Important events in history
on October 26 ^th

Events

2017
1. At a level crossing of the Hanko–Hyvinkää railway line, a passenger train collides with an off-road truck of the Nyland Brigade in Raseborg, Finland; four people die and 11 are injured.
  1. Hanko–Hyvinkää railway
    
    The Hanko–Hyvinkää Railroad, 1872–1875, was Finland's first privately funded railway.
  2. Nyland Brigade
    
    The Nyland Brigade, officially Nylands Brigad (NylBr) in Swedish, Finnish: Uudenmaan Prikaati (UudPr), is a brigade-level marine-type unit of the Finnish Navy stationed in Dragsvik in Raseborg in the province of Uusimaa. The Brigade trains Coastal Jaegers and other troops for combat in coastal environments. It is the only unit of the Finnish Defence Forces where the instruction language is Swedish, the country's other official language. The command language is, however, Finnish.
  3. Raseborg
    
    Raseborg is a town and municipality of Finland. It was created on January 1, 2009, when the municipalities of Ekenäs, Karis and Pohja were consolidated into a single town. Of these, Ekenäs now serves as the administrative center of Raseborg.
  4. Finland
    
    Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
2015
1. A 7.5 magnitude earthquake strikes in the Hindu Kush mountain range in South Asia, killing 399 people and leaving 2,536 people injured.
  1. October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake
    
    The October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake was a magnitude 7.5 earthquake that struck South Asia on 26 October 2015, at 13:39 AFT with the epicenter 45 km north of Kuran wa Munjan, Afghanistan, at a depth of 212.5 km.
  2. Hindu Kush
    
    The Hindu Kush is an 800-kilometre-long (500 mi) mountain range in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas. It stretches from central and western Afghanistan into northwestern Pakistan and far southeastern Tajikistan. The range forms the western section of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region (HKH); to the north, near its northeastern end, the Hindu Kush buttresses the Pamir Mountains near the point where the borders of China, Pakistan and Afghanistan meet, after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border. The eastern end of the Hindu Kush in the north merges with the Karakoram Range. Towards its southern end, it connects with the Spin Ghar Range near the Kabul River. It divides the valley of the Amu Darya to the north from the Indus River valley to the south. The range has numerous high snow-capped peaks, with the highest point being Tirich Mir or Terichmir at 7,708 metres (25,289 ft) in the Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
  3. South Asia
    
    South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian subcontinent and defined largely by the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Pamir mountains on the north. The Amu Darya, which rises north of the Hindu Kush, forms part of the northwestern border. On land (clockwise), South Asia is bounded by Western Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
2012
1. Microsoft made a public release of Windows 8 and made available it on new PCs.
  1. Microsoft
    
    Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta.
  2. Windows 8
    
    Windows 8 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012; it was subsequently made available for download via MSDN and TechNet on August 15, 2012, and later to retail on October 26, 2012.
2004
1. Rockstar Games releases Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas for the PlayStation 2 in North America, which sold 12 million units for the PS2, becoming the console's best-selling video game.
  1. Rockstar Games
    
    Rockstar Games, Inc. is an American video game publisher based in New York City. The company was established in December 1998 as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive, using the assets Take-Two had previously acquired from BMG Interactive. Founding members of the company were Terry Donovan, Gary Foreman, Dan and Sam Houser, and Jamie King, who worked for Take-Two at the time, and of which the Houser brothers were previously executives at BMG Interactive. Sam Houser heads the studio as president.
  2. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
    
    Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is a 2004 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is the fifth main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series, following 2002's Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, and the seventh installment overall. It was released in October 2004 for the PlayStation 2, in June 2005 for Microsoft Windows and Xbox, and in November 2010 for Mac OS X. The game is set within an open world environment that players can explore and interact with at their leisure. The story follows former gangster Carl "CJ" Johnson, who returns home following his mother's murder and is drawn back into his former gang and a life of crime while clashing with corrupt authorities and powerful criminals. Carl's journey takes him across the fictional U.S. state of San Andreas, which is heavily based on California and Nevada and encompasses three major cities: Los Santos, San Fierro and Las Venturas.
  3. PlayStation 2
    
    The PlayStation 2 (PS2) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was first released in Japan on 4 March 2000, in North America on 26 October 2000, in Europe on 24 November 2000, and in Australia on 30 November 2000. It is the successor to the original PlayStation, as well as the second installment in the PlayStation brand of consoles. As a sixth-generation console, it competed with Nintendo's GameCube, and Microsoft's Xbox. It is the best-selling video game console of all time, having sold over 155 million units worldwide.
2003
1. The Cedar Fire, the third-largest wildfire in California history, kills 15 people, consumes 250,000 acres (1,000 km2), and destroys 2,200 homes around San Diego.
  1. Cedar Fire
    
    The Cedar Fire was a massive, highly-destructive wildfire, which burned 273,246 acres (1,106 km2) of land in San Diego County, California, during October and November 2003. The fire's rapid growth was driven by the Santa Ana wind, causing the fire to spread at a rate of 3,600 acres (15 km2) per hour. By the time the fire was fully contained on November 4, it had destroyed 2,820 buildings and killed 15 people, including one firefighter. Hotspots continued to burn within the Cedar Fire's perimeter until December 5, 2003, when the fire was fully brought under control.
2002
1. Approximately 50 Chechen terrorists and 150 hostages die when Russian special forces troops storm a theater building in Moscow, which had been occupied by the terrorists during a musical performance three days before.
  1. Moscow theater hostage crisis
    
    The Moscow theater hostage crisis was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theater by Chechen terrorists on 23 October 2002, which involved 850 hostages and ended with Russian security services killing or causing the death of at least 170 people. The attackers, led by Movsar Barayev, claimed allegiance to the Islamist separatist movement in Chechnya. They demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War.
2001
1. President George W. Bush signed the Patriot Act into law, significantly expanding the authority of law enforcement agencies in fighting terrorism in the United States and elsewhere.
  1. George W. Bush
    
    George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.
  2. Patriot Act
    
    The USA PATRIOT Act was a landmark Act of the United States Congress, signed into law by President George W. Bush. The formal name of the statute is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, and the commonly used short name is a contrived acronym that is embedded in the name set forth in the statute.
2. The United States passes the USA PATRIOT Act into law.
  1. Patriot Act
    
    The USA PATRIOT Act was a landmark Act of the United States Congress, signed into law by President George W. Bush. The formal name of the statute is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, and the commonly used short name is a contrived acronym that is embedded in the name set forth in the statute.
2000
1. A wave of protests forces Robert Guéï to step down as president after the Ivorian presidential election.
  1. Robert Guéï
    
    Robert Guéï was the military ruler of the Ivory Coast from 24 December 1999 to 26 October 2000.
  2. 2000 Ivorian presidential election
    
    Presidential elections were held in Ivory Coast on 22 October 2000. Robert Guéï, who headed a transitional military regime following the December 1999 coup d'état, stood as a candidate in the election. All of the major opposition candidates except for Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) were barred from standing. The Rally of the Republicans (RDR) and Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RCA) boycotted the election in response to the exclusion of their candidates by the Supreme Court.
1999
1. The United Kingdom's House of Lords votes to end the right of most hereditary peers to vote in Britain's upper chamber of Parliament.
  1. United Kingdom
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
  2. House of Lords
    
    The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Membership is by appointment, heredity or official function. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England.
  3. House of Lords Act 1999
    
    The House of Lords Act 1999 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed the House of Lords, one of the chambers of Parliament. The Act was given Royal Assent on 11 November 1999. For centuries, the House of Lords had included several hundred members who inherited their seats ; the Act removed such a right. However, as part of a compromise, the Act did permit ninety-two hereditary peers to remain in the House on an interim basis. Another ten were created life peers to enable them to remain in the House.
  4. Hereditary peer
    
    The hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. As of September 2022, there are 808 hereditary peers: 29 dukes, 34 marquesses, 191 earls, 111 viscounts, and 443 barons.
  5. Parliament of the United Kingdom
    
    The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and the overseas territories. Parliament is bicameral but has three parts, consisting of the sovereign (King-in-Parliament), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. In theory, power is officially vested in the King-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the prime minister, and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to only delaying legislation; thus power is de facto vested in the House of Commons.
1995
1. Mossad agents assassinate Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Fathi Shaqaqi in his hotel in Malta.
  1. Mossad
    
    Mossad is the national intelligence agency of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman and Shin Bet.
  2. Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
    
    The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine, known in the West simply as Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a Palestinian Islamist organization formed in 1981.
  3. Fathi Shaqaqi
    
    Fathi Shaqaqi was the founder and Secretary-General of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.
2. An avalanche hits the Icelandic village of Flateyri, destroying 29 homes and burying 45 people, and killing 20.
  1. Flateyri
    
    Flateyri is a village situated in Iceland's Westfjords. It is part of the municipality of Ísafjarðarbær and has a population of approximately 200, making it the largest settlement in Önundarfjörður.
1994
1. Jordan and Israel sign a peace treaty.
  1. Jordan
    
    Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the northeast, Syria to the north, and the Palestinian West Bank, Israel, and the Dead Sea to the west. It has a 26 km (16 mi) coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the southwest. The Gulf of Aqaba separates Jordan from Egypt. Amman is Jordan's capital and largest city, as well as its economic, political, and cultural centre.
  2. Israel
    
    Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel also is bordered by the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.
  3. Israel–Jordan peace treaty
    
    The Israel–Jordan peace treaty, sometimes referred to as the Wadi Araba Treaty, is an agreement that ended the state of war that has existed between the two countries since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and established mutual diplomatic relations. In addition to establishing peace between the two countries, the treaty also settled land and water disputes, provided for broad cooperation in tourism and trade, and obligated both countries to prevent their territory being used as a staging ground for military strikes by a third country.
1991
1. Three months after the end of the Ten-Day War, the last soldier of the Yugoslav People's Army leaves the territory of the Republic of Slovenia.
  1. Ten-Day War
    
    The Ten-Day War, or the Slovenian War of Independence, was a brief armed conflict that followed Slovenia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. It was fought between the separatists of the Slovenian Territorial Defence and the Yugoslav People's Army. It lasted from 27 June 1991 until 7 July 1991, when the Brioni Accords were signed.
  2. Yugoslav People's Army
    
    The Yugoslav People's Army, also called the Yugoslav National Army, was the military of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and its antecedents from 1945 to 1992.
  3. Slovenia
    
    Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Slovenia is mostly mountainous and forested, covers 20,271 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi), and has a population of 2.1 million. Slovenes constitute over 80% of the country's population. Slovene, a South Slavic language, is the official language. Slovenia has a predominantly temperate continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral and the Julian Alps. A sub-mediterranean climate reaches to the northern extensions of the Dinaric Alps that traverse the country in a northwest–southeast direction. The Julian Alps in the northwest have an alpine climate. Toward the northeastern Pannonian Basin, a continental climate is more pronounced. Ljubljana, the capital and largest city of Slovenia, is geographically situated near the centre of the country.
1989
1. China Airlines Flight 204 crashes after takeoff from Hualien Airport in Taiwan, killing all 54 people on board.
  1. China Airlines Flight 204
    
    China Airlines Flight 204 was a Boeing 737-200 that crashed into a mountain after takeoff from Hualien Airport, Taiwan on 26 October 1989. The crash killed all 54 passengers and crew on board the aircraft.
  2. Hualien Airport
    
    Hualien Airport is a commercial airport located in an 11.5-hectare (28-acre) civilian area of Chiashan Air Force Base in Xincheng, Hualien County, Taiwan. With flights to Taipei, Kaohsiung and Taichung, it served 235,386 passengers in 2017, making it the tenth-busiest airport in Taiwan.
1985
1. The Australian government returns ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aboriginals.
  1. Uluru
    
    Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock and officially gazetted as Uluru / Ayers Rock, is a large sandstone formation in the centre of Australia. It is in the southern part of the Northern Territory, 335 km (208 mi) southwest of Alice Springs.
1979
1. Park Chung-hee, President of South Korea, is assassinated by Korean CIA head Kim Jae-gyu.
  1. Park Chung-hee
    
    Park Chung-hee was a South Korean politician and army general who served as the dictator of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979; ruling as an unelected military strongman from 1961 to 1963, then as the third President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979.
  2. President of South Korea
    
    The president of the Republic of Korea, also known as the president of South Korea, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Korea. The president leads the State Council, and is the chief of the executive branch of the national government as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.
  3. Assassination of Park Chung-hee
    
    Park Chung-hee, the third President of South Korea, was assassinated on October 26, 1979, during a dinner at the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) safehouse inside the Blue House presidential compound in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. Kim Jae-gyu, the director of the KCIA and the president's security chief, was responsible for the assassination. Park was shot in the chest and the head, and died almost immediately. Four bodyguards and a presidential chauffeur were also killed. The incident is often referred to as "10.26" or the "10.26 incident" in South Korea.
  4. National Intelligence Service (South Korea)
    
    The National Intelligence Service is the chief intelligence agency of South Korea. The agency was officially established in 1961 as the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, during the rule of President Park Chung-hee's military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, which displaced the Second Republic of Korea. The original duties of the KCIA were to supervise and coordinate both international and domestic intelligence activities and criminal investigation by all government intelligence agencies, including that of the military. The agency's broad powers allowed it to actively intervene in politics. Agents undergo years of training and checks before they are officially inducted and receive their first assignments.
  5. Kim Jae-gyu
    
    Kim Jae-gyu was a South Korean politician, army lieutenant general and the director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency. He assassinated South Korean President Park Chung-hee—who had been one of his closest friends—on October 26, 1979, and was subsequently executed by hanging on May 24, 1980.
1977
1. Somali hospital cook Ali Maow Maalin began displaying symptoms of smallpox, becoming the last person known to be naturally infected by the disease.
  1. Ali Maow Maalin
    
    Ali Maow Maalin was a Somali hospital cook and health worker from Merca who is the last person known to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola minor smallpox. He was diagnosed with the disease in October 1977 and made a full recovery. Although he had many contacts, none of them developed the disease, and an aggressive containment campaign was successful in preventing an outbreak. Smallpox was declared to have been eradicated globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) two years later. Maalin was subsequently involved in the successful poliomyelitis eradication campaign in Somalia, and he died of malaria while carrying out polio vaccinations after the re-emergence of the poliovirus in 2013.
  2. Smallpox
    
    Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making it the only human disease to be eradicated.
2. Ali Maow Maalin, the last natural case of smallpox, develops a rash in Somalia. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consider this date to be the anniversary of the eradication of smallpox, the most spectacular success of vaccination.
  1. Ali Maow Maalin
    
    Ali Maow Maalin was a Somali hospital cook and health worker from Merca who is the last person known to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola minor smallpox. He was diagnosed with the disease in October 1977 and made a full recovery. Although he had many contacts, none of them developed the disease, and an aggressive containment campaign was successful in preventing an outbreak. Smallpox was declared to have been eradicated globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) two years later. Maalin was subsequently involved in the successful poliomyelitis eradication campaign in Somalia, and he died of malaria while carrying out polio vaccinations after the re-emergence of the poliovirus in 2013.
  2. Smallpox
    
    Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making it the only human disease to be eradicated.
  3. World Health Organization
    
    The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health". Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    
    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.
  5. Vaccination
    
    Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. However, some diseases, such as measles outbreaks in America, have seen rising cases due to relatively low vaccination rates in the 2010s – attributed, in part, to vaccine hesitancy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccination prevents 3.5–5 million deaths per year.
1968
1. Space Race: The Soyuz 3 mission achieves the first Soviet space rendezvous.
  1. Space Race
    
    The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, to achieve superior spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. The technological advantage demonstrated by spaceflight achievement was seen as necessary for national security, and became part of the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race brought pioneering launches of artificial satellites, robotic space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.
  2. Soyuz 3
    
    Soyuz 3 was a spaceflight mission launched by the Soviet Union on 26 October 1968. Flown by Georgy Beregovoy, the Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft completed 81 orbits over four days. The 47-year-old Beregovoy was a decorated World War II flying ace and the oldest person to go into orbit up to that time. The mission achieved the first Russian space rendezvous with the uncrewed Soyuz 2, but failed to achieve a planned docking of the two craft.
1967
1. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi crowns himself Emperor of Iran.
  1. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
    
    Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, also known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the last Shah (King) of the Imperial State of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.
1958
1. Pan American Airways makes the first commercial flight of the Boeing 707 from New York City to Paris.
  1. Pan Am
    
    Pan American World Airways, originally founded as Pan American Airways and commonly known as Pan Am, was an American airline that was the principal and largest international air carrier and unofficial overseas flag carrier of the United States for much of the 20th century. It was the first airline to fly worldwide and pioneered numerous innovations of the modern airline industry such as jumbo jets, and computerized reservation systems. Until its dissolution in 1991, Pan Am "epitomized the luxury and glamour of intercontinental travel", and it remains a cultural icon of the 20th century, identified by its blue globe logo, the use of the word "Clipper" in its aircraft names and call signs, and the white uniform caps of its pilots.
  2. Boeing 707
    
    The Boeing 707 is an American, long-range, narrow-body airliner, the first jetliner developed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Developed from the Boeing 367-80 prototype first flown in 1954, the initial 707-120 first flew on December 20, 1957. Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26, 1958. With versions produced until 1979, the 707 was a swept wing, quadjet with podded engines. Its larger fuselage cross-section allowed six-abreast economy seating, retained in the later 720, 727, 737, and 757 models.
1956
1. Hungarian Revolution: In the towns of Mosonmagyaróvár and Esztergom, Hungarian secret police forces massacre civilians. As rebel strongholds in Budapest hold, fighting spreads throughout the country.
  1. Hungarian Revolution of 1956
    
    The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was a countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the Hungarian domestic policies imposed by the Soviet Union (USSR).
  2. Mosonmagyaróvár
    
    Mosonmagyaróvár is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron County in northwestern Hungary. It lies close to both the Austrian and Slovakian borders and has a population of 32,752.
  3. Esztergom
    
    Esztergom is a city with county rights in northern Hungary, 46 kilometres northwest of the capital Budapest. It lies in Komárom-Esztergom County, on the right bank of the river Danube, which forms the border with Slovakia there. Esztergom was the capital of Hungary from the 10th until the mid-13th century when King Béla IV of Hungary moved the royal seat to Buda.
  4. State Protection Authority
    
    The State Protection Authority was the secret police of the People's Republic of Hungary from 1945 to 1956. The ÁVH was conceived as an external appendage of the Soviet Union's KGB in Hungary responsible for supporting the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party and persecuting political criminals. The ÁVH gained a reputation for brutality during a series of purges but was gradually reined under the government of Imre Nagy, a moderate reformer, after he was appointed Prime Minister of Hungary in 1953. The ÁVH was dissolved by Nagy's revolutionary government during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and succeeded by the Ministry of Internal Affairs III.
1955
1. Ngô Đình Diệm proclaimed himself president of the newly created Republic of Vietnam after defeating former emperor Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum supervised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu.
  1. Ngo Dinh Diem
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.
  2. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  3. Bảo Đại
    
    Duy Minh, born Nguyễn Duy Minh, was the 13th and final Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam. From 1926 to 1945, he was emperor of Annam and de jure monarch of Tonkin, which were then protectorates in French Indochina, covering the present-day central and northern Vietnam. Duy Minh ascended the throne in 1932.
  4. 1955 State of Vietnam referendum
    
    The 1955 State of Vietnam referendum determined the future form of government of the State of Vietnam, the nation that was to become the Republic of Vietnam. It was contested by Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm, who proposed a republic, and former emperor Bảo Đại, who had abdicated in 1945 and at the time of the referendum held the title of head of state.
  5. Ngô Đình Nhu
    
    Ngô Đình Nhu was a Vietnamese archivist and politician. He was the younger brother and chief political advisor of South Vietnam's first president, Ngô Đình Diệm. Although he held no formal executive position, he wielded immense unofficial power, exercising personal command of both the ARVN Special Forces and the Cần Lao political apparatus which served as the regime's de facto secret police.
2. The first buildings in the sacred Oyasato-yakata complex of the Japanese new religious movement Tenrikyo in Tenri, Nara, were completed.
  1. Oyasato-yakata
    
    The oyasato-yakata (おやさとやかた) complex is a collection of buildings in Tenri City, Nara, Japan, that form an incomplete square 872 m (954 yd) on each side surrounding the Divine Residence (Oyasato), a structure sacred to the Japanese new religion Tenrikyo. The task of revitalizing the area around the Residence was informed by both religious prophecy and city planning, and construction began in 1954 on a project that continues today. The oyasato-yakata is a massive organizational undertaking that is understood by Tenrikyo adherents as a spiritual practice, creating a model city that reflects their belief in a Joyous Life. As such a practice it has involved the entire Tenrikyo community, from the volunteers who assist in construction to professors who plan the scope of future wings. Archaeologists have also excavated ancient artifacts beneath its foundations.
  2. New religious movement
    
    A new religious movement (NRM), also known as alternative spirituality or a new religion, is a religious or spiritual group that has modern origins and is peripheral to its society's dominant religious culture. NRMs can be novel in origin or they can be part of a wider religion, in which case they are distinct from pre-existing denominations. Some NRMs deal with the challenges which the modernizing world poses to them by embracing individualism, while other NRMs deal with them by embracing tightly knit collective means. Scholars have estimated that NRMs number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most of their members living in Asia and Africa. Most NRMs only have a few members, some of them have thousands of members, and a few of them have more than a million members.
  3. Tenrikyo
    
    Tenrikyo is a Japanese new religion which is neither strictly monotheistic nor pantheistic, originating from the teachings of a 19th-century woman named Nakayama Miki, known to her followers as "Oyasama". Followers of Tenrikyo believe that God of Origin, God in Truth, known by several names including "Tsukihi," "Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto" and "Oyagamisama " revealed divine intent through Miki Nakayama as the Shrine of God and to a lesser extent the roles of the Honseki Izo Iburi and other leaders. Tenrikyo's worldly aim is to teach and promote the Joyous Life, which is cultivated through acts of charity and mindfulness called hinokishin.
  4. Tenri, Nara
    
    Tenri is a city located in Nara Prefecture, Japan. The modern city was founded on April 1, 1954, and is named after the Japanese new religion Tenrikyo, which has its headquarters in the city. As of April 1, 2015, the city has an estimated population of 66,866, and 29,169 households. The population density is 800.61 persons per km2, and the total area is 86.37 km2.
3. After the last Allied troops have left the country, and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, Austria declares that it will never join a military alliance.
  1. Austrian State Treaty
    
    The Austrian State Treaty or Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state. It was signed on 15 May 1955 in Vienna, at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers and the Austrian government. The neighbouring Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia acceded to the treaty subsequently. It officially came into force on 27 July 1955.
  2. Declaration of Neutrality
    
    The Declaration of Neutrality was a declaration by the Austrian Parliament declaring the country permanently neutral. It was enacted on 26 October 1955 as a constitutional act of parliament, i.e., as part of the Constitution of Austria.
4. Ngô Đình Diệm proclaims himself as President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam.
  1. Ngo Dinh Diem
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.
  2. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
1947
1. Partition of India: The Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu signs the Instrument of Accession with India, beginning the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 and the Kashmir conflict.
  1. Partition of India
    
    The Partition of India in 1947 was the change of political borders and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raj in South Asia and the creation of two independent dominions: India and Pakistan. The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan—which at the time comprised two regions lying on either side of India—is now the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition was outlined in the Indian Independence Act 1947. The change of political borders notably included the division of two provinces of British India, Bengal and Punjab. The majority Muslim districts in these provinces were awarded to Pakistan and the majority non-Muslim to India. The other assets that were divided included the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Royal Indian Air Force, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury. Self-governing independent India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947.
  2. Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
    
    Jammu and Kashmir, officially known as the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state during the Company rule in India from 1757 to 1858 as well as the British Raj in India from 1846 to 1952. The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, from the territories that had earlier been in the Sikh Empire.
  3. Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)
    
    The Jammu and Kashmir Instrument of Accession is a legal document executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947.
  4. Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
    
    The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, or the First Kashmir War, was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistani wars that was fought between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal lashkar (militias) from Waziristan, in an effort to capture Kashmir and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries.
  5. Kashmir conflict
    
    The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict over the Kashmir region, primarily between India and Pakistan, with China playing a third-party role. The conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as both India and Pakistan claimed the entirety of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a dispute over the region that escalated into three wars between India and Pakistan and several other armed skirmishes. India controls approximately 55% of the land area of the region that includes Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, most of Ladakh, the Siachen Glacier, and 70% of its population; Pakistan controls approximately 30% of the land area that includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan; and China controls the remaining 15% of the land area that includes the Aksai Chin region, the mostly uninhabited Trans-Karakoram Tract, and part of the Demchok sector.
1944
1. World War II: The Battle of Leyte Gulf ends with an overwhelming American victory.
  1. Battle of Leyte Gulf
    
    The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle of World War II and by some criteria the largest naval battle in history, with over 200,000 naval personnel involved. It was fought in waters near the Philippine islands of Leyte, Samar, and Luzon from 23 to 26 October 1944 between combined American and Australian forces and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), as part of the invasion of Leyte, which aimed to isolate Japan from the countries that it had occupied in Southeast Asia, a vital source of industrial and oil supplies.
1942
1. World War II: In the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands during the Guadalcanal Campaign, one U.S. aircraft carrier is sunk and another carrier is heavily damaged, while two Japanese carriers and one cruiser are heavily damaged.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
    
    The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, fought during 25–27 October 1942, sometimes referred to as the Battle of Santa Cruz or Third Battle of Solomon Sea, in Japan as the Battle of the South Pacific, was the fourth aircraft carrier battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II. It was also the fourth major naval engagement fought between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the lengthy and strategically important Guadalcanal campaign. As in the battles of the Coral Sea, Midway, and the Eastern Solomons, the ships of the two adversaries were rarely in sight or gun range of each other. Instead, almost all attacks by both sides were mounted by carrier- or land-based aircraft.
  3. Guadalcanal campaign
    
    The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major land offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
1937
1. Nazi Germany begins expulsions of 18,000 Polish Jews.
  1. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
  2. History of the Jews in Poland
    
    The history of the Jews in Poland dates back at least 1,000 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, because of the long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy which ended after the Partitions of Poland in the 18th century. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators of various nationalities, during the German occupation of Poland between 1939 and 1945, called the Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a renewed interest in Jewish culture, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, and the opening of Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
1936
1. The first electric generator at Hoover Dam goes into full operation.
  1. Electric generator
    
    In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts motive power or fuel-based power into electric power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines, wind turbines and even hand cranks. The first electromagnetic generator, the Faraday disk, was invented in 1831 by British scientist Michael Faraday. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.
  2. Hoover Dam
    
    Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. It was referred to as Hoover Dam after President Herbert Hoover in bills passed by Congress during its construction; it was named Boulder Dam by the Roosevelt administration. The Hoover Dam name was restored by Congress in 1947.
1921
1. The Chicago Theatre (pictured), the oldest surviving grand movie palace, opened.
  1. Chicago Theatre
    
    The Chicago Theatre, originally known as the Balaban and Katz Chicago Theatre, is a landmark theater located on North State Street in the Loop area of Chicago, Illinois. Built in 1921, the Chicago Theatre was the flagship for the Balaban and Katz (B&K) group of theaters run by A. J. Balaban, his brother Barney Balaban and partner Sam Katz. Along with the other B&K theaters, from 1925 to 1945 the Chicago Theatre was a dominant movie theater enterprise. Currently, Madison Square Garden, Inc. owns and operates the Chicago Theatre as a performing arts venue for stage plays, magic shows, comedy, speeches, sporting events and popular music concerts.
  2. Movie palace
    
    A movie palace is any of the large, elaborately decorated movie theaters built between the 1910s and the 1940s. The late 1920s saw the peak of the movie palace, with hundreds opening every year between 1925 and 1930. With the advent of television, movie attendance dropped, while the rising popularity of large multiplex chains signaled the obsolescence of single-screen theaters. Many movie palaces were razed or converted into multiple-screen venues or performing arts centers, though some have undergone restoration and reopened to the public as historic buildings.
1918
1. World War I: Erich Ludendorff, quartermaster-general of the Imperial German Army, is dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II for refusing to cooperate in peace negotiations.
  1. Erich Ludendorff
    
    Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff was a German general, politician and military theorist. He achieved fame during World War I for his central role in the German victories at Liège and Tannenberg in 1914. Following his appointment as First Quartermaster-general of the Imperial Army's Great General Staff in 1916, he became the chief policymaker in a de facto military dictatorship that dominated Germany for the rest of the war. After Germany's defeat, he contributed significantly to the Nazis' rise to power.
  2. Imperial German Army
    
    The Imperial German Army (1871–1919), officially referred to as the German Army, was the unified ground and air force of the German Empire. It was established in 1871 with the political unification of Germany under the leadership of Prussia, and was dissolved in 1919, after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I (1914–1918). In the Federal Republic of Germany, the term Deutsches Heer identifies the German Army, the land component of the Bundeswehr.
  3. Wilhelm II, German Emperor
    
    Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empire's position as a great power by building a powerful navy, his tactless public statements and erratic foreign policy greatly antagonized the international community and are considered by many to be one of the underlying causes of World War I. When the German war effort collapsed after a series of crushing defeats on the Western Front in 1918, he was forced to abdicate, thereby marking the end of the German Empire and the House of Hohenzollern's 300-year reign in Prussia and 500-year reign in Brandenburg.
1917
1. World War I: Brazil declares war on the Central Powers.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Brazil during World War I
    
    During World War I (1914–1918), Brazil initially adopted a neutral position, in accordance with the Hague Convention, in an attempt to maintain the markets for its export products, mainly coffee, latex and industrial manufactured items. However, following repeated sinking of Brazilian merchant ships by German submarines, President Venceslau Brás declared war against the Central Powers in 1917. Brazil was the only country in Latin America to be directly involved in the war. The major participation was the Brazilian Navy's patrol of areas of the Atlantic Ocean.
1912
1. First Balkan War: The Ottomans lose the cities of Thessaloniki and Skopje.
  1. First Balkan War
    
    The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success.
1909
1. Japanese occupation of Korea: An Jung-geun assassinates Japan's Resident-General of Korea.
  1. Korea under Japanese rule
    
    Between 1910 and 1945, Korea was ruled as a part of the Empire of Japan. Joseon Korea had come into the Japanese sphere of influence with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876; a complex coalition of the Meiji government, military, and business officials began a process of integrating Korea's politics and economy with Japan. The Korean Empire, proclaimed in 1897, became a protectorate of Japan with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905; thereafter Japan ruled the country indirectly through the Japanese Resident-General of Korea. Japan formally annexed the Korean Empire with the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, without the consent of the former Korean Emperor Gojong, the regent of the Emperor Sunjong. Upon its annexation, Japan declared that Korea would henceforth be officially named Chōsen. This name was recognized internationally until the end of Japanese colonial rule. The territory was administered by the Governor-General of Chōsen based in Keijō (Seoul).
  2. An Jung-geun
    
    An Jung-geun, sometimes spelled Ahn Joong-keun, was a Korean-independence activist, nationalist, and pan-Asianist. He is famous for assassination of Itō Hirobumi, the first Prime Minister of Japan.
1905
1. King Oscar II recognizes the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden.
  1. Oscar II
    
    Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905.
  2. Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
    
    The dissolution of the union between the kingdoms of Norway and Sweden under the House of Bernadotte, was set in motion by a resolution of the Storting on 7 June 1905. Following some months of tension and fear of an outbreak of war between the neighbouring kingdoms – and a Norwegian plebiscite held on 13 August which overwhelmingly backed dissolution – negotiations between the two governments led to Sweden's recognition of Norway as an independent constitutional monarchy on 26 October 1905. On that date, King Oscar II renounced his claim to the Norwegian throne, effectively dissolving the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and this event was swiftly followed, on 18 November, by the accession to the Norwegian throne of Prince Carl of Denmark, taking the name of Haakon VII.
1902
1. A group of Russian explorers led by Baron von Toll left their camp on Bennett Island and disappeared without a trace.
  1. Eduard von Toll
    
    Eduard Gustav Freiherr von Toll, better known in Russia as Eduard Vasilyevich Toll and often referred to as Baron von Toll, was a Russian geologist and Arctic explorer. He is most notable for leading the Russian polar expedition of 1900–1902 in search of the legendary Sannikov Land, a phantom island purported to lie off Russia's Arctic coast. During the expedition, Toll and a small party of explorers disappeared from Bennett Island, and their fate remains unknown to this day.
  2. Bennett Island
    
    Bennett Island is the largest of the De Long Islands in the northern part of the East Siberian Sea. The area of this island is approximately 150 square kilometres and it has a tombolo at its eastern end. The highest point of the island is 426 metres high Mount De Long, the highest point of the archipelago. Bennett Island is part of the Yakutia administrative division of Russia.
  3. Russian polar expedition of 1900–1902
    
    The Russian polar expedition of 1900–1902 was commissioned by the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences to study the Arctic Ocean north of New Siberian Islands and search for the legendary Sannikov Land. It was led by the Baltic German geologist and Arctic explorer Baron Eduard von Toll on the ship Zarya. Toll and his three assistants vanished in late 1902 while exploring Bennett Island. One of the key members of the expedition was Alexander Kolchak, then a young researcher and lieutenant of the Russian Navy, and later a provisional ruler of Russia during the civil war period. Kolchak also led the rescue mission to find Toll and his crew.
1892
1. Ida B. Wells (pictured) began to publish her research on lynching in the United States, for which she was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 2020.
  1. Ida B. Wells
    
    Ida B. Wells was an American investigative journalist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Wells dedicated her lifetime to combating prejudice and violence, the fight for African-American equality, especially that of women, and became arguably the most famous Black woman in the United States of her time.
  2. Lynching
    
    Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, punish a convicted transgressor, or intimidate people. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in every society.
  3. Pulitzer Prize
    
    The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, and is administered by Columbia University. Prizes are awarded annually in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award. The winner in the public service category is awarded a gold medal.
2. Ida B. Wells publishes Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases.
  1. Ida B. Wells
    
    Ida B. Wells was an American investigative journalist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Wells dedicated her lifetime to combating prejudice and violence, the fight for African-American equality, especially that of women, and became arguably the most famous Black woman in the United States of her time.
1890
1. Malleco Viaduct in Chile, at the time "the highest railroad bridge in the world", is inaugurated by President José Manuel Balmaceda.
  1. Malleco Viaduct
    
    The Malleco Viaduct is a railway bridge located in central Chile, passing over the Malleco River valley, south of Collipulli in the Araucania Region. It was opened by President José Manuel Balmaceda on October 26, 1890. At that time, it was the highest such bridge in the world. The Panamerican Highway passes right next to the viaduct.
  2. José Manuel Balmaceda
    
    José Manuel Emiliano Balmaceda Fernández served as the 10th President of Chile from September 18, 1886, to August 29, 1891. Balmaceda was part of the Castilian-Basque aristocracy in Chile. While he was president, his political disagreements with the Chilean congress led to the 1891 Chilean Civil War, following which he shot and killed himself.
1881
1. Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday participate in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona.
  1. Wyatt Earp
    
    Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was an American lawman and gambler in the American West, including Dodge City, Deadwood, and Tombstone. Earp took part in the famous gunfight at the O.K. Corral, during which lawmen killed three outlaw Cochise County Cowboys. He is often erroneously regarded as the central figure in the shootout, although his brother Virgil was the Tombstone City and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day and had far more experience in combat as a sheriff, constable, marshal, and soldier.
  2. Doc Holliday
    
    John Henry Holliday, better known as Doc Holliday, was an American gambler, gunfighter, and dentist. A close friend and associate of lawman Wyatt Earp, Holliday is best known for his role in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona. He developed a reputation as having killed more than a dozen men in various altercations, but modern researchers have concluded that, contrary to popular myth-making, Holliday killed only one to three men. Holliday's colorful life and character have been depicted in many books and portrayed by well-known actors in numerous movies and television series.
  3. Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
    
    The gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a thirty-second shootout between lawmen led by Virgil Earp and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that occurred at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, United States. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Old West.
  4. Tombstone, Arizona
    
    Tombstone is a historic city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1877 by prospector Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It became one of the last boomtowns in the American frontier. The town grew significantly into the mid-1880s as the local mines produced $40 to $85 million in silver bullion, the largest productive silver district in Arizona. Its population grew from 100 to around 14,000 in less than seven years. It is best known as the site of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and presently draws most of its revenue from tourism. It also houses the highest-rated brewery in the state of Arizona.
1871
1. Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d'état.
  1. Edward James Roye
    
    Edward James Roye served as the fifth president of Liberia from 1870 to his overthrow in 1871 and subsequent death. He had previously served as the fourth Chief Justice of Liberia from 1865 until 1868. He was the first member of Liberia's True Whig Party to serve as president.
1863
1. The Football Association is founded.
  1. The Football Association
    
    The Football Association is the governing body of association football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the amateur and professional game in its territory.
1860
1. Unification of Italy: The Expedition of the Thousand ends when Giuseppe Garibaldi presents his conquests to King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia.
  1. Unification of Italy
    
    The unification of Italy, also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the Revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871 after the Capture of Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.
  2. Expedition of the Thousand
    
    The Expedition of the Thousand was an event of the Italian Risorgimento that took place in 1860. A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto, near Genoa and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
  3. Giuseppe Garibaldi
    
    Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.
  4. Victor Emmanuel II
    
    Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland.
1859
1. The Royal Charter Storm kills at least eight hundred people in the British Isles.
  1. Royal Charter Storm
    
    The Royal Charter Storm of 25 and 26 October 1859 was considered to be the most severe storm to hit the Irish Sea in the 19th century, with a total death toll estimated at over 800. It takes its name from the Royal Charter ship, which was driven by the storm onto the east coast of Anglesey, Wales, with the loss of over 450 lives.
1825
1. The Erie Canal opens, allowing direct passage from the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
  1. Erie Canal
    
    The Erie Canal is a historic canal in upstate New York that runs east-west between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Completed in 1825, the canal was the first navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, vastly reducing the costs of transporting people and goods across the Appalachians. In effect, the canal accelerated the settlement of the Great Lakes region, the westward expansion of the United States, and the economic ascendancy of New York State. It has been called "The Nation's First Superhighway."
  2. Hudson River
    
    The Hudson River is a 315-mile (507 km) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the Upper New York Bay between New York City and Jersey City, eventually draining into the Atlantic Ocean at New York Harbor. The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York at its southern end. Farther north, it marks local boundaries between several New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary, deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson Fjord, an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation, estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Even as far north as the city of Troy, the flow of the river changes direction with the tides.
  3. Lake Erie
    
    Lake Erie ( "eerie") is the fourth largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and therefore also has the shortest average water residence time. At its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet (64 m) deep.
1813
1. War of 1812: British forces and Mohawk allies under Charles de Salaberry repulsed an American attempt to invade Canada.
  1. War of 1812
    
    The War of 1812 was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida. It began when the United States declared war on 18 June 1812 and, although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by Congress on 17 February 1815.
  2. Mohawk people
    
    The Mohawk people are the most easterly section of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy. They are an Iroquoian-speaking Indigenous people of North America, with communities in southeastern Canada and northern New York State, primarily around Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. As one of the five original members of the Iroquois League, the Kanienʼkehá꞉ka are known as the Keepers of the Eastern Door – the traditional guardians of the Iroquois Confederation against invasions from the east.
  3. Charles de Salaberry
    
    Lieutenant Colonel Charles-Michel d'Irumberry de Salaberry, CB was a Canadian military officer and statesman of the seigneurial class who served in various campaigns for the British Army. He won distinction for repelling the American advance on Montreal during the War of 1812.
  4. Battle of the Chateauguay
    
    The Battle of the Chateauguay was an engagement of the War of 1812. On 26 October 1813, a combined British and Canadian force consisting of 1,530 regulars, volunteers, militia and Mohawk warriors from Lower Canada, commanded by Charles de Salaberry, repelled an American force of about 2,600 regulars which was attempting to invade Lower Canada and ultimately attack Montreal.
2. War of 1812: A combined force of British regulars, Canadian militia and Mohawks defeat the United States Army in the Battle of the Chateauguay.
  1. War of 1812
    
    The War of 1812 was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida. It began when the United States declared war on 18 June 1812 and, although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by Congress on 17 February 1815.
  2. British Regulars
    
    Commonly used to describe the Napoleonic era British foot soldiers, the British Regulars were known for their distinct red uniform and well-disciplined combat performance. Known famously in British folklore as the Red Coats, these hardened soldiers were the backbone of the British Army in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
  3. Canadian Militia
    
    The Canadian Militia is a historical title for military units raised for the defence of Canada. The term has been used to describe sedentary militia units raised from local communities in Canada; as well as the regular army for the Province of Canada and post-confederated Canada, referred to as the active militias.
  4. Mohawk people
    
    The Mohawk people are the most easterly section of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy. They are an Iroquoian-speaking Indigenous people of North America, with communities in southeastern Canada and northern New York State, primarily around Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. As one of the five original members of the Iroquois League, the Kanienʼkehá꞉ka are known as the Keepers of the Eastern Door – the traditional guardians of the Iroquois Confederation against invasions from the east.
  5. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  6. Battle of the Chateauguay
    
    The Battle of the Chateauguay was an engagement of the War of 1812. On 26 October 1813, a combined British and Canadian force consisting of 1,530 regulars, volunteers, militia and Mohawk warriors from Lower Canada, commanded by Charles de Salaberry, repelled an American force of about 2,600 regulars which was attempting to invade Lower Canada and ultimately attack Montreal.
1774
1. American Revolution: The First Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia.
  1. American Revolution
    
    The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America as the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy.
  2. First Continental Congress
    
    The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 British colonies that became the United States. It met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after the British Navy instituted a blockade of Boston Harbor and Parliament passed the punitive Intolerable Acts in response to the December 1773 Boston Tea Party. During the opening weeks of the Congress, the delegates conducted a spirited discussion about how the colonies could collectively respond to the British government's coercive actions, and they worked to make a common cause.
  3. Philadelphia
    
    Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Since 1854, the city has been coextensive with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and one of world's largest metropolitan regions, with 6.245 million residents as of 2020. The city's population as of the 2020 census was 1,603,797, and over 56 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of Philadelphia.
1689
1. General Enea Silvio Piccolomini of Austria burns down Skopje to prevent the spread of cholera; he dies of the disease soon afterwards.
  1. Enea Silvio Piccolomini (general)
    
    Enea Silvio Piccolomini was a Sienese nobleman whose lineage included two popes, and who served in the Habsburg army of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. He is known for leading a campaign against the Ottomans in Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo in 1689, and for setting on fire Skopje, the present day capital of the Republic of North Macedonia.
  2. Skopje fire of 1689
    
    The fire of Skopje started on 26 October 1689 and lasted for two days, burning much of the city; only some stone-built structures, such as the fortress and some churches and mosques, were relatively undamaged. The fire had a disastrous effect on the city: its population declined from around 60,000 to around 10,000, and it lost its regional importance as a trading centre. Many of them settled in the imperial capital, creating the Üsküp mahallesi.
  3. Cholera
    
    Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. This may result in sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet. Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish. Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure.
1640
1. The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Covenanter Scotland and King Charles I of England.
  1. Treaty of Ripon
    
    The Treaty of Ripon was an agreement signed by Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Scottish Covenanters on 28 October 1640, in the aftermath of the Second Bishops' War.
1597
1. Imjin War: Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin routs the Japanese Navy of 300 ships with only 13 ships at the Battle of Myeongnyang.
  1. Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
    
    The Japanese invasions of Korea of 1592–1598 involved two separate yet linked invasions: an initial invasion in 1592, a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597. The conflict ended in 1598 with the withdrawal of Japanese forces from the Korean Peninsula after a military stalemate in Korea's southern provinces.
  2. Yi Sun-sin
    
    Admiral Yi Sun-sin was a Korean admiral and military general famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon Dynasty. Over the course of his career, Admiral Yi fought in at least 23 recorded naval engagements, all against the Japanese. In most of these battles, he was outnumbered and lacked necessary supplies. He nonetheless won battle after battle. His most famous victory occurred at the Battle of Myeongnyang, where despite being outnumbered 333 to 13, he managed to disable or destroy 31 Japanese warships without losing a single ship of his own. Yi died from a gunshot wound at the Battle of Noryang on 16 December 1598, the closing battle of the Imjin War.
  3. Battle of Myeongnyang
    
    In the Battle of Myeongnyang, on October 26, 1597, the Korean Joseon Kingdom's navy, led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin, fought the Japanese navy in the Myeongnyang Strait, near Jindo Island, off the southwest corner of the Korean peninsula.
1520
1. Charles V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.
  1. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. As he was head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and the Spain with its southern Italian possessions of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. He oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization of the Americas and the short-lived German colonization of the Americas. The personal union of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".
  2. Holy Roman Emperor
    
    The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans during the Middle Ages, and also known as the German-Roman Emperor since the early modern period, was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire. The title was held in conjunction with the title of king of Italy from the 8th to the 16th century, and, almost without interruption, with the title of king of Germany throughout the 12th to 18th centuries.
1377
1. Tvrtko I is crowned the first king of Bosnia.
  1. Tvrtko I of Bosnia
    
    Stephen Tvrtko I was the first king of Bosnia. A member of the House of Kotromanić, he succeeded his uncle Stephen II as Ban of Bosnia in 1353. As he was a minor at the time, Tvrtko's father, Vladislav, briefly ruled as regent, followed by Tvrtko's mother, Jelena. Early in his personal rule, Tvrtko quarreled with his country's Roman Catholic clergy, but later enjoyed cordial relations with all the religious communities in his realm. After initial difficulties – the loss of large parts of Bosnia to his overlord, King Louis I of Hungary, and being briefly deposed by his magnates – Tvrtko's power grew considerably. He conquered some remnants of the neighbouring Serbian Empire in 1373, after the death of its last ruler and his distant relative, Uroš the Weak. In 1377, he had himself crowned king of Bosnia and of Serbia, claiming to be the heir of Serbia's extinct Nemanjić dynasty.
1341
1. The Byzantine army proclaimed chief minister John VI Kantakouzenos emperor, triggering a civil war between his supporters and those of John V Palaiologos, the heir to the throne.
  1. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople and not Rome, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity, instead of Roman Catholicism or Paganism.
  2. John VI Kantakouzenos
    
    John VI Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzene was a Byzantine Greek nobleman, statesman, and general. He served as grand domestic under Andronikos III Palaiologos and regent for John V Palaiologos before reigning as Byzantine emperor in his own right from 1347 to 1354. Deposed by his former ward, he was forced to retire to a monastery under the name Joasaph Christodoulos and spent the remainder of his life as a monk and historian. At age 90 or 91 at his death, he was the longest-lived of the Roman emperors.
  3. Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
    
    The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, sometimes referred to as the Second Palaiologan Civil War, was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos. It pitted on the one hand Andronikos III's chief minister, John VI Kantakouzenos, and on the other a regency headed by the Empress-Dowager Anna of Savoy, the Patriarch of Constantinople John XIV Kalekas, and the megas doux Alexios Apokaukos. The war polarized Byzantine society along class lines, with the aristocracy backing Kantakouzenos and the lower and middle classes supporting the regency. To a lesser extent, the conflict acquired religious overtones; Byzantium was embroiled in the Hesychast controversy, and adherence to the mystical doctrine of Hesychasm was often equated with support for Kantakouzenos.
  4. John V Palaiologos
    
    John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus was Byzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391.
2. The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 formally begins with the proclamation of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor.
  1. Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
    
    The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347, sometimes referred to as the Second Palaiologan Civil War, was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos. It pitted on the one hand Andronikos III's chief minister, John VI Kantakouzenos, and on the other a regency headed by the Empress-Dowager Anna of Savoy, the Patriarch of Constantinople John XIV Kalekas, and the megas doux Alexios Apokaukos. The war polarized Byzantine society along class lines, with the aristocracy backing Kantakouzenos and the lower and middle classes supporting the regency. To a lesser extent, the conflict acquired religious overtones; Byzantium was embroiled in the Hesychast controversy, and adherence to the mystical doctrine of Hesychasm was often equated with support for Kantakouzenos.
  2. John VI Kantakouzenos
    
    John VI Kantakouzenos or Cantacuzene was a Byzantine Greek nobleman, statesman, and general. He served as grand domestic under Andronikos III Palaiologos and regent for John V Palaiologos before reigning as Byzantine emperor in his own right from 1347 to 1354. Deposed by his former ward, he was forced to retire to a monastery under the name Joasaph Christodoulos and spent the remainder of his life as a monk and historian. At age 90 or 91 at his death, he was the longest-lived of the Roman emperors.
  3. List of Byzantine emperors
    
    This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (symbasileis) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the various usurpers or rebels who claimed the imperial title.
1185
1. The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
  1. Uprising of Asen and Peter
    
    The Uprising of Asen and Peter was a revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains, then the theme of Paristrion of the Byzantine Empire, caused by a tax increase. It began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, ruled by the Asen dynasty.
  2. Second Bulgarian Empire
    
    The Second Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and 1396. A successor to the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually being conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th century.

Births & Deaths

2021
1. Roh Tae-woo, South Korean general and politician, 6th President of South Korea (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Roh Tae-woo
    
    Roh Tae-woo was a South Korean politician and army general who served as the sixth president of South Korea from 1988 to 1993.
2017
1. Ali Ashraf Darvishian, Iranian novelist, short story writer and academic. (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Ali Ashraf Darvishian
    
    Ali Ashraf Darvishian was an Iranian story writer and scholar of Kurdish descent. After finishing teacher-training college, he would teach at the poverty-stricken villages of Gilan-e-Gharb and Shah Abad. This atmosphere is featured in most of his stories. His own life situation, as well as the experiences that he had from his teaching in those poor areas, was the inspiration for his literary works and also made him a critic of the political and social situation of Iran. Later, he moved to Tehran and continued his studies in Persian literature.
2015
1. Willis Carto, American activist and theorist (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Willis Carto
    
    Willis Allison Carto was an American far-right political activist. He described himself as a Jeffersonian and a populist, but was primarily known for his promotion of antisemitic conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.
2. Leo Kadanoff, American physicist and academic (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Leo Kadanoff
    
    Leo Philip Kadanoff was an American physicist. He was a professor of physics at the University of Chicago and a former President of the American Physical Society (APS). He contributed to the fields of statistical physics, chaos theory, and theoretical condensed matter physics.
3. Giuseppe Nazzaro, Italian-Syrian bishop and theologian (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Giuseppe Nazzaro
    
    Giuseppe Nazzaro, OFM was an Emeritus bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Aleppo, Custodian of the Holy Land and a polyglot.
2014
1. Vic Allen, English sociologist, economist, and historian (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Vic Allen
    
    Vic Allen was a British communist, human rights activist, political prisoner, sociologist, historian, economist and emeritus professor at the University of Leeds who worked closely with British trade unions, and was considered a key player in the resistance against Apartheid in South African. He was also known for being a key activist within the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and for spending his life supporting the South African National Union of Mineworkers (NUM).
2. Jack Bruce, Scottish-English singer-songwriter and bass player (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Jack Bruce
    
    John Symon Asher Bruce was a Scottish bassist, singer-songwriter, musician and composer. He gained popularity as the primary lead vocalist and ‍bassist ‍of British rock band Cream. After the group disbanded in 1968, he pursued a solo career and also played with several bands.
3. Mo Collins, American football player and coach (b. 1976) deaths
  1. Mo Collins (American football)
    
    Damon Jamal Collins, nicknamed Mo Collins, was an American college and professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons during the 1990s and early 2000s. Collins played college football for the University of Florida, and was a member of a national championship team. The Oakland Raiders selected him in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft, and he played his entire professional career for the Raiders.
4. Germain Gagnon, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Germain Gagnon
    
    Joseph Adrien Germain Gagnon was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 259 games in the National Hockey League. He played for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Islanders, Chicago Black Hawks, and Kansas City Scouts. An original Islander, Gagnon recorded three points, including the winning goal, in the Islanders first win on October 12, 1972. The full name was found in his Baptism document. Gagnon returned to Chicoutimi and died there after a long illness on October 26, 2014.
5. Senzo Meyiwa, South African footballer (b. 1987) deaths
  1. Senzo Meyiwa
    
    Senzo Robert Meyiwa was a South African professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and captain for both Orlando Pirates in the Premier Soccer League, and the South Africa national team. He was shot and killed in a home invasion on 26 October 2014.
6. Brian Moore, Australian rugby league player (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Brian Moore (rugby league)
    
    Brian "Chicka" Moore was an Australian rugby league footballer and coach.
7. Jeff Robinson, American baseball player (b. 1961) deaths
  1. Jeff Robinson (starting pitcher)
    
    Jeffrey Mark Robinson was an American right-handed pitcher who spent six seasons from 1987 to 1992 in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Detroit Tigers (1987–1990), Baltimore Orioles (1991), Texas Rangers (1992) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1992).
8. Gordy Soltau, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Gordy Soltau
    
    Gordon Leroy Soltau was a wide receiver who played nine seasons in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers. His all around athletic versatility was developed as a youth growing up in Duluth, Minnesota, where he excelled in many sports: football, baseball, track, even hockey and skiing. Being inspired by University of Minnesota All-American halfback George Frank, Gordy gravitated towards football. During the middle of World War II when Gordy graduated from high school he enlisted in the United States Navy and was part of the Navy's first class of frogmen specializing in underwater demolition. He saw action in Europe and behind the lines in the Pacific. Coming out of the Navy in 1945 Gordy enrolled in University of Minnesota. Under his role model football coach, Bernie Bierman, Gordy developed into a talented receiver, place kicker and learned the skills to also be a threat on defense. Gordy Soltau became one of the school's legendary football figures. He was named to the "All Big Ten" team. He played in the Hula Bowl, the East-West Shrine game and on the college all stars team that beat the champion Philadelphia Eagles in 1950. He made the Minnesota Hall of Fame and the Duluth Hall of Fame.
9. Oscar Taveras, Dominican baseball player (b. 1992) deaths
  1. Oscar Taveras
    
    Oscar Francisco Taveras was a Dominican–Canadian professional baseball outfielder who played one season for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). Known as "El Fenómeno" in the Dominican Republic, the Cardinals signed him at age 16 in 2008 as an international amateur free agent and he made his MLB debut in 2014. Over six minor league seasons, he batted .321 with a .519 slugging percentage. He played all three outfield positions while spending most of the time in center field.
2013
1. Ritva Arvelo, Finnish actress, director, and screenwriter (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Ritva Arvelo
    
    Ritva Helinä Arvelo was a Finnish actress, director, screenwriter and a pioneer in modern dance.
2. Ron Davies, Welsh photographer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Ron Davies (photographer)
    
    Ron Davies, OBE was a Welsh photographer.
3. Doug Ireland, American journalist and activist (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Doug Ireland
    
    William Douglas Ireland was an American journalist and blogger who wrote about politics, power, media, and LGBT issues. He was the U.S. correspondent for the French political-investigative weekly Bakchich, for which he also wrote a weekly column, and he was also the Contributing Editor for International Affairs of Gay City News. Scott Tucker has called him "not only a left-wing critic of sexual and political conformism among sectors of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender movements, but ... also one of the notable public intellectuals of the civil libertarian left."
4. Al Johnson, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Al Johnson (musician)
    
    Alfred Orlando Johnson was an American R&B singer, writer, arranger and producer. He co-wrote the song "We Have Love for You" with Deniece Williams from her 1977 album Songbird.
5. Andries Maseko, South African footballer (b. 1955) deaths
  1. Andries Maseko
    
    Andries "Six Mabone" Maseko was a South African football striker who played for Moroka Swallows, San Jose Earthquakes, Washington Diplomats and Phoenix Inferno.
6. Gabriel of Komana (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Gabriel of Komana
    
    Gabriel of Komana was an Eastern Orthodox archbishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate who led the Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe from 2003 to 2013.
2012
1. Mac Ahlberg, Swedish-Italian director, screenwriter, and cinematographer (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Mac Ahlberg
    
    Mac Ahlberg was a Swedish film director and cinematographer.
2. Arnold Greenberg, American businessman, co-founded Snapple (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Arnold Greenberg (Snapple)
    
    Arnold Shepard Greenberg was an American businessman who co-founded Snapple, a brand of tea and juice drinks, in the 1970s with Leonard Marsh, his former high school classmate, and Hyman Golden, who was Marsh's brother-in-law. Greenberg later became the vice president and chief operating officer of the Snapple Corporation and retired after the 1994 acquisition of the brand to Quaker Oats.
  2. Snapple
    
    Snapple is a brand of tea and juice drinks which is owned by Keurig Dr Pepper and based in Plano, Texas, United States. The company, which was originally known as Unadulterated Food Products, was founded in 1972. The brand achieved some fame due to various pop-culture references including television shows.
3. John M. Johansen American architect, designed the Morris A. Mechanic Theatre (b. 1916) deaths
  1. John M. Johansen
    
    John MacLane Johansen was an American architect and a member of the Harvard Five. Johansen took an active role in the modern movement.
  2. Morris A. Mechanic Theatre
    
    The Morris A. Mechanic Theatre was a playhouse at 1 South Charles Street that was part of the Charles Center of Baltimore, Maryland. The theatre was built by and named for owner Morris A. Mechanic who operated a number of theatres in the city such as the Stanton, Fords Grand Opera House, The Centre, The Century/Valencia Theatres, all of which have since been demolished except for the Centre which the exterior has been restored and the interior has been repurposed as classroom and studio space for Maryland Institute College Of Art and Johns Hopkins University film programs. The Mechanic theatre was demolished in 2014.
4. Alan Kirschenbaum, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1961) deaths
  1. Alan Kirschenbaum
    
    Alan Kirschenbaum was a Jewish American television sitcom producer and writer.
5. Björn Sieber, Austrian skier (b. 1989) deaths
  1. Björn Sieber
    
    Björn Sieber was an Austrian alpine skier. Sieber won two medals at the world junior championships, a silver in giant slalom in 2009, and bronze in super-G in 2008. His best World Cup result was seventh at a super-combined event in February 2011 in Bansko, Bulgaria. Sieber died in a car crash on October 26, 2012, at the age of 23.
6. Alan Stretton, Australian general (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Alan Stretton
    
    Major General Alan Bishop Stretton, was a senior Australian Army officer. He came to public prominence through his work in charge of cleanup efforts at Darwin in the aftermath of Cyclone Tracy on Christmas Day 1974. As head of the National Disasters Organisation he managed the evacuation of 35,000 people in six days, including loading a jumbo jet with 673 passengers, then a record for the most people aloft in the one aircraft.
2011
1. Jona Senilagakali, Fijian physician and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Fiji (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Jona Senilagakali
    
    Jona Baravilala Senilagakali was a Fijian medical doctor and diplomat who briefly served as Prime Minister of Fiji from December 2006 to January 2007. Subsequently, he was Minister for Health from 2007 to 2008.
  2. Prime Minister of Fiji
    
    The prime minister of Fiji is the head of government of the Republic of Fiji. The prime minister is appointed by the president under the terms of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji. The prime minister is the head of the Cabinet and appoints and dismisses ministers.
2010
1. Glen Little, American clown (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Glen Little (clown)
    
    Glen Gordon "Frosty" Little was a circus clown who served with the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus for over 20 years. He was one of only four clowns ever to have been given the title "Master Clown" by the Ringling organization.
2. Mbah Maridjan, Indonesian spiritual leader (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Mbah Maridjan
    
    Mas Penewu Surakso Hargo, better known as Mbah Maridjan was the spiritual guardian or "gatekeeper" of the Indonesian volcano Mount Merapi. His birthplace was in the mountainside hamlet of Kinahrejo, Umbulharjo Village, Cangkringan District, of the Sleman Regency, on the island of Java in Indonesia.
3. Romeu Tuma, Brazilian police officer and politician (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Romeu Tuma
    
    Romeu Tuma was a Brazilian politician and a former director of the Federal Police.
2009
1. Teel Bivins, American lawyer and politician, 18th United States Ambassador to Sweden (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Teel Bivins
    
    Miles Teel Bivins was an American diplomat and politician. He served as a Republican member for the 31st district of the Texas Senate, and also as the 18th United States Ambassador to the Kingdom of Sweden.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to Sweden
    
    The United States Ambassador to Sweden serves as the official diplomatic representative of the President and the Government of the United States of America to the King and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden. Diplomatic relations between Sweden and the United States began with the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1783. Sweden received its first U.S. resident minister in 1814, but in 1818, the senior U.S. diplomat again became the chargé d'affaires. In 1854, the senior American diplomat in Sweden again became the minister resident. From 1814 to 1905 the United States Chief of Mission in Sweden also represented United States interests with respect to Norway, as Norway was aligned with Sweden during this period in the Union between Sweden and Norway.
2. Yoshirō Muraki, Japanese production designer and art director(b. 1924) deaths
  1. Yoshirō Muraki
    
    Yoshirō Muraki was a Japanese production designer, art director, and costume designer. Muraki joined Toho Film studio in 1944. He was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for his work in the films Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), Kagemusha (1980), and Ran (1985). He was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design for his work in Yojimbo (1961). He is most well known for his collaborations with director Akira Kurosawa, having done work on all of Kurosawa's films from Record of a Living Being (1955) onward, with the exception of Dersu Uzala (1975). He was married to Shinobu Muraki.
3. George Naʻope, American singer and dancer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. George Naʻope
    
    George Lanakilakekiahialiʻi Naʻope, born in Kalihi, Hawaiʻi and raised in Hilo, was a celebrated kumu hula, master Hawaiian chanter, and leading advocate and preservationist of native Hawaiian culture worldwide. He taught hula dancing for over sixty years in Hawaiʻi, Japan, Guam, Australia, Germany, England, North America, and South America.
4. Troy Smith, American businessman, founded Sonic Drive-In (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Troy Smith (businessman)
    
    Troy Nuel Smith, Sr. was an American businessman who founded Sonic Drive-In, a fast-food restaurant chain based in Oklahoma City that recreates the drive-in diner feel of the 1950s, complete with carhops who usually wear roller skates. By the time of Smith's death in 2009, the chain had 3,600 restaurants in 42 U.S. states.
  2. Sonic Drive-In
    
    Sonic Corporation, founded as Sonic Drive-In and more commonly known as Sonic, or "The Drive-In," is an American drive-in fast food restaurant chain owned by Inspire Brands, the parent company of Arby's and Buffalo Wild Wings. The company, founded by Troy N. Smith Sr., opened its first location in 1953, under the name Top Hat Drive-In. Originally, a walk up root beer stand outside a log cabin steakhouse selling soda, hamburgers, and hotdogs; Sonic, currently has 3,549 locations in the United States. Sonic, known for its use of carhops on roller skates, annually hosts a competition to determine the top skating carhop in the company. The company's core products include the "Chili Cheese Coney", "Sonic Cheeseburger Combo", "Sonic Blasts", "Master Shakes", and "Wacky Pack Kids Meals." The company also has a breakfast menu.
2008
1. Tony Hillerman, American journalist, author, and educator (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Tony Hillerman
    
    Anthony Grove Hillerman was an American author of detective novels and nonfiction works, best known for his mystery novels featuring Navajo Nation Police officers Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee. Several of his works have been adapted as theatrical and television movies.
2. Delmar Watson, American actor and photographer (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Delmar Watson
    
    David Delmar Watson was an American child actor and news photographer.
2007
1. Nicolae Dobrin, Romanian footballer and manager (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Nicolae Dobrin
    
    Nicolae Dobrin was a Romanian footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and a manager.
2. Friedman Paul Erhardt, German-American chef and television host (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Friedman Paul Erhardt
    
    Friedman Paul Erhardt was a German American pioneering early television chef. He was known as "Chef Tell" to his 40 million fans. He is widely regarded as one of the first chefs to enjoy widespread popularity on American television. Former Philadelphia Inquirer food writer, Elaine Tait, wrote, "Chef Tell is America's pioneer TV showman chef whose food always tastes good." Erhardt's thick German accent reportedly made him the inspiration for the Swedish Chef, a well known Muppet character on The Muppet Show, although Brian Henson denies this.
3. Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Arthur Kornberg
    
    Arthur Kornberg was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for the discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" together with Spanish biochemist and physician Severo Ochoa of New York University. He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, an L.H.D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, and the National Medal of Science in 1979. In 1991, Kornberg received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the Gairdner Foundation Award in 1995.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
2006
1. Tillman Franks, American bassist and songwriter (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Tillman Franks
    
    Tillman Ben Franks, Sr., was an American bassist and songwriter and the manager for a number of country music artists including Johnny Horton, David Houston, Webb Pierce, Claude King, and the Carlisles.
2. Pontus Hultén, Swedish art collector and curator (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Pontus Hultén
    
    Karl Gunnar Vougt Pontus Hultén was a Swedish art collector and museum director. Pontus Hultén is regarded as one of the most distinguished museum professionals of the twentieth century. He was the pioneering former head of the Museum of Modern Art in Stockholm and in the 1970s he was invited to participate in the creation of the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, where he was the first director of the Musée National d'Art Moderne (MNAM) in 1974–1981.
2005
1. Keith Parkinson, American illustrator (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Keith Parkinson
    
    Keith A. Parkinson was an American fantasy artist and illustrator known for book covers and artwork for games such as EverQuest, Guardians, Magic: The Gathering, and Vanguard: Saga of Heroes. After designing book and magazine covers for TSR, Parkinson moved into game design in the 1990s, and co-designed the collectible card game Guardians. Parkinson died of leukemia in 2005, just four days after his 47th birthday.
2. George Swindin, English footballer and manager (b. 1914) deaths
  1. George Swindin
    
    George Hedley Swindin was an English football player and manager.
2004
1. Bobby Ávila, Mexican baseball player and politician (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Bobby Ávila
    
    Roberto Francisco Ávila González, known as "Beto" in Mexico and as "Bobby" in the United States, was a Mexican professional baseball second baseman.
2002
1. Julian Dennison, New Zealand actor births
  1. Julian Dennison
    
    Julian Bailey Dennison is a New Zealand actor. He debuted in the 2013 film Shopping, for which he won the English Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor. He is known for his roles as Ricky Baker in Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), the highest-grossing New Zealand film in history, as Russell "Firefist" Collins in Deadpool 2 (2018), and as Belsnickel in The Christmas Chronicles 2. Dennison has appeared in multiple commercials for companies including Gillette, Lynx and Air New Zealand. In 2021, Dennison made his first appearance in the MonsterVerse as Josh Valentine in Godzilla vs. Kong.
2. Lee Eunsang, South Korean singer births
  1. Lee Eun-sang (singer)
    
    Lee Eun-sang, also known by the mononym Eunsang, is a South Korean singer and actor. He is currently a member of Younite. He is also a former member of X1 which debuted in 2019. He debuted as a solo artist on August 31, 2020, with his single album Beautiful Scar.
3. Jacques Massu, French general (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Jacques Massu
    
    Jacques Émile Massu was a French general who fought in World War II, the First Indochina War, the Algerian War and the Suez crisis. He led French troops in the Battle of Algiers, first supporting and later denouncing their use of torture.
4. Sally Hoyt Spofford, American ornithologist (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Sally Hoyt Spofford
    
    Sally Hoyt Spofford was an American ornithologist who was long associated with the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. In retirement, she was involved in conservation and birding in Arizona, known as the "doyenne of southern Arizona's birding community". She authored some 50 articles on bird behavior and co-authored the books Enjoying Birds in Upstate New York (1963) with O. S. Pettingill Jr. and Enjoying Birds Around New York City (1966) with Pettingill and R.S. Arbib Jr. She was a member of the American Ornithologists' Union from 1940 onward.
2001
1. Hüseyin Hilmi Işık, Turkish scholar and academic (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Hüseyin Hilmi Işık
    
    Huseyin Hilmi Işık was a Turkish, Sunni Islamic scholar.
1999
1. Hoyt Axton, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Hoyt Axton
    
    Hoyt Wayne Axton was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor. He became prominent in the early 1960s, establishing himself on the West Coast as a folk singer with an earthy style and powerful voice. Among his best-known songs are "Joy to the World", "The Pusher", "No No Song", "Greenback Dollar", "Della and the Dealer", and "Never Been to Spain".
2. Eknath Easwaran, Indian-American author and educator (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Eknath Easwaran
    
    Eknath Easwaran was an Indian-born spiritual teacher, author and translator and interpreter of Indian religious texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads.
1998
1. Kenkichi Iwasawa, Japanese mathematician and academic (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Kenkichi Iwasawa
    
    Kenkichi Iwasawa was a Japanese mathematician who is known for his influence on algebraic number theory.
1996
1. Rebecca Tunney, English gymnast births
  1. Rebecca Tunney
    
    Rebecca Tunney is a retired British artistic gymnast who competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
1995
1. Wilhelm Freddie, Danish painter and sculptor (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Freddie
    
    Wilhelm Freddie, born Christian Frederik Wilhelm Carlsen was a Danish painter, sculptor and filmmaker. Initially working along a somewhat abstract line, he soon turned towards a more realistic surrealism, only to later return to abstract art. Some of his works were highly controversial and considered pornographic at their time, resulting in confiscation of the works and his imprisonment though his artistic merits were later recognized.
2. Gorni Kramer, Italian bassist, songwriter, and bandleader (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Gorni Kramer
    
    Gorni Kramer was an Italian songwriter, musician and band leader.
1994
1. Waqa Blake, Fijian rugby league player births
  1. Waqa Blake
    
    Waqa Blake is a Fijian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a centre and wing for the Parramatta Eels in the NRL and Fiji at international level.
2. Allie DeBerry, American model and actress births
  1. Allie DeBerry
    
    Alexandria Danielle DeBerry is an American actress and model. She is best known for her roles in A.N.T. Farm as Paisley Houndstooth, Shake It Up as Destiny, Lazer Team as Mindy and True Jackson, VP as Cammy.
3. Wilbert Harrison, American singer and guitarist (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Wilbert Harrison
    
    Wilbert Huntington Harrison was an American rhythm and blues singer, pianist, guitarist and harmonica player.
1993
1. Oro, Mexican wrestler (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Oro (wrestler)
    
    Jesús Javier Hernández Silva was a Mexican professional wrestler known under the ring name Oro (Gold), a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler. Hernández died in 1993 as a direct result of a wrestling match. He was a second-generation wrestler, and several of his brothers and cousins were also wrestlers. His nephew works for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as Oro, Jr. as an homage to his uncle.
1992
1. Joseph Cramarossa, Canadian hockey player births
  1. Joseph Cramarossa
    
    Joseph Cramarossa is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward currently playing for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL).
1991
1. Riho Iida, Japanese model and actress births
  1. Riho Iida
    
    Riho Iida is a Japanese ex-child model-turned-actress, voice actress and singer. Her nickname is Rippi.
2. Sherry Hawco, Canadian gymnast (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Sherry Hawco
    
    Sherry Hawco was a Canadian gymnast.
1990
1. Mark Swanepoel, South African rugby player births
  1. Mark Swanepoel
    
    Mark Swanepoel is a rugby union player.
1989
1. Dre Kirkpatrick, American football player births
  1. Dre Kirkpatrick
    
    D'Andre Lawan "Dre" Kirkpatrick is an American football cornerback who is a free agent. He played college football at the University of Alabama and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers.
2. Emil Sayfutdinov, Russian motorcycle racer births
  1. Emil Sayfutdinov
    
    Emil Damirovich Sayfutdinov is a Russian motorcycle speedway rider and member of the Russia national speedway team. He is a three times World team champion, twice World Junior champion and a two-time winner of the European Championships in 2014 and 2015.
3. Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Charles J. Pedersen
    
    Charles John Pedersen was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers during his entire 42-year career as a chemist for DuPont at DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware and at DuPont's Jackson Laboratory in Deepwater, New Jersey. Often associated with Reed McNeil Izatt, Pedersen also shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 with Donald J. Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. He is the only Nobel Prize laureate born in Korea other than Peace Prize laureate Kim Dae-jung.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1988
1. Greg Zuerlein, American figure skater births
  1. Greg Zuerlein (figure skater)
    
    Greg Zuerlein is an American former ice dancer. With Madison Chock, he is the 2009 World Junior champion, 2008 JGP Final champion, and 2011 U.S. national bronze medalist. They competed together from 2006 to 2011.
2. Nosliw Rodríguez, Venezuelan politician births
  1. Nosliw Rodríguez
    
    Nosliw Rodríguez Franco is a Venezuelan politician. Nosliw was deputy of the National Assembly for Cojedes. She is currently a member of the 2017 Constituent National Assembly.
1987
1. Abudramae Bamba, Ivorian footballer births
  1. Abudramae Bamba
    
    Abudramae Bamba is an Ivorian footballer. He plays in the centre forward position.
2. Shawn Lauvao, American football player births
  1. Shawn Lauvao
    
    Shawn Sisifo Lauvao is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arizona State.
1986
1. Ibor Bakar, French footballer births
  1. Ibor Bakar
    
    Ibor Bakar is a Comorian football midfielder, who plays for French fourth division side US Marignane. He also holds French citizenship.
2. Jakub Rzeźniczak, Polish footballer births
  1. Jakub Rzeźniczak
    
    Jakub Rzeźniczak is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Wisła Płock. Besides Poland, he has played in Azerbaijan.
3. Marco Ruben, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Marco Ruben
    
    Marco Gastón Ruben Rodríguez is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as striker.
4. Schoolboy Q, German-American rapper births
  1. Schoolboy Q
    
    Quincy Matthew Hanley, better known by his stage name Schoolboy Q, is an American rapper. In 2009, Hanley signed to Carson-based independent record label Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE) and in late 2011, secured a recording contract with major label Interscope Records. Hanley is also a member of the hip-hop supergroup Black Hippy, alongside label-mates and fellow California-based rappers Ab-Soul, Jay Rock, and Kendrick Lamar.
5. Jackson Scholz, American runner (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Jackson Scholz
    
    Jackson Volney Scholz was an American sprint runner. In the 1920s, he became the first person to appear in an Olympic sprint final in three different Olympic Games. After his athletic career, he also gained fame as a writer.
1985
1. Andrea Bargnani, Italian basketball player births
  1. Andrea Bargnani
    
    Andrea Bargnani is an Italian former professional basketball player. The 7 ft 0 in (213 cm) power forward-center played for Benetton Treviso in the Italian LBA and the EuroLeague before being selected first overall in the 2006 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors. He spent 10 seasons in the NBA before ending his career with a stint in Spain during the 2016–17 season.
2. Kafoumba Coulibaly, Ivorian footballer births
  1. Kafoumba Coulibaly
    
    Kafoumba Coulibaly is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
3. Monta Ellis, American basketball player births
  1. Monta Ellis
    
    Monta Ellis is a former American professional basketball player. Ellis attended Lanier High School in Jackson, Mississippi, where he was a McDonald's All-American and first-team Parade All-American. He entered the NBA directly out of high school, being drafted with the 40th overall pick by the Golden State Warriors in the 2005 NBA draft. In 2007, he was named the NBA Most Improved Player. During his time with the Warriors, Ellis was one of the best scorers in the league, averaging close to 25 points per game on two occasions. After six and a half seasons with Golden State, he was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks in March 2012. A season and a half with the Bucks was followed by two seasons with the Dallas Mavericks and two seasons with the Indiana Pacers.
4. Kieran Read, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Kieran Read
    
    Kieran James Read is a New Zealand former rugby union player. He played as a number 8 and is a former captain of the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks.
1984
1. Sasha Cohen, American figure skater births
  1. Sasha Cohen
    
    Alexandra Pauline "Sasha" Cohen is a retired American figure skater. She is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a three-time World Championship medalist, the 2003 Grand Prix Final Champion, and the 2006 U.S. Champion. She is known for her artistry, flexibility and body lines, and musical interpretation. As of 2022, Cohen is the most recent American woman to medal individually in figure skating at the Olympics.
2. Adriano Correia, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Adriano (footballer, born 1984)
    
    Adriano Correia Claro, known simply as Adriano, is a Brazilian professional footballer who last played for Belgian club Eupen. One of few players in professional football who are genuinely ambidextrous, he is capable of playing as a defender or midfielder on both sides of the pitch.
3. Mathieu Crépel, French snowboarder births
  1. Mathieu Crépel
    
    Mathieu Crépel is a French professional snowboarder and World Champion based in Anglet, Northern Basque Country. Crépel rides regular stance. He has also surfed competitively in the multi-discipline Quik Cup.
4. Jefferson Farfán, Peruvian footballer births
  1. Jefferson Farfán
    
    Jefferson Agustín Farfán Guadalupe is a Peruvian professional footballer who mainly plays as a winger for Alianza Lima and the Peru national football team. Commonly known as Farfán or the nickname Foquita, he is known for his speed and technical ability and was one of the best providers of assists during his time in the Bundesliga.
5. Amanda Overmyer, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Amanda Overmyer
    
    Amanda Lindsay Overmyer is an American rock singer-songwriter from Camden, Indiana who was the eleventh place finalist on the seventh season of American Idol.
6. Gus Mancuso, American baseball player and coach (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Gus Mancuso
    
    August Rodney Mancuso, nicknamed "Blackie", was an American professional baseball player, coach, scout and radio sports commentator. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, Chicago Cubs (1939), Brooklyn Dodgers (1940) and Philadelphia Phillies (1945).
1983
1. Francisco Liriano, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Francisco Liriano
    
    Francisco Liriano Casillas is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Toronto Blue Jays, Houston Astros, and Detroit Tigers. Liriano was an MLB All-Star in 2006, and is a two-time winner of the MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award.
2. Dmitri Sychev, Russian footballer births
  1. Dmitri Sychev
    
    Dmitri Yevgenyevich Sychev is a former Russian association footballer who played as a forward or as a midfielder. He was hailed by the international press as "The Russian Michael Owen", because of his pace, and was dubbed "the most sensational young Russian forward since Vladimir Beschastnykh". He was well known for his blinding pace and agility.
3. Luke Watson, South African rugby player births
  1. Luke Watson
    
    Luke Asher Watson is a South African former rugby union footballer who can play at flank or eighthman. He has represented and captained the South African Schools rugby team (2001), South Africa's under-19 (2002) and under-21 (2004) teams, as well as the Springbok Sevens team (2001). Watson has also captained both the Western Province and the Super Rugby Stormers. He most recently played for the Eastern Province Kings.
1982
1. Nicola Adams, English boxer births
  1. Nicola Adams
    
    Nicola Virginia Adams is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2017 to 2019. She retired with an undefeated record and held the WBO female flyweight title in 2019. As an amateur, she became the first female boxer to become an Olympic champion after winning gold at London 2012, and the first double Olympic champion following a second gold medal at Rio 2016, both in the flyweight division. As of 27 May 2016 she was the reigning Olympic, World and European Games champion at flyweight, and won the entire set of amateur championships available to her – Olympic, Commonwealth and European Games' titles, and the World, European and European Union championships.
2. Adam Carroll, Irish race car driver births
  1. Adam Carroll (racing driver)
    
    Adam Carroll is a Northern Irish professional racing driver. He last raced in the 2016–17 Formula E season for Jaguar Racing. He has also raced for Team Ireland in A1 Grand Prix, winning the series in 2009.
1981
1. Sam Brown, American actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Sam Brown (comedian)
    
    Samuel Kelly Brown is an American comedian, actor, and writer. He is best known as a member of the sketch comedy troupe The Whitest Kids U' Know, founded by Trevor Moore, Zach Cregger, and himself. The troupe had their own show on IFC, which ran for five seasons.
2. Martina Schild, Swiss skier births
  1. Martina Schild
    
    Martina Schild is a Swiss alpine skier competing in downhill and super-G.
3. Guy Sebastian, Malaysian-Australian singer-songwriter births
  1. Guy Sebastian
    
    Guy Theodore Sebastian is an Australian singer and songwriter who was the winner of the first Australian Idol in 2003, judge on Australia's The X Factor from 2010 to 2012 and again from 2015 to 2016, and coach on The Voice Australia since 2019. He represented Australia at the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in fifth place.
4. Chou Ssu-Chi, Taiwanese baseball player births
  1. Chou Ssu-chi
    
    Chou Ssu-chi is a Taiwanese professional baseball outfielders for the CTBC Brothers of Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL). At the end of 2008, when the dmedia T-REX folded in a gambling scandal, he was picked by the Brother Elephants in the third round of the redistribution draft.
1980
1. Cristian Chivu, Romanian footballer births
  1. Cristian Chivu
    
    Cristian Eugen Chivu is a Romanian professional football manager and former player who is the head coach of Inter Milan's under-19 side.
2. Claire Cooper, English actress births
  1. Claire Cooper
    
    Claire Elizabeth Cooper is a British actress, best known for portraying Jacqui McQueen in Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, a character she played from 2006 to 2013.
3. Koichi Watanabe, Japanese kick-boxer births
  1. Koichi (kickboxer)
    
    Koichi Watanabe, better known as Koichi Pettas or simply KOICHI, was a Japanese heavyweight kickboxer competing in K-1, It's Showtime and GLORY.
1979
1. Movsar Barayev, Chechen terrorist (d. 2002) births
  1. Movsar Barayev
    
    Movsar Buharovich Barayev (Suleimanov), earlier known as Suleimanov, was a Chechen Islamist militia leader during the Second Chechen War, who led the seizure of a Moscow theater that led to the deaths of over 170 people by Russian special forces.
2. Park Chung-hee, South Korean general and politician, 3rd President of South Korea (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Park Chung-hee
    
    Park Chung-hee was a South Korean politician and army general who served as the dictator of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979; ruling as an unelected military strongman from 1961 to 1963, then as the third President of South Korea from 1963 to 1979.
  2. President of South Korea
    
    The president of the Republic of Korea, also known as the president of South Korea, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Korea. The president leads the State Council, and is the chief of the executive branch of the national government as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.
1978
1. Sari Abacha, Nigerian footballer (d. 2013) births
  1. Sari Abacha
    
    Sanni Sari Abacha was a Nigerian football defender who played for Kwara United F.C. The cause of death is unknown
2. Jimmy Aggrey, English footballer and actor births
  1. Jimmy Aggrey
    
    James Emmanuel Aggrey is an English former professional footballer. He was born in Hammersmith, London.
3. Eva Kaili, Greek journalist and politician births
  1. Eva Kaili
    
    Eva Kaili is a Greek politician of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). She was elected as one of fourteen Vice Presidents of the European Parliament on 18 January 2022 with 454 votes. She is a former television news presenter who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2014.
4. CM Punk, American wrestler, mixed martial artist, and actor births
  1. CM Punk
    
    Phillip Jack Brooks, better known by the ring name CM Punk, is an American professional wrestler, sports commentator, actor, and retired mixed martial artist currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Best known for his time in WWE, Brooks' 434-day reign as WWE Champion stands as the sixth longest in the championship's history.
5. Dave Zastudil, American football player births
  1. Dave Zastudil
    
    David Michael Zastudil is a former American football punter. He played college football at Ohio, and was drafted in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens.
6. Alexander Gerschenkron, Ukrainian-American historian, critic, and academic (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Alexander Gerschenkron
    
    Alexander Gerschenkron was a Russian-born American economic historian and professor at Harvard University, trained in the Austrian School of economics.
1977
1. Jon Heder, American actor and producer births
  1. Jon Heder
    
    Jonathan Joseph Heder is an American actor, best known for his role as the title character of the 2004 comedy film Napoleon Dynamite. He has also appeared in the films Just Like Heaven, The Benchwarmers, School for Scoundrels, Blades of Glory, Mama's Boy, When in Rome, and as Roy Disney in Walt Before Mickey. He also provided voice work for the animated films Monster House, Surf's Up, and Pinocchio, as well as the Napoleon Dynamite animated series.
2. Marisha Pessl, American author births
  1. Marisha Pessl
    
    Marisha Pessl is an American writer known for her novels Special Topics in Calamity Physics, Night Film, and Neverworld Wake.
1976
1. Deryck Cooke, English musicologist and author (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Deryck Cooke
    
    Deryck Cooke was a British musician, musicologist, broadcaster and Gustav Mahler expert.
1974
1. Raveena Tandon, Indian actress, producer, and former model births
  1. Raveena Tandon
    
    Raveena Tandon is an Indian actress who works in Hindi films. The daughter of director Ravi Tandon, she made her acting debut in the 1991 action film Patthar Ke Phool, which won her the Filmfare Award for New Face of the Year. Tandon established herself by playing the leading lady in the commercially successful action dramas Dilwale (1994), Mohra (1994), Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi (1996), and Ziddi (1997).
2. Bidia Dandaron, Russian author and educator (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Bidia Dandaron
    
    Bidia Dandaron was a major Buddhist author and teacher in the USSR. He also worked in academic Tibetology, contributed to the Tibetan-Russian Dictionary (1959) and made several translations from Tibetan into Russian. He is mostly remembered as a Buddhist teacher whose students in Russia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania continued both religious and scholarly work, and as an early Buddhist author who wrote on European philosophy, history, and science within a Buddhist framework. Among his students were Alexander Piatigorsky and Linnart Mäll.
1973
1. Austin Healey, English rugby player and sportscaster births
  1. Austin Healey
    
    Austin Sean Healey (born 26 October 1973 in Wallasey, is a former English rugby union player who played as a utility back for Leicester Tigers, and represented both England and the British & Irish Lions.
2. Seth MacFarlane, American voice actor, singer, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Seth MacFarlane
    
    Seth Woodbury MacFarlane is an American actor, animator, filmmaker, comedian, and singer. He is the creator and star of the television series Family Guy and The Orville, and co-creator of the television series American Dad! and The Cleveland Show (2009–2013). He also wrote, directed, and starred in the films Ted (2012), its sequel Ted 2 (2015), and A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014).
3. Taka Michinoku, Japanese wrestler and trainer births
  1. Taka Michinoku
    
    Takao Yoshida , better known by his ring name Taka Michinoku , is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist. Michinoku is known in North America for his work for the World Wrestling Federation where he had the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Championship reign recognized by the promotion. Michinoku is the founder and former promoter of Kaientai Dojo, where he also primarily wrestled until 2019. In 2019, Michinoku started another promotion, Professional Wrestling Just Tap Out (JTO). Michinoku has also appeared for New Japan Pro-Wrestling since 2011 where he is a member of Suzuki-gun.
4. Semyon Budyonny, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Semyon Budyonny
    
    Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonnyy was a Russian cavalryman, military commander during the Russian Civil War, Polish-Soviet War and World War II, and politician, who was a close political ally of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
  2. Marshal of the Soviet Union
    
    Marshal of the Soviet Union was the highest military rank of the Soviet Union.
1972
1. Matsuko Deluxe, Japanese journalist and author births
  1. Matsuko Deluxe
    
    Matsuko Deluxe is a Japanese columnist, essayist, and TV personality. Matsuko is a female persona and stage name assumed by a cross-dressing gay man. She has been described as plus-sized and gravely-voiced with a sharp tongue.
2. Daniel Elena, Monegasque race car driver births
  1. Daniel Elena
    
    Daniel Elena also known as "Danos" is a Monégasque rally co-driver working most notably with Sébastien Loeb. Between them the pair have won the World Rally Championship (WRC) nine times with Citroën, later competing with Hyundai. Their 79 wins together make him the co-driver with the most victories in the history of the WRC.
3. Igor Sikorsky, Ukrainian-American engineer and academic, founded Sikorsky Aircraft (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Igor Sikorsky
    
    Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky was a Russian–American aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. His first success came with the S-2, the second aircraft of his design and construction. His fifth airplane, the S-5, won him national recognition as well as F.A.I. license number 64. His S-6-A received the highest award at the 1912 Moscow Aviation Exhibition, and in the fall of that year the aircraft won first prize for its young designer, builder and pilot in the military competition at Saint Petersburg.
  2. Sikorsky Aircraft
    
    Sikorsky Aircraft is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Stratford, Connecticut. It was established by aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky in 1923 and was among the first companies to manufacture helicopters for civilian and military use.
1971
1. Jim Butcher, American author births
  1. Jim Butcher
    
    Jim Butcher is an American author. He has written the contemporary fantasy The Dresden Files, Codex Alera, and Cinder Spires book series.
2. Audley Harrison, English boxer births
  1. Audley Harrison
    
    Audley Hugh Harrison, is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2013. As an amateur he represented Great Britain at the 2000 Olympics, winning a gold medal in the super-heavyweight division and becoming the first ever British boxer to win Olympic gold in that division. Harrison turned professional the following year after signing a contract with BBC Sport, and went on to have seventeen fights on the network before their cancellation of all boxing broadcasts.
3. Ronnie Irani, English cricketer births
  1. Ronnie Irani
    
    Ronald Charles Irani is a former England cricketer who played Tests and ODIs for England. He played only three Tests for England, with decidedly mixed success, but found a niche in One Day Internationals, where he gained much praise for his performances.
4. Anthony Rapp, American actor and singer births
  1. Anthony Rapp
    
    Anthony Deane Rapp is an American actor and singer who originated the role of Mark Cohen in the Broadway production of Rent. Following his original performance of the role in 1996, Rapp reprised it in the film version of the show and then the show's United States Tour in 2009. He also performed the role of Charlie Brown in the 1999 Broadway revival of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown and originated the role of Lucas in the musical If/Then in 2014. He currently plays Lieutenant Commander Paul Stamets on the television series Star Trek: Discovery.
1970
1. Dian Bachar, American actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Dian Bachar
    
    Dian Bachar is an American actor most notable for his roles in various films by or starring his friends Trey Parker and Matt Stone, such as Cannibal! The Musical, Orgazmo and his most famous role as Kenny "Squeak" Scolari in 1998's BASEketball, as well as making the occasional appearance on South Park.
2. Lisa Ryder, Canadian actress births
  1. Lisa Ryder
    
    Lisa Ryder is a Canadian actress, who portrayed the role of Beka Valentine on the science fiction television series Andromeda.
1968
1. Miyuki Imori, Japanese actress and singer births
  1. Miyuki Imori
    
    Miyuki Imori is a Japanese entertainer, idol, actress, and singer who is represented by the talent agency, Horipro.
1967
1. Douglas Alexander, Scottish lawyer and politician, former Minister of State for Europe births
  1. Douglas Alexander
    
    Douglas Garven Alexander is a former Labour Party in Scotland politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Paisley and Renfrewshire South, previously Paisley South, from 1997 until his defeat in 2015. During this time, he served as Scottish Secretary, Transport Secretary and International Development Secretary in the Cabinet under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He subsequently served in Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Shadow Foreign Secretary.
  2. Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Europe
    
    The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Europe, formerly the Minister of State for Europe is a ministerial position within the Government of the United Kingdom, in charge of affairs with Europe. The Minister can also be responsible for government policy towards European security; defence and international security; the Falkland Islands; polar regions; migration; protocol; human resources; OSCE and Council of Europe; relations with Parliament; British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus; and FCO finance, knowledge and technology.
2. Keith Urban, Australian-American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Keith Urban
    
    Keith Lionel Urban is a New Zealand-Australian-American musician, singer, guitarist and songwriter known for his work in country music. Recognized with four Grammy Awards, Urban also received fifteen Academy of Country Music Awards, including the Jim Reeves International Award, thirteen CMA Awards and six ARIA Music Awards. Urban wrote and performed the song "For You" from the film Act of Valor, which earned him nominations at both the 70th Golden Globe Awards and at the 18th Critics' Choice Awards in the respective Best Original Song categories.
1966
1. Sverre Gjørvad, Norwegian drummer and composer births
  1. Sverre Gjørvad
    
    Sverre Gjørvad is a Norwegian jazz musician (drums) and composer. He is known for participating in establishing the SoddJazz festival and recording with various notable musicians including Live Maria Roggen, Ståle Storløkken, Mats Eilertsen and Nils-Olav Johansen.
2. Masaharu Iwata, Japanese keyboard player and composer births
  1. Masaharu Iwata
    
    Masaharu Iwata is a Japanese video game composer. After graduating from high school, where his musical projects included composing on a synthesizer and playing in a cover band, he joined Bothtec as a composer. He composed the soundtrack to several games there, beginning with 1987's Bakusou Buggy Ippatsu Yarou, and after the company was merged into Quest Corporation, he left to become a freelance composer.
3. Jeanne Zelasko, American journalist and sportscaster births
  1. Jeanne Zelasko
    
    Jeanne Zelasko is an American journalist and sportscaster who worked for "The Beast" AM980 KFWB and Fox Sports West in Los Angeles County, California. Prior to taking that position Zelasko had a relatively lengthy career working for Fox Sports as a reporter and analyst for various programs, as well as reporting for MLB Network, ESPN and as the court reporter on Judge Joe Brown.
4. Alma Cogan, English singer (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Alma Cogan
    
    Alma Angela Cohen Cogan was an English singer of traditional pop in the 1950s and early 1960s. Dubbed the "Girl with the Giggle in Her Voice", she was the highest paid British female entertainer of her era.
1965
1. Kelly Rowan, Canadian actress and producer births
  1. Kelly Rowan
    
    Kelly Rowan is a Canadian film and television actress and former fashion model. A native of Ottawa, Rowan studied acting in London and New York City before working as a model. She was featured in the horror film The Gate (1987) before earning critical acclaim for her performance in the Canadian television film Adrift, for which she won a Gemini Award for Best Actress. After a lead role in Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh (1995), Rowan starred as Mattie Shaw on the series Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years (1996–1997).
2. Ken Rutherford, New Zealand cricketer births
  1. Ken Rutherford (cricketer)
    
    Kenneth Robert Rutherford is a former New Zealand cricketer who enjoyed a ten-year career with the national team, and was captain for a period in the 1990s. He is the 50th ODI cap for New Zealand.
3. Sylvia Likens, American murder victim (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Murder of Sylvia Likens
    
    Sylvia Marie Likens was an American teenager who was tortured and murdered by her caregiver, Gertrude Baniszewski, many of Baniszewski's children, and several of their neighborhood friends. This abuse incrementally lasted for three months before Likens died from her extensive injuries and malnourishment on October 26, 1965, in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1964
1. Kikka Sirén, Finnish pop/schlager singer (d. 2005) births
  1. Kikka Sirén
    
    Kirsi Hannele Sirén, better known by her stage name Kikka, was a Finnish pop/schlager singer. She was known for her sexpot image and suggestive, equivocal songs. Kikka's best-known songs were "Mä haluun viihdyttää", "Sukkula Venukseen", "Tartu tiukasti hanuriin" and cover of Ami Aspelund's Apinamies ("Apeman").
1963
1. Tom Cavanagh, Canadian actor and producer births
  1. Tom Cavanagh
    
    Thomas Cavanagh is a Canadian actor. He is known for a variety of roles on American television, including starring roles in Ed (2000–2004), Love Monkey (2006) and Trust Me (2009), and recurring roles on Providence and Scrubs. Since 2014, he has portrayed Eobard Thawne / Reverse-Flash, and the various versions of Harrison Wells, on The CW television series The Flash; Cavanagh also directed several episodes of The Flash.
2. Ted Demme, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2002) births
  1. Ted Demme
    
    Edward Kern Demme was an American director, producer, and actor.
3. Natalie Merchant, American singer-songwriter and pianist births
  1. Natalie Merchant
    
    Natalie Anne Merchant is an American alternative rock singer-songwriter. She joined the band 10,000 Maniacs in 1981 and was lead vocalist and primary lyricist for the group. She remained with the group for their first seven albums and left it to begin her solo career in 1993. She has since released seven studio albums as a solo artist.
4. Elizabeth Gunn, New Zealand pediatrician (b. 1879) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Gunn (paediatrician)
    
    Elizabeth Catherine Gunn was a New Zealand school and army doctor and public health official. She was a pioneer in the field of children's health, and was instrumental in the establishment of children's health camps in New Zealand.
1962
1. Cary Elwes, English actor and producer births
  1. Cary Elwes
    
    Ivan Simon Cary Elwes is an English actor and writer. He is known for his leading film roles as Westley in The Princess Bride (1987), Robin Hood in Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993), and Dr. Lawrence Gordon in the Saw film series. Elwes' other performances in films include Glory (1989), Hot Shots! (1991), The Jungle Book (1994), Days of Thunder (1990), Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), Twister (1996), Kiss the Girls (1997), Liar Liar (1997), Cradle Will Rock (1999), Shadow of the Vampire (2000), The Cat's Meow (2001), Ella Enchanted (2004), The Alphabet Killer (2008), A Christmas Carol (2009), No Strings Attached (2011)., and The Hyperions . He has appeared on television in a number of series including The X-Files, Seinfeld, From the Earth to the Moon, Psych, Life in Pieces, Stranger Things, and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.
2. Jack Morelli, American comic book professional and author births
  1. Jack Morelli
    
    Jack Morelli is an American comic book letterer and author, also credited under the name John Morelli. He has designed many comic book logos. His lettering is notable for being the basis for the computer font used by John Byrne when he letters his own work.
3. Louise Beavers, American actress (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Louise Beavers
    
    Louise Beavers was an American film and television actress. From the 1920s until 1960, she appeared in dozens of films and two hit television shows. She was most often cast in the roles of a maid, servant or slave.
1961
1. Gerald Malloy, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Gerald Malloy
    
    Gerald Malloy is a Democratic member of the South Carolina Senate, representing the 29th District since 2002. He replaced Edward Eli Saleeby after he died. In November 2020, Malloy announced that he would run for Senate Minority Leader. He lost to Brad Hutto.
2. Dylan McDermott, American actor births
  1. Dylan McDermott
    
    Dylan McDermott is an American actor. He is known for his role as lawyer and law firm head Bobby Donnell on the legal drama series The Practice, which earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama and a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.
3. Joey Salceda, Filipino politician births
  1. Joey Salceda
    
    Jose Ma. Clemente "Joey" Sarte Salceda is a Filipino politician and the current Representative of Albay's 2nd District in the Philippine House of Representatives. He previously served as governor of Albay province in the Philippines. Prior to that, he was a three-year term representative of the Third District of Albay and was appointed as Presidential Chief of Staff on February 10, 2007, after the resignation of Michael Defensor before he himself resigned on March 29, 2007, to pursue his gubernatorial bid in his province. He was member of the one of two dominant parties known as the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (Kampi), although it was known that he ran for governor and won as an independent in the 2007 elections. In 2010, he left Lakas-Kampi-CMD and joined the Liberal Party and became the party's Bicol regional chair.
4. Uhuru Kenyatta, Kenyan President births
  1. Uhuru Kenyatta
    
    Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta is a Kenyan politician who served as the fourth president of Kenya from 2013 to 2022.
5. Sadae Inoue, Japanese general (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Sadae Inoue
    
    Sadae Inoue was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. He commanded the Japanese forces at the Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of Angaur.
1960
1. Toshizō Nishio, Japanese general (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Toshizō Nishio
    
    Toshizō Nishio was a Japanese general, considered to be one of the Imperial Japanese Army's most successful and ablest strategists during the Second Sino-Japanese War, who commanded the Japanese Second Army during the first years after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
1959
1. Paul Farmer, American anthropologist and physician births
  1. Paul Farmer
    
    Paul Edward Farmer was an American medical anthropologist and physician. Farmer held an MD and PhD from Harvard University, where he was a University Professor and the chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He was the co-founder and chief strategist of Partners In Health (PIH), an international non-profit organization that since 1987 has provided direct health care services and undertaken research and advocacy activities on behalf of those who are sick and living in poverty. He was professor of medicine and chief of the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
2. Evo Morales, Bolivian soldier and politician, 80th President of Bolivia births
  1. Evo Morales
    
    Juan Evo Morales Ayma is a Bolivian politician, trade union organizer, and former cocalero activist who served as the 65th president of Bolivia from 2006 to 2019. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come from its indigenous population, his administration focused on the implementation of leftist policies, improving the legal rights and socioeconomic conditions of Bolivia's previously-marginalized indigenous population and combating the political influence of the United States and resource-extracting multinational corporations. Ideologically a socialist, he has led the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party since 1998.
  2. President of Bolivia
    
    The president of Bolivia, officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.
1958
1. Shaun Woodward, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland births
  1. Shaun Woodward
    
    Shaun Anthony Woodward is a British politician who was the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for St Helens South from 2001 to 2015. He served in the cabinet from 28 June 2007 to 11 May 2010 as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Following the 2010 general election, Woodward was the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland until 7 October 2011, when he was replaced by Vernon Coaker.
  2. Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
    
    The secretary of state for Northern Ireland, also referred to as the Northern Ireland secretary or SoSNI, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the Northern Ireland Office. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 17th in the ministerial ranking.
1957
1. Bob Golic, American football player and radio host births
  1. Bob Golic
    
    Robert Perry Golic is an American former college and professional football player, television actor, radio personality and sports commentator.
2. Gerty Cori, Czech-American biochemist and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Gerty Cori
    
    Gerty Theresa Cori was an Austro-Hungarian and American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her significant role in the "discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen".
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
3. Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek philosopher, author, and playwright (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Nikos Kazantzakis
    
    Nikos Kazantzakis was a Greek writer. Widely considered a giant of modern Greek literature, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in nine different years.
1956
1. Stephen Gumley, Australian engineer and businessman births
  1. Stephen Gumley
    
    Stephen John Gumley, AO was the first Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Defence Materiel Organisation, serving in the role from February 2004 to July 2011.
2. Rita Wilson, American actress and producer births
  1. Rita Wilson
    
    Rita Wilson is an American actress, singer, and producer. Her film appearances include Volunteers (1985), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), Now and Then (1995), That Thing You Do! (1996), Jingle All the Way (1996), The Story of Us (1999), Runaway Bride (1999), It's Complicated (2009), and Larry Crowne (2011), and she appeared in the television series The Good Wife and Girls. Wilson has performed on Broadway, and has produced several films, including My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002). As a singer/songwriter, Wilson has released the albums AM/FM, Rita Wilson, Bigger Picture, and Halfway to Home. In March 2019, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
3. Walter Gieseking, French-German pianist and composer (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Walter Gieseking
    
    Walter Wilhelm Gieseking was a French-born German pianist and composer. Gieseking was renowned for his subtle touch, pedaling, and dynamic control—particularly in the music of Debussy and Ravel; he made integral recordings of all their published works which were extant during his life. He also recorded most of the solo piano works by Mozart.
1954
1. Vasilis Hatzipanagis, Greek footballer births
  1. Vasilis Hatzipanagis
    
    Vasilis Hatzipanagis is a Greek former professional footballer. He played for Iraklis in the Greek Alpha Ethniki and Pakhtakor in the Soviet Supreme League. He also played for Greece and the Soviet Union side. Hatzipanagis has been described as "the Greek Maradona".
2. Adam Mars-Jones, English author and critic births
  1. Adam Mars-Jones
    
    Adam Mars-Jones is a British novelist and literary and film critic.
3. James Pickens Jr., American actor births
  1. James Pickens Jr.
    
    James Pickens Jr. is an American actor. He is best known for his starring role as Dr. Richard Webber on the ABC medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, and for his supporting role as Deputy Director Alvin Kersh on later seasons of the Fox Network science fiction series The X-Files, and Chuck Mitchell on Roseanne (1990-1996;2018), and The Conners (2018–Present)..
4. D. W. Moffett, American actor and director births
  1. D. W. Moffett
    
    Donald Warren "D.W." Moffett is an American film, stage, and television actor. Moffett began his career in stage productions in Chicago before starring in the original New York City production of Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart in 1985. He subsequently starred in a Broadway production of The Boys of Winter the same year. He made his feature film debut in Bob Rafelson's thriller Black Widow (1987) before portraying a serial killer in the thriller Lisa (1990).
1953
1. Roger Allam, British actor births
  1. Roger Allam
    
    Roger William Allam is a British actor, who has performed on stage, in film, on television and radio.
2. Tim Hely Hutchinson, English publisher births
  1. Tim Hely Hutchinson
    
    The Honourable Timothy Mark Hely Hutchinson is a British publisher, former group CEO of the second largest British publisher, Hachette UK and the second son of the current Earl of Donoughmore.
3. Joe Meriweather, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013) births
  1. Joe C. Meriweather
    
    Joe C. Meriweather was an American professional basketball player.
4. Keith Strickland, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Keith Strickland
    
    Julian Keith Strickland is an American singer-songwriter, composer, musician, multi-instrumentalist, and one of the founding members of The B-52s. He was born in Athens, Georgia.
1952
1. Bobby Bandiera, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Bobby Bandiera
    
    Robert "Bobby" Bandiera is an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter from New Jersey. Bandiera played rhythm guitar for Bon Jovi in live performances from 2005 until 2015 and for nearly two decades was lead guitarist for Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes. Bandiera and his band have backed Bruce Springsteen at benefit concerts.
2. Edward Garnier, English lawyer and politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales births
  1. Edward Garnier
    
    Edward Henry Garnier, Baron Garnier, is a British barrister and former Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. A former lawyer for The Guardian newspaper, Lord Garnier is on the socially liberal wing of his party and was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Harborough in Leicestershire from 1992 until 2017. He most recently served as Solicitor General for England and Wales from the election of 2010 until the 2012 ministerial reshuffle. He stood down from the House of Commons at the 2017 general election before entering the House of Lords in 2018.
  2. Solicitor General for England and Wales
    
    His Majesty's Solicitor General for England and Wales, known informally as the Solicitor General, is one of the law officers of the Crown in the government of the United Kingdom. They are the deputy of the Attorney General, whose duty is to advise the Crown and Cabinet on the law. They can exercise the powers of the Attorney General in the Attorney General's absence. Despite the title, the position is usually held by a barrister as opposed to a solicitor.
3. Andrew Motion, English poet and author births
  1. Andrew Motion
    
    Sir Andrew Motion is an English poet, novelist, and biographer, who was Poet Laureate from 1999 to 2009. During the period of his laureateship, Motion founded the Poetry Archive, an online resource of poems and audio recordings of poets reading their own work. In 2012, he became President of the Campaign to Protect Rural England, taking over from Bill Bryson.
4. David Was, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. David Was
    
    David Jay Weiss, known as David Was, is an American musician, music producer and journalist. With his stage-brother Don Was, he was the founder of the 1980s pop group Was.
5. Hattie McDaniel, American actress and singer (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Hattie McDaniel
    
    Hattie McDaniel was an American actress, singer-songwriter, and comedian. For her role as Mammy in Gone with the Wind (1939), she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, becoming the first African American to win an Oscar. She has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame in 1975, and in 2006 she became the first Black Oscar winner honored with a U.S. postage stamp. In 2010, she was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. In addition to acting, McDaniel recorded 16 blues sides between 1926 and 1929 and was a radio performer and television personality; she was the first Black woman to sing on radio in the United States. Although she appeared in more than 300 films, she received on-screen credits for only 83. Her best known other major films are Alice Adams, In This Our Life and Since You Went Away.
1951
1. Bootsy Collins, American singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Bootsy Collins
    
    William Earl "Bootsy" Collins is an American bass guitarist and singer.
2. Tommy Mars, American keyboard player births
  1. Tommy Mars
    
    Tommy Mars is an American keyboard player known for his work with Frank Zappa.
3. Julian Schnabel, American painter, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Julian Schnabel
    
    Julian Schnabel is an American painter and filmmaker. In the 1980s, he received international attention for his "plate paintings" — with broken ceramic plates set onto large-scale paintings. Since the 1990s, he has been a proponent of independent arthouse cinema. Schnabel directed Before Night Falls, which became Javier Bardem's breakthrough Academy Award-nominated role, and The Diving Bell and the Butterfly, which was nominated for four Academy Awards. For the latter, he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director and the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, as well as receiving nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director and the César Award for Best Director.
1949
1. Antonio Carpio, Filipino lawyer and jurist, Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines births
  1. Antonio Carpio
    
    Antonio Tirol Carpio is a former associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He was sworn in as member of the High Court by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on October 26, 2001, and served until his retirement on October 26, 2019. He served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines for a period of eighteen (18) years. He also served as chief justice in an acting capacity at least three separate times during his tenure as Senior Associate Justice.
  2. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
    
    An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is one of fifteen members of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the highest court in the Philippines. The Chief Justice presides over the high court, but carries only one of the 15 votes in the court. Traditionally, the Chief Justice is deemed primus inter pares among the justices.
2. Steve Rogers, American baseball player births
  1. Steve Rogers (baseball)
    
    Stephen Douglas Rogers is a former starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Montreal Expos. He batted and threw right-handed.
3. Kevin Sullivan, American wrestler and booker births
  1. Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)
    
    Kevin Francis Sullivan is an American professional wrestler and booker, perhaps best known for his role in World Championship Wrestling.
4. Lionel Halsey, English admiral and courtier (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Lionel Halsey
    
    Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey, was a Royal Navy officer and courtier.
1948
1. Toby Harrah, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Toby Harrah
    
    Colbert Dale (Toby) Harrah is an American former professional baseball player. He played as a shortstop and third baseman in Major League Baseball from 1969 to 1986. Harrah played the majority of his career for the Texas Rangers franchise, including his rookie season during the team's final year as the in 1971. He also played for the Cleveland Indians and the New York Yankees. In 1992, he briefly served as manager of the Rangers. Harrah most recently served as the assistant hitting coach for the Detroit Tigers.
1947
1. Ricardo Asch, Argentinian gynecologist and endocrinologist births
  1. Ricardo Asch
    
    Ricardo Hector Asch is an obstetrician, gynecologist, and endocrinologist. He worked with reproductive technology and pioneered gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), as well as working on research linking fertility and marijuana usage, and investigated the use of GnRH analogues with Andrew Schally. In the mid-1990s he was accused of transferring ova harvested from women into other patients without proper consent at the University of California, Irvine's fertility clinic. Asch left the United States one year before a federal indictment was filed. He was tried and acquitted of all charges in Argentina in 2008. In 2011 Mexico denied an extradition request by the United States as it would constitute double jeopardy and no new evidence was brought forth. He is currently living in Mexico City.
2. Ian Ashley, German-English race car driver births
  1. Ian Ashley
    
    Ian Hugh Gordon Ashley is a British-German racing driver who raced in Formula One for the Token, Williams, BRM and Hesketh teams.
3. Hillary Clinton, American lawyer and politician, 67th United States Secretary of State and 44th First Lady of the United States births
  1. Hillary Clinton
    
    Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician, diplomat, and former lawyer who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State for President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a United States senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and as First Lady of the United States as the wife of President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the party's nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election, becoming the first woman to win a presidential nomination by a major U.S. political party; Clinton won the popular vote, but lost the Electoral College vote, thereby losing the election to Donald Trump.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
  3. First Lady of the United States
    
    The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States. Since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by official staff, now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House.
4. Reg Empey, Northern Irish businessman and politician, Lord Mayor of Belfast births
  1. Reg Empey
    
    Reginald Norman Morgan Empey, Baron Empey,, best known as Reg Empey, is a Unionist politician from Northern Ireland, who was the leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) from 2005 to 2010. He was the chairman of the Ulster Unionist Party from 2012 to 2019. Empey was also twice Lord Mayor of Belfast and was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for East Belfast from 1998 to 2011.
  2. List of mayors of Belfast
    
    The Lord Mayor of Belfast is the leader and chairperson of Belfast City Council, elected annually from and by the City's 60 councillors. The Lord Mayor also serves as the representative of the city of Belfast, welcoming guests from across the United Kingdom and Ireland.
5. Trevor Joyce, Irish poet and scholar births
  1. Trevor Joyce
    
    Trevor Joyce is an Irish poet, born in Dublin.
6. Kenzo Kitakata, Japanese author births
  1. Kenzo Kitakata
    
    Kenzo Kitakata is a Japanese novelist, especially known for his hardboiled novels. He studied law at Chuo University in the early 1970s. He served as the 10th President of the Mystery Writers of Japan from 1997 to 2001.
7. Edwin Savage, English priest and author (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Edwin Savage
    
    Edwin Sidney Savage was a British priest in the Church of England and an author.
1946
1. Kevin Barron, English electrician and politician births
  1. Kevin Barron
    
    Sir Kevin John Barron is a British Labour Party politician and former coal industry worker. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rother Valley from 1983 until 2019.
2. Keith Hopwood, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Keith Hopwood
    
    Keith Hopwood is an English pop and rock musician, singer-songwriter, composer, businessman and record producer, who served as the rhythm guitarist and backing vocals for the 1960s pop band, Herman's Hermits. Hopwood also served as a keyboardist, singer and guitarist for the post-Peter Noone outfit, Sour Mash, which recorded an unreleased album, A Whale of a Tale for RCA.
3. Pat Sajak, American journalist, actor, and game show host births
  1. Pat Sajak
    
    Pat Sajak is an American television personality and game show host. He is best known as the host of the American television game show Wheel of Fortune, a position he has held since 1981. For his work on Wheel, Sajak has received 19 nominations for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host, winning three times.
4. Holly Woodlawn, Puerto Rican actress and author (d. 2015) births
  1. Holly Woodlawn
    
    Holly Woodlawn was a transgender Puerto Rican actress and Warhol superstar who appeared in the films Trash (1970) and Women in Revolt (1971). She is also known as the Holly in Lou Reed's hit glam rock song "Walk on the Wild Side".
5. Ioannis Rallis, Greek lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Ioannis Rallis
    
    Ioannis Rallis was the third and last collaborationist prime minister of Greece during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, holding office from 7 April 1943 to 12 October 1944, succeeding Konstantinos Logothetopoulos in the Nazi-controlled Greek puppet government in Athens.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
1945
1. Pat Conroy, American author (d. 2016) births
  1. Pat Conroy
    
    Donald Patrick Conroy was an American author who wrote several acclaimed novels and memoirs; his books The Water is Wide, The Lords of Discipline, The Prince of Tides and The Great Santini were made into films, the last two being nominated for Oscars. He is recognized as a leading figure of late-20th-century Southern literature.
2. Demetris Th. Gotsis, Greek poet and author births
  1. Demetris Th. Gotsis
    
    Demetris Th. Gotsis was a Greek poet and author residing in Cyprus. He was born October 26, 1945 in Thessaloniki, Greece and died April 21, 2021 in Nicosia, Cyprus. He studied Medicine at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and received musical education since his parents were trained opera singers.
3. Nancy Davis Griffeth, American computer scientist and academic births
  1. Nancy D. Griffeth
    
    Nancy Davis Griffeth is an American computer scientist notable for approaches to the feature interaction problem. In 2014, she is a professor at Lehman College of The City University of New York and is modelling biological systems in computational biology.
4. Jaclyn Smith, American actress and producer births
  1. Jaclyn Smith
    
    Jacquelyn Ellen "Jaclyn" Smith is an American actress and businesswoman. She is best known for her role as Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), and was the only original female lead to remain with the series for its complete run. She reprised the role with cameo appearances in the films Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003) and Charlie's Angels (2019). Her other films include Nightkill (1980) and Déjà Vu (1985). Beginning in the 1980s, she began developing and marketing her own brands of clothing and perfume.
5. Aleksey Krylov, Russian mathematician and engineer (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Aleksey Krylov
    
    Aleksey Nikolaevich Krylov was a Russian naval engineer, applied mathematician and memoirist.
6. Paul Pelliot, French sinologist and explorer (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Paul Pelliot
    
    Paul Eugène Pelliot was a French Sinologist and Orientalist best known for his explorations of Central Asia and his discovery of many important Chinese texts such as the Dunhuang manuscripts.
1944
1. Jim McCann, Irish singer and guitarist (d. 2015) births
  1. Jim McCann (musician)
    
    James McCann was an Irish entertainer and folk musician. Although a solo artist for most of his career, McCann was a member of the folk group The Dubliners from 1974 until 1979, then later appearing with them in their 2002 reunion and their 50th anniversary tour in 2012.
2. Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
    
    Princess Beatrice, later Princess Henry of Battenberg, was the fifth daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Beatrice was also the last of Queen Victoria's children to die, nearly 66 years after the first, her elder sister Alice.
3. Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese lieutenant and pilot (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Hiroyoshi Nishizawa
    
    Lieutenant Junior Grade Hiroyoshi Nishizawa was a Japanese naval aviator and an ace of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service during World War II. Nishizawa was known to his colleagues as 'the Devil' for his breathtaking, brilliant, and unpredictable aerobatics and superb control of his aircraft while in combat. He was a member of the Tainan Kōkūtai's famous "clean up trio" with fellow aces Saburō Sakai and Toshio Ōta and would see action in the New Guinea campaign as well as in the aerial battles over Guadalcanal and over the Solomon Islands. He was killed in 1944 during the Philippines Campaign while aboard an IJN transport aircraft. It is possible that he was the most successful Japanese fighter ace of the war, reportedly telling his last CO that he had achieved a tally of 86 or 87 aerial victories- post war he was linked with scores of 147 or 103, but both of these scores have been considered inaccurate.
4. William Temple, English archbishop and theologian (b. 1881) deaths
  1. William Temple (bishop)
    
    William Temple was an English Anglican priest, who served as Bishop of Manchester (1921–1929), Archbishop of York (1929–1942) and Archbishop of Canterbury (1942–1944).
1943
1. Aurel Stein, Hungarian-English archaeologist and academic (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Aurel Stein
    
    Sir Marc Aurel Stein, (Hungarian: Stein Márk Aurél; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist, primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He was also a professor at Indian universities.
1942
1. Bob Hoskins, English actor, singer, and director (d. 2014) births
  1. Bob Hoskins
    
    Robert William Hoskins was an English actor. His work included lead roles in films and television series such as Pennies from Heaven (1978), The Long Good Friday (1980), Mona Lisa (1986), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Mermaids (1990), and Super Mario Bros. (1993), and supporting performances in Brazil (1985), Hook (1991), Nixon (1995), Enemy at the Gates (2001), Mrs Henderson Presents (2005), A Christmas Carol (2009), Made in Dagenham (2010), and Snow White and the Huntsman (2012). He also directed two feature films: The Raggedy Rawney (1988) and Rainbow (1996).
2. Milton Nascimento, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Milton Nascimento
    
    Milton Nascimento, also known as Bituca, is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.
3. Zdenko Runjić, Croatian songwriter and producer (d. 2004) births
  1. Zdenko Runjić
    
    Zdenko Runjić was a Croatian songwriter. In his long career, he established himself as one of the most prolific and most popular songwriters of former Yugoslavia and Croatia.
4. Jonathan Williams, English race car driver and pilot (d. 2014) births
  1. Jonathan Williams (racing driver)
    
    Jonathan Williams was a British racing driver.
1941
1. Steven Kellogg, American author and illustrator births
  1. Steven Kellogg
    
    Steven Castle Kellogg is an American author and illustrator who has created more than 90 children's books.
2. Charlie Landsborough, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Charlie Landsborough
    
    Charles Alexander Landsborough is a British country and folk musician and singer-songwriter. He started singing professionally in the 1970s, although his major success did not come until 1994 with his song "What Colour is the Wind". He is one of the UK's top country acts and is also popular in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand.
3. Arkady Gaidar, Russian journalist and author (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Arkady Gaidar
    
    Arkady Petrovich Gaidar was a Russian Soviet writer, whose stories were very popular among Soviet children, and a Red Army commander.
1940
1. Eddie Henderson, American trumpet player and educator births
  1. Eddie Henderson (musician)
    
    Eddie Henderson is an American jazz trumpet and flugelhorn player. He came to prominence in the early 1970s as a member of pianist Herbie Hancock's Mwandishi band, going on to lead his own electric/fusion groups through the decade. Henderson earned his medical degree and worked a parallel career as a psychiatrist and musician, turning back to acoustic jazz by the 1990s.
2. John Horgan, Irish academic and politician births
  1. John Horgan (academic)
    
    John S. Horgan is a former Labour Party politician, professor of journalism at Dublin City University and, from 2007 to 2014. the first Press Ombudsman in Ireland.
1937
1. Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Polish general (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki
    
    Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki was a Russian military officer and Polish general, serving with the Imperial Russian and then Polish armies. He was also the military commander of the Greater Poland Uprising.
1936
1. Al Casey, American guitarist (d. 2006) births
  1. Al Casey (rock guitarist)
    
    Alvin Wayne Casey was an American guitarist. He was mainly known for his work as a session musician, but also released his own records and scored three Billboard Hot 100 hits in the United States. His contribution to the rockabilly genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.
2. Shelley Morrison, American actress (d. 2019) births
  1. Shelley Morrison
    
    Shelley Morrison was an American actress. Morrison was known for her role as maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy Will & Grace, which she played from 1999 to 2006. She was also a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun, playing Sister Sixto, a nun known mostly for mangling the English language, and she had a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982. She was also the voice of Mrs. Portillo in the animated Disney show Handy Manny.
3. György Pauk, Hungarian violinist and educator births
  1. György Pauk
    
    György Pauk is a Hungarian violinist, chamber musician and music pedagogue.
4. Etelka Kenéz Heka, Hungarian writer, poet and singer births
  1. Etelka Kenéz Heka
    
    Etelka Kenéz Heka, sometimes Etelka Heka is a Hungarian writer, poet and singer.
1935
1. Mike Gray, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013) births
  1. Mike Gray
    
    Harold Michael Gray was an American writer, screenwriter, cinematographer, film producer and director.
2. Gloria Conyers Hewitt, American mathematician and academic births
  1. Gloria Conyers Hewitt
    
    Gloria Conyers Hewitt is an American mathematician. She was the fourth African-American woman to receive a PhD in Mathematics. Her main research interests were in group theory and abstract algebra. She is the first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States.
1934
1. Hot Rod Hundley, American basketball player and sportscaster (d. 2015) births
  1. Hot Rod Hundley
    
    Rodney Clark "Hot Rod" Hundley was an American professional basketball player and television broadcaster. Hundley was the number 1 pick of the 1957 NBA draft by the Cincinnati Royals out of West Virginia University. In 2003, Hundley received the Curt Gowdy Media Award from the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
2. Hans-Joachim Roedelius, German keyboard player and producer births
  1. Hans-Joachim Roedelius
    
    Hans-Joachim Roedelius is a German electronic musician and composer, best known as a co-founder of the influential 'kosmische' groups Cluster and Harmonia. He also performed in the ambient jazz trio Aquarello, and released several solo studio albums.
1933
1. Takis Kanellopoulos, Greek director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1990) births
  1. Takis Kanellopoulos
    
    Takis Kanellopoulos was a Greek film director and screenwriter. He directed ten films between 1960 and 1980.
2. Andrew P. O'Rourke, American judge and politician (d. 2013) births
  1. Andrew P. O'Rourke
    
    Andrew Patrick O'Rourke was a judge and politician from New York State. A Republican, he served as the County Executive of Westchester County, New York from 1982 to 1997.
1932
1. Margaret Brown, American philanthropist and activist (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Margaret Brown
    
    Margaret Brown, posthumously known as "The Unsinkable Molly Brown", was an American socialite and philanthropist. She unsuccessfully encouraged the crew in Lifeboat No. 6 to return to the debris field of the 1912 sinking of RMS Titanic to look for survivors. During her lifetime, her friends called her "Maggie", but even by her death, obituaries referred to her as the "Unsinkable Molly Brown". The reference was further reinforced by a 1960 Broadway musical based on her life and its 1964 film adaptation which were both entitled The Unsinkable Molly Brown.
1931
1. Suhaila Noah, Spouse of the Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 2014) births
  1. Suhailah Noah
    
    Tun Suhailah binti Mohamed Noah was the widow of the 3rd Malaysian Prime Minister Hussein Onn and the Spouse of the Prime Minister of Malaysia from 15 January 1976, until 16 July 1981. She was the mother of Hishammuddin Hussein, who is currently serving as Minister of Defence.
2. Charles Comiskey, American baseball player and manager (b. 1859) deaths
  1. Charles Comiskey
    
    Charles Albert Comiskey, nicknamed "Commy" or "The Old Roman", was an American Major League Baseball player, manager and team owner. He was a key person in the formation of the American League, and was also founding owner of the Chicago White Sox. Comiskey Park, the White Sox's storied baseball stadium, was built under his guidance and named for him.
1930
1. Waldemar Haffkine, Russian-Swiss physician and microbiologist (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Waldemar Haffkine
    
    Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine was a Ukrainian-French bacteriologist known for his pioneering work in vaccines.
2. Harry Payne Whitney, American businessman and horse breeder (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Harry Payne Whitney
    
    Harry Payne Whitney was an American businessman, thoroughbred horse breeder, and member of the prominent Whitney family.
1929
1. Neal Matthews Jr., American country/gospel singer (d. 2000) births
  1. Neal Matthews Jr.
    
    Neal Matthews Jr. was an American vocalist who achieved fame as part of The Jordanaires, one of country music's premier backup groups; most notably with Elvis Presley. Matthews played guitar, double bass, and bass guitar.
1928
1. Francisco Solano López, Argentinian illustrator (d. 2011) births
  1. Francisco Solano López (comics)
    
    Francisco Solano López was an Argentine comics artist. He was the co-creator of El Eternauta.
1927
1. Warne Marsh, American saxophonist (d. 1987) births
  1. Warne Marsh
    
    Warne Marion Marsh was an American tenor saxophonist. Born in Los Angeles, his playing first came to prominence in the 1950s as a protégé of pianist Lennie Tristano and earned attention in the 1970s as a member of Supersax.
2. Jūkichi Yagi, Japanese poet (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Jūkichi Yagi
    
    Jūkichi Yagi was a Japanese poet active in the late Taishō period and for the first few years of the Shōwa period, who focused on modern religious themes.
1926
1. Panos Gavalas, Greek singer (d. 1988) births
  1. Panos Gavalas
    
    Panagiotis (Panos) Gavalas was a Greek singer.
1925
1. Jan Wolkers, Dutch sculptor, painter, and author (d. 2007) births
  1. Jan Wolkers
    
    Jan Hendrik Wolkers was a Dutch author, sculptor and painter. Wolkers is considered by some to be one of the "Great Four" writers of post-World War II Dutch literature, alongside Willem Frederik Hermans, Harry Mulisch and Gerard Reve.
1924
1. Shaw Taylor, English actor and television host (d. 2015) births
  1. Shaw Taylor
    
    Eric Stanley Taylor, known professionally as Shaw Taylor, was a British actor and television presenter, best known for presenting the long-running five-minute crime programme Police 5.
1923
1. Robert Hinde, English zoologist and academic (d. 2016) births
  1. Robert Hinde
    
    Robert Aubrey Hinde was a British zoologist, ethologist and psychologist. He served as the Emeritus Royal Society Research Professor of Zoology at the University of Cambridge. Hinde is best known for his ethological contributions to the fields of animal behaviour and developmental psychology.
1922
1. Madelyn Dunham, American grandmother of Barack Obama (d. 2008) births
  1. Madelyn Dunham
    
    Madelyn Lee Payne Dunham was the American maternal grandmother of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States. She and her husband Stanley Armour Dunham raised Obama from age ten in their Honolulu apartment, where on November 2, 2008, she died two days before her grandson was elected president.
  2. Barack Obama
    
    Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the United States. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and previously worked as a civil rights lawyer before entering politics.
2. Fred Wood, English actor (d. 2003) births
  1. Fred Wood (actor)
    
    Fred Wood, died January 2003, was an English actor.
1921
1. Joe Fulks, American basketball player (d. 1976) births
  1. Joe Fulks
    
    Joseph Franklin "Jumping Joe" Fulks was an American professional basketball player, sometimes called "the first of the high-scoring forwards". He was posthumously enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978.
1920
1. Sarah Lee Lippincott, American astronomer and academic (d. 2019) births
  1. Sarah Lee Lippincott
    
    Sarah Lee Lippincott, also known as Sarah Lee Lippincott Zimmerman, was an American astronomer. She was professor emerita of astronomy at Swarthmore College and director emerita of the college's Sproul Observatory. She was a pioneer in the use of astrometry to determine the character of binary stars and search for extrasolar planets.
1919
1. Princess Ashraf of Iran (d. 2016) births
  1. Ashraf Pahlavi
    
    Ashraf ol-Molouk Pahlavi was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran (Persia), and a member of the Pahlavi dynasty. She was considered the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup that overthrew Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah. She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights. Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in France, New York, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken against the Iranian Islamic Republic.
2. Frank Bourgholtzer, American journalist (d. 2010) births
  1. Frank Bourgholtzer
    
    Frank Bourgholtzer was an American journalist and television correspondent.
3. Edward Brooke, American captain and politician, 47th Massachusetts Attorney General (d. 2015) births
  1. Edward Brooke
    
    Edward William Brooke III was an American politician of the Republican Party, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1967 until 1979. Prior to serving in the Senate, he served as the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1963 until 1967. Following his election in 1966, he became the first African American popularly elected to the United States Senate. Born to a middle-class black family, Brooke was raised in Washington, D.C. He graduated from the Boston University School of Law in 1948, after serving in the United States Army during World War II. Beginning in 1950, he became involved in politics, when he ran for a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. After serving as chairman of the Finance Commission of Boston, Brooke was elected attorney general in 1962, becoming the first African-American to be elected attorney general of any state.
  2. Massachusetts Attorney General
    
    The Massachusetts Attorney General is an elected constitutionally defined executive officer of the Massachusetts Government. The officeholder is the chief lawyer and law enforcement officer of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The officeholder also acts as an advocate and resource for the Commonwealth and its residents in many areas, including consumer protection, combating fraud and corruption, protecting civil rights, and maintaining economic competition. The current Attorney General is Maura Healey.
4. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (d. 1980) births
  1. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
    
    Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, also known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the last Shah (King) of the Imperial State of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.
5. Akashi Motojiro, Japanese general (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Akashi Motojiro
    
    Baron Akashi Motojiro was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 7th Governor-General of Taiwan from 6 June 1918 to 26 October 1919.
1916
1. François Mitterrand, French lawyer and politician, 21st President of France (d. 1996) births
  1. François Mitterrand
    
    François Marie Adrien Maurice Mitterrand was President of France, serving under that position from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office in the history of France. As First Secretary of the Socialist Party, he was the first left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the Fifth Republic.
  2. President of France
    
    The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic.
2. Boyd Wagner, American colonel and pilot (d. 1942) births
  1. Boyd Wagner
    
    Lieutenant Colonel Boyd David "Buzz" Wagner was an American aviator and the first United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) fighter ace of World War II.
1915
1. Ray Crawford, American race car driver, fighter ace, test pilot, and businessman (d. 1996) births
  1. Ray Crawford
    
    Ray Crawford was an American fighter ace, test pilot, race-car driver and businessman.
2. Joe Fry, English race car driver (d. 1950) births
  1. Joe Fry
    
    Joseph Gibson Fry was a British racing driver and distant member of the Fry's Chocolate family. He became the primary driver for the highly successful Shelsley Special "Freikaiserwagen", created by his cousin David Fry and Hugh Dunsterville, with help from Dick Caesar. The original car was built in Bristol in 1936 and featured an Anzani engine which was replaced in 1937 by a Blackburne engine. Joe set a number of hill records during the late 1930s including an unofficial outright record at Prescott when he climbed in 47.62 seconds in the 1,100 c.c. Freikaiserwagen, on 27 August 1938. At the outbreak of World War Two he held both the blown and unblown 1,100 c.c. records at Shelsley Walsh Hill Climb in 41.52 and 42.58 seconds respectively.
1914
1. Jackie Coogan, American actor and director (d. 1984) births
  1. Jackie Coogan
    
    John Leslie Coogan was an American actor and comedian who began his film career as a child actor in silent films.
1913
1. Charlie Barnet, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1991) births
  1. Charlie Barnet
    
    Charles Daly Barnet was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, and bandleader.
1912
1. Don Siegel, American director and producer (d. 1991) births
  1. Don Siegel
    
    Donald Siegel was an American film and television director and producer.
1911
1. Sid Gillman, American football player and coach (d. 2003) births
  1. Sid Gillman
    
    Sidney Gillman was an American football player, coach and executive. Gillman's insistence on stretching the football field by throwing deep downfield passes, instead of short passes to running backs or wide receivers at the sides of the line of scrimmage, was instrumental in making football into the modern game that it is today.
2. Mahalia Jackson, American singer (d. 1972) births
  1. Mahalia Jackson
    
    Mahalia Jackson was an American gospel singer, widely considered one of the most influential vocalists of the 20th century. With a career spanning 40 years, Jackson was integral to the development and spread of gospel blues in black churches throughout the U.S. During a time when racial segregation was pervasive in American society, she met considerable and unexpected success in a recording career, selling an estimated 22 million records and performing in front of integrated and secular audiences in concert halls around the world.
3. Sorley MacLean, Scottish poet and educator (d. 1996) births
  1. Sorley MacLean
    
    Sorley MacLean was a Scottish Gaelic poet, described by the Scottish Poetry Library as "one of the major Scottish poets of the modern era" because of his "mastery of his chosen medium and his engagement with the European poetic tradition and European politics". Nobel Prize Laureate Seamus Heaney credited MacLean with saving Scottish Gaelic poetry.
1910
1. John Krol, American cardinal (d. 1996) births
  1. John Krol
    
    John Joseph Krol was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Philadelphia from 1961 to 1988, having previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland (1953–1961), and was elevated as a cardinalate in 1967 by Pope Paul VI.
1909
1. Ignace Lepp, French psychologist and author (d. 1966) births
  1. Ignace Lepp
    
    Ignace Lepp, was a French writer of Estonian origin.
2. Dante Quinterno, Argentinian author and illustrator (d. 2003) births
  1. Dante Quinterno
    
    Dante Quinterno was an Argentine comics artist, agricultural producer, and prolific editorial businessman, famous for being the creator of the Patoruzú, Isidoro Cañones and Patoruzito characters.
3. Itō Hirobumi, Japanese samurai and politician, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1841) deaths
  1. Itō Hirobumi
    
    Itō Hirobumi, born as Hayashi Risuke and also known as Hirofumi, Hakubun and briefly during his youth as Itō Shunsuke) was a Japanese politician and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of Japan. He was also a leading member of the genrō, a group of senior statesmen that dictated Japanese policy during the Meiji era.
1906
1. Primo Carnera, Italian boxer and actor (d. 1967) births
  1. Primo Carnera
    
    Primo Carnera, nicknamed the Ambling Alp, was an Italian professional boxer and wrestler who reigned as the boxing World Heavyweight Champion from 29 June 1933 to 14 June 1934. He won more fights by knockout than any other heavyweight champion in boxing history.
1905
1. George Bernard Flahiff, Canadian cardinal (d. 1989) births
  1. George Flahiff
    
    George Bernard Flahiff, CC, CSB was a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Winnipeg from 1961 to 1982, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.
1903
1. Mahn Ba Khaing, Burmese politician (d. 1947) births
  1. Mahn Ba Khaing
    
    Mahn Ba Khaing was a Karen politician who served as the Minister of Industry and Labour in Burma's pre-independence government. He was assassinated on 19 July 1947 and was recognized as one of the nine Burmese national martyrs.
1902
1. Beryl Markham, Kenyan horse trainer and author (d. 1986) births
  1. Beryl Markham
    
    Beryl Markham was a Kenyan aviator born in England, adventurer, racehorse trainer and author. She was the first person to fly solo, non-stop across the Atlantic from Britain to North America. She wrote about her adventures in her memoir, West with the Night.
2. Jack Sharkey, American boxer and referee (d. 1994) births
  1. Jack Sharkey
    
    Jack Sharkey was a Lithuanian-American world heavyweight boxing champion.
3. Henrietta Hill Swope, American astronomer and academic (d. 1980) births
  1. Henrietta Hill Swope
    
    Henrietta Hill Swope was an American astronomer who studied variable stars. In particular, she measured the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid stars, which are bright variable stars whose periods of variability relate directly to their intrinsic luminosities. Their measured periods can therefore be related to their distances and used to measure the size of the Milky Way and distances to other galaxies.
4. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American activist (b. 1815) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
    
    Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-19th century. She was the main force behind the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first convention to be called for the sole purpose of discussing women's rights, and was the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments. Her demand for women's right to vote generated a controversy at the convention but quickly became a central tenet of the women's movement. She was also active in other social reform activities, especially abolitionism.
1900
1. Ibrahim Abboud, Sudanese politician and general, 1st President of Sudan (d. 1983) births
  1. Ibrahim Abboud
    
    General Ibrahim Abboud was a Sudanese political figure who served as the head of state of Sudan between 1958 and 1964 and as president of Sudan in 1964; however, he soon resigned, ending Sudan's first period of military rule. A career soldier, Abboud served in World War II in Egypt and Iraq. In 1949, Abboud became the deputy Commander in Chief of the Sudanese military. Upon independence, Abboud became the Commander in Chief of the Military of Sudan.
  2. List of heads of state of Sudan
    
    This article lists the heads of state of Sudan since the country's independence in 1956.
2. Karin Boye, Swedish poet and novelist (d. 1941) births
  1. Karin Boye
    
    Karin Maria Boye was a Swedish poet and novelist. In Sweden she is acclaimed as a poet, but internationally she is best known for the dystopian science fiction novel Kallocain (1940).
1899
1. Judy Johnson, American baseball player and coach (d. 1989) births
  1. Judy Johnson
    
    William Julius "Judy" Johnson was an American professional third baseman and manager whose career in Negro league baseball spanned 17 seasons, from 1921 to 1937. Slight of build, Johnson never developed as a power threat but achieved his greatest success as a contact hitter and an intuitive defenseman. Johnson is regarded as one of the greatest third basemen of the Negro leagues. In 1975, he was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame after being nominated by the Negro Leagues Committee.
1896
1. Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour, French philosopher, academic, and politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1827) deaths
  1. Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour
    
    Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour was a French statesman.
  2. Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)
    
    The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs is the ministry of the Government of France that handles France's foreign relations. Since 1855, its headquarters have been located at 37 Quai d'Orsay, close to the National Assembly. The term Quai d'Orsay is often used as a metonym for the ministry. Its cabinet minister, the Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs is responsible for the foreign relations of France. The current officeholder, Catherine Colonna, was appointed in 2022.
1894
1. Florence Nagle, English trainer and breeder of racehorses (d. 1988) births
  1. Florence Nagle
    
    Florence Nagle was a British trainer and breeder of racehorses, a breeder of pedigree dogs, and an active feminist. Nagle purchased her first Irish Wolfhound in 1913, and went on to own or breed twenty-one United Kingdom Champions. Best in Show at Crufts in 1960 was awarded to Sulhamstead Merman, who was bred, owned and exhibited by Nagle. She also competed successfully in field trials with Irish Setters, from the 1920s until the mid-1960s resulting in eighteen Field Trial Champions. The male dog who was a linchpin in the 1970s revival of the Irish Red and White Setter breed was descended from one of Nagle's Irish Setters.
  2. Horse racing
    
    Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as its basic premise – to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance – has been mostly unchanged since at least classical antiquity.
1893
1. Miloš Crnjanski, Serbian poet and author (d. 1977) births
  1. Miloš Crnjanski
    
    Miloš Crnjanski was a Serbian writer and poet of the expressionist wing of Serbian modernism, author, and a diplomat.
1890
1. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Indian journalist and politician (d. 1931) births
  1. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
    
    Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was an Indian journalist, a leader of the Indian National Congress and an independence movement activist. He was an important figure in the non-cooperation movement and the freedom movement of India, who once translated Victor Hugo's novel Ninety-Three, and is mostly known as the founder-editor of the Hindi language newspaper, Pratap.
2. Carlo Collodi, Italian journalist and author (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Carlo Collodi
    
    Carlo Lorenzini, better known by the pen name Carlo Collodi, was an Italian author, humourist, and journalist, widely known for his fairy tale novel The Adventures of Pinocchio.
1888
1. Runar Schildt, Finnish author (d. 1925) births
  1. Runar Schildt
    
    Ernst Runar Schildt was a Swedish-speaking Finnish author from Helsinki. His son was art historian and author Göran Schildt. Although Schildt wrote his books in Swedish, they have also been translated into Finnish, English, French and German.
1884
1. William Hogenson, American sprinter (d. 1965) births
  1. William Hogenson
    
    William P. Hogenson was an American athlete and sprinter, who competed in the early twentieth century. He won a silver medal in Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics in the men's 60 m dash, but was beaten by Archie Hahn, who took gold. He also won two bronze medals, over 100 m and 200 m, both distances won by Archie Hahn of the United States.
1883
1. Napoleon Hill, American philosopher and author (d. 1970) births
  1. Napoleon Hill
    
    Oliver Napoleon Hill was an American self-help author. He is best known for his book Think and Grow Rich (1937), which is among the 10 best-selling self-help books of all time. Hill's works insisted that fervid expectations are essential to improving one's life. Most of his books were promoted as expounding principles to achieve "success".
2. Paul Pilgrim, American runner (d. 1958) births
  1. Paul Pilgrim
    
    Paul Henry Pilgrim was an American runner. He competed at the 1904, 1906 and 1908 Olympics and won three gold medals in 1904 and 1906.
1881
1. Louis Bastien, French cyclist and fencer (d. 1963) births
  1. Louis Bastien (cyclist)
    
    Eugène Louis Bastien was a French racing cyclist and fencer who competed in the late 19th century and early 20th century. He participated in Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and won the gold medal in the men's 25 kilometre race. He also competed in the individual épée event at the same games.
1880
1. Andrei Bely, Russian novelist, poet, and critic (d. 1934) births
  1. Andrei Bely
    
    Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev, better known by the pen name Andrei Bely or Biely, was a Russian novelist, Symbolist poet, theorist and literary critic. He was a committed anthroposophist and follower of Rudolf Steiner. His novel Petersburg (1913/1922) was regarded by Vladimir Nabokov as the third-greatest masterpiece of modernist literature. The Andrei Bely Prize, one of the most important prizes in Russian literature, was named after him. His poems were set to music and performed by Russian singer-songwriters.
1878
1. William Kissam Vanderbilt II, American motor racing enthusiast and yachtsman (d. 1944) births
  1. William Kissam Vanderbilt II
    
    William Kissam Vanderbilt II was an American motor racing enthusiast and yachtsman, and a member of the prominent Vanderbilt family.
1876
1. H.B. Warner, English actor (d. 1958) births
  1. H. B. Warner
    
    Henry Byron Warner was an English film and theatre actor. He was popular during the silent era and played Jesus Christ in The King of Kings. In later years, he successfully moved into supporting roles and appeared in numerous films directed by Frank Capra. Warner's most recognizable role to modern audiences is Mr. Gower in the perennially shown film It's a Wonderful Life, directed by Capra. He appeared in the original 1937 version of Lost Horizon as Chang, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
1874
1. Martin Lowry, English chemist and academic (d. 1936) births
  1. Martin Lowry
    
    Thomas Martin Lowry was an English physical chemist who developed the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory simultaneously with and independently of Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and was a founder-member and president (1928–1930) of the Faraday Society.
2. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, American philanthropist, founded the Museum of Modern Art (d. 1948) births
  1. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller
    
    Abigail Greene Aldrich Rockefeller was an American socialite and philanthropist. She was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family through her marriage to financier and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr., the son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. Her father was Nelson W. Aldrich who served as the Senator of Rhode Island. Rockefeller was known for being the driving force behind the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art.
  2. Museum of Modern Art
    
    The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues.
1873
1. A. K. Fazlul Huq, Bangladeshi-Pakistani lawyer and politician, 5th Pakistani Minister of Interior (d. 1962) births
  1. A. K. Fazlul Huq
    
    Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq, popularly known as Sher-e-Bangla, was a British Indian and Pakistani lawyer and writer who presented the Lahore Resolution which had the objective of creating an independent Pakistan. He also served as the first and longest Prime Minister of Bengal during the British Raj.
  2. Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)
    
    The Ministry of Interior is a Cabinet-level ministry of the Government of Pakistan, tasked and primarily responsible for implementing the internal policies, state security, administration of internal affairs involving the state, and assisting the government on territorial affairs of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata), and insular areas of Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA).
2. Thorvald Stauning, Danish union leader and politician, 24th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1942) births
  1. Thorvald Stauning
    
    Thorvald August Marinus Stauning was the first social democratic Prime Minister of Denmark. He served as Prime Minister from 1924 to 1926 and again from 1929 until his death in 1942.
  2. Prime Minister of Denmark
    
    The prime minister of Denmark is the head of government in the Kingdom of Denmark comprising the three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Before the creation of the modern office, the kingdom did not initially have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the monarch, in whom the executive authority was vested. The Constitution of 1849 established a constitutional monarchy by limiting the powers of the monarch and creating the office of premierminister. The inaugural holder of the office was Adam Wilhelm Moltke.
1871
1. Guillermo Kahlo, German-Mexican photographer (d. 1941) births
  1. Guillermo Kahlo
    
    Guillermo Kahlo was a German-Mexican photographer. He photographically documented important architectural works, churches, streets, landmarks, as well as industries and companies in Mexico at the beginning of the 20th century; because of this, his work has not only artistic value but also historical and documental importance. He was the father of painter Frida Kahlo.
2. Robert Anderson (Civil War), American general (b. 1805) deaths
  1. Robert Anderson (Civil War)
    
    Robert Anderson was a United States Army officer during the American Civil War. He was the Union commander in the first battle of the American Civil War at Fort Sumter in April 1861 when the Confederates bombarded the fort and forced its surrender to start the war. Anderson was celebrated as a hero in the North and promoted to brigadier general and given command of Union forces in Kentucky. He was removed late in 1861 and reassigned to Rhode Island, before retiring from military service in 1863.
1869
1. Washington Luís, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 13th President of Brazil (d. 1957) births
  1. Washington Luís
    
    Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa was a Brazilian politician who served as the 13th president of Brazil. Elected governor of São Paulo state in 1920 and president of Brazil in 1926, Washington Luís belonged to the Republican Party of São Paulo (PRP) and served as the last president of the First Brazilian Republic.
  2. President of Brazil
    
    The president of Brazil, officially the president of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces.
1866
1. John Kinder Labatt, Irish-Canadian brewer, founded the Labatt Brewing Company (b. 1803) deaths
  1. John Kinder Labatt
    
    John Kinder Labatt was an Irish-Canadian brewer and the founder of the Labatt Brewing Company.
  2. Labatt Brewing Company
    
    Labatt Brewing Company Limited is a Belgian-owned brewery headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1847, Labatt is the largest brewer in Canada.
1865
1. Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (d. 1912) births
  1. Benjamin Guggenheim
    
    Benjamin Guggenheim was an American businessman. He died aboard RMS Titanic when the ship sank in the North Atlantic Ocean. His body was never recovered.
1864
1. William T. Anderson, American captain (b. 1838) deaths
  1. William T. Anderson
    
    William T. Anderson, known by the nickname "Bloody Bill" Anderson, was an American soldier who was one of the deadliest and most notorious Confederate guerrilla leaders in the American Civil War. Anderson led a band of volunteer partisan raiders who targeted Union loyalists and federal soldiers in the states of Missouri and Kansas.
1860
1. Frank Eaton, American marshal and author (d. 1958) births
  1. Frank Eaton
    
    Frank Boardman "Pistol Pete" Eaton was a scout, sheriff, and cowboy.
1854
1. C. W. Post, American businessman, founded Post Foods (d. 1914) births
  1. C. W. Post
    
    Charles William Post was an American innovator, breakfast cereal and foods manufacturer and a pioneer in the prepared-food industry. He was the founder of what is now Post Consumer Brands.
  2. Post Consumer Brands
    
    Post Consumer Brands is an American breakfast cereal manufacturer headquartered in Lakeville, Minnesota.
1850
1. Grigore Tocilescu, Romanian archaeologist and historian (d. 1909) births
  1. Grigore Tocilescu
    
    Grigore George Tocilescu was a Romanian historian, archaeologist, epigrapher and folkorist, member of Romanian Academy.
1849
1. Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician and academic (d. 1917) births
  1. Ferdinand Georg Frobenius
    
    Ferdinand Georg Frobenius was a German mathematician, best known for his contributions to the theory of elliptic functions, differential equations, number theory, and to group theory. He is known for the famous determinantal identities, known as Frobenius–Stickelberger formulae, governing elliptic functions, and for developing the theory of biquadratic forms. He was also the first to introduce the notion of rational approximations of functions, and gave the first full proof for the Cayley–Hamilton theorem. He also lent his name to certain differential-geometric objects in modern mathematical physics, known as Frobenius manifolds.
1842
1. Vasily Vereshchagin, Russian soldier and painter (d. 1904) births
  1. Vasily Vereshchagin
    
    Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin, was one of the most famous Russian war artists and one of the first Russian artists to be widely recognised abroad. The graphic nature of his realist scenes led to many of them never being printed or exhibited.
1817
1. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Dutch-Austrian chemist and botanist (b. 1727) deaths
  1. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
    
    Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin was a scientist who studied medicine, chemistry and botany.
1806
1. John Graves Simcoe, English general and politician, 1st Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (b. 1752) deaths
  1. John Graves Simcoe
    
    John Graves Simcoe was a British Army general and the first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada from 1791 until 1796 in southern Ontario and the watersheds of Georgian Bay and Lake Superior. He founded York, which is now known as Toronto, and was instrumental in introducing institutions such as courts of law, trial by jury, English common law, and freehold land tenure, and also in the abolition of slavery in Canada.
  2. List of lieutenant governors of Ontario
    
    The following is a list of lieutenant governors of Ontario and the lieutenant governors of the former colony of Upper Canada. The office of Lieutenant Governor of Ontario was created in 1867, when the Province of Ontario was created upon Confederation. The predecessor office, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, was a British colonial officer, appointed by the British government to administer the government of the colony, from 1791 to 1841.
1803
1. Joseph Hansom, English architect and publisher, designed Birmingham Town Hall (d. 1882) births
  1. Joseph Hansom
    
    Joseph Aloysius Hansom was a British architect working principally in the Gothic Revival style. He invented the Hansom cab and founded the eminent architectural journal, The Builder, in 1843.
  2. Birmingham Town Hall
    
    Birmingham Town Hall is a concert hall and venue for popular assemblies opened in 1834 and situated in Victoria Square, Birmingham, England. It is a Grade I listed building.
2. Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician, Lord President of the Council (b. 1721) deaths
  1. Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford
    
    Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, KG PC, known as Viscount Trentham from 1746 to 1754 and as The Earl Gower from 1754 to 1786, was a British politician from the Leveson-Gower family.
  2. Lord President of the Council
    
    The lord president of the Council is the presiding officer of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and the fourth of the Great Officers of State, ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Lord President usually attends and is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Privy Council, presenting business for the approval of the sovereign. In the modern era, the incumbent is by convention always a member of one of the Houses of Parliament, and the office is normally a Cabinet position.
1802
1. Miguel I of Portugal (d. 1866) births
  1. Miguel I of Portugal
    
    Dom Miguel I, nicknamed "the Absolutist", "the Traditionalist" and "the Usurper", was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and third son of King John VI and his queen, Carlota Joaquina of Spain.
1800
1. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (d. 1891) births
  1. Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
    
    Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke was a Prussian field marshal. The chief of staff of the Prussian Army for thirty years, he is regarded as the creator of a new, more modern method of directing armies in the field. He commanded troops in Europe and the Middle East, in the Second Schleswig War, Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War. He is described as embodying "Prussian military organization and tactical genius". He was fascinated with railways and pioneered their military use. He is often referred to as Moltke the Elder to distinguish him from his nephew Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, who commanded the German Army at the outbreak of the First World War.
1799
1. Margaret Agnes Bunn, Scottish actress (d. 1883) births
  1. Margaret Agnes Bunn
    
    Margaret Agnes Bunn was a British actress.
1797
1. Giuditta Pasta, Italian soprano (d. 1865) births
  1. Giuditta Pasta
    
    Giuditta Angiola Maria Costanza Pasta was an Italian soprano opera singer. She has been compared to the 20th-century soprano Maria Callas.
1795
1. Nikolaos Mantzaros, Greek composer and theorist (d. 1872) births
  1. Nikolaos Mantzaros
    
    Nikolaos Chalikiopoulos Mantzaros was a Greek-Italian composer born in Corfu, major representative and founder of the so-called Ionian School of music.
1794
1. Konstantin Thon, Russian architect, designed the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (d. 1881) births
  1. Konstantin Thon
    
    Konstantin Andreyevich Thon, also spelled Ton was an official architect of Imperial Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. His major works include the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.
  2. Grand Kremlin Palace
    
    The Grand Kremlin Palace was built from 1837 to 1849 in Moscow, Russia, on the site of the estate of the Grand Princes, which had been established in the 14th century on Borovitsky Hill. Designed by a team of architects under the management of Konstantin Thon, it was intended to emphasise the greatness of Russian autocracy. Konstantin Thon was also the architect of the Kremlin Armoury and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
  3. Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
    
    The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is a Russian Orthodox cathedral in Moscow, Russia, on the northern bank of the Moskva River, a few hundred metres southwest of the Kremlin. With an overall height of 103 metres (338 ft), it is the third tallest Orthodox Christian church building in the world, after the People's Salvation Cathedral in Bucharest, Romania and Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
1773
1. Amédée-François Frézier, French mathematician, engineer, and explorer (b. 1682) deaths
  1. Amédée-François Frézier
    
    Amédée-François Frézier was a French military engineer, mathematician, spy, and explorer who is best remembered for bringing back five specimens of Fragaria chiloensis, the beach strawberry, from an assignment in South America, thus introducing this New World fruit to the Old. The standard author abbreviation Frez. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
1768
1. Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko, Polish general and politician (d. 1844) births
  1. Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko
    
    Prince Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko (1768–1844) was a Polish nobleman, general, military commander, diplomat and politician.
1764
1. William Hogarth, English painter and engraver (b. 1697) deaths
  1. William Hogarth
    
    William Hogarth was an English painter, engraver, pictorial satirist, social critic, editorial cartoonist and occasional writer on art. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".
1759
1. Georges Danton, French lawyer and politician, French Minister of Justice (d. 1794) births
  1. Georges Danton
    
    Georges Jacques Danton was a French lawyer and a leading figure in the French Revolution. He became a deputy to the Paris Commune, presided in the Cordeliers district, and visited the Jacobin club. In August 1792 he became French Minister of Justice and was responsible for inciting the September Massacres. In Spring 1793 he supported the foundation of a Revolutionary Tribunal and became the first president of the Committee of Public Safety. After the Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 he changed his mind on the use of force and lost his seat in the committee; Danton and Robespierre became rivals. In early October 1793, he left politics but was urged to return to Paris to plead, as a moderate, for an end to the Terror. Danton's continual criticism of the Committee of Public Safety provoked further counter-attacks. At the end of March 1794, Danton made a speech announcing the end of the Terror. Within a week he became embroiled in a scandal concerning the bankruptcy proceedings of the French East India Company and was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of conspiracy, venality and leniency toward the enemies of the Revolution.
  2. Ministry of Justice (France)
    
    The Ministry of Justice is a ministerial department of the Government of France, also known in French as la Chancellerie. It is headed by the Minister of Justice, also known as the Keeper of the Seals, a member of the Council of Ministers. The ministry's headquarters are on Place Vendôme, Paris.
1757
1. Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Austrian philosopher and academic (d. 1823) births
  1. Karl Leonhard Reinhold
    
    Karl Leonhard Reinhold was an Austrian philosopher who helped to popularise the work of Immanuel Kant in the late 18th century. His "elementary philosophy" (Elementarphilosophie) also influenced German idealism, notably Johann Gottlieb Fichte, as a critical system grounded in a fundamental first principle.
1751
1. Philip Doddridge, English minister and hymn-writer (b. 1702) deaths
  1. Philip Doddridge
    
    Philip Doddridge D.D. was an English Nonconformist minister, educator, and hymnwriter.
1747
1. Ivan Mane Jarnović, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1804) births
  1. Ivan Mane Jarnović
    
    Ivan Mane Jarnović was a violinist and composer during the 18th century, often said to have been Italian but whose family was of Ragusan origin. There is no evidence that he ever lived in the Croatian lands to which both his paternal and maternal lineages have been traced. He later appears to have held French citizenship, escaping to England during the revolution. His career spanned Europe as he performed and/or sojourned in almost all major centres including Paris, Berlin, Warsaw, St Petersburg, Vienna, Stockholm, Basel, London, Dublin, amongst others. It appears he was a pupil of Antonio Lolli and he was an acquaintance of Joseph Haydn, with whom he shared concert programmes in London.
1717
1. Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester (b. 1657) deaths
  1. Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester
    
    Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, Countess of Portmore, daughter of Sir Charles Sedley, 5th Baronet, was the mistress of King James II of England both before and after he came to the throne. Catherine was noted not for beauty but for her celebrated wittiness and sharp tongue.
1694
1. Johan Helmich Roman, Swedish composer and academic (d. 1758) births
  1. Johan Helmich Roman
    
    Johan Helmich Roman was a Swedish Baroque composer. He has been called "the father of Swedish music" or "the Swedish Handel." He was the leader of Swedish Opera through most of Swedish Opera's Age of Liberty.
1686
1. John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English captain and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire (b. 1623) deaths
  1. John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater
    
    John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater PC was an English nobleman from the Egerton family.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire
    
    There has been a Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire almost continuously since the position was created by King Henry VIII in 1535. The only exception to this was the English Civil War and English Interregnum between 1643 and 1660 when there was no king to support the Lieutenancy. The following list consists of all known holders of the position: earlier records have been lost and so a complete list is not possible. Since 1702, all Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Buckinghamshire.Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk 1545 Unknown period 1545 – 1551 Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 10 May 1551 – beheaded 22 January 1552 Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford 1552 William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton 1553 Unknown period 1553 – 1559 Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk 1559 Unknown period 1559 – 1569 Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton 1569 Unknown period 1569 – 1586 Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton 12 September 1586 – 14 October 1593 Unknown period 1593 – 1607 Thomas Egerton, 1st Baron Ellesmere 22 December 1607 – 15 September 1616 George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham 16 September 1616 – assassinated 23 August 1628 Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke 28 September 1628 – 1641 Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon 2 June 1641 – 1643 William Paget, 5th Baron Paget 1641 – May 1642 Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton 1642 No Lord Lieutenant in place during English Civil War and English Interregnum John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater 23 July 1660 – 26 October 1686 John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater 26 November 1686 – 1687 George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys 12 November 1687 – 1689 John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater 4 April 1689 – 19 March 1701 Thomas Wharton, 5th Baron Wharton 23 January 1702 – 1702 William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven 18 June 1702 – 1702 Scroop Egerton, 4th Earl of Bridgewater 14 January 1703 – 1711 Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent 1711 – 1712 William Cheyne, 2nd Viscount Newhaven 22 May 1712 – 1714 Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater 8 December 1714 – 1728 Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham 23 February 1728 – 1738 Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough 26 January 1739 – 20 October 1758 Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple 15 January 1759 – 1763 Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer 16 May 1763 – 11 December 1781 Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield 5 January 1782 – 1782 George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham 8 April 1782 – 11 February 1813 Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos 9 March 1813 – 17 January 1839 Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington 1 February 1839 – 17 March 1868 Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos 23 July 1868 – 26 March 1889 Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild 20 May 1889 – 31 March 1915 Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire 10 May 1915 – 1923 Thomas Fremantle, 3rd Baron Cottesloe 10 July 1923 – 1954 Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet 28 June 1954 – 1961 Sir Henry Floyd, 5th Baronet 27 July 1961 – 5 November 1968 John Darling Young 9 May 1969 – 1984 John Fremantle, 5th Baron Cottesloe 1984–1997 Sir Nigel Mobbs 1997 – 21 October 2005 Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 8th Baronet 2006–June 2020 The Countess Howe DL 26 June 2020
1685
1. Domenico Scarlatti, Italian harpsichord player and composer (d. 1757) births
  1. Domenico Scarlatti
    
    Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti, also known as Domingo or Doménico Scarlatti, was an Italian composer. He is classified primarily as a Baroque composer chronologically, although his music was influential in the development of the Classical style. Like his renowned father Alessandro Scarlatti, he composed in a variety of musical forms, although today he is known mainly for his 555 keyboard sonatas. He spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families.
  2. Harpsichord
    
    A harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. This activates a row of levers that turn a trigger mechanism that plucks one or more strings with a small plectrum made from quill or plastic. The strings are under tension on a soundboard, which is mounted in a wooden case; the soundboard amplifies the vibrations from the strings so that the listeners can hear it. Like a pipe organ, a harpsichord may have more than one keyboard manual, and even a pedal board. Harpsichords may also have stop buttons which add or remove additional octaves. Some harpsichords may have a buff stop, which brings a strip of buff leather or other material in contact with the strings, muting their sound to simulate the sound of a plucked lute.
1684
1. Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (d. 1757) births
  1. Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin
    
    Kurt Christoph, Graf von Schwerin was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall, one of the leading commanders under Frederick the Great.
1675
1. William Sprague, English settler, co-founded Charlestown, Massachusetts (b. 1609) deaths
  1. William Sprague (1609–1675)
    
    William Sprague left England on the ship Lyon's Whelp for Plymouth/Salem Massachusetts. He was originally from Upwey, near Weymouth, Dorset, England.
  2. Charlestown, Boston
    
    Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States. Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett tribe, it is located on a peninsula north of the Charles River, across from downtown Boston, and also adjoins the Mystic River and Boston Harbor waterways. Charlestown was laid out in 1629 by engineer Thomas Graves, one of its earliest settlers, during the reign of Charles I of England. It was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1673
1. Dimitrie Cantemir, Moldavian geographer, historian, and philosopher (d. 1723) births
  1. Dimitrie Cantemir
    
    Dimitrie or Demetrius Cantemir, also known by other spellings, was a Romanian prince, statesman, and man of letters, regarded as one of the most significant early Enlightenment figures. He twice served as voivode of Moldavia. During his second term he allied his state with Russia in a war against Moldavia's Ottoman overlords; Russia's defeat forced Cantemir's family into exile and the replacement of the native voivodes by Greek phanariots. Cantemir was also a prolific writer, variously a philosopher, historian, composer, musicologist, linguist, ethnographer, and geographer. His son Antioch, Russia's ambassador to Great Britain and France and a friend of Montesquieu and Voltaire, would become known as "the father of Russian poetry".
1671
1. Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1593) deaths
  1. Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet
    
    Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet was a British landowner from Derbyshire who acted as local Parliamentarian commander for most of the First English Civil War before resigning in May 1646. He was notorious for parading the body of his Royalist opponent through Derby after the Battle of Hopton Heath in March 1643.
1633
1. Horio Tadaharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1596) deaths
  1. Horio Tadaharu
    
    Horio Tadaharu was a tozama daimyō in Japan during the Edo period. His father was Horio Tadauji and his grandfather was Horio Yoshiharu. He was the third leader of the Matsue clan. He married Binhime daughter of Okudaira Iemasa of Utsunomiya Domain and adopted daughter of Tokugawa Hidetada. They had 1 daughter married Ishikawa Kadokatsu.
1631
1. Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1550) deaths
  1. Michael Maestlin
    
    Michael Maestlin was a German astronomer and mathematician, known for being the mentor of Johannes Kepler. He was a student of Philipp Apian and was known as the teacher who most influenced Kepler. Maestlin was considered to be one of the most significant astronomers between the time of Copernicus and Kepler.
1612
1. Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester (d. 1658) births
  1. Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester
    
    Lieutenant-General Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, known as The Lord Wilmot between 1643 and 1644 and as The Viscount Wilmot between 1644 and 1652, was an English Cavalier who fought for the Royalist cause during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
1609
1. William Sprague, English-American settler, co-founded Charlestown, Massachusetts (d. 1675) births
  1. William Sprague (1609–1675)
    
    William Sprague left England on the ship Lyon's Whelp for Plymouth/Salem Massachusetts. He was originally from Upwey, near Weymouth, Dorset, England.
  2. Charlestown, Boston
    
    Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States. Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett tribe, it is located on a peninsula north of the Charles River, across from downtown Boston, and also adjoins the Mystic River and Boston Harbor waterways. Charlestown was laid out in 1629 by engineer Thomas Graves, one of its earliest settlers, during the reign of Charles I of England. It was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
2. Matsudaira Tadayori, Japanese samurai and daimyō (b. 1582) deaths
  1. Matsudaira Tadayori
    
    Matsudaira Tadayori was a Sengoku period samurai who became a daimyō under the Tokugawa shogunate in early-Edo period Japan. He was also the founder of the Sakurai-branch of the Matsudaira clan.
1580
1. Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain (b. 1549) deaths
  1. Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain
    
    Anna of Austria was Queen of Spain by marriage to her uncle, King Philip II of Spain. During her last days of life she was also briefly Queen of Portugal.
1564
1. Hans Leo Hassler, German organist and composer (d. 1612) births
  1. Hans Leo Hassler
    
    Hans Leo Hassler was a German composer and organist of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, elder brother of less known composer Jakob Hassler. He was born in Nürnberg and died in Frankfurt am Main.
1556
1. Ahmad Baba al Massufi, Malian academic (d. 1627) births
  1. Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti
    
    Aḥmad Bābā al-Timbuktī, full name Abū al-Abbās Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad ibn Umar ibn Muhammad Aqit al-Takrūrī Al-Massufi al-Timbuktī, was a Sanhaja Berber writer, scholar, and political provocateur in the area then known as the Western Sudan. He was a prolific author and wrote more than 40 books.
1555
1. Olympia Fulvia Morata, Italian-German scholar and educator (b. 1526) deaths
  1. Olympia Fulvia Morata
    
    Olimpia Fulvia Morata was an Italian classical scholar.
1551
1. Charlotte de Sauve, French courtesan (d. 1617) births
  1. Charlotte de Sauve
    
    Charlotte de Beaune Semblançay, Viscountess of Tours, Baroness de Sauve, Marquise de Noirmoutier was a French noblewoman and a mistress of King Henry of Navarre, who later ruled as King Henry IV of France. She was a member of Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici's notorious "Flying Squadron", a group of beautiful female spies and informants recruited to seduce important men at Court, and thereby extract information to pass on to the Queen Mother.
1529
1. Anna of Hesse, princess of Hesse (d. 1591) births
  1. Anna of Hesse
    
    Anna of Hesse was a princess of Hesse by birth and marriage Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken.
1518
1. John Basset, Devonshire gentleman (d. 1541) births
  1. John Basset (1518–1541)
    
    John Basset (1518–1541) was a young English gentleman from Devon, a member of the old Basset family, and heir to a substantial inheritance. His short life is well documented in the Lisle Papers. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn and at the age of 20, at the start of a promising career, entered the household of Thomas Cromwell, Lord Privy Seal, but died suddenly aged only 23, albeit having married and produced a son and heir, born posthumously. His stepfather and father-in-law was Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle (d.1542), Lord Deputy of Calais 1533–1540, a bastard son of King Edward IV and thus uncle of King Henry VIII, whose arrest with that of his mother in 1540 at Calais for heresy and treason, was a major, potentially catastrophic, event in his life. He died a year after the arrests, from an unknown illness, but his siblings all went on to have successful careers, especially his younger brother James, mostly as royal courtiers, apparently unaffected by the crisis.
1491
1. Zhengde Emperor of China (d. 1521) births
  1. Zhengde Emperor
    
    The Zhengde Emperor was the 11th Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1505 to 1521.
1483
1. Hans Buchner, German Renaissance composer (d. 1538) births
  1. Hans Buchner
    
    Hans Buchner was an important German organist and composer.
1473
1. Friedrich of Saxony, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1510) births
  1. Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight)
    
    Duke Frederick of Saxony, also known as Friedrich von Sachsen or Friedrich von Wettin, was the 36th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, serving from 1498–1510. He was the third son of Albert III, Duke of Saxony, and Sidonie of Poděbrady, daughter of George of Podebrady.
1440
1. Gilles de Rais, French knight (b. 1404) deaths
  1. Gilles de Rais
    
    Gilles de Rais, Baron de Rais, was a knight and lord from Brittany, Anjou and Poitou, a leader in the French army, and a companion-in-arms of Joan of Arc. He is best known for his reputation and later conviction as a confessed serial killer of children.
1431
1. Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian politician (d. 1505) births
  1. Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
    
    Ercole I d'Este KG was Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505. He was a member of the House of Este. He was nicknamed North Wind and The Diamond.
1427
1. Sigismund, Archduke of Austria (d. 1496) births
  1. Sigismund, Archduke of Austria
    
    Sigismund, a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1439 until his death. As a scion of the Habsburg Leopoldian line, he ruled over Further Austria and the County of Tyrol from 1446 until his resignation in 1490.
1416
1. Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent, English politician, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1490) births
  1. Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent
    
    Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent, English administrator, nobleman and magnate, was the son of Sir John Grey, KG and Constance Holland. His main residence was at Wrest near Silsoe, Bedfordshire.
  2. Lord High Treasurer
    
    The post of Lord High Treasurer or Lord Treasurer was an English government position and has been a British government position since the Acts of Union of 1707. A holder of the post would be the third-highest-ranked Great Officer of State in England, below the Lord High Steward and the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
1111
1. Gómez González, Castilian nobleman and military leader deaths
  1. Gómez González
    
    Gómez González, called de Lara or de Candespina, was a Castilian nobleman and military leader who had some claim to being Count of Castile. He was the eldest son and successor of Gonzalo Salvadórez and his wife Sancha, and thus kinsman of the Lara family. Like his father, he perished in battle.
930
1. Li Qi, chancellor of Later Liang (b. 871) deaths
  1. Li Qi (Five Dynasties)
    
    Li Qi, courtesy name Taixiu (台秀), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and its successor states Later Liang and Later Tang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, serving as a chancellor during Later Liang.
899
1. Alfred the Great, English king (b. 849) deaths
  1. Alfred the Great
    
    Alfred the Great was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who both died when Alfred was young. Three of Alfred's brothers, Æthelbald, Æthelberht and Æthelred, reigned in turn before him. Under Alfred's rule, considerable administrative and military reforms were introduced, prompting lasting change in England.
760
1. Cuthbert, archbishop of Canterbury deaths
  1. Cuthbert of Canterbury
    
    Cuthbert was a medieval Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury in England. Prior to his elevation to Canterbury, he was abbot of a monastic house, and perhaps may have been Bishop of Hereford also, but evidence for his holding Hereford mainly dates from after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. While Archbishop, he held church councils and built a new church in Canterbury. It was during Cuthbert's archbishopric that the Diocese of York was raised to an archbishopric. Cuthbert died in 760 and was later regarded as a saint.
  2. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
664
1. Cedd, English monk and bishop (b. 620) deaths
  1. Cedd
    
    Cedd was an Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop from the Kingdom of Northumbria. He was an evangelist of the Middle Angles and East Saxons in England and a significant participant in the Synod of Whitby, a meeting which resolved important differences within the Church in England. He is venerated in the Catholic Church, Anglicanism, and the Orthodox Church.

Holidays

Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir, India)
1. Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)
  
  Accession Day is a public holiday in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, commemorating 26 October 1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh signed off the Instrument of Accession, in which Jammu and Kashmir joined the Dominion of India. It became an official public holiday in Jammu and Kashmir for the first time in 2020.
2. Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
  
  Jammu and Kashmir is a region administered by India as a union territory and consists of the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962. The Line of Control separates Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of Ladakh, which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir, and administered by India as a union territory.
3. India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.
Angam Day (Nauru)
1. Angam Day
  
  Angam Day is a holiday recognized in the Republic of Nauru. It is celebrated yearly on October 26.
2. Public holidays in Nauru
  
  This a list of holidays in Nauru, an island nation in Micronesia.
Armed Forces Day (Benin)
1. Public holidays in Benin
  
  This is a list of holidays in Benin.
Christian feast day: Alfred the Great (Catholic Church, Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church)
1. Alfred the Great
  
  Alfred the Great was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who both died when Alfred was young. Three of Alfred's brothers, Æthelbald, Æthelberht and Æthelred, reigned in turn before him. Under Alfred's rule, considerable administrative and military reforms were introduced, prompting lasting change in England.
2. Catholic Church
  
  The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
3. Calendar of saints (Church of England)
  
  The Church of England commemorates many of the same saints as those in the General Roman Calendar, mostly on the same days, but also commemorates various notable Christians who have not been canonised by Rome, with a particular though not exclusive emphasis on those of English origin. There are differences in the calendars of other churches of the Anglican Communion.
4. Eastern Orthodox Church
  
  The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops via local synods. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the head of the Roman Catholic Church—the Pope—but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognized by them as primus inter pares, which may be explained as a representative of the church. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially calls itself the Orthodox Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Amandus of Strasbourg
1. Amandus of Strasbourg
  
  Amandus of Strasbourg was, about 346, the first Bishop of Strasbourg. His feast day is 26 October.
Christian feast day: Beóán (Bean) of Mortlach
1. Beóán of Mortlach
  
  Beóán of Mortlach is the first of the three known Bishops of Mortlach. His name, which could also be written in non-Gaelic contexts as Beanus, Beoanus and Beyn, means "lively one". Walter Bower, following John of Fordun, tells us that the bishopric was founded by king Máel Coluim II of Scotland in the seventh year of his reign as thanks to God for victories over the Scandinavians, and tells us that "the first bishop was Beyn, a saintly man, worthy of the episcopal office, elevated to this see by the Lord Pope Benedict VIII at the king's request". The Aberdeen Registrum records a charter granted to Bishop Beóán by King Máel Coluim at Forfar, granting the bishop the churches and lands of Clova and the unidentified Dulmech. The Aberdeen Breviary commemorated "Bishop Beóán" as a saint on 26 October. Another Beóán, perhaps the one mentioned in the Life of St. Cathróe of Metz, was commemorated on 16 December, and the two were often confused.
Christian feast day: Blessed Celine Borzecka
1. Beatification
  
  Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. Beati is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds".
2. Celine Borzecka
  
  Celine Chludzińska Borzęcka was a Roman Catholic professed religious and the co-foundress - along with her daughter Jadwiga Borzęcka - of the Sisters of the Resurrection. Borzęcka desired the religious life but married in obedience to her parents and bore four children; two died as infants. After her husband's death, she chose to follow the spiritual path with her daughter at her side and began a life in community in Rome.
Christian feast day: Cedd
1. Cedd
  
  Cedd was an Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop from the Kingdom of Northumbria. He was an evangelist of the Middle Angles and East Saxons in England and a significant participant in the Synod of Whitby, a meeting which resolved important differences within the Church in England. He is venerated in the Catholic Church, Anglicanism, and the Orthodox Church.
Christian feast day: Cuthbert of Canterbury
1. Cuthbert of Canterbury
  
  Cuthbert was a medieval Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury in England. Prior to his elevation to Canterbury, he was abbot of a monastic house, and perhaps may have been Bishop of Hereford also, but evidence for his holding Hereford mainly dates from after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. While Archbishop, he held church councils and built a new church in Canterbury. It was during Cuthbert's archbishopric that the Diocese of York was raised to an archbishopric. Cuthbert died in 760 and was later regarded as a saint.
Christian feast day: Demetrius of Thessaloniki
1. Demetrius of Thessaloniki
  
  Saint Demetrius of Thessalonica, also known as the Holy Great-Martyr Demetrius the Myroblyte, was a Greek Christian martyr of the early 4th century AD.
Christian feast day: Eadfrith of Leominster
1. Eadfrith of Leominster
  
  Eadfrith of Leominster also known as Eadridus was a seventh century Catholic saint from Anglo-Saxon England. Although very little is known of his early life, he is an important figure in the process of Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England.
Christian feast day: Eata of Hexham
1. Eata of Hexham
  
  Eata, also known as Eata of Lindisfarne, was Bishop of Hexham from 678 until 681, and of then Bishop of Lindisfarne from before 681 until 685. He then was translated back to Hexham where he served until his death in 685 or 686. He was the first native of Northumbria to occupy the bishopric of Lindisfarne.
Christian feast day: Pope Evaristus (Aristus)
1. Pope Evaristus
  
  Pope Evaristus was the bishop of Rome from c. 99 to his death c. 107. He was also known as Aristus and is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, and Oriental Orthodoxy. It is likely that John the Apostle died during his reign period, marking the end of the Apostolic Age.
Christian feast day: Fulk of Pavia (Roman Catholic Church)
1. Fulk of Pavia
  
  Fulk was an Italian Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Piacenza from 1210 until 1217 and later as the Bishop of Pavia from 1217 until his death. He served in various capacities prior to his episcopal appointment such as a canon and provost. He was known for making the effort of keeping out of political affairs since he wanted to dedicate himself more to diocesan affairs. He was not consecrated as a bishop while in Piacenza until 1216 and some months after was transferred to Pavia where he would remain until his death.
2. Catholic Church
  
  The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
Christian feast day: Philipp Nicolai, Johann Heermann and Paul Gerhardt (Lutheran Church)
1. Philipp Nicolai
  
  Philipp Nicolai was a German Lutheran pastor, poet, and composer. He is most widely recognized as a hymnodist.
2. Johann Heermann
  
  Johann Heermann was a German poet and hymnodist. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 26 October with Philipp Nicolai and Paul Gerhardt.
3. Paul Gerhardt
  
  Paul Gerhardt was a German theologian, Lutheran minister and hymnodist.
4. Lutheranism
  
  Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation. The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the Ninety-five Theses, divided Western Christianity. During the Reformation, Lutheranism became the state religion of numerous states of northern Europe, especially in northern Germany, Scandinavia and the then-Livonian Order. Lutheran clergy became civil servants and the Lutheran churches became part of the state.
Christian feast day: Quadragesimus
1. Saint Quadragesimus
  
  Saint Quadragesimus was, according to tradition, a shepherd who lived at Policastro, Italy, and served as a subdeacon. Not much else is known of him, and he is remembered solely for the miracle of raising a dead man to life. He was mentioned under 26 October in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology, but is not listed in the latest editions. Birth unknown death 590 A.D lived in Policastro, Italy
Christian feast day: Quodvultdeus
1. Quodvultdeus
  
  Quodvultdeus was a fifth-century church father and bishop of Carthage who was exiled to Naples. He was known to have been living in Carthage around 407 and became a deacon in 421 AD. He corresponded with Augustine of Hippo, who served as Quodvultdeus' spiritual teacher. Augustine also dedicated some of his writings to Quodvultdeus.
Christian feast day: Rusticus of Narbonne
1. Rusticus of Narbonne
  
  Saint Rusticus of Narbonne was a monk of the Lérins Abbey and bishop of Narbonne and Catholic saint of Gaul, born either at Marseilles or at Narbonne.
Christian feast day: Witta (Albinus) of Büraburg
1. Witta of Büraburg
  
  Witta of Büraburg was one of the early Anglo-Saxon missionaries in Hesse and Thuringia in central Germany, disciple and companion of Saints Boniface and Lullus. Following the establishment by Boniface of the bishopric of Büraburg near Fritzlar in 741, Witta was the first and only bishop there. After his death on 26 October 747, no successor was appointed and Lullus, then archbishop of Mainz, incorporated the bishopric into his own because he wanted to have control over the Christian missionary efforts towards the East. Witta was buried in the chapel of Saint Sturm which Lullus later (769) used as the nucleus for the new and influential Benedictine Hersfeld Abbey.
Christian feast day: Eastern Orthodox liturgics
1. October 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  October 25 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 27
National Day, celebrates the anniversary of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955. (Austria)
1. Culture of Austria
  
  Austrian culture has been influenced by its past and present neighbours: Germany, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, and Bohemia.
2. Declaration of Neutrality
  
  The Declaration of Neutrality was a declaration by the Austrian Parliament declaring the country permanently neutral. It was enacted on 26 October 1955 as a constitutional act of parliament, i.e., as part of the Constitution of Austria.
Intersex Awareness Day
1. Intersex Awareness Day
  
  Intersex Awareness Day is an internationally observed awareness day each October 26, designed to highlight human rights issues faced by intersex people.

Important events in history on October 26 th

Events

Hanko–Hyvinkää railway

Nyland Brigade

Raseborg

Finland

October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake

Hindu Kush

South Asia

Microsoft

Windows 8

Rockstar Games

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

PlayStation 2

Cedar Fire

Moscow theater hostage crisis

George W. Bush

Patriot Act

Patriot Act

Robert Guéï

2000 Ivorian presidential election

United Kingdom

House of Lords

House of Lords Act 1999

Hereditary peer

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Mossad

Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine

Fathi Shaqaqi

Flateyri

Jordan

Israel

Israel–Jordan peace treaty

Ten-Day War

Yugoslav People's Army

Slovenia

China Airlines Flight 204

Hualien Airport

Uluru

Park Chung-hee

President of South Korea

Assassination of Park Chung-hee

National Intelligence Service (South Korea)

Kim Jae-gyu

Ali Maow Maalin

Smallpox

Ali Maow Maalin

Smallpox

World Health Organization

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Vaccination

Space Race

Soyuz 3

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Pan Am

Boeing 707

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Mosonmagyaróvár

Esztergom

State Protection Authority

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnam

Bảo Đại

1955 State of Vietnam referendum

Ngô Đình Nhu

Oyasato-yakata

New religious movement

Tenrikyo

Tenri, Nara

Austrian State Treaty

Declaration of Neutrality

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnam

Partition of India

Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948

Kashmir conflict

Battle of Leyte Gulf

World War II

Important events in history
on October 26 ^th