Important events in history
on October 20 ^th

Events

2022
1. Liz Truss steps down as British Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party amid the country's political crisis, serving for 45 days before resigning, serving for the least time of any British Prime Minister [45 days].
  1. Liz Truss
    
    Mary Elizabeth Truss is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from September to October 2022. On her fiftieth day in office, she stepped down amid a government crisis, making her the shortest-serving prime minister in the history of the United Kingdom. Truss previously held various Cabinet positions under prime ministers David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson, lastly as foreign secretary from 2021 to 2022. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Norfolk since 2010.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
  3. Conservative Party (UK)
    
    The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories, is one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom, along with the Labour Party. It is the current governing party, having won the 2019 general election. It has been the primary governing party in Britain since 2010. The party is on the centre-right of the political spectrum, and encompasses various ideological factions including one-nation conservatives, Thatcherites, and traditionalist conservatives. The party currently has 356 Members of Parliament, 261 members of the House of Lords, 9 members of the London Assembly, 31 members of the Scottish Parliament, 16 members of the Welsh Parliament, 2 directly elected mayors, 30 police and crime commissioners, and around 6,770 local councillors. It holds the annual Conservative Party Conference.
2017
1. Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) declare victory in the Raqqa campaign.
  1. Syrian civil war
    
    The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided civil war in Syria fought between the Syrian Arab Republic led by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and various domestic and foreign forces that oppose both the Syrian government and each other, in varying combinations.
  2. Syrian Democratic Forces
    
    The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) is an armed militia of the rebels in North and East Syria (AANES). An alliance of forces formed during the Syrian civil war composed primarily of Kurdish, Arab, and Assyrian/Syriac, as well as some smaller Armenian, Turkmen and Chechen forces. It is militarily led by the People's Protection Units (YPG), a Kurdish militia recognized as a terrorist group by Turkey, and also includes several ethnic militias, as well as elements of the Syrian opposition's Free Syrian Army. Founded in October 2015, the SDF states its mission as fighting to create a secular, democratic and federalised Syria. According to Turkey, the Syrian Democratic Forces has direct links to the PKK.
  3. Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)
    
    The Raqqa campaign was a military operation launched in November 2016 during the Rojava–Islamist conflict by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in the Raqqa Governorate, with the goal of isolating and eventually capturing the Islamic State's capital city, Raqqa. The SDF's subsidiary goals included capturing the Tabqa Dam, the nearby city of al-Thawrah, and the Baath Dam further downstream. The campaign ended successfully in October 2017, with the capture of Raqqa.
2011
1. First Libyan Civil War: Muammar Gaddafi, the deposed Libyan leader, was captured by rebel forces during the Battle of Sirte, and was killed shortly thereafter.
  1. First Libyan Civil War
    
    The First Libyan Civil War was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya which was fought between forces which were loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were seeking to oust his government. It erupted with the Libyan Revolution, also known as the 17 February Revolution. The war was preceded by protests in Zawiya on 8 August 2009 and finally ignited by protests in Benghazi beginning on Tuesday, 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces that fired on the crowd. The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the National Transitional Council.
  2. Muammar Gaddafi
    
    Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the de facto leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, first as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.
  3. Anti-Gaddafi forces
    
    The anti-Gaddafi forces were Libyan groups that opposed and militarily defeated the government of Muammar Gaddafi, killing him in the process. These opposition forces included organized and armed militia groups, participants in the Libyan Civil War, Libyan diplomats who switched their allegiance from the Gaddafi-led government, and Libyan military units that switched sides to support the protestors.
  4. Battle of Sirte (2011)
    
    The Battle of Sirte was the final and most decisive battle of the First Libyan Civil War, beginning when the National Liberation Army attacked the last remnants of the Libyan army still loyal to Muammar Gaddafi in his hometown and designated capital of Sirte, on the Gulf of Sidra. As of September 2011, Sirte and Bani Walid were the last strongholds of Gaddafi loyalists and the National Transitional Council hoped that the fall of Sirte would bring the war to an end. The battle and its aftermath marked the final collapse of the four-decade Gaddafi regime. Both Gaddafi and his son, Mutassim, were wounded and captured, then tortured and killed in custody less than an hour later. The month-long battle left Sirte almost completely in ruins, with many buildings damaged or totally destroyed.
  5. Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
    
    Muammar Gaddafi, the deposed leader of Libya, was captured and killed on 20 October 2011 after the Battle of Sirte. Gaddafi was found west of Sirte after his convoys were attacked by NATO aircraft. He was then captured by National Transitional Council (NTC) forces and was killed shortly afterwards.
2. Libyan Crisis: Rebel forces capture Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi and his son Mutassim in his hometown of Sirte and kill him shortly thereafter, ending the first Libyan civil war.
  1. Libyan Crisis (2011–present)
    
    The Libyan Crisis refers to the current humanitarian crisis and political-military instability occurring in Libya, beginning with the Arab Spring protests of 2011, which led to a civil war, foreign military intervention, and the ousting and death of Muammar Gaddafi. The civil war's aftermath and proliferation of armed groups led to violence and instability across the country, which erupted into renewed civil war in 2014. The crisis in Libya has resulted in tens of thousands of casualties since the onset of violence in early 2011. During both civil wars, the output of Libya's economically crucial oil industry collapsed to a small fraction of its usual level, with most facilities blockaded or damaged by rival groups, despite having the largest oil reserves of any African country. On October 23, 2020, parties signed a permanent ceasefire.
  2. Muammar Gaddafi
    
    Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the de facto leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, first as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.
  3. Mutassim Gaddafi
    
    Mutassim Billah Gaddafi was a Libyan Army officer, and the National Security Advisor of Libya from 2008 until 2011. He was the fourth son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and a member of his father's inner circle. His mother was Safia Farkash, who was said to be a Hungarian from Bosnia & Herzegovina. He was captured during the Battle of Sirte by anti-Gaddafi forces, and killed along with his father.
  4. Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
    
    Muammar Gaddafi, the deposed leader of Libya, was captured and killed on 20 October 2011 after the Battle of Sirte. Gaddafi was found west of Sirte after his convoys were attacked by NATO aircraft. He was then captured by National Transitional Council (NTC) forces and was killed shortly afterwards.
  5. First Libyan Civil War
    
    The First Libyan Civil War was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya which was fought between forces which were loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were seeking to oust his government. It erupted with the Libyan Revolution, also known as the 17 February Revolution. The war was preceded by protests in Zawiya on 8 August 2009 and finally ignited by protests in Benghazi beginning on Tuesday, 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces that fired on the crowd. The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the National Transitional Council.
2003
1. The Sloan Great Wall, once the largest cosmic structure known to humanity, is discovered by students at Princeton University.
  1. Sloan Great Wall
    
    The Sloan Great Wall (SGW) is a cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies. Its discovery was announced from Princeton University on October 20, 2003, by J. Richard Gott III, Mario Jurić, and their colleagues, based on data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
  2. List of largest cosmic structures
    
    This is a list of the largest cosmic structures so far discovered. The unit of measurement used is the light-year.
  3. Princeton University
    
    Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. It is one of the highest-ranked universities in the world. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, and then to the current site nine years later. It officially became a university in 1896 and was subsequently renamed Princeton University.
1991
1. An earthquake struck the Indian state of Uttarakhand, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes.
  1. 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake
    
    The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake occurred at 02:53:16 Indian Standard Time (UTC+05:30) on 20 October with a moment magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). This thrust event was instrumentally recorded and occurred along the Main Central Thrust in the Uttarkashi and Gharwal regions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. High intensity shaking resulted in the deaths of at least 768 people and the destruction of thousands of homes.
  2. Uttarakhand
    
    Uttarakhand, also known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" due to its religious significance and numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas, the Bhabar and the Terai regions. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north; the Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal to the east; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The winter capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city of the state, which is a rail head. Bhararisain, a town in Chamoli district, is the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The High Court of the state is located in Nainital.
2. A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes the Uttarkashi region of India, killing more than 1,000 people.
  1. Moment magnitude scale
    
    The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.
  2. 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake
    
    The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake occurred at 02:53:16 Indian Standard Time (UTC+05:30) on 20 October with a moment magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). This thrust event was instrumentally recorded and occurred along the Main Central Thrust in the Uttarkashi and Gharwal regions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. High intensity shaking resulted in the deaths of at least 768 people and the destruction of thousands of homes.
  3. Uttarkashi district
    
    Uttarkashi District is a district of Garhwal division of the Uttarakhand state in northern India, and has its headquarters at Uttarkashi city. It has six Tehsils namely Barkot, Dunda, Bhatwadi, Chinyalisaur, Purola and Mori.
3. A massive firestorm breaks out in the hills of Oakland and Berkeley, California killing 25 people and destroying more than 3,000 homes, apartments and condominiums.
  1. Firestorm
    
    A firestorm is a conflagration which attains such intensity that it creates and sustains its own wind system. It is most commonly a natural phenomenon, created during some of the largest bushfires and wildfires. Although the term has been used to describe certain large fires, the phenomenon's determining characteristic is a fire with its own storm-force winds from every point of the compass towards the storm's center, where the air is heated and then ascends.
  2. Oakland firestorm of 1991
    
    The Oakland firestorm of 1991 was a large suburban wildland–urban interface conflagration that occurred on the hillsides of northern Oakland, California, and southeastern Berkeley over the weekend of October 19–20, 1991, before being brought under full control on October 23. The official name of this incident by Cal Fire is the Tunnel Fire. However, it is also commonly referred to as the Oakland Hills firestorm or the East Bay Hills fire. The fire ultimately killed 25 people and injured 150 others. The 1,520 acres destroyed included 2,843 single-family dwellings and 437 apartment and condominium units. The economic loss from the fire was estimated at $1.5 billion.
1986
1. Aeroflot Flight 6502 crashed on approach to Kurumoch Airport in Samara (then Kuibyshev in the Soviet Union), killing 70 people on board.
  1. Aeroflot Flight 6502
    
    Aeroflot Flight 6502 was a Soviet domestic passenger flight operated by a Tupolev Tu-134A from Sverdlovsk to Grozny, which crashed on 20 October 1986; 70 of the 94 passengers and crew on board were killed. Investigators determined the cause of the accident was pilot negligence.
  2. Kurumoch International Airport
    
    Kurumoch International Airport is the international airport of Samara, Russia, located 35 km (22 mi) north of the city. Besides Samara, the airport serves Tolyatti – the second largest city in the region. The name of the airport originated from the closest village Kurumoch 7 km (4 mi) southwest. Kurumoch was used as a hub for Samara Airlines until the airline's bankruptcy. In 2011, Kurumoch was acquired by the largest airport holding and management company in Russia, Airports of Regions.
  3. Samara
    
    Samara, known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev, is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara rivers, with a population of over 1.14 million residents, up to 1.22 million residents in the urban agglomeration, not including Novokuybyshevsk, which is not conurbated. The city covers an area of 541.382 square kilometers (209.029 sq mi), and is the eighth-largest city in Russia and tenth agglomeration, the third-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District.
2. Aeroflot Flight 6502 crashes while landing at Kuibyshev Airport (now Kuromoch International Airport) in Kuibyshev (now present-day Samara, Russia), killing 70 people.
  1. Aeroflot Flight 6502
    
    Aeroflot Flight 6502 was a Soviet domestic passenger flight operated by a Tupolev Tu-134A from Sverdlovsk to Grozny, which crashed on 20 October 1986; 70 of the 94 passengers and crew on board were killed. Investigators determined the cause of the accident was pilot negligence.
  2. Kurumoch International Airport
    
    Kurumoch International Airport is the international airport of Samara, Russia, located 35 km (22 mi) north of the city. Besides Samara, the airport serves Tolyatti – the second largest city in the region. The name of the airport originated from the closest village Kurumoch 7 km (4 mi) southwest. Kurumoch was used as a hub for Samara Airlines until the airline's bankruptcy. In 2011, Kurumoch was acquired by the largest airport holding and management company in Russia, Airports of Regions.
  3. Samara
    
    Samara, known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev, is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara rivers, with a population of over 1.14 million residents, up to 1.22 million residents in the urban agglomeration, not including Novokuybyshevsk, which is not conurbated. The city covers an area of 541.382 square kilometers (209.029 sq mi), and is the eighth-largest city in Russia and tenth agglomeration, the third-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District.
  4. Russia
    
    Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering 17,098,246 square kilometres (6,601,670 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across eleven time zones and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries, more than any other country but China. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow, the largest city entirely within Europe. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and Kazan.
1982
1. During a UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, a large number of attendees trying to leave the Central Lenin Stadium resulted in a stampede that caused 66 deaths.
  1. UEFA Europa League
    
    The UEFA Europa League, formerly the UEFA Cup, is an annual football club competition organised since 1971 by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) for eligible European football clubs. It is the second-tier competition of European club football, ranking below the UEFA Champions League and above the UEFA Europa Conference League. The UEFA Cup was the third-tier competition from 1971 to 1999 before the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was discontinued, and it is still often referred to as the “C3” in reference of this. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions.
  2. FC Spartak Moscow
    
    FC Spartak Moscow is a Russian professional football club based in Moscow. Having won 12 Soviet championships and a record 10 Russian championships, it is the country's most successful club. They have also won a record 10 Soviet Cups, 4 Russian Cups and one Russian Super Cup. Spartak have also reached the semi-finals of all three European club competitions.
  3. HFC Haarlem
    
    HFC Haarlem was a Dutch football club from the city of Haarlem, established in 1889 and dissolved in 2010. The club won the Eredivisie in 1946 and reached five Cup finals, winning in 1902 and 1912. Haarlem reached the second round of the 1982–83 UEFA Cup, losing to Spartak Moscow of the Soviet Union.
  4. Luzhniki Stadium
    
    Luzhniki Stadium is the national stadium of Russia, located in its capital city, Moscow. The full name of the stadium is Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex. Its total seating capacity of 81,000 makes it the largest football stadium in Russia and the ninth-largest stadium in Europe. The stadium is a part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex, and is located in Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow city. The name Luzhniki derives from the flood meadows in the bend of Moskva River where the stadium was built, translating roughly as "The Meadows". The stadium is located at Luzhniki Street, 24, Moscow.
  5. Luzhniki disaster
    
    The Luzhniki disaster was a deadly human crush that took place at the Grand Sports Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium in Moscow during the 1982–83 UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem on 20 October 1982. According to the official enquiry, 66 FC Spartak Moscow fans, mostly adolescents, died in the stampede, which made it Russia's worst sporting disaster. The number of fatalities in this crush was not officially revealed until seven years later, in 1989. Until then, this figure varied in press reports from 3 to 340 fatalities. The circumstances of this disaster are similar to those of the second Ibrox disaster in Scotland.
2. During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death in the Luzhniki disaster.
  1. FC Spartak Moscow
    
    FC Spartak Moscow is a Russian professional football club based in Moscow. Having won 12 Soviet championships and a record 10 Russian championships, it is the country's most successful club. They have also won a record 10 Soviet Cups, 4 Russian Cups and one Russian Super Cup. Spartak have also reached the semi-finals of all three European club competitions.
  2. HFC Haarlem
    
    HFC Haarlem was a Dutch football club from the city of Haarlem, established in 1889 and dissolved in 2010. The club won the Eredivisie in 1946 and reached five Cup finals, winning in 1902 and 1912. Haarlem reached the second round of the 1982–83 UEFA Cup, losing to Spartak Moscow of the Soviet Union.
  3. Luzhniki disaster
    
    The Luzhniki disaster was a deadly human crush that took place at the Grand Sports Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium in Moscow during the 1982–83 UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem on 20 October 1982. According to the official enquiry, 66 FC Spartak Moscow fans, mostly adolescents, died in the stampede, which made it Russia's worst sporting disaster. The number of fatalities in this crush was not officially revealed until seven years later, in 1989. Until then, this figure varied in press reports from 3 to 340 fatalities. The circumstances of this disaster are similar to those of the second Ibrox disaster in Scotland.
1981
1. Two police officers and a Brink's armored car guard are killed during an armed robbery carried out by members of the Black Liberation Army and Weather Underground in Nanuet, New York.
  1. Brink's
    
    The Brink's Company is an American private security and protection company headquartered outside Richmond, Virginia. Its core business is Brink's Inc.; its sister brand Brink's Home Security company operates separately and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. In 2013, its international network served customers in more than 100 countries and employed approximately 134,000 people. Operations include approximately 1,100 facilities, and 13,300 vehicles. The company emerged from the Pittston Company and changed its name to the Brink's Company in 2003.
  2. 1981 Brink's robbery
    
    The 1981 Brink's robbery was an armed robbery and three related murders committed on October 20, 1981, by several Black Liberation Army members and four former members of the Weather Underground, now associated with the May 19th Communist Organization. The plan called for the BLA members – including Kuwasi Balagoon, Mtayari Sundiata, Samuel Brown and Mutulu Shakur – to carry out the robbery, with the M19CO members – David Gilbert, Judith Alice Clark, Kathy Boudin, and Marilyn Buck – to serve as getaway drivers in switchcars.
  3. Black Liberation Army
    
    The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was a far-left, black nationalist, underground Black Power revolutionary paramilitary organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. Composed of Black Panthers (BPP) and Republic of New Afrika (RNA) members who served above ground before going underground, the organization's program was one of war against the United States government, and its stated goal was to "take up arms for the liberation and self-determination of black people in the United States." The BLA carried out a series of bombings, killings of police officers and drug dealers, robberies, and prison breaks.
  4. Weather Underground
    
    The Weather Underground was a far-left militant organization first active in 1969, founded on the Ann Arbor campus of the University of Michigan. Originally known as the Weathermen, the group was organized as a faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) national leadership. Officially known as the Weather Underground Organization (WUO) beginning in 1970, the group's express political goal was to create a revolutionary party to overthrow the United States government, which WUO believed to be imperialist.
  5. Nanuet, New York
    
    Nanuet is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Clarkstown, Rockland County, New York, United States. The third largest hamlet in Clarkstown, it is located north of Pearl River, south of New City, east of Spring Valley, and west of West Nyack. It is located midway between Manhattan and Bear Mountain, 19 miles (31 km) north and south of each respectively; and 2 miles (3 km) north of the New Jersey border. It has one of three Rockland County stations on New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line. The population of Nanuet was 17,882 at the 2010 census.
1977
1. Three members of the American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd died when their chartered plane crashed in Gillsburg, Mississippi.
  1. Lynyrd Skynyrd
    
    Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American rock band formed in Jacksonville, Florida. The group originally formed as My Backyard in 1964 and comprised Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington (guitar), Allen Collins (guitar), Larry Junstrom and Bob Burns (drums). The band spent five years touring small venues under various names and with several lineup changes before deciding on "Lynyrd Skynyrd" in 1969. The band released its first album in 1973, having settled on a lineup that included bassist Leon Wilkeson, keyboardist Billy Powell and guitarist Ed King. Burns left and was replaced by Artimus Pyle in 1974. King left in 1975 and was replaced by Steve Gaines in 1976. At the height of their fame in the 1970s, the band popularized the Southern rock genre with songs such as "Sweet Home Alabama" and "Free Bird". After releasing five studio albums and one live album, the band's career was abruptly halted on October 20, 1977, when their chartered airplane crashed, killing Van Zant, Steve Gaines, and backup singer Cassie Gaines, and seriously injuring the rest of the band.
  2. Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash
    
    On October 20, 1977, a Convair CV-240 passenger aircraft ran out of fuel and crashed in a wooded area near Gillsburg, Mississippi, United States. Chartered by the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from L & J Company of Addison, Texas, it was flying from Greenville, South Carolina, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, crashing near its destination.
  3. Gillsburg, Mississippi
    
    Gillsburg, also spelled as Gillsburgh, is an unincorporated community in Amite County, Mississippi, United States. The community is part of the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area.
2. A plane carrying the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd crashes in woodland in Mississippi, United States. Six people, including three band members, are killed.
  1. Lynyrd Skynyrd
    
    Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American rock band formed in Jacksonville, Florida. The group originally formed as My Backyard in 1964 and comprised Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington (guitar), Allen Collins (guitar), Larry Junstrom and Bob Burns (drums). The band spent five years touring small venues under various names and with several lineup changes before deciding on "Lynyrd Skynyrd" in 1969. The band released its first album in 1973, having settled on a lineup that included bassist Leon Wilkeson, keyboardist Billy Powell and guitarist Ed King. Burns left and was replaced by Artimus Pyle in 1974. King left in 1975 and was replaced by Steve Gaines in 1976. At the height of their fame in the 1970s, the band popularized the Southern rock genre with songs such as "Sweet Home Alabama" and "Free Bird". After releasing five studio albums and one live album, the band's career was abruptly halted on October 20, 1977, when their chartered airplane crashed, killing Van Zant, Steve Gaines, and backup singer Cassie Gaines, and seriously injuring the rest of the band.
  2. Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash
    
    On October 20, 1977, a Convair CV-240 passenger aircraft ran out of fuel and crashed in a wooded area near Gillsburg, Mississippi, United States. Chartered by the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from L & J Company of Addison, Texas, it was flying from Greenville, South Carolina, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, crashing near its destination.
  3. Mississippi
    
    Mississippi is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee; to the east by Alabama; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico; to the southwest by Louisiana; and to the northwest by Arkansas. Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 35th-most populous of the 50 U.S. states and has the lowest per-capita income in the United States. Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city. Greater Jackson is the state's most populous metropolitan area, with a population of 591,978 in 2020.
1976
1. The Luling–Destrehan Ferry MV George Prince is struck by the Norwegian freighter SS Frosta while crossing the Mississippi River in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana. Seventy-eight passengers and crew die, and only 18 people aboard the ferry survive.
  1. Luling–Destrehan Ferry
    
    The Luling–Destrehan Ferry was a ferry across the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Louisiana, connecting Luling and Destrehan. The ferry was one of three routes then operated by the Louisiana Department of Highways, District 2. The others were the pedestrian Taft–Norco Ferry and the vehicle Edgard–Reserve Ferry. The ferry ceased operation in October 1983 with the opening of the Luling-Destrehan Bridge.
  2. MV George Prince ferry disaster
    
    The MV George Prince ferry disaster was a nautical disaster that occurred in the Mississippi River in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, United States, on the morning of October 20, 1976. The Luling–Destrehan Ferry George Prince was struck by the Norwegian tanker SS Frosta which was traveling upriver. The collision occurred at mile post 120.8 above Head of Passes, less than three-quarters of a mile from the construction site of the Luling Bridge which would replace the ferry seven years later. The ferry was crossing from Destrehan, Louisiana on the East Bank to Luling, Louisiana on the West Bank. Ninety-six passengers and crew were aboard the ferry when it was struck, and seventy-eight perished. This accident is the deadliest ferry disaster in United States history. It is also the deadliest peacetime nautical disaster involving a non-submersible vessel in U.S. waters since the explosion of the SS Grandcamp in 1947, which killed 581 people. In addition, it is the deadliest accident involving a single vessel in U.S waters since a fire on board the SS Morro Castle in 1934, which killed 137 people.
  3. SS Frosta
    
    SS Frosta was a Norwegian oil tanker, built in 1961 in Germany by Bremer Vulcan and owned by A/S J. Ludwig Mowinckels Rederi of Bergen, Norway. The Frosta was 664 feet in length, 90 feet in breadth, with a gross weight of 22,850 tons, and powered by a steam turbine engine, rated at 16,800 horsepower. It was rebuilt as a chemical tanker in 1971. It was decommissioned in 1979.
  4. Mississippi River
    
    The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it flows generally south for 2,340 miles (3,770 km) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains. The main stem is entirely within the United States; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2), of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the thirteenth-largest river by discharge in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
  5. St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
    
    St. Charles Parish is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. At the 2020 census, its population was 52,549. The parish seat is Hahnville and the most populous community is Luling.
1973
1. Watergate scandal: Both Attorney General Elliot Richardson and his deputy William Ruckelshaus resigned rather than obey Richard Nixon's order to have Archibald Cox fired.
  1. Watergate scandal
    
    The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continual attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972, break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C., Watergate Office Building.
  2. Elliot Richardson
    
    Elliot Lee Richardson was an American lawyer and public servant who was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a prominent figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than obey President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
  3. William Ruckelshaus
    
    William Doyle Ruckelshaus was an American attorney and government official.
  4. Saturday Night Massacre
    
    The Saturday Night Massacre was a series of events that took place in the United States on the evening of Saturday, October 20, 1973, during the Watergate scandal. U.S. President Richard Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox; Richardson refused and resigned effective immediately. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox; Ruckelshaus refused, and also resigned. Nixon then ordered the third-most-senior official at the Justice Department, Solicitor General Robert Bork, to fire Cox. Bork carried out the dismissal as Nixon asked. Bork stated that he intended to resign afterward, but was persuaded by Richardson and Ruckelshaus to stay on for the good of the Justice Department.
  5. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
  6. Archibald Cox
    
    Archibald Cox Jr. was an American lawyer and law professor who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy and as a special prosecutor during the Watergate scandal. During his career, he was a pioneering expert on labor law and was also an authority on constitutional law. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Cox as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century.
2. Watergate scandal: "Saturday Night Massacre": United States President Richard Nixon fires U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus after they refuse to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who is finally fired by Solicitor General Robert Bork.
  1. Watergate scandal
    
    The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continual attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972, break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C., Watergate Office Building.
  2. Saturday Night Massacre
    
    The Saturday Night Massacre was a series of events that took place in the United States on the evening of Saturday, October 20, 1973, during the Watergate scandal. U.S. President Richard Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox; Richardson refused and resigned effective immediately. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox; Ruckelshaus refused, and also resigned. Nixon then ordered the third-most-senior official at the Justice Department, Solicitor General Robert Bork, to fire Cox. Bork carried out the dismissal as Nixon asked. Bork stated that he intended to resign afterward, but was persuaded by Richardson and Ruckelshaus to stay on for the good of the Justice Department.
  3. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
  4. Elliot Richardson
    
    Elliot Lee Richardson was an American lawyer and public servant who was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a prominent figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than obey President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
  5. William Ruckelshaus
    
    William Doyle Ruckelshaus was an American attorney and government official.
  6. Archibald Cox
    
    Archibald Cox Jr. was an American lawyer and law professor who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy and as a special prosecutor during the Watergate scandal. During his career, he was a pioneering expert on labor law and was also an authority on constitutional law. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Cox as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century.
  7. Robert Bork
    
    Robert Heron Bork was an American jurist who served as the Solicitor General of the United States from 1973 to 1977. A professor at Yale Law School by occupation, he later served as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1982 to 1988. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan nominated Bork to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the U.S. Senate rejected his nomination after a highly publicized confirmation hearing.
3. The Sydney Opera House is opened by Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction.
  1. Sydney Opera House
    
    The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney. Located on the foreshore of Sydney Harbour, it is widely regarded as one of the world's most famous and distinctive buildings and a masterpiece of 20th century architecture.
  2. Elizabeth II
    
    Elizabeth II was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime, and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.
1969
1. Experimental results from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center were published showing that protons were composed of smaller particles, the first evidence of quarks.
  1. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
    
    SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and located in Menlo Park, California. It is the site of the Stanford Linear Accelerator, a 3.2 kilometer (2-mile) linear accelerator constructed in 1966 and shut down in the 2000s, that could accelerate electrons to energies of 50 GeV.
  2. Proton
    
    A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei).
  3. Quark
    
    A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. All commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons. Owing to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, which include baryons and mesons, or in quark–gluon plasmas. For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of hadrons.
1967
1. Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin filmed an unidentified subject, which they claimed was Bigfoot, at Six Rivers National Forest in California.
  1. Patterson–Gimlin film
    
    The Patterson–Gimlin film is an American short motion picture of an unidentified subject that the filmmakers have said was a Bigfoot. The footage was shot in 1967 in Northern California, and has since been subjected to many attempts to authenticate or debunk it.
  2. Bigfoot
    
    Bigfoot, also commonly referred to as Sasquatch, is a purported ape-like creature said to inhabit the forests of North America. Many dubious articles have been offered in attempts to prove the existence of Bigfoot, including anecdotal claims of sightings as well as alleged video and audio recordings, photographs, and casts of large footprints. Some are known or admitted hoaxes. Tales of wild, hairy humanoids exist throughout the world, and such creatures appear in the folklore of North America, including the mythologies of indigenous people. Bigfoot is an icon within the fringe subculture of cryptozoology, and an enduring element of popular culture.
  3. Six Rivers National Forest
    
    The Six Rivers National Forest is a U.S. National Forest located in the northwestern corner of California. It was established on June 3, 1947 by U.S. President Harry S. Truman from portions of Klamath, Siskiyou and Trinity National Forests. Its over one million acres (4,000 km2) of land contain a variety of ecosystems and 137,000 acres (550 km2) of old growth forest. It lies in parts of four counties; in descending order of forestland area they are Del Norte, Humboldt, Trinity, and Siskiyou counties. The forest is named after the Eel, Van Duzen, Klamath, Trinity, Mad, and Smith rivers, which pass through or near the forest's boundaries.
  4. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
1962
1. China launches simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line, igniting the Sino-Indian War.
  1. China
    
    China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.
  2. Ladakh
    
    Ladakh is a region administered by India as a union territory which constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region and has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. Ladakh is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south, both the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan to the west, and the southwest corner of Xinjiang across the Karakoram Pass in the far north. It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the main Great Himalayas to the south. The eastern end, consisting of the uninhabited Aksai Chin plains, is claimed by the Indian Government as part of Ladakh, and has been under Chinese control since 1962.
  3. McMahon Line
    
    The McMahon Line is the boundary between Tibet and British India as agreed in the maps and notes exchanged by the respective plenipotentiaries on 24–25 March 1914 at Delhi, as part of the 1914 Simla Convention. The line delimited the respective spheres of influence of the two countries in the eastern Himalayan region along northeast India and northern Burma (Myanmar), which were earlier undefined. The Republic of China was not a party to the McMahon Line agreement, but the line was part of the overall boundary of Tibet defined in the Simla Convention, initialled by all three parties and later repudiated by the government of China. The Indian part of the Line currently serves as the de facto boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the People's Republic of China. The Burmese part of the Line was renegotiated by the People's Republic of China and Myanmar.
  4. Sino-Indian War
    
    The Sino-Indian War took place between China and India from October to November 1962, as a major flare-up of the Sino-Indian border dispute. There had been a series of violent border skirmishes between the two countries after the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when India granted asylum to the Dalai Lama. Chinese military action grew increasingly aggressive after India rejected proposed Chinese diplomatic settlements throughout 1960–1962, with China re-commencing previously-banned "forward patrols" in Ladakh after 30 April 1962. Amidst the Cuban Missile Crisis, China abandoned all attempts towards a peaceful resolution on 20 October 1962, invading disputed territory along the 3,225-kilometre (2,004 mi) border in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line in the northeastern frontier. Chinese troops pushed back Indian forces in both theatres, capturing all of their claimed territory in the western theatre and the Tawang Tract in the eastern theatre. The conflict ended when China unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, and simultaneously announced its withdrawal to its claimed "Line of Actual Control".
1961
1. The Soviet Navy performs the first armed test of a submarine-launched ballistic missile, launching an R-13 from a Golf-class submarine.
  1. Soviet Navy
    
    The Soviet Navy was the naval warfare uniform service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces. Often referred to as the Red Fleet, the Soviet Navy made up a large part of the Soviet Union's strategic planning in the event of a conflict with the opposing superpower, the United States, during the Cold War period between the two countries. The Soviet Navy played a large role during the Cold War (1945-1991), either confronting the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation in western Europe or power projection to maintain its sphere of influence in eastern Europe.
  2. Submarine-launched ballistic missile
    
    A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines. Modern variants usually deliver multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which carries a nuclear warhead and allows a single launched missile to strike several targets. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles operate in a different way from submarine-launched cruise missiles.
  3. R-13 (missile)
    
    The R-13 was a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) developed by the Soviet Union starting around 1955. It was assigned the NATO reporting name SS-N-4 Sark and carried the GRAU index 4K50.
  4. Golf-class submarine
    
    Project 629, also known by the NATO reporting name Golf, was a class of diesel-electric ballistic missile submarines that served in the Soviet Navy. All boats of this class had left Soviet service by 1990, and have since been disposed of. According to some sources, at least one Golf-class submarine was operated by China, to test new submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).
1952
1. The Governor of Kenya Evelyn Baring declares a state of emergency and begins arresting hundreds of suspected leaders of the Mau Mau Uprising.
  1. Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale
    
    Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale, was Governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1942 to 1944, High Commissioner for Southern Africa from 1944 to 1951, and Governor of Kenya from 1952 to 1959. Baring played an integral role in the suppression of the Mau Mau rebellion. Together with Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd, Baring played a significant role in the government's efforts to deal with the rebellion, and see Kenya through to independence. Baring was aware of abuses against Mau Mau detainees.
  2. Mau Mau rebellion
    
    The Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960), also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities.
1951
1. African-American college football player Johnny Bright was the victim of an on-field assault that eventually provoked changes in NCAA football rules that mandated the use of more protective helmets with face guards.
  1. College football
    
    College football refers to American or Canadian football played by teams of student athletes. It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States.
  2. Johnny Bright
    
    John Dee Bright was an American professional football player in the Canadian Football League. He played college football at Drake University. He is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, the National Football Foundation's College Football Hall of Fame, the Missouri Valley Conference Hall of Fame, the Edmonton Eskimos Wall of Honour, the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame, and the Des Moines Register's Iowa Sports Hall of Fame.
  3. Johnny Bright incident
    
    The Johnny Bright incident was a violent on-field assault against African-American player Johnny Bright by a white opposing player during an American college football game held on October 20, 1951, in Stillwater, Oklahoma. The game was significant in itself as it marked the first time that an African-American athlete with a national profile and of critical importance to the success of his team, the Drake Bulldogs, had played against Oklahoma A&M College at Oklahoma A&M's Lewis Field. Bright's injury also highlighted the racial tensions of the times and assumed notoriety when it was captured in what was later to become both a widely disseminated and eventually Pulitzer Prize–winning photo sequence.
  4. National Collegiate Athletic Association
    
    The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletics among about 1,100 schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. It also organizes the athletic programs of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada and helps over 500,000 college student athletes who compete annually in college sports. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana.
  5. Football helmet
    
    The football helmet is a piece of protective equipment used mainly in gridiron football, although a structural variation has occasional use in Australian rules football. It consists of a hard plastic shell with thick padding on the inside, a face mask made of one or more plastic-coated metal bars, and a chinstrap. Each position has a different type of face mask to balance protection and visibility, and some players add polycarbonate visors to their helmets, which are used to protect their eyes from glare and impacts. Helmets are a requirement at all levels of organized football, except for non-tackle variations such as flag football. Although they are protective, players can and do still suffer head injuries such as concussions.
2. The "Johnny Bright incident" occurs during a football game between the Drake Bulldogs and Oklahoma A&M Aggies.
  1. Johnny Bright incident
    
    The Johnny Bright incident was a violent on-field assault against African-American player Johnny Bright by a white opposing player during an American college football game held on October 20, 1951, in Stillwater, Oklahoma. The game was significant in itself as it marked the first time that an African-American athlete with a national profile and of critical importance to the success of his team, the Drake Bulldogs, had played against Oklahoma A&M College at Oklahoma A&M's Lewis Field. Bright's injury also highlighted the racial tensions of the times and assumed notoriety when it was captured in what was later to become both a widely disseminated and eventually Pulitzer Prize–winning photo sequence.
  2. Drake Bulldogs football
    
    The Drake Bulldogs are an NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision non-scholarship college football program representing Drake University. They currently compete in the non-scholarship Pioneer Football League and have been charter members of the conference since 1993. Drake began playing intercollegiate football in 1893.
  3. Oklahoma State Cowboys football
    
    The Oklahoma State Cowboys football program represents Oklahoma State University–Stillwater in college football. The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference and competes at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. The Cowboys are led by Mike Gundy, who is in his 17th year as head coach. Oklahoma State plays its home games at Boone Pickens Stadium in Stillwater, Oklahoma.
1947
1. Cold War: The House Un-American Activities Committee begins its investigation into Communist infiltration of the Hollywood film industry, resulting in a blacklist that prevents some from working in the industry for years.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. House Un-American Activities Committee
    
    The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly dubbed the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having either fascist or communist ties. It became a standing (permanent) committee in 1945, and from 1969 onwards it was known as the House Committee on Internal Security. When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.
  3. Cinema of the United States
    
    The cinema of the United States, consisting mainly of major film studios along with some independent film, has had a large effect on the global film industry since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema, which developed from 1913 to 1969 and is still typical of most films made there to this day. While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry. As of 2017, it produced the third-largest number of films of any national cinema, after India and China, with more than 600 English-language films released on average every year. While the national cinemas of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand also produce films in the same language, they are not part of the Hollywood system. That said, Hollywood has also been considered a transnational cinema, and has produced multiple language versions of some titles, often in Spanish or French. Contemporary Hollywood often outsources production to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
  4. Hollywood blacklist
    
    The Hollywood blacklist was an entertainment industry blacklist, broader than just Hollywood, put in effect in the mid-20th century in the United States during the early years of the Cold War. The blacklist involved the practice of denying employment to entertainment industry professionals believed to be or to have been Communists or sympathizers. Actors, screenwriters, directors, musicians, and other American entertainment professionals were barred from work by the studios.
1944
1. World War II: Fulfilling a promise he made two years previously, General Douglas MacArthur landed on Leyte to begin the recapture of the Philippines.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines
    
    On 11 March 1942, during World War II, General Douglas MacArthur and members of his family and staff left the Philippine island of Corregidor and his forces, which were surrounded by the Japanese. They traveled in PT boats through stormy seas patrolled by Japanese warships and reached Mindanao two days later. From there, MacArthur and his party flew to Australia in a pair of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, ultimately arriving in Melbourne by train on 21 March. In Australia, he made a speech in which he declared, "I came through and I shall return".
  3. Douglas MacArthur
    
    Douglas MacArthur was an American military leader who served as General of the Army for the United States, as well as a field marshal to the Philippine Army. He had served with distinction in World War I, was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s, and he played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. MacArthur was nominated for the Medal of Honor three times, and received it for his service in the Philippines campaign. This made him along with his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army.
  4. Battle of Leyte
    
    The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur, who fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines led by General Tomoyuki Yamashita. The operation, codenamed King Two, launched the Philippines campaign of 1944–45 for the recapture and liberation of the entire Philippine Archipelago and to end almost three years of Japanese occupation.
  5. Leyte
    
    Leyte is an island in the Visayas group of islands in the Philippines. It is eighth-largest and sixth-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 2,626,970 as of 2020 census.
  6. Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
    
    The Philippines campaign, Battle of the Philippines, Second Philippines campaign, or the Liberation of the Philippines, codenamed Operation Musketeer I, II, and III, was the American, Mexican, Australian and Filipino campaign to defeat and expel the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the Philippines during World War II.
2. World War II: The Soviet Red Army and Yugoslav Partisans liberate Belgrade.
  1. Red Army
    
    The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established in January 1918. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Starting in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in 1991.
  2. Yugoslav Partisans
    
    The Yugoslav Partisans, or the National Liberation Army, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. Led by Josip Broz Tito, the Partisans are considered to be Europe's most effective anti-Axis resistance movement during World War II.
  3. Belgrade offensive
    
    The Belgrade offensive or the Belgrade strategic offensive operation was a military operation during World War II in Yugoslavia in which Belgrade was liberated from the German Wehrmacht through the joint efforts of the Soviet Red Army, Yugoslav Partisans, and the Bulgarian Army. Soviet forces and local militias launched separate but loosely cooperative operations that undermined German control of Belgrade and ultimately forced a retreat. Martial planning was coordinated evenly among command leaders, and the operation was largely enabled through tactical cooperation between Josip Broz Tito and Joseph Stalin that began in September 1944. These martial provisions allowed Bulgarian forces to engage in operations throughout Yugoslav territory, which furthered tactical success while increasing diplomatic friction.
3. Liquefied natural gas leaks from storage tanks in Cleveland and then explodes, leveling 30 blocks and killing 130 people.
  1. Liquefied natural gas
    
    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state (at standard conditions for temperature and pressure).
  2. Cleveland East Ohio Gas explosion
    
    The Cleveland East Ohio Gas explosion occurred on the afternoon of Friday, October 20, 1944. The resulting gas leak, explosion and fires killed 131 people and destroyed a one-square-mile area of the east side of Cleveland, Ohio.
4. American general Douglas MacArthur fulfills his promise to return to the Philippines when he comes ashore during the Battle of Leyte.
  1. Douglas MacArthur
    
    Douglas MacArthur was an American military leader who served as General of the Army for the United States, as well as a field marshal to the Philippine Army. He had served with distinction in World War I, was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s, and he played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. MacArthur was nominated for the Medal of Honor three times, and received it for his service in the Philippines campaign. This made him along with his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army.
  2. Battle of Leyte
    
    The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the amphibious invasion of the island of Leyte in the Philippines by American forces and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur, who fought against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines led by General Tomoyuki Yamashita. The operation, codenamed King Two, launched the Philippines campaign of 1944–45 for the recapture and liberation of the entire Philippine Archipelago and to end almost three years of Japanese occupation.
1941
1. World War II: Thousands of civilians in German-occupied Serbia are murdered in the Kragujevac massacre.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
    
    The Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia was the area of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that was placed under a military government of occupation by the Wehrmacht following the invasion, occupation and dismantling of Yugoslavia in April 1941. The territory included only central Serbia, with the addition of the northern part of Kosovo, and the Banat. This territory was the only area of partitioned Yugoslavia in which the German occupants established a military government. This was due to the key rail and the Danube transport routes that passed through it, and its valuable resources, particularly non-ferrous metals. On 22 April 1941, the territory was placed under the supreme authority of the German military commander in Serbia, with the day-to-day administration of the territory under the control of the chief of the military administration staff. The lines of command and control in the occupied territory were never unified, and were made more complex by the appointment of direct representatives of senior Nazi figures such as Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, and Reichsminister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The Germans used Bulgarian troops to assist in the occupation, but they were at all times under German control. Sources variously describe the territory as a puppet state, a protectorate, a "special administrative province", or describe it as having a puppet government. The military commander in Serbia had very limited German garrison troops and police detachments to maintain order, but could request assistance from a corps of three divisions of poorly-equipped occupation troops.
  3. Kragujevac massacre
    
    The Kragujevac massacre was the mass murder of between 2,778 and 2,794 mostly Serb men and boys in Kragujevac by German soldiers on 21 October 1941. It occurred in the German-occupied territory of Serbia during World War II, and came as a reprisal for insurgent attacks in the Gornji Milanovac district that resulted in the deaths of ten German soldiers and the wounding of 26 others. The number of hostages to be shot was calculated as a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded, a formula devised by Adolf Hitler with the intent of suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe.
1939
1. Pope Pius XII published his first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, critiquing ideologies such as racism, cultural superiority and totalitarianism.
  1. Pope Pius XII
    
    Pope Pius XII, born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his election to the papacy, he served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany, and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, such as the Reichskonkordat with the German Reich.
  2. Encyclical
    
    An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from the Late Latin encyclios. The term has been used by Catholics, Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
  3. Summi Pontificatus
    
    Summi Pontificatus is an encyclical of Pope Pius XII published on 20 October 1939. The encyclical is subtitled "on the unity of human society". It was the first encyclical of Pius XII and was seen as setting "a tone" for his papacy. It critiques major errors at the time, such as ideologies of racism, cultural superiority and the totalitarian state. It also sets the theological framework for future encyclical letters, such as Mystici corporis Christi (1943). The encyclical laments the destruction of Poland, denounces the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and calls for a restoration of independent Poland.
1935
1. The Long March, a mammoth retreat undertaken by the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party a year prior, ends.
  1. Long March
    
    The Long March was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the National Army of the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP/KMT). Strictly speaking, the Long March was a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. However, the most famous began in the Jiangxi (Jiangxi) province in October 1934 and ended in the Shaanxi province in October 1935. The First Front Army of the Chinese Soviet Republic, led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of annihilation by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's troops in their stronghold in Jiangxi province. The CCP, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) over 370 days. The route passed through some of the most difficult terrain of western China by traveling west, then north, to Shaanxi.
  2. People's Liberation Army
    
    The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five service branches: the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Rocket Force, and Strategic Support Force. It is under the leadership of the Central Military Commission (CMC) with its chairman as commander-in-chief.
  3. Chinese Communist Party
    
    The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang, and in 1949 Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Since then, the CCP has governed China with eight smaller parties within its United Front and has sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Each successive leader of the CCP has added their own theories to the party's constitution, which outlines the ideological beliefs of the party, collectively referred to as socialism with Chinese characteristics. As of 2022, the CCP has more than 96 million members, making it the second largest political party by party membership in the world after India's Bharatiya Janata Party. The Chinese public generally refers to the CCP as simply "the Party".
1904
1. Chile and Bolivia sign the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, delimiting the border between the two countries.
  1. Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)
    
    The Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia was signed in Santiago de Chile on October 20, 1904, to delineate the boundary through 96 specified points between Cerro Zapaleri and Cerro Chipe and to regulate the relations between the two countries 20 years after the end of the War of the Pacific.
1883
1. Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
  1. Treaty of Ancón
    
    The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in Ancón, near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between them.
1827
1. Greek War of Independence: In the Battle of Navarino, a combined Turkish and Egyptian fleet is defeated by British, French and Russian naval forces in the last significant battle fought with wooden sailing ships.
  1. Greek War of Independence
    
    The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1832. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
  2. Battle of Navarino
    
    The Battle of Navarino was a naval battle fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–29), in Navarino Bay, on the west coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, in the Ionian Sea. Allied forces from Britain, France, and Russia decisively defeated Ottoman and Egyptian forces which were trying to suppress the Greeks, thereby making Greek independence much more likely. An Ottoman armada which, in addition to Imperial warships, included squadrons from the eyalets (provinces) of Egypt and Tunis, was destroyed by an Allied force of British, French and Russian warships. It was the last major naval battle in history to be fought entirely with sailing ships, although most ships fought at anchor. The Allies' victory was achieved through superior firepower and gunnery.
1818
1. The Convention of 1818 is signed between the United States and the United Kingdom, which settles the Canada–United States border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.
  1. Treaty of 1818
    
    The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. This treaty resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia.
  2. Canada–United States border
    
    The border between Canada and the United States is the longest international border in the world. The terrestrial boundary is 8,891 km (5,525 mi) long. The land border has two sections: Canada's border with the contiguous United States to its south, and with the U.S. state of Alaska to its west. The bi-national International Boundary Commission deals with matters relating to marking and maintaining the boundary, and the International Joint Commission deals with issues concerning boundary waters. The agencies currently responsible for facilitating legal passage through the international boundary are the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP).
  3. 49th parallel north
    
    The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49° north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.
1803
1. The United States Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase.
  1. Louisiana Purchase
    
    The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi in Middle America. However, France only controlled a small fraction of this area, most of which was inhabited by Native Americans; effectively, for the majority of the area, the United States bought the "preemptive" right to obtain "Indian" lands by treaty or by conquest, to the exclusion of other colonial powers.
1781
1. The Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in Austria.
  1. Patent of Toleration
    
    The Patent of Toleration was an edict of toleration issued on 13 October 1781 by the Habsburg emperor Joseph II. Part of the Josephinist reforms, the Patent extended religious freedom to non-Catholic Christians living in the crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy, including Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Eastern Orthodox. Specifically, these members of minority faiths were now legally permitted to hold "private religious exercises" in clandestine churches.
1774
1. American Revolution: The Continental Association, a nonconsumption and nonimportation agreement against the British Isles and the British West Indies, is adopted by the First Continental Congress.
  1. American Revolution
    
    The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America as the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy.
  2. Continental Association
    
    The Continental Association, also known as the Articles of Association or simply the Association, was an agreement among the American colonies adopted by the First Continental Congress on October 20, 1774. It called for a trade boycott against British merchants by the colonies. Congress hoped that placing economic sanctions on British imports and exports would pressure Parliament into addressing the colonies' grievances, in particular, by repealing what were referred to as the Intolerable Acts.
  3. Nonconsumption agreements
    
    The Non-consumption agreements were a part of a family of agreements, including the non-importation and non-exportation agreements addressed by American colonists in the 1774 Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress. These agreements later served as the basis for the Non-Importation Act, and subsequent Embargo of 1807 that was passed by the United States Congress in 1806 in an attempt to establish American nautical neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars between France and Britain.
  4. British Isles
    
    The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles, and over six thousand smaller islands. They have a total area of 315,159 km2 (121,684 sq mi) and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands, off the north coast of France, are normally taken to be part of the British Isles, even though they do not form part of the archipelago.
  5. British West Indies
    
    The British West Indies (BWI) were the British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, British Guiana and Trinidad and Tobago. Other territories include Bermuda, and the former British Honduras. Before the decolonisation period in the later 1950s and 1960s the term was used to include all British colonies in the region as part of the British Empire. Following the independence of most of the territories from the United Kingdom, the term Commonwealth Caribbean is now used.
  6. First Continental Congress
    
    The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 British colonies that became the United States. It met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after the British Navy instituted a blockade of Boston Harbor and Parliament passed the punitive Intolerable Acts in response to the December 1773 Boston Tea Party. During the opening weeks of the Congress, the delegates conducted a spirited discussion about how the colonies could collectively respond to the British government's coercive actions, and they worked to make a common cause.
1740
1. Under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, Maria Theresa (pictured) ascended the Habsburg throne.
  1. Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
    
    The Pragmatic Sanction was an edict issued by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, on 19 April 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions, which included the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Croatia, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Netherlands, could be inherited by a daughter.
  2. Maria Theresa
    
    Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress.
  3. Habsburg monarchy
    
    The Habsburg monarchy, also known as the Danubian monarchy, or Habsburg Empire, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg, especially the dynasty's Austrian branch.
2. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony refuse to honour the Pragmatic Sanction, and the War of the Austrian Succession begins.
  1. Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
    
    The Pragmatic Sanction was an edict issued by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, on 19 April 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions, which included the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Croatia, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Netherlands, could be inherited by a daughter.
  2. War of the Austrian Succession
    
    The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's War in North America, the War of Jenkins' Ear, the First Carnatic War and the First and Second Silesian Wars.
1572
1. Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the relief of Goes.
  1. Eighty Years' War
    
    The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (c.1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, taxation, and the rights and privileges of the nobility and cities. After the initial stages, Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebel-held territories. However, widespread mutinies in the Spanish army caused a general uprising. Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the Catholic- and Protestant-dominated provinces sought to establish religious peace while jointly opposing the king's regime with the Pacification of Ghent, but the general rebellion failed to sustain itself. Despite Governor of Spanish Netherlands and General for Spain, the Duke of Parma's steady military and diplomatic successes, the Union of Utrecht continued their resistance, proclaiming their independence through the 1581 Act of Abjuration, and establishing the Protestant-dominated Dutch Republic in 1588. In the Ten Years thereafter, the Republic made remarkable conquests in the north and east against a struggling Spanish Empire, and received diplomatic recognition from France and England in 1596. The Dutch colonial empire emerged, which began with Dutch attacks on Portugal's overseas territories.
  2. Relief of Goes
    
    In August 1572, during the course of the Eighty Years' War, the city of Goes, in the Spanish Netherlands, was besieged by Dutch forces with the support of English troops sent by Queen Elizabeth I. This was a menace to the safety of the nearby city of Middelburg, also under siege. Given the impossibility of rescue of Goes by sea, 3,000 soldiers of the Spanish Tercios under the command of Cristóbal de Mondragón waded across the river Scheldt at its mouth, walking 15 miles overnight in water up to chest deep. The surprise arrival of the Tercios forced the withdrawal of the Anglo-Dutch troops from Goes, allowing the Spanish to maintain control of Middelburg, capital of Walcheren Island.
1568
1. The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent.
  1. Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
    
    Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba, known as the Grand Duke of Alba in Spain and Portugal and as the Iron Duke in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general and diplomat. He was titled the 3rd Duke of Alba de Tormes, 4th Marquess of Coria, 3rd Count of Salvatierra de Tormes, 2nd Count of Piedrahita, 8th Lord of Valdecorneja, Grandee of Spain and a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. His motto in Latin was Deo patrum nostrorum.
  2. Battle of Jodoigne
    
    The Battle of Jodoigne, also called Battle of the River Guete, was fought on 20 October 1568 between the royal Habsburg army led by the Duke of Alba and a protestant rebel army led by William of Orange. It resulted in a defeat for William of Orange, who had to abandon his plans of invading the Habsburg Netherlands.
  3. William the Silent
    
    William the Silent, also known as William the Taciturn, or, more commonly in the Netherlands, William of Orange, was the main leader of the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. Born into the House of Nassau, he became Prince of Orange in 1544 and is thereby the founder of the Orange-Nassau branch and the ancestor of the monarchy of the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, he is also known as Father of the Fatherland.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Lucy Simon, American composer and songwriter (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Lucy Simon
    
    Lucy Elizabeth Simon was an American composer for the theatre and of popular songs. She recorded and performed as a singer and songwriter, and was known for the musicals The Secret Garden (1991) and Doctor Zhivago (2011).
2020
1. James Randi, Canadian-American stage magician and author (b. 1928) deaths
  1. James Randi
    
    James Randi was a Canadian-American stage magician, author and scientific skeptic who extensively challenged paranormal and pseudoscientific claims. He was the co-founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), and founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi began his career as a magician under the stage name The Amazing Randi and later chose to devote most of his time to investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims, which he collectively called "woo-woo". Randi retired from practicing magic at age 60, and from his foundation at 87.
2018
1. Wim Kok, Dutch prime minister (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Wim Kok
    
    Willem "Wim" Kok was a Dutch politician and trade union leader who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002. He was a member of the Labour Party (PvdA).
2016
1. Robert E. Kramek, former United States Coast Guard admiral (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Robert E. Kramek
    
    Robert Edward Kramek was an admiral of the United States Coast Guard who served as the 20th commandant from 1994 to 1998. During his tenure as commandant, he successfully led the service through difficult budget battles each year and directed the "streamlining" plan that was mandated by the National Performance Review and "Mandate for Change".
2. Michael Massee, American actor (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Michael Massee
    
    Michael Groo Massee was an American actor. Active on screen during a three decade career, he frequently portrayed villainous characters. His film roles include Funboy in the dark fantasy The Crow (1994), Newton in the horror anthology Tales from the Hood (1995), Andy in the neo-noir Lost Highway (1997), and the Gentleman in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and its 2014 sequel. Massee also voiced Bruce Banner in the first two entries of Marvel Animated Features in 2006. On television, he played Ira Gaines on the first season of the Fox action drama 24 (2001–2002), Isaiah Haden on the NBC fantasy mystery Revelations (2005), Dyson Frost on the ABC science fiction drama FlashForward (2009–2010), and Charles Hoyt on the first two seasons of the TNT police procedural Rizzoli & Isles (2010–2013).
3. Junko Tabei, Japanese mountaineer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Junko Tabei
    
    Junko Tabei was a Japanese mountaineer, author and a teacher. She was the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest and the first woman to ascend the Seven Summits, climbing the highest peak on every continent.
2015
1. Makis Dendrinos, Greek basketball player and coach (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Makis Dendrinos
    
    Gerasimos "Makis" Dendrinos was a Greek professional basketball player and basketball coach. He was a 1.80 m (5'11") tall point guard. His nickname as a player was "Buddha".
2. Arno Gruen, German-Swiss psychologist and psychoanalyst (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Arno Gruen
    
    Arno Gruen was a Swiss-German psychologist and psychoanalyst.
3. Kazimierz Łaski, Polish-Austrian economist and academic (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Kazimierz Łaski
    
    Kazimierz Łaski was a Polish-Austrian economist. During the antisemitic purge of 1968 Łaski had to leave Poland and moved to Austria, where he worked for the rest of his life and was widely recognized as a major contributor to Post-Keynesian economics.
4. Michael Meacher, English academic and politician, Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Michael Meacher
    
    Michael Hugh Meacher was a British politician who served as a government minister under Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Tony Blair. A member of the Labour Party, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Oldham West and Royton, previously Oldham West, from 1970 until his death in 2015. He was also a 9/11 conspiracy theorist.
  2. Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions
    
    The Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions was a United Kingdom Cabinet position created in 1997, with responsibility for the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR). The position and department were created for John Prescott by merging the positions and responsibilities of the Secretary of State for Environment, the Secretary of State for Transport and some other functions.
5. Ian Steel, Scottish cyclist and manager (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Ian Steel
    
    John "Ian" Steel was a Scottish racing cyclist who in 1952 won the Peace Race, a central European race between Warsaw, Berlin and Prague. He was the only Briton, and the only rider from the English-speaking world to win it, as well as the first Briton to win any major race. He also won the Tour of Britain as a semi-professional and was at one stage second in the 1952 Tour of Mexico before crashing.
2014
1. René Burri, Swiss photographer and journalist (b. 1933) deaths
  1. René Burri
    
    René Burri was a Swiss photographer. Burri was a member of Magnum Photos and photographed major political, historical and cultural events and key figures of the second half of the 20th century. He made portraits of Che Guevara and Pablo Picasso as well as iconic pictures of São Paulo and Brasília.
2. Oscar de la Renta, Dominican-American fashion designer (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Oscar de la Renta
    
    Óscar Arístides Renta Fiallo, known professionally as Oscar de la Renta, was a Dominican fashion designer. Born in Santo Domingo, he was trained by Cristóbal Balenciaga and Antonio del Castillo. De la Renta became internationally known in the 1960s as one of the couturiers who dressed Jacqueline Kennedy. He worked for Lanvin and Balmain. His eponymous fashion house has boutiques around the world including in Harrods of London and Madison Avenue in New York.
3. Christophe de Margerie, French businessman (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Christophe de Margerie
    
    Christophe de Margerie was a French businessman. He served as the chairman and chief executive officer of French oil corporation Total S.A.
2013
1. Jovanka Broz, Croatian-Serbian colonel (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Jovanka Broz
    
    Jovanka Broz was the First Lady of Yugoslavia as the wife of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito. She was a lieutenant colonel in the Yugoslav People's Army.
2. Don James, American football player and coach (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Don James (American football)
    
    Donald Earl James was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at Kent State University from 1971 to 1974 and at the University of Washington from 1975 to 1992, compiling a career college football record of 178–76–3 (.698).
3. Lawrence Klein, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Lawrence Klein
    
    Lawrence Robert Klein was an American economist. For his work in creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of econometrics in the Department of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1980 specifically "for the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies." Due to his efforts, such models have become widespread among economists. Harvard University professor Martin Feldstein told the Wall Street Journal that Klein "was the first to create the statistical models that embodied Keynesian economics," tools still used by the Federal Reserve Bank and other central banks.
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
4. Joginder Singh, Kenyan race car driver (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Joginder Singh (rally driver)
    
    Sardar Joginder Singh Bhachu was a successful endurance rally driver in the 1960s and 1970s. Popularly known as "The Flying Sikh", He won the Safari Rally three times, in 1965 driving a Volvo PV544 with his brother Jaswant as co-driver, and in 1974 and 1976 driving a Mitsubishi Colt Lancer 1600 GSR.
5. Larri Thomas, American actress and dancer (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Larri Thomas
    
    Larri Thomas was an American actress and dancer. She began her career by participating in a string of television commercials and eventually signed a contract with NBC. The network put on her shows including Peter Gunn and The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour. She became one of the six Goldwyn Girls picked by Samuel Goldwyn to go on tour for the movie Guys and Dolls, in which she makes a brief appearance. She was also in the movies Mary Poppins and Island of Love. She was the stand-in for Julie Andrews in some flying sequences in Mary Poppins and also her stand-in in The Sound of Music. She also appeared in movies and television with Dean Martin.
6. Sid Yudain, American journalist, founded Roll Call (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Sid Yudain
    
    Sidney Lawrence "Sid" Yudain was an American journalist who founded Roll Call in 1955 as a community newspaper focused on the United States Congress and Capitol Hill. Yudain published the first issue of Roll Call June 16, 1955, with an initial printing of 10,000 copies. Roll Call currently publishes four issues per week, with a circulation of more than 22,000, as of October 2013.
  2. Roll Call
    
    Roll Call is a newspaper and website published in Washington, D.C., United States, when the United States Congress is in session, reporting news of legislative and political maneuverings on Capitol Hill, as well as political coverage of congressional elections across the country.
2012
1. Przemysław Gintrowski, Polish poet and composer (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Przemysław Gintrowski
    
    Przemysław Gintrowski was a Polish composer and musician.
2. Paul Kurtz, American philosopher and academic (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Paul Kurtz
    
    Paul Kurtz was an American scientific skeptic and secular humanist. He has been called "the father of secular humanism". He was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, having previously also taught at Vassar, Trinity, and Union colleges, and the New School for Social Research.
3. Dave May, American baseball player (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Dave May
    
    David LaFrance May was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from 1967 through 1978 for the Baltimore Orioles, Milwaukee Brewers, Atlanta Braves, Texas Rangers and the Pittsburgh Pirates. May was a member of the AL pennant winning Orioles team in 1969 and, was an American League All-Star player with the Brewers in 1973. He was the father of MLB scout David May Jr. and MLB player Derrick May.
4. John McConnell, American activist, created Earth Day (b. 1915) deaths
  1. John McConnell (peace activist)
    
    John McConnell was the founder and creator of Earth Day, and The Earth Society Foundation. He was known for designing the Earth Flag, pursuing causes relating to peace, religion, and science.
  2. Earth Day
    
    Earth Day is an annual event on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First held on April 22, 1970, it now includes a wide range of events coordinated globally by EarthDay.org including 1 billion people in more than 193 countries. The official theme for 2022 is Invest In Our Planet.
5. E. Donnall Thomas, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920) deaths
  1. E. Donnall Thomas
    
    Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas was an American physician, professor emeritus at the University of Washington, and director emeritus of the clinical research division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. In 1990 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph E. Murray for the development of cell and organ transplantation. Thomas and his wife and research partner Dottie Thomas developed bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for leukemia.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
6. Raymond Watson, American businessman (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Raymond Watson
    
    Raymond "Ray" L. Watson was the former president of the Irvine Company, and served as chief planner during the 1960s and 1970s. He was also chairman of Walt Disney Productions from 1983 to 1984, and served on the Disney board from 1972 until March 2004.
2011
1. Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan colonel and politician, Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Muammar Gaddafi
    
    Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the de facto leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, first as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.
  2. List of heads of government of Libya
    
    This article lists the heads of government of Libya since the country's independence in 1951.
2. Mutassim Gaddafi, Libyan colonel (b. 1977) deaths
  1. Mutassim Gaddafi
    
    Mutassim Billah Gaddafi was a Libyan Army officer, and the National Security Advisor of Libya from 2008 until 2011. He was the fourth son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and a member of his father's inner circle. His mother was Safia Farkash, who was said to be a Hungarian from Bosnia & Herzegovina. He was captured during the Battle of Sirte by anti-Gaddafi forces, and killed along with his father.
3. Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, Libyan politician (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
    
    Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, was the Libyan Secretary of the Libyan General Committee for Defence during the rule of Muammar Gaddafi. His official position was Secretary of the Libyan General Interim Committee for Defence.
2010
1. W. Cary Edwards, American politician (b. 1944) deaths
  1. W. Cary Edwards
    
    William Cary Edwards was a New Jersey politician who served as the Attorney General of New Jersey from 1986 to 1989.
2. Bob Guccione, American publisher, founded Penthouse magazine (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Bob Guccione
    
    Robert Charles Joseph Edward Sabatini Guccione was an American photographer and publisher. He founded the adult magazine Penthouse in 1965. This was aimed at competing with Hugh Hefner's Playboy, but with more explicit erotic content, a special style of soft-focus photography, and in-depth reporting of government corruption scandals and the art world. By 1982 Guccione was listed in the Forbes 400 wealth list, and owned one of the biggest mansions in Manhattan. However, he made some extravagant investments that failed, and the growth of free online pornography in the 1990s greatly diminished his market. In 2003, Guccione's publishers filed for bankruptcy and he resigned as chairman.
  2. Penthouse (magazine)
    
    Penthouse is a men's magazine founded by Bob Guccione. It combines urban lifestyle articles and softcore pornographic pictures of women that, in the 1990s, evolved into hardcore pornographic pictures of women.
3. Eva Ibbotson, Austrian-English author (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Eva Ibbotson
    
    Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson was a British novelist born in Austria to a Jewish family who fled the Nazis. She is known for her children's literature. Some of her novels for adults have been reissued for the young adult market. The historical novel Journey to the River Sea won her the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered an unusual commendation as runner-up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time of her death. Her last book, The Abominables, was among four finalists for the same award in 2012.
4. Max Kohnstamm, Dutch historian and diplomat (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Max Kohnstamm
    
    Max Kohnstamm was a Dutch historian and diplomat.
5. Farooq Leghari, Pakistani politician, 8th President of Pakistan (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Farooq Leghari
    
    Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari, was a Pakistani politician who served as the eighth president of Pakistan from 14 November 1993 until resigning on 2 December 1997. He is the first Baloch to have been elected as president.
  2. President of Pakistan
    
    The president of Pakistan, officially the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces.
2008
1. Gene Hickerson, American football player (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Gene Hickerson
    
    Robert Gene Hickerson was an American Football offensive guard who played for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) in a fifteen-year career from 1958 to 1960 and 1962 to 1973. Hickerson was a six-time Pro Bowler from 1965 to 1970. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 4, 2007.
2007
1. Max McGee, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Max McGee
    
    William Max McGee was a professional football player, a wide receiver and punter for the Green Bay Packers in the NFL. He played from 1954 to 1967, and is best known for his seven receptions for 138 yards and two touchdowns, scoring the first touchdown, in the first Super Bowl in 1967.
2006
1. Arnold Viiding, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Arnold Viiding
    
    Arnold Viiding was an Estonian shot putter and discus thrower. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, he achieved eighth place in the shot put event with 15.23 metres.
2. Jane Wyatt, American actress (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Jane Wyatt
    
    Jane Waddington Wyatt was an American actress. She starred in a number of Hollywood films, such as Frank Capra's Lost Horizon, but is likely best known for her role as the housewife and mother Margaret Anderson on the CBS and NBC television comedy series Father Knows Best, and as Amanda Grayson, the human mother of Spock on the science-fiction television series Star Trek. Wyatt was a three-time Emmy Award–winner.
2005
1. Shirley Horn, American singer and pianist (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Shirley Horn
    
    Shirley Valerie Horn was an American jazz singer and pianist. She collaborated with many jazz musicians including Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Toots Thielemans, Ron Carter, Carmen McRae, Wynton Marsalis and others. She was most noted for her ability to accompany herself with nearly incomparable independence and ability on the piano while singing, something described by arranger Johnny Mandel as "like having two heads", and for her rich, lush voice, a smoky contralto, which was described by noted producer and arranger Quincy Jones as "like clothing, as she seduces you with her voice".
2. Eva Švankmajerová, Czech painter and poet (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Eva Švankmajerová
    
    Eva Švankmajerová was a Czech surrealist artist. She was born Eva Dvořáková. A native of the Czech town of Kostelec nad Černými lesy, she moved to Prague in 1958 to study at the Prague School of Interior Design and later the Academy of Performing Arts. From 1970, she was an active member of the Czech and Slovak Surrealist Group. She was a painter and ceramicist, and her poetry and prose regularly appeared in the journal Analogon. Most recently, her work has appeared in English in Surrealist Women: an International Anthology and Baradla Cave. Švankmajerová was married to the Surrealist filmmaker Jan Švankmajer, with whom she collaborated on such films as Alice, Faust, and Conspirators of Pleasure. They had two children, Veronika and Václav, and lived in Prague until her death from breast cancer in 2005.
3. André van der Louw, Dutch lawyer and politician, 16th Mayor of Rotterdam (b. 1933) deaths
  1. André van der Louw
    
    Arie Andries "Andre" van der Louw was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and journalist.
  2. List of mayors of Rotterdam
    
    This is a list of mayors of Rotterdam.
2004
1. Anthony Hecht, American poet and educator (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Anthony Hecht
    
    Anthony Evan Hecht was an American poet. His work combined a deep interest in form with a passionate desire to confront the horrors of 20th century history, with the Second World War, in which he fought, and the Holocaust being recurrent themes in his work.
2. Chuck Hiller, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Chuck Hiller
    
    Charles Joseph Hiller was an American Major League Baseball second baseman. In the 1962 World Series, he became the first National League player to hit a grand slam in a World Series.
2003
1. Jack Elam, American actor (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Jack Elam
    
    William Scott "Jack" Elam was an American film and television actor best known for his numerous roles as villains in Western films and, later in his career, comedies. His most distinguishing physical quality was his misaligned eye. Before his career in acting, he took several jobs in finance and served two years in the United States Navy during World War II.
2001
1. Ted Ammon, American financier and banker (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Ted Ammon
    
    Robert Theodore Ammon was an American financier and investment banker. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he was murdered in his home in 2001 by electrician Daniel Pelosi, who was convicted in 2004. Ammon and his wife, Generosa Ammon, were in the midst of a divorce at the time of his death, and Daniel Pelosi was later romantically linked to Ammon's soon-to-be ex-wife. Ammon and his wife had originally married on February 2, 1986, and had two children, the twins Greg Ammon and Alexa Ammon, whom they adopted from the village of Medvedivtsi in the Mukachevo Region of Ukraine, in October 1992.
1999
1. Chuu, South Korean singer and television personality births
  1. Chuu (singer)
    
    Kim Ji-woo, known professionally as Chuu (Korean: 츄), is a South Korean singer and television personality. She is a former member of the girl group Loona and its sub-unit, yyxy.
2. Calvin Griffith, Canadian-American businessman (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Calvin Griffith
    
    Calvin Robertson Griffith, born Calvin Griffith Robertson, was a Canadian-born American Major League Baseball team owner. As president, majority owner and de facto general manager of the Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins franchise of the American League from 1955 through 1984, he orchestrated the transfer of the Senators after 60 years in Washington, D.C., to Minneapolis–Saint Paul in the autumn of 1960 to create the Twins. He was famous for his devotion to the game and for his sayings.
3. Jack Lynch, Irish footballer, lawyer, and politician, 5th Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Jack Lynch
    
    John Mary Lynch was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach from 1966 to 1973 and 1977 to 1979, Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1966 to 1979, Leader of the Opposition from 1973 to 1977, Minister for Finance from 1965 to 1966, Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1959 to 1965, Minister for Education 1957 to 1959, Minister for the Gaeltacht from March 1957 to June 1957, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Lands and Parliamentary Secretary to the Government from 1951 to 1954. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1948 to 1981.
  2. Taoiseach
    
    The Taoiseach is the head of government of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.
1998
1. Jordan Ridley, Australian rules footballer births
  1. Jordan Ridley
    
    Jordan Ridley is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was selected by Essendon with their second selection and twenty-second overall in the 2016 national draft. He made his senior debut for Essendon against Geelong in round nine of the 2018 season.
1997
1. Andrey Rublev, Russian tennis player births
  1. Andrey Rublev
    
    Andrey Andreyevich Rublev is a Russian professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 5 in singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), which he first achieved in September 2021. Rublev has won 12 ATP Tour singles titles. He has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 53, achieved on 15 August 2022. He has won three doubles titles and is an Olympic gold medalist, winning the mixed doubles title at the 2020 Summer Olympics with Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.In his junior career, Rublev won the 2014 French Open singles title, defeating Jaume Munar in the final. He won the bronze medal in singles and the silver in doubles at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing.Rublev broke into the top 10 of the ATP Tour in October 2020. He has reached the quarterfinals of the Australian, French and US Opens, and was part of the successful Russian Davis Cup team in 2021. He won his first doubles title at the 2015 Kremlin Cup with Dmitry Tursunov, and among his singles titles are home victories in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1996
1. Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Indonesian badminton player births
  1. Anthony Sinisuka Ginting
    
    Anthony Sinisuka Ginting is an Indonesian badminton player. He first rose to prominence when he won the bronze medal at the 2018 Asian Games. At the 2020 Olympics, he won bronze in the men's singles event. He became the first Youth Olympic badminton medalist to win a medal at the Olympics, having also won bronze in 2014. Ginting was part of Indonesia winning team at the 2020 Thomas Cup.
1995
1. Christopher Stone, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Christopher Stone (actor)
    
    Christopher Stone was an American actor.
2. John Tonkin, Australian politician, 20th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1902) deaths
  1. John Tonkin
    
    John Trezise Tonkin AC, popularly known as "Honest John", was an Australian politician.
  2. Premier of Western Australia
    
    The premier of Western Australia is the head of government of the state of Western Australia. The role of premier at a state level is similar to the role of the prime minister of Australia at a federal level. The premier leads the executive branch of the Government of Western Australia and is accountable to the Parliament of Western Australia. The premier is appointed by the governor of Western Australia. By convention, the governor appoints as premier whoever has the support of the majority of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. In practice, this means that the premier is the leader of the political party or group of parties with a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. Since Western Australia achieved self-governance in 1890, there have been 31 premiers. Mark McGowan is the current premier, having been appointed to the position on 17 March 2017.
1994
1. Burt Lancaster, American actor (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Burt Lancaster
    
    Burton Stephen Lancaster was an American actor and producer. Initially known for playing tough guys with a tender heart, he went on to achieve success with more complex and challenging roles over a 45-year career in film and, later, television. He was a four-time nominee for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he also won two BAFTA Awards and one Golden Globe Award for Best Lead Actor. The American Film Institute ranks Lancaster as #19 of the greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema.
1993
1. Yasushi Sugiyama, Japanese painter (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Yasushi Sugiyama
    
    Yasushi Sugiyama was a Japanese painter of the Shōwa and Heisei eras, who practiced the nihonga style of watercolour painting.
1992
1. Ksenia Semyonova, Russian gymnast births
  1. Ksenia Semyonova
    
    Ksenia Andreyevna Semyonova is a retired Russian artistic gymnast. She is the 2007 world champion on the uneven bars, the 2008 European champion on the uneven bars and the balance beam, and the 2009 European all-around champion. She also won a gold medal with the Russian team at the 2010 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. She represented Russia at the 2008 Summer Olympics where she finished fourth in the team competition, fourth in the all-around, and sixth in the uneven bars final.
2. Ferhat Yazgan, Turkish footballer births
  1. Ferhat Yazgan
    
    Ferhat Yazgan is a German professional footballer who plays for Turkish club Çorum on loan from Iğdır.
3. Werner Torkanowsky, German-American conductor (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Werner Torkanowsky
    
    Werner Torkanowsky was a successful German conductor in both the concert hall and opera house.
1990
1. Sam Mataora, Cook Islands rugby league player births
  1. Sam Mataora
    
    Sam Mataora is a Cook Island professional rugby league footballer. He played for the Canberra Raiders and Newcastle Knights in the National Rugby League. His positions were prop and second-row.
2. Joel McCrea, American actor (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Joel McCrea
    
    Joel Albert McCrea was an American actor whose career spanned a wide variety of genres over almost five decades, including comedy, drama, romance, thrillers, adventures, and Westerns, for which he became best known.
1989
1. Jess Glynne, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Jess Glynne
    
    Jessica Hannah Glynne is an English singer and songwriter. After signing with Atlantic Records, she rose to prominence in 2014 as a featured artist on the singles "Rather Be" by Clean Bandit and "My Love" by Route 94, both of which reached number one in the UK. She was considered one of the "Most Influential People Under 30" by Forbes magazine in 2019.
2. Anthony Quayle, English actor and director (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Anthony Quayle
    
    Sir John Anthony Quayle was a British actor and theatre director. He was nominated for an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his supporting role as Thomas Wolsey in the film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969). He also played important roles in such major studio productions as The Guns of Navarone (1961), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), Operation Crossbow (1965), QB VII (1974) and The Eagle Has Landed (1976). Quayle was knighted in the 1985 New Years Honours List.
1988
1. Candice Swanepoel, South African supermodel and philanthropist births
  1. Candice Swanepoel
    
    Candice Susan Swanepoel is a South African model and philanthropist. She is known for her work with Victoria's Secret. She became a Victoria's Secret Angel in 2010. In 2016, she was listed 8th on the Forbes top-earning models list.
2. Sheila Scott, English pilot and author (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Sheila Scott
    
    Sheila Christine Scott OBE was an English aviator who broke over 100 aviation records through her long distance flight endeavours, which included a 34,000-mile (55,000 km) "world and a half" flight in 1971. On this flight, she became the first person to fly over the North Pole in a small aircraft.
1987
1. Raphael Hackl, German rugby player births
  1. Raphael Hackl
    
    Raphael Hackl is a German international rugby union player, playing for the Berliner RC in the Rugby-Bundesliga and the German national rugby union team.
2. Andrey Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Andrey Kolmogorov
    
    Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov was a Soviet mathematician who contributed to the mathematics of probability theory, topology, intuitionistic logic, turbulence, classical mechanics, algorithmic information theory and computational complexity.
1986
1. Wanlop Saechio, Thai footballer births
  1. Wanlop Saechio
    
    Wanlop Sae-chew, simply known as Rong, is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.
2. Elyse Taylor, Australian model births
  1. Elyse Taylor
    
    Elyse Taylor is an Australian model. She is a brand ambassador for makeup and skincare brand Nude by Nature and has walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.
1985
1. Dominic McGuire, American basketball player births
  1. Dominic McGuire
    
    Dominic Rashad McGuire is an American professional basketball player for Real Estelí Baloncesto.
2. Alphonso Smith, American football player births
  1. Alphonso Smith
    
    Alphonso Smith, Jr. is an American former professional and college football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons. Smith played college football for Wake Forest University, and received consensus All-American honors. He was selected by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft, and also played for the NFL's Detroit Lions.
3. James Sutton, English race car driver births
  1. James Sutton (racing driver)
    
    James Sutton is a racing driver. He won the 2007 Porsche Carrera Cup GB.
1984
1. Mitch Lucker, American singer-songwriter (d. 2012) births
  1. Mitch Lucker
    
    Mitchell Adam Lucker was an American vocalist best known as the lead singer for the deathcore band Suicide Silence.
2. Florent Sinama Pongolle, French footballer births
  1. Florent Sinama Pongolle
    
    Florent Stéphane Sinama Pongolle is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward.
3. Andrew Trimble, Irish rugby player births
  1. Andrew Trimble
    
    Andrew Trimble is a former Irish rugby union player who played for Ulster and represented Ireland at international level.
4. Carl Ferdinand Cori, Czech-American biochemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Carl Ferdinand Cori
    
    Carl Ferdinand Cori, ForMemRS was an Austrian-American biochemist and pharmacologist born in Prague who, together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for their discovery of how the glucose derivative glycogen is broken down and resynthesized in the body for use as a store and source of energy. In 2004, both Coris were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of their work that elucidated carbohydrate metabolism.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
5. Paul Dirac, English-American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Paul Dirac
    
    Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was an English theoretical physicist who is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a professor of physics at Florida State University and the University of Miami, and a 1933 Nobel Prize recipient.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1983
1. Flavio Cipolla, Italian tennis player births
  1. Flavio Cipolla
    
    Flavio Cipolla is a former professional tennis player on the ATP Tour from Italy. He reached the second round at the French Open of 2007, where he lost to Rafael Nadal. He reached the 3rd round of the 2008 US Open. His career high rank is No. 70, achieved on 23 April 2012.
2. Luis Saritama, Ecuadorian footballer births
  1. Luis Saritama
    
    Luis Fernando Saritama Padilla is an Ecuadorian former footballer of Japanese descent who last played for Independiente Juniors.
3. Michel Vorm, Dutch footballer births
  1. Michel Vorm
    
    Michel Armand Vorm is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and was a goalkeeping coach at Tottenham Hotspur.
4. Yves Thériault, Canadian author (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Yves Thériault
    
    Yves Thériault, OC was a Canadian author.
5. Merle Travis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Merle Travis
    
    Merle Robert Travis was an American country and western singer, songwriter, and guitarist born in Rosewood, Kentucky, United States. His songs' lyrics often discussed both the lives and the economic exploitation of American coal miners. Among his many well-known songs and recordings are "Sixteen Tons", "Re-Enlistment Blues", "I am a Pilgrim" and "Dark as a Dungeon". However, it is his unique guitar style, still called "Travis picking" by guitarists, as well as his interpretations of the rich musical traditions of his native Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, for which he is best known today. Travis picking is a syncopated style of guitar fingerpicking rooted in ragtime music in which alternating chords and bass notes are plucked by the thumb while melodies are simultaneously plucked by the index finger. He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970 and elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1977.
1982
1. Kristian Bak Nielsen, Danish footballer births
  1. Kristian Bach Bak
    
    Kristian Bach Bak is a Danish former professional footballer. Bak usually played centre-back, but he has a past as a striker. He has played one game for the Danish under-21 national team.
2. Becky Brewerton, Welsh golfer births
  1. Becky Brewerton
    
    Rebecca Dawn Brewerton is a Welsh professional golfer and a member of the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour.
1981
1. Dimitris Papadopoulos, Greek footballer births
  1. Dimitrios Papadopoulos (footballer, born 1981)
    
    Dimitrios Papadopoulos is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a striker.
2. Francisco Javier Rodríguez, Mexican footballer births
  1. Francisco Javier Rodríguez
    
    Francisco Javier "Maza" Rodríguez Pineda is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.
1980
1. Chad Robinson, Australian rugby league player (d. 2016) births
  1. Chad Robinson
    
    Chad Damian Robinson was an Australian professional rugby league footballer. Robinson spent several years in Australia's National Rugby League with the Parramatta Eels and the Sydney Roosters and a season with Super League side Harlequins RL.
2. José Veras, Dominican baseball player births
  1. José Veras
    
    José Enger Veras Romero is a Dominican former professional baseball relief pitcher. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays organization in 1998. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2006 with the New York Yankees. He also played for the Cleveland Indians, Florida Marlins, Pittsburgh Pirates, Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers, Chicago Cubs and Houston Astros.
1979
1. Vasyl Baranov, Ukrainian footballer births
  1. Vasyl Baranov
    
    Vasyl Baranov is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer. He played midfielder for clubs in the Ukraine, Belarus and Estonia.
2. Paul Ifill, English footballer births
  1. Paul Ifill
    
    Paul Everton Ifill is a footballer who plays as a forward and manages Christchurch United. He spent most of his career playing as a right winger or a right midfielder, often described as an “old fashioned winger”.
3. John Krasinski, American actor, director, and producer births
  1. John Krasinski
    
    John Burke Krasinski is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for his role as Jim Halpert on the NBC sitcom The Office. He also served as a producer and occasional director of the series throughout its nine-season run.
4. Paul O'Connell, Irish rugby player births
  1. Paul O'Connell
    
    Paul Jeremiah O'Connell is an Irish former rugby union player and coach. When he stopped playing, he was Ireland's third most-capped player (108) and the eighteenth most-capped international player in rugby union history. During his career, O'Connell captained Munster, Ireland and the British & Irish Lions. He is now the forwards coach for the Ireland national men's team.
5. Paul Terek, American decathlete births
  1. Paul Terek
    
    Paul Anthony Terek is an American Olympic decathlete. He graduated from Livonia Franklin High School in Livonia, Michigan. His personal best in decathlon is 8312 points, achieved in July 2004 in Sacramento at the United States Olympic Trials. Terek won the bronze medal and was placed on the United States Olympic Team. Out of the ten decathlon events, Terek is strongest in the pole vault, and he is comparatively weak in the 100 m and 400 m sprints.
1978
1. Virender Sehwag, Indian cricketer births
  1. Virender Sehwag
    
    Virender Sehwag pronunciation (help·info) is a former Indian cricketer who represented India from 1999 to 2013. Widely regarded as one of the most destructive opener, he played for Delhi Capitals in IPL and Delhi and Haryana in Indian domestic cricket.
2. Paul Wilson, Scottish bass player and songwriter births
  1. Paul Wilson (musician)
    
    Paul "Pablo" Wilson is a Scottish musician, who is best known as the bass guitarist for Scottish-Northern Irish alternative rock band Snow Patrol. He previously played guitar in Glasgow band Terra Diablo from 2000–2005. In March 2005, he replaced bassist Mark McClelland in Snow Patrol and switched instruments to bass. Wilson has been friends with the band years before he joined them and even Terra Diablo, and had contributed guitar and keyboards as an unofficial live member. He plays left-handed and generally uses a black Rickenbacker on-stage. He is a multi-instrumentalist and is trained in piano.
3. Gunnar Nilsson, Swedish race car driver (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Gunnar Nilsson
    
    Gunnar Axel Arvid Nilsson was a Swedish racing driver. Before entering Formula One, he won the 1975 British Formula 3 Championship.
1977
1. Matt Jansen, English footballer and manager births
  1. Matt Jansen
    
    Matthew Brooke Jansen is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker.
2. Leila Josefowicz, Canadian-American violinist births
  1. Leila Josefowicz
    
    Leila Bronia Josefowicz is an American-Canadian classical violinist.
3. Erko Saviauk, Estonian footballer births
  1. Erko Saviauk
    
    Erko Saviauk is an Estonian football manager and former professional player. He is currently the manager of the Nõmme Kalju U21.
4. Sam Witwer, American actor and musician births
  1. Sam Witwer
    
    Sam Witwer is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Crashdown in Battlestar Galactica, Davis Bloome in Smallville, Aidan Waite in Being Human, Mr. Hyde in Once Upon a Time, Ben Lockwood in Supergirl, and Rupert Chipping in Riverdale.
5. Steve Gaines, American guitarist (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Steve Gaines
    
    Steven Earl Gaines was an American musician. He is best known as a guitarist and backing vocalist with rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1976 until his death in the October 1977 airplane crash that claimed other band members and crew. His older sister Cassie Gaines, a backup vocalist with the band, likewise died in the crash.
6. Ronnie Van Zant, American singer-songwriter (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Ronnie Van Zant
    
    Ronald Wayne Van Zant was an American singer, best known as the original lead vocalist, primary lyricist and a founding member of the southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. He is the older brother of current Lynyrd Skynyrd lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant and Donnie Van Zant, the founder and vocalist of the rock band .38 Special.
1976
1. Nikolaos Bacharidis, Greek footballer births
  1. Nikolaos Bacharidis
    
    Nikolaos Bacharidis is a Greek former footballer who played as a defender.
2. Dan Fogler, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Dan Fogler
    
    Daniel Kevin Fogler is an American actor, comedian and writer. He has appeared in films including Balls of Fury, Good Luck Chuck, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore and has done voice acting for Kung Fu Panda, Horton Hears a Who!, and Mars Needs Moms. He appeared on The Walking Dead as Luke.
3. Nicola Legrottaglie, Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Nicola Legrottaglie
    
    Nicola Legrottaglie is an Italian retired footballer who played as a central defender, and most recently the manager of Delfino Pescara 1936.
1974
1. Bashar Rahal, Emirati-American actor and producer births
  1. Bashar Rahal
    
    Bashar Mounzer Rahal is a Bulgarian actor.
2. Brian Limond, Scottish comedian and writer births
  1. Limmy
    
    Brian Limond (born 20 October 1974), known as Limmy, is a Scottish comedian, author, and Twitch streamer.
3. Ed Hale, American singer-songwriter, writer and socio-political activist births
  1. Ed Hale
    
    Ed Hale is an American writer, singer-songwriter-recording artist. His hit singles include "I Walk Alone", "New Orleans Dreams" and "Scene in San Francisco", which all landed in the Billboard Top 40 Charts in the Adult Contemporary radio format.
1972
1. Pie Geelen, Dutch swimmer births
  1. Pie Geelen
    
    Pieke ("Pie") Geelen is a former freestyle swimmer from the Netherlands, who competed for his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There he finished in fifth position with the Men's Relay Team in the 4x100m Freestyle, alongside Mark Veens, Martin van der Spoel, and Pieter van den Hoogenband.
2. Will Greenwood, English rugby player and sportscaster births
  1. Will Greenwood
    
    William John Heaton Greenwood, MBE is an English former rugby union player who played for Leicester Tigers and Harlequins and was a member of England's 2003 World Cup-winning team and the 1997 British & Irish Lions. He played in the centre, mainly as an inside centre.
3. Brian Schatz, American academic and politician, 11th Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii births
  1. Brian Schatz
    
    Brian Emanuel Schatz is an American educator and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Hawaii, a seat he has held since 2012. Governor Neil Abercrombie appointed Schatz to replace Senator Daniel Inouye after Inouye's death.
  2. Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii
    
    The lieutenant governor of Hawaii is the assistant chief executive of the U.S. state of Hawaii and its various agencies and departments, as provided in the Article V, Sections 2 though 6 of the Constitution of Hawaii. Elected by popular suffrage of residents of the state on the same ticket as the governor of Hawaii, the officeholder is concurrently the secretary of State of Hawaii.
4. Harlow Shapley, American astronomer and academic (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Harlow Shapley
    
    Harlow Shapley was an American scientist, head of the Harvard College Observatory (1921–1952), and political activist during the latter New Deal and Fair Deal.
1971
1. Snoop Dogg, American rapper, producer, and actor births
  1. Snoop Dogg
    
    Calvin Cordozar Broadus Jr., known professionally as Snoop Dogg, is an American rapper. His fame dates back to 1992 when he featured on Dr. Dre's debut solo single, "Deep Cover", and then on Dre's debut solo album, The Chronic. Broadus has since sold over 23 million albums in the United States and 35 million albums worldwide. His accolades include an American Music Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and 17 nominations at the Grammy Awards.
2. Eddie Jones, American basketball player births
  1. Eddie Jones (basketball)
    
    Eddie Charles Jones is an American former professional basketball player who played for five teams in his 14-year National Basketball Association (NBA) career. Jones played college basketball at Temple University and was the 1993–94 Atlantic 10 Player of the Year. He led the Owls to the Elite 8 in the NCAA tournament. The three-time NBA All-Star was selected 10th overall in the 1994 NBA draft by the Los Angeles Lakers.
3. Kamiel Maase, Dutch runner births
  1. Kamiel Maase
    
    Kamiel Maase is a retired long-distance runner from the Netherlands, who is the current Dutch record holder in the 5000 metres and 10,000 metres. He retired in January, 2009.
4. Dannii Minogue, Australian singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Dannii Minogue
    
    Danielle Jane Minogue is an Australian singer, television personality, and actress. She initially gained recognition for her appearances on the television show Young Talent Time (1982–1988) and for her role as Emma Jackson on the soap opera Home and Away (1989–1990). Minogue began her music career in the early 1990s, achieving early success with her debut studio album, Love and Kisses (1991). The album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry and included the hit singles "Love and Kisses", "Baby Love", "Jump to the Beat" and "Success". Following the release of her second studio album, Get into You (1993), Minogue's popularity as a singer had declined, leading her to make a name for herself with award-winning performances in theatre productions.
1970
1. Sander Boschker, Dutch footballer births
  1. Sander Boschker
    
    Sander Bernard Jozef Boschker is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently the goalkeeping coach at Twente.
2. Neil Heywood, English-Chinese businessman (d. 2011) births
  1. Neil Heywood
    
    Neil Heywood was an English businessman who worked in China. He was associated with Bo Xilai.
3. Aapo Ilves, Estonian poet and illustrator births
  1. Aapo Ilves
    
    Aapo Ilves is an Estonian poet, writer, playwright, artist and musician. He writes in Estonian, Võro and Seto languages. Ilves has also written song lyrics for other artists, including several "Hits of the Year" and also Estonian Eurovision entries "Tii" in 2004 and Kuula in 2012.
4. Michelle Malkin, American blogger and author births
  1. Michelle Malkin
    
    Michelle Malkin is an American conservative political commentator. She was a Fox News contributor and in May 2020 joined Newsmax TV. Malkin has written seven books and founded the conservative websites Twitchy and Hot Air.
1969
1. Laurie Daley, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Laurie Daley
    
    Laurie William Daley AM, also known by the nicknames of "Lozza" and "Loz", is an Australian professional rugby league football coach and a former player who played as a centre and five-eighth in the 1980s and 1990s.
2. Juan González, Puerto Rican-American baseball player births
  1. Juan González (baseball)
    
    Juan Alberto González Vázquez is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball outfielder. During his 16 years in the league, González played for four teams, but is most identified with the Texas Rangers baseball club. One of the premier run producers and most feared hitters of the 1990s and early 2000s, González hit over 40 home runs five times and amassed at least 100 runs batted in eight times. He also had a batting average of .310 or higher in five seasons. In his career as a whole, González averaged an impressive 42 home runs, 135 RBI, 81 extra-base hits, and 353 total bases per 162 games, placing him well within the top ten all-time in these season-adjusted statistics.
3. Labros Papakostas, Greek high jumper births
  1. Labros Papakostas
    
    Labros Papakostas is a retired Greek high jumper who won two silver medals at the World Indoor Championships in 1995 and 1997.
1968
1. Susan Tully, English actress, director, and producer births
  1. Susan Tully
    
    Susan Tully is an English actress, television producer, and television director.
2. Bud Flanagan, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Bud Flanagan
    
    Bud Flanagan, was a British music hall and vaudeville entertainer and comedian, and later a television and film actor. He was best known as a double act with Chesney Allen. Flanagan was famous as a wartime entertainer and his achievements were recognised when he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1959.
1967
1. Elizabeth Carling, English actress and singer births
  1. Elizabeth Carling
    
    Elizabeth Carling is an English actress and singer best known for her performances in Boon, Goodnight Sweetheart, Barbara, and Casualty. In 1991 Carling was briefly engaged to Neil Morrissey, whom she met while working on the ITV drama Boon and with whom she also appeared in an episode of BBC sitcom Men Behaving Badly.
2. Kerrod Walters, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Kerrod Walters
    
    Kerrod Walters is an Australian former rugby league footballer. A Queensland State of Origin and Australian international representative hooker, he played most of his club football with the Brisbane Broncos, with whom he won the 1992 and 1993 NSWRL Premierships. With twin brother Kevin and older brother Steve, Kerrod Walters holds a unique place in Australian League history.
3. Kevin Walters, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Kevin Walters
    
    Kevin David Walters is an Australian professional rugby league football coach who is the Head Coach of the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL and a former professional rugby league footballer who played as a premiership-winning five-eighth and halfback in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.
4. Shigeru Yoshida, Japanese politician and diplomat, 32nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Shigeru Yoshida
    
    Shigeru Yoshida was a Japanese diplomat and politician who served as prime minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. Yoshida was one of the longest-serving Japanese prime ministers, and is the third-longest serving prime minister of post-occupation Japan.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
1966
1. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Jordanian militant Islamist (d. 2006) births
  1. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
    
    Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, born Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh, was a Jordanian jihadist who ran a terrorist training camp in Afghanistan. He became known after going to Iraq and being responsible for a series of bombings, beheadings, and attacks during the Iraq War, reportedly "turning an insurgency against US troops" in Iraq "into a Shia–Sunni civil war". He was sometimes known by his supporters as the "Sheikh of the slaughterers".
2. Allan Donald, South African cricketer and coach births
  1. Allan Donald
    
    Allan Anthony Donald is a South African former cricketer who is also the current bowling coach of Bangladesh national cricket team. Often nicknamed 'White Lightning' due to his lightning quick bowling, he is considered one of the South Africa national cricket team's most successful pace bowlers. He was an important, integral and crucial member of the South African team in its resurgence into international cricket since readmission and played an influential role as a frontline genuine seam bowler to boost South Africa to new heights since its readmission to international cricket. During his playing career, he instilled fear among the batsmen with his speed, hostility and aggression on the field. He is known for his duels with some of the best batsmen of his generation including the likes of Sachin Tendulkar, Michael Atherton and Steve Waugh. He is also best remembered for his infamous iconic runout during the 1999 World Cup semi-final match between South Africa and Australia which eventually dented South Africa's golden run in the global showpiece. He became the first South African to take 300 test wickets.
3. Patrick Volkerding, American computer scientist and engineer, founded Slackware births
  1. Patrick Volkerding
    
    Patrick Volkerding is the founder and maintainer of the Slackware Linux distribution. Volkerding is Slackware's "Benevolent Dictator for Life" (BDFL), and is also known informally as "The Man".
  2. Slackware
    
    Slackware is a Linux distribution created by Patrick Volkerding in 1993. Originally based on Softlanding Linux System, Slackware has been the basis for many other Linux distributions, most notably the first versions of SUSE Linux distributions, and is the oldest distribution that is still maintained.
1965
1. Norman Blake, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Norman Blake (Scottish musician)
    
    Norman Blake is a Scottish singer, instrumentalist and songwriter in the Glasgow-based band Teenage Fanclub.
2. Jonathan I. Schwartz, American businessman births
  1. Jonathan I. Schwartz
    
    Jonathan Ian Schwartz is an American businessman. He is currently president and CEO of CareZone, a firm devoted to lowering the price of prescription drugs for those facing chronic illness.
3. Mikhail Shtalenkov, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Mikhail Shtalenkov
    
    Mikhail Alekseyevich Shtalenkov is a Russian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played extensively in his native USSR and Russia for HC Dynamo Moscow before moving to North America, where he played with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Edmonton Oilers, Phoenix Coyotes and Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He had been previously selected in the fifth round of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, 108th overall, by the Mighty Ducks. Internationally he played in the 1992 and 1998 Winter Olympics, as well as several World Championships, representing successfully the Soviet Union, Unified Team, and Russia.
4. William Zabka, American actor and producer births
  1. William Zabka
    
    William Michael Zabka is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Johnny Lawrence in The Karate Kid (1984), The Karate Kid Part II (1986) and the TV series Cobra Kai (2018–present). In 2004, he was nominated for an Academy Award for co-writing and producing the short film Most.
1964
1. Kamala Harris, American politician and lawyer, 49th Vice President of the United States births
  1. Kamala Harris
    
    Kamala Devi Harris is an American politician and attorney who is the 49th vice president of the United States. She is the first female vice president and the highest-ranking female official in U.S. history, as well as the first African American and first Asian American vice president. A member of the Democratic Party, she previously served as the attorney general of California from 2011 to 2017 and as a United States senator representing California from 2017 to 2021.
  2. Vice President of the United States
    
    The vice president of the United States (VPOTUS) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch, as the president of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president is empowered to preside over Senate deliberations at any time, but may not vote except to cast a tie-breaking vote. The vice president is indirectly elected together with the president to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College.
2. Tomoko Yamaguchi, Japanese actress and singer births
  1. Tomoko Yamaguchi
    
    Tomoko Yamaguchi is a Japanese actress, voice actress and singer from Tochigi. She is the lead actress for the classic dorama series Long Vacation, starring alongside Takuya Kimura. She has been married to Toshiaki Karasawa since 1995.
3. Herbert Hoover, American engineer and politician, 31st President of the United States (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Herbert Hoover
    
    Herbert Clark Hoover was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Great Depression in the United States. A self-made man who became rich as a mining engineer, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgium, served as the director of the U.S. Food Administration, and served as the U.S. Secretary of Commerce.
  2. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
1963
1. Julie Payette, Canadian engineer and astronaut births
  1. Julie Payette
    
    Julie Payette is a Canadian engineer, scientist and former astronaut who served from 2017 to 2021 as Governor General of Canada, the 29th since Canadian Confederation.
2. Nikos Tsiantakis, Greek footballer births
  1. Nikos Tsiantakis
    
    Nikos Tsiantakis is a Greek former football midfielder.
3. Stan Valckx, Dutch footballer and manager births
  1. Stan Valckx
    
    Stanislaus "Stan" Henricus Christina Valckx is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a central defender.
1962
1. David M. Evans, American director and screenwriter births
  1. David Mickey Evans
    
    David Mickey Evans is an American film director and screenwriter. His films tend to focus on children and the challenges of childhood. A baseball fan, Evans directed and co-wrote The Sandlot (1993).
2. Dave Wong, Hong Kong-Taiwanese singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Dave Wang
    
    Dave Wang is a Hong Kong-Taiwanese singer, songwriter and actor. His popular hits in the late 1980s,early 1990s and 2000s include "一場遊戲一場夢" and "幾分傷心幾分痴", "是否我真的一無所有", "誰明浪子心", "忘了你忘了我", "為了愛夢一生", "今生無悔", "英雄淚", "傷心1999"(Sadness 1999) and "不浪漫罪名" etc.
1961
1. Audun Kleive, Norwegian drummer and composer births
  1. Audun Kleive
    
    Audun Kleive is a Norwegian jazz drummer. He was raised in Skien and is the son of organist Kristoffer Kleive and brother of organist Iver Kleive.
2. Kate Mosse, English author and playwright births
  1. Kate Mosse
    
    Katharine Mosse is a British novelist, non-fiction and short story writer and broadcaster. She is best known for her 2005 novel Labyrinth, which has been translated into more than 37 languages.
3. Ian Rush, Welsh footballer and manager births
  1. Ian Rush
    
    Ian James Rush is a Welsh former professional footballer who played as a forward. At club level Rush played for Liverpool from 1980–1987 and 1988–1996. He is the club's all-time leading goalscorer, having scored a total of 346 goals in all competitions at the club. At international level, Rush made 73 appearances for the Wales national football team and remained the record goalscorer for his country until 2018, with 28 goals between 1980 and 1996.
4. Les Stroud, Canadian director, producer, and harmonica player births
  1. Les Stroud
    
    Les Stroud is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman. Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021. After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario. Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV. The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals.
5. Michie Tomizawa, Japanese voice actress and singer births
  1. Michie Tomizawa
    
    Michie Tomizawa is a Japanese actress, voice actress and singer born in Maruko, Nagano Prefecture and raised in Shinmachi, Gunma.
1960
1. Konstantin Aseev, Russian chess player and trainer (d. 2004) births
  1. Konstantin Aseev
    
    Konstantin Aseev was a Russian chess Grandmaster and trainer.
1959
1. Mark Little, Australian comedian, actor, and screenwriter births
  1. Mark Little (Australian actor)
    
    Mark Little is an Australian actor, television presenter, comedian and screen/stage writer. He is known for portraying the role of Joe Mangel from 1988-1991, 2005 and 2022 on the Australian soap opera Neighbours.
1958
1. Valerie Faris, American director and producer births
  1. Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris
    
    Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris are a team of American film and music video directors who received critical acclaim for their feature film directorial debut, Little Miss Sunshine (2006). Later the married couple directed the romantic comedy-drama Ruby Sparks (2012), and the biographical sports drama Battle of the Sexes (2017). Their most recent directing project is the 2019 Netflix comedy series, Living with Yourself, starring Paul Rudd, and the 2022 Hulu series Fleishman Is In Trouble(miniseries).
2. Lynn Flewelling, American author and academic births
  1. Lynn Flewelling
    
    Lynn Flewelling is an American fantasy fiction author.
3. Scott Hall, American wrestler (d. 2022) births
  1. Scott Hall
    
    Scott Oliver Hall was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his tenures with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under his real name and under the ring name the Diamond Studd and with the World Wrestling Federation under the ring name Razor Ramon.
4. Mark King, English singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Mark King (musician)
    
    Mark Raymond King is an English musician. He is the lead singer and bassist of the band Level 42. King is known for his slap style of playing the bass guitar, with MusicRadar describing him as "the guy who put the slap in pop during the 80s". King received a BASCA Gold Badge Award in October 2015 in recognition of his contribution to British music. He won the "Outer Limits" award at the 2017 Progressive Music Awards.
5. Dave Krieg, American football player births
  1. Dave Krieg
    
    David Michael Krieg is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended Milton College in his home state of Wisconsin and made the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent. In his 19-year NFL career, Krieg played for the Seahawks (1980–1991), Kansas City Chiefs (1992–1993), Detroit Lions (1994), Arizona Cardinals (1995), Chicago Bears (1996), and Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998).
6. Viggo Mortensen, American-Danish actor and producer births
  1. Viggo Mortensen
    
    Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr. R is an American actor, writer, director, producer, musician, and multimedia artist. Born and raised in the State of New York to a Danish father and American mother, he also lived in Argentina during his childhood. He is the recipient of various accolades including a Screen Actors Guild Award and has been nominated for three Academy Awards, three BAFTA Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards.
1957
1. Jane Bonham-Carter, Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury, English politician births
  1. Jane Bonham Carter, Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury
    
    Jane Bonham Carter, Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury is a British Liberal Democrat politician, and member of the House of Lords.
2. Chris Cowdrey, English cricketer and sportscaster births
  1. Chris Cowdrey
    
    Christopher Stuart Cowdrey is a former English cricketer. Cowdrey played for Kent, Glamorgan and England as an all-rounder. He is the eldest son of the cricketer and life peer, Colin Cowdrey, Baron Cowdrey of Tonbridge. He was educated at Tonbridge School.
3. Hilda Solis, American academic and politician, 25th United States Secretary of Labor births
  1. Hilda Solis
    
    Hilda Lucia Solis is an American politician and a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for the 1st district. Solis previously served as the 25th United States Secretary of Labor from 2009 to 2013, as part of the administration of President Barack Obama. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2009, representing the 31st and 32nd congressional districts of California that include East Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley.
  2. United States Secretary of Labor
    
    The United States secretary of labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the United States Department of Labor, controls the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.
4. Michalis Dorizas, Greek-American javelin thrower and football player (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Michalis Dorizas
    
    Michális Dórizas was a Greek athlete who competed in throwing events at the 1906, 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the javelin throw in 1908 and a bronze in the stone throw in 1906. In the discus throw his best achievement was fifth place in 1908, and in the shot put he placed 11th in 1912.
1956
1. Danny Boyle, English director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Danny Boyle
    
    Daniel Francis Boyle is an English director and producer. He is known for his work on films including Shallow Grave, Trainspotting and its sequel T2 Trainspotting, The Beach, 28 Days Later, Sunshine, Slumdog Millionaire, 127 Hours, Steve Jobs and Yesterday.
2. Martin Taylor, English guitarist births
  1. Martin Taylor (guitarist)
    
    Martin Taylor, MBE is a British jazz guitarist who has performed in groups, guitar ensembles, and as an accompanist.
3. Lawrence Dale Bell, American industrialist and founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Lawrence Dale Bell
    
    Lawrence Dale "Larry" Bell was an American industrialist and founder of Bell Aircraft Corporation.
1955
1. Thomas Newman, American composer and conductor births
  1. Thomas Newman
    
    Thomas Montgomery Newman is an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career that has spanned over four decades, he has scored numerous films including The Player (1992); The Shawshank Redemption (1994); American Beauty and The Green Mile ; In the Bedroom (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004); Cinderella Man (2005); WALL-E (2008); the James Bond films Skyfall (2012) and Spectre (2015); Finding Dory (2016); and 1917 (2019). He also composed the music for the 2003 HBO miniseries Angels in America. Throughout his career, he has collaborated extensively with directors such as Sam Mendes, Frank Darabont, Steven Soderbergh, John Madden and John Lee Hancock.
2. David Profumo, English author and academic births
  1. David Profumo
    
    David John Profumo, FRSL, is an English novelist.
3. Aaron Pryor, American boxer (d. 2016) births
  1. Aaron Pryor
    
    Aaron Pryor was an American professional boxer who competed from 1976 to 1990. He was a two-time light welterweight world champion, having held the WBA title from 1980 to 1983, and the IBF title from 1984 to 1985. Additionally, he held the Ring magazine title from 1980 to 1983, and the lineal title from 1983 to 1986.
4. Sheldon Whitehouse, American politician births
  1. Sheldon Whitehouse
    
    Sheldon Whitehouse is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Rhode Island since 2007. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States Attorney from 1993 to 1998 and the 71st attorney general of Rhode Island from 1999 to 2003.
1954
1. Steve Orich, American composer and conductor births
  1. Steve Orich
    
    Steve Orich is a composer, orchestrator and musical director.
1953
1. Keith Hernandez, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Keith Hernandez
    
    Keith Hernandez is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman who played the majority of his career with the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Mets. Hernandez was a five-time All-Star who shared the 1979 NL MVP award and won two World Series titles, one each with the Cardinals and Mets. Since 1998, he has been a color commentator on the Mets television broadcasts.
2. Richard McWilliam, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Upper Deck Company (d. 2013) births
  1. Richard McWilliam
    
    Richard P. McWilliam was the chairman and co-founder of Upper Deck Company, a successful and award-winning Carlsbad-based collectibles business that specializes in trading cards for Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, National Hockey League, National Football League and Major League Soccer. Before McWilliam was involved with the Upper Deck Company, he was a Cal State Fullerton graduate and former certified public accountant.
  2. Upper Deck Company
    
    The Upper Deck Company, LLC, founded in 1988, is a private company primarily known for producing trading cards. Its headquarters are in Carlsbad, California, United States.
3. Bill Nunn, American actor (d. 2016) births
  1. Bill Nunn
    
    William Goldwyn Nunn III was an American actor known for his roles as Radio Raheem in Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing, Robbie Robertson in the Sam Raimi Spider-Man film trilogy and as Terrence "Pip" Phillips on The Job (2001–02).
4. Werner Baumbach, German colonel and pilot (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Werner Baumbach
    
    Werner Baumbach was a German bomber pilot during World War II. He commanded the secret bomber wing Kampfgeschwader 200 of the Luftwaffe, the air force of Nazi Germany. Baumbach received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for the destruction of over 300,000 gross register tons (GRT) of Allied shipping.
1952
1. Melanie Mayron, American actress and director births
  1. Melanie Mayron
    
    Melanie Joy Mayron is an American actress and director of film and television. Mayron is best known for portraying the role of photographer Melissa Steadman on the ABC drama thirtysomething for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1989. In 2018, the Santa Fe Film Festival honored Mayron for her outstanding contributions to film and television.
2. Derek Ridgers, English photographer and art director births
  1. Derek Ridgers
    
    Derek Ridgers is a British photographer known for his photography of music, film and club/street culture. He has photographed people including James Brown, the Spice Girls, Clint Eastwood and Johnny Depp, as well as politicians, gangsters, artists, writers, fashion designers and sports people. Ridgers has also photographed British social scenes such as skinhead, fetish, club, punk and New Romantic.
3. Wilma Josefina Salgado, Ecuadorian politician and economist births
  1. Wilma Salgado
    
    Wilma Josefina Salgado Tamayo is an Ecuadorian politician and economist.
1951
1. Al Greenwood, American keyboard player births
  1. Al Greenwood
    
    Alan Greenwood is an American rock musician who was a founding member and keyboardist of the rock band Foreigner from 1976 to 1980. He performed on the albums Foreigner (1977), Double Vision (1978) and Head Games (1979).
2. Patrick Hall, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Patrick Hall (politician)
    
    Patrick Hall is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1997 to 2010. He was re-selected by the Labour Party as their candidate in Bedford for the 2015 general election, but failed to be re-elected to Parliament.
3. Ken Ham, Australian-American evangelist births
  1. Ken Ham
    
    Kenneth Alfred Ham is an Australian Christian fundamentalist, young Earth creationist and apologist, living in the United States. He is the founder, CEO, and former president of Answers in Genesis (AiG), a Christian apologetics organization that operates the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter.
4. Leif Pagrotsky, Swedish businessman and politician births
  1. Leif Pagrotsky
    
    Leif Pagrotsky is a Swedish politician, economist, and diplomat. He held the position of Consul General of Sweden in New York City.
5. Claudio Ranieri, Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Claudio Ranieri
    
    Claudio Ranieri Grande Ufficiale OMRI is an Italian football manager and former player who was most recently the head coach of English club Watford.
1950
1. Tom Petty, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2017) births
  1. Tom Petty
    
    Thomas Earl Petty was an American musician who was the lead vocalist and guitarist of the rock band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, formed in 1976. He previously led the band Mudcrutch, was a member of the late 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys, and had success as a solo artist.
2. William Russ, American actor and director births
  1. William Russ
    
    William Russ is an American actor and television director. He played Alan Matthews on the sitcom Boy Meets World (1993–2000) and appeared in the television series Wiseguy, the soap operas Another World and The Young and the Restless and the feature films The Right Stuff (1983), Pastime (1990) and American History X (1998).
3. Henry L. Stimson, American colonel, lawyer, and politician, 46th United States Secretary of State (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Henry L. Stimson
    
    Henry Lewis Stimson was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican Party politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in U.S. foreign policy by serving in both Republican and Democratic administrations. He served as Secretary of War (1911–1913) under President William Howard Taft, Secretary of State (1929–1933) under President Herbert Hoover, and Secretary of War (1940–1945) under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, overseeing American military efforts during World War II.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
1949
1. Valeriy Borzov, Ukrainian-Russian sprinter births
  1. Valeriy Borzov
    
    Valeriy Pylypovych Borzov is a former Soviet sprinter. He is a two-time Olympian, a former president of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine, and Minister for Youth and Sports of Ukraine.
1948
1. Peter Combe, Australian entertainer births
  1. Peter Combe
    
    Peter Charles Combe OAM is an Australian children's entertainer and musician. At the ARIA Music Awards he has won three ARIA Awards for Best Children's Album, for Toffee Apple (1988), Newspaper Mama (1989) and The Absolutely Very Best of Peter Combe Recorded in Concert (1992) and three additional nominations. His best-known tracks are "Toffee Apple", "Spaghetti Bolognaise", "Mr Clicketty Cane", "Juicy Juicy Green Grass" and "Newspaper Mama". His Christmas Album reached the ARIA Albums Chart top 50.
2. Sandra Dickinson, American-English actress and composer births
  1. Sandra Dickinson
    
    Sandra Dickinson is an American-British actress. She trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. She has often played characters who fell into the trope of a dumb blonde with a high-pitched voice.
3. Piet Hein Donner, Dutch jurist and politician, Dutch Minister of Justice births
  1. Piet Hein Donner
    
    Jan Pieter Hendrik "Piet Hein" Donner is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and jurist. He was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 21 December 2018.
  2. Ministry of Justice and Security
    
    The Ministry of Justice and Security is the Dutch Ministry responsible for justice, imprisonment and public security. The Ministry was created in 1798 as the Department of Justice, before it became in 1876 the Ministry of Justice. In 2010, it took over the public safety duties from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and became Ministry of Security and Justice. In 2017 the Ministry was renamed to Ministry of Justice and Security. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Justice and Security, Dilan Yeṣilgöz-Zegerius (VVD) since 10 January 2022.
4. Melih Gökçek, Turkish journalist and politician, Mayor of Ankara births
  1. Melih Gökçek
    
    İbrahim Melih Gökçek is a Turkish politician who served as the Mayor of Ankara from 1994 to 2017. From 1991 to 1994, he was an MP. Gökçek has won municipal elections in 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, and was controversially also declared the winner in 2014. He is a member of the governing AK Party.
  2. List of mayors of Ankara
    
    This is a list of mayors of Ankara, Turkey in the Republican era.
1946
1. Diana Gittins, American-English sociologist, author, and academic births
  1. Diana Gittins
    
    Diana Gittins, is a former associate lecturer in creative writing for the Open University and a published writer of fiction and non-fiction books.
2. Lewis Grizzard, American comedian and author (d. 1994) births
  1. Lewis Grizzard
    
    Lewis McDonald Grizzard Jr. was an American writer and humorist, known for his Southern demeanor and commentary on the American South. Although he spent his early career as a newspaper sports writer and editor, becoming the sports editor of the Atlanta Journal at age 23, he is much better known for his humorous newspaper columns in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. He was also a popular stand-up comedian and lecturer.
3. Elfriede Jelinek, Austrian author and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Elfriede Jelinek
    
    Elfriede Jelinek is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She is one of the most decorated authors writing in German today and was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature for her "musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power". Next to Peter Handke and Botho Strauss she is considered to be the most important living playwright of the German language.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
4. Richard Loncraine, English director and screenwriter births
  1. Richard Loncraine
    
    Richard Loncraine is a British film and television director.
5. Lucien Van Impe, Belgian cyclist births
  1. Lucien Van Impe
    
    Lucien Van Impe is a Belgian cyclist, who competed professionally between 1969 and 1987. He excelled mainly as a climber in multiple-day races such as the Tour de France. He was the winner of the 1976 Tour de France, and six times winner of the mountains classification in the Tour de France.
6. Chris Woodhead, English civil servant and academic (d. 2015) births
  1. Chris Woodhead
    
    Sir Christopher Anthony Woodhead was a British educationalist. He was Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools in England from 1994 to 2000, and was one of the most controversial figures in debates on the direction of English education policy. He was Chairman of Cognita, a company dedicated to fostering private education, from 2004 to 2013.
1945
1. Ric Lee, English drummer births
  1. Ric Lee
    
    Richard "Ric" Lee is an English drummer of the blues rock band Ten Years After.
1944
1. Nalin de Silva, Sri Lankan physicist and philosopher births
  1. Nalin de Silva
    
    Thakurartha Devadithya Guardiyawasam Lindamulage Nalin Kumara de Silva is a Sri Lankan philosopher and a political analyst. He is the current Sri Lankan ambassador in Myanmar. He was a professor in the department of mathematics, a member of University Grant Commission and the dean of the faculty of science at the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
2. David Mancuso, American party planner, created The Loft (d. 2016) births
  1. David Mancuso
    
    David Paul Mancuso was an American disc jockey who created the popular "by invitation only" parties in New York City, which later became known as "The Loft". The first party, called "Love Saves The Day", was in 1970.
  2. The Loft (New York City)
    
    The Loft was the location for the first underground dance party organized by David Mancuso, on February 14, 1970, in New York City. Since then, the term "The Loft" has come to represent Mancuso's own version of a non-commercial party where no alcohol, food, nor beverages are sold. Mancuso's vision of a private party is similar to, and inspired by, the rent party and house party. Unlike conventional nightclubs or discotheques, attendance is by invitation only. In the late 1970s, Mancuso abandoned the generally accepted and expected practice of beatmatching, preferring to play songs in their entirety on his renowned audiophile-quality sound system. The Village Voice wrote that Mancuso's sound system was the best in New York and even described him as "more of a party engineer than a DJ." Mancuso required that the music played had to be soulful, rhythmic, and impart words of hope, redemption, or pride.
1943
1. Dunja Vejzović, Croatian soprano and actress births
  1. Dunja Vejzović
    
    Dunja Vejzović is an operatic mezzo-soprano and soprano from Croatia.
1942
1. Earl Hindman, American actor (d. 2003) births
  1. Earl Hindman
    
    Earl John Hindman was an American actor, best known for his role as the kindly unseen neighbor Wilson W. Wilson, Jr. on the television sitcom Home Improvement (1991–99).
2. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, German biologist and geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
    
    Christiane (Janni) Nüsslein-Volhard is a German developmental biologist and a 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate. She is the only woman from Germany to have received a Nobel Prize in the sciences.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
3. Bart Zoet, Dutch cyclist (d. 1992) births
  1. Bart Zoet
    
    Hubertus Balthazar "Bart" Zoet was a Dutch cyclist who was active between 1961 and 1969. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and won the gold medal in the 100 km team time trial, alongside Gerben Karstens, Evert Dolman, and Jan Pieterse; he finished 20th in the individual road race. Next year he won the Grote 1-MeiPrijs.
1941
1. Anneke Wills, English actress births
  1. Anneke Wills
    
    Anneke Wills is an English actress, best known for her role as the Doctor Who companion Polly in the long-running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who.
2. Ken Farnes, English cricketer and soldier (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Ken Farnes
    
    Kenneth Farnes was an English cricketer. He played in fifteen Tests from 1934 to 1939.
1940
1. Kathy Kirby, English singer (d. 2011) births
  1. Kathy Kirby
    
    Kathy Kirby was an English singer, reportedly the highest-paid female singer of her generation. She is best known for her cover version of Doris Day's "Secret Love" and for representing the United Kingdom in the 1965 Eurovision Song Contest where she finished in second place. Her popularity peaked in the 1960s, when she was one of the best-known and most-recognised personalities in British show business.
2. Robert Pinsky, American poet and critic births
  1. Robert Pinsky
    
    Robert Pinsky is an American poet, essayist, literary critic, and translator. From 1997 to 2000, he served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. Pinsky is the author of nineteen books, most of which are collections of his poetry. His published work also includes critically acclaimed translations, Dante Alighieri's Inferno and The Separate Notebooks by Czesław Miłosz. He teaches at Boston University.
3. Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa, Cameroonian filmmaker births
  1. Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa
    
    Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa is a Cameroonian film director and writer. He produced Cameroon's first full-length feature film, Muna Moto, in 1975. Dikongué Pipa's films deal with the interrelationships between elements of traditional Cameroonian culture and the wider world.
4. Gunnar Asplund, Swedish architect and academic, co-designed Skogskyrkogården (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Gunnar Asplund
    
    Erik Gunnar Asplund was a Swedish architect, mostly known as a key representative of Nordic Classicism of the 1920s, and during the last decade of his life as a major proponent of the modernist style which made its breakthrough in Sweden at the Stockholm International Exhibition (1930). Asplund was professor of architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology from 1931. His appointment was marked by a lecture, later published under the title "Our architectonic concept of space." The Woodland Crematorium at Stockholm South Cemetery (1935-1940) is considered his finest work and one of the masterpieces of modern architecture.
  2. Skogskyrkogården
    
    Skogskyrkogården is a cemetery located in the Gamla Enskede district south of central Stockholm, Sweden. Its design, by Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz, reflects the development of architecture from Nordic Classicism to mature functionalism.
1939
1. Patrick Hughes, English painter, illustrator, and photographer births
  1. Patrick Hughes (artist)
    
    Patrick Hughes is a British artist working in London. He is the creator of "reverspective", an optical illusion on a three-dimensional surface where the parts of the picture which seem farthest away are actually physically the nearest.
1938
1. Emidio Greco, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 2012) births
  1. Emidio Greco
    
    Emidio Greco was an Italian film director and screenwriter, best known for the 1974 film Morel's Invention.
2. Iain Macmillan, Scottish photographer and educator (d. 2006) births
  1. Iain Macmillan
    
    Iain Stewart Macmillan was the Scottish photographer famous for taking the cover photograph for the Beatles' album Abbey Road in 1969. He grew up in Scotland, then moved to London to become a professional photographer. He used a photo of Yoko Ono in a book that he published in 1966, and Ono invited him to photograph her exhibit at Indica Gallery. She introduced him to John Lennon, and Lennon invited him to photograph the cover for Abbey Road. He worked with Lennon and Ono for several years, even staying for a while at their home in New York.
1937
1. Cancio Garcia, Filipino lawyer and jurist (d. 2013) births
  1. Cancio Garcia
    
    Cancio C. Garcia was a Filipino lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He was appointed to the Court on October 6, 2004, by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and retired on October 19, 2007.
2. Wanda Jackson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Wanda Jackson
    
    Wanda LaVonne Jackson is an American singer and songwriter. Since the 1950s, she has recorded and released music in the genres of rock, country and gospel. She was among the first women to have a career in rock and roll, recording a series of 1950s singles that helped give her the nickname "The Queen of Rockabilly". She is also counted among the first female stars in the genre of country music.
3. Juan Marichal, Dominican baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Juan Marichal
    
    Juan Antonio Marichal Sánchez, nicknamed "the Dominican Dandy", is a Dominican former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for three teams from 1960 to 1975, almost entirely the San Francisco Giants. Known for his high leg kick, variety of pitches, arm angles and deliveries, pinpoint control, and durability, Marichal won 18 games to help the Giants reach the 1962 World Series, and went on to earn 191 victories in the 1960s, the most of any major league pitcher. He won over 20 games six times, on each occasion posting an earned run average (ERA) below 2.50 and striking out more than 200 batters, and became the first right-hander since Bob Feller to win 25 games three times; his 26 wins in 1968 remain a San Francisco record. One of the most outstanding performers in All-Star history, he was named to the team in nine seasons, recording an ERA of 0.50 in eight appearances and being named Most Valuable Player of the 1965 contest.
4. Emma Tennant, English author (d. 2017) births
  1. Emma Tennant
    
    Emma Christina Tennant FRSL was an English novelist and editor of Scottish extraction, known for a post-modern approach to her fiction, often imbued with fantasy or magic. Several of her novels give a feminist or dreamlike twist to classic stories, such as Two Women of London: The Strange Case of Ms Jekyll and Mrs Hyde. She also published under the name Catherine Aydy.
1936
1. Anne Sullivan, American educator (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Anne Sullivan
    
    Anne Sullivan Macy was an American teacher best known for being the instructor and lifelong companion of Helen Keller.
1935
1. Jerry Orbach, American actor and singer (d. 2004) births
  1. Jerry Orbach
    
    Jerome Bernard Orbach was an American actor and singer, described at the time of his death as "one of the last bona fide leading men of the Broadway musical and global celebrity on television" and a "versatile stage and film actor".
2. Arthur Henderson, Scottish-English politician, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Arthur Henderson
    
    Arthur Henderson was a British iron moulder and Labour politician. He was the first Labour cabinet minister, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1934 and, uniquely, served three separate terms as Leader of the Labour Party in three different decades. He was popular among his colleagues, who called him "Uncle Arthur" in acknowledgement of his integrity, his devotion to the cause and his imperturbability. He was a transitional figure whose policies were, at first, close to those of the Liberal Party. The trades unions rejected his emphasis on arbitration and conciliation, and thwarted his goal of unifying the Labour Party and the trade unions.
  2. Foreign Secretary
    
    The secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, known as the foreign secretary, is a minister of the Crown of the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Seen as one of the most senior ministers in the government and a Great Office of State, the incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, fourth in the ministerial ranking.
  3. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
1934
1. Bill Chase, American trumpet player (d. 1974) births
  1. Bill Chase
    
    Bill Chase was an American trumpeter and leader of the jazz-rock band Chase.
2. Eddie Harris, American saxophonist (d. 1996) births
  1. Eddie Harris
    
    Eddie Harris was an American jazz musician, best known for playing tenor saxophone and for introducing the electrically amplified saxophone. He was also fluent on the electric piano and organ. His best-known compositions are "Freedom Jazz Dance", popularized by Miles Davis in 1966, and "Listen Here".
1933
1. Barrie Chase, American actress and dancer births
  1. Barrie Chase
    
    Barrie Chase is an American actress and dancer.
1932
1. Rosey Brown, American football player and coach (d. 2004) births
  1. Rosey Brown
    
    Roosevelt "Rosey" Brown Jr. was an American professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants from 1953 to 1965. He previously played college football for Morgan State University.
2. William Christopher, American actor and singer (d. 2016) births
  1. William Christopher
    
    William Christopher was an American actor and comedian, best known for playing Private Lester Hummel on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. from 1965 to 1968 and Father John Mulcahy on the television series M*A*S*H from 1972 to 1983 and its spinoff AfterMASH from 1983 to 1985.
3. Rokurō Naya, Japanese voice actor (d. 2014) births
  1. Rokurō Naya
    
    Rokurō Naya was a Japanese actor, voice actor, narrator and the brother of voice actor Gorō Naya (1929–2013). He was a lifelong resident of Tokyo and was affiliated with Mausu Promotion at the time of his death.
1931
1. Richard Caliguiri, American lawyer and politician, 54th Mayor of Pittsburgh (d. 1988) births
  1. Richard Caliguiri
    
    Richard S. Caliguiri was an American politician who served as the mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1977 until his death in 1988.
  2. List of mayors of Pittsburgh
    
    The mayor of Pittsburgh is the chief executive of the government of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, as stipulated by the Charter of the City of Pittsburgh. This article is a listing of past mayors of Pittsburgh.
2. Mickey Mantle, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 1995) births
  1. Mickey Mantle
    
    Mickey Charles Mantle, nicknamed "the Commerce Comet" and "the Mick", was an American professional baseball player. Mantle played his entire Major League Baseball (MLB) career (1951–1968) with the New York Yankees as a center fielder, right fielder, and first baseman. Mantle was one of the best players and sluggers and is regarded by many as the greatest switch hitter in baseball history. Mantle was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999.
3. Ken Morrison, English businessman (d. 2017) births
  1. Ken Morrison
    
    Sir Kenneth Duncan Morrison CBE was an English businessman, Life President, and former chairman of Morrisons, the fourth largest supermarket group in the United Kingdom. He was the son of William Morrison, who founded the company.
1928
1. Michael O'Donnell, English physician, author, and journalist (d. 2019) births
  1. Michael O'Donnell (physician)
    
    Michael O'Donnell was a British physician, journalist, author and broadcaster.
2. Jack Peddie, Scottish footballer (b. 1876) deaths
  1. Jack Peddie
    
    John Hope Peddie, commonly known as Jack or Jock Peddie, was a Scottish footballer who played for various clubs in both England and Scotland, including Newcastle United, Manchester United, Plymouth Argyle and Heart of Midlothian. As a Plymouth player, he is most famous for scoring their first ever goals in the Western and Southern Leagues.
1927
1. Joyce Brothers, American psychologist, author, and actress (d. 2013) births
  1. Joyce Brothers
    
    Joyce Diane Brothers was an American psychologist, television personality, advice columnist, and writer.
2. Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, Indian poet and critic (d. 2007) births
  1. Gunturu Seshendra Sarma
    
    Gunturu Seshendra Sarma B.A. B.L., also known as Yuga Kavi, was a Telugu poet, critic and litterateur. He is well known for his works Naa Desam, Naa Prajalu and Kaala Rekha. He authored over fifty works which have been translated into English, Kannada, Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Nepali and Greek.
1926
1. Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, English lieutenant and politician, founded the National Motor Museum (d. 2015) births
  1. Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu
    
    Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, was an English Conservative politician well known in Great Britain for founding the National Motor Museum, as well as for a pivotal cause célèbre in British gay history following his 1954 conviction and imprisonment for homosexual sex, a charge he denied.
  2. National Motor Museum, Beaulieu
    
    The National Motor Museum is a museum in the village of Beaulieu, set in the heart of the New Forest, in the English county of Hampshire.
2. Eugene V. Debs, American union leader and politician (b. 1855) deaths
  1. Eugene V. Debs
    
    Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
1925
1. Art Buchwald, American soldier and journalist (d. 2007) births
  1. Art Buchwald
    
    Arthur Buchwald was an American humorist best known for his column in The Washington Post. At the height of his popularity, it was published nationwide as a syndicated column in more than 500 newspapers. His column focused on political satire and commentary.
2. Tom Dowd, American record producer and engineer (d. 2002) births
  1. Tom Dowd
    
    Thomas John Dowd was an American recording engineer and producer for Atlantic Records. He was credited with innovating the multitrack recording method. Dowd worked on a veritable "who's who" of recordings that encompassed blues, jazz, pop, rock, and soul records.
3. Roger Hanin, Algerian-French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2015) births
  1. Roger Hanin
    
    Roger Hanin was a French actor and film director, best known for playing the title role in the 1989–2006 TV police drama, Navarro.
1924
1. Robert Peters, American poet, playwright, and critic (d. 2014) births
  1. Robert Peters (writer)
    
    Robert Louis Peters was an American poet, critic, scholar, playwright, editor, and actor. He held a PhD in Victorian literature. Born in an impoverished rural area of northern Wisconsin in 1924, his poetry career began in 1967 when his young son Richard died unexpectedly of spinal meningitis. The book commemorating this loss, Songs for a Son, was selected by poet Denise Levertov to be published by W. W. Norton in 1967. Songs for a Son began a flood of poetry.
1923
1. Robert Craft, American conductor and musicologist (d. 2015) births
  1. Robert Craft
    
    Robert Lawson Craft was an American conductor and writer. He is best known for his intimate professional relationship with Igor Stravinsky, on which Craft drew in producing numerous recordings and books.
1922
1. John Anderson, American actor (d. 1992) births
  1. John Anderson (actor)
    
    John Robert Anderson was an American character actor who performed in hundreds of stage, film, and television productions during a career that spanned over four decades.
2. Franco Ventriglia, American opera singer (d. 2012) births
  1. Franco Ventriglia
    
    Franco Ventriglia was an opera singer who sang bass in every major European opera house during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He returned to the U.S. in 1978, where he continued to perform at venues including Carnegie Hall, and traveled to perform in southeast Asia, until his retirement in 2001 at age 79.
1921
1. Manny Ayulo, American race car driver (d. 1955) births
  1. Manny Ayulo
    
    Manuel Leaonedas Ayulo was an American racecar driver. His efforts, along with those of friend and teammate Jack McGrath, helped establish track roadsters as viable race cars. Ayulo was killed in practice for the 1955 Indianapolis 500 when his car crashed straight into a concrete wall. He was found to have not been wearing a seat belt and his pockets "were filled with wrenches".
2. Hans Warren, Dutch poet and author (d. 2001) births
  1. Hans Warren
    
    Johannes Adrianus Menne Warren was a Dutch writer. Much of his fame in the Netherlands derives from having published a collection of diaries in which he described his life and homosexual experiences in a country that deeply repressed homosexuality. He is also known for his poetry, his literary criticism, and his translations of poetry from Modern Greek.
1920
1. Nick Cardy, American illustrator (d. 2013) births
  1. Nick Cardy
    
    Nicholas Viscardi, known professionally as Nick Cardy and Nick Cardi, was an American comics artist best known for his DC Comics work on Aquaman, the Teen Titans and other major characters. Cardy was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2005.
2. Fanny de Sivers, Estonian-French linguist and academic (d. 2011) births
  1. Fanny de Sivers
    
    Fanny de Sivers was an Estonian linguist, literature researcher, and essayist.
3. Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Indian lawyer and politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 2010) births
  1. Siddhartha Shankar Ray
    
    Siddhartha Shankar Ray was an Indian lawyer, diplomat and Indian National Congress politician from West Bengal. In his political career he held a number of offices, including Union Minister of Education (1971–72), Chief Minister of West Bengal (1972–77), Governor of Punjab (1986–89) and Indian Ambassador to the United States (1992–96). He was at one point the main troubleshooter for the Congress Party.
  2. List of chief ministers of West Bengal
    
    The Chief Minister of West Bengal is the representative of the Government of India in the state of West Bengal and the head of the executive branch of the Government of West Bengal. The chief minister is head of the Council of Ministers and appoints ministers. The chief minister, along with their cabinet, exercises executive authority in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly.
4. Janet Jagan, 6th President of Guyana (d. 2009) births
  1. Janet Jagan
    
    Janet Rosenberg Jagan was a U.S.-born Guyanese politician who served as the President of Guyana, serving from December 19, 1997, to August 11, 1999. She was the first female President of Guyana. She previously served as the first female Prime Minister of Guyana from March 17, 1997, to December 19, 1997. The wife of Cheddi Jagan, whom she succeeded as president, she was awarded Guyana's highest national award, the Order of Excellence, in 1993, and the UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Gold Medal for Women's Rights in 1998.
1919
1. Tracy Hall, American chemist and academic (d. 2008) births
  1. Tracy Hall
    
    Howard Tracy Hall was an American physical chemist and one of the early pioneers in the research of synthetic diamonds, using a press of his own design.
1918
1. Martin Drewes, German soldier and pilot (d. 2013) births
  1. Martin Drewes
    
    Martin Drewes was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and night fighter ace during World War II. He is credited with 52 victories of which 43 were claimed at night whilst flying variants of the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defence of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command.
2. Robert Lochner, American-German soldier and journalist (d. 2003) births
  1. Robert Lochner
    
    Robert H. Lochner was a journalist who helped to revive the free media in West Germany after World War II and who is most well known for assisting John F. Kennedy with his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech in 1963.
1917
1. Stéphane Hessel, German-French activist and diplomat (d. 2013) births
  1. Stéphane Hessel
    
    Stéphane Frédéric Hessel was a diplomat, ambassador, writer, concentration camp survivor, French Resistance member and BCRA agent. Born German, he became a naturalised French citizen in 1939. He became an observer of the editing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. In 2011 he was named by Foreign Policy magazine in its list of top global thinkers. In later years his activism focused on economic inequalities, the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and protection for the post-World War II social vision. His short book Time for Outrage! sold 4.5 million copies worldwide. Hessel and his book were linked and cited as an inspiration for the Spanish Indignados, the Arab Spring, the American Occupy Wall Street movement and other political movements.
2. Jean-Pierre Melville, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973) births
  1. Jean-Pierre Melville
    
    Jean-Pierre Melville was a French filmmaker and actor. Among his films are Le Silence de la mer (1949), Bob le flambeur (1956), Le Doulos (1962), Le Samouraï (1967), Army of Shadows (1969) and Le Cercle Rouge (1970).
1914
1. Fayard Nicholas, American actor, dancer, and choreographer (d. 2006) births
  1. Fayard Nicholas
    
    Fayard Antonio Nicholas was an American choreographer, dancer and actor. He and his younger brother Harold Nicholas made up the Nicholas Brothers tap dance duo, who starred in the MGM musicals An All-Colored Vaudeville Show (1935), Stormy Weather (1943), The Pirate (1948), and Hard Four (2007). The Nicholas brothers also starred in the 20th Century-Fox musicals Down Argentine Way (1940), Sun Valley Serenade (1941), and Orchestra Wives (1942).
1913
1. Grandpa Jones, American singer-songwriter and banjo player (d. 1998) births
  1. Grandpa Jones
    
    Louis Marshall Jones, known professionally as Grandpa Jones, was an American banjo player and "old time" country and gospel music singer. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.
1912
1. Ruhi Su, Turkish singer-songwriter (d. 1985) births
  1. Ruhi Su
    
    Mehmet Ruhi Su was a Turkish opera singer, Turkish folk singer and saz virtuoso of probable Armenian origin.
1910
1. Chen Liting, Chinese director and playwright (d. 2013) births
  1. Chen Liting
    
    Chen Liting was a Chinese playwright, drama and film director, screenwriter, and film theorist. He was one of the most prominent film directors and screenwriters in pre-Communist China, together with Shi Dongshan, Cai Chusheng, and Zheng Junli. His most famous film was Women Side by Side (1949).
2. David B. Hill, American lawyer and politician, 29th Governor of New York (b. 1843) deaths
  1. David B. Hill
    
    David Bennett Hill was an American politician from New York who was the 29th Governor of New York from 1885 to 1891 and represented New York in the United States Senate from 1892 to 1897.
  2. Governor of New York
    
    The governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the New York Legislature, to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment and treason. The governor is the highest paid governor in the country.
1909
1. Carla Laemmle, American actress and photographer (d. 2014) births
  1. Carla Laemmle
    
    Rebekah Isabelle Laemmle, known professionally as Carla Laemmle, was an American actress and dancer, and the niece of Universal Pictures studio founder Carl Laemmle. As an actress/dancer, she is known primarily for her roles in The Phantom of the Opera (1925) and Dracula (1931). At the time of her death, she was one of the last surviving actors of the silent film era, with her career spanning almost nine decades, also with one of the longest gaps.
2. Yasushi Sugiyama, Japanese painter (d. 1993) births
  1. Yasushi Sugiyama
    
    Yasushi Sugiyama was a Japanese painter of the Shōwa and Heisei eras, who practiced the nihonga style of watercolour painting.
1908
1. Stuart Hamblen, American singer-songwriter, actor, and radio show host (d. 1989) births
  1. Stuart Hamblen
    
    Carl Stuart Hamblen was an American entertainer who became one of radio's first singing cowboys in 1926, going on to become a singer, actor, radio show host, and songwriter. He underwent a Christian conversion and became a Temperance movement supporter and recurring candidate for political office. He is best known as the composer of the song "This Ole House" (1954), most notably recorded by Rosemary Clooney and Shakin' Stevens.
2. Vaiben Louis Solomon, Australian politician, 21st Premier of South Australia (b. 1853) deaths
  1. Vaiben Louis Solomon
    
    Vaiben Louis Solomon was the 21st Premier of South Australia and a member of the first Australian Commonwealth parliament. He was generally known by his full name.
  2. Premier of South Australia
    
    The premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the Governor of South Australia, and by modern convention holds office by virtue of his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the House of Assembly.
1907
1. Arlene Francis, American actress and television personality (d. 2001) births
  1. Arlene Francis
    
    Arlene Francis was an American actress, radio and television talk show host, and game show panelist. She is known for her long-running role as a panelist on the television game show What's My Line?, on which she regularly appeared for 25 years, from 1950 to 1975, on both the network and syndicated versions of the show.
1904
1. Tommy Douglas, Scottish-Canadian minister and politician, 7th Premier of Saskatchewan (d. 1986) births
  1. Tommy Douglas
    
    Thomas Clement Douglas was a Scottish-born Canadian politician who served as seventh premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and Leader of the New Democratic Party from 1961 to 1971. A Baptist minister, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1935 as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He left federal politics to become Leader of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and then the seventh Premier of Saskatchewan. His government introduced the continent's first single-payer, universal health care program.
  2. Premier of Saskatchewan
    
    The premier of Saskatchewan is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The current premier of Saskatchewan is Scott Moe, who was sworn in as premier on February 2, 2018, after winning the 2018 Saskatchewan Party leadership election. The first premier of Saskatchewan was Liberal Thomas Walter Scott, who served from 1905 to 1916. Since Saskatchewan was created as a province in 1905, 15 individuals have served as premier.
2. Enolia McMillan, American educator and activist (d. 2006) births
  1. Enolia McMillan
    
    Enolia Pettigen McMillan was an American educator, civil rights activist, and community leader and the first female national president of the NAACP.
3. Anna Neagle, English actress, singer, and producer (d. 1986) births
  1. Anna Neagle
    
    Dame Florence Marjorie Wilcox, known professionally as Anna Neagle, was an English stage and film actress, singer, and dancer.
1901
1. Frank Churchill, American film composer (d. 1942) births
  1. Frank Churchill
    
    Frank Edwin Churchill was an American film composer and songwriter. He wrote most of the music for films directed by Walt Disney, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Dumbo, Bambi, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, and Peter Pan.
2. Adelaide Hall, American-English singer, actress, and dancer (d. 1993) births
  1. Adelaide Hall
    
    Adelaide Louise Hall was an American-born UK-based jazz singer and entertainer. Her long career spanned more than 70 years from 1921 until her death and she was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. Hall entered the Guinness Book of World Records in 2003 as the world's most enduring recording artist, having released material over eight consecutive decades. She performed with major artists such as Art Tatum, Ethel Waters, Josephine Baker, Louis Armstrong, Lena Horne, Cab Calloway, Fela Sowande, Rudy Vallee and Jools Holland, and recorded as a jazz singer with Duke Ellington and with Fats Waller.
1900
1. Ismail al-Azhari, Sudanese politician, 3rd President of Sudan (d. 1969) births
  1. Ismail al-Azhari
    
    Ismail al-Azhari was a Sudanese nationalist and political figure. He served as the first Prime Minister of Sudan between 1954 and 1956, and as President of Sudan from 1965 until he was overthrown by Gaafar Nimeiry in 1969.
  2. List of heads of state of Sudan
    
    This article lists the heads of state of Sudan since the country's independence in 1956.
2. Wayne Morse, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 1974) births
  1. Wayne Morse
    
    Wayne Lyman Morse was an American attorney and United States Senator from Oregon. Morse is well known for opposing his party's leadership and for his opposition to the Vietnam War on constitutional grounds.
3. Naim Frashëri, Albanian poet and translator (b. 1846) deaths
  1. Naim Frashëri
    
    Naim Bey Frashëri, more commonly Naim Frashëri, was an Albanian historian, journalist, poet, rilindas and translator who was proclaimed as the national poet of Albania. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Albanian literature and one of the most influential Albanian cultural icons of the 19th century.
1897
1. Yi Un, South Korean general (d. 1970) births
  1. Yi Un
    
    Lieutenant General Prince Imperial Yeong, Yi Un, Crown Prince Uimin, also known as Yi Un, Yi Eun, Lee Eun and Un Yi, was the 28th Head of the Korean Imperial House, an Imperial Japanese Army general and the last crown prince of Korea. In 1910, when the Korean Empire was annexed by Japan and Emperor Sunjong was forced to abdicate, Yi Un was titled His Highness The Crown Prince of Korea. On 10 June 1926, upon the death of Emperor Sunjong, he became His Highness King Yi of Changdeokgung in Japan. After World War II he was refused entry to Korea, and his Japanese titles were removed by article 14 of the new Constitution of Japan in 1947.
1895
1. Rex Ingram, American actor (d. 1969) births
  1. Rex Ingram (actor)
    
    Rex Ingram was an American stage, film, and television actor.
2. Morrie Ryskind, American writer/director (d. 1985) births
  1. Morrie Ryskind
    
    Morris "Morrie" Ryskind was an American dramatist, lyricist and writer of theatrical productions and motion pictures, who became a conservative political activist later in life.
1894
1. Olive Thomas, American model and actress (d. 1920) births
  1. Olive Thomas
    
    Olive Thomas was an American silent-film actress, art model, and photo model.
2. James Anthony Froude, English historian, novelist, biographer and editor (b. 1818) deaths
  1. James Anthony Froude
    
    James Anthony Froude was an English historian, novelist, biographer, and editor of Fraser's Magazine. From his upbringing amidst the Anglo-Catholic Oxford Movement, Froude intended to become a clergyman, but doubts about the doctrines of the Anglican church, published in his scandalous 1849 novel The Nemesis of Faith, drove him to abandon his religious career. Froude turned to writing history, becoming one of the best-known historians of his time for his History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada.
1893
1. Charley Chase, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1940) births
  1. Charley Chase
    
    Charles Joseph Parrott, known professionally as Charley Chase, was an American comedian, actor, screenwriter and film director. He worked for many pioneering comedy studios but is chiefly associated with producer Hal Roach. Chase was the elder brother of comedian/director James Parrott.
1891
1. Samuel Flagg Bemis, American historian and author (d. 1973) births
  1. Samuel Flagg Bemis
    
    Samuel Flagg Bemis was an American historian and biographer. For many years he taught at Yale University. He was also President of the American Historical Association and a specialist in American diplomatic history. He was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes. Jerald A. Combs says he was "the greatest of all historians of early American diplomacy."
2. James Chadwick, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) births
  1. James Chadwick
    
    Sir James Chadwick, was an English physicist who was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. In 1941, he wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report, which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atom bomb research efforts. He was the head of the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He was knighted in Britain in 1945 for his achievements in physics.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1890
1. Aleksander Maaker, Estonian bagpipe player (d. 1968) births
  1. Aleksander Maaker
    
    Aleksander Maaker, nicknamed Torupilli-Sass was a folk musician, a player of the traditional torupill, the Estonian bagpipe. Maaker was from the Estonian island of Hiiumaa. At the time of his death, the only other torupill player was the revivalist Olev Roomet, at the time a choir member, though other revivalist such as Ants Taul took up the instrument and its construction beginning in the 1970s.
  2. Bagpipes
    
    Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Scottish Great Highland bagpipes are the best known examples in the Anglophone world, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia, around the Persian Gulf and northern parts of South Asia.
2. Richard Francis Burton, English-Italian geographer and explorer (b. 1821) deaths
  1. Richard Francis Burton
    
    Sir Richard Francis Burton was a British explorer, writer, scholar, and soldier. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures. According to one count, he spoke twenty-nine European, Asian, and African languages.
1889
1. Johann Gruber, Austrian priest and saint (d. 1944) births
  1. Johann Gruber
    
    Johann Gruber, also known as "Papa Gruber" and "The Saint of Gusen", was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest who was imprisoned in Concentration Camp Gusen I from 1940 until he was murdered by the camp commandant on Holy Friday 1944. In the concentration camp, Gruber helped many others survive by raising funds from outside the camp and bribing the SS men and kapos in order to organise the delivery of food to starving inmates.
1887
1. Prince Yasuhiko Asaka of Japan (d. 1981) births
  1. Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
    
    General Prince Yasuhiko Asaka was the founder of a collateral branch of the Japanese imperial family and a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Japanese invasion of China and the Second World War. Son-in-law of Emperor Meiji and uncle by marriage of Emperor Hirohito, Prince Asaka was commander of Japanese forces in the final assault on Nanjing, then the capital city of Nationalist China, in December 1937. Japanese forces under his command committed the Nanjing massacre.
1883
1. George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall (b. 1797) deaths
  1. George Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall
    
    George Hamilton Chichester, 3rd Marquess of Donegall, styled Viscount Chichester until 1799 and Earl of Belfast between 1799 and 1844, was an Anglo-Irish landowner, courtier and politician. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1830 to 1834, as well as from 1838 to 1841, and as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard between 1848 and 1852. Ennobled in his own right in 1841, he was also Lord Lieutenant of Antrim from 1841 to 1883 and was made a Knight of St Patrick in 1857.
1882
1. Margaret Dumont, American actress (d. 1965) births
  1. Margaret Dumont
    
    Margaret Dumont was an American stage and film actress. She is best remembered as the comic foil to the Marx Brothers in seven of their films; Groucho Marx called her "practically the fifth Marx brother."
2. Bela Lugosi, Hungarian-American actor (d. 1956) births
  1. Bela Lugosi
    
    Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó, known professionally as Bela Lugosi, was a Hungarian and American actor best remembered for portraying Count Dracula in the 1931 horror classic Dracula, Ygor in Son of Frankenstein (1939) and his roles in many other horror films from 1931 through 1956.
1880
1. Lydia Maria Child, American journalist, author, and activist (b. 1802) deaths
  1. Lydia Maria Child
    
    Lydia Maria Child was an American abolitionist, women's rights activist, Native American rights activist, novelist, journalist, and opponent of American expansionism.
1874
1. Charles Ives, American composer (d. 1954) births
  1. Charles Ives
    
    Charles Edward Ives was an American modernist composer, one of the first American composers of international renown. His music was largely ignored during his early career, and many of his works went unperformed for many years. Later in life, the quality of his music was publicly recognized through the efforts of contemporaries like Henry Cowell and Lou Harrison, and he came to be regarded as an "American original". He was also among the first composers to engage in a systematic program of experimental music, with musical techniques including polytonality, polyrhythm, tone clusters, aleatory elements, and quarter tones. His experimentation foreshadowed many musical innovations that were later more widely adopted during the 20th century. Hence, he is often regarded as the leading American composer of art music of the 20th century.
1873
1. Nellie McClung, Canadian author and suffragist (d. 1951) births
  1. Nellie McClung
    
    Nellie Letitia McClung was a Canadian author, politician, and social activist, who is regarded as one of Canada's most prominent suffragists. She began her career in writing with the 1908 book Sowing Seeds in Danny, and would eventually publish sixteen books, including two autobiographies. She played a leading role in the women's suffrage movement in Canada, helping to grant women the vote in Alberta and Manitoba in 1916. McClung was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 1921, where she served until 1926.
1871
1. Karl Christian Ulmann, Latvian-German theologian and academic (b. 1793) deaths
  1. Karl Christian Ulmann
    
    Karl Christian Ulmann was a Baltic German theologian.
1870
1. Michael William Balfe, Irish violinist and composer (b. 1808) deaths
  1. Michael William Balfe
    
    Michael William Balfe was an Irish composer, best remembered for his operas, especially The Bohemian Girl.
1865
1. Champ Ferguson, American guerrilla leader (b. 1821) deaths
  1. Champ Ferguson
    
    Samuel "Champ" Ferguson was a notorious Confederate guerrilla during the American Civil War. He claimed to have killed over 100 Union soldiers and pro-Union civilians. He was arrested, tried, and executed for war crimes by the US government after the war.
  2. Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War
    
    Guerrilla warfare during the American Civil War (1861–1865) was a form of warfare characterized by ambushes, surprise raids, and irregular styles of combat. Waged by both sides of the conflict, it gathered in intensity as the war dragged on and had a profound impact on the outcome of the Civil War.
1864
1. James F. Hinkle, American banker and politician, 6th Governor of New Mexico (d. 1951) births
  1. James F. Hinkle
    
    James Fielding Hinkle was an American banker, politician and the sixth governor of New Mexico.
  2. Governor of New Mexico
    
    The governor of New Mexico is the head of government of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New Mexico's state government and the commander-in-chief of the New Mexico National Guard. As noted in the governor's seal, this gubernatorial office is a scion of the Spanish and Mexican governors of Nuevo México (1598) and the governors of the New Mexico Territory (1851). The officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of The Honorable for life. The current governor is Michelle Lujan Grisham, a Democrat, who was sworn in as the 32nd governor of New Mexico on January 1, 2019.
1859
1. John Dewey, American psychologist and philosopher (d. 1952) births
  1. John Dewey
    
    John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century.
1858
1. John Burns, English union leader and politician, President of the Board of Trade (d. 1943) births
  1. John Burns
    
    John Elliot Burns was an English trade unionist and politician, particularly associated with London politics and Battersea. He was a socialist and then a Liberal Member of Parliament and Minister. He was anti-alcohol and a keen sportsman. When the Liberal cabinet made a decision for war on 2 August 1914, he resigned and played no further role in politics. After retiring from politics, he developed an expertise in London history and coined the phrase "The Thames is liquid history".
  2. President of the Board of Trade
    
    The president of the Board of Trade is head of the Board of Trade. This is a committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, first established as a temporary committee of inquiry in the 17th century, that evolved gradually into a government department with a diverse range of functions. The current holder is Kemi Badenoch, who is concurrently the Secretary of State for International Trade.
1854
1. Arthur Rimbaud, French soldier and poet (d. 1891) births
  1. Arthur Rimbaud
    
    Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud was a French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes and for his influence on modern literature and arts, prefiguring surrealism. Born in Charleville, he started writing at a very young age and excelled as a student, but abandoned his formal education in his teenage years to run away to Paris amidst the Franco-Prussian War. During his late adolescence and early adulthood, he produced the bulk of his literary output. Rimbaud completely stopped writing literature at age 20 after assembling his last major work, Illuminations.
1847
1. Frits Thaulow, Norwegian painter (d. 1906) births
  1. Frits Thaulow
    
    Frits Thaulow was a Norwegian Impressionist painter, best known for his naturalistic depictions of landscape.
1832
1. Constantin Lipsius, German architect and theorist (d. 1894) births
  1. Constantin Lipsius
    
    Johannes Wilhelm Constantin Lipsius was a German architect and architectural theorist, best known for his controversial design of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Exhibition Building (1883–1894) on the Brühl Terrace in Dresden, today known as the Lipsius-Bau.
1822
1. Thomas Hughes, English lawyer and judge (d. 1896) births
  1. Thomas Hughes
    
    Thomas Hughes was an English lawyer, judge, politician and author. He is most famous for his novel Tom Brown's School Days (1857), a semi-autobiographical work set at Rugby School, which Hughes had attended. It had a lesser-known sequel, Tom Brown at Oxford (1861).
1819
1. Báb, Iranian religious leader, founded Bábism (d. 1850) births
  1. Báb
    
    The Báb, born Sayyed ʿAlí Muḥammad Shírází, was the founder of Bábism, and one of the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith.
  2. Bábism
    
    Bábism, also known as the Bábi Faith, is a monotheistic religion which professes that there is one incorporeal, unknown, and incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of theophanies, called Manifestation of God. It has no more than a few thousand adherents according to current estimates, most of whom are concentrated in Iran. It was founded by ʻAli Muhammad Shirazi who first assumed the title of Báb from which the religion gets its name, out of the belief that he was the gate to the Twelfth Imam. However, throughout his ministry his titles and claims underwent much evolution as the Báb progressively outlined his teachings.
1808
1. Karl Andree, German geographer and journalist (d. 1875) births
  1. Karl Andree
    
    Karl Andree was a German geographer.
1801
1. Melchior Berri, Swiss architect and educator, designed the Natural History Museum of Basel (d. 1854) births
  1. Melchior Berri
    
    Melchior Berri was a well-known Swiss architect.
  2. Natural History Museum of Basel
    
    Natural History Museum Basel is a natural history museum in Basel, Switzerland that houses wide-ranging collections focused on the fields of zoology, entomology, mineralogy, anthropology, osteology and paleontology. It has over 7.7 million objects.
1790
1. Patrick Matthew. Scottish farmer and biologist (d. 1874) births
  1. Patrick Matthew
    
    Patrick Matthew was a Scottish grain merchant, fruit farmer, forester, and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture, silviculture, and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation in 1831, but did not further develop or publicize his ideas. Consequently, when Charles Darwin later published On the Origin of Species in 1859, he and Alfred Russel Wallace were regarded by their scientific peers as having originated the theory of evolution by natural selection; it has been suggested that Darwin and/or Wallace had encountered Matthew's earlier work, but there is no hard evidence of this. After the publication of On the Origin of Species, Matthew contacted Darwin, who in subsequent editions of the book acknowledged that the principle of natural selection had been anticipated by Matthew's brief statement, mostly contained in the appendices and addendum of his 1831 book On Naval Timber and Arboriculture.
1785
1. George Ormerod, English historian and author (d. 1873) births
  1. George Ormerod
    
    George Ormerod was an English antiquary and historian. Among his writings was a major county history of Cheshire, in North West England.
1784
1. Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1865) births
  1. Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
    
    Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, was a British statesman who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. Palmerston dominated British foreign policy during the period 1830 to 1865, when Britain stood at the height of its imperial power. He held office almost continuously from 1807 until his death in 1865. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory, defected to the Whigs in 1830, and became the first prime minister from the newly formed Liberal Party in 1859. He was highly popular with the British public. David Brown argues that "an important part of Palmerston's appeal lay in his dynamism and vigour".
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1780
1. Pauline Bonaparte, French sister of Napoleon (d. 1825) births
  1. Pauline Bonaparte
    
    Paula Maria Bonaparte Leclerc Borghese, better known as Pauline Bonaparte, was an imperial French princess, the first sovereign Duchess of Guastalla, and the princess consort of Sulmona and Rossano. She was the sixth child of Letizia Ramolino and Carlo Buonaparte, Corsica's representative to the court of King Louis XVI of France. Her elder brother, Napoleon, was the first emperor of the French. She married Charles Leclerc, a French general, a union ended by his death in 1802. Later, she married Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona. Her only child, Dermide Leclerc, born from her first marriage, died in childhood. She was the only Bonaparte sibling to visit Napoleon in exile on his principality, Elba.
  2. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
1759
1. Chauncey Goodrich, American lawyer and politician, 8th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (d. 1815) births
  1. Chauncey Goodrich
    
    Chauncey Goodrich was an American lawyer and politician from Connecticut who represented that state in the United States Congress as both a senator and a representative.
  2. Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut
    
    The following is a list of lieutenant governors of the State of Connecticut.
1740
1. Isabelle de Charrière, Dutch author and poet (d. 1805) births
  1. Isabelle de Charrière
    
    Isabelle de Charrière, known as Belle van Zuylen in the Netherlands, née Isabella Agneta Elisabeth van Tuyll van Serooskerken, and [Madame] Isabelle de Charrière elsewhere, was a Dutch and Swiss writer of the Enlightenment who lived the latter half of her life in Colombier, Neuchâtel. She is now best known for her letters and novels, although she also wrote pamphlets, music and plays. She took a keen interest in the society and politics of her age, and her work around the time of the French Revolution is regarded as being of particular interest.
2. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1685) deaths
  1. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Charles VI was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative, Charles II. In 1708, he married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had his four children: Leopold Johann, Maria Theresa, Maria Anna, and Maria Amalia.
1719
1. Gottfried Achenwall, German historian, economist, and jurist (d. 1772) births
  1. Gottfried Achenwall
    
    Gottfried Achenwall was a German philosopher, historian, economist, jurist and statistician. He is counted among the inventors of statistics.
1718
1. Catherine Gordon, Duchess of Gordon, Scottish aristocrat (d. 1779) births
  1. Catherine Gordon, Duchess of Gordon
    
    Catherine Gordon, Duchess of Gordon, was the wife of Cosmo George Gordon, 3rd Duke of Gordon, and the mother of the 4th Duke. After the duke's death, she married General Staats Long Morris.
1713
1. Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician and academic (b. 1652) deaths
  1. Archibald Pitcairne
    
    Archibald Pitcairne or Pitcairn was a Scottish physician. He was a physician and poet who first studied law at Edinburgh and Paris graduating with an M.A. from Edinburgh in 1671. He turned his attention to medicine, and commenced to practise in Edinburgh, around 1681. He was appointed professor of physic at Leyden, in 1692, resigning his chair. On returning to Edinburgh, however, around 1693, he was suspected of being at heart an atheist, chiefly on account of his mockery of the puritanical strictness of the Presbyterian church. He was the reputed author of two satirical works, 'The Assembly, or Scotch Reformation : a Comedy,' 1692, and Habel, a Satirical Poem,' 1692. He wrote also a number of Latin verses. He was one of the most celebrated physicians of his time.
1711
1. Timothy Ruggles, American lawyer, jurist, and politician, (d. 1795) births
  1. Timothy Ruggles
    
    Timothy Dwight Ruggles was an American colonial military leader, jurist, and politician. He was a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 and later a Loyalist during the American Revolutionary War.
1677
1. Stanisław Leszczyński, King of Poland (d. 1766) births
  1. Stanisław Leszczyński
    
    Stanisław I Leszczyński, also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, was twice King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and at various times Prince of Deux-Ponts, Duke of Bar and Duke of Lorraine.
1660
1. Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1723) births
  1. Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
    
    Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven PC, styled 17th Baron Willoughby de Eresby between 1666 and 1701, and known as 4th Earl of Lindsey between 1701 and 1706, and as 1st Marquess of Lindsey between 1706 and 1715, was a British statesman and nobleman.
  2. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
    
    The chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is a ministerial office in the Government of the United Kingdom. The position is currently sixth in the ministerial ranking and is the second highest ranking minister in the Cabinet Office, immediately after the Prime Minister, and senior to the Minister for the Cabinet Office. The role includes as part of its duties the administration of the estates and rents of the Duchy of Lancaster.
1652
1. Antonio Coello, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1611) deaths
  1. Antonio Coello
    
    Antonio Coello was a Spanish dramatist and poet. He entered the household of the Duke of Alburquerque, and after some years of service in the army received the Order of Santiago in 1648. He was a favorite of Philip IV, who is reported to have collaborated with him; this rumour is not confirmed, but there is ample proof of Coello's collaboration with Calderón, Rojas Zorrilla, Solis and Velez de Guevara, the most distinguished dramatists of the age.
1640
1. John Ball, English clergyman and theologian (b. 1585) deaths
  1. John Ball (Puritan)
    
    John Ball was an English puritan divine.
1632
1. Christopher Wren, English physicist, mathematician, and architect, designed St Paul's Cathedral (d. 1723) births
  1. Christopher Wren
    
    Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including what is regarded as his masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.
  2. St Paul's Cathedral
    
    St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade I listed building. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present structure, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed in Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the city after the Great Fire of London. The earlier Gothic cathedral, largely destroyed in the Great Fire, was a central focus for medieval and early modern London, including Paul's walk and St Paul's Churchyard, being the site of St Paul's Cross.
2. Edward Hungerford, English politician (d. 1711) births
  1. Edward Hungerford (spendthrift)
    
    Sir Edward Hungerford, KB,, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1659 and 1702. He was famous for his profligate ways and sold thirty manors, including the family seat at Farleigh Hungerford, to fund his extravagant lifestyle. He founded Hungerford Market at Charing Cross as a commercial venture.
1620
1. Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (d. 1691) births
  1. Aelbert Cuyp
    
    Aelbert Jacobszoon Cuyp was one of the leading Dutch Golden Age painters, producing mainly landscapes. The most famous of a family of painters, the pupil of his father Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp (1594–1651/52), he is especially known for his large views of Dutch riverside scenes in a golden early morning or late afternoon light.
1616
1. Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (d. 1680) births
  1. Thomas Bartholin
    
    Thomas Bartholin was a Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian. He is best known for his work in the discovery of the lymphatic system in humans and for his advancements of the theory of refrigeration anesthesia, being the first to describe it scientifically.
1612
1. Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, Anglo-Irish nobleman, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland, Cavalier (d. 1698) births
  1. Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington
    
    Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, 2nd Earl of Cork was an Anglo-Irish nobleman who served as Lord High Treasurer of Ireland and was a Cavalier.
1602
1. Walter Leveson, Elizabethan member of parliament, Shropshire landowner (b. 1550) deaths
  1. Walter Leveson
    
    Sir Walter Leveson was an Elizabethan Member of Parliament and a Shropshire and Staffordshire landowner who was ruined by involvement in piracy and mental illness.
1570
1. João de Barros, Portuguese historian and author (b. 1496) deaths
  1. João de Barros
    
    João de Barros, called the Portuguese Livy, is one of the first great Portuguese historians, most famous for his Décadas da Ásia, a history of the Portuguese in India, Asia, and southeast Africa.
1554
1. Bálint Balassi, Hungarian writer and noble (d. 1594) births
  1. Bálint Balassi
    
    Baron Bálint Balassi de Kékkő et Gyarmat was a Hungarian Renaissance lyric poet. He wrote mostly in Hungarian, but was also proficient in eight more languages: Latin, Italian, German, Polish, Turkish, Slovak, Croatian and Romanian. He is the founder of modern Hungarian lyric and erotic poetry.
1538
1. Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, condottiero (b. 1490) deaths
  1. Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino
    
    Francesco Maria I della Rovere was an Italian condottiero, who was Duke of Urbino from 1508 to 1516 and, after retaking the throne from Lorenzo II de' Medici, from 1521 to 1538.
1524
1. Thomas Linacre, English physician and scholar (b. 1460) deaths
  1. Thomas Linacre
    
    Thomas Linacre or Lynaker was an English humanist scholar and physician, after whom Linacre College, Oxford, and Linacre House, a boys' boarding house at The King's School, Canterbury, are named.
1496
1. Claude, Duke of Guise (d. 1550) births
  1. Claude, Duke of Guise
    
    Claude de Lorraine, Duke of Guise was a French aristocrat and general. He became the first Duke of Guise in 1528.
1475
1. Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian poet and playwright (d. 1525) births
  1. Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai
    
    Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai was an Italian humanist, poet, dramatist and man of letters in Renaissance Florence, in Tuscany, Italy. A member of a wealthy family of wool merchants and one of the richest men in Florence, he was cousin to Pope Leo X and linked by marriage to the powerful Strozzi and de' Medici families. He was born in Florence, and died in Rome. He was the son of Bernardo Rucellai (1448–1514) and grandson of Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai (1403–1481). He is now remembered mostly for his poem Le Api, one of the first poems composed in versi sciolti to achieve widespread acclaim.
1439
1. Ambrose the Camaldulian, Italian theologian deaths
  1. Ambrose Traversari
    
    Ambrogio Traversari, also referred to as Ambrose of Camaldoli, was an Italian monk and theologian who was a prime supporter of the papal cause in the 15th century. He is honored as a saint by the Camaldolese Order.
1438
1. Jacopo della Quercia, Sienese sculptor (b. c. 1374) deaths
  1. Jacopo della Quercia
    
    Jacopo della Quercia, also known as Jacopo di Pietro d'Agnolo di Guarnieri, was an Italian sculptor of the Renaissance, a contemporary of Brunelleschi, Ghiberti and Donatello. He is considered a precursor of Michelangelo.
1423
1. Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York deaths
  1. Henry Bowet
    
    Henry Bowet was both Bishop of Bath and Wells and Archbishop of York.
1401
1. Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate deaths
  1. Klaus Störtebeker
    
    "Nikolaus" Storzenbecher or "Klaus" Störtebeker was reputed to be leader of a group of privateers known as the Victual Brothers. The Victual Brothers were originally hired during a war between Denmark and Sweden to fight the Danish and supply the besieged Swedish capital Stockholm with provisions. After the end of the war, the Victual Brothers continued to capture merchant vessels for their own account and named themselves "Likedeelers". Recent studies manifest that Störtebeker was not called "Klaus" by prename but "Johann".
1327
1. Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell (b. 1300) deaths
  1. Teresa d'Entença
    
    Teresa d'Entença was the eldest daughter of Gombau d'Entença and his wife Constança d'Antillón. She was Countess of Urgell in her own right; however, control over her estate passed to her husband, Alfonso IV of Aragon.
1187
1. Pope Urban III deaths
  1. Pope Urban III
    
    Pope Urban III, born Uberto Crivelli, reigned from 25 November 1185 to his death in 1187.
1139
1. Henry X, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1108) deaths
  1. Henry X, Duke of Bavaria
    
    Henry the Proud, a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria from 1126 to 1138 and Duke of Saxony as well as Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto from 1137 until his death. In 1138 he was a candidate for the election as King of the Romans but was defeated by Conrad of Hohenstaufen.
1122
1. Ralph d'Escures, archbishop of Canterbury deaths
  1. Ralph d'Escures
    
    Ralph d'Escures was a medieval abbot of Séez, bishop of Rochester and then archbishop of Canterbury. He studied at the school at the Abbey of Bec. In 1079 he entered the abbey of St Martin at Séez, and became abbot there in 1091. He was a friend of both Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury and Bishop Gundulf of Rochester, whose see, or bishopric, he took over on Gundulf's death.
  2. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
967
1. Li Yixing, Chinese governor deaths
  1. Li Yixing
    
    Li Yixing (李彝興), né Li Yiyin (李彝殷), formally the Prince of Xia (夏王), was an ethnically-Dangxiang warlord of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period and the early Song Dynasty, ruling Dingnan Circuit from 935 to his death in 967, as its military governor (Jiedushi) in de facto independence.
888
1. Zhu Youzhen, emperor of Later Liang (d. 923) births
  1. AD 888
    
    Year 888 (DCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
  2. Zhu Youzhen
    
    Zhu Zhen (朱瑱), often referred to in traditional histories as Emperor Mo of Later Liang and sometimes by his princely title Prince of Jun (均王), né Zhu Youzhen (朱友貞), known as Zhu Huang (朱鍠) from 913 to 915, was the emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Liang from 913 to 923. He was the third and last emperor of Later Liang, the first of the Five Dynasties. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin (皇甫麟) to kill him in 923 when Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang, the emperor of Later Liang's enemy Later Tang to the north, was on the cusp of capturing the Later Liang capital Daliang. His death marked the end of Later Liang, which was to be the longest among the Five Dynasties. Despite his ten-year reign being the longest of all the Five Dynasties emperors sources on his era are relatively scarce, as many Later Liang records were destroyed following the Later Tang conquest of Later Liang.
  3. Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
    
    Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang or the Zhu Liang, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen, after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour. The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.
460
1. Aelia Eudocia, Byzantine wife of Theodosius II (b. 401) deaths
  1. Aelia Eudocia
    
    Aelia Eudocia Augusta, also called Saint Eudocia, was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to Emperor Theodosius II, and a prominent Greek historical figure in understanding the rise of Christianity during the beginning of the Byzantine Empire. Eudocia lived in a world where Greek paganism and Christianity existed side by side with both pagans and non-orthodox Christians being persecuted. Although Eudocia's work has been mostly ignored by modern scholars, her poetry and literary work are great examples of how her Christian faith and Greek heritage/upbringing were intertwined, exemplifying a legacy that the Roman Empire left behind on the Christian world.
  2. Theodosius II
    
    Theodosius II was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. His reign was marked by the promulgation of the Theodosian law code and the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. He also presided over the outbreak of two great Christological controversies, Nestorianism and Eutychianism.

Holidays

Christian feast days: Acca of Hexham
1. Acca of Hexham
  
  Acca of Hexham was an early medieval Northumbrian prelate, serving as bishop of Hexham from 709 until 732, and subsequently commemorated as a Christian saint.
Christian feast days: Aderald
1. Aderald
  
  Aderald was a canon and archdeacon of Troyes, France, from where he led a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He brought back a piece of the Holy Sepulchre, and founded a monastery named after it—Saint-Sépulcre—in Villacerf. He was canonized as a saint of the Catholic Church; his feast day is on October 20.
Christian feast days: Artemius
1. Artemius
  
  Artemius or Shalliṭā was a general of the Roman Empire and dux Aegypti or imperial prefect of Roman Egypt. He is considered a saint by the Catholic and the Orthodox Churches, with the name of Artemius of Antioch.
Christian feast days: Caprasius of Agen
1. Caprasius of Agen
  
  Saint Caprasius of Agen is venerated as a Christian martyr and saint of the fourth century. Relics associated with him were discovered at Agen in the fifth century. Local legends dating from the 14th century make him the first bishop of Agen, though, as Alban Butler writes, the only evidence to support his existence is the dedication of a church to him in the 6th century.
Christian feast days: Hedwig (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
1. Hedwig of Silesia
  
  Hedwig of Silesia, also Hedwig of Andechs, a member of the Bavarian comital House of Andechs, was Duchess of Silesia from 1201 and of Greater Poland from 1231 as well as High Duchess consort of Poland from 1232 until 1238. She was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1267 by Pope Clement IV.
Christian feast days: Irene of Tomar
1. Irene of Tomar
  
  Saint Irene of Tomar was a Christian who was martyred for her faith in Visigothic Portugal. Her parents, wishing to protect her, sent her to a convent school and a private tutor. The only times she left her house was to attend Mass or pray at the sanctuary of Saint Peter. The legend of her life is possibly little more than that.
Christian feast days: Magdalene of Nagasaki
1. Magdalene of Nagasaki
  
  Magdalene of Nagasaki was a Japanese Christian who served as a translator and catechist for the Augustine Recollect missionaries. She became tertiary of the Order of Augustinian Recollects.
Christian feast days: Margaret Marie Alacoque (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
1. Margaret Mary Alacoque
  
  Margaret Mary Alacoque, VHM, was a French Catholic Visitation nun and mystic who promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus in its modern form.
Christian feast days: Maria Bertilla Boscardin
1. Maria Bertilla Boscardin
  
  Maria Bertilla Boscardin was an Italian nun and nurse who displayed a pronounced devotion to duty in working with sick children and victims of the air raids of World War I. She was later canonised a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.
Christian feast days: Mater Admirabilis
1. Mater Admirabilis
  
  Mater Admirabilis is a fresco depicting the Virgin Mary, in the monastery of the Trinità dei Monti, in Rome. It was painted by a young French artist, Pauline Perdrau, and has been associated with several miracles.
Christian feast days: October 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. October 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  October 19 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 21
Arbor Day (Czech Republic)
1. Arbor Day
  
  Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
2. Czech Republic
  
  The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec.
Heroes' Day (Kenya)
1. Heroes' Day
  
  Heroes' Day or National Heroes' Day may refer to a number of commemorations of national heroes in different countries and territories. It is often held on the birthday of a national hero or heroine, or the anniversary of their great deeds that made them heroes.
Revolution Day (Guatemala), one of the two Patriotic Days (Guatemala)
1. Public holidays in Guatemala
  
  This is a list of public holidays in Guatemala.
2. Días Patrios (Guatemala)
  
  The Días Patrios, or Patriotic Days, are national holidays celebrated in Guatemala commemorating its struggle for independence. These include:September 15: Independence Day October 20: Day of the 1944 Revolution.
3. Guatemala
  
  Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America. Guatemala is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by Honduras; to the southeast by El Salvador and to the south by the Pacific Ocean, respectively. With an estimated population of around 17.6 million, it is the most populous country in Central America and is the 11th most populous country in the Americas. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City, the largest city in Central America.
Vietnamese Women's Day (Vietnam)
1. Public holidays in Vietnam
2. Vietnam
  
  Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.
World Osteoporosis Day
1. World Osteoporosis Day
  
  World Osteoporosis Day is observed annually on 20 October, and launches a year-long campaign dedicated to raising global awareness of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease. Organized by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), the World Osteoporosis Day campaign is accompanied by community events and local campaigns by national osteoporosis patient societies from around the world with activities in over 90 countries.
World Statistics Day
1. World Statistics Day
  
  World Statistics Day is an international day to celebrate statistics. Created by the United Nations Statistical Commission, it was first celebrated on 20 October 2010. The day is celebrated every five years.

Important events in history on October 20 th

Events

Liz Truss

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Conservative Party (UK)

Syrian civil war

Syrian Democratic Forces

Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)

First Libyan Civil War

Muammar Gaddafi

Anti-Gaddafi forces

Battle of Sirte (2011)

Killing of Muammar Gaddafi

Libyan Crisis (2011–present)

Muammar Gaddafi

Mutassim Gaddafi

Killing of Muammar Gaddafi

First Libyan Civil War

Sloan Great Wall

List of largest cosmic structures

Princeton University

1991 Uttarkashi earthquake

Uttarakhand

Moment magnitude scale

1991 Uttarkashi earthquake

Uttarkashi district

Firestorm

Oakland firestorm of 1991

Aeroflot Flight 6502

Kurumoch International Airport

Samara

Aeroflot Flight 6502

Kurumoch International Airport

Samara

Russia

UEFA Europa League

FC Spartak Moscow

HFC Haarlem

Luzhniki Stadium

Luzhniki disaster

FC Spartak Moscow

HFC Haarlem

Luzhniki disaster

Brink's

1981 Brink's robbery

Black Liberation Army

Weather Underground

Nanuet, New York

Lynyrd Skynyrd

Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash

Gillsburg, Mississippi

Lynyrd Skynyrd

Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash

Mississippi

Luling–Destrehan Ferry

MV George Prince ferry disaster

SS Frosta

Mississippi River

St. Charles Parish, Louisiana

Watergate scandal

Elliot Richardson

William Ruckelshaus

Saturday Night Massacre

Richard Nixon

Archibald Cox

Watergate scandal

Saturday Night Massacre

Richard Nixon

Elliot Richardson

William Ruckelshaus

Archibald Cox

Robert Bork

Sydney Opera House

Elizabeth II

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Proton

Quark

Patterson–Gimlin film

Bigfoot

Six Rivers National Forest

Important events in history
on October 20 ^th