officially the President of the Executive Yuan, is the head of the government of the Republic of China of Taiwan and leader of the Executive Yuan. The premier is nominally the principal advisor to the president of the Republic and holds the highest rank in the civil service of the central government.
2. Michael Smith, English-Canadian biochemist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Michael Smith (chemist)
    
    Michael Smith was a British-born Canadian biochemist and businessman. He shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Kary Mullis for his work in developing site-directed mutagenesis. Following a PhD in 1956 from the University of Manchester, he undertook postdoctoral research with Har Gobind Khorana at the British Columbia Research Council in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Subsequently, Smith worked at the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Laboratory in Vancouver before being appointed a professor of biochemistry in the UBC Faculty of Medicine in 1966. Smith's career included roles as the founding director of the UBC Biotechnology Laboratory and the founding scientific leader of the Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence (PENCE). In 1996 he was named Peter Wall Distinguished Professor of Biotechnology. Subsequently, he became the founding director of the Genome Sequencing Centre at the BC Cancer Research Centre.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1999
1. Bernard Buffet, French painter and illustrator (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Bernard Buffet
    
    Bernard Buffet was a French painter, printmaker, and sculptor.
2. Art Farmer, American trumpet player and composer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Art Farmer
    
    Arthur Stewart Farmer was an American jazz trumpeter and flugelhorn player. He also played flumpet, a trumpet–flugelhorn combination especially designed for him. He and his identical twin brother, double bassist Addison Farmer, started playing professionally while in high school. Art gained greater attention after the release of a recording of his composition "Farmer's Market" in 1952. He subsequently moved from Los Angeles to New York, where he performed and recorded with musicians such as Horace Silver, Sonny Rollins, and Gigi Gryce and became known principally as a bebop player.
1998
1. S. Arasaratnam, Sri Lankan historian and academic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. S. Arasaratnam
    
    Professor Sinnappah Arasaratnam was a Sri Lankan academic, historian and author, born during British colonial rule. Known as 'Arasa', he was a lecturer at the University of Ceylon, University of Malaya and University of New England (Australia).
1997
1. Rishabh Pant, Indian cricketer births
  1. Rishabh Pant
    
    Rishabh Rajendra Pant is an Indian international cricketer who plays for the Indian cricket team as a wicket-keeper batter. Having played all formats for India, he is best known for his consistency to score runs in Test cricket. Pant plays for Delhi in domestic cricket and captains Delhi Capitals in the Indian Premier League. He was the vice-captain of the India U-19 team for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.
2. Otto Ernst Remer, German general (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Otto Ernst Remer
    
    Otto Ernst Remer was a German Wehrmacht officer in World War II who played a major role in stopping the 20 July plot in 1944 against Adolf Hitler. In his later years he became a politician and far right activist. He co-founded the Socialist Reich Party in West Germany in the 1950s and is considered an influential figure in post-war neo-fascist politics in Germany.
3. Gunpei Yokoi, Japanese game designer, created Game Boy (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Gunpei Yokoi
    
    Gunpei Yokoi , sometimes transliterated Gumpei Yokoi, was a Japanese video game designer. He was a long-time Nintendo employee, best known as creator of the Game & Watch handheld system, inventor of the cross-shaped Control Pad, the original designer of the Game Boy, and producer of a few long-running and critically acclaimed video game franchises such as Metroid and Kid Icarus.
  2. Game Boy
    
    The Game Boy is an 8-bit fourth generation handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on April 21, 1989, in North America later the same year, and in Europe in late 1990. It was designed by the same team that developed the Game & Watch series of handheld electronic games and several Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) games: Satoru Okada, Gunpei Yokoi, and Nintendo Research & Development 1.
1995
1. Mikolas Josef, Czech Republic singer and songwriter births
  1. Mikolas Josef
    
    Mikoláš Josef, known professionally as Mikolas Josef, is a Czech singer-songwriter and former model. He represented the Czech Republic in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal with the song "Lie to Me", and finished in sixth place, the best result for the Czech Republic in Eurovision history.
1994
1. Danny Gatton, American guitarist (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Danny Gatton
    
    Daniel Wood Gatton Jr. was an American virtuoso guitarist who combined blues, rockabilly, jazz, and country to create a musical style he called "redneck jazz".
1993
1. Mitchell Swepson, Australian cricketer births
  1. Mitchell Swepson
    
    Mitchell Joseph Swepson is an Australian cricketer. A leg-spin bowler, he made his international debut for the Australia cricket team in June 2018, and plays for Queensland and the Brisbane Heat in Australian domestic cricket.
1992
1. Denny Hulme, New Zealand race car driver (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Denny Hulme
    
    Denis Clive Hulme, commonly known as Denny Hulme, was a New Zealand racing driver who won the 1967 Formula One World Drivers' Championship for the Brabham team. Between his debut at Monaco in 1965 and his final race in the 1974 US Grand Prix, he started 112 Grand Prix, resulting eight victories and 33 trips to the podium. He also finished third in the overall standing in 1968 and 1972.
1990
1. Signy Aarna, Estonian footballer births
  1. Signy Aarna
    
    Signy Aarna is an Estonian footballer who plays as a forward for Finnish club Åland United and for the Estonia national team. She previously played for Finnish club Pallokissat and FC Lootos of the Estonian Naiste Meistriliiga.
2. Saki, Japanese guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Saki (musician)
    
    Saki is a Japanese heavy metal musician and songwriter. She is best known as guitarist of the all-female band Mary's Blood from 2012 until they began an indefinite hiatus in 2022. She is currently a member of the all-female band Nemophila and one-half of the duo Amahiru with Frédéric Leclercq. Saki has been sponsored by Killer Guitars for over ten years, and often uses custom-made Fascist models. In 2021, they released her signature model, the seven-string KG-Fascinator Seven the Empress.
3. Sergey Shubenkov, Russian hurdler births
  1. Sergey Shubenkov
    
    Sergey Vladimirovich Shubenkov is a Russian athlete who competes in the 110 metres hurdles. He is the 2015 World Champion, two-time European Champion and 2013 World bronze medalist in men's 110 m hurdles.
4. Mārtiņš Zīverts, Latvian playwright (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Mārtiņš Zīverts
    
    Mārtiņš Zīverts was a Latvian playwright.
1989
1. Dakota Johnson, American actress births
  1. Dakota Johnson
    
    Dakota Mayi Johnson is an American actress. The daughter of actors Don Johnson and Melanie Griffith, she made her film debut at age ten with a minor role in the dark comedy film Crazy in Alabama (1999) with her mother. After graduating high school, she began auditioning for roles in Los Angeles and was cast in a minor part in The Social Network (2010). Johnson had her breakthrough playing Anastasia Steele in the erotic romantic drama film series Fifty Shades (2015–2018), and received a BAFTA Rising Star Award nomination in 2016.
2. Graham Chapman, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Graham Chapman
    
    Graham Chapman was a British actor, comedian and writer. He was one of the six members of the surreal comedy group Monty Python. He portrayed authority figures such as The Colonel and the lead role in two Python films, Holy Grail (1975) and Life of Brian (1979).
1988
1. Melissa Benoist, American actress and singer births
  1. Melissa Benoist
    
    Melissa Marie Benoist is an American actress, singer and producer. Her first major role was Marley Rose on the Fox musical comedy drama Glee (2012–2014), where she was a series regular during the fifth season. She rose to widespread prominence for portraying the title character on the CBS / CW superhero series Supergirl (2015–2021), along with related media in the Arrowverse franchise.
2. Caner Erkin, Turkish footballer births
  1. Caner Erkin
    
    Caner Erkin is a Turkish professional footballer who plays for Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük and the Turkey national team.
3. Evgeni Krasnopolski, Israeli figure skater births
  1. Evgeni Krasnopolski
    
    Evgeni Krasnopolski is a Ukrainian-born Israeli retired pair skater. Krasnopolski and Andrea Davidovich were the first pair representing Israel to qualify for Israel at the 2014 Olympics. They finished 15th in Sochi. Krasnopolski competed with Danielle Montalbano from 2009 to 2012. He competed for Israel at the 2018 Winter Olympics with Paige Conners in figure skating in pairs skating and a team event in Pyeongchang, South Korea. He and Hailey Kops competed at the 2021 CS Nebelhorn Trophy and qualified to compete for Israel at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
4. Derrick Rose, American basketball player births
  1. Derrick Rose
    
    Derrick Martell Rose is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played one year of college basketball for the Memphis Tigers before being drafted first overall by his hometown Chicago Bulls in the 2008 NBA draft. He was named the NBA Rookie of the Year in 2009 and became the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2011 at age 22.
5. Zlatko Grgić, Croatian-Canadian animator, director, and screenwriter (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Zlatko Grgić
    
    Zlatko Grgić was a Croatian animator who emigrated to Canada in the late 1960s.
1987
1. Rawez Lawan, Swedish footballer births
  1. Rawez Lawan
    
    Rawez Farhad Lawan is a Swedish former professional footballer of Kurdish descent who played primarily as a midfielder.
2. Will Puddy, English footballer births
  1. Will Puddy
    
    Willem John Stanley Puddy is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.
3. Marina Weisband, German politician births
  1. Marina Weisband
    
    Marina Weisband is a German politician. From May 2011 until April 2012 she was a member of the senior leadership of the Pirate Party Germany. In 2018 she joined the Green Party of Germany.
1985
1. Shontelle, Barbadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Shontelle
    
    Shontelle Layne, known mononymously as Shontelle, is a Barbadian singer and songwriter. She released her debut album Shontelligence in 2008. Her second album, No Gravity, was released in 2010. Her singles "T-Shirt" and "Impossible" achieved international success. In 2020, Shontelle released "Remember Me".
2. Thorsten Wiedemann, German rugby player births
  1. Thorsten Wiedemann
    
    Thorsten Wiedemann is a German international rugby union player, playing for the Heidelberger RK in the Rugby-Bundesliga and the German national rugby union team.
1984
1. Lena Katina, Russian singer-songwriter births
  1. Lena Katina
    
    Elena Sergeevna Katina, better known as Lena Katina, is a Russian musician who gained fame as one half of the pop/electronica duo t.A.T.u. She started her career at the age of eight, joining the Russian children's act Avenue, soon after that joining Neposedy. In 1999, producer Ivan Shapovalov chose Katina and Julia Volkova for his project t.A.T.u. The duo would later become Russia's most successful pop music act. The group produced several hits, including "All the Things She Said", "Not Gonna Get Us", and "All About Us". Their first single, "All the Things She Said", peaked at No. 1 in nineteen countries, including the UK, Russia, and Australia.
2. Álvaro Parente, Portuguese race car driver births
  1. Álvaro Parente
    
    Álvaro Parente is a Portuguese professional racing driver.
3. Karolina Tymińska, Polish heptathlete births
  1. Karolina Tymińska
    
    Karolina Tymińska is a Polish heptathlete. She has represented Poland twice at the Olympic Games and three times at the World Championships in Athletics. She is the bronze medalist in the heptathlon from the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, having originally come fourth in the event before the disqualification, in 2016, of Tatyana Chernova.
1983
1. Dan Clarke, English race car driver births
  1. Dan Clarke
    
    Daniel Clarke is a British auto racing driver, most recently competing in the Firestone Indy Lights series with Walker Racing, having previously competed in the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport and the Champ Car World Series.
2. Marios Nicolaou, Cypriot footballer births
  1. Marios Nicolaou (footballer, born 1983)
    
    Marios Nicolaou is a retired Cypriot footballer and is currently an assistant coach for AC Omonoia.
3. Chansi Stuckey, American football player births
  1. Chansi Stuckey
    
    Chansi V. Stuckey is an American football coach and former wide receiver. He is currently the Wide Receivers Coach at Notre Dame. He was drafted by the New York Jets in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Clemson. Stuckey also played for the Cleveland Browns and the Arizona Cardinals.
4. Kurt Suzuki, American baseball player births
  1. Kurt Suzuki
    
    Kurtis Kiyoshi Suzuki is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics, Washington Nationals, Minnesota Twins, Atlanta Braves, and Los Angeles Angels.
5. Vicky Krieps, Luxembourgish actress births
  1. Vicky Krieps
    
    Vicky Krieps is a Luxembourgish actress. She has appeared in a number of American, Luxembourgish, French and German productions, such as Hanna, Two Lives, A Most Wanted Man, The Chambermaid Lynn, Colonia, Gutland, The Girl in the Spider's Web, The Last Vermeer, Old and Corsage. Krieps had a leading role in the Academy Award-winning film Phantom Thread. She received a German Television Award for the series Das Boot.
1982
1. Tony Gwynn Jr., American baseball player births
  1. Tony Gwynn Jr.
    
    Anthony Keith Gwynn Jr. is an American former professional baseball outfielder. Gwynn played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, San Diego Padres, Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Philadelphia Phillies. The son of Baseball Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn, he works as a broadcaster for the Padres’ radio and television network.
2. Jered Weaver, American baseball player births
  1. Jered Weaver
    
    Jered David Weaver is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels and San Diego Padres. Weaver was drafted in the first round in the 2004 Major League Baseball draft by the Angels out of Long Beach State. He was a three-time All Star, and twice led the American League in wins. He is the younger brother of former pitcher Jeff Weaver.
3. Glenn Gould, Canadian pianist and conductor (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Glenn Gould
    
    Glenn Herbert Gould was a Canadian classical pianist. He was one of the most famous and celebrated pianists of the 20th century, and was renowned as an interpreter of the keyboard works of Johann Sebastian Bach. Gould's playing was distinguished by remarkable technical proficiency and a capacity to articulate the contrapuntal texture of Bach's music.
4. Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Greek politician, 165th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Stefanos Stefanopoulos
    
    Stefanos Stefanopoulos was a Greek politician, and served as Prime Minister of Greece from 1965 to 1966.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
1981
1. Shaura, Japanese singer births
  1. Shaura
    
    Shaura, formerly known as Juka (ジュカ), is a Japanese visual kei metal singer who first became known in 2002 when he was recruited by Mana for his project Moi dix Mois. In late 2006 he joined HIZAKI's solo project, HIZAKI grace project. He then started a solo career before pausing all musical activities at the end of 2007. He returned in 2009, after changing his stage name to Shaura, as part of the duo XOVER. After his last band VII-Sense disbanded on mid-2012, in 2012, August he officially wrote on his blog that his music career is finished and there was no reason for him to get back on stage, now he took up fishing.
2. Justin Williams, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Justin Williams
    
    Justin Craig Williams is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes, Los Angeles Kings, and Washington Capitals.
3. Freddie Lindstrom, American baseball player and coach (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Freddie Lindstrom
    
    Frederick Charles Lindstrom was a National League baseball player with the New York Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1924 until 1936. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976.
1980
1. Sarah Fisher, American race car driver births
  1. Sarah Fisher
    
    Sarah Marie Fisher is an American retired professional race car driver who competed in the Indy Racing League (IRL) and the Indianapolis 500 intermittently from 1999 to 2010. She also raced in the NASCAR West Series in 2004 and 2005. Fisher took part in 81 IndyCar Series events, achieving a career-best finish of second at the 2001 Infiniti Grand Prix of Miami—the highest placing for a woman in the IRL until Danica Patrick's victory in the 2008 Indy Japan 300. In 2002, Fisher was the first female driver to win a pole position in a major American open-wheel race and competed in the Indianapolis 500 nine times, more than any other woman.
2. James Jones, American basketball player births
  1. James Jones (basketball, born 1980)
    
    James Andrew Jones is an American professional basketball executive and former player. He is the general manager for the Phoenix Suns. He played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
3. Tomáš Rosický, Czech footballer births
  1. Tomáš Rosický
    
    Tomáš Rosický is a Czech former professional footballer who was the captain of the Czech Republic national team for a ten-year period. He played club football for Sparta Prague, Borussia Dortmund and Arsenal.
4. Pyotr Masherov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Pyotr Masherov
    
    Pyotr Mironovich Masherov was a Soviet partisan, statesman, and one of the leaders of the Belarusian resistance during World War II who governed the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia from 1965 until his death in 1980. Under Masherov's rule, Belarus was transformed from an agrarian, undeveloped nation which had not yet recovered from the Second World War into an industrial powerhouse; Minsk, the capital and largest city of Belarus, became one of the fastest-growing cities on the planet. Masherov ruled until his sudden death in 1980, after his vehicle was hit by a potato truck.
  2. Communist Party of Byelorussia
    
    The Communist Party of Byelorussia was the ruling communist party of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union from 1922, that existed from 1917 to 1993.
1979
1. Rachael Leigh Cook, American actress births
  1. Rachael Leigh Cook
    
    Rachael Leigh Cook is an American actress and model. She has starred in the films The Baby-Sitters Club (1995), She's All That (1999), and Josie and the Pussycats (2001), and in the television series Into the West and Perception. She is also the voice behind various characters in Robot Chicken and Tifa Lockhart in the Final Fantasy series, starting with the English version of the film Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children.
2. Björn Phau, German tennis player births
  1. Björn Phau
    
    Björn Phau is a retired German tennis player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 59 in June 2006. Career highlights include reaching five ATP tour semifinals and finishing runner-up in doubles at Munich in 2006.
3. Adam Voges, Australian cricketer births
  1. Adam Voges
    
    Adam Charles Voges is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer who played for the Australian national team at Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I) level, and also captained Western Australia and Perth Scorchers in domestic cricket. Voges' Test match batting average of 61.87 is second behind Don Bradman among batsmen who have finished their career and played a minimum of 20 innings. Voges was included in the 2016 ICC Test Match Team of the Year.
1978
1. Phillip Glasser, American actor and producer births
  1. Phillip Glasser
    
    Phillip Alexander Glasser is an American producer and a former actor. He is best known for providing the voice of Fievel Mousekewitz in An American Tail and its sequel An American Tail: Fievel Goes West.
2. Kei Horie, Japanese actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Kei Horie
    
    Kei Horie is a Japanese writer, film producer, director and former actor. He is known as Gaku Washio/GaoYellow in 2001's Super Sentai's series, Hyakujuu Sentai GaoRanger. He reprised his role on one more occasion in the Super Sentai teamup, Hurricanger vs Gaoranger in 2003. His older brother, Kazuma Horie, is a voice actor.
3. Kyle Lohse, American baseball player births
  1. Kyle Lohse
    
    Kyle Matthew Lohse is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Texas Rangers.
1977
1. Richard Reed Parry, Canadian guitarist, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Richard Reed Parry
    
    Richard Reed Parry is a Canadian multi-instrumentalist, composer, producer, best known as a core member of the Grammy Award-winning indie rock band Arcade Fire, where he plays a wide variety of instruments, often switching between guitar, double bass, drums, celesta, keyboards, and accordion.
2. José Ber Gelbard, Argentinian activist and politician (b. 1917) deaths
  1. José Ber Gelbard
    
    José Ber Gelbard, was a Polish-born Argentine activist and politician, and a member of the Argentine Communist Party. He also helped organize the Confederación General Económica (CGE), made up of small and medium-sized business. Beginning about 1954, he was appointed as an economic advisor to Juan Perón and repeatedly was called back to serve as Minister of Finance to successive governments until the military coup of March 1976. He fled with his family shortly before the coup, gaining political asylum in the United States and settling in Washington, D.C.
1976
1. Mauro Camoranesi, Argentinian-Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Mauro Camoranesi
    
    Mauro Germán Camoranesi Serra is an Italian football manager and former player who played as a right midfielder or right winger.
2. Elisandro Naressi Roos, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Santiago (footballer, born 1976)
    
    Elisandro Naressi Roos known as Santiago is a Brazilian footballer.
3. Alicia Silverstone, American actress, producer, and author births
  1. Alicia Silverstone
    
    Alicia Silverstone is an American actress. She made her film debut in the thriller The Crush (1993), earning the 1994 MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance, and gained further prominence at age 16 as a teen idol when she appeared in the music video for Aerosmith's "Cryin'". She went on to star as Cher Horowitz in the teen comedy film Clueless (1995), which earned her a multi-million dollar deal with Columbia Pictures. In 1997, she starred in the big-budget superhero film Batman & Robin, playing Batgirl.
4. Ueli Steck, Swiss mountaineer and rock climber (d. 2017) births
  1. Ueli Steck
    
    Ueli Steck was a Swiss rock climber and mountaineer. He was the first to climb Annapurna solo via its South Face, and set speed records on the North Face trilogy in the Alps. He won two Piolet d'Or awards, in 2009 and 2014. Having previously summitted Mount Everest, Steck died on 30 April 2017 after falling during an acclimatizing climb for an attempt on the Hornbein route on the West Ridge of Everest without supplemental oxygen.
1975
1. Cristiano Lucarelli, Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Cristiano Lucarelli
    
    Cristiano Lucarelli is an Italian football manager and a former player who played as a striker from 1992 until 2012. He was most recently the manager of Serie B club Ternana.
2. Joan Whitney Payson, American businesswoman and philanthropist (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Joan Whitney Payson
    
    Joan Whitney Payson was an American heiress, businesswoman, philanthropist, patron of the arts and art collector, and a member of the prominent Whitney family. She was also co-founder and majority owner of Major League Baseball's New York Mets baseball franchise, and was the first woman to own a major-league team in North America without inheriting it.
1974
1. Paco León, Spanish actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Paco León
    
    Francisco León Barrios, known as Paco León is a Spanish actor, producer, director, screenwriter and activist.
2. Anne Sexton, American poet and author (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Anne Sexton
    
    Anne Sexton was an American poet known for her highly personal, confessional verse. She won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1967 for her book Live or Die. Her poetry details her long battle with bipolar disorder, suicidal tendencies, and intimate details from her private life, including relationships with her husband and children, whom it was later alleged she physically and sexually assaulted.
1972
1. Kurt Thomas, American basketball player births
  1. Kurt Thomas (basketball)
    
    Kurt Vincent Thomas is an American former professional basketball player. A 6'9", 230 lb. power forward-center, Thomas was known for his hard-nosed playing style and tough defense during his eight year tenure with the New York Knicks. Having played college basketball at Texas Christian University, he was drafted by the Miami Heat in 1995 and went on to play parts of 18 seasons in the NBA.
1971
1. Darren Middleton, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Darren Middleton
    
    Darren Middleton is an Australian musician, best known as lead guitarist and songwriter for alternative rock band Powderfinger. He was also lead singer/songwriter for Drag; his current solo tour is 'Splinters', a follow-up to his 2013 solo tour 'Translations.' The 'Splinters' tour is Middleton's tour of Western Australia and Victoria in August and November 2016, respectively.
1970
1. Janis Joplin, American singer-songwriter (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Janis Joplin
    
    Janis Lyn Joplin was an American singer and musician. One of the most successful and widely known rock stars of her era, she was noted for her powerful mezzo-soprano vocals and "electric" stage presence.
1968
1. Richard Hancox, English footballer and manager births
  1. Richard Hancox
    
    Richard Hancox is an English former professional footballer. He has held various roles at Torquay United in his career.
2. Tim Wise, American activist and author births
  1. Tim Wise
    
    Timothy Jacob Wise is an American activist and writer on the topic of race. He is a consultant who provides anti-racism lectures to institutions.
1967
1. Nick Green, Australian rower births
  1. Nick Green (rower)
    
    Nicholas David Green OAM is an Australian former rower, a dual Olympic gold medallist and four time World Champion. From 1990 to 1998 he was a member of Australia's prominent world class crew – the coxless four known as the Oarsome Foursome. Now a sports administrator, since 2014 he has been Chief Executive of Cycling Australia.
2. Liev Schreiber, American actor and director births
  1. Liev Schreiber
    
    Isaac Liev Schreiber is an American actor, director, screenwriter, producer, and narrator. He became known during the late 1990s and early 2000s after appearing in several independent films, and later mainstream Hollywood films, including the first three Scream horror films (1996-2000), Ransom (1996), Phantoms (1998), The Hurricane (1999), The Sum of All Fears (2002), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), The Omen (2006), Defiance (2008), X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009), Taking Woodstock (2009), Salt (2010), Goon (2011), Pawn Sacrifice (2014), and Spotlight (2015), The 5th Wave (2016), and The French Dispatch (2021). He has also lent his voice to animated films such as My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), Isle of Dogs, and Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse.
1965
1. Olaf Backasch, German footballer births
  1. Olaf Backasch
    
    Olaf Backasch is a retired German footballer.
2. Skip Heller, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Skip Heller
    
    Fred "Skip" Heller is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Although active in many different types of music as a performer, producer, and historian coming out of the Philadelphia jazz scene, and in spite of local critical recognition, he did not make a large mark in his hometown.
3. Steve Olin, American baseball player (d. 1993) births
  1. Steve Olin
    
    Steven Robert Olin was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for four seasons in the American League with the Cleveland Indians. Olin was a right-handed submarining relief pitcher for the Cleveland Indians from 1988 to 1992. Olin died in a 1993 boating accident while still an active MLB player.
4. Micky Ward, American boxer births
  1. Micky Ward
    
    George Michael Ward Jr., often known by his nickname, "Irish" Micky Ward, is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2003. He challenged once for the IBF light welterweight title in 1997, and held the WBU light welterweight title in 2000. Ward is widely known for his trilogy of fights with Arturo Gatti, two of which received Fight of the Year awards by The Ring magazine, as well as his relentless pressure fighting style. Ward was portrayed by Mark Wahlberg in the 2010 film The Fighter, which was based on his early career.
1964
1. Francis Magalona, Filipino rapper, producer, and actor (d. 2009) births
  1. Francis Magalona
    
    Francis Michael Durango Magalona, also known by the moniker Francis M, was a Filipino rapper, singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, actor, and television personality. Born in Manila, He became a significant influence to artists in the Pinoy hip-hop scene and the local rap community.
2. Yvonne Murray, Scottish runner births
  1. Yvonne Murray
    
    Yvonne Carole Grace Murray-Mooney, is a Scottish former middle-distance and long-distance track and road-running athlete. She won a bronze medal in the 3000 metres at the 1988 Olympic Games, and gold medals at this distance at the 1987 European Indoor Championships, the 1993 World Indoor Championships and the 1990 European Championships. She also won a gold medal in the 10,000 metres at the 1994 Commonwealth Games. Her 3000 metres best of 8:29.02 was set in the Olympic Final of 1988.
1963
1. A. C. Green, American basketball player births
  1. A.C. Green
    
    A.C. Green Jr. is an American former professional basketball player. Nicknamed "Iron Man", he holds a National Basketball Association (NBA) record for most consecutive regular-season games played with 1,192. Green played for the Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns, Dallas Mavericks and Miami Heat. He found most success with the Lakers, with whom he won three championships in 1987, 1988 and 2000, and was named an NBA All-Star in 1990.
2. Koji Ishikawa, Japanese author and illustrator births
  1. Koji Ishikawa (illustrator)
    
    Kōji Ishikawa is a Japanese children's book author and illustrator. His work includes advertisements, magazine illustration, web, character design and book design. In recent years he has made children's books. He lives in Tokyo with his wife and two children.
3. Alar Kotli, Estonian architect (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Alar Kotli
    
    Alar Kotli was an Estonian architect. He studied sculpture at the art school Pallas in Tartu during 1922-1923 and mathematics at the University of Tartu. He graduated from the University of technology in Gdańsk in 1927 as an architect.
1962
1. Carlos Carsolio, Mexican mountaineer births
  1. Carlos Carsolio
    
    Carlos Carsolio Larrea is a Mexican mountain climber. Carsolio is known for being the fourth man and the second youngest to climb the world's 14 eight-thousander mountain peaks, all of them without supplementary oxygen.
1961
1. Philippe Russo, French singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Philippe Russo
    
    Philippe Russo is a French singer-songwriter. He had a hit between 1986 and early 1987 in France with his single "Magie noire", devoted to the discothèques, which peaked at #10 on the SNEP Singles Chart. Then he published several singles until 1991, but they were unsuccessful and failed to reach the chart. Therefore, Russo can be deemed a one-hit wonder. He was the guitar of Marc Lavoine during this one's last concert tour.
2. Kazuki Takahashi, Japanese author and illustrator, created Yu-Gi-Oh! (d. 2022) births
  1. Kazuki Takahashi
    
    Kazuo Takahashi , known professionally as Kazuki Takahashi , was a Japanese manga artist. He made his serial manga debut in 1986, and is best known as the author of Yu-Gi-Oh!, published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1996 to 2004. The manga spawned a popular trading card game of the same name, which holds the Guinness World Record for the best-selling trading card game to date.
  2. Yu-Gi-Oh!
    
    Yu-Gi-Oh! is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazuki Takahashi. It was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine between September 1996 and March 2004. The plot follows the story of a boy named Yugi Mutou, who solves the ancient Millennium Puzzle. Yugi awakens a gambling alter-ego or spirit within his body that solves his conflicts using various games.
3. Jon Secada, Cuban-American singer-songwriter births
  1. Jon Secada
    
    Juan Francisco Secada Ramírez, better known as Jon Secada, is a Cuban-born American singer. He has won two Grammy Awards and sold 15 million records, making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists. His music fuses funk, soul music, pop, and Latin percussion.
4. Benjamin, Russian metropolitan (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Benjamin (Fedchenkov)
    
    Metropolitan Benjamin or Veniamin was a bishop of the Russian Church, Orthodox missionary and writer.
1960
1. Joe Boever, American baseball player births
  1. Joe Boever
    
    Joseph Martin Boever is an American former professional baseball right-handed relief pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1985 to 1996 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies, Houston Astros, Oakland Athletics, Detroit Tigers, and Pittsburgh Pirates.
2. Henry Worsley, English colonel and explorer (d. 2016) births
  1. Henry Worsley (explorer)
    
    Lieutenant Colonel Alastair Edward Henry Worsley, was a British explorer and British Army officer. He was part of the successful 2009 expedition that retraced Ernest Shackleton's footsteps in the Antarctic.
1959
1. Chris Lowe, English singer and keyboard player births
  1. Chris Lowe
    
    Christopher Sean Lowe is an English musician, singer and songwriter, and co-founder of the synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, which he formed with Neil Tennant in 1981.
2. Tony Meo, English snooker player births
  1. Tony Meo
    
    Anthony Christian Meo is a retired English snooker player. He won the 1989 British Open by defeating Dean Reynolds 13–6 in the final, and was runner-up to Steve Davis at the 1984 Classic. He won four World Doubles Championship titles, partnering Davis, and the 1983 World Team Classic representing England alongside Davis and Tony Knowles.
3. Hitonari Tsuji, Japanese author, composer, and director births
  1. Hitonari Tsuji
    
    Hitonari Tsuji is a Tokyo-born Japanese writer, composer, and film director. In his film and singing work he uses the name Jinsei Tsuji, an alternative reading of the Japanese writing of his name. He debuted as a writer in 1989. His books and stories have been bestsellers in Japan as well as overseas, with his work being translated into 20 languages and selling over ten million copies.
1958
1. Barbara Kooyman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Barbara Kooyman
    
    Barbara Kooyman is an American singer-songwriter based in Austin, Texas. In the 1980s, she, her then-husband Pat MacDonald, and a drum machine formed the recording act Timbuk 3 whose 1986 signature song was "The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades". The duo did road work with Bob Dylan, Sting, and Jackson Browne. They once appeared on Saturday Night Live and were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1987.
2. Anneka Rice, Welsh radio and television host births
  1. Anneka Rice
    
    Anne Lucinda Hartley Rice, known professionally as Anneka Rice, is a Welsh-born television and radio presenter, broadcaster, journalist and painter.
3. Ida Wüst, German actress and screenwriter (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Ida Wüst
    
    Ida Wüst was a German stage and film actress whose career was prominent in the 1920s and 1930s with Universum Film AG (UFA).
1957
1. Bill Fagerbakke, American actor births
  1. Bill Fagerbakke
    
    William Fagerbakke is an American actor. He voices Patrick Star in the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants and played Michael "Dauber" Dybinski on the sitcom Coach. He also appeared in 12 episodes of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Marshall Eriksen's father Marvin.
2. Yngve Moe, Norwegian bass player and songwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Yngve Moe
    
    Yngve Moe was a Norwegian bass guitarist and founding member of the rock band Dance with a Stranger.
3. Russell Simmons, American businessman, founded Def Jam Recordings and Phat Farm births
  1. Russell Simmons
    
    Russell Wendell Simmons is an American entrepreneur and record executive. He co-founded the hip-hop label Def Jam Recordings, and created the clothing fashion lines Phat Farm, Argyleculture, and Tantris. Simmons' net worth was estimated at $340 million in 2011.
  2. Def Jam Recordings
    
    Def Jam Recordings is an American multinational record label owned by Universal Music Group. It is based in Manhattan, New York City, specializing predominantly in hip hop, contemporary R&B, soul and pop.
1956
1. Lesley Glaister, English author and playwright births
  1. Lesley Glaister
    
    Lesley Glaister is a British novelist, poet and playwright. She has written 15 novels, Blasted Things (2020) being the most recent, one play and numerous short stories and radio plays. She is a lecturer in creative writing at the University of St Andrews, and is a regular contributor of book reviews to The Spectator and The Times. She is married to poet Andrew Greig.
2. Charlie Leibrandt, American baseball player births
  1. Charlie Leibrandt
    
    Charles Louis Leibrandt, Jr. is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1979 to 1993 for the Cincinnati Reds, Kansas City Royals, Atlanta Braves, and Texas Rangers. Leibrandt was a productive pitcher throughout his 14-year career and a member of the 1985 World Series champion Royals team.
3. Sherri Turner, American golfer births
  1. Sherri Turner
    
    Sherri Turner is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1984 and won three LPGA Tour events, including one major championship, during her career.
4. Christoph Waltz, Austrian-German actor births
  1. Christoph Waltz
    
    Christoph Waltz is an Austrian-German actor. Since 2009 he has been primarily active in the United States. His accolades include two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two British Academy Film Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.
1955
1. John Rutherford, Scottish rugby player births
  1. John Rutherford (rugby union)
    
    John Young Rutherford is a former Scotland international rugby union player. His regular playing position was Fly half.
2. Jorge Valdano, Argentinian footballer, coach, and manager births
  1. Jorge Valdano
    
    Jorge Alberto Francisco Valdano Castellanos is an Argentine former football player, coach, and the former general manager of Real Madrid. He is currently working as a commentator for beIN Sports. Nicknamed "The Philosopher of Football", he played as a forward.
3. Alexander Papagos, Greek general and politician, 152nd Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Alexandros Papagos
    
    Alexandros Papagos was a Greek army officer who led the Hellenic Army in World War II and the later stages of the subsequent Greek Civil War. The only Greek career officer to rise to the rank of Field Marshal, Papagos became the first Chief of the Hellenic National Defence General Staff from 1950 until his resignation the following year. He then entered politics, founding the nationalist Greek Rally party and becoming the country's Prime Minister after his victory in the 1952 elections. His premiership was shaped by the Cold War and the aftermath of the Greek Civil War, and was defined by several key events, including Greece becoming a member of NATO; U.S. military bases being allowed on Greek territory and the formation of a powerful and vehemently anti-communist security apparatus. Papagos' tenure also saw the start of the Greek economic miracle, and rising tensions with Britain and Turkey during the Cyprus Emergency over the Cyprus issue.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
1953
1. Gil Moore, Canadian singer-songwriter, drummer, and producer births
  1. Gil Moore
    
    Gil Moore is a Canadian musician. Born in Toronto, Moore was the drummer and co-vocalist of the Canadian power trio Triumph. Before Moore was in Triumph he was in a band called Sherman & Peabody which also featured Buzz Shearman of Moxy and Greg Godovitz of Goddo.
2. Andreas Vollenweider, Swiss harp player births
  1. Andreas Vollenweider
    
    Andreas Vollenweider is a Swiss harpist. He is generally categorised as a new-age musician and uses a modified electroacoustic harp of his own design. He has worked with Bobby McFerrin, Carly Simon, Luciano Pavarotti and in 1987 received a Grammy Award for the album Down to the Moon. Vollenweider's style has been described by The New York Times as "swirling atmospheric music, which evokes nature, magic and fairy tales".
1952
1. Anita DeFrantz, American rower and sports administrator births
  1. Anita DeFrantz
    
    Anita Lucette DeFrantz is an American Olympic rower, member of the International Olympic Committee, and twice Vice-President of International Rowing Federation (FISA).
2. Jody Stephens, American rock drummer births
  1. Jody Stephens
    
    Jody Stephens is an American drummer, who has played in Big Star and Golden Smog. After the deaths of Chris Bell in 1978, and both Alex Chilton and Andy Hummel in 2010, Stephens is the last surviving original member of Big Star.
3. Zinha Vaz, Bissau-Guinean women's rights activist and politician births
  1. Zinha Vaz
    
    Francisca Maria Monteira e Silva Vaz Turpin, better known as Zinha Vaz, is a Bissau-Guinean women's rights activist and politician. She has been a member of the National People's Assembly for several terms for the Resistance of Guinea-Bissau-Bafatá Movement, as well as a presidential advisor. In 1999 she served for a brief time as mayor of the capital city Bissau. She was jailed for political reasons for three years during the 1970s and in 2003 again for several days. Recently she was ambassador to Gambia.
1951
1. Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov, Kazakh poet and author births
  1. Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov
    
    Bakhytzhan Musakhanuli Kanapyanov is a Kazakhstani poet, writer, publisher, translator. Member of the Russian and the Kazakh PEN clubs, an honorary professor at the Shakarima University (Semipalatinsk) and an academician of the Crimean Literary Academy. He is an academic of journalism in Kazakhstan.
2. Henrietta Lacks, American medical patient (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Henrietta Lacks
    
    Henrietta Lacks was an African-American woman whose cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line and one of the most important cell lines in medical research. An immortalized cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific conditions, and the HeLa cell line continues to be a source of invaluable medical data to the present day.
1949
1. Armand Assante, American actor and producer births
  1. Armand Assante
    
    Armand Anthony Assante Jr. is an American actor. He played mobster John Gotti in the 1996 HBO television film Gotti, Odysseus in the 1997 mini-series adaptation of Homer's The Odyssey, Nietzsche in When Nietzsche Wept, and Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer in 1982's I, the Jury. His performance in Gotti earned him a Primetime Emmy Award and nominations for the Golden Globe Award and the Screen Actors Guild Award.
2. Stephen Gyllenhaal, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Stephen Gyllenhaal
    
    Stephen Roark Gyllenhaal is an American film director and poet. He is the father of actors Jake Gyllenhaal and Maggie Gyllenhaal.
1948
1. Iain Hewitson, New Zealand-Australian chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality births
  1. Iain Hewitson
    
    Iain "Huey" Hewitson, is a New Zealand-born chef, restaurateur, author and television personality who moved to Australia in 1972. He is best known for his television involvement with Network Ten. He was also the face of supermarket chain BI-LO.
2. Linda McMahon, American businesswoman and politician births
  1. Linda McMahon
    
    Linda Marie McMahon is an American political executive, retired professional wrestler, executive, and performer. She served as the 25th administrator of the Small Business Administration from 2017 to 2019.
3. Duke Robillard, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Duke Robillard
    
    Michael John "Duke" Robillard is an American guitarist and singer. He founded the band Roomful of Blues and was a member of the Fabulous Thunderbirds. Although Robillard is known as a rock and blues guitarist, he also plays jazz and swing.
1947
1. Julien Clerc, French singer-songwriter and pianist births
  1. Julien Clerc
    
    Paul Alain Leclerc, known by his stage name Julien Clerc, is a French singer-songwriter.
2. Jim Fielder, American bass player births
  1. Jim Fielder
    
    Jim Fielder is an American bassist, best known for his work as an original member of Blood, Sweat & Tears.
3. Ann Widdecombe, English politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Health births
  1. Ann Widdecombe
    
    Ann Noreen Widdecombe is a British politician, author and television personality. She was Member of Parliament (MP) for Maidstone and The Weald, and the former Maidstone constituency, from 1987 to 2010 and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for South West England from 2019 to 2020. Originally a member of the Conservative Party, she was a member of the Brexit Party from 2019 until it was renamed Reform UK in 2021.
  2. Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
    
    The Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Care is an office within British politics held by a member of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition. The duty of the office holder is to scrutinise the actions of the government's Secretary of State for Health and Social Care and develop alternative policies. The office holder is a member of the Shadow Cabinet and appointed by the Leader of the Opposition. It is currently held by Wes Streeting
4. Max Planck, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Max Planck
    
    Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1946
1. Larry Clapp, American lawyer and politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Larry Clapp
    
    Larry Clapp was an American lawyer and politician.
2. Chuck Hagel, American sergeant and politician, 24th United States Secretary of Defense births
  1. Chuck Hagel
    
    Charles Timothy Hagel is an American military veteran and former politician who served as a United States senator from Nebraska from 1997 to 2009 and as the 24th United States secretary of defense from 2013 to 2015 in the Obama administration.
  2. United States Secretary of Defense
    
    The United States secretary of defense (SecDef) is the head of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the U.S. Armed Forces, and is a high ranking member of the federal cabinet. The secretary of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of the president of the United States, who is the commander-in-chief. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a defense minister in many other countries. The secretary of defense is appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council.
3. Michael Mullen, American admiral births
  1. Michael Mullen
    
    Michael Glenn Mullen is a retired United States Navy admiral, who served as the 17th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2007, to September 30, 2011.
4. Susan Sarandon, American actress and activist births
  1. Susan Sarandon
    
    Susan Abigail Sarandon is an American actor and activist. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, in addition to nominations for a Daytime Emmy Award, six Primetime Emmy Awards, and nine Golden Globe Awards. In 2002, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the film industry.
5. Barney Oldfield, American race car driver and actor (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Barney Oldfield
    
    Berna Eli "Barney" Oldfield was an American pioneer automobile racer; his "name was synonymous with speed in the first two decades of the 20th century".
1945
1. Clifton Davis, American singer-songwriter, actor, and minister births
  1. Clifton Davis
    
    Clifton Duncan Davis is an American actor, singer, songwriter, minister, and author.
1944
1. Colin Bundy, South African-English historian and academic births
  1. Colin Bundy
    
    Colin James Bundy is a South African historian, former principal of Green Templeton College, Oxford and former director of SOAS University of London. Bundy was an influential member of a generation of historians who substantially revised understanding of South African history. In particular, he wrote on South Africa's rural past from a predominantly Marxist perspective, but also deploying Africanist and underdevelopment theories. Since the mid-1990s, however, Bundy has held a series of posts in university administration. Bundy is also a trustee of the Canon Collins Educational & Legal Assistance Trust.
2. Rocío Dúrcal, Spanish singer and actress (d. 2006) births
  1. Rocío Dúrcal
    
    María de los Ángeles de las Heras Ortiz, better known professionally as Rocío Dúrcal, was a Spanish singer and actress. Widely successful in Mexico, she earned the sobriquet of Reina de las Rancheras.
3. Tony La Russa, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Tony La Russa
    
    Anthony La Russa Jr. is an American former professional baseball player, coach, and manager. His MLB career has spanned from 1963 to 2022, in several roles. He is the former manager of the St. Louis Cardinals, Oakland Athletics, and Chicago White Sox. In 33 years as a manager, La Russa guided his teams to three World Series titles, six league championships, and 13 division titles. His managerial total of 2,902 MLB wins is second only to Connie Mack's.
4. John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith, Scottish educator and politician births
  1. John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith
    
    John Francis McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith, is a Scottish politician, now the Lord Speaker having previously been Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords from 1 September 2016 to 30 April 2021. He was previously a Labour and Co-operative Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010, first for Dumbarton and then from 2005 for West Dunbartonshire. He also served as Chairman of the House of Commons Treasury Committee.
5. Al Smith, American lawyer and politician, 42nd Governor of New York (b. 1873) deaths
  1. Al Smith
    
    Alfred Emanuel Smith was an American politician who served four terms as Governor of New York and was the Democratic Party's candidate for president in 1928.
  2. Governor of New York
    
    The governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the New York Legislature, to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment and treason. The governor is the highest paid governor in the country.
1943
1. H. Rap Brown, American activist births
  1. H. Rap Brown
    
    Jamil Abdullah al-Amin, formerly known as H. Rap Brown, is a civil rights activist, black separatist, and convicted murderer who was the fifth chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the 1960s. During a short-lived alliance between SNCC and the Black Panther Party, he served as their minister of justice.
2. Owen Davidson, Australian tennis player births
  1. Owen Davidson
    
    Owen Keir Davidson is a former professional tennis player of the 1960s and 1970s.
3. Karl-Gustav Kaisla, Finnish ice hockey player and referee (d. 2012) births
  1. Karl-Gustav Kaisla
    
    Karl-Gustav Kaisla was a Finnish ice hockey referee. He officiated in three World Championships and in one Olympic Tournament.
4. Dietmar Mürdter, German footballer births
  1. Dietmar Mürdter
    
    Dietmar Mürdter is a former professional German footballer.
5. Jimy Williams, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Jimy Williams
    
    James Francis Williams is an American former professional baseball infielder, coach and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born in Santa Maria, California, and briefly appeared in two MLB seasons as a second baseman and shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals. After his playing career, he managed in the California Angels' minor league system before managing at the MLB level for the Toronto Blue Jays (1986–89), Boston Red Sox (1997–2001) and Houston Astros (2002–04), and was the American League Manager of the Year in 1999. He has also coached for Toronto, the Atlanta Braves and Philadelphia Phillies.
6. Irena Iłłakowicz, German-Polish lieutenant (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Irena Iłłakowicz
    
    Irena Morzycka-Iłłakowicz was a Polish second Lieutenant of the National Armed Forces and intelligence agent. The daughter of Bolesław Morzycki and Władysława Zakrzewska and the sister of Jerzy, she was also a polyglot who spoke seven languages: Polish, French, English, Persian, Finnish, German and Russian.
1942
1. Bernice Johnson Reagon, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Bernice Johnson Reagon
    
    Bernice Johnson Reagon is a song leader, composer, scholar, and social activist, who in the early 1960s was a founding member of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC) Freedom Singers in the Albany Movement in Georgia. In 1973, she founded the all-black female a cappella ensemble Sweet Honey in the Rock, based in Washington, D.C. Reagon, along with other members of the SNCC Freedom Singers, realized the power of collective singing to unify the disparate groups who began to work together in the 1964 Freedom Summer protests in the South."After a song", Reagon recalled, "the differences between us were not so great. Somehow, making a song required an expression of that which was common to us all.... This music was like an instrument, like holding a tool in your hand."
2. Karl W. Richter, American lieutenant and pilot (d. 1967) births
  1. Karl W. Richter
    
    Karl Wendell Richter was an officer in the United States Air Force and an accomplished fighter pilot during the Vietnam War. At the age of 23 he was the youngest pilot in that conflict to shoot down a MiG in air-to-air combat.
3. Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Icelandic politician, 24th Prime Minister of Iceland births
  1. Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir
    
    Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir is an Icelandic politician, who served as prime minister of Iceland from 2009 to 2013. She became active in the trade union movement, serving as an officer.
  2. Prime Minister of Iceland
    
    The prime minister of Iceland is Iceland's head of government. The prime minister is appointed formally by the president and exercises executive authority along with the cabinet subject to parliamentary support.
4. Christopher Stone, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1995) births
  1. Christopher Stone (actor)
    
    Christopher Stone was an American actor.
1941
1. Roy Blount Jr., American humorist and journalist births
  1. Roy Blount Jr.
    
    Roy Alton Blount Jr. is an American writer, speaker, reporter, and humorist.
2. Karen Cushman, American author births
  1. Karen Cushman
    
    Karen Cushman is an American writer of historical fiction.
3. Karl Oppitzhauser, Austrian race car driver births
  1. Karl Oppitzhauser
    
    Karl Oppitzhauser is a former racing driver from Austria. He is chiefly known for his optimistic attempt to enter the 1976 Formula One Austrian Grand Prix.
4. Frank Stagg, Irish Hunger Striker (d. 1976) births
  1. Frank Stagg (Irish republican)
    
    Frank Stagg was a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) hunger striker from County Mayo, Ireland who died in 1976 in Wakefield Prison, West Yorkshire, England after 62 days on hunger strike. Stagg was one of 22 Irish republicans to die on hunger strike in the twentieth century.
5. Robert Wilson, American director and playwright births
  1. Robert Wilson (director)
    
    Robert Wilson is an American experimental theater stage director and playwright who has been described by The New York Times as "[America]'s – or even the world's – foremost vanguard 'theater artist.'" He has also worked as a choreographer, performer, painter, sculptor, video artist, and sound and lighting designer.
1940
1. Vic Hadfield, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Vic Hadfield
    
    Victor Edward Hadfield is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played sixteen years in the National Hockey League (NHL), spending thirteen with the New York Rangers and three with the Pittsburgh Penguins.
2. Silvio Marzolini, Argentinian footballer and manager (d. 2020) births
  1. Silvio Marzolini
    
    Silvio Marzolini was an Argentine football player who gained recognition during his tenure on Boca Juniors (1960–72). He is widely regarded as the best Argentine left back of all time, playing that position for the Argentina national football team in the 1962 FIFA World Cup and the 1966 FIFA World Cup, where he was elected as the best left back of that tournament. Marzolini played a total of 28 games for Argentina.
3. Steve Swallow, American bass player and composer births
  1. Steve Swallow
    
    Steve Swallow is an American jazz bassist and composer, known for his collaborations with Jimmy Giuffre, Gary Burton, and Carla Bley. He was one of the first jazz double bassists to switch entirely to electric bass guitar.
4. Alberto Vilar, American businessman and philanthropist births
  1. Alberto Vilar
    
    Alberto Vilar, a.k.a. Albert Vilar was an American investment manager who became particularly known as a patron of opera companies, performing arts organizations, and educational institutions. Following the collapse of his investment firm, Amerindo Investment Advisors, he was tried and convicted in November 2008 on charges of money laundering, investment advisor fraud, securities fraud, mail and wire fraud. He was sentenced in February 2010 to nine years in prison and released in 2018.
1939
1. Ivan Mauger, New Zealand speedway rider (d. 2018) births
  1. Ivan Mauger
    
    Ivan Gerald Mauger was a New Zealand motorcycle speedway rider. He won a record six World Championships (Finals), a feat equalled only with the inclusion of the Speedway GP Championships by Tony Rickardsson of Sweden who won one World Final and five GP Championships. Mauger rode for several British teams – Wimbledon Dons, Newcastle Diamonds, Belle Vue Aces, Exeter Falcons, and the Hull Vikings. In 2010, Mauger was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.
1938
1. Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Kurt Wüthrich
    
    Kurt Wüthrich is a Swiss chemist/biophysicist and Nobel Chemistry laureate, known for developing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for studying biological macromolecules.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
2. Norman D. Wilson, American actor (d. 2004) births
  1. Norman D. Wilson (actor)
    
    Norman D. Wilson was an American actor. He appeared in Lethal Weapon 3 (1992), Always Outnumbered (1998) and The Stone Killer (1973). He died on December 9, 2004, in Los Angeles.
1937
1. Jackie Collins, English-American author and actress (d. 2015) births
  1. Jackie Collins
    
    Jacqueline Jill Collins was an English romance novelist and actress. She moved to Los Angeles in 1985 and spent most of her career there. She wrote 32 novels, all of which appeared on The New York Times bestsellers list. Her books have sold more than 500 million copies and have been translated into 40 languages. Eight of her novels have been adapted for the screen, either as films or television miniseries. She was the younger sister of Dame Joan Collins.
2. David Crocker, American philosopher and academic births
  1. David Crocker
    
    David A. Crocker, is Research Professor in the School of Public Policy, at the University of Maryland, he is also the founder and former president of the International Development Ethics Association (IDEA). His work has been cited by the United Nations Human Development Report.
3. Gail Gilmore, Canadian-American actress and dancer (d. 2014) births
  1. Gail Gilmore
    
    Gail Gilmore was a Canadian television and film actress and ballet dancer. She was from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She was sometimes known as Gail Gibson.
4. Lloyd Green, American steel guitar player births
  1. Lloyd Green
    
    Lloyd Lamar Green is an American steel guitarist noted for his extensive country music recording session career in Nashville performing on 116 No.1 country hits including Tammy Wynette's “D-I-V-O-R-C-E” (1968), Charlie Rich's “Behind Closed Doors” (1973), The Oak Ridge Boys’ “Elvira” (1981), and Alan Jackson's “Remember When” (2004). Green was a one of an inner circle of elite recording studio musicians known colloquially as the Nashville A-Team. In a career beginning in the mid 1960s and spanning a quarter-century, Green performed on more than 5000 recordings helping to create hits for scores of artists such as Charley Pride, The Byrds, Johnny Cash, The Monkees, Don Williams, Paul McCartney, Bob Dylan, and many others. His 1968 performance on the Byrds' landmark album Sweetheart of the Rodeo, influenced generations of non-mainstream country guitarists. He was featured on Ken Burns' Country Music documentary film in 2019. Green was inducted into the Steel Guitar Hall of Fame in 1988.
5. Jim Sillars, Scottish lawyer and politician births
  1. Jim Sillars
    
    James Sillars is a Scottish politician and campaigner for Scottish independence. Sillars served as a Labour Party MP for South Ayrshire from 1970 to 1976. He founded and led the pro-Scottish Home Rule Scottish Labour Party in 1976, continuing as MP for South Ayrshire until he lost the seat in 1979.
1936
1. Charlie Hurley, Irish footballer and manager births
  1. Charlie Hurley
    
    Charles John Hurley is an Irish former footballer who played mainly in the centre-half position. Hurley is best known for his long career at Sunderland, where he was named the Black Cats' "Player of the Century" by their fans on the occasion of the club's centenary in 1979. Nicknamed ' King', Hurley was a defender for both Sunderland and the Republic of Ireland. He ended his playing career at Bolton Wanderers and was later manager of Reading.
2. Giles Radice, Baron Radice, English politician (d. 2022) births
  1. Giles Radice
    
    Giles Heneage Radice, Baron Radice, was a British Labour politician and author. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1973 to 2001, representing part of County Durham, and then as a life peer in the House of Lords from 2001 until shortly before his death in 2022.
1935
1. Jean Béraud, French painter and academic (b. 1849) deaths
  1. Jean Béraud
    
    Jean Béraud was a French painter renowned for his numerous paintings depicting the life of Paris, and the nightlife of Paris society. Pictures of the Champs Elysees, cafés, Montmartre and the banks of the Seine are precisely detailed illustrations of everyday Parisian life during the "Belle Époque". He also painted religious subjects in a contemporary setting.
2. Marie Gutheil-Schoder, German soprano, actress, and director (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Marie Gutheil-Schoder
    
    Marie Gutheil-Schoder was an important German soprano.
1934
1. Sam Huff, American football player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2021) births
  1. Sam Huff
    
    Robert Lee "Sam" Huff was an American professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins. He played college football for West Virginia University. He was a member of both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the latter of which he became a member in 1982.
1933
1. German Moreno, Filipino television host and actor (d. 2016) births
  1. German Moreno
    
    German Molina Moreno, also known as Kuya Germs and "The Master Showman", was a Filipino television host, presenter, actor, comedian, talent manager, producer, writer, and director.
2. Ann Thwaite, English author births
  1. Ann Thwaite
    
    Ann Thwaite is a British writer who is the author of five major biographies. AA Milne: His Life was the Whitbread Biography of the Year, 1990. Edmund Gosse: A Literary Landscape was described by John Carey as "magnificent - one of the finest literary biographies of our time". Glimpses of the Wonderful about the life of Edmund Gosse's father, Philip Henry Gosse, was picked out by D. J. Taylor in The Independent as one of the "Ten Best Biographies" ever. Frances Hodgson Burnett was originally published (1974) as Waiting for the Party and reissued in 2020 with the title Beyond the Secret Garden, with a foreword by Jacqueline Wilson. Emily Tennyson, The Poet's Wife (1996) was reissued by Faber Finds for the Tennyson bicentenary in 2009.
1931
1. Terence Conran, English designer and businessman (d. 2020) births
  1. Terence Conran
    
    Sir Terence Orby Conran was an English designer, restaurateur, retailer and writer. He founded the Design Museum in Shad Thames, London in 1989 The British designer Thomas Heatherwick said that Conran "moved Britain forward to make it an influence around the world." Edward Barber, from the British design team Barber & Osgerby, described Conran as "the most passionate man in Britain when it comes to design, and his central idea has always been 'Design is there to improve your life.'" The satirist Craig Brown once joked that before Conran "there were no chairs and no France."
2. Basil D'Oliveira, South African-English cricketer and footballer (d. 2011) births
  1. Basil D'Oliveira
    
    Basil Lewis D'Oliveira CBE OIS was an England international cricketer of South African Cape Coloured background, whose potential selection by England for the scheduled 1968–69 tour of apartheid-era South Africa caused the D'Oliveira affair.
3. Richard Rorty, American philosopher and author (d. 2007) births
  1. Richard Rorty
    
    Richard McKay Rorty was an American philosopher. Educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University, he had strong interests and training in both the history of philosophy and in contemporary analytic philosophy. Rorty had a long and diverse academic career, including positions as Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University, Kenan Professor of Humanities at the University of Virginia, and Professor of Comparative literature at Stanford University. Among his most influential books are Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979), Consequences of Pragmatism (1982), and Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (1989).
1929
1. Scotty Beckett, American actor and singer (d. 1968) births
  1. Scotty Beckett
    
    Scott Hastings Beckett was an American actor. He began his career as a child actor in the Our Gang shorts and later costarred on Rocky Jones, Space Ranger.
2. John E. Mack, American psychiatrist and author (d. 2004) births
  1. John E. Mack
    
    John Edward Mack was an American psychiatrist, writer, and professor and the head of the department of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. In 1977, Mack won the Pulitzer Prize for his book A Prince of Our Disorder on T.E. Lawrence.
3. Leroy Van Dyke, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Leroy Van Dyke
    
    Leroy Frank Van Dyke is an American country music and honky-tonk singer and guitarist, best known for his hits "The Auctioneer" (1956) and "Walk on By" (1961).
1928
1. Alvin Toffler, German-American journalist and author (d. 2016) births
  1. Alvin Toffler
    
    Alvin Eugene Toffler was an American writer, futurist, and businessman known for his works discussing modern technologies, including the digital revolution and the communication revolution, with emphasis on their effects on cultures worldwide. He is regarded as one of the world's outstanding futurists.
2. Torben Ulrich, Danish-American tennis player births
  1. Torben Ulrich
    
    Torben Ulrich is a Danish writer, musician, filmmaker and former professional tennis player. He is the father of Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich.
1927
1. Wolf Kahn, American painter and academic (d. 2020) births
  1. Wolf Kahn
    
    Wolf Kahn was a German-born American painter.
1926
1. Raymond Watson, American businessman (d. 2012) births
  1. Raymond Watson
    
    Raymond "Ray" L. Watson was the former president of the Irvine Company, and served as chief planner during the 1960s and 1970s. He was also chairman of Walt Disney Productions from 1983 to 1984, and served on the Disney board from 1972 until March 2004.
1925
1. Roger Wood, Belgian-American journalist (d. 2012) births
  1. Roger Wood (journalist)
    
    Roger Wood was the editor of the Daily Express and New York Post.
1924
1. Donald J. Sobol, American soldier and author (d. 2012) births
  1. Donald J. Sobol
    
    Donald J. Sobol was an American writer best known for his children's books, especially the Encyclopedia Brown mystery series.
1923
1. Charlton Heston, American actor, director and gun rights activist (d. 2008) births
  1. Charlton Heston
    
    Charlton Heston was an American actor and political activist. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in almost 100 films over the course of 60 years. He played Moses in the epic film The Ten Commandments (1956), for which he received his first nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and the title role in Ben-Hur (1959), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. He also starred in The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), Secret of the Incas (1954), Touch of Evil (1958) with Orson Welles, The Big Country (1958), El Cid (1961), The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Khartoum (1966), Planet of the Apes (1968), The Omega Man (1971) and Soylent Green (1973).
1922
1. Malcolm Baldrige Jr., American businessman and politician, 26th United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 1987) births
  1. Malcolm Baldrige Jr.
    
    Howard Malcolm "Mac" Baldrige Jr. was an American businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until his death in 1987. He was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1988.
  2. United States Secretary of Commerce
    
    The United States secretary of commerce (SecCom) is the head of the United States Department of Commerce. The secretary serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all matters relating to commerce. The secretary reports directly to the president and is a statutory member of Cabinet of the United States. The secretary is appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. The secretary of commerce is concerned with promoting American businesses and industries; the department states its mission to be "to foster, promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce".
2. Shin Kyuk-ho, South Korean-Japanese businessman, founded Lotte Group (d. 2020) births
  1. Shin Kyuk-ho
    
    Shin Kyuk-ho, known in Japan as Takeo Shigemitsu, was a South Korean businessman known for being the founder of the South Korean-Japanese conglomerate Lotte Corporation, one of the largest chaebols in South Korea.
  2. Lotte Corporation
    
    Lotte Corporation is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation, and the fifth-largest chaebol in South Korea. Lotte began its history on June 28, 1948, by Korean businessman Shin Kyuk-ho in Tokyo. Shin expanded Lotte to his ancestral country, South Korea, with the establishment of Lotte Confectionery in Seoul on April 3, 1967.
3. Don Lenhardt, American baseball player and coach (d. 2014) births
  1. Don Lenhardt
    
    Donald Eugene Lenhardt was an American outfielder, first baseman, third baseman, scout and coach in American Major League Baseball. In his playing days, he stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall, weighed 195 pounds (88 kg), and threw and batted right-handed. He was nicknamed "Footsie" by teammates because he often had difficulty finding shoes that fit him properly.
1921
1. Stella Pevsner, American children's author (d. 2020) births
  1. Stella Pevsner
    
    Stella Pevsner was an American author of children's books and works of young adult literature published since the late 1960s.
1918
1. Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) births
  1. Kenichi Fukui
    
    Kenichi Fukui was a Japanese chemist, known as the first Asian person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1917
1. Violeta Parra, Chilean singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1967) births
  1. Violeta Parra
    
    Violeta del Carmen Parra Sandoval was a Chilean composer, singer-songwriter, folklorist, ethnomusicologist and visual artist. She pioneered the Nueva Canción Chilena, a renewal and a reinvention of Chilean folk music that would extend its sphere of influence outside Chile.
1916
1. Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009) births
  1. Vitaly Ginzburg
    
    Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, ForMemRS was a Russian physicist who was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003, together with Alexei Abrikosov and Anthony Leggett for their "pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids."
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. Jan Murray, American comedian, actor, and game show host (d. 2006) births
  1. Jan Murray
    
    Jan Murray was an American stand-up comedian, actor, and game-show host who originally made his name on the Borscht Belt and later was known for his frequent television appearances over several decades.
3. George Sidney, American director and producer (d. 2002) births
  1. George Sidney
    
    George Sidney was an American film director and producer who worked primarily at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His work includes cult classics Bye Bye Birdie (1963) and Viva Las Vegas (1964). With an extensive background in acting, stage direction, film editing, and music, Sidney created many of post-war Hollywood’s big budget musicals, such as Annie Get Your Gun (1950), Show Boat (1951), Kiss Me Kate (1953); Jupiter's Darling (1955), and Pal Joey (1957). He was also a president of the Screen Directors Guild for 16 years.
4. Ken Wood, inventor of the Kenwood Chef food mixer (d. 1997) births
  1. Ken Wood (manufacturer)
    
    Kenneth Wood was an English engineer, entrepreneur and businessman. He is best known as the founder of the Kenwood Manufacturing Company and for the development of the eponymous Kenwood Chef food mixer.
1914
1. Jim Cairns, Australian economist and politician, 4th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2003) births
  1. Jim Cairns
    
    James Ford Cairns was an Australian politician who was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s and 1970s, and was briefly Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister in the Whitlam government. He is best remembered as a leader of the movement against Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, for his affair with Junie Morosi and for his later renunciation of conventional politics. He was also an economist, and a prolific writer on economic and social issues, many of them self-published and self-marketed at stalls he ran across Australia after his retirement.
  2. Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
    
    The deputy prime minister of Australia is the deputy chief executive and the second highest ranking officer of the Australian Government. The office of deputy prime minister was officially created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968, although the title had been used informally for many years previously. The deputy prime minister is appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. When Australia has a Labor government, the deputy leader of the parliamentary party holds the position of deputy prime minister. When Australia has a Coalition government, the Coalition Agreement mandates that all Coalition members support the leader of the Liberal Party becoming prime minister and mandates that the leader of the National Party be selected as deputy prime minister.
2. Brendan Gill, American journalist and essayist (d. 1997) births
  1. Brendan Gill
    
    Brendan Gill was an American journalist. He wrote for The New Yorker for more than 60 years. Gill also contributed film criticism for Film Comment and wrote a popular book about his time at the New Yorker magazine.
1913
1. Martial Célestin, Haitian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Haiti (d. 2011) births
  1. Martial Célestin
    
    Martial Lavaud Célestin was named Prime Minister of Haïti by President Leslie Manigat in February 1988 under the provisions of the 1987 Constitution, and was approved by the Parliament that formed as a result of the January 17, 1988 elections. He was deposed by the coup that took place on June 20. He was born in Ganthier and was a lawyer by profession. Célestin died on February 4, 2011 at the age of 97.
  2. Prime Minister of Haiti
    
    The prime minister of Haiti is the head of government of Haiti. The office was created under the 1987 Constitution; previously, all executive power was held by the president or head of state, who appointed and chaired the Council of Ministers. The current prime minister of Haiti is Ariel Henry, who was sworn into office on 20 July 2021.
1911
1. Mary Two-Axe Earley, Canadian indigenous women's rights activist (d. 1996) births
  1. Mary Two-Axe Earley
    
    Mary Two-Axe Earley was a Mohawk and Oneida women's rights activist from the reserve of Kahnawake in Quebec, Canada. After losing her legal Indian status due to marrying a non-status man, Two-Axe Earley advocated for changes to the Indian Act, which had promoted gender discrimination and stripped First Nations women of the right to participate in the political and cultural life of their home reserves.
1910
1. Frankie Crosetti, American baseball player and coach (d. 2002) births
  1. Frankie Crosetti
    
    Frank Peter Joseph Crosetti was an American baseball shortstop. Nicknamed "The Crow", he spent his entire seventeen-year Major League Baseball playing career with the New York Yankees before becoming a coach with the franchise for an additional twenty seasons. As a player and third base coach for the Yankees, Crosetti was part of seventeen World Championship teams and 23 World Series participants overall (1932–1964), the most of any individual.
2. Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı, Turkish poet and author (d. 1956) births
  1. Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı
    
    Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı was a Turkish poet and author.
3. Sergey Muromtsev, Russian lawyer and politician (b. 1850) deaths
  1. Sergey Muromtsev
    
    Sergey Andreevich Muromtsev was a Russian lawyer and politician, and chairman of the First Imperial Duma in 1906.
1907
1. Alain Daniélou, French-Swiss historian and academic (d. 1994) births
  1. Alain Daniélou
    
    Alain Daniélou was a French historian, Indologist, intellectual, musicologist, translator, writer, and notable Western convert to and expert on the Shaivite sect of Hinduism.
1906
1. Mary Celine Fasenmyer, American mathematician (d. 1996) births
  1. Mary Celine Fasenmyer
    
    Mary Celine Fasenmyer, RSM was an American mathematician and Catholic religious sister. She is most noted for her work on hypergeometric functions and linear algebra.
1904
1. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor, designed the Statue of Liberty (b. 1834) deaths
  1. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi
    
    Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi was a French sculptor and painter. He is best known for designing Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty.
  2. Statue of Liberty
    
    The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.
2. Carl Josef Bayer, Austrian chemist and academic (b. 1847) deaths
  1. Carl Josef Bayer
    
    Carl Josef Bayer was an Austrian chemist who invented the Bayer process of extracting alumina from bauxite, essential to this day to the economical production of aluminium.
1903
1. Bona Arsenault, Canadian genealogist, historian, and politician (d. 1993) births
  1. Bona Arsenault
    
    Bona Arsenault, was a Canadian historian, genealogist and a federal and provincial politician.
2. John Vincent Atanasoff, American physicist and academic, invented the Atanasoff–Berry computer (d. 1995) births
  1. John Vincent Atanasoff
    
    John Vincent Atanasoff,, was an American physicist and inventor from mixed Bulgarian-Irish origin, best known for being credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer.
  2. Atanasoff–Berry computer
    
    The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer. Limited by the technology of the day, and execution, the device has remained somewhat obscure. The ABC's priority is debated among historians of computer technology, because it was neither programmable, nor Turing-complete. Conventionally, the ABC would be considered the first electronic ALU – which is integrated into every modern processor's design.
3. Pierre Garbay, French general (d. 1980) births
  1. Pierre Garbay
    
    Pierre Garbay was a French Army General.
4. Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Austrian-German lawyer and general (d. 1946) births
  1. Ernst Kaltenbrunner
    
    Ernst Kaltenbrunner was a high-ranking Austrian SS official during the Nazi era and a major perpetrator of the Holocaust. After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in 1942, and a brief period under Heinrich Himmler, Kaltenbrunner was the third Chief of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), which included the offices of Gestapo, Kripo and SD, from January 1943 until the end of World War II in Europe.
5. Otto Weininger, Austrian philosopher and author (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Otto Weininger
    
    Otto Weininger was an Austrian philosopher who lived in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1903, he published the book Geschlecht und Charakter, which gained popularity after his suicide at the age of 23. Parts of his work were adapted for use by the Nazi regime. Weininger had a strong influence on Ludwig Wittgenstein, August Strindberg, Julius Evola, and, via his lesser-known work Über die letzten Dinge, on James Joyce.
1900
1. August Mälk, Estonian author and playwright (d. 1987) births
  1. August Mälk
    
    August Mälk was an Estonian writer and politician.
1896
1. Dorothy Lawrence, English reporter, who secretly posed as a man to become a soldier during World War I (d. 1964) births
  1. Dorothy Lawrence
    
    Dorothy Lawrence was an English journalist who posed as a male soldier to report from the front line during World War I. In 1915, she went to France, where she managed to obtain a military uniform and a false identity. Upon her arrival in Albert, Somme, she found a soldier who took her to the front lines. However, trench life affected her health, and after ten days, she revealed her sex, afraid that if she needed medical attention her true identity would be discovered and those who helped her would be punished. She was arrested and interrogated, suspected of being a spy or a prostitute. She was then sent home under a strict agreement not to write about her experiences.
  2. Wartime cross-dressers
    
    Many people have engaged in cross-dressing during wartime under various circumstances and for various motives. This has been especially true of women, whether while serving as a soldier in otherwise all-male armies, while protecting themselves or disguising their identity in dangerous circumstances, or for other purposes.
  3. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
1895
1. Buster Keaton, American film actor, director, and producer (d. 1966) births
  1. Buster Keaton
    
    Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton was an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He is best known for his silent film work, in which his trademark was physical comedy accompanied by a stoic, deadpan expression that earned him the nickname "The Great Stone Face". Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton's "extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929" when he "worked without interruption" as having made him "the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies". In 1996, Entertainment Weekly recognized Keaton as the seventh-greatest film director, and in 1999 the American Film Institute ranked him as the 21st-greatest male star of classic Hollywood cinema.
2. Richard Sorge, German journalist and spy (d. 1944) births
  1. Richard Sorge
    
    Richard Sorge was a German-Azerbaijani journalist and Soviet military intelligence officer who was active before and during World War II and worked undercover as a German journalist in both Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. His codename was "Ramsay" (Рамза́й). A number of famous personalities considered him one of the most accomplished spies.
1892
1. Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian soldier and politician, 14th Federal Chancellor of Austria (d. 1934) births
  1. Engelbert Dollfuss
    
    Engelbert Dollfuss was an Austrian clerical fascist politician who served as Chancellor of Austria between 1932 and 1934. Having served as Minister for Forests and Agriculture, he ascended to Federal Chancellor in 1932 in the midst of a crisis for the conservative government. In early 1933, he dissolved parliament and assumed dictatorial powers. Suppressing the Socialist movement in February 1934 during the Austrian Civil War and later banning the Austrian Nazi Party, he cemented the rule of "Austrofascism" through the authoritarian First of May Constitution. Dollfuss was assassinated as part of a failed coup attempt by Nazi agents in 1934. His successor Kurt Schuschnigg maintained the regime until Adolf Hitler's annexation of Austria in 1938.
  2. Chancellor of Austria
    
    The chancellor of the Republic of Austria is the head of government of the Republic of Austria. The position corresponds to that of Prime Minister in several other parliamentary democracies.
2. Hermann Glauert, English aerodynamicist and author (d. 1934) births
  1. Hermann Glauert
    
    Hermann Glauert, FRS was a British aerodynamicist and Principal Scientific Officer of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough until his death in 1934.
3. Robert Lawson, American author and illustrator (d. 1957) births
  1. Robert Lawson (author)
    
    Robert Lawson was an American writer and illustrator of children's books. He won the Caldecott Medal for his illustrations in They Were Strong and Good in 1941 and the Newbery award for his short story for Rabbit Hill in 1945.
1890
1. Alan L. Hart, American physician and author (d. 1962) births
  1. Alan L. Hart
    
    Alan L. Hart was an American physician, radiologist, tuberculosis researcher, writer, and novelist.
2. Osman Cemal Kaygılı, Turkish writer and journalist (d. 1945) births
  1. Osman Cemal Kaygılı
    
    Osman Cemal Kaygılı was Turkish writer and journalist.
3. Catherine Booth, English theologian and saint, co-founded The Salvation Army (b. 1829) deaths
  1. Catherine Booth
    
    Catherine Booth was co-founder of The Salvation Army, along with her husband William Booth. Because of her influence in the formation of The Salvation Army she was known as the 'Mother of The Salvation Army'.
  2. The Salvation Army
    
    The Salvation Army (TSA) is a Protestant church and an international charitable organisation headquartered in London, England. The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.7 million, comprising soldiers, officers and adherents collectively known as Salvationists. Its founders sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute, and hungry by meeting both their "physical and spiritual needs". It is present in 133 countries, running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief, and humanitarian aid to developing countries.
1888
1. Lucy Tayiah Eads, American tribal chief (d. 1961) births
  1. Lucy Tayiah Eads
    
    Lucy Tayiah Eads or Cha-me (1888–1961) was elected the first female tribal chief of the Kaw Indians in 1922. She was the first chief of the Kaws since 1908.
2. Oscar Mathisen, Norwegian speed skater (d. 1954) births
  1. Oscar Mathisen
    
    Oscar Wilhelm Mathisen was a Norwegian speed skater and celebrity, almost rivalling Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen as symbols for a young nation. He represented Kristiania Skøiteklub.
1884
1. Ramchandra Shukla, Indian historian and author (d. 1941) births
  1. Ramchandra Shukla
    
    Ram Chandra Shukla, better known as Acharya Shukla, was an Indian historian of Hindi literature. He is regarded as the first codifier of the history of Hindi literature in a scientific system by using wide, empirical research with scant resources. As an author he is best known for Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihaas (1928–29).
1881
1. Walther von Brauchitsch, German field marshal (d. 1948) births
  1. Walther von Brauchitsch
    
    Walther Heinrich Alfred Hermann von Brauchitsch was a German field marshal and the Commander-in-Chief (Oberbefehlshaber) of the German Army during World War II. Born into an aristocratic military family, he entered army service in 1901. During World War I, he served with distinction on the corps-level and division-level staff on the Western Front.
1880
1. Damon Runyon, American newspaperman and short story writer. (d. 1946) births
  1. Damon Runyon
    
    Alfred Damon Runyon was an American newspaperman and short-story writer.
1879
1. Robert Edwards, American artist, musician, and writer (d. 1948) births
  1. Robert Edwards (artist)
    
    Robert Edwards was an American artist, musician, and writer, and a prominent figure among New York City's Greenwich Village in the 1920s and '30s. He was editor and publisher of the Greenwich Village Quill, and was known as the "Bard of Bohemia" and the "Village Troubadour" for his many songs he wrote and sang publicly.
1877
1. Razor Smith, English cricketer (d. 1946) births
  1. Razor Smith
    
    William Charles "Razor" Smith was a Surrey slow bowler. Nicknamed "Razor" because of his extreme thinness, Smith was a frail man and prone to serious injury; he could rarely get through a full season's cricket, but when fit and healthy, could command the sharpest off-break among bowlers of his day. He was also able to bowl a somewhat faster ball with a very high flight that turned a little from leg and, with any help from the pitch, would get up almost straight.
1876
1. Florence Eliza Allen, American mathematician and suffrage activist (d. 1960) births
  1. Florence Eliza Allen
    
    Florence Eliza Allen was an American mathematician and women's suffrage activist. In 1907 she became the second woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the fourth Ph.D. overall from that department.
1874
1. John Ellis, English executioner (d. 1932) births
  1. John Ellis (executioner)
    
    John Ellis was a British executioner for 23 years, from 1901 to 1924. His other occupations were as a Rochdale hairdresser and newsagent.
1871
1. Sarel Cilliers, South African spiritual leader and preacher (b. 1801) deaths
  1. Sarel Cilliers
    
    Charl (Sarel) Arnoldus Cilliers was a Voortrekker leader and a preacher. With Andries Pretorius, he led the Boers to a huge victory over the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838. In particular, Cilliers lead the Voortrekkers in a vow which promised that if God would protect them and deliver the enemy into their hands, they would build a church and commemorate the day of their victory as if it were an annual Sabbath day, which their descendants would also be instructed to honour.
1868
1. Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, Argentinian lawyer and politician, 20th President of Argentina (d. 1942) births
  1. Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear
    
    Máximo Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear Pacheco, was an Argentine lawyer and politician, who served as president of Argentina between from 1922 to 1928.
  2. President of Argentina
    
    The president of Argentina, officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national constitution, the president is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
1867
1. Francis Xavier Seelos, German-American priest and missionary (b. 1819) deaths
  1. Francis Xavier Seelos
    
    Francis Xavier Seelos, CSsR was a German Redemptorist who worked as a missionary in the United States frontier. Towards the end of his life, he went to New Orleans to minister to victims of yellow fever. He then died after contracting the disease.
1864
1. Joseph Montferrand, Canadian logger and strongman (b. 1802) deaths
  1. Joseph Montferrand
    
    Joseph "Jos" Montferrand was a French-Canadian logger, strongman, and folk hero of the working man and was the inspiration for the legendary Ottawa Valley figure Big Joe Mufferaw.
1862
1. Edward Stratemeyer, American author and publisher (d. 1930) births
  1. Edward Stratemeyer
    
    Edward L. Stratemeyer was an American publisher, writer of children's fiction, and founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate. He was one of the most prolific writers in the world, producing in excess of 1,300 books himself, selling in excess of 500 million copies. He also created many well-known fictional book series for juveniles, including The Rover Boys, The Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, The Hardy Boys, and Nancy Drew series, many of which sold millions of copies and remain in publication. On Stratemeyer's legacy, Fortune wrote: "As oil had its Rockefeller, literature had its Stratemeyer."
2. Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, sister-in-law of Vincent van Gogh, who is credited with promoting his posthumous fame (d. 1925). deaths
  1. Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
    
    Johanna (Jo) Gezina van Gogh-Bonger was a multilingual Dutch editor and translator of the letters of the van Gogh brothers. Sister-in-law of the painter Vincent van Gogh, and wife of his brother Theo van Gogh, art dealer.
  2. Vincent van Gogh
    
    Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history. In a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of which date from the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. Not commercially successful, he struggled with severe depression and poverty, eventually leading to his suicide at age thirty-seven.
1861
1. Walter Rauschenbusch, American pastor and theologian (d. 1918) births
  1. Walter Rauschenbusch
    
    Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918) was an American theologian and Baptist pastor who taught at the Rochester Theological Seminary. Rauschenbusch was a key figure in the Social Gospel and single tax movements that flourished in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was also the maternal grandfather of the influential philosopher Richard Rorty and the great-grandfather of Paul Raushenbush.
2. Frederic Remington, American painter, sculptor, and illustrator (d. 1909) births
  1. Frederic Remington
    
    Frederic Sackrider Remington was an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in the genre of Western American Art. His works are known for depicting the Western United States in the last quarter of the 19th century and featuring such images as cowboys, American Indians, and the US Cavalry.
1859
1. Karl Baedeker, German publisher, founded Baedeker (b. 1801) deaths
  1. Karl Baedeker
    
    Karl Ludwig Johannes Baedeker was a German publisher whose company, Baedeker, set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists.
  2. Baedeker
    
    Verlag Karl Baedeker, founded by Karl Baedeker on July 1, 1827, is a German publisher and pioneer in the business of worldwide travel guides. The guides, often referred to simply as "Baedekers", contain, among other things, maps and introductions; information about routes and travel facilities; and descriptions of noteworthy buildings, sights, attractions and museums, written by specialists.
1858
1. Léon Serpollet, French businessman (d. 1903) births
  1. Léon Serpollet
    
    Léon Serpollet was a French engineer and developer of flash steam boilers and steam automobiles.
1852
1. James Whitcomb, American lawyer and politician, 8th Governor of Indiana (b. 1795) deaths
  1. James Whitcomb
    
    James Whitcomb was a Democratic United States senator and the eighth governor of Indiana. As governor during the Mexican–American War, he oversaw the formation and deployment of the state's levies. He led the movement to replace the state constitution and played an important role at the convention to institute a law that prevented the government from taking loans in response the current fiscal crisis in Indiana. By skillfully guiding the state through its bankruptcy, Whitcomb is usually credited as being one of the most successful of Indiana's governors. He was elected to the United States Senate after his term as governor but died of kidney disease only three years later.
  2. Governor of Indiana
    
    The governor of Indiana is the head of government of the State of Indiana. The governor is elected to a four-year term and is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other statewide executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governor's Residence in the state capital of Indianapolis.
1851
1. Manuel Godoy, Spanish general and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1767) deaths
  1. Manuel Godoy
    
    Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Prince of the Peace, 1st Duke of Alcudia, 1st Duke of Sueca, 1st Baron of Mascalbó was First Secretary of State of Spain from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808. He received many titles, including that of príncipe de la Paz, by which he is widely known. Godoy is best known for his diplomacy with Napoleon. In 1804 Godoy was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  2. Prime Minister of Spain
    
    The prime minister of Spain, officially president of the Government, is the head of government of Spain. The office was established in its current form by the Constitution of 1978 and it was first regulated in 1823 as a chairmanship of the extant Council of Ministers, although it is not possible to determine when it actually originated.
1843
1. Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas, Palestinian nun and Catholic Saint (d. 1927) births
  1. Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas
    
    Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas was a Palestinian Christian nun who founded the Dominican Sisters of the Most Holy Rosary of Jerusalem, the first Palestinian congregation. She was beatified by Archbishop Angelo Amato on behalf of Pope Benedict XVI in 2009.
  2. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
1841
1. Prudente de Morais, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Brazil (d. 1912) births
  1. Prudente de Morais
    
    Prudente José de Morais e Barros was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who was the third president of Brazil. He is notable as the first civilian president of the country, the first to be elected by direct popular ballot under the permanent provisions of Brazil's 1891 Constitution, and the first to serve his term in its entirety. His presidency, which lasted from 15 November 1894 until 14 November 1898, was marked by the War of Canudos, a peasant revolt in the northeast of the country that was crushed by the Brazilian Army. He also had to face a break in diplomatic relations with Portugal that was successfully mediated by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
  2. President of Brazil
    
    The president of Brazil, officially the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces.
2. Maria Sophie of Bavaria (d. 1925) births
  1. Maria Sophie of Bavaria
    
    Maria Sophie Amalie, Duchess in Bavaria was the last Queen consort of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. She was one of the ten children of Maximilian Joseph, Duke in Bavaria and Princess Ludovika of Bavaria. She was born as Duchess Maria Sophia in Bavaria. She was the younger sister of the better-known Elisabeth of Bavaria ("Sisi") who married Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.
1837
1. Auguste-Réal Angers, Canadian judge and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (d. 1919) births
  1. Auguste-Réal Angers
    
    Sir Auguste-Réal Angers was a Canadian judge and parliamentarian, holding seats both as a member of the House of Commons of Canada, and as a Senator. He was born in 1837 probably in Quebec City and died in Westmount, Quebec, in 1919.
  2. Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
    
    The lieutenant governor of Quebec is the viceregal representative in Quebec of the Canadian monarch, King Charles III, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada, as well as the other Commonwealth realms and any subdivisions thereof, and resides predominantly in his oldest realm, the United Kingdom. The lieutenant governor of Quebec is appointed in the same manner as the other provincial viceroys in Canada and is similarly tasked with carrying out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties. The present and 29th lieutenant governor of Quebec is J. Michel Doyon, who has served in the role since September 24, 2015.
1836
1. Juliette Adam, French author (d. 1936) births
  1. Juliette Adam
    
    Juliette Adam was a French author and feminist.
1835
1. Jenny Twitchell Kempton, American opera singer and educator (d. 1921) births
  1. Jenny Twitchell Kempton
    
    Jane Elizabeth Kempton was an American contralto opera solo singer who had an active career spanning over fifty years starting in 1850. She sang in hundreds of performances across the United States and Europe during her long career.
1827
1. Grigorios Zalykis, Greek-French lexicographer and scholar (b. 1785) deaths
  1. Grigorios Zalykis
    
    Grigorios Zalykis was a Greek scholar, writer and diplomat. He was the founder of the "Greek-speaking Hotel", a secret organization established in Paris in 1809 to assist Greeks against Ottoman rule.
1822
1. Rutherford B. Hayes, American general, lawyer, and politician, 19th President of the United States (d. 1893) births
  1. Rutherford B. Hayes
    
    Rutherford Birchard Hayes was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio. Before the American Civil War, Hayes was a lawyer and staunch abolitionist who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings. He served in the Union Army and the House of Representatives before assuming the presidency. His presidency represents a turning point in U.S. history, as historians consider it the formal end of Reconstruction. Hayes, a prominent member of the Republican "Half-Breed" faction, placated both Southern Democrats and Whiggish Republican businessmen by ending the federal government's involvement in attempting to bring racial equality in the South.
  2. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
1821
1. John Rennie the Elder, Scottish engineer, designed the Waterloo Bridge (b. 1761) deaths
  1. John Rennie the Elder
    
    John Rennie FRSE FRS was a Scottish civil engineer who designed many bridges, canals, docks and warehouses, and a pioneer in the use of structural cast-iron.
  2. Waterloo Bridge
    
    Waterloo Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges. Its name commemorates the victory of the British, Dutch and Prussians at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the bridge offers good views of Westminster, the South Bank and the London Eye to the west, and of the City of London and Canary Wharf to the east.
1814
1. Jean-François Millet, French painter and educator (d. 1875) births
  1. Jean-François Millet
    
    Jean-François Millet was a French artist and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his paintings of peasant farmers and can be categorized as part of the Realism art movement. Toward the end of his career, he became increasingly interested in painting pure landscapes. He is known best for his oil paintings but is also noted for his pastels, conte crayon drawings, and etchings.
1807
1. Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, Canadian lawyer and politician, 2nd Premier of Canada East (d. 1864) births
  1. Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine
    
    Sir Louis-Hippolyte Ménard dit La Fontaine, 1st Baronet, KCMG was a Canadian politician who served as the first Premier of the United Province of Canada and the first head of a responsible government in Canada. He was born in Boucherville, Lower Canada in 1807. A jurist and statesman, La Fontaine was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada in 1830. He was a supporter of Papineau and member of the Parti canadien. After the severe consequences of the Rebellions of 1837 against the British authorities, he advocated political reforms within the new Union regime of 1841.
  2. List of joint premiers of the Province of Canada
    
    This is a list of the joint premiers of the Province of Canada, who were the heads of government of the Province of Canada from the 1841 unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada until Confederation in 1867.
1793
1. Charles Pearson, English lawyer and politician (d. 1862) births
  1. Charles Pearson
    
    Charles Pearson was a British lawyer and politician. He was solicitor to the City of London, a reforming campaigner, and – briefly – Member of Parliament for Lambeth. He campaigned against corruption in jury selection, for penal reform, for the abolition of capital punishment, and for universal suffrage.
1787
1. François Guizot, French historian and politician, 22nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1874) births
  1. François Guizot
    
    François Pierre Guillaume Guizot was a French historian, orator, and statesman. Guizot was a dominant figure in French politics prior to the Revolution of 1848.
  2. Prime Minister of France
    
    The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
1768
1. Francisco José de Caldas, Colombian naturalist, executed by royalists in the war of independence (d. 1816) births
  1. Francisco José de Caldas
    
    Francisco José de Caldas was a Colombian lawyer, military engineer, self-taught naturalist, mathematician, geographer and inventor, who was executed by orders of Pablo Morillo during the Spanish American Reconquista for being a forerunner of the fight for the independence of New Granada. Arguably the first Colombian scientist, he is often nicknamed "El Sabio".
1759
1. Louis François Antoine Arbogast, French mathematician and academic (d. 1803) births
  1. Louis François Antoine Arbogast
    
    Louis François Antoine Arbogast was a French mathematician. He was born at Mutzig in Alsace and died at Strasbourg, where he was professor. He wrote on series and the derivatives known by his name: he was the first writer to separate the symbols of operation from those of quantity, introducing systematically the operator notation DF for the derivative of the function F. In 1800, he published a calculus treatise where the first known statement of what is currently known as Faà di Bruno's formula appears, 55 years before the first published paper of Francesco Faà di Bruno on that topic.
1749
1. Baron Franz von der Trenck, Austrian soldier (b. 1711) deaths
  1. Baron Franz von der Trenck
    
    Baron Franz von der Trenck was an Austrian soldier.
1747
1. Amaro Pargo, Spanish corsair (b. 1678) deaths
  1. Amaro Pargo
    
    Amaro Rodríguez-Felipe y Tejera Machado, better known as Amaro Pargo, was a famous Spanish corsair. He was one of the most renowned corsairs in Spain of the Golden Age of Piracy.
1743
1. John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish commander and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Surrey (b. 1678) deaths
  1. John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll
    
    Field Marshal John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, 1st Duke of Greenwich,, styled Lord Lorne from 1680 to 1703, was a Scottish nobleman and senior commander in the British Army. He served on the continent in the Nine Years' War and fought at the Battle of Kaiserwerth during the War of the Spanish Succession. He went on to serve as a brigade commander during the later battles of the War of the Spanish Succession. Next he was given command of all British forces in Spain at the instigation of the Harley Ministry; after conducting a successful evacuation of the troops from Spain, he became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland. During the Jacobite Rebellion, he led the government army against the Jacobites led by the Earl of Mar at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. He went on to serve as Lord Steward and then Master-General of the Ordnance under the Walpole–Townshend Ministry.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Surrey
    
    This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Surrey. Since 1737, all Lords Lieutenant have also been Custos Rotulorum of Surrey.
1723
1. Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist and author (d. 1798) births
  1. Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus
    
    Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus was an Austrian entomologist. In his branch of natural history, the short name Poda refers to him.
1720
1. Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian sculptor and illustrator (d. 1778) births
  1. Giovanni Battista Piranesi
    
    Giovanni Battista Piranesi was an Italian Classical archaeologist, architect, and artist, famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric "prisons". He was the father of Francesco Piranesi, Laura Piranesi and Pietro Piranesi.
1694
1. Lord George Murray, Scottish Jacobite General (d. 1760) births
  1. George Murray (general)
    
    Lord George Murray, sixth son of John Murray, 1st Duke of Atholl, was a Scottish nobleman and soldier who took part in the Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1719 and played a senior role in that of 1745.
1680
1. Pierre-Paul Riquet, French engineer, designed the Canal du Midi (b. 1609) deaths
  1. Pierre-Paul Riquet
    
    Pierre-Paul Riquet, Baron de Bonrepos was the engineer and canal-builder responsible for the construction of the Canal du Midi.
  2. Canal du Midi
    
    The Canal du Midi is a 240 km (150 mi) long canal in Southern France. Originally named the Canal royal en Languedoc and renamed by French revolutionaries to Canal du Midi in 1789, the canal is considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century.
1669
1. Rembrandt, Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1606) deaths
  1. Rembrandt
    
    Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history.
1661
1. Jacqueline Pascal, French nun and composer (b. 1625) deaths
  1. Jacqueline Pascal
    
    Jacqueline Pascal, sister of Blaise Pascal, was born at Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France.
1660
1. Francesco Albani, Italian painter (b. 1578) deaths
  1. Francesco Albani
    
    Francesco Albani or Albano was an Italian Baroque painter who was active in Bologna (1591–1600), Rome (1600–1609), Bologna (1609), Viterbo (1609–1610), Bologna (1610), Rome (1610–1617), Bologna (1618–1660), Mantova (1621–1622), Roma (1623–1625) and Florence (1633).
1657
1. Francesco Solimena, Italian painter and illustrator (d. 1747) births
  1. Francesco Solimena
    
    Francesco Solimena was a prolific Italian painter of the Baroque era, one of an established family of painters and draughtsmen.
1646
1. Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English courtier and politician, Earl Marshal of the United Kingdom (b. 1586) deaths
  1. Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel
    
    Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel KG, was a prominent English courtier during the reigns of King James I and King Charles I, but he made his name as a Grand Tourist and art collector rather than as a politician. When he died he possessed 700 paintings, along with large collections of sculptures, books, prints, drawings, and antique jewellery. Most of his collection of marble carvings, known as the Arundel marbles, was eventually left to the University of Oxford.
  2. Earl Marshal
    
    Earl marshal is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England. He is the eighth of the great officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the lord high constable and above the lord high admiral. The dukes of Norfolk have held the office since 1672.
1633
1. Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714) births
  1. Bernardino Ramazzini
    
    Bernardino Ramazzini was an Italian physician.
1626
1. Richard Cromwell, English academic and politician, Lord Protector of Great Britain (d. 1712) births
  1. Richard Cromwell
    
    Richard Cromwell was an English statesman who was the second and last Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and son of the first Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell.
  2. Lord Protector
    
    Lord Protector was a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It was sometimes used to refer to holders of other temporary posts; for example, a regent acting for the absent monarch.
1625
1. Jacqueline Pascal, French nun and composer (d. 1661) births
  1. Jacqueline Pascal
    
    Jacqueline Pascal, sister of Blaise Pascal, was born at Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France.
1597
1. Sarsa Dengel, Ethiopian emperor (b. 1550) deaths
  1. Sarsa Dengel
    
    Sarsa Dengel, also known as Sarsa the Great, was Emperor of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. His throne name was throne name Malak Sagad I.
1585
1. Anna of Tyrol, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1618) births
  1. Anna of Tyrol
    
    Anna of Tyrol was by birth an Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Queen of Hungary.
1582
1. Teresa of Ávila, Spanish nun and saint (b. 1515) deaths
  1. Teresa of Ávila
    
    Teresa of Ávila, OCD, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, was a Spanish Carmelite nun and prominent Spanish mystic and religious reformer.
1579
1. Guido Bentivoglio, Italian cardinal (d. 1644) births
  1. Guido Bentivoglio
    
    Guido Bentivoglio d'Aragona was an Italian cardinal, statesman and historian.
1570
1. Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and philosopher (d. 1637) births
  1. Péter Pázmány
    
    Péter Pázmány de Panasz, S.J., was a Hungarian Jesuit who was a noted philosopher, theologian, cardinal, pulpit orator and statesman. He was an important figure in the Counter-Reformation in Royal Hungary.
1562
1. Christen Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer and author (d. 1647) births
  1. Christen Sørensen Longomontanus
    
    Christen Sørensen Longomontanus was a Danish astronomer.
1550
1. Charles IX of Sweden (d. 1611) births
  1. Charles IX of Sweden
    
    Charles IX, also Carl, reigned as King of Sweden from 1604 until his death. He was the youngest son of King Gustav I and of his second wife, Margaret Leijonhufvud, the brother of King Eric XIV and of King John III, and the uncle of Sigismund, who became king both of Sweden and of Poland. By his father's will Charles received, by way of appanage, the Duchy of Södermanland, which included the provinces of Närke and Värmland; but he did not come into actual possession of them till after the fall of Eric and the succession to the throne of John in 1568.
1542
1. Robert Bellarmine, Italian cardinal and saint (d. 1621) births
  1. Robert Bellarmine
    
    Robert Bellarmine, SJ was an Italian Jesuit and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was canonized a saint in 1930 and named Doctor of the Church, one of only 37. He was one of the most important figures in the Counter-Reformation.
1532
1. Francisco de Toledo, Catholic cardinal (d. 1596) births
  1. Francisco de Toledo (Jesuit)
    
    Francisco de Toledo was a Spanish Jesuit priest and theologian, Biblical exegete and professor at the Roman College. He is the first Jesuit to have been made a cardinal.
1524
1. Francisco Vallés, Spanish physician (d. 1592) births
  1. Francisco Vallés
    
    Francisco Valles also known as Divino Valles Covarrubias, 4 October 1524 – Burgos, 20 September 1592) was a Spanish physician, the best example of the medical Renaissance in Spain.
1522
1. Gabriele Paleotti, Catholic cardinal (d. 1597) births
  1. Gabriele Paleotti
    
    Gabriele Paleotti was an Italian cardinal and Archbishop of Bologna. He was a significant figure in, and source about, the later sessions of the Council of Trent, and much later a candidate for the papacy in 1590, and is now mostly remembered for his De sacris et profanis imaginibus (1582), setting out the Counter-Reformation church's views on the proper role and content of art.
1515
1. Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (d. 1586) births
  1. Lucas Cranach the Younger
    
    Lucas Cranach the Younger was a German Renaissance painter and portraitist, the son of Lucas Cranach the Elder and brother of Hans Cranach.
1507
1. Francis Bigod, English noble (d. 1537) births
  1. Francis Bigod
    
    Sir Francis Bigod was an English nobleman who was the leader of Bigod's Rebellion.
1497
1. John, Prince of Asturias, only son of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (b. 1478) deaths
  1. John, Prince of Asturias
    
    John, Prince of Asturias and Girona, was the only son of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, and heir-apparent to both their thrones for nearly his entire life.
  2. Ferdinand II of Aragon
    
    Ferdinand II, also called Ferdinand the Catholic, was King of Aragon and Sardinia from 1479, King of Sicily from 1468, King of Naples from 1504 and King of Navarre from 1512 until his death in 1516. He was also the nominal Duke of the ancient Duchies of Athens and Neopatria. He was King of Castile and León from 1475 to 1504, alongside his wife Queen Isabella I. From 1506 to 1516, he was the Regent of the Crown of Castile, making him the effective ruler of Castile. From 1511 to 1516, he styled himself as Imperator totius Africa after having conquered Tlemcen and making the Zayyanid Sultan, Abu Abdallah V, his vassal. He was also the Grandmaster of the Spanish Military Orders of Santiago (1499-1516), Calatrava (1487-1516), Alcantara (1492-1516) and Montesa (1499-1516), after he permanently annexed them into the Spanish Crown. He reigned jointly with Isabella over a dynastically unified Spain; together they are known as the Catholic Monarchs. Ferdinand is considered the de facto first King of Spain, and was described as such during his reign.
  3. Isabella I of Castile
    
    Isabella I, also called Isabella the Catholic, was Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, as well as Queen consort of Aragon from 1479 until 1504 by virtue of her marriage to King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Reigning together over a dynastically unified Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand are known as the Catholic Monarchs.
1379
1. Henry III of Castile (d. 1406) births
  1. Henry III of Castile
    
    Henry III of Castile, called the Suffering due to ill health, was the son of John I and Eleanor of Aragon. He succeeded his father as King of Castile in 1390.
1361
1. John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray, English baron (b. 1310) deaths
  1. John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray
    
    John (II) de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray was the only son of John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray, by his first wife, Aline de Brewes, daughter of William de Braose, 2nd Baron Braose. He was born in Hovingham, Yorkshire.
1331
1. James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond, Irish politician, Lord Justice of Ireland (d. 1382) births
  1. James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond
    
    James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond was a noble in the Peerage of Ireland. He was Lord Justice of Ireland in 1359, 1364, and 1376, and a dominant political leader in Ireland in the 1360s and 1370s.
  2. Lords Justices of Ireland
    
    The Lords Justices were deputies who acted collectively in the absence of the chief governor of Ireland as head of the executive branch of the Dublin Castle administration. Lords Justices were sworn in at a meeting of the Privy Council of Ireland.
1305
1. Emperor Kameyama of Japan (b. 1249) deaths
  1. Emperor Kameyama
    
    Emperor Kameyama was the 90th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1260 through 1274.
1289
1. Louis X of France (d. 1316) births
  1. Louis X of France
    
    Louis X, known as the Quarrelsome, was King of France from 1314 and King of Navarre as Louis I from 1305 until his death. He emancipated serfs who could buy their freedom and readmitted Jews into the kingdom. His short reign in France was marked by tensions with the nobility, due to fiscal and centralisation reforms initiated during the reign of his father by Grand Chamberlain Enguerrand de Marigny.
1276
1. Margaret of Brabant (d. 1311) births
  1. Margaret of Brabant
    
    Margaret of Brabant, was the daughter of John I, Duke of Brabant and Margaret of Flanders. She was the wife of Henry, Count of Luxembourg, and after his election as King of Germany in 1308, she became Queen of Germany.
1274
1. Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1319) births
  1. Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria
    
    Rudolf I of Bavaria, called "the Stammerer", a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1294 until 1317.
1250
1. Herman VI, Margrave of Baden (b. 1226) deaths
  1. Herman VI, Margrave of Baden
    
    Herman VI was Margrave of Baden and titular margrave of Verona from 1243 until his death.
1227
1. Caliph al-Adil of Morocco deaths
  1. Abdallah al-Adil
    
    Abu Muhammad ʿAbdallah 'al-ʿAdil' was an Almohad Caliph, a former governor in al-Andalus who challenged and secured the murder of his predecessor, Abd al-Wahid I. His 1224 coup ushered in a period of instability that lasted well beyond his own death in 1227. He is often regarded as one of the most disastrous of Almohad caliphs. His coup divided the Almohads and set in motion the loss of al-Andalus and the eventual collapse of the Almohad state.
1221
1. William IV Talvas, Count of Ponthieu (b. 1179) deaths
  1. William IV, Count of Ponthieu
    
    William IV Talvas was William III, Count of Ponthieu and William IV. He was Count of Ponthieu, ruler of a small province in northern France that fell under the suzerainty of the dukes of Normandy since at least the mid 11th century. He was son and heir of John I, Count of Ponthieu by his third wife Beatrice de St Pol.
1189
1. Gerard de Ridefort, Grand Master of the Knights Templar deaths
  1. Gerard of Ridefort
    
    Gérard de Ridefort, also called Gerard de Ridefort, was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of 1184 and until his death in 1189.
  2. List of grand masters of the Knights Templar
    
    The grand master of the Knights Templar was the supreme commander of the holy order, starting with founder Hugues de Payens in 1118. Some held the office for life while others resigned life in monasteries or diplomacy. Grand masters often led their knights into battle on the front line and the numerous occupational hazards of battle made some tenures very short.
1160
1. Alys, Countess of the Vexin, daughter of Louis VII of France (d. c. 1220) births
  1. Alys of France, Countess of Vexin
    
    Alys of France, Countess of Vexin was a French princess, the daughter of Louis VII, King of France and his second wife, Constance of Castile.
  2. Louis VII of France
    
    Louis VII, called the Younger, or the Young, was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI and married Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the Capetian lands to the Pyrenees.
  3. 1220
    
    Year 1220 (MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
2. Constance of Castile, Queen of France (b. 1141) deaths
  1. Constance of Castile
    
    Constance of Castile was Queen of France as the second wife of Louis VII, who married her following the annulment of his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was a daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Berengaria of Barcelona, but her year of birth is not known.
1052
1. Vladimir of Novgorod (b. 1020) deaths
  1. Vladimir of Novgorod
    
    Vladimir Yaroslavich reigned as prince of Novgorod from 1036 until his death. He was the eldest son of Yaroslav I the Wise of Kiev by Ingigerd, daughter of king Olof Skötkonung of Sweden.
863
1. Turpio, Frankish nobleman deaths
  1. Turpio
    
    Turpio was a Count of Angoulême in the Frankish empire. The sources are contradictory concerning the date of his appointment as count and his allegiance, but they agree that he died trying to fend off a raid by the Vikings.
  2. Nobility
    
    Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristics associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles or simply formal functions, and vary by country and by era. Membership in the nobility, including rights and responsibilities, is typically hereditary and patrilineal.
744
1. Yazid III, Umayyad caliph (b. 701) deaths
  1. Yazid III
    
    Yazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik usually known simply as Yazid III was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744, and he reigned until his death.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Amun
1. Saint Amun
  
  Ammon, Amun, Ammonas, Amoun (Ἀμοῦν), or Ammonius the Hermit was a 4th-century Christian ascetic and the founder of one of the most celebrated monastic communities in Egypt. He was subsequently declared a saint. He was one of the most venerated ascetics of the Nitrian Desert, and Athanasius of Alexandria mentions him in his life of Anthony the Great.
Christian feast day: Francis of Assisi
1. Francis of Assisi
  
  Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, better known as Saint Francis of Assisi, was a mystic Italian Catholic friar, founder of the Franciscans, and one of the most venerated figures in Christianity. He was inspired to lead a life of poverty and itinerant preaching. Pope Gregory IX canonized him on 16 July 1228. He is usually depicted in a robe with a rope as belt.
Christian feast day: Petronius of Bologna
1. Petronius of Bologna
  
  Saint Petronius was bishop of Bologna during the fifth century. He is a patron saint of the city. Born of a noble Roman family, he became a convert to Christianity and subsequently a priest. As bishop of Bologna, he built the Church of Santo Stefano.
Christian feast day: October 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. October 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  October 3 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 5
Cinnamon Roll Day (Sweden and Finland)
1. List of food days
  
  This is a list of food days by country. Many countries have designated specific days as celebrations, commemorations, or acknowledgments of certain types of food and drink.
2. Sweden
  
  Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country in Scandinavia. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge–tunnel across the Öresund. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the largest Nordic country, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the fifth-largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.5 million, and a low population density of 25.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (66/sq mi), with around 87% of Swedes residing in urban areas in the central and southern half of the country.
3. Finland
  
  Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
Day of Peace and Reconciliation (Mozambique)
1. Public holidays in Mozambique
2. Mozambique
  
  Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Lesotho from the United Kingdom in 1966.
1. Public holidays in Lesotho
  
  This is a list of holidays in Lesotho.January 1: New Year's Day March 11: Moshoeshoe's Day March 29: Good Friday April 1: Easter Monday May 1: Workers' Day May 10: Ascension Day May 25: Africa Day July 17: King's Birthday October 4: Independence Day December 25: Christmas Day December 26: Boxing Day
2. Lesotho
  
  Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked as an enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the highest mountains in Southern Africa. It has an area of over 30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) and has a population of about 2 million.
The beginning of World Space Week (International)
1. World Space Week
  
  World Space Week (WSW) is an annual holiday observed from October 4 to 10 in over 95 nations throughout the world. World Space Week is officially defined as "an international celebration of science and technology, and their contribution to the betterment of the human condition". World Space week is organized every year by coordination of the World Space Week Association (WSWA) and the United Nations (UN).
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
World Animal Day
1. World Animal Day
  
  World Animal Day is an international day of action for animal rights and welfare celebrated annually on October 4, the feast day of Francis of Assisi, the patron saint of animals.

Important events in history on October 4 th

Events

Alain Aspect

John Clauser

Anton Zeilinger

Nobel Prize in Physics

Bubba Wallace

NASCAR

United States Army Special Forces

Tongo Tongo ambush

Islamic State in the Greater Sahara

Tongo Tongo

Ajka alumina plant accident

WikiLeaks

SpaceShipOne

Maxim restaurant suicide bombing

Haifa

Maxim restaurant suicide bombing

Siberia Airlines Flight 1812

October 1997 Loomis Fargo robbery

Battle of Mogadishu (1993)

United Nations peacekeeping

1993 Russian constitutional crisis

Rome General Peace Accords

El Al Flight 1862

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Free Software Foundation

Richard Noble

Omar Ali Saifuddien III

Basutoland

Pope Paul VI

Hurricane Flora

Eastern Air Lines Flight 375

Constitution of France

Soviet space program

Sputnik 1

Baikonur Cosmodrome

Sputnik 1

Willie Gillis

Norman Rockwell

The Saturday Evening Post

Willie Gillis

The Saturday Evening Post

Metropolitan Police

Battle of Cable Street

Gutzon Borglum

Mount Rushmore

Great Syrian Revolt

Fawzi al-Qawuqji

1925 Hama uprising

Hama

Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

Great Syrian Revolt

Fawzi al-Qawuqji

1925 Hama uprising

Hama

Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

Finnish torpedo boat S2

S-class torpedo boat

Torpedo boat

Pori

Gulf of Bothnia

Mannerheim League for Child Welfare

Non-governmental organization

Sophie Mannerheim

Sayreville, New Jersey

T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion

T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion

World War I

Allies of World War I

Battle of Broodseinde

4th Army (German Empire)

World War I

Battle of Broodseinde

Horace Rawlins

Orient Express

Boys' Brigade

Texas A&M University

Texas A&M University

Union Army

Important events in history
on October 4 ^th