On This Day /

Important events in history
on October 16 th

Events

  1. 2017

    1. The Maltese journalist and anti-corruption activist Daphne Caruana Galizia was killed in a car bomb attack in Bidnija.

      1. Maltese journalist and blogger (1964–2017)

        Daphne Caruana Galizia

        Daphne Anne Caruana Galizia was a Maltese writer, journalist, blogger and anti-corruption activist, who reported on political events in Malta. In particular, she focused on investigative journalism, reporting on government corruption, nepotism, patronage, allegations of money laundering, links between Malta's online gambling industry and organized crime, Malta's citizenship-by-investment scheme, and payments from the government of Azerbaijan. Caruana Galizia's national and international reputation was built on her regular reporting of misconduct by Maltese politicians and politically exposed persons.

      2. Improvised explosive device

        Car bomb

        A car bomb, bus bomb, lorry bomb, or truck bomb, also known as a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED), is an improvised explosive device designed to be detonated in an automobile or other vehicles.

      3. Village in Malta Island, Malta

        Bidnija

        Bidnija is a rural hamlet between Mosta, St. Paul's Bay and Mġarr. It is located in the northern region of Malta and is home to roughly 308 people per 2008, the second least populated habitable zone on the Maltese islands after Mdina. It is located between two main valleys then extends into other small valleys surrounding the area. It is largely a rural village surrounded by fields mainly belong to the inhabitants, although over the years other Maltese and foreigners have settled in the area generally for its countryside views.

    2. Storm Ophelia strikes the U.K. and Ireland causing major damage and power loss.

      1. Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 2017

        Hurricane Ophelia (2017)

        Hurricane Ophelia was regarded as the worst storm to affect Ireland in 50 years, and was also the easternmost Atlantic major hurricane on record. The tenth and final consecutive hurricane and the sixth major hurricane of the very active 2017 Atlantic hurricane season, Ophelia had non-tropical origins from a decaying cold front on 6 October. Located within a favorable environment, the storm steadily strengthened over the next two days, drifting north and then southeastwards before becoming a hurricane on 11 October. After becoming a Category 2 hurricane and fluctuating in intensity for a day, Ophelia intensified into a major hurricane on 14 October south of the Azores, brushing the archipelago with high winds and heavy rainfall. Shortly after achieving peak intensity, Ophelia began weakening as it accelerated over progressively colder waters to its northeast towards Ireland and Great Britain. Completing an extratropical transition early on 16 October, Ophelia became the second storm of the 2017–18 European windstorm season. Early on 17 October, the cyclone crossed the North Sea and struck western Norway, with wind gusts up to 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) in Rogaland county, before weakening during the evening of 17 October. The system then moved across Scandinavia, before dissipating over Norway on the next day.

  2. 2013

    1. In Laos's deadliest air accident, Lao Airlines Flight 301 crashed into the Mekong River, resulting in the deaths of all 49 people aboard.

      1. 2013 aviation accident

        Lao Airlines Flight 301

        Lao Airlines Flight 301 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Vientiane to Pakse, Laos. On 16 October 2013, the ATR 72-600 aircraft operating the flight crashed into the Mekong River near Pakse, killing all 49 people on board. The accident was the first involving an ATR 72-600 and the deadliest ever to occur on Laotian soil.

      2. Major river in Southeast Asia

        Mekong

        The Mekong or Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's twelfth longest river and the third longest in Asia. Its estimated length is 4,909 km (3,050 mi), and it drains an area of 795,000 km2 (307,000 sq mi), discharging 475 km3 (114 cu mi) of water annually. From the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and waterfalls in the Mekong make navigation difficult. Even so, the river is a major trade route between western China and Southeast Asia.

    2. Lao Airlines Flight 301 crashes on approach to Pakse International Airport in Laos, killing 49 people.

      1. 2013 aviation accident

        Lao Airlines Flight 301

        Lao Airlines Flight 301 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Vientiane to Pakse, Laos. On 16 October 2013, the ATR 72-600 aircraft operating the flight crashed into the Mekong River near Pakse, killing all 49 people on board. The accident was the first involving an ATR 72-600 and the deadliest ever to occur on Laotian soil.

  3. 2002

    1. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina opens in Egypt, commemorating the ancient library of Alexandria.

      1. Major library and cultural center in Alexandria, Egypt

        Bibliotheca Alexandrina

        The Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a major library and cultural center on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in Alexandria, Egypt. It is a commemoration of the Library of Alexandria, once one of the largest libraries worldwide, which was lost in antiquity. The idea of reviving the old library dates back to 1974 when a committee set up by Alexandria University selected a plot of land for its new library. Construction work began in 1995, and after some US$220 millions had been spent, the complex was officially inaugurated on 16 October 2002. In 2010, the library received a donation of 500,000 books from the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF). The gift makes the Bibliotheca Alexandrina the sixth-largest Francophone library in the world.

  4. 1998

    1. Former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet is arrested in London on a murder extradition warrant.

      1. Dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990

        Augusto Pinochet

        Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte was a Chilean general who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, first as the leader of the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981, being declared President of the Republic by the junta in 1974 and becoming the de facto dictator of Chile, and from 1981 to 1990 as de jure President after a new Constitution, which confirmed him in the office, was approved by a referendum in 1980. His rule remains the longest of any Chilean leader in history.

      2. Arrest of the dictator for crimes against humanity (1990s–2000s)

        Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet

        General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón on 10 October 1998. He was arrested in London six days later and held on house arrest for a year and a half before being released by the British government in March 2000. Authorised to return to Chile, Pinochet was subsequently indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia and charged with several crimes. He died on 10 December 2006 without having been convicted. His arrest in London made the front pages of newspapers worldwide; not only did it involve the head of the military dictatorship that ruled Chile between 1973 and 1990, it marked the first time judges had applied the principle of universal jurisdiction, declaring themselves competent to judge crimes committed in a country by former heads of state, despite the existence of local amnesty laws.

  5. 1996

    1. At least 83 people were killed and more than 140 injured in a stampede at Guatemala City's Estadio Mateo Flores during a World Cup qualification match between Guatemala and Costa Rica.

      1. Panicked running of a large group of animals

        Stampede

        A stampede is a situation in which a group of large animals suddenly start running in the same direction, especially because they are excited or frightened. Non-human species associated with stampede behavior include zebras, cattle, elephants, reindeer, sheep, pigs, goats, blue wildebeests, walruses, wild horses, and rhinoceroses.

      2. Capital and the largest city of Guatemala

        Guatemala City

        Guatemala City, known locally as Guatemala or Guate, is the capital and largest city of Guatemala, and the most populous urban area in Central America. The city is located in the south-central part of the country, nestled in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita. The city is the capital of the Municipality of Guatemala and of the Guatemala Department.

      3. Stadium in Guatemala City, Guatemala

        Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores

        The Estadio Nacional Doroteo Guamuch Flores is a multi-use national stadium in Guatemala City, the largest venue in Guatemala. It was built in 1948, to host the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1950, and was renamed after long-distance runner Doroteo Guamuch Flores, winner of the 1952 Boston Marathon. It has a capacity of 26,000 seats.

      4. International football competition

        1998 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)

        The 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification, CONCACAF zone ran from March 1996 to November 1997 in order to determine the three CONCACAF representatives at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. For an overview of the qualification rounds, see 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification.

      5. Men's association football team representing Guatemala

        Guatemala national football team

        The Guatemala national football team represents Guatemala in men's international football and is controlled by the Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala. Founded in 1919, it has been affiliated to FIFA since 1946, and it is a member of CONCACAF.

      6. Men's national association football team

        Costa Rica national football team

        The Costa Rica national football team represents Costa Rica in men's international football. The national team is administered by the Costa Rican Football Federation (FEDEFUTBOL), the governing body for football in Costa Rica. It has been a member of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) since 1927, the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) since 1961, and a member of the Central American Football Union (UNCAF) since 1990.

    2. Eighty-four football fans die and 180 are injured in a massive crush at a match in Guatemala City.

      1. Stadium in Guatemala City, Guatemala

        Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores

        The Estadio Nacional Doroteo Guamuch Flores is a multi-use national stadium in Guatemala City, the largest venue in Guatemala. It was built in 1948, to host the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1950, and was renamed after long-distance runner Doroteo Guamuch Flores, winner of the 1952 Boston Marathon. It has a capacity of 26,000 seats.

  6. 1995

    1. The Million Man March takes place in Washington, D.C. About 837,000 attend.

      1. 1995 demonstration by African-American men in Washington, D.C.

        Million Man March

        The Million Man March was a large gathering of African-American men in Washington, D.C., on October 16, 1995. Called by Louis Farrakhan, it was held on and around the National Mall. The National African American Leadership Summit, a leading group of civil rights activists and the Nation of Islam working with scores of civil rights organizations, including many local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People formed the Million Man March Organizing Committee. The founder of the National African American Leadership Summit, Dr. Benjamin Chavis Jr. served as National Director of the Million Man March.

    2. The Skye Bridge in Scotland is opened.

      1. Bridge connecting the Isle of Skye to the island of Eilean Bàn, Scotland

        Skye Bridge

        The Skye Bridge is a road bridge over Loch Alsh, Scotland, connecting the Isle of Skye to the island of Eilean Bàn. The name is also used for the whole Skye Crossing, which further connects Eilean Bàn to the mainland across the Carrich Viaduct. The crossing forms part of the A87.

  7. 1991

    1. A man drove his vehicle through the window of a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas, and opened fire, killing 23 people before fatally shooting himself.

      1. American restaurant operator (company)

        Luby's

        Luby's, Inc. is a parent company that operates the Luby's chain of cafeteria-style restaurants. In the past, Luby's Inc. also owned the Fuddruckers, Koo Koo Roo, and Cheeseburger in Paradise restaurant chains.

      2. City in Texas, United States

        Killeen, Texas

        Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 153,095, making it the 19th-most populous city in Texas and the largest of the three principal cities of Bell County. It is the principal city of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area. Killeen is 55 miles (89 km) north of Austin, 125 miles (201 km) southwest of Dallas, and 125 miles (201 km) northeast of San Antonio.

      3. Mass shooting in Killeen, Texas

        Luby's shooting

        The Luby's shooting was a mass shooting that took place on October 16, 1991, at a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas. The perpetrator, George Hennard, drove his pickup truck through the front window of the restaurant. He shot and killed 23 people, and wounded 27 others. He had a brief shootout with police, refused their orders to surrender, and fatally shot himself.

    2. George Hennard runs amok in Killeen, Texas, killing 23 and wounding 20.

      1. Mass shooting in Killeen, Texas

        Luby's shooting

        The Luby's shooting was a mass shooting that took place on October 16, 1991, at a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas. The perpetrator, George Hennard, drove his pickup truck through the front window of the restaurant. He shot and killed 23 people, and wounded 27 others. He had a brief shootout with police, refused their orders to surrender, and fatally shot himself.

  8. 1985

    1. The Finnish dry cargo ship MS Hanna-Marjut, on its way from Mariehamn to Naantali, sank in hard sea on the open water of Kihti between the Kökar and Sottunga islands of Åland, leading to the drowning of four people.

      1. Ship made to transport unpackaged bulk cargo

        Bulk carrier

        A bulk carrier or bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo — such as grains, coal, ore, steel coils, and cement — in its cargo holds. Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have led to continued development of these ships, resulting in increased size and sophistication. Today's bulk carriers are specially designed to maximize capacity, safety, efficiency, and durability.

      2. Capital and the largest city of the Åland Islands

        Mariehamn

        Mariehamn is the capital of Åland, an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty. Mariehamn is the seat of the Government and Parliament of Åland, and 40% of the population of Åland live in the city. It is mostly surrounded by Jomala, the second largest municipality in Åland in terms of population; to the east it is bordered by Lemland. Like all of Åland, Mariehamn is unilingually Swedish-speaking and around 88% of the inhabitants speak it as their native language.

      3. City in Southwest Finland, Finland

        Naantali

        Naantali is a town in southwestern Finland, and, as a resort town during the summer, an important tourist centre of the country. The municipality has a population of 19,579 (31 December 2021), and is located in the region of Southwest Finland, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) west of Turku.

      4. Municipality in Åland, Finland

        Kökar

        Kökar is an island municipality to the south-east of the Åland archipelago, Finland.

      5. Municipality in Åland, Finland

        Sottunga

        Sottunga is an island municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. The municipality is the smallest when it comes to population in Åland and in Finland, with a population of only 105 (31 December 2021) and covers an area of 342.44 square kilometres (132.22 sq mi) of which 314.41 km2 (121.39 sq mi) is water. The population density is 3.74 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.7/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Swedish, with 88.7% of the inhabitants speaking Swedish as their native language. Sottunga comprises many islands, of which only three, Husö, Finnö and Storsottunga, are inhabited. Storsottunga is usually called Sottunga. There are five villages in the municipality: Finnö, Husö, Hästö, Mosshaga and Sottunga. The highest point of Sottunga is Kasberget.

      6. Autonomous region of Finland

        Åland

        Åland is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland since 1920 by a decision of the League of Nations. It is the smallest region of Finland by area and population, with a size of 1,580 km2, and a population of 30,129, constituting 0.51% of its land area and 0.54% of its population. Its only official language is Swedish and the capital city is Mariehamn.

  9. 1984

    1. The Bill debuted on ITV, eventually becoming the longest-running police procedural in British television history.

      1. British police procedural television series

        The Bill

        The Bill is a British police procedural television series, first broadcast on ITV from 16 August 1983 until 31 August 2010. The programme originated from a one-off drama, Woodentop, broadcast in August 1983.

      2. TV network in the United Kingdom

        ITV (TV network)

        ITV is a British free-to-air public broadcast television network. It was launched in 1955 as Independent Television to provide competition to BBC Television. ITV is the oldest commercial network in the UK. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990, it has been legally known as Channel 3 to distinguish it from the other analogue channels at the time, BBC1, BBC2 and Channel 4.

      3. Subgenre of detective fiction

        Police procedural

        The police show, or police crime drama, is a subgenre of procedural drama and detective fiction that emphasizes the investigative procedure of a police officer or department as the protagonist(s), as contrasted with other genres that focus on either a private detective, an amateur investigator or the characters who are the targets of investigations. While many police procedurals conceal the criminal's identity until the crime is solved in the narrative climax, others reveal the perpetrator's identity to the audience early in the narrative, making it an inverted detective story. Whatever the plot style, the defining element of a police procedural is the attempt to accurately depict the profession of law enforcement, including such police-related topics as forensic science, autopsies, gathering evidence, search warrants, interrogation and adherence to legal restrictions and procedure.

    2. Desmond Tutu is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

      1. South African bishop and anti-apartheid activist (1931–2021)

        Desmond Tutu

        Desmond Mpilo Tutu was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first black African to hold the position. Theologically, he sought to fuse ideas from black theology with African theology.

  10. 1978

    1. Pope John Paul II becomes the first non-Italian pontiff since 1523.

      1. Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005

        Pope John Paul II

        Pope John Paul II was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in April 2005, and was later canonised as Pope Saint John Paul II.

  11. 1975

    1. Indonesian troops kill the Balibo Five, a group of Australian journalists, in Portuguese Timor.

      1. Group of foreign journalists killed by Indonesian forces in Portuguese Timor (1975)

        Balibo Five

        The Balibo Five was a group of journalists for Australian commercial television networks who were murdered in the period leading up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. The Balibo Five were based in the town of Balibo in East Timor, where they were killed on 16 October 1975 during Indonesian incursions before the invasion. Roger East travelled to Balibo soon after to investigate the likely deaths of the Five and was later executed by members of the Indonesian military on the docks of Dili.

    2. Three-year-old Rahima Banu, from Bangladesh, is the last known case of naturally occurring smallpox.

      1. Last known person to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola major smallpox

        Rahima Banu

        Rahima Banu Begum is the last known person to have been infected with naturally occurring Variola major smallpox, the more deadly variety of the disease.

    3. The Australian Coalition sparks a constitutional crisis when they vote to defer funding for the government's annual budget.

      1. Governor-General dismissal of PM Whitlam

        1975 Australian constitutional crisis

        The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, also known simply as the Dismissal, culminated on 11 November 1975 with the dismissal from office of the prime minister, Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, who then commissioned the leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal Party, as prime minister. It has been described as the greatest political and constitutional crisis in Australian history.

  12. 1973

    1. Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

      1. American politician and diplomat (born 1923)

        Henry Kissinger

        Henry Alfred Kissinger is a German-born American politician, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. A Jewish refugee who fled Nazi Germany with his family in 1938, he became National Security Advisor in 1969 and U.S. Secretary of State in 1973. For his actions negotiating a ceasefire in Vietnam, Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances, with two members of the committee resigning in protest.

      2. Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician

        Lê Đức Thọ

        Lê Đức Thọ, born Phan Đình Khải in Nam Dinh Province, was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician. He was the first Asian to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973, but refused the award.

  13. 1970

    1. Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act during the October Crisis.

      1. Canadian legislation which provided the government emergency powers (1914–88)

        War Measures Act

        The War Measures Act was a statute of the Parliament of Canada that provided for the declaration of war, invasion, or insurrection, and the types of emergency measures that could thereby be taken. The Act was brought into force three times in Canadian history: during the First World War, Second World War, and the 1970 October Crisis.

      2. 1970 series of events in Quebec, Canada

        October Crisis

        The October Crisis refers to a chain of events that started in October 1970 when members of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte and British diplomat James Cross from his Montreal residence. These events saw the Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoking the War Measures Act for the first time in Canadian history during peacetime.

  14. 1968

    1. Tommie Smith and John Carlos are ejected from the US Olympic team for participating in the Olympics Black Power salute.

      1. Protest during 1968 Olympic Games

        1968 Olympics Black Power salute

        During their medal ceremony in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City on October 16, 1968, two African-American athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, each raised a black-gloved fist during the playing of the US national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". While on the podium, Smith and Carlos, who had won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200-meter running event of the 1968 Summer Olympics, turned to face the US flag and then kept their hands raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human-rights badges on their jackets.

    2. Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney riots, inspired by the barring of Walter Rodney from the country.

      1. 1968 civil unrest in Kingston, Jamaica

        Rodney riots

        The Rodney riots were riots and civil disturbances in Kingston, Jamaica in October 1968.

      2. Guyanese politician, activist and historian

        Walter Rodney

        Walter Anthony Rodney was a Guyanese historian, political activist and academic. His notable works include How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, first published in 1972. Rodney was assassinated in Georgetown, Guyana, in 1980.

    3. Yasunari Kawabata becomes the first Japanese person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

      1. Japanese author

        Yasunari Kawabata

        Yasunari Kawabata was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.

  15. 1964

    1. With the success of Project 596, China became the world's fifth nuclear power.

      1. First Chinese nuclear test, 1964

        Project 596

        Project 596, was the first nuclear weapons test conducted by the People's Republic of China, detonated on 16 October 1964, at the Lop Nur test site. It was a uranium-235 implosion fission device made from weapons-grade uranium (U-235) enriched in a gaseous diffusion plant in Lanzhou.

    2. China detonates its first nuclear weapon.

      1. First Chinese nuclear test, 1964

        Project 596

        Project 596, was the first nuclear weapons test conducted by the People's Republic of China, detonated on 16 October 1964, at the Lop Nur test site. It was a uranium-235 implosion fission device made from weapons-grade uranium (U-235) enriched in a gaseous diffusion plant in Lanzhou.

    3. Leonid Brezhnev becomes leader of the Soviet Communist Party, while Alexei Kosygin becomes the head of government.

      1. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982

        Leonid Brezhnev

        Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was a Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1982 and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet between 1960 and 1964 and again between 1977 and 1982. His 18-year term as General Secretary was second only to Joseph Stalin's in duration. Brezhnev's tenure as General Secretary remains debated by historians; while his rule was characterised by political stability and significant foreign policy successes, it was also marked by corruption, inefficiency, economic stagnation, and rapidly growing technological gaps with the West.

      2. Soviet politician (1904–1980)

        Alexei Kosygin

        Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1980 and was one of the most influential Soviet policymakers in the mid-1960s along with General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev.

  16. 1962

    1. Cuban Missile Crisis begins: U.S. President John F. Kennedy is informed of photos taken on October 14 by a U-2 showing nuclear missiles (the crisis will last for 13 days starting from this point).

      1. 1962 confrontation between the U.S. and Soviet Union over ballistic missiles in Cuba

        Cuban Missile Crisis

        The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis [of 1962] in Cuba, the Caribbean Crisis in Russia, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, which escalated into an international crisis when American deployments of missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of similar ballistic missiles in Cuba. Despite the short time frame, the Cuban Missile Crisis remains a defining moment in national security and nuclear war preparation. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.

  17. 1953

    1. Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro delivers his "History Will Absolve Me" speech, and is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment by the Fulgencio Batista government for leading an attack on the Moncada Barracks.

      1. Island country in the Caribbean

        Cuba

        Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) but a total of 350,730 km² including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.

      2. Leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2011

        Fidel Castro

        Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.

      3. Speech made by Fidel Castro in his trial in 1953

        History Will Absolve Me

        History Will Absolve Me is the title of a two-hour speech made by Fidel Castro on 16 October 1953. Castro made the speech in his own defense in court against the charges brought against him after he led an attack on the Moncada Barracks in Cuba. He reconstructed his allegation in court later in prison, and added phrases and facts that he did not say in court, including History Will Absolve Me. In fact, his last words spoken in court were: "History will definitely tell it all". The speech later became the manifesto of his 26th of July Movement.

      4. President of Cuba, 1940–1944; dictator, 1952–1959 (1901–1973)

        Fulgencio Batista

        Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator from 1952 to 1959, when he was overthrown by the Cuban Revolution.

      5. Former military barracks attacked to begin the Cuban Revolution

        Attack on the Moncada Barracks

        The Moncada Barracks was a military barracks in Santiago de Cuba, named after General Guillermo Moncada, a hero of the Cuban War of Independence. On 26 July 1953, the barracks was the site of an armed attack by a small group of revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. The attack failed and the surviving revolutionaries were imprisoned. This armed attack is widely accepted as the beginning of the Cuban Revolution. The date on which the attack took place, 26 July, was adopted by Castro as the name for his revolutionary movement which eventually toppled the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista on 1 January 1959.

  18. 1951

    1. The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, is assassinated in Rawalpindi.

      1. First Prime Minister of Pakistan (1895–1951)

        Liaquat Ali Khan

        Liaquat Ali Khan, also referred to in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Millat or Shaheed-e-Millat, was a Pakistani statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan. On 15 August 1947, one day after independence, Khan became the first prime minister of Pakistan; he also held cabinet portfolio as the first foreign minister, defence minister, and frontier regions minister from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. Prior to the part, Khan briefly tenured as the first Indian finance minister in the Interim Government that undertook independence of Pakistan and India, led by Louis Mountbatten, the then-Viceroy of India.

  19. 1949

    1. The Greek Communist Party announces a "temporary cease-fire", thus ending the Greek Civil War.

      1. 1946–1949 civil war in Greece

        Greek Civil War

        The Greek Civil War took place from 1946 to 1949. It was mainly fought against the established Kingdom of Greece, which was supported by the United Kingdom and the United States and won in the end. The losing opposition held a self-proclaimed people's republic, the Provisional Democratic Government of Greece, which was governed by the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and its military branch, the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). The rebels were supported by Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union.

  20. 1947

    1. The Philippines takes over the administration of the Turtle Islands and the Mangsee Islands from the United Kingdom.

      1. Municipality in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Philippines

        Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi

        Turtle Islands, officially the Municipality of Turtle Islands, is a 5th class municipality in the province of Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 5,683 people. 

      2. Barangay in Mimaropa, Philippines

        Mangsee Islands

        The Mangsee Islands are a group of two small islands in the far south west portion of the Philippines. The group comprises North Mangsee Island and South Mangsee Island. Together they form a barangay within the Balabac, a municipality of the province of Palawan. Based on the 2010 Census, the population of the Mangsee Islands was 8,433. By the time of the 2015 Census, the population has grown into 9,016.

  21. 1946

    1. Nuremberg trials: Ten defendants found guilty by the International Military Tribunal are executed by hanging.

      1. Series of military trials at the end of World War II

        Nuremberg trials

        The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II.

      2. Executions that followed the Nuremberg Trials

        Nuremberg executions

        The Nuremberg executions took place on 16 October 1946, shortly after the conclusion of the Nuremberg Trials. Ten prominent members of the political and military leadership of Nazi Germany were executed by hanging: Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Alfred Jodl, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Fritz Sauckel, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, and Julius Streicher. Hermann Göring was also scheduled to be hanged on that day, but committed suicide using a potassium cyanide capsule the night before. Martin Bormann was also sentenced to death in absentia; at the time his whereabouts were unknown, but it is now thought that he committed suicide or was killed by Soviet troops while attempting to escape Berlin on 2 May 1945.

  22. 1944

    1. A four-day air battle over Taiwan ended with a decisive American victory, destroying hundreds of Japanese aircraft and military facilities.

      1. Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II

        Formosa Air Battle

        The Formosa Air Battle, 12–16 October 1944, was a series of large-scale aerial engagements between carrier air groups of the United States Navy Fast Carrier Task Force and Japanese land-based air forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). The battle consisted of American air raids against Japanese military installations on Formosa (Taiwan) during the day and Japanese air attacks at night against American ships. Japanese losses exceeded 300 planes destroyed in the air, while American losses amounted to fewer than 100 aircraft destroyed and two cruisers damaged. This outcome effectively deprived the Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet of air cover for future operations, which proved decisive during the Battle of Leyte Gulf later in October.

  23. 1943

    1. The Holocaust: The Gestapo conducted a raid on the Roman Ghetto, capturing 1,259 members of the Jewish community, most of whom were sent to Auschwitz.

      1. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany

        The Holocaust

        The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.

      2. Nazi Germany secret police

        Gestapo

        The Geheime Staatspolizei, abbreviated Gestapo, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.

      3. Event in the Holocaust

        Raid of the Ghetto of Rome

        The Raid of the Ghetto of Rome took place on 16 October 1943. A total of 1,259 people, mainly members of the Jewish community—numbering 363 men, 689 women, and 207 children—were detained by the Gestapo. Of these detainees, 1,023 were identified as Jews and deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Of these deportees, only fifteen men and one woman survived.

      4. Jewish ghetto in Rome, Italy

        Roman Ghetto

        The Roman Ghetto or Ghetto of Rome was a Jewish ghetto established in 1555 in the Rione Sant'Angelo, in Rome, Italy, in the area surrounded by present-day Via del Portico d'Ottavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci, Via del Progresso and Via di Santa Maria del Pianto, close to the River Tiber and the Theatre of Marcellus. With the exception of brief periods under Napoleon from 1808 to 1815 and under the Roman Republics of 1798–99 and 1849, the ghetto of Rome was controlled by the papacy until the capture of Rome in 1870.

      5. Aspect of Italian and Jewish history

        History of the Jews in Italy

        The history of the Jews in Italy spans more than two thousand years to the present. The Jewish presence in Italy dates to the pre-Christian Roman period and has continued, despite periods of extreme persecution and expulsions, until the present. As of 2019, the estimated core Jewish population in Italy numbers around 45,000.

      6. German network of concentration and extermination camps in occupied Poland during World War II

        Auschwitz concentration camp

        Auschwitz concentration camp was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' final solution to the Jewish question.

    2. Holocaust in Italy: Raid of the Ghetto of Rome.

      1. Event in the Holocaust

        Raid of the Ghetto of Rome

        The Raid of the Ghetto of Rome took place on 16 October 1943. A total of 1,259 people, mainly members of the Jewish community—numbering 363 men, 689 women, and 207 children—were detained by the Gestapo. Of these detainees, 1,023 were identified as Jews and deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Of these deportees, only fifteen men and one woman survived.

  24. 1940

    1. Holocaust in Poland: The Warsaw Ghetto is established.

      1. Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

        Warsaw Ghetto

        The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November 1940 by the German authorities within the new General Government territory of occupied Poland. At its height, as many as 460,000 Jews were imprisoned there, in an area of 3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi), with an average of 9.2 persons per room, barely subsisting on meager food rations. From the Warsaw Ghetto, Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps and mass-killing centers. In the summer of 1942, at least 254,000 ghetto residents were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp during Großaktion Warschau under the guise of "resettlement in the East" over the course of the summer. The ghetto was demolished by the Germans in May 1943 after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising had temporarily halted the deportations. The total death toll among the prisoners of the ghetto is estimated to be at least 300,000 killed by bullet or gas, combined with 92,000 victims of starvation and related diseases, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the casualties of the final destruction of the ghetto.

  25. 1939

    1. World War II: No. 603 Squadron RAF intercepts the first Luftwaffe raid on Britain.

      1. Global war, 1939–1945

        World War II

        World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.

      2. Force Protection squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force

        No. 603 Squadron RAF

        No. 603 Squadron is a squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force, based in Edinburgh, Scotland. On reforming on 1 October 1999, the primary role of 603 Squadron, was as a Survive to Operate squadron, as well as providing Force Protection.

  26. 1934

    1. Chinese Communists begin the Long March to escape Nationalist encirclement.

      1. Military campaign during the Chinese Civil War

        Long March

        The Long March was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the National Army of the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP/KMT). Strictly speaking, the Long March was a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. However, the most famous began in the Jiangxi (Jiangxi) province in October 1934 and ended in the Shaanxi province in October 1935. The First Front Army of the Chinese Soviet Republic, led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of annihilation by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's troops in their stronghold in Jiangxi province. The CCP, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) over 370 days. The route passed through some of the most difficult terrain of western China by traveling west, then north, to Shaanxi.

  27. 1923

    1. Roy and Walt Disney founded the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in Hollywood; it eventually grew to become one of the largest media and entertainment corporations in the world.

      1. American businessman (1893–1971)

        Roy O. Disney

        Roy Oliver Disney was an American businessman and co-founder of The Walt Disney Company. He was the older brother of Walt Disney and the father of Roy E. Disney.

      2. American animator and producer (1901–1966)

        Walt Disney

        Walter Elias Disney was an American animator, film producer and entrepreneur. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, he holds the record for most Academy Awards earned and nominations by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress and have also been named as some of the greatest films ever by the American Film Institute. Disney was the first person to be nominated for Academy Awards in six different categories.

      3. American multinational mass media company

        The Walt Disney Company

        The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California. Disney was originally founded on October 16, 1923, by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney as the Disney Brothers Studio; it also operated under the names the Walt Disney Studio and Walt Disney Productions before changing its name to the Walt Disney Company in 1986. Early on, the company established itself as a leader in the animation industry, with the creation of the widely popular character Mickey Mouse, who is the company's mascot, and the start of animated films.

      4. Neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, United States

        Hollywood, Los Angeles

        Hollywood is a neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. Its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the U.S. film industry and the people associated with it. Many notable film studios, such as Columbia Pictures, Walt Disney Studios, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., and Universal Pictures, are located near or in Hollywood.

    2. The Walt Disney Company is founded.

      1. American multinational mass media company

        The Walt Disney Company

        The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California. Disney was originally founded on October 16, 1923, by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney as the Disney Brothers Studio; it also operated under the names the Walt Disney Studio and Walt Disney Productions before changing its name to the Walt Disney Company in 1986. Early on, the company established itself as a leader in the animation industry, with the creation of the widely popular character Mickey Mouse, who is the company's mascot, and the start of animated films.

  28. 1919

    1. Adolf Hitler delivers his first public address at a meeting of the German Workers' Party.

      1. Predecessor of the Nazi Party

        German Workers' Party

        The German Workers' Party was a short-lived far-right political party established in Weimar Germany after World War I. It was the precursor of the Nazi Party, which was officially known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The DAP only lasted from 5 January 1919 until 24 February 1920.

  29. 1916

    1. Margaret Sanger established the United States' first family planning clinic in Brooklyn, New York.

      1. American birth control activist, educator, and nurse (1879–1966)

        Margaret Sanger

        Margaret Higgins Sanger, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee, was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

      2. Planning when to have children

        Family planning

        Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, financial situations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction.

      3. Borough of New York City, US

        Brooklyn

        Brooklyn is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings County, in the U.S. state of New York. Kings County is the most populous county in the State of New York, and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, behind New York County (Manhattan). Brooklyn is also New York City's most populous borough, with 2,736,074 residents in 2020.

    2. Margaret Sanger opens the first family planning clinic in the United States.

      1. American birth control activist, educator, and nurse (1879–1966)

        Margaret Sanger

        Margaret Higgins Sanger, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee, was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

  30. 1909

    1. William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz hold the first summit between a U.S. and a Mexican president. They narrowly escape assassination.

      1. President of the United States from 1909 to 1913

        William Howard Taft

        William Howard Taft was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection in 1912 by Woodrow Wilson after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death.

      2. Mexican general and politician (1830–1915)

        Porfirio Díaz

        José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, known as Porfirio Díaz, was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 28 November 1876 to 6 December 1876, 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880 and from 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. The entire period from 1876 to 1911 is often referred to as Porfiriato and has been characterized as a de facto dictatorship.

  31. 1905

    1. Authorities of the British Raj partitioned the Bengal Presidency, separating the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas.

      1. 1858–1947 British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent

        British Raj

        The British Raj was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; it is also called Crown rule in India, or Direct rule in India, and lasted from 1858 to 1947. The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy, called the princely states. The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.

      2. 1905 territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency by the British Raj

        Partition of Bengal (1905)

        The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the British Raj. The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Announced on 19 July 1905 by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, and implemented on 16 October 1905, it was undone a mere six years later.

      3. Administrative unit in British India

        Bengal Presidency

        The Bengal Presidency, officially the Presidency of Fort William and later Bengal Province, was a subdivision of the British Empire in India. At the height of its territorial jurisdiction, it covered large parts of what is now South Asia and Southeast Asia. Bengal proper covered the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. Calcutta, the city which grew around Fort William, was the capital of the Bengal Presidency. For many years, the Governor of Bengal was concurrently the Viceroy of India and Calcutta was the de facto capital of India until 1911.

    2. The Partition of Bengal in India takes place.

      1. 1905 territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency by the British Raj

        Partition of Bengal (1905)

        The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the British Raj. The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Announced on 19 July 1905 by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, and implemented on 16 October 1905, it was undone a mere six years later.

  32. 1882

    1. The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.

      1. Defunct railway in the mid-central United States (1881–1964)

        Nickel Plate Road

        The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, abbreviated NYC&St.L, was a railroad that operated in the mid-central United States. Commonly referred to as the "Nickel Plate Road", the railroad served parts of the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Its primary connections occurred in Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Indianapolis, St. Louis, and Toledo.

  33. 1875

    1. Brigham Young University, the largest religious university in the United States, was founded in Provo, Utah.

      1. Private university in Provo, Utah, United States

        Brigham Young University

        Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah. It was founded in 1875 by religious leader Brigham Young and is sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

      2. City in central Utah, United States

        Provo, Utah

        Provo is the fourth-largest city in Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the largest city and county seat of Utah County and is home to Brigham Young University (BYU).

    2. Brigham Young University is founded in Provo, Utah.

      1. Private university in Provo, Utah, United States

        Brigham Young University

        Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah. It was founded in 1875 by religious leader Brigham Young and is sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

  34. 1869

    1. Girton College (pictured), one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge and England's first residential college for women, was founded.

      1. College of the University of Cambridge

        Girton College, Cambridge

        Girton College is one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge. The college was established in 1869 by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon as the first women's college in Cambridge. In 1948, it was granted full college status by the university, marking the official admittance of women to the university. In 1976, it was the first Cambridge women's college to become coeducational.

      2. Colleges of the University of Cambridge

        The University of Cambridge is composed of 31 colleges in addition to the academic departments and administration of the central University. Until the mid-19th century, both Cambridge and Oxford comprised a group of colleges with a small central university administration, rather than universities in the common sense. Cambridge's colleges are communities of students, academics and staff – an environment in which generations and academic disciplines are able to mix, with both students and fellows experiencing "the breadth and excellence of a top University at an intimate level".

      3. Public collegiate university in Cambridge, England

        University of Cambridge

        The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the world's third oldest surviving university and one of its most prestigious, currently ranked second best in the world and the best in Europe by QS World University Rankings. Among the university's most notable alumni are 11 Fields Medalists, seven Turing Award winners, 47 heads of state, 14 British prime ministers, 194 Olympic medal-winning athletes, and some of world history's most transformational and iconic figures across disciplines, including Francis Bacon, Lord Byron, Oliver Cromwell, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, John Maynard Keynes, John Milton, Vladimir Nabokov, Jawaharlal Nehru, Isaac Newton, Bertrand Russell, Manmohan Singh, Alan Turing, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and others. Cambridge alumni and faculty have won 121 Nobel Prizes, the most of any university in the world, according to the university.

      4. Undergraduate college consisting entirely or predominantly of women

        Women's college

        Women's colleges in higher education are undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting institutions, often liberal arts colleges, whose student populations are composed exclusively or almost exclusively of women. Some women's colleges admit male students to their graduate schools or in smaller numbers to undergraduate programs, but all serve a primarily female student body.

    2. The Cardiff Giant, one of the most famous American hoaxes, is "discovered".

      1. 1869 American archaeological hoax

        Cardiff Giant

        The Cardiff Giant was one of the most famous archaeological hoaxes in American history. It was a 10-foot-tall (3.0 m), 3,000 pound purported "petrified man" uncovered on October 16, 1869, by workers digging a well behind the barn of William C. "Stub" Newell in Cardiff, New York. He covered the giant with a tent and it soon became an attraction site. Both it and an unauthorized copy made by P. T. Barnum are still being displayed. P.T. Barnum's is on display at Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum in Farmington Hills, MI. Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum

    3. Girton College, Cambridge is founded, becoming England's first residential college for women.

      1. College of the University of Cambridge

        Girton College, Cambridge

        Girton College is one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge. The college was established in 1869 by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon as the first women's college in Cambridge. In 1948, it was granted full college status by the university, marking the official admittance of women to the university. In 1976, it was the first Cambridge women's college to become coeducational.

  35. 1859

    1. John Brown leads a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

      1. 1859 effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in Southern states

        John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

        John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by abolitionist John Brown, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. It has been called the dress rehearsal for, or Tragic Prelude to the Civil War.

  36. 1847

    1. The novel Jane Eyre is published in London.

      1. 1847 novel by Charlotte Brontë

        Jane Eyre

        Jane Eyre is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published under her pen name "Currer Bell" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. of London. The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall.

  37. 1846

    1. William T. G. Morton administers ether anesthesia during a surgical operation.

      1. American dentist and physician

        William T. G. Morton

        William Thomas Green Morton was an American dentist and physician who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a surgical anesthetic in 1846. The promotion of his questionable claim to have been the discoverer of anesthesia became an obsession for the rest of his life.

  38. 1843

    1. William Rowan Hamilton invents quaternions, a three-dimensional system of complex numbers.

      1. Irish mathematician and astronomer (1805–1865)

        William Rowan Hamilton

        Sir William Rowan Hamilton LL.D, DCL, MRIA, FRAS was an Irish mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was the Andrews Professor of Astronomy at Trinity College Dublin, and Royal Astronomer of Ireland, living at Dunsink Observatory.

      2. Noncommutative extension of the real numbers

        Quaternion

        In mathematics, the quaternion number system extends the complex numbers. Quaternions were first described by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 and applied to mechanics in three-dimensional space. Hamilton defined a quaternion as the quotient of two directed lines in a three-dimensional space, or, equivalently, as the quotient of two vectors. Multiplication of quaternions is noncommutative.

  39. 1841

    1. The Church of Scotland established Queen's College in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

      1. National church of Scotland

        Church of Scotland

        The Church of Scotland is the national church in Scotland.

      2. University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada

        Queen's University at Kingston

        Queen's University at Kingston, commonly known as Queen's University or simply Queen's, is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Queen's holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, England. Queen's is organized into eight faculties and schools.

      3. City in Ontario, Canada

        Kingston, Ontario

        Kingston is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the north-eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River. The city is midway between Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec. Kingston is also located nearby the Thousand Islands, a tourist region to the east, and the Prince Edward County tourist region to the west. Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many heritage buildings constructed using local limestone.

    2. Queen's University is founded in the Province of Canada.

      1. University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada

        Queen's University at Kingston

        Queen's University at Kingston, commonly known as Queen's University or simply Queen's, is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Queen's holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, England. Queen's is organized into eight faculties and schools.

  40. 1836

    1. Great Trek: Afrikaner voortrekkers repulse a Matabele attack, but lose their livestock.

      1. 1836 conflict during the Great Trek of the Boers

        Battle of Vegkop

        The Battle of Vegkop, alternatively spelt as Vechtkop, took place on 16 October 1836 near the present day town of Heilbron, Free State, South Africa. After an impi of about 600 Matebele murdered 15 to 17 Afrikaner voortrekkers on the Vaal River, abducting three children, King Mzilikazi ordered another attack. The voortrekkers, under the command of Andries Potgieter, repulsed them, but at the cost of abandoning their livestock.

  41. 1834

    1. Most of the Palace of Westminster in London was destroyed in a fire caused by the burning of wooden tally sticks.

      1. Meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

        Palace of Westminster

        The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England.

      2. 1834 destruction of the Houses of Parliament in London

        Burning of Parliament

        The Palace of Westminster, the medieval royal palace used as the home of the British parliament, was largely destroyed by fire on 16 October 1834. The blaze was caused by the burning of small wooden tally sticks which had been used as part of the accounting procedures of the Exchequer until 1826. The sticks were disposed of carelessly in the two furnaces under the House of Lords, which caused a chimney fire in the two flues that ran under the floor of the Lords' chamber and up through the walls.

      3. Memory aid device

        Tally stick

        A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers, quantities and messages. Tally sticks first appear as animal bones carved with notches during the Upper Palaeolithic; a notable example is the Ishango Bone. Historical reference is made by Pliny the Elder about the best wood to use for tallies, and by Marco Polo (1254–1324) who mentions the use of the tally in China. Tallies have been used for numerous purposes such as messaging and scheduling, and especially in financial and legal transactions, to the point of being currency.

    2. Much of the ancient structure of the Palace of Westminster in London burns to the ground.

      1. 1834 destruction of the Houses of Parliament in London

        Burning of Parliament

        The Palace of Westminster, the medieval royal palace used as the home of the British parliament, was largely destroyed by fire on 16 October 1834. The blaze was caused by the burning of small wooden tally sticks which had been used as part of the accounting procedures of the Exchequer until 1826. The sticks were disposed of carelessly in the two furnaces under the House of Lords, which caused a chimney fire in the two flues that ran under the floor of the Lords' chamber and up through the walls.

  42. 1817

    1. Simón Bolívar sentences Manuel Piar to death for challenging the racial-caste in Venezuela.

      1. Venezuelan general (1774–1817)

        Manuel Piar

        Manuel Carlos María Francisco Piar Gómez was General-in-Chief of the army fighting Spain during the Venezuelan War of Independence.

  43. 1813

    1. The Sixth Coalition attacked French forces led by Napoleon in the Battle of Leipzig, the largest conflict in the Napoleonic Wars, with over 500,000 troops involved.

      1. 1813–1814 conflict during the Napoleonic Wars

        War of the Sixth Coalition

        In the War of the Sixth Coalition, sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia of 1812 in which they had been forced to support France, Prussia and Austria joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Portugal, and the rebels in Spain who were already at war with France.

      2. 1804–1815 empire of Napoleon Bonaparte

        First French Empire

        The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815.

      3. Military leader and emperor of France

        Napoleon

        Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.

      4. 1813 battle during the War of the Sixth Coalition

        Battle of Leipzig

        The Battle of Leipzig ; Swedish: Slaget vid Leipzig), also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine. The battle was the culmination of the German Campaign of 1813 and involved 560,000 soldiers, 2,200 artillery pieces, the expenditure of 400,000 rounds of artillery ammunition, and 133,000 casualties, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.

      5. 1803–1815 wars involving the French Empire

        Napoleonic Wars

        The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French invasion of Russia (1812).

    2. The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon in the three-day Battle of Leipzig.

      1. 1813 battle during the War of the Sixth Coalition

        Battle of Leipzig

        The Battle of Leipzig ; Swedish: Slaget vid Leipzig), also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine. The battle was the culmination of the German Campaign of 1813 and involved 560,000 soldiers, 2,200 artillery pieces, the expenditure of 400,000 rounds of artillery ammunition, and 133,000 casualties, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.

  44. 1805

    1. War of the Third Coalition: Napoleon surrounds the Austrian army at Ulm.

      1. 1805 battle during the War of the Third Coalition

        Battle of Ulm

        The Battle of Ulm on 16–19 October 1805 was a series of skirmishes, at the end of the Ulm Campaign, which allowed Napoleon I to trap an entire Austrian army under the command of Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich with minimal losses and to force its surrender near Ulm in the Electorate of Bavaria.

  45. 1793

    1. War of the First Coalition: The two-day Battle of Wattignies concluded, with Jean-Baptiste Jourdan leading French forces to victory over Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

      1. 1792–1797 set of battles between the French revolutionaries and the neighbouring monarchies

        War of the First Coalition

        The War of the First Coalition was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it. They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement; each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred.

      2. 1793 battle during the War of the First Coalition

        Battle of Wattignies

        The Battle of Wattignies saw a French army commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan attack a Coalition army directed by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After two days of combat Jourdan's troops compelled the Habsburg covering force led by François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt to withdraw. The War of the First Coalition victory allowed the French to raise the siege of Maubeuge. At a time when failed generals were often executed or imprisoned, Jourdan had to endure interference from Lazare Carnot from the Committee of Public Safety. The village, renamed Wattignies-la-Victoire in honor of the important success, is located 9 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Maubeuge.

      3. French Marshal

        Jean-Baptiste Jourdan

        Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Count Jourdan, was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire by Emperor Napoleon I in 1804. He was also a Jacobin politician during the Directory phase of the French Revolution, serving as member of the Council of Five Hundred between 1797 and 1799.

      4. 18th-century Austrian nobleman and military general

        Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

        Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was an Austrian nobleman and military general.

    2. Marie Antoinette, queen consort of Louis XVI, was guillotined at the Place de la Révolution in Paris at the height of the French Revolution.

      1. Queen of France from 1774 to 1792

        Marie Antoinette

        Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen.

      2. Wife of a reigning king

        Queen consort

        A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as regent.

      3. King of France from 1774 to 1792

        Louis XVI

        Louis XVI was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months just before he was executed by guillotine. He was the son of Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir-apparent of King Louis XV, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. When his father died in 1765, he became the new Dauphin. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he became King of France and Navarre, reigning as such until 4 September 1791, when he received the title of King of the French, continuing to reign as such until the monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792.

      4. Apparatus designed for carrying out executions by beheading

        Guillotine

        A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass so that the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.

      5. Public square in Paris, France

        Place de la Concorde

        The Place de la Concorde is one of the major public squares in Paris, France. Measuring 7.6 ha in area, it is the largest square in the French capital. It is located in the city's eighth arrondissement, at the eastern end of the Champs-Élysées.

      6. Revolution in France from 1789 to 1799

        French Revolution

        The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.

    3. French Revolution: Queen Marie Antoinette is executed.

      1. Queen of France from 1774 to 1792

        Marie Antoinette

        Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen.

    4. War of the First Coalition: French victory at the Battle of Wattignies forces Austria to raise the siege of Maubeuge.

      1. 1793 battle during the War of the First Coalition

        Battle of Wattignies

        The Battle of Wattignies saw a French army commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan attack a Coalition army directed by Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After two days of combat Jourdan's troops compelled the Habsburg covering force led by François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt to withdraw. The War of the First Coalition victory allowed the French to raise the siege of Maubeuge. At a time when failed generals were often executed or imprisoned, Jourdan had to endure interference from Lazare Carnot from the Committee of Public Safety. The village, renamed Wattignies-la-Victoire in honor of the important success, is located 9 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Maubeuge.

  46. 1780

    1. American Revolutionary War: The British-led Royalton raid is the last Native American raid on New England.

      1. British-Indian military raid during the American War of Independence

        Royalton raid

        The Royalton raid was a British-led Indian raid in 1780 against various towns along the White River Valley in the Vermont Republic, and was part of the American Revolutionary War. It was the last major Indian raid in New England.

    2. The Great Hurricane of 1780 finishes after its sixth day, killing between 20,000 and 24,000 residents of the Lesser Antilles.

      1. Category 5 Atlantic hurricane

        Great Hurricane of 1780

        The Great Hurricane of 1780 was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record. An estimated 22,000 people died throughout the Lesser Antilles when the storm passed through the islands from October 10 to October 16. Specifics on the hurricane's track and strength are unknown, as the official Atlantic hurricane database only goes back to 1851.

  47. 1736

    1. Mathematician William Whiston's predicted comet fails to strike the Earth.

      1. English theologian, historian, translator and mathematician (1667–1752)

        William Whiston

        William Whiston was an English theologian, historian, natural philosopher, and mathematician, a leading figure in the popularisation of the ideas of Isaac Newton. He is now probably best known for helping to instigate the Longitude Act in 1714 and his important translations of the Antiquities of the Jews and other works by Josephus. He was a prominent exponent of Arianism and wrote A New Theory of the Earth.

  48. 1590

    1. Prince Gesualdo of Venosa murders his wife and her lover.

      1. Italian prince, composer and murderer (1566–1613)

        Carlo Gesualdo

        Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa was Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza. As a composer he is known for writing madrigals and pieces of sacred music that use a chromatic language not heard again until the late 19th century. He is also known for killing his first wife and her aristocratic lover upon finding them in flagrante delicto.

  49. 1384

    1. Jadwiga (pictured) was officially crowned as "King of Poland" instead of "Queen" to reflect the fact that she was a sovereign in her own right.

      1. Queen of Poland from 1384 to 1399

        Jadwiga of Poland

        Jadwiga, also known as Hedwig, was the first woman to be crowned as monarch of the Kingdom of Poland. She reigned from 16 October 1384 until her death. She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, and his wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia. Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, but she had more close forebears among the Polish Piasts than among the Angevins.

      2. List of Polish monarchs

        Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes or by kings. During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe.

      3. Female monarch who rules a country in her own right

        Queen regnant

        A queen regnant is a female monarch, equivalent in rank and title to a king, who reigns suo jure over a realm known as a "kingdom"; as opposed to a queen consort, who is the wife of a reigning king; or a queen regent, who is the guardian of a child monarch and rules pro tempore in the child's stead, be it de jure in sharing power or de facto in ruling alone. She is sometimes called a woman king. A princess regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over a "principality"; an empress regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over an "empire".

    2. Jadwiga is crowned King of Poland, although she is a woman.

      1. Queen of Poland from 1384 to 1399

        Jadwiga of Poland

        Jadwiga, also known as Hedwig, was the first woman to be crowned as monarch of the Kingdom of Poland. She reigned from 16 October 1384 until her death. She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, and his wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia. Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, but she had more close forebears among the Polish Piasts than among the Angevins.

  50. 1311

    1. The Council of Vienne convenes for the first time.

      1. Ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church (1311–1312)

        Council of Vienne

        The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Philip IV of France. The Council, unable to decide on a course of action, tabled the discussion. In March 1312 Philip arrived and pressured the Council and Clement to act. Clement passed papal bulls dissolving the Templar Order, confiscating their lands, and labeling them heretics.

  51. 955

    1. King Otto I defeats a Slavic revolt in what is now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

      1. 955 AD battle between the allied Kingdom of Germany and Rani tribe against the Obotrites

        Battle on the Raxa

        The Battle on the Raxa river was fought on 16 October 955 over control of the Billung march between the forces of Otto I of Germany allied with the Rani tribe on one side, and the Obotrite federation under Nako and his brother Stoigniew with their allied and tributary Slav neighbours on the other. The Raxa river is identified with either the Recknitz or the Elde river. The German victory over the Slavs followed up on the August victory at the Lechfeld over the Magyars and marked the high point of Otto's reign.

  52. 912

    1. Abd ar-Rahman III becomes the eighth Emir of Córdoba.

      1. Final Emir of Córdoba (r. 912–929); founder and 1st Caliph of Córdoba (r. 929–961)

        Abd al-Rahman III

        ʿAbd al-Rahmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil or ʿAbd al-Rahmān III, was the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 912 to 929, at which point he founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, serving as its first caliph until his death. Abd al-Rahman won the laqab (sobriquet) al-Nasir li-Dīn Allāh in his early 20s when he supported the Maghrawa Berbers in North Africa against Fatimid expansion and later claimed the title of Caliph for himself. His half-century reign was known for its religious tolerance.

  53. 690

    1. Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire.

      1. Founding empress of Zhou dynasty (r. 690–705); de facto ruler of Tang dynasty from 665 to 690

        Wu Zetian

        Wu Zetian, also known as Wu Zhao or Wu Hou, and during the later Tang dynasty as Tian Hou, was the de facto ruler of China from 665 to 705, ruling first through others and then in her own right. From 665 to 690, she was first empress consort of the Tang dynasty and then, after his death, empress dowager, which had occurred before in China. Unprecedented in Chinese history, she subsequently ruled as empress regnant of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China from 690 to 705. She was the only legitimate female sovereign in the history of China. Under her 40-year reign, China grew larger becoming one of the great powers of the world, its culture and economy were revitalized, and corruption in the court was reduced.

  54. 456

    1. Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire.

      1. General and ruler of the Western Roman Empire (c. 418–472)

        Ricimer

        Flavius Ricimer was a Romanized Germanic general who effectively ruled the remaining territory of the Western Roman Empire from 461 until his death in 472, with a brief interlude in which he contested power with Anthemius. Deriving his power from his position as magister militum of the Western Empire, Ricimer exercised political control through a series of puppet emperors.

Births & Deaths

  1. 2017

    1. Daphne Caruana Galizia, Maltese journalist and blogger (b. 1964) deaths

      1. Maltese journalist and blogger (1964–2017)

        Daphne Caruana Galizia

        Daphne Anne Caruana Galizia was a Maltese writer, journalist, blogger and anti-corruption activist, who reported on political events in Malta. In particular, she focused on investigative journalism, reporting on government corruption, nepotism, patronage, allegations of money laundering, links between Malta's online gambling industry and organized crime, Malta's citizenship-by-investment scheme, and payments from the government of Azerbaijan. Caruana Galizia's national and international reputation was built on her regular reporting of misconduct by Maltese politicians and politically exposed persons.

    2. Roy Dotrice, British actor (b. 1923) deaths

      1. British actor (1923–2017)

        Roy Dotrice

        Roy Dotrice was a British actor famed for his portrayal of the antiquarian John Aubrey in the record-breaking solo play Brief Lives.

    3. John Dunsworth, Canadian actor (b. 1946) deaths

      1. Canadian actor and comedian

        John Dunsworth

        John Francis Dunsworth was a Canadian actor. He was best known for playing the antagonistic trailer park supervisor Jim Lahey on the cult comedy series Trailer Park Boys (2001–2018). His other roles included the mysterious reporter Dave Teagues on the supernatural drama series Haven (2010–2015) and Officer McNabb in the CBC film Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion (2003). He also had extensive experience in regional theater.

    4. Sean Hughes, British-born Irish stand-up comedian (b. 1965) deaths

      1. Irish-British comedian, writer and actor (1965–2017)

        Sean Hughes (comedian)

        Sean Hughes was a British-born Irish comedian, writer and actor. He starred in his own Channel 4 television show Sean's Show and was one of the regular team captains on the BBC Two musical panel game Never Mind the Buzzcocks.

  2. 2016

    1. Calvin Carl "Kelly" Gotlieb, Canadian professor and computer scientist (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Canadian computer scientist (1921–2016)

        Calvin Gotlieb

        Calvin Carl "Kelly" Gotlieb, was a Canadian professor and computer scientist who has been called the "Father of Computing" in Canada. He was a Professor in Computer Science at the University of Toronto.

  3. 2015

    1. Richard J. Cardamone, American lawyer and judge (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American judge

        Richard J. Cardamone

        Richard Joseph Cardamone was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

    2. James W. Fowler, American psychologist and academic (b. 1940) deaths

      1. American scholar of religion

        James W. Fowler

        James William Fowler III (1940–2015) was an American theologian who was Professor of Theology and Human Development at Emory University. He was director of both the Center for Research on Faith and Moral Development, and the Center for Ethics until he retired in 2005. He was a minister in the United Methodist Church. Fowler is best known for his book Stages of Faith, published in 1981, in which he sought to develop the idea of a developmental process in "human faith".

    3. William James, Australian general and physician (b. 1930) deaths

      1. William James (Australian general)

        Major General William Brian "Digger" James was an Australian soldier and military physician who served in the Australian Army during the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

    4. Vera Williams, American author and illustrator (b. 1927) deaths

      1. American writer

        Vera Williams

        Vera Baker Williams was an American children's writer and illustrator. Her best known work, A Chair for My Mother, has won multiple awards and was featured on the children's television show Reading Rainbow. For her lifetime contribution as a children's illustrator she was U.S. nominee in 2004 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. Additionally, she was awarded the 2009 NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature.

    5. Memduh Ün, Turkish film producer, director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1920) deaths

      1. Turkish film producer

        Memduh Ün

        Arif Memduh Ün was a Turkish film producer, director, actor and screenwriter. His film, The Broken Pots, was entered into the 11th Berlin International Film Festival.

  4. 2014

    1. Ioannis Charalambopoulos, Greek colonel and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1919) deaths

      1. Ioannis Charalambopoulos

        Ioannis Charalambopoulos was a Greek Army officer and socialist politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of National Defence of Greece.

      2. Senior member of the Greek cabinet

        Deputy Prime Minister of Greece

        The Deputy Prime Minister of Greece is the second senior-most member of the Greek Cabinet. Despite the English translation of the title, he does not actually deputize for the Prime Minister, rather it is a mostly honorific post for senior ministers, and is usually combined with another senior government portfolio or a coordinating role over several ministries. The post is not permanent, rather it is created on an ad hoc basis, usually for the leaders of junior parties in coalition cabinets, and may be held by more than one person at once.

    2. Allen Forte, American musicologist and theorist (b. 1926) deaths

      1. American musicologist

        Allen Forte

        Allen Forte was an American music theorist and musicologist. He was Battell Professor Emeritus of the Theory of Music at Yale University and specialized in 20th-century atonal music and music analysis.

    3. Seppo Kuusela, Finnish basketball player and coach (b. 1934) deaths

      1. Finnish basketball player/coach and handball player

        Seppo Kuusela

        Seppo Kuusela was a Finnish basketball player, basketball coach, and handball player. At 182 cm tall, he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions, as a basketball player. He was twice voted the Finnish Basketball Player of the Year, in 1959 and 1960, by Finnish sports journalists.

    4. John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, English businessman (b. 1926) deaths

      1. British peer

        John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough

        John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, was a British peer. He was the elder son of the 10th Duke of Marlborough and his wife, the Hon. Alexandra Mary Hilda Cadogan. He was known as "Sunny" after his courtesy title of Earl of Sunderland.

  5. 2013

    1. Govind Purushottam Deshpande, Indian playwright and academic (b. 1938) deaths

      1. Indian playwright and academic

        Govind Purushottam Deshpande

        Govind Purushottam Deshpande was a Marathi playwright and academic from Maharashtra, India.

    2. George Hourmouziadis, Greek archaeologist and academic (b. 1932) deaths

      1. Greek archaeologist (1932–2013)

        George Hourmouziadis

        George Hourmouziadis was a Greek archaeologist and Professor Emeritus of prehistoric archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He led excavations in many prehistoric settlements in Thessaly and Macedonia and in 1992 he started the excavation of the neolithic lakeside settlement of Dispilio in Kastoria, Northwestern Greece. A myriad of items were discovered, which included ceramics, structural elements, seeds, bones, figurines, personal ornaments, three flutes and the Dispilio Tablet. He died on 16 October 2013 in Thessaloniki.

    3. Ed Lauter, American actor (b. 1938) deaths

      1. American film and television actor (1938–2013)

        Ed Lauter

        Edward Matthew Lauter Jr. was an American actor and stand-up comedian. He appeared in more than 200 films and TV series episodes in a career that spanned over 40 years.

    4. Laurel Martyn, Australian ballerina and choreographer (b. 1916) deaths

      1. Australian ballerina

        Laurel Martyn

        Laurel Martyn was an Australian ballerina.

    5. Robert B. Rheault, American colonel (b. 1925) deaths

      1. Robert Rheault

        Robert Bradley Rheault was an American colonel in the U.S. Army Special Forces who served as commander of the First Special Forces Group in Okinawa, and the Fifth Special Forces Group in Vietnam from May to July 1969.

    6. Saggy Tahir, Pakistani-American lawyer and politician (b. 1944) deaths

      1. American politician

        Saggy Tahir

        Saghir "Saggy" Tahir was an American politician who was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. In the 2006 elections, he was re-elected for a fourth term to represent Ward 2, District 9 in his home town of Manchester.

  6. 2012

    1. Frank Moore Cross, American scholar and academic (b. 1921) deaths

      1. American scholar and academic

        Frank Moore Cross

        Frank Moore Cross Jr. (1921–2012) was the Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages Emeritus at Harvard University, notable for his work in the interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, his 1973 magnum opus Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, and his work in Northwest Semitic epigraphy. Many of his essays on the latter topic have since been collected in Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook.

    2. John A. Durkin, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936) deaths

      1. American politician (1936–2012)

        John A. Durkin

        John Anthony Durkin was an American politician who served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from New Hampshire from 1975 until 1980.

    3. Mario Gallegos, Jr., American firefighter and politician (b. 1950) deaths

      1. American politician

        Mario Gallegos Jr.

        Mario Valentin Gallegos Jr. was an American Democratic politician in the U.S. state of Texas. He was the senator from District 6 in the Texas Senate, which serves a portion of Harris County.

    4. Bódog Török, Hungarian handball player and coach (b. 1923) deaths

      1. Bódog Török

        Bódog Török was a Hungarian handball player, coach and sports official. He was the longest serving and the most successful coach in the history of the Hungarian women's national team.

    5. Eddie Yost, American baseball player and coach (b. 1926) deaths

      1. American baseball player and coach (1926-2012)

        Eddie Yost

        Edward Frederick Joseph Yost was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played most of his Major League Baseball career as a third baseman for the Washington Senators, then played two seasons each with the Detroit Tigers and the Los Angeles Angels before retiring in 1962.

  7. 2011

    1. Dan Wheldon, English race car driver (b. 1978) deaths

      1. British racing driver

        Dan Wheldon

        Daniel Clive Wheldon was a British motor racing driver who won the 2005 IndyCar Series Drivers' Championship for Andretti Green Racing (AGR). He won the Indianapolis 500 in 2005 and 2011, and was co-winner of the 2006 24 Hours of Daytona with Chip Ganassi Racing (CGR).

  8. 2010

    1. Eyedea, American rapper and producer (b. 1981) deaths

      1. American rapper

        Eyedea

        Micheal David Larsen, better known by his stage name Eyedea, was an American musician, rapper, and poet. He was a freestyle battle champion and songwriter from Saint Paul, Minnesota.

    2. Barbara Billingsley, American actress (b. 1915) deaths

      1. American actress (1915–2010)

        Barbara Billingsley

        Barbara Billingsley was an American actress. She began her career with uncredited roles in Three Guys Named Mike (1951), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), and Invaders from Mars (1953), and was featured in the 1957 film The Careless Years opposite Natalie Trundy. She then appeared in recurring TV roles, such as The Brothers.

  9. 2008

    1. Dagmar Normet, Estonian author and translator (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Estonian writer

        Dagmar Normet

        Dagmar Normet was an Estonian literary author and translator.

  10. 2007

    1. Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (b. 1921) deaths

      1. British film and television actress (1921–2007)

        Deborah Kerr

        Deborah Jane Trimmer CBE, known professionally as Deborah Kerr, was a British actress. She was nominated six times for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

    2. Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer-songwriter (b. 1981) deaths

      1. Macedonian singer-songwriter

        Toše Proeski

        Todor "Toše" Proeski was a Macedonian multi-genre singer and songwriter. Considered a top act of the local Macedonian and Balkan music scene, Proeski's music was popular across multitude of countries of Southeast Europe. He was dubbed the "Elvis Presley of the Balkans" by BBC News. He died in a car crash on the Zagreb–Lipovac A3 highway, near Nova Gradiška in Croatia, on the morning of 16 October 2007, aged 26.

  11. 2006

    1. John Victor Murra, Ukrainian-American anthropologist and academic (b. 1916) deaths

      1. Ukrainian-American anthropologist (1916–2006)

        John Victor Murra

        John Victor Murra was a Ukrainian-American professor of anthropology and a researcher of the Inca Empire.

    2. Valentín Paniagua, Peruvian lawyer and politician, 91st President of Peru (b. 1936) deaths

      1. Peruvian lawyer and politician

        Valentín Paniagua

        Valentín Toribio Demetrio Agustin Paniagua Corazao was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as President of Peru from 2000 to 2001. Elected President of Congress on 16 November 2000, he ascended to the presidency as incumbent Alberto Fujimori and both his Vice Presidents resigned by 22 November 2000.

      2. Chief Executive of the Republic of Peru

        President of Peru

        The president of Peru, officially called the president of the Republic of Peru, is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of the Armed Forces and Police of Peru. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.

  12. 2004

    1. Pierre Salinger, American journalist and politician, 11th White House Press Secretary (b. 1925) deaths

      1. American Senator and journalist

        Pierre Salinger

        Pierre Emil George Salinger was an American journalist, author and politician. He served as the ninth press secretary for United States Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Salinger served as a United States Senator in 1964 and as campaign manager for the 1968 Robert F. Kennedy presidential campaign.

      2. Senior White House official

        White House Press Secretary

        The White House press secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States federal government, especially with regard to the president, senior aides and executives, as well as government policies.

  13. 2003

    1. Avni Arbaş, Turkish painter (b. 1919) deaths

      1. Turkish painter (1919–2003)

        Avni Arbaş

        Avni Arbaş was a Turkish painter of Circassian descent.

    2. Stu Hart, Canadian wrestler and trainer (b. 1915) deaths

      1. Canadian professional and amateur wrestler, promoter, and trainer (1915–2003)

        Stu Hart

        Stewart Edward Hart was a Canadian amateur and professional wrestler, wrestling booker, promoter, coach, trainer, football player and sailor. He is best known for founding and handling Stampede Wrestling, a professional wrestling promotion based in Calgary, Alberta, teaching many individuals at its associated wrestling school "The Dungeon" and establishing a professional wrestling dynasty consisting of his relatives and close trainees. As the patriarch of the Hart wrestling family, Hart is the ancestor of many wrestlers, most notably being the father of Bret and Owen Hart as well as the grandfather of Natalya Neidhart, Teddy Hart and David Hart Smith.

    3. László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926) deaths

      1. Hungarian boxer

        László Papp

        László Papp was a Hungarian professional boxer from Budapest. He was left-handed and won gold medals in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, and the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia. In his final Olympic competition he became the first boxer in Olympic history to win three successive gold medals. He won 12 of his 13 Olympic fights without losing a round, dropping only one, in his last Olympic final, to American boxer José Torres. There was not another triple gold medalist for 20 years, when Teófilo Stevenson won three, followed by Félix Savón as the third of the three men to accomplish the feat.

  14. 2001

    1. Etta Jones, American singer-songwriter (b. 1928) deaths

      1. American jazz singer

        Etta Jones

        Etta Jones was an American jazz singer. Her best-known recordings are "Don't Go to Strangers" and "Save Your Love for Me". She worked with Buddy Johnson, Oliver Nelson, Earl Hines, Barney Bigard, Gene Ammons, Kenny Burrell, Milt Jackson, Cedar Walton, and Houston Person.

  15. 2000

    1. Mel Carnahan, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 51st Governor of Missouri (b. 1934) deaths

      1. Governor of Missouri, 2000 U.S. senator-elect (1934–2000)

        Mel Carnahan

        Melvin Eugene Carnahan was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 51st Governor of Missouri from 1993 until his death in a plane crash in 2000. A Democrat, he was elected posthumously to the U.S. Senate; his widow, Jean, served in his stead for two years until a special election.

      2. List of governors of Missouri

        The governor of Missouri is the head of government of the U.S. state of Missouri and the commander-in-chief of the Missouri National Guard. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Missouri Legislature,to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.

    2. Rick Jason, American actor (b. 1923) deaths

      1. American actor

        Rick Jason

        Rick Jason was an American actor, born in New York City, and most remembered for starring in the ABC television drama Combat! (1962–1967).

  16. 1999

    1. Jean Shepherd, American radio host, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1921) deaths

      1. American writer and radio host (1921–1999)

        Jean Shepherd

        Jean Parker Shepherd Jr., often referred to by the nickname Shep, was an American storyteller, humorist, radio and TV personality, writer, and actor. With a career that spanned decades, Shepherd is known for the film A Christmas Story (1983), which he narrated and co-scripted, based on his own semiautobiographical stories.

  17. 1998

    1. Jon Postel, American computer scientist and academic (b. 1943) deaths

      1. American computer scientist

        Jon Postel

        Jonathan Bruce Postel was an American computer scientist who made many significant contributions to the development of the Internet, particularly with respect to standards. He is known principally for being the Editor of the Request for Comment (RFC) document series, for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and for administering the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) until his death. During his lifetime he was referred to as the "god of the Internet" for his comprehensive influence; Postel himself noted that this "compliment" came with a barb, the suggestion that he should be replaced by a "professional," and responded with typical self-effacing matter-of-factness: "Of course, there isn’t any 'God of the Internet.' The Internet works because a lot of people cooperate to do things together."

  18. 1997

    1. Charles Leclerc, Monégasque Formula One driver births

      1. Monégasque racing driver (born 1997)

        Charles Leclerc

        Charles Marc Hervé Perceval Leclerc is a Monégasque racing driver, currently racing in Formula One for Scuderia Ferrari. He won the GP3 Series championship in 2016 and the FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2017.

      2. Motorsport championship held worldwide

        Formula One

        Formula One is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The World Drivers' Championship, which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981, has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, which take place worldwide on both purpose-built circuits and closed public roads.

    2. Naomi Osaka, Japanese tennis player births

      1. Japanese tennis player (born 1997)

        Naomi Osaka

        Naomi Osaka is a Japanese professional tennis player. She has been ranked world No. 1 in singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) and is the first Asian player to hold the top ranking in singles. Osaka is a four-time Grand Slam singles champion, with two Australian Open and two US Open titles. Her seven titles on the WTA Tour also include two at the Premier Mandatory level. At the 2018 US Open and the 2019 Australian Open, Osaka won her first two major titles in back-to-back tournaments. She was the first woman to win successive major singles titles since Serena Williams in 2015, and the first to win her first two in successive majors since Jennifer Capriati in 2001.

    3. Audra Lindley, American actress (b. 1918) deaths

      1. American actress (1918–1997)

        Audra Lindley

        Audra Marie Lindley was an American actress, most famous for her role as landlady Helen Roper on the sitcom Three's Company and its spin-off The Ropers.

    4. James A. Michener, American author and philanthropist (b. 1907) deaths

      1. American author (1907–1997)

        James A. Michener

        James Albert Michener was an American writer. He wrote more than 40 books, most of which were long, fictional family sagas covering the lives of many generations in particular geographic locales and incorporating detailed history. Many of his works were bestsellers and were chosen by the Book of the Month Club; he was known for the meticulous research that went into his books.

  19. 1996

    1. Jason Bernard, American actor (b. 1938) deaths

      1. American actor

        Jason Bernard

        Jason Bernard was an American actor.

    2. Eric Malpass, English author (b. 1910) deaths

      1. English novelist, 1910–1996

        Eric Malpass

        Eric Lawson Malpass was an English novelist noted for witty descriptions of rural family life, notably of his creation, the extended Pentecost family. He also wrote historical fiction ranging from the late Middle Ages to Edwardian England, and acquired a devoted readership on the Continent, particularly in Germany, where most of his books were translated.

  20. 1994

    1. Adam Elliott, Australian rugby league player births

      1. Australian rugby league footballer

        Adam Elliott

        Adam Elliott is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a lock and second-row forward for the Newcastle Knights in the NRL.

  21. 1993

    1. Caroline Garcia, French tennis player births

      1. French tennis player (born 1993)

        Caroline Garcia

        Caroline Garcia is a French professional tennis player. She has been ranked in the top 5 in both singles at world No. 4 and in doubles at world No. 2. Garcia is the 2022 WTA Finals singles champion.

  22. 1992

    1. Kostas Fortounis, Greek footballer births

      1. Greek footballer

        Kostas Fortounis

        Konstantinos 'Kostas' Fortounis is a Greek professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or a winger for Super League club Olympiacos and the Greece national team. He was born in Trikala, Thessaly but comes from the nearby village of Sarakina, close to the town of Kalabaka.

    2. Bryce Harper, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1992)

        Bryce Harper

        Bryce Aron Max Harper is an American professional baseball right fielder and designated hitter for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Prior to his arrival in Philadelphia, Harper played for the Washington Nationals from 2012 through 2018.

    3. Stuart Lightbody, Irish badminton player births

      1. Badminton player

        Stuart Lightbody

        Stuart Lightbody is a Northern Irish male badminton player. Lightbody was a social secretary in Ulster University Sports Union. In 2012, he became the runner-up of Irish Future Series tournament in mixed doubles event with his partner Caroline Black.

    4. Viktorija Golubic, Swiss tennis player births

      1. Swiss tennis player

        Viktorija Golubic

        Viktorija Golubic is a Swiss professional tennis player. Golubic has won one singles title on the WTA Tour, two singles WTA Challenger titles, as well as ten singles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit so far. On 28 February 2022, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 35. On 15 January 2018, she peaked at No. 63 in the doubles rankings.

    5. Shirley Booth, American actress and singer (b. 1898) deaths

      1. American actress

        Shirley Booth

        Shirley Booth was an American actress. One of only 24 performers to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting, Booth was the recipient of an Academy Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards and three Tony Awards.

  23. 1991

    1. Shardul Thakur, Indian cricketer births

      1. Indian cricketer

        Shardul Thakur

        Shardul Narendra Thakur is an Indian international cricketer. He is a bowling all-rounder who bats right-handed and bowls right arm medium pace.

  24. 1990

    1. Art Blakey, American drummer and bandleader (b. 1919) deaths

      1. American jazz drummer and bandleader (1919–1990)

        Art Blakey

        Arthur Blakey was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. He was also known as Abdullah Ibn Buhaina after he converted to Islam for a short time in the late 1940s.

    2. Jorge Bolet, Cuban-American pianist and educator (b. 1914) deaths

      1. Jorge Bolet

        Jorge Bolet was a Cuban-born American virtuoso pianist and teacher. Among his teachers were Leopold Godowsky, and Moriz Rosenthal – the latter an outstanding pupil of Franz Liszt.

  25. 1989

    1. Dan Biggar, Welsh rugby player births

      1. Wales and British Lions international rugby union player

        Dan Biggar

        Daniel Biggar is a Welsh rugby union player currently playing for French Top 14 side Toulon as a fly-half. A Wales international, Biggar has also twice been selected to tour with the British and Irish Lions.

    2. Walter Farley, American author and educator (b. 1915) deaths

      1. American writer

        Walter Farley

        Walter Farley was an American author, primarily of horse stories for children. His first and most famous work was The Black Stallion (1941), the success of which led to many sequels over decades; the series has been continued since his death by his son Steven.

    3. Scott O'Dell, American journalist and author (b. 1898) deaths

      1. American writer

        Scott O'Dell

        Scott O'Dell was an American writer of 26 novels for young people, along with three novels for adults and four nonfiction books. He wrote historical fiction, primarily, including several children's novels about historical California and Mexico. For his contribution as a children's writer he received the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1972, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. He received The University of Southern Mississippi Medallion in 1976 and the Catholic Libraries Association Regina Medal in 1978.

    4. Cornel Wilde, American actor (b. 1912) deaths

      1. Hungarian-American actor and film director (1912–1989)

        Cornel Wilde

        Cornel Wilde was a Hungarian-American actor and filmmaker.

  26. 1988

    1. Zoltán Stieber, Hungarian footballer births

      1. Hungarian footballer

        Zoltán Stieber

        Zoltán Stieber is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays as a winger or attacking midfielder for Újpest. Having spent time in a number of Hungarian youth sides Stieber spent four years with the academy of Premier League side Aston Villa before moving to Germany where he worked his way up the league system. He became a regular international player for the Hungary national team including in their Euro 2016 finals squad.

  27. 1986

    1. Nicky Adams, English-Welsh footballer births

      1. English footballer

        Nicky Adams

        Nicholas William Adams is a professional footballer who plays as a winger and wing back for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Radcliffe. Although he was born in England, he has represented Wales under-21 at international level.

    2. Derk Boerrigter, Dutch footballer births

      1. Dutch former footballer

        Derk Boerrigter

        Derk Boerrigter is a retired Dutch footballer, who played most of his career as a winger. He began his professional career with Ajax, but did not make any first team appearances and was eventually loaned to Haarlem. He then played for FC Zwolle and RKC Waalwijk before rejoining Ajax. His final stint was for Celtic, joining the team in 2013 and playing there until retiring following the 2016 season.

    3. Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist and pianist (b. 1921) deaths

      1. Belgian violinist (1921–1986)

        Arthur Grumiaux

        Baron Arthur Grumiaux was a Belgian violinist, considered by some to have been "one of the few truly great violin virtuosi of the twentieth century". He has been noted for having a "consistently beautiful tone and flawless intonation". English music critic and broadcaster, Edward Greenfield wrote of him that he was "a master virtuoso who consistently refused to make a show of his technical prowess".

  28. 1985

    1. Jay Beagle, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Jay Beagle

        Jay Beagle is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played as an alternate captain for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). As an undrafted free agent, Beagle joined the Washington Capitals's organization for the 2007-08 season. He eventually made his NHL debut on February 11, 2009, and joined the team full time during their 2010–11 season. He concluded his tenure with the Capitals after winning his first Stanley Cup, where he became the first player to win the Kelly Cup (ECHL), Calder Cup (AHL), and the Stanley Cup (NHL). Following his Stanley Cup win, Beagle left the Capitals organization and joined the Vancouver Canucks. In July 2021, Beagle was acquired by the Coyotes in a multi-player trade.

    2. Verena Sailer, German sprinter births

      1. German sprinter

        Verena Sailer

        Verena Sailer is a retired German sprinter, who specialised in the 100 metres. Her personal best time is 11.02 seconds, achieved in August 2013. She won the gold medal at the 2010 European Athletics Championships in Barcelona. During her sporting career she was a member of MTG Mannheim.

    3. Casey Stoner, Australian motorcycle racer births

      1. Australian motorcycle racer (born 1985)

        Casey Stoner

        Casey Joel Stoner is an Australian retired professional motorcycle racer, and a two-time MotoGP World Champion, in 2007 and 2011. During his MotoGP career, Stoner raced for the factory teams of Ducati and Honda, winning a title for each team.

    4. Peter Wallace, Australian rugby league player births

      1. Former Scotland international rugby league footballer

        Peter Wallace

        Peter James Wallace is a former Scotland international rugby league footballer who played for the Penrith Panthers and the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL.

  29. 1984

    1. François Pervis, French track cyclist births

      1. French cyclist

        François Pervis

        François "Franck" Pervis is a French track cyclist. He is a former junior world champion in the team sprint and twice European under 23 champion, as well as a seven-time world champion and a holder of two world records. In 2014 he became the first track cyclist to win three individual world titles at one championship, in the keirin, 1 km and sprint.

    2. Rachel Reilly, American talk show host and actress births

      1. American actress

        Rachel Reilly

        Rachel Eileen Reilly Villegas is an American television personality, fashion designer, talk show host, actress, and reality show winner. Reilly appeared in two seasons of the U.S. edition of the reality TV series Big Brother, winning season 13 in 2011. She has also participated in two seasons of The Amazing Race with her husband Brendon Villegas, placing third both occasions. She participated in a third season with her sister Elissa Slater, placing seventh. She has also won Celebrity Fear Factor and Snake in the Grass.

  30. 1983

    1. Philipp Kohlschreiber, German tennis player births

      1. German tennis player

        Philipp Kohlschreiber

        Philipp Eberhard Hermann Kohlschreiber is a German former professional tennis player. The right-hander won eight singles and seven doubles titles on the ATP World Tour and made the quarterfinals at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. He reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 16 in July 2012.

    2. Kenny Omega, Canadian wrestler births

      1. Canadian-born professional wrestler

        Kenny Omega

        Tyson Smith, better known by the ring name Kenny Omega, is a Canadian-born professional wrestler. Omega is an executive vice president of All Elite Wrestling (AEW), in which he also performs. Omega is a former one-time AEW World Champion, one-time AEW World Tag Team Champion, and was one-third of the inaugural AEW World Trios Champions.

    3. Jakov Gotovac, Croatian composer and conductor (b. 1895) deaths

      1. Jakov Gotovac

        Jakov Gotovac was a Croatian composer and conductor of classical music. His comic opera, Ero s onoga svijeta, Croatia's best-known opera, was first performed in Zagreb in 1935.

  31. 1982

    1. Frédéric Michalak, French rugby player births

      1. French rugby union footballer

        Frédéric Michalak

        Frédéric Michalak is a former French rugby union footballer. His early career was spent playing for his hometown team, Toulouse, in the Top 14 and in the Heineken Cup. He moved to South Africa to play for the Sharks in the Super 14 after the 2007 Rugby World Cup, but after just one year with the Sharks he moved back to Toulouse. He has also played over 70 tests for France to date, and is the country's leading Test point scorer, achieving that milestone in 2015. Michalak originally played scrum-half but has played mainly at fly-half. He has appeared in advertisements for companies such as Nike and Levi's.

    2. Cristian Riveros, Paraguayan footballer births

      1. Paraguayan footballer

        Cristian Riveros

        Cristian Miguel Riveros Núñez is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays for Libertad as a defensive midfielder.

    3. Prithviraj Sukumaran, Indian actor, singer, and producer births

      1. Indian actor, film director and producer (born 1982)

        Prithviraj Sukumaran

        Prithviraj Sukumaran is an Indian actor, director, producer and playback singer primarily working in Malayalam cinema. He has also done Tamil, Telugu and Hindi films. He acted in over 100 films in a variety of roles and has received several awards including a National Film Award, three Kerala State Film Awards, a Tamil Nadu State Film Award and a Filmfare Awards South.

    4. Mario Del Monaco, Italian tenor (b. 1915) deaths

      1. Italian opera singer

        Mario Del Monaco

        Mario Del Monaco was an Italian operatic tenor.

  32. 1981

    1. Brea Grant, American actress and writer births

      1. American actress

        Brea Grant

        Brea Colleen Grant is an American actress, writer, and director. She played the character of Daphne Millbrook in the NBC television series Heroes.

    2. Martin Halle, Danish footballer births

      1. Danish footballer

        Martin Halle

        Martin Halle is a Danish retired football player in the defender position. He played for a number of Danish clubs, including FC Midtjylland, AC Horsens, and SønderjyskE in the Danish Superliga championship.

    3. Boyd Melson, American boxer births

      1. American boxer

        Boyd Melson

        Boyd "Rainmaker" Melson is a retired American light middleweight boxer.

    4. Anthony Reyes, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1981)

        Anthony Reyes

        Anthony Loza Reyes is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played five seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He pitched primarily as a starting pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals and Cleveland Indians. Reyes attended the University of Southern California (USC), before the Cardinals selected him in the 15th round of the 2003 MLB draft, and made his major league debut on August 9, 2005. During his playing career, Reyes threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall, and weighed 230 pounds (100 kg).

    5. Moshe Dayan, Israeli general and politician, 5th Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (b. 1915) deaths

      1. Israeli military leader and politician (1915–1981)

        Moshe Dayan

        Moshe Dayan was an Israeli military leader and politician. As commander of the Jerusalem front in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces (1953–1958) during the 1956 Suez Crisis, but mainly as Defense Minister during the Six-Day War in 1967, he became a worldwide fighting symbol of the new state of Israel. In the 1930s, Dayan joined the Haganah, the pre-state Jewish defense force of Mandatory Palestine. He served in the Special Night Squads under Orde Wingate during the Arab revolt in Palestine and later lost an eye in a raid on Vichy forces in Lebanon during World War II. Dayan was close to David Ben-Gurion and joined him in leaving the Mapai party and setting up the Rafi party in 1965 with Shimon Peres. Dayan became Defence Minister just before the 1967 Six-Day War. After the Yom Kippur War of 1973, during which Dayan served as Defense Minister, he was blamed for the lack of preparedness; after some time he resigned. In 1977, following the election of Menachem Begin as Prime Minister, Dayan was expelled from the Labor Party because he joined the Likud-led government as Foreign Minister, playing an important part in negotiating the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.

      2. Israel's foreign ministry

        Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)

        The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs is one of the most important ministries in the Israeli government. The ministry's role is to implement Israel's foreign policy, and promote economic, cultural, and scientific relations with other countries.

    6. Eugene Eisenmann, Panamanian-American lawyer and ornithologist (b. 1906) deaths

      1. Panamanian-American lawyer and amateur ornithologist

        Eugene Eisenmann

        Eugene "Gene" Eisenmann was an American and Panamanian lawyer and amateur ornithologist of German-Jewish ancestry. He had a long association with the Linnaean Society of New York (LSNY) as well as with the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). He was an expert on Neotropical birds.

  33. 1980

    1. Sue Bird, Israeli-American basketball player births

      1. American basketball player (born 1980)

        Sue Bird

        Suzanne Brigit Bird is an American former professional basketball player who played her entire career with the Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) Bird was drafted by the Storm first overall in the 2002 WNBA draft and is considered to be one of the greatest players in WNBA history. As of 2021, Bird is the only WNBA player to win titles in three different decades. She held a front office position for the NBA's Denver Nuggets as their Basketball Operations Associate. She has also played for three teams in Russia. She holds both U.S. and Israeli citizenship.

    2. Timana Tahu, Australian rugby league player births

      1. Australia dual-code rugby international footballer

        Timana Tahu

        Timana James Aporo Tahu is an Australian former professional rugby league and rugby union footballer. He last played for Denver Stampede in the US PRO Rugby competition. A dual-code international representative three-quarter back for Australia's Kangaroos and then the Wallabies, he could also play second-row and played for New South Wales in State of Origin. Tahu started his career in the National Rugby League for the Newcastle Knights, with whom he won the 2001 NRL Premiership before moving to the Parramatta Eels. He then played for the New South Wales Waratahs in the Super Rugby competition. Tahu returned to the NRL with the Eels and then the Penrith Panthers before finishing his NRL career where it started with the Newcastle Knights.

  34. 1979

    1. Johan Borgen, Norwegian author and critic (b. 1903) deaths

      1. Norwegian author, journalist and critic

        Johan Borgen

        Johan Collett Müller Borgen was a Norwegian writer, journalist and critic. His best-known work is the novel Lillelord for which he was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature in 1955. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1966.

  35. 1978

    1. Dan Dailey, American actor, singer, dancer, and director (b. 1913) deaths

      1. American actor, dancer

        Dan Dailey

        Daniel James Dailey Jr. was an American dancer and actor. He is best remembered for a series of popular musicals he made at 20th Century Fox such as Mother Wore Tights (1947).

  36. 1977

    1. John Mayer, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births

      1. American musician (born 1977)

        John Mayer

        John Clayton Mayer is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Born and raised in Fairfield County, Connecticut, Mayer attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, but left and moved to Atlanta in 1997 with Clay Cook. Together, they formed a short-lived two-man band called Lo-Fi Masters. After their split, Mayer continued to play local clubs, refining his skills and gaining a following. After his appearance at the 2001 South by Southwest festival, he was signed to Aware Records, and eventually to Columbia Records, which released his first extended play Inside Wants Out. His following two studio albums—Room for Squares (2001) and Heavier Things (2003)—performed well commercially, achieving multi-platinum status. In 2003, he won the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for his single "Your Body Is a Wonderland".

  37. 1975

    1. Ernesto Noel Aquino, Honduran footballer births

      1. Honduran footballer

        Ernesto Aquino

        Ernesto Noel Aquino Pérez is a former Honduran footballer.

    2. Brynjar Gunnarsson, Icelandic footballer births

      1. Icelandic footballer

        Brynjar Gunnarsson

        Brynjar Björn Gunnarsson is an Icelandic former footballer who last played for KR as a midfielder. Brynjar had previously played for Nottingham Forest, Stoke City, Watford and Reading in England as well as Vålerenga and Moss in Norway and Örgryte IS in Sweden. Gunnarsson is the current manager of HK in the Premier Division of Icelandic football, after helping them to a promotion in his first season with the team.

    3. Jacques Kallis, South African cricketer births

      1. South African cricketer

        Jacques Kallis

        Jacques Henry Kallis is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer. Widely regarded as one of the greatest cricketers of all time and as South Africa's greatest batsman ever, he is a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium swing bowler. As of 2022, Kallis is the only cricketer in the history of the game to score more than 10,000 runs and take over 250 wickets in both ODI and Test match cricket; he also took 131 ODI catches. He scored 13,289 runs in his Test match career and took 292 wickets and 200 catches.

    4. Kellie Martin, American actress, director, and producer births

      1. American actress (born 1975)

        Kellie Martin

        Kellie Martin is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Rebecca "Becca" Thatcher in Life Goes On (1989–1993), Lucy Knight on ER (1998–2000), Samantha Kinsey in the Mystery Woman TV film series (2003–2007), and as Hailey Dean in the Hailey Dean Mystery TV film series (2016–2019).

    5. Vittorio Gui, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1885) deaths

      1. Italian composer

        Vittorio Gui

        Vittorio Gui was an Italian conductor, composer, musicologist and critic.

  38. 1974

    1. Aurela Gaçe, Albanian singer births

      1. Albanian singer and songwriter (born 1974)

        Aurela Gaçe

        Aurela Gaçe is an Albanian singer and songwriter. She is a three-time Festivali i Këngës winner, a three-time Kënga Magjike winner and a two-time Balkan Music Award winner for Balkan's Song of the Year and Best Singer from Albania. She was a judge on the third season of The Voice of Albania.

    2. Paul Kariya, Canadian ice hockey player births

      1. Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1974)

        Paul Kariya

        Paul Tetsuhiko Kariya is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Known as a skilled and fast-skating offensive player, he played in the NHL for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Colorado Avalanche, Nashville Predators and St. Louis Blues between 1995 and 2010.

  39. 1973

    1. Justin Credible, American wrestler births

      1. American professional wrestler

        Justin Credible

        Peter Joseph "PJ" Polaco is a retired American professional wrestler, best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name Justin Credible. He is also known for his earlier stint with the WWF under the ring name Aldo Montoya. Polaco is a one-time world champion, having won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship once.

    2. David Unsworth, English footballer and manager births

      1. English footballer & manager

        David Unsworth

        David Gerald Unsworth is an English football coach and former professional footballer who is currently the manager of Oldham Athletic. Prior to this, he was most recently academy director and under-23's head coach at Premier League side Everton.

    3. Gene Krupa, American drummer, composer, and actor (b. 1909) deaths

      1. American drummer, composer, and bandleader (1909–1973)

        Gene Krupa

        Eugene Bertram Krupa was an American jazz drummer, bandleader and composer who performed with energy and showmanship. His drum solo on Benny Goodman's 1937 recording of "Sing, Sing, Sing" elevated the role of the drummer from an accompanist to an important solo voice in the band.

  40. 1972

    1. Adrianne Frost, American comedian, actress, and author births

      1. American comedian, author, and actress (born 1978)

        Adrianne Frost

        Adrianne Frost is an American comedian, author, and actress. She is best known for her work on Comedy Central's The Daily Show and VH1's Best Week Ever.

    2. Darius Kasparaitis, Lithuanian-Russian ice hockey player and coach births

      1. Lithuanian ice hockey player

        Darius Kasparaitis

        Darius Kasparaitis is a Lithuanian-American former professional ice hockey defenceman. He mainly played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders, Pittsburgh Penguins, Colorado Avalanche, and New York Rangers. He is a four-time Olympian and three-time medalist, winning one gold medal, one silver medal, and one bronze medal. He received the title of Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1992 and was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 2016. His 28 career Olympic games is a record among Russian national team's players.

    3. Kordell Stewart, American football player and radio host births

      1. American football player (born 1972)

        Kordell Stewart

        Kordell Stewart is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons, primarily with the Pittsburgh Steelers. Nicknamed "Slash", he played college football at Colorado. Stewart achieved recognition for the "Miracle at Michigan", a Hail Mary pass he completed to defeat Michigan in 1994. He was selected by the Steelers in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft.

    4. Nick Begich, American lawyer and politician (b. 1932) deaths

      1. American politician (1932–1972)

        Nick Begich

        Nicholas Joseph Begich Sr. was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Alaska. He is presumed to have died in the crash of a light aircraft in Alaska in 1972; his body was never found. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

    5. Hale Boggs, American lawyer and politician (b. 1914) deaths

      1. American politician (1914–1972)

        Hale Boggs

        Thomas Hale Boggs Sr. was an American Democratic politician and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Orleans, Louisiana. He was the House majority leader and a member of the Warren Commission.

    6. Leo G. Carroll, English-American actor (b. 1886) deaths

      1. English actor (1886–1972)

        Leo G. Carroll

        Leo Gratten Carroll was an English actor. In a career of more than forty years, he appeared in six Hitchcock films including Spellbound, Strangers on a Train and North by Northwest and in three television series, Topper, Going My Way, and The Man from U.N.C.L.E..

  41. 1971

    1. Chad Gray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American singer

        Chad Gray

        Chad Gray is an American singer, best known as the lead vocalist of heavy metal bands Mudvayne and Hellyeah.

    2. Paul Sparks, American actor births

      1. American actor (born 1971)

        Paul Sparks

        Paul Sparks is an American actor. He is known for his roles as gangster Mickey Doyle in the HBO period drama series Boardwalk Empire, writer Thomas Yates in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards, mall owner John Breem in the Apple TV+ comedy-drama series Physical, attorney David Tellis in the Starz anthology drama series The Girlfriend Experience, and a recurring role in the limited series The Night Of. Sparks has also starred in the films Deception (2008), Afterschool (2008), The Missing Person (2008), Mud (2012), Parkland (2013), Stealing Cars (2015), Thoroughbreds (2017), and The Greatest Showman (2017).

    3. Frank Cuesta, Spanish television presenter births

      1. Frank Cuesta

        Francisco Javier Cuesta Ramos, also known as Frank Cuesta, is a Spanish adventurer, wildlife veterinary, television presenter, tennis coach, and Youtuber.

    4. Robin Boyd, Australian architect and educator, designed the Domain Park Flats (b. 1919) deaths

      1. Australian architect (1919 - 1971)

        Robin Boyd (architect)

        Robin Gerard Penleigh Boyd was an Australian architect, writer, teacher and social commentator. He, along with Harry Seidler, stands as one of the foremost proponents for the International Modern Movement in Australian architecture. Boyd is the author of the influential book The Australian Ugliness (1960), a critique on Australian architecture, particularly the state of Australian suburbia and its lack of a uniform architectural goal.

      2. Domain Park Flats

        Domain Park Flats is a 20-storey residential building in Melbourne, Australia, completed in 1962. The block was designed by influential architect Robin Boyd CBE, one of the foremost proponents for the International Modern Movement in Australian architecture and recipient of the RAIA Gold Medal in 1969.

  42. 1970

    1. Kazuyuki Fujita, Japanese wrestler and mixed martial artist births

      1. Japanese professional wrestler and MMA fighter

        Kazuyuki Fujita

        Kazuyuki Fujita is a Japanese professional wrestler, mixed martial artist and a former amateur wrestler, currently signed to Pro Wrestling Noah, where he is a one-time GHC Heavyweight Champion. He has most recently fought in Road FC, but is also known for his work in the PRIDE Fighting Championships, K-1, Rizin Fighting Federation, and World Victory Road.

    2. Mehmet Scholl, German footballer and manager births

      1. German footballer

        Mehmet Scholl

        Mehmet Tobias Scholl is a German football manager and former player.

  43. 1969

    1. Roy Hargrove, American trumpet player and composer (d. 2018) births

      1. American jazz trumpeter (1969–2018)

        Roy Hargrove

        Roy Anthony Hargrove was an American jazz musician and composer whose principal instruments were the trumpet and flugelhorn. He achieved worldwide acclaim after winning two Grammy Awards for differing styles of jazz in 1998 and 2002. Hargrove primarily played in the hard bop style for the majority of his albums, but also had a penchant for genre-crossing exploration and collaboration with a variety of hip hop, soul, R&B and alternative rock artists. As Hargrove told one reporter, "I've been around all kinds of musicians, and if a cat can play, a cat can play. If it's gospel, funk, R&B, jazz or hip-hop, if it's something that gets in your ear and it's good, that’s what matters."

    2. Takao Omori, Japanese wrestler births

      1. Japanese professional wrestler (born 1969)

        Takao Omori

        Takao Omori is a Japanese professional wrestler, currently working for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), where he is a one-time Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion and seven-time World Tag Team Champion. He is also part of the All Japan Board of Directors. He has worked in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah) and Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1).

    3. Terri J. Vaughn, American actress and producer births

      1. American actress, director and producer (born 1969)

        Terri J. Vaughn

        Terri Juanita Vaughn is an American actress, director and producer. She is best known for her role as high school secretary Lovita Alizay Jenkins-Robinson in The WB sitcom The Steve Harvey Show (1997–2002), for which she received three NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She later co-starred in the UPN/The CW sitcom All of Us (2003–2005), and TBS sitcom Meet the Browns (2009–2011).

    4. Wendy Wilson, American singer-songwriter births

      1. American singer

        Wendy Wilson

        Wendy Wilson is an American singer and television personality who is a member of the pop trio Wilson Phillips. She co-founded Wilson Phillips with her older sister, Carnie, and childhood friend Chynna Phillips when they were in their teens. Wilson Phillips released two albums in 1990 and 1992 before splitting up. Wendy and Carnie released a Christmas album together in 1993, and an album called The Wilsons in 1997, with their formerly estranged father, Brian.

  44. 1968

    1. Randall Batinkoff, American actor and producer births

      1. American actor

        Randall Batinkoff

        Randall Matthew Batinkoff is an American actor, known for his roles in the films For Keeps, School Ties, and Higher Learning.

    2. Mark Lee, Singaporean actor and singer births

      1. Musical artist

        Mark Lee (Singaporean actor)

        Mark Lee Kok Huang is a Singaporean comedian, actor, television host and film director.

    3. Francesco Libetta, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor births

      1. Italian pianist, composer and conductor (born 1968)

        Francesco Libetta

        Francesco Libetta is an Italian pianist, composer and conductor.

    4. Todd Stashwick, American actor and writer births

      1. American actor and writer (born 1968)

        Todd Stashwick

        Todd Stashwick is an American actor and writer. He is known for his roles as Dale Malloy on The Riches and Deacon on 12 Monkeys.

    5. Elsa Zylberstein, French actress births

      1. French actress

        Elsa Zylberstein

        Elsa Zylberstein is a French film, TV, and stage actress. After studying drama, Zylberstein began her film career in 1989, and has appeared in more than 60 films. She won the César Award for Best Supporting Actress for I've Loved You So Long (2008).

    6. Ellis Kinder, American baseball player (b. 1914) deaths

      1. American baseball player (1914-1968)

        Ellis Kinder

        Ellis Raymond "Old Folks" Kinder was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the St. Louis Browns, Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Cardinals and the Chicago White Sox between 1946 and 1957. Kinder batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Atkins, Arkansas.

  45. 1967

    1. Michael Laffy, Australian footballer births

      1. Australian rules footballer

        Michael Laffy

        Michael Laffy is a former Australian rules footballer with the Richmond Football Club, and was also a contestant on the second season of the Australian version of The Mole where he was revealed as The Mole.

    2. Davina McCall, English television host and actress births

      1. British television presenter

        Davina McCall

        Davina Lucy Pascale McCall is an English television presenter. She was the presenter of the reality show Big Brother during its run on Channel 4 between 2000 and 2010. She also hosted Channel 4's Streetmate, The Million Pound Drop (2010–2015), Five Minutes to a Fortune (2013), and The Jump (2014–2017), as well as ITV's The Biggest Loser (2011–2012), Long Lost Family (2011–present), and This Time Next Year (2016–2019). From 2010 to 2014, McCall presented the Sky One dance competition show Got to Dance. Since 2020, she has been a judge on the ITV musical competition show The Masked Singer, and since 2021, a spin-off of the show, The Masked Dancer.

  46. 1966

    1. Olof Lundh, Swedish journalist births

      1. Olof Lundh

        Olof Lundh is a Swedish sports journalist focusing on reporting on football for TV4. He was involved in the starting of the site fotbollskanalen.se in late 2006, and has been the Publisher of the site between 2008 and 2013. The site is fully owned by TV4. Lundh participates in several of TV4:s different football broadcasts, like Fotbollskanalen Europe, where he between 2014 and 2015 has been the reporter for Premier League and Europa League. He also works with the broadcasts of the Swedish national football team games during the EURO and FIFA World Cup qualifiers. and has been part of broadcasts from Euro 2008, 2012 and 2009, 2015 for U21s and 2013 for women and World Cups for men 2010 and 2014 and for women 2011 and 2015.

    2. Mary Elizabeth McGlynn, American voice actress, singer, and director births

      1. American voice actress

        Mary Elizabeth McGlynn

        Mary Elizabeth McGlynn Blum is an American voice actress, ADR director and singer best known for her involvement in music production in multiple games from the Silent Hill series, and her extensive English-language dubbing of various anime, animated films, and video games, including the critically acclaimed English adaptation of the television series Cowboy Bebop.

    3. George O'Hara, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1899) deaths

      1. American actor and screenwriter

        George O'Hara (actor)

        George O'Hara was an American motion picture actor and screenwriter of the silent film era.

  47. 1965

    1. Kang Kyung-ok, South Korean illustrator births

      1. South Korean manhwa artist

        Kang Kyung-ok

        Kang Kyung-ok is a manhwa artist whose work "It's Two People" was adopted into the film Someone Behind You, she also has work published by Netcomics.

    2. Tom Tolbert, American basketball player and sportscaster births

      1. American basketball player

        Tom Tolbert

        Byron Thomas Tolbert is an American sports broadcaster and former professional basketball player. He played a total of seven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). After retiring from basketball, Tolbert became a radio show co-host on KNBR in San Francisco and NBA commentator for the television networks NBC, ESPN, and ABC.

  48. 1964

    1. Shawn Little, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2012) births

      1. Shawn Little

        Shawn William Little was a political consultant and Ottawa City Councillor in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, for the urban Kitchissippi Ward, consisting of neighbourhoods west of the City Centre. He was born in Ottawa and raised in its Westboro neighbourhood, where he attended Woodroffe Avenue and Broadview Public elementary schools followed by Nepean High School. He earned a bachelor's degree in history and political science from Carleton University, and a diploma in health sciences from Humber College. He wrote articles for the Newswest community paper in its early days. He died in November 2012 while vacationing in Cuba.

    2. James Thompson, American-Finnish author (d. 2014) births

      1. James Thompson (crime writer)

        James Thompson was an American-Finnish crime writer based in Helsinki. He had a master's degree in English philology from The University of Helsinki, where he also studied Finnish, in which he was fluent. He studied six languages. He published four crime novels with the Finnish inspector Kari Vaara as the protagonist.

    3. Patsy Callighen, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1906) deaths

      1. Canadian ice hockey player

        Patsy Callighen

        Francis Charles Winslow "Patsy" Callighen was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 36 regular season and nine playoff games in the National Hockey League. Born in Toronto, Ontario, he played with the New York Rangers.

  49. 1963

    1. Brendan Kibble, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. Brendan Kibble

        Brendan Kibble aka "Wig" is an Australian singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He is best known for his work with Australian bands The Bam Balams and Navahodads and the American bands The Texreys and The Go Wows.

    2. Timothy Leighton, English physicist and academic births

      1. Professor of Ultrasonics and Underwater Acoustics

        Timothy Leighton

        Timothy Grant Leighton is the Professor of Ultrasonics and Underwater Acoustics at the University of Southampton. He is the inventor-in-chief of Sloan Water Technology Ltd., a company founded around his inventions. He is an academician of three national academies. Trained in physics and theoretical physics, he works across physical, medical, biological, social and ocean sciences, fluid dynamics and engineering. He joined the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR) at the University of Southampton in 1992 as a lecturer in underwater acoustics, and completed the monograph The Acoustic Bubble in the same year. He was awarded a personal chair at the age of 35 and has authored over 400 publications.

  50. 1962

    1. Flea, Australian-American bass player, songwriter, and actor births

      1. American bassist (born 1962)

        Flea (musician)

        Michael Peter Balzary, known professionally as Flea, is an Australian-American musician and actor. He is a founding member and bassist of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers.

    2. Manute Bol, Sudanese-American basketball player and activist (d. 2010) births

      1. Sudanese-American basketball player

        Manute Bol

        Manute Bol was a Sudanese-American professional basketball player and political activist. Listed at 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) or 7 ft 7 in (2.31 m) tall, Bol was tied with Gheorghe Mureșan as the tallest player in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

    3. Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Russian opera singer (d. 2017) births

      1. Russian baritone

        Dmitri Hvorostovsky

        Dmitri Aleksandrovich Hvorostovsky was a Russian operatic baritone.

    4. Nico Lazaridis, German footballer births

      1. German footballer

        Nico Lazaridis

        Nico Lazaridis is a former professional German footballer.

    5. Tamara McKinney, American skier births

      1. American alpine skier

        Tamara McKinney

        Tamara McKinney is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from the United States. She won four World Cup season titles, most notably the 1983 overall, the first American woman title holder for a quarter century. McKinney's other three season titles were in giant slalom and slalom (1984). She was a world champion in the combined event in 1989, her final year of competition.

    6. Gaston Bachelard, French poet and philosopher (b. 1884) deaths

      1. French philosopher

        Gaston Bachelard

        Gaston Bachelard was a French philosopher. He made contributions in the fields of poetics and the philosophy of science. To the latter, he introduced the concepts of epistemological obstacle and epistemological break. He influenced many subsequent French philosophers, among them Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Dominique Lecourt and Jacques Derrida, as well as the sociologists Pierre Bourdieu and Bruno Latour.

  51. 1961

    1. Marc Levy, French author births

      1. French writer

        Marc Levy

        Marc Levy is a French novelist.

    2. Randy Vasquez, American actor, director, and producer births

      1. American actor and director

        Randy Vasquez

        Randy Vasquez is an American actor and director.

    3. Scott O'Hara, American pornographic performer, author, poet, editor and publisher (d. 1998) births

      1. American poet

        Scott O'Hara

        Scott O'Hara was an American pornographic performer, author, poet, editor and publisher. He rose to prominence during the mid-1980s for his work in such gay adult films as Winner Takes All, Below The Belt and In Your Wildest Dreams. O'Hara wrote four books: SeXplorers: The Guide to Doing It on the Road, Do It Yourself Piston Polishing , Autopornography: A Memoir of Life in the Lust Lane, and Rarely Pure and Never Simple: Selected Essays of Scott O'Hara, and edited and published the quarterly men's sex journal Steam and the cultural magazine Wilde.

  52. 1960

    1. Guy LeBlanc, Canadian keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2015) births

      1. Musical artist

        Guy LeBlanc

        Guy LeBlanc was a Canadian keyboardist and composer. He led his own progressive-rock band - Nathan Mahl, and had been a member of the British progressive band Camel since 2000. He produced and released his own solo, as well as Nathan Mahl's discs, and had appeared as guest keyboardist on several other releases.

    2. Bob Mould, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births

      1. American musician

        Bob Mould

        Robert Arthur Mould is an American musician, principally known for his work as guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter for alternative rock bands Hüsker Dü in the 1980s and Sugar in the 1990s.

  53. 1959

    1. Kevin Brennan, Welsh journalist and politician births

      1. British Labour politician

        Kevin Brennan (politician)

        Kevin Denis Brennan is a Welsh Labour politician serving as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Cardiff West since 2001. He served as a Minister of State at both the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and the Department for Children, Schools and Families from 2009 to 2010. Brennan held several junior ministerial offices from 2006 to 2009 at the Treasury, Cabinet Office and Department for Children, Schools and Families. In opposition, he served in various shadow ministerial positions from 2010 to 2020 as a Shadow Minister for BIS, Education, and Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS).

    2. Brian Harper, American baseball player births

      1. American baseball player (born 1959)

        Brian Harper

        Brian David Harper is an American former catcher in Major League Baseball who played for teams in both the American and National Leagues during his 16-year career (1979-1995). He most recently served as the hitting coach of the Double-A Erie SeaWolves.

    3. Gary Kemp, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births

      1. English actor and musician

        Gary Kemp

        Gary James Kemp is an English singer, songwriter, musician and actor, best known as the lead guitarist, backing vocalist, and principal songwriter for the New Romantic band Spandau Ballet.

    4. Philip Maini, Northern Irish mathematician at the University of Oxford births

      1. Northern Irish mathematician (born 1959)

        Philip Maini

        Philip Kumar Maini is a Northern Irish mathematician. Since 1998, he has been the Professor of Mathematical Biology at the University of Oxford and is the director of the Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology in the Mathematical Institute.

    5. Tessa Munt, English lawyer and politician births

      1. Tessa Munt

        Tessa Jane Munt is a British Liberal Democrat politician. She served as the Member of Parliament for Wells in Somerset from 2010–15 and had previously served as the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, Vince Cable.

    6. Jamie Salmon, English-New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster births

      1. England & NZ international rugby union player

        Jamie Salmon

        James Lionel Broome Salmon is an English rugby union centre who uniquely appeared in international matches for both New Zealand and England.

    7. Erkki-Sven Tüür, Estonian flute player and composer births

      1. Estonian composer

        Erkki-Sven Tüür

        Erkki-Sven Tüür is an Estonian composer.

    8. John Whittingdale, English politician births

      1. British Conservative politician

        John Whittingdale

        Sir John Flasby Lawrance Whittingdale is a British politician serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Maldon since 1992. A member of the Conservative Party, Whittingdale served as the Minister of State for Media and Data at the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) from 2020 to 2021, having previously served at the DCMS as Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport in the Cabinet from 2015 to 2016.

    9. Minor Hall, American drummer (b. 1897) deaths

      1. American jazz musician

        Minor Hall

        Minor Hall, better known as Ram Hall, was an American jazz drummer active on the New Orleans jazz scene. He was the younger brother of Tubby Hall.

    10. George Marshall, American general and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Defense, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1880) deaths

      1. American army officer and statesman (1880–1959)

        George C. Marshall

        George Catlett Marshall Jr. was an American army officer and statesman. He rose through the United States Army to become Chief of Staff of the US Army under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, then served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under Truman. Winston Churchill lauded Marshall as the "organizer of victory" for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. After the war, he spent a frustrating year trying and failing to avoid the impending Chinese Civil War. As Secretary of State, Marshall advocated a U.S. economic and political commitment to post-war European recovery, including the Marshall Plan that bore his name. In recognition of this work, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.

      2. Leader of the United States armed forces following the president

        United States Secretary of Defense

        The United States secretary of defense (SecDef) is the head of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the U.S. Armed Forces, and is a high ranking member of the federal cabinet. The secretary of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of the president of the United States, who is the commander-in-chief. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a defense minister in many other countries. The secretary of defense is appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council.

      3. One of five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Peace Prize

        The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".

  54. 1958

    1. Roy McDonough, English footballer and manager births

      1. Roy McDonough

        Roy McDonough is an English former professional football player and manager in the English Football League.

    2. Tim Robbins, American actor, director, and screenwriter births

      1. American actor and filmmaker

        Tim Robbins

        Timothy Francis Robbins is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for portraying Andy Dufresne in the film The Shawshank Redemption (1994), and has won an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards for his roles in the films The Player (1992) and Mystic River (2003).

    3. Robert Redfield, American anthropologist of Mexico (b. 1897) deaths

      1. American anthropologist

        Robert Redfield

        Robert Redfield was an American anthropologist and ethnolinguist, whose ethnographic work in Tepoztlán, Mexico, is considered a landmark of Latin American ethnography. He was associated with the University of Chicago for his entire career: all of his higher education took place there, and he joined the faculty in 1927 and remained there until his death in 1958, serving as Dean of Social Sciences from 1934 to 1946.

  55. 1957

    1. Priidu Beier, Estonian poet and educator births

      1. Estonian poet and teacher

        Priidu Beier

        Priidu Beier is an Estonian poet and teacher. He has edited several publications and is also a member of the Estonian Writers' Union and Estonian Literary Society. Between 1984–1990 he was the Head of the Pedagogical arts sector of Tartu Art Museum. In 2007 he presented a poetry collection in Tartu with Kerti Tergem. According to Tartu Postimees, Beier lives like a monk. He teaches art history at the Hugo Treffner Gymnasium in Tartu.

    2. John Anthony Sydney Ritson, English rugby player, mines inspector, engineer and educator (b. 1887) deaths

      1. British Lions & England international rugby union player

        John Anthony Sydney Ritson

        John Anthony Sydney Ritson DSO & Bar, was an English mines inspector and engineer who became professor of mining at Leeds University and at the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London. In his early life he was a rugby union player of note playing international rugby for both England and the British and Irish Lions, and was a member of the first ever English Grand Slam winning side. During the First World War he served in the Durham Light Infantry and later commanded a battalion of the Royal Scots.

  56. 1956

    1. Marin Alsop, American violinist and conductor births

      1. American conductor

        Marin Alsop

        Marin Alsop is an American conductor, the first woman to win the Koussevitzky Prize for conducting and the first conductor to be awarded a MacArthur Fellowship. She is music director laureate of the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra and chief conductor of the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra and the Ravinia Festival. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008 and to the American Philosophical Society in 2020.

    2. John Chavis, American football player and coach births

      1. American football player and coach (born 1956)

        John Chavis (American football)

        Johnny Chavis, nicknamed "The Chief", is an American football coach who is the defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League (USFL). He previously served as defensive coordinator for the Arkansas Razorbacks football team and former defensive coordinator, linebacker coach, and associate head coach at the Tennessee Volunteers football, LSU Tigers football, and Texas A&M Aggies football programs.

    3. Meg Rosoff, American-English author births

      1. American novelist

        Meg Rosoff

        Meg Rosoff is an American writer based in London, United Kingdom. She is best known for the novel How I Live Now, which won the Guardian Prize, Printz Award, and Branford Boase Award and made the Whitbread Awards shortlist. Her second novel, Just in Case, won the annual Carnegie Medal from the British librarians recognising the year's best children's book published in the UK.

    4. Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet, author, and playwright (d. 1992) births

      1. Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah

        Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah was a Bangladeshi poet noted for his revolutionary and romantic poetry. He is considered one of the leading Bengali poets of the 1970s. He received Munir Chaudhury Memorial Award in 1980.

    5. Jules Rimet, French businessman (b. 1873) deaths

      1. French football administrator

        Jules Rimet

        Jules Rimet was a French football administrator who was the 3rd President of FIFA, serving from 1921 to 1954. He is FIFA's longest-serving president, in office for 33 years. He also served as the president of the French Football Federation from 1919 to 1942.

  57. 1955

    1. Kieran Doherty, Irish Republican hunger striker and politician (d. 1981) births

      1. Irish republican hunger striker and politician (1955-1981)

        Kieran Doherty (hunger striker)

        Kieran Doherty was an Irish republican hunger striker and politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cavan–Monaghan constituency from June 1981 to August 1981. He was a volunteer in the Belfast Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).

      2. Political movement for the unity and independence of Ireland

        Irish republicanism

        Irish republicanism is the political movement for the unity and independence of Ireland under a republic. Irish republicans view British rule in any part of Ireland as inherently illegitimate.

    2. Ellen Dolan, American actress births

      1. American actress

        Ellen Dolan

        Ellen Dolan is an American actress.

  58. 1954

    1. Lorenzo Carcaterra, American author and blogger births

      1. American writer of Italian descent

        Lorenzo Carcaterra

        Lorenzo Carcaterra is an American writer of Italian descent. Hell’s Kitchen is the setting for his most famous book, Sleepers, which was adapted as a 1996 film of the same name. In April 2009, he joined True/Slant as a blogger. True/Slant ceased operations on July 31, 2010 after only being open for a little less than a year total.

    2. Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean, Scottish politician, Secretary of State for Scotland births

      1. Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean

        Michael Bruce Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean, PC is a British financier and Conservative politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stirling from 1983 to 1997 and served in the cabinet of John Major as Secretary of State for Scotland from 1995 to 1997.

      2. United Kingdom government cabinet minister with responsibilities for Scotland

        Secretary of State for Scotland

        The secretary of state for Scotland, also referred to as the Scottish secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Scotland Office. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 18th in the ministerial ranking.

    3. Serafino Ghizzoni, Italian rugby player births

      1. Rugby player

        Serafino Ghizzoni

        Serafino Ghizzoni is a former Italian international rugby union footballer, who played the 1st Rugby World Cup in 1987.

    4. Corinna Harfouch, German actress births

      1. German actress

        Corinna Harfouch

        Corinna Harfouch is a German actress.

  59. 1953

    1. Tony Carey, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer births

      1. Tony Carey

        Anthony Lawrence Carey is an American-born, European-based musician, composer, producer, and singer/songwriter. One of his earliest musical experiences was as a keyboardist for Rainbow. After his departure in 1977, he began a solo career, releasing albums under his own name as well under the pseudonym Planet P Project, and producing for and performing with other artists.

    2. Paulo Roberto Falcão, Brazilian footballer and manager births

      1. Brazilian footballer and manager

        Paulo Roberto Falcão

        Paulo Roberto Falcão, or simply Falcão, is a Brazilian former footballer and football manager. He is the current sporting coordinator of Santos.

  60. 1952

    1. Christopher Cox, American lawyer and politician births

      1. American lawyer and politician

        Christopher Cox

        Charles Christopher Cox is an American attorney and politician who served as chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, a 17-year Republican member of the United States House of Representatives, and member of the White House staff in the Reagan Administration. Prior to his Washington service he was a practicing attorney, teacher, and entrepreneur. Following his retirement from government in 2009, he returned to law practice and currently serves as a director, trustee, and advisor to several for-profit and nonprofit organizations.

    2. Cordell Mosson, American bass player (d. 2013) births

      1. Musical artist

        Cordell Mosson

        Cordell "Boogie" Mosson was an American bassist who was a member of Parliament-Funkadelic. He was given a Lifetime Achievement Award Grammy in 2019.

    3. Crazy Mohan, Indian actor, screenwriter, and playwright (d. 2019) births

      1. Indian actor (1952–2019)

        Crazy Mohan

        Mohan Rangachari known professionally as Crazy Mohan, was an Indian actor, comedian, screenwriter and playwright. An engineer by profession, Mohan started writing plays and established his own drama troupe called "Crazy Creations" in 1979. In addition to dramas and tele-serials, Mohan worked as a dialogue writer on a number of comedy films. Mohan had written over 30 plays, worked on over 40 films, having cameo roles in each film, and written 100 short stories. The Tamil Nadu state government in the year 2004, awarded him the Kalaimamani title for excellence in the field of arts and literature.

    4. Glenys Thornton, Baroness Thornton, English politician births

      1. Glenys Thornton, Baroness Thornton

        Dorothea Glenys Thornton, Baroness Thornton, known as Glenys Thornton, is a Labour and Co-operative politician serving as a Member of the House of Lords since 1998. She was a Government Whip in 2008 to 2010 and a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Health in 2010.

  61. 1951

    1. Liaquat Ali Khan, Indian-Pakistani lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1895) deaths

      1. First Prime Minister of Pakistan (1895–1951)

        Liaquat Ali Khan

        Liaquat Ali Khan, also referred to in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Millat or Shaheed-e-Millat, was a Pakistani statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan. On 15 August 1947, one day after independence, Khan became the first prime minister of Pakistan; he also held cabinet portfolio as the first foreign minister, defence minister, and frontier regions minister from 1947 until his assassination in 1951. Prior to the part, Khan briefly tenured as the first Indian finance minister in the Interim Government that undertook independence of Pakistan and India, led by Louis Mountbatten, the then-Viceroy of India.

      2. Leader of the executive branch of the Government of Pakistan

        Prime Minister of Pakistan

        The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan, the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of the House. Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly. The prime minister is designated as the "Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic".

  62. 1950

    1. Károly Horváth, Romanian-Hungarian cellist, flute player, and composer (d. 2015) births

      1. Musical artist

        Károly Horváth

        Károly Horváth was a Romanian-born composer and musician. He spent most of his professional life in Hungarian theatre.

    2. Angry Grandpa, American internet personality (d. 2017) births

      1. American YouTube personality (1950–2017)

        Angry Grandpa

        Charles Marvin Green Jr., better known as Angry Grandpa, was an American YouTube personality. His videos have been featured on HLN's Dr. Drew, TruTV's Most Shocking, Rude Tube, and MTV's Pranked. Over a span of ten years, Green's YouTube channel TheAngryGrandpaShow amassed a total of 4.72 million subscribers and 1.69 billion views. Following prior health complications, Green died of cirrhosis in 2017.

  63. 1948

    1. Alison Chitty, English production designer and costume designer births

      1. Alison Chitty

        Alison Chitty OBE is an Olivier Award winning production designer and set and costume designer, known for her collaborations with Mike Leigh, Francesca Zambello, Peter Gill and Sir Peter Hall. She is also the Director of the Motley Theatre Design Course, a successor to Motley Theatre Design Group. Both organisations included Margaret Harris as one of their founders.

    2. Bruce Fleisher, American golfer (d. 2021) births

      1. American professional golfer (1948–2021)

        Bruce Fleisher

        Bruce Lee Fleisher was an American professional golfer.

    3. Hema Malini, Indian actress, director, producer, and politician births

      1. Indian actress, dancer and politician

        Hema Malini

        Hema Malini is an Indian actress, director, producer, and politician. She is primarily known for her work in Hindi films. Known for starring in both comic and dramatic roles, she is one of the most popular and successful leading actresses of mainstream Hindi cinema. She is known as Dream Girl of Hindi cinema.

    4. Leo Mazzone, American baseball player and coach births

      1. Baseball player

        Leo Mazzone

        Leo David Mazzone is a former pitcher in minor league baseball and pitching coach in Major League Baseball. He worked with the Atlanta Braves' organization from 1979 to 2005 and was the pitching coach for the Baltimore Orioles from 2006 to 2007. He is currently the Special Pitching Advisor for the Furman University Baseball program.

  64. 1947

    1. Nicholas Day, English actor births

      1. British actor

        Nicholas Day (actor)

        Nicholas Patrick Day is an English actor, who is currently the narrator on the Netflix series Myths & Monsters.

    2. Terry Griffiths, Welsh snooker player and coach births

      1. Welsh former professional snooker player, 1979 world champion

        Terry Griffiths

        Terence Martin Griffiths is a Welsh retired professional snooker player and current snooker coach and pundit. In his second professional tournament, he became world champion when he won the 1979 World Snooker Championship. He was the second qualifier to win the title after Alex Higgins achieved the feat in 1972; only Shaun Murphy has done it since, winning the title in 2005. Griffiths defeated Dennis Taylor by 24 frames to 16 in the final. Nine years later, in 1988, Griffiths reached the final of the competition again. He was tied with Steve Davis at 8–8, but lost the match 11–18.

    3. Bob Weir, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births

      1. American musician; member of the Grateful Dead

        Bob Weir

        Robert Hall Weir is an American musician and songwriter best known as a founding member of the Grateful Dead. After the group disbanded in 1995, Weir performed with The Other Ones, later known as The Dead, together with other former members of the Grateful Dead. Weir also founded and played in several other bands during and after his career with the Grateful Dead, including Kingfish, the Bob Weir Band, Bobby and the Midnites, Scaring the Children, RatDog, and Furthur, which he co-led with former Grateful Dead bassist Phil Lesh. In 2015, Weir, along with former Grateful Dead members Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann, joined with Grammy-winning singer/guitarist John Mayer, bassist Oteil Burbridge, and keyboardist Jeff Chimenti to form the band Dead & Company. The band remains active.

    4. David Zucker, American director, producer, and screenwriter births

      1. American film director

        David Zucker

        David Samuel Zucker is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. Associated mostly with parody comedies, Zucker is recognized as the director and writer of the critically successful 1980 film Airplane! as well as being the creator of The Naked Gun franchise and for directing Scary Movie 3 and Scary Movie 4.

    5. Anna B. Eckstein, German peace activist (b. 1868) deaths

      1. German pacifist (1868–1947)

        Anna B. Eckstein

        Anna Bernhardine Eckstein was a German champion of world peace, who trained as a teacher and campaigned for peace across the world. She gathered six million signatures on a petition and, in 1913, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The outbreak of the First World War interrupted her plans but her ideas influenced the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928.

  65. 1946

    1. Geoff Barnett, English footballer (d. 2021) births

      1. English footballer (1946–2021)

        Geoff Barnett (footballer)

        Geoffrey Colin Barnett was an English footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

    2. Suzanne Somers, American actress and producer births

      1. American actress (born 1946)

        Suzanne Somers

        Suzanne Marie Somers is an American actress, author, singer, businesswoman, and health spokesperson. She appeared in the television role of Chrissy Snow on Three's Company and as Carol Foster Lambert on Step by Step.

    3. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. German politician and war criminal

        Hans Frank

        Hans Michael Frank was a German politician and lawyer who served as head of the General Government in Nazi-occupied Poland during the Second World War.

    4. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. German Nazi Party politician

        Wilhelm Frick

        Wilhelm Frick was a prominent German politician of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), who served as Reich Minister of the Interior in Adolf Hitler's cabinet from 1933 to 1943 and as the last governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

      2. List of German interior ministers

        The Federal Minister of the Interior is the head of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and a member of the Cabinet of Germany.

    5. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. German general (1890–1946)

        Alfred Jodl

        Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl was a German Generaloberst who served as the chief of the Operations Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht – the German Armed Forces High Command – throughout World War II.

    6. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. Austrian SS and chief of the Reich Security Main Office

        Ernst Kaltenbrunner

        Ernst Kaltenbrunner was a high-ranking Austrian SS official during the Nazi era and a major perpetrator of the Holocaust. After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in 1942, and a brief period under Heinrich Himmler, Kaltenbrunner was the third Chief of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), which included the offices of Gestapo, Kripo and SD, from January 1943 until the end of World War II in Europe.

      2. Nazi paramilitary organization

        Schutzstaffel

        The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.

    7. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. German field marshal and convicted war criminal

        Wilhelm Keitel

        Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel was a German field marshal and war criminal who held office as chief of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the high command of Nazi Germany's Armed Forces, during the Second World War. In that capacity, Keitel signed a number of criminal orders and directives that led to numerous war crimes.

    8. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. Nazi theorist and war criminal (1893–1946)

        Alfred Rosenberg

        Alfred Ernst Rosenberg was a Baltic German Nazi theorist and ideologue. Rosenberg was first introduced to Adolf Hitler by Dietrich Eckart and he held several important posts in the Nazi government. He was the head of the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs during the entire rule of Nazi Germany (1933–1945), and led Amt Rosenberg, an official Nazi body for cultural policy and surveillance, between 1934 and 1945. During World War II, Rosenberg was the head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (1941–1945). After the war, he was convicted of crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials in 1946. He was sentenced to death and executed on 16 October 1946.

    9. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. German Nazi politician

        Fritz Sauckel

        Ernst Friedrich Christoph "Fritz" Sauckel was a German Nazi politician, Gauleiter of Gau Thuringia from 1927 and the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (Arbeitseinsatz) from March 1942 until the end of the Second World War. Sauckel was among the 24 persons accused in the Nuremberg Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging.

    10. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. Austrian Nazi politician, Reichskommissar of the Netherlands, SS-Obergruppenführer

        Arthur Seyss-Inquart

        Arthur Seyss-Inquart was an Austrian Nazi politician who served as Chancellor of Austria in 1938 for two days before the Anschluss. His positions in Nazi Germany included "deputy governor to Hans Frank in the General Government of Occupied Poland, and Reich commissioner for the German-occupied Netherlands" including shared responsibility "for the deportation of Dutch Jews and the shooting of hostages".

      2. List of chancellors of Austria

        The chancellor of Austria is the head of government of Austria, appointed by the president and viewed as the country's de facto chief executive. The chancellor chairs and leads the Cabinet, which also includes the vice-chancellor and the ministers.

    11. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. Nazi German politician and publisher of the antisemitic newspaper ''Der Stürmer'' (1885-1946)

        Julius Streicher

        Julius Streicher was a member of the Nazi Party, the Gauleiter of Franconia and a member of the Reichstag, the national legislature. He was the founder and publisher of the virulently antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer, which became a central element of the Nazi propaganda machine. The publishing firm was financially very successful and made Streicher a multi-millionaire.

    12. Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial: deaths

      1. German politician and diplomat (1893–1946)

        Joachim von Ribbentrop

        Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop was a German politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945.

      2. Head of the Federal Foreign Office in the Central European country

        Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)

        The federal minister for foreign affairs is the head of the Federal Foreign Office and a member of the Cabinet of Germany. The current office holder is Annalena Baerbock. Since 1966, the foreign minister has often also simultaneously held the office of vice chancellor.

  66. 1945

    1. Stefan Buczacki, English horticulturalist, botanist, and television host births

      1. Stefan Buczacki

        Stefan T. Buczacki is a British horticulturist, botanist, biographer, novelist and broadcaster.

    2. Roger Hawkins, American session drummer (d. 2021) births

      1. American drummer (1945–2021)

        Roger Hawkins (drummer)

        Roger G. Hawkins was an American drummer best known for playing as part of the studio backing band known as the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section of Alabama.

    3. Paul Monette, American author and poet (d. 1995) births

      1. American author, poet, and activist (1945 – 1995)

        Paul Monette

        Paul Landry Monette was an American author, poet, and activist best known for his books about gay relationships.

  67. 1944

    1. Kaizer Motaung, South African footballer and manager births

      1. Kaizer Motaung

        Kaizer Motaung Snr OIS is a former South African association football player and founder of Kaizer Chiefs FC, of which he is chairman and managing director. He was nicknamed "Chincha Guluva".

  68. 1943

    1. Fred Turner, Canadian singer-songwriter and bass player births

      1. Musical artist

        Fred Turner (musician)

        Charles Frederick Turner is a Canadian rock bassist, vocalist and songwriter, and was a founding member of the 1970s rock band Bachman–Turner Overdrive (B.T.O.). He is credited on most B.T.O. albums as "C.F. Turner".

  69. 1941

    1. Tim McCarver, American baseball player, sportscaster, and singer births

      1. American baseball player and announcer

        Tim McCarver

        James Timothy McCarver is an American former professional baseball player and television sports commentator. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1959 to 1980, most prominently as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals where, he was a two-time All-Star player and a member of two World Series winning teams.

    2. Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne, English computer programmer and politician births

      1. British politician, life peer

        Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne

        Emma Harriet Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne is a British politician, who has been a life peer since 1997. She was elected as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Torridge and West Devon in 1987, before switching to the Liberal Democrats in 1995. She was also the Liberal Democrat Member of the European Parliament for South East England from 1999 to 2009. In 2016, she announced she was re-joining the Conservative Party "with tremendous pleasure". In 2017, Baroness Nicholson was appointed as Prime Minister's Trade Envoy for Kazakhstan.

  70. 1940

    1. Barry Corbin, American actor and producer births

      1. American actor (b. 1940)

        Barry Corbin

        Leonard Barrie Corbin is an American actor. He is best known for his starring role as Maurice Minnifield on the television series Northern Exposure (1990–1995), which earned him two consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations.

    2. Dave DeBusschere, American basketball player and coach (d. 2003) births

      1. American sports player (1940–2003)

        Dave DeBusschere

        David Albert DeBusschere was an American professional National Basketball Association (NBA) player and coach and Major League Baseball (MLB) player. He played for the Chicago White Sox of MLB in 1962 and 1963 and in the NBA for the Detroit Pistons from 1962 through 1968 and for the New York Knicks from 1968 to 1974. He was also the head coach for the Pistons from 1964 through 1967.

    3. Ivan Della Mea, Italian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and journalist (d. 2009) births

      1. Musical artist

        Ivan Della Mea

        Ivan Della Mea was an Italian novelist, journalist, singer-songwriter and political activist. His family name was "Della Mea"

  71. 1938

    1. Carl Gunter, Jr., American politician (d. 1999) births

      1. American politician

        Carl Gunter Jr.

        Carl Newton Gunter Jr., was a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1972 to 1992, known for his support of organized labor and his opposition to abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment.

    2. Nico, German singer-songwriter, model, and actress (d. 1988) births

      1. German singer and actress (1938–1988)

        Nico

        Christa Päffgen, known by her stage name Nico, was a German singer, songwriter, actress and model. She had roles in several films, including Federico Fellini's La Dolce Vita (1960) and Andy Warhol's Chelsea Girls (1966). Reviewer Richard Goldstein describes Nico as "half goddess, half icicle" and writes that her distinctive voice "sounds something like a cello getting up in the morning".

  72. 1937

    1. Jean de Brunhoff, French poet and playwright (b. 1899) deaths

      1. French artist and writer

        Jean de Brunhoff

        Jean de Brunhoff was a French writer and illustrator remembered best for creating the Babar series of children's books concerning a fictional elephant, the first of which was published in 1931.

  73. 1936

    1. Peter Bowles, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2022) births

      1. English actor (1936–2022)

        Peter Bowles

        Peter Bowles was an English television and stage actor. He gained prominence for television dramas such as Callan: A Magnum for Schneider and I, Claudius. He is however, best remembered for his roles in sitcoms and television dramadies, including: Rumpole of the Bailey, Only When I Laugh, To the Manor Born, The Bounder, The Irish R.M., Lytton's Diary, Executive Stress and Perfect Scoundrels.

    2. Andrei Chikatilo, Ukrainian-Russian serial killer (d. 1994) births

      1. Soviet serial killer (1936–1994)

        Andrei Chikatilo

        Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo was a Soviet serial killer nicknamed The Butcher of Rostov, The Rostov Ripper, and The Red Ripper who sexually assaulted, murdered, and mutilated at least fifty-two women and children between 1978 and 1990 in the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the Uzbek SSR. Chikatilo confessed to fifty-six murders and was tried for fifty-three of them in April 1992. He was convicted and sentenced to death for fifty-two of these murders in October 1992, although the Supreme Court of Russia ruled in 1993 that insufficient evidence existed to prove his guilt in nine of those killings. Chikatilo was executed by gunshot in February 1994.

    3. Mladen Koščak, Croatian footballer (d. 1997) births

      1. Croatian footballer

        Mladen Koščak

        Mladen Košćak was a Croatian footballer.

    4. Akira Machida, Japanese lawyer and judge, 15th Chief Justice of Japan (d. 2015) births

      1. Akira Machida

        Akira Machida was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan from 2002 to 2006.

      2. Chief Justice of Japan

        The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Japan and is the head of the judicial branch of the Japanese government.

    5. Effie Adelaide Rowlands, British writer (b. 1859) deaths

      1. British novelist

        Effie Adelaide Rowlands

        Effie Adelaide Maria Henderson was a British novelist, better known under the pen names Effie Adelaide Rowlands, E. Maria Albanesi and Madame Albanesi. She was the author of more than 250 romance novels and short-stories for magazines and newspapers.

  74. 1934

    1. Peter Ashdown, English race car driver births

      1. Peter Ashdown

        Peter Hawthorn Ashdown is a former motor racing driver. He drove in a single Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, racing a Cooper.

  75. 1933

    1. Nobuyo Ōyama, Japanese voice actress births

      1. Japanese actress

        Nobuyo Ōyama

        Nobuyo Ōyama , born Nobuyo Yamashita , is a former Japanese actress, voice actress and singer affiliated with Actors Seven. She is best known for playing the title character in the long-running Doraemon anime series. She is also well known as the voice of Monokuma, the main villain from the Danganronpa video-game series. She played him in both the video games and in the anime series Danganronpa: The Animation.

  76. 1932

    1. John Grant, English journalist and politician (d. 2000) births

      1. British politician

        John Grant (British politician)

        John Douglas Grant was British politician who served as an MP of the United Kingdom parliament from 1970 to 1983. He was as a member of the Labour Party until he left in 1981 to join the new Social Democratic Party (SDP). He represented Islington East from 1970 to 1974 and Islington Central from 1974 to 1983.

    2. Henry Lewis, American bassist and conductor (d. 1996) births

      1. American conductor

        Henry Lewis (musician)

        Henry Jay Lewis was an American double-bassist and orchestral conductor whose career extended over four decades. A child prodigy, he joined the Los Angeles Philharmonic at age 16, becoming the first African-American instrumentalist in a major symphony orchestra and, later, the first African-American symphony orchestra conductor in the United States. As musical director of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra, he supported America's cultural diplomacy initiatives in Europe after World War II.

    3. Lucien Paiement, Canadian physician and politician (d. 2013) births

      1. Lucien Paiement

        Lucien Paiement was a doctor, municipal politician and owner of racehorses in the Canadian province of Quebec.

  77. 1931

    1. Charles Colson, American lawyer and politician (d. 2012) births

      1. American attorney and author

        Charles Colson

        Charles Wendell Colson, generally referred to as Chuck Colson, was an American attorney and political advisor who served as Special Counsel to President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1970. Once known as President Nixon's "hatchet man", Colson gained notoriety at the height of the Watergate scandal, for being named as one of the Watergate Seven, and also for pleading guilty to obstruction of justice for attempting to defame Pentagon Papers defendant Daniel Ellsberg. In 1974, he served seven months in the federal Maxwell Prison in Alabama, as the first member of the Nixon administration to be incarcerated for Watergate-related charges.

    2. Valery Klimov, Ukrainian-Russian violinist and educator (d. 2022) births

      1. Valery Klimov (violinist)

        Valery Klimov was a Russian violinist.

    3. Rosa Rosal, Filipino actress births

      1. Filipina actress

        Rosa Rosal

        Florence Danon Gayda, better known as Rosa Rosal, is a FAMAS award-winning Filipina film actress dubbed as the "original femme fatale of Philippine cinema." She is also known for her work with the Philippine Red Cross. For her humanitarian activities, she received the 1999 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service, an award widely considered as Asia's Nobel Prize. She is the mother of TV host Toni Rose Gayda.

    4. P. W. Underwood, American football player and coach (d. 2013) births

      1. American football player and coach (1931–2013)

        P. W. Underwood

        Phillip Wayne "Bear" Underwood, known as P. W. Underwood, was an American gridiron football player and coach. He was the head coach of the Southern Miss Golden Eagles from 1969 to 1974.

  78. 1930

    1. John Polkinghorne, English physicist, theologian and priest (d. 2021) births

      1. Physicist and priest (1930–2021)

        John Polkinghorne

        John Charlton Polkinghorne was an English theoretical physicist, theologian, and Anglican priest. A prominent and leading voice explaining the relationship between science and religion, he was professor of mathematical physics at the University of Cambridge from 1968 to 1979, when he resigned his chair to study for the priesthood, becoming an ordained Anglican priest in 1982. He served as the president of Queens' College, Cambridge, from 1988 until 1996.

    2. Carmen Sevilla, Spanish actress births

      1. Spanish actress

        Carmen Sevilla

        María del Carmen García Galisteo MML, in Seville, Spain, known professionally as Carmen Sevilla, is a retired Spanish actress, singer and dancer. She began her career in the 1940s and became one of the most popular and highest paid stars of Spanish cinema until the 1970s. In 1991, at the age of sixty, she began her career as a television presenter working for the three major Spanish networks until her retirement in 2010.

  79. 1929

    1. Fernanda Montenegro, Brazilian actress births

      1. Brazilian actress

        Fernanda Montenegro

        Arlette Pinheiro Esteves Torres ONM, known by her stage name Fernanda Montenegro, is a Brazilian stage, television and film actress. Considered by many the greatest Brazilian actress of all time, she is often referred to as the grande dame of Brazilian theater, cinema, and performing arts. She is the first, and to date the only, Brazilian nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She is also the first and only actress nominated for an Academy Award for a performance in a Portuguese language film, for her work in Central Station (1998). In addition, she was the first Brazilian to win the International Emmy in the category of Best Actress for her performance in Sweet Mother (2013).

  80. 1928

    1. Mary Daly, American philosopher and theologian (d. 2010) births

      1. American feminist philosopher and theologian (1928–2010)

        Mary Daly

        Mary Daly was an American radical feminist philosopher and theologian. Daly, who described herself as a "radical lesbian feminist", taught at the Jesuit-run Boston College for 33 years. Once a practicing Roman Catholic, she had disavowed Christianity by the early 1970s. Daly retired from Boston College in 1999, after violating university policy by refusing to allow male students in her advanced women's studies classes. She allowed male students in her introductory class and privately tutored those who wanted to take advanced classes.

    2. Ann Morgan Guilbert, American actress (d. 2016) births

      1. American actress (1928-2016)

        Ann Morgan Guilbert

        Ann Morgan Guilbert, sometimes credited as Ann Guilbert, was an American television and film actress and comedian who portrayed a number of roles from the 1950s on, most notably as Millie Helper in 61 episodes of the early 1960s sitcom The Dick Van Dyke Show, and later Yetta Rosenberg, Fran Fine's doddering grandmother, in 56 episodes of the 1990s sitcom The Nanny.

  81. 1927

    1. Günter Grass, German novelist, poet, playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015) births

      1. German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, and sculptor

        Günter Grass

        Günter Wilhelm Grass was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor, and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Literature

        The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.

  82. 1926

    1. Charles Dolan, American businessman, founded Cablevision and HBO births

      1. American billionaire businessman (born 1926)

        Charles Dolan

        Charles Francis Dolan is an American billionaire businessman, best known as founder of Cablevision and HBO. Today, Dolan controls Madison Square Garden Sports, MSG Networks, Madison Square Garden Entertainment, Madison Square Garden, MSG Sphere at The Venetian, MSG Sphere London, Radio City Music Hall, BBC America and AMC Networks. As of October 2021, his net worth was estimated at US$5.6 billion.

      2. Former American cable television company

        Cablevision

        Cablevision Systems Corporation was an American cable television company with systems serving areas surrounding New York City. It was the fifth-largest cable provider and ninth-largest television provider in the United States. Throughout its existence and in its final years, Cablevision exclusively served customers residing in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and a small part of Pennsylvania. However, at one time it provided service in as many as 19 states. Cablevision also offered high-speed Internet connections, digital cable, and VoIP phone service through its Optimum brand name. Cablevision also offered a WiFi-only mobile phone service dubbed Freewheel.

      3. American pay television network

        HBO

        Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium television network, which is the flagship property of namesake parent subsidiary Home Box Office, Inc., itself a unit owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The overall Home Box Office business unit is based at Warner Bros. Discovery's corporate headquarters inside 30 Hudson Yards in Manhattan's West Side district. Programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television programs as well as made-for-cable movies, documentaries, occasional comedy and concert specials, and periodic interstitial programs.

  83. 1925

    1. Daniel J. Evans, American politician, 16th Governor of Washington births

      1. 16th governor of Washington

        Daniel J. Evans

        Daniel Jackson Evans is an American politician who served as the 16th governor of Washington from 1965 to 1977, and as United States senator representing Washington State from 1983 to 1989.

      2. List of governors of Washington

        The governor of Washington is the head of government of Washington and commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The officeholder has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Washington Legislature and line-item veto power to cancel specific provisions in spending bills. The Washington governor may also convene the legislature on "extraordinary occasions".

    2. Angela Lansbury, English-American actress, singer, and producer (d. 2022) births

      1. Actress and singer (1925–2022)

        Angela Lansbury

        Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury was an Irish-British and American film, stage, and television actress. Her career spanned eight decades, much of it in the United States, and her work received a great deal of international attention. At the time of her death, she was one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema. Lansbury received many accolades throughout her career, including six Tony Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, a Laurence Olivier Award, and the Academy Honorary Award, in addition to nominations for three Academy Awards, eighteen Primetime Emmy Awards, and a Grammy Award. In 2014, Queen Elizabeth II appointed Lansbury Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

  84. 1924

    1. Gerard Parkes, Irish-Canadian actor (d. 2014) births

      1. Irish-Canadian actor

        Gerard Parkes

        Gerard Parkes was an Irish-Canadian actor. He was born in Dublin, and moved to Toronto in 1956. He is known for playing "Doc" on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television series Fraggle Rock and the bartender in the film The Boondock Saints and its sequel The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day.

  85. 1923

    1. Linda Darnell, American actress (d. 1965) births

      1. American actress

        Linda Darnell

        Linda Darnell was an American actress. Darnell progressed from modeling as a child to acting in theater and film. At the encouragement of her mother, she made her first film in 1939, and appeared in supporting roles in big-budget films for 20th Century Fox throughout the 1940s. She co-starred with Tyrone Power in adventure films, and established a main character career after her role in Forever Amber (1947). She won critical acclaim for her work in Unfaithfully Yours (1948) and A Letter to Three Wives (1949).

    2. Bert Kaempfert, German conductor and composer (d. 1980) births

      1. German composer (1923–1980)

        Bert Kaempfert

        Bert Kaempfert was a German orchestra leader, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, arranger, and composer. He made easy listening and jazz-oriented records and wrote the music for a number of well-known songs, including "Strangers in the Night", “Danke Schoen” and "Moon Over Naples".

    3. Bill McLaren, Scottish rugby player and sportscaster (d. 2010) births

      1. Scottish rugby union player, sports broadcaster & journalist

        Bill McLaren

        William Pollock McLaren was a Scottish rugby union commentator, teacher, journalist and one time rugby player. Known as 'the voice of rugby', he retired from commentating in 2002. Renowned throughout the sport, his enthusiasm and memorable turn of phrase endeared him to many.

  86. 1922

    1. Max Bygraves, English-Australian actor and singer (d. 2012) births

      1. English entertainer

        Max Bygraves

        Walter William Bygraves, best known by the stage name Max Bygraves, was an English comedian, singer, actor and variety performer. He appeared on his own television shows, sometimes performing comedy sketches between songs. He made twenty Royal Variety Performance appearances and presented numerous programmes, including Family Fortunes between 1983 and 1985. His catchphrase "I wanna tell you a story" became an integral part of his act, although it had originated with comedian Mike Yarwood impersonating Bygraves.

    2. Leon Sullivan, American minister and activist (d. 2001) births

      1. Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient (1922–2001)

        Leon Sullivan

        Leon Howard Sullivan was a Baptist minister, a civil rights leader and social activist focusing on the creation of job training opportunities for African Americans, a longtime General Motors Board Member, and an anti-Apartheid activist. Sullivan died on April 24, 2001, of leukemia at a Scottsdale, Arizona, hospital. He was 78.

  87. 1921

    1. Matt Batts, American baseball player and coach (d. 2013) births

      1. American baseball player (1921-2013)

        Matt Batts

        Matthew Daniel Batts was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a catcher from 1947 through 1956 for the Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds, with brief trades to Baltimore and Cleveland. A slap hitter, Batts played mostly backup roles over the course of his career; during parts of ten MLB seasons, he appeared in 546 games with a .269 batting average, 26 home runs, and 219 runs batted in.

    2. Sita Ram Goel, Indian historian, publisher and writer (d. 2003) births

      1. Indian activist, writer and publisher

        Sita Ram Goel

        Sita Ram Goel was an Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher in the late twentieth century. He had Marxist leanings during the 1940s, but later became an outspoken anti-communist and also wrote extensively on the damage to Indian culture and heritage wrought by expansionist Islam and missionary activities of Christianity. In his later career he emerged as a commentator on Indian politics, and adhered to Hindu nationalism.

    3. MacKenzie Miller, American horse trainer and breeder (d. 2010) births

      1. American racehorse trainer

        MacKenzie Miller

        MacKenzie "Mack" Todd Miller was an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer and owner/breeder. During his forty-six-year career, he conditioned seventy-two stakes winners, including four Eclipse Award champions.

  88. 1920

    1. Paddy Finucane, Irish fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1942) births

      1. Irish RAF officer killed in action

        Paddy Finucane

        Wing Commander Brendan Eamonn Fergus Finucane,, known as Paddy Finucane amongst his colleagues, was an Irish Second World War Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter pilot and flying ace—defined as an aviator credited with five or more enemy aircraft destroyed in aerial combat.

  89. 1919

    1. Kathleen Winsor, American journalist and author (d. 2003) births

      1. American novelist

        Kathleen Winsor

        Kathleen Winsor was an American author. She is best known for her first work, the 1944 historical novel Forever Amber. The novel, racy for its time, became a runaway bestseller even as it drew criticism from some authorities for its depictions of sexuality. She wrote seven other novels, none of which matched the success of her debut.

  90. 1918

    1. Louis Althusser, Algerian-French philosopher and academic (d. 1990) births

      1. French Marxist philosopher (1918–1990)

        Louis Althusser

        Louis Pierre Althusser was a French Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy.

    2. Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and academic (d. 2013) births

      1. American mathematician

        Abraham Nemeth

        Abraham Nemeth was an American mathematician. He was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Detroit Mercy in Detroit, Michigan. Nemeth was blind and is known for developing Nemeth Braille, a system for blind people to read and write mathematics.

    3. Tony Rolt, English race car driver and engineer (d. 2008) births

      1. Tony Rolt

        Major Anthony Peter Roylance Rolt, MC & Bar, was a British racing driver, soldier and engineer. A war hero, Rolt maintained a long connection with the sport, albeit behind the scenes. The Ferguson 4WD project he was involved in paid off with spectacular results, and he was involved in other engineering projects.

  91. 1913

    1. Ralph Rose, American shot putter, discus, and hammer thrower (b. 1885) deaths

      1. American track and field athlete

        Ralph Rose

        Ralph Waldo Rose was an American track and field athlete. He was born in Healdsburg, California.

  92. 1912

    1. Clifford Hansen, American rancher and politician, 26th Governor of Wyoming (d. 2009) births

      1. American politician

        Clifford Hansen

        Clifford Peter Hansen was an American politician from the state of Wyoming. A Republican, he served as the 26th Governor of Wyoming and subsequently as a United States senator. He served as a member of the board of trustees from 1946-1966 to his alma mater, the University of Wyoming located in Laramie. He was also a county commissioner in Jackson, the seat of Teton County in northwestern Wyoming. Before his death on October 20, 2009, he was the oldest living former U.S. Senator as well as the third oldest living former U.S. Governor.

      2. List of governors of Wyoming

        This is a list of governors of Wyoming, beginning with territorial governors. Wyoming Territory was organized in 1868, and the state was admitted to the union on July 10, 1890.

  93. 1911

    1. Otto von Bülow, German commander (d. 2006) births

      1. Otto von Bülow

        Otto von Bülow was a German U-boat commander in World War II, and a captain in the Bundesmarine. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

  94. 1909

    1. Jakub Bart-Ćišinski, German poet and playwright (b. 1856) deaths

      1. Jakub Bart-Ćišinski

        Jakub Bart-Ćišinski, also known as Łužičan, Jakub Bart Kukowski, was Sorbian poet, writer and playwright, translator of Czech, Polish, Italian and German literature. He produced his works in Upper Sorbian. He is also an inventor of modern Upper Sorbian poetic language. He has been described as "the classical writer of Sorbian literature."

  95. 1908

    1. Olivia Coolidge, English-American author and educator (d. 2006) births

      1. British American historical writer

        Olivia Coolidge

        Margaret Olivia Ensor Coolidge was a British-born American writer and educator. She published 27 books, many for young adults, including The Greek Myths (1949), her debut; The Trojan War (1952); Legends of the North (1951); Makers of the Red Revolution (1963); Men of Athens, one runner-up for the 1963 Newbery Medal; Lives of Famous Romans (1965); and biographies of Eugene O'Neill, Winston Churchill, Edith Wharton, Gandhi, and Tom Paine. Olivia Coolidge was born in London to Sir Robert Ensor, a journalist and historian. She earned a degree in Classics and Philosophy at Somerville College, Oxford, in 1931 and a Master's degree in 1940. In Germany, England and the U.S. she taught Greek, Latin, and English. In 1946 she married Archibald C. Coolidge of Connecticut, who had four children.

    2. Enver Hoxha, Albanian general and politician, Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1985) births

      1. Albanian communist leader from 1944 to 1985

        Enver Hoxha

        Enver Halil Hoxha was an Albanian communist politician who was the authoritarian ruler of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 until his death in 1985. He was also a member of the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania, chairman of the Democratic Front of Albania, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces and ruled the country from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954 and at various times was both foreign minister and defence minister of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.

      2. Head of government of the Republic of Albania

        Prime Minister of Albania

        The Prime Minister of Albania, officially styled Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania, is the head of government of the Republic of Albania and the most powerful and influential person in Albanian politics. The prime minister holds the executive power of the nation and represents the Council of Ministers and chairs its meetings.

    3. Joseph Leycester Lyne, English monk (b. 1837) deaths

      1. Joseph Leycester Lyne

        Joseph Leycester Lyne, known by his religious name as Father Ignatius of Jesus, was an Anglican Benedictine monk. He commenced a movement to reintroduce monasticism into the Church of England.

  96. 1907

    1. Richard Titmuss, English sociologist and academic (d. 1973) births

      1. British sociologist

        Richard Titmuss

        Richard Morris Titmuss (1907–1973) was a pioneering British social researcher and teacher. He founded the academic discipline of social administration and held the founding chair in the subject at the London School of Economics.

  97. 1906

    1. León Klimovsky, Argentinian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1996) births

      1. León Klimovsky

        León Klimovsky was an Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer.

  98. 1905

    1. Ernst Kuzorra, German footballer and manager (d. 1990) births

      1. German footballer

        Ernst Kuzorra

        Ernst Kuzorra was a German footballer of the pre-war era. During his entire career, he played for Schalke 04, whom he led to six national championships and one national cup. He is commonly regarded as the greatest Schalke player of all time alongside Fritz Szepan. A highly athletic, technical and prolific forward, Kuzorra is also commonly regarded as one of the greatest German forwards.

  99. 1904

    1. Björn Berglund, Swedish actor (d. 1968) births

      1. Swedish actor (1904–1968)

        Björn Berglund

        Björn Berglund was a Swedish stage and film and television actor.

    2. Haritina Korotkevich, Russian heroine (b. 1882) deaths

      1. Haritina Korotkevich

        Haritina Evstafievna Korotkevich was a soldier who served in the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War. Volunteering to serve disguised as a man under the pseudonym Khariton Korotkevich, she soon gained a reputation as a fearless leader as a woman in her own right. She was killed by shellfire on the front line during the Siege of Port Arthur.

  100. 1903

    1. Cecile de Brunhoff, French author and pianist (d. 2003) births

      1. French storyteller

        Cécile de Brunhoff

        Cécile de Brunhoff was a French storyteller and the creator of the original Babar story. She was also a classically trained pianist.

    2. Big Joe Williams, American Delta blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1982) births

      1. American guitarist, recording artist, singer and songwriter

        Big Joe Williams

        Joseph Lee "Big Joe" Williams was an American Delta blues guitarist, singer and songwriter, notable for the distinctive sound of his nine-string guitar. Performing over five decades, he recorded the songs "Baby Please Don't Go", "Crawlin' King Snake" and "Peach Orchard Mama", among many others, for various record labels, including Bluebird, Delmark, Okeh, Prestige and Vocalion. He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame on October 4, 1992.

  101. 1900

    1. Edward Ardizzone, Vietnamese-English author and illustrator (d. 1979) births

      1. British artist, children's illustrator and writer

        Edward Ardizzone

        Edward Jeffrey Irving Ardizzone,, who sometimes signed his work "DIZ", was an English painter, print-maker and war artist, and the author and illustrator of books, many of them for children. For Tim All Alone, which he wrote and illustrated, Ardizzone won the inaugural Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association for the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. For the 50th anniversary of the Medal in 2005, the book was named one of the top ten winning titles, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for public election of an all-time favourite.

    2. Primo Conti, Italian painter and poet (d. 1988) births

      1. Primo Conti

        Primo Conti was an Italian futurist artist.

    3. Goose Goslin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1971) births

      1. American baseball player

        Goose Goslin

        Leon Allen "Goose" Goslin was an American professional baseball left fielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns, and Detroit Tigers, from 1921 until 1938.

  102. 1898

    1. William O. Douglas, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1980) births

      1. US Supreme Court justice from 1939 to 1975

        William O. Douglas

        William Orville Douglas was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, who was known for his strong progressive and civil libertarian views, and is often cited as the U.S. Supreme Court's most liberal justice ever. In 1975, Time called Douglas "the most doctrinaire and committed civil libertarian ever to sit on the court." He is the longest-serving associate justice in history, with his term lasting 36 years and 211 days (1939–1975).

  103. 1897

    1. Louis de Cazenave, French soldier (d. 2008) births

      1. Louis de Cazenave

        Louis de Cazenave was, at the time of his death, the oldest surviving French veteran of World War I.

  104. 1890

    1. Michael Collins, Irish general and politician, 2nd Irish Minister for Finance (d. 1922) births

      1. Irish revolutionary and politician (1890–1922)

        Michael Collins (Irish leader)

        Michael Collins was an Irish revolutionary, soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the early-20th century struggle for Irish independence. During the War of Independence he was Director of Intelligence of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and a government minister of the self-declared Irish Republic. He was then Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State from January 1922 and commander-in-chief of the National Army from July until his death in an ambush in August 1922, during the Civil War.

      2. Irish government cabinet minister

        Minister for Finance (Ireland)

        The Minister for Finance is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland. The Minister for Finance leads the Department of Finance and is responsible for all financial and monetary matters of the state; and is considered the second most important member of the Government of Ireland, after the Taoiseach.

    2. Maria Goretti, Italian martyr and saint (d. 1902) births

      1. Italian virgin-martyr of the Catholic Church

        Maria Goretti

        Maria Teresa Goretti is an Italian virgin-martyr of the Catholic Church, and one of the youngest saints to be canonized. She was born to a farming family. Her father died when she was nine, and the family had to share a house with another family, the Serenellis. Maria took over household duties while her mother, brothers and sister worked in the fields.

    3. Paul Strand, American photographer and director (d. 1975) births

      1. American photographer (1890–1976)

        Paul Strand

        Paul Strand was an American photographer and filmmaker who, along with fellow modernist photographers like Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Weston, helped establish photography as an art form in the 20th century. In 1936, he helped found the Photo League, a cooperative of photographers who banded together around a range of common social and creative causes. His diverse body of work, spanning six decades, covers numerous genres and subjects throughout the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

  105. 1888

    1. Eugene O'Neill, American playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953) births

      1. American playwright (1888–1953)

        Eugene O'Neill

        Eugene Gladstone O'Neill was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in literature. His poetically titled plays were among the first to introduce into the U.S. the drama techniques of realism, earlier associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. The tragedy Long Day's Journey into Night is often included on lists of the finest U.S. plays in the 20th century, alongside Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire and Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.

      2. One of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Prize in Literature

        The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.

    2. Paul Popenoe, American founder of relationship counseling (d. 1979) births

      1. Paul Popenoe

        Paul Bowman Popenoe was an American agricultural explorer and eugenicist. He was an influential advocate of the compulsory sterilization of mentally ill people and people with mental disabilities, and the father of marriage counseling in the United States.

      2. Therapy for people in a couple relationship

        Couples therapy

        Couples therapy attempts to improve romantic relationships and resolve interpersonal conflicts.

    3. John Wentworth, American journalist and politician, 19th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815) deaths

      1. American newspaper editor and politician (1815–1888)

        John Wentworth (Illinois politician)

        John Wentworth, nicknamed Long John, was the editor of the Chicago Democrat, publisher of an extensive Wentworth family genealogy, a two-term mayor of Chicago, and a six-term member of the United States House of Representatives, both before and after his service as mayor.

      2. American politician

        Mayor of Chicago

        The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments, submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, and members of city boards and commissions.

  106. 1886

    1. David Ben-Gurion, Polish-Israeli soldier and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1973) births

      1. Israeli prime minister (1886–1973)

        David Ben-Gurion

        David Ben-Gurion was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel. Adopting the name of Ben-Gurion in 1909, he rose to become the preeminent leader of the Jewish community in British-ruled Mandatory Palestine from 1935 until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, which he led until 1963 with a short break in 1954–55.

      2. Head of government of Israel

        Prime Minister of Israel

        The prime minister of Israel is the head of government and chief executive of the State of Israel.

  107. 1884

    1. Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (d. 1916) births

      1. Italian sculptor

        Rembrandt Bugatti

        Rembrandt Bugatti was an Italian sculptor, known primarily for his bronze sculptures of wildlife subjects. During World War I, he volunteered for paramedical work at a military hospital in Antwerp, an experience that triggered in Bugatti the onset of depression, aggravated by financial problems, which eventually caused him to commit suicide on 8 January 1916 in Paris, France when he was 31 years old.

  108. 1881

    1. William Orthwein, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1955) births

      1. American swimmer

        William R. Orthwein

        William Robert Orthwein was an American sportsman, attorney, business executive and political activist.

  109. 1877

    1. Théodore Barrière, French playwright (b. 1823) deaths

      1. Théodore Barrière

        Théodore Barrière, French playwright, was born in Paris.

  110. 1876

    1. Jimmy Sinclair, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1913) births

      1. Jimmy Sinclair

        James Hugh Sinclair was a South African cricketer who played in 25 Test matches from 1896 to 1911. He scored South Africa's first three Test centuries and was the first person from any country to score a century and take five wickets in an innings in the same Test. He is one of the fastest-scoring Test batsmen of all time.

  111. 1872

    1. Walter Buckmaster, English polo player and businessman, co-founded Buckmaster & Moore (d. 1942) births

      1. British polo player

        Walter Buckmaster

        Walter Selby Buckmaster was a British polo player in the 1900 Summer Olympics and in the 1908 Summer Olympics.

      2. London stockbroker established in 1895

        Buckmaster & Moore

        Buckmaster & Moore (B&M) was a London stockbroker established in 1895 and acquired by Credit Suisse Group in 1987.

  112. 1869

    1. Claude H. Van Tyne, American historian and author (d. 1930) births

      1. American historian

        Claude H. Van Tyne

        Claude Halstead Van Tyne was an American historian. He was a senior fellow at the University of Pennsylvania in 1902. He taught history at the University of Michigan from 1903 to 1930 and wrote several books on the American Revolution. He won the Pulitzer Prize for The War of Independence in 1930.

  113. 1867

    1. Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa (d. 1963) births

      1. Prince of Poggio Suasa

        Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa

        Mario dei Principi Ruspoli was an Italian prince, son of Emanuele Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasa and first wife Princess Caterina Vogoride-Conachi. He was the 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

  114. 1863

    1. Austen Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937) births

      1. British politician

        Austen Chamberlain

        Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain was a British statesman, son of Joseph Chamberlain and older half-brother of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer (twice) and was briefly Conservative Party leader before serving as Foreign Secretary.

      2. Minister for Finance in the United Kingdom and Head of Treasury

        Chancellor of the Exchequer

        The chancellor of the Exchequer, often abbreviated to chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom, and head of His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, the Chancellor is a high-ranking member of the British Cabinet and is third in the ministerial ranking, behind the prime minister and the deputy prime minister.

      3. One of five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel

        Nobel Peace Prize

        The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".

  115. 1861

    1. J. B. Bury, Irish historian and scholar (d. 1927) births

      1. Anglo-Irish historian and classical scholar (1861–1927)

        J. B. Bury

        John Bagnell Bury was an Anglo-Irish historian, classical scholar, Medieval Roman historian and philologist. He objected to the label "Byzantinist" explicitly in the preface to the 1889 edition of his Later Roman Empire. He was Erasmus Smith's Professor of Modern History at Trinity College Dublin (1893–1902), before being Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge from 1902 until his death.

    2. Richard Sears, American tennis player (d. 1943) births

      1. American tennis player

        Richard Sears (tennis)

        Richard Dudley Sears was an American tennis player, who won the US National Championships singles in its first seven years, from 1881 to 1887, and the doubles for six years from 1882 to 1887, after which he retired from tennis.

  116. 1855

    1. Samad bey Mehmandarov, Azerbaijani general and politician, 3rd Azerbaijani Minister of Defense (d. 1931) births

      1. Azerbaijani general

        Samad bey Mehmandarov

        Samad bey Sadykh bey oghlu Mehmandarov was an Azerbaijani General of the Artillery in the Imperial Russian Army and served as Minister of Defense of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.

      2. Ministry of Defence (Azerbaijan)

        The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan or MN is an Azerbaijani government agency that is associated with the Azerbaijani military. The ministry is responsible for keeping Azerbaijan defended against external threats, preserving its territorial integrity, waging war on behalf of Azerbaijan, and the surveillance of the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea sea and airspace. The Minister of Defense is appointed and removed from the post by the Commander-in-chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, the President of Azerbaijan.

  117. 1854

    1. Karl Kautsky, Czech-German journalist, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1938) births

      1. Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician

        Karl Kautsky

        Karl Johann Kautsky was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theorist. Kautsky was one of the most authoritative promulgators of orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

    2. Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright, novelist, and poet (d. 1900) births

      1. Irish poet, playwright, and aesthete (1854–1900)

        Oscar Wilde

        Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, and the circumstances of his criminal conviction for gross indecency for consensual homosexual acts in "one of the first celebrity trials", imprisonment, and early death from meningitis at age 46.

  118. 1852

    1. Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (d. 1913) births

      1. Governor of Liechtenstein

        Carl von In der Maur

        Carl Josef Anton von In der Maur auf Strelburg und zu Freifeld was an Austrian aristocrat and statesman who twice served in the court of Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein as the Governor of Liechtenstein from 1884 until 1892 and 1897 until 1913.

  119. 1847

    1. Maria Pia of Savoy (d. 1911) births

      1. Queen consort of Portugal

        Maria Pia of Savoy

        Dona Maria Pia was by birth an Italian princess of the House of Savoy and was Queen of Portugal as spouse of King Luís I of Portugal. On the day of her baptism, Pope Pius IX, her godfather, gave her a Golden Rose. Maria Pia was married to Luís on the 6 October 1862 in Lisbon. She was the grand mistress of the Order of Saint Isabel. She was the third queen of the House of Savoy on the Portuguese throne, after Mafalda and Marie-Françoise of Savoy-Nemours.

  120. 1841

    1. Itō Hirobumi, Japanese lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1909) births

      1. 1st Prime Minister of Japan (1841–1909)

        Itō Hirobumi

        Itō Hirobumi, born as Hayashi Risuke and also known as Hirofumi, Hakubun and briefly during his youth as Itō Shunsuke) was a Japanese politician and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of Japan. He was also a leading member of the genrō, a group of senior statesmen that dictated Japanese policy during the Meiji era.

      2. Head of government of Japan

        Prime Minister of Japan

        The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.

  121. 1840

    1. Kuroda Kiyotaka, Japanese general and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1900) births

      1. Japanese politician (1840–1900)

        Kuroda Kiyotaka

        Count Kuroda Kiyotaka , also known as Kuroda Ryōsuke , was a Japanese politician of the Meiji era. He was Prime Minister of Japan from 1888 to 1889. He was also vice chairman of the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitaku-shi).

      2. Head of government of Japan

        Prime Minister of Japan

        The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.

  122. 1832

    1. Vicente Riva Palacio, Mexican liberal intellectual, novelist (d. 1896) births

      1. Mexican politician

        Vicente Riva Palacio

        Vicente Florencio Carlos Riva Palacio Guerrero better known as Vicente Riva Palacio was a Mexican liberal politician, novelist, journalist, intellectual, and military leader.

  123. 1831

    1. Lucy Stanton, American activist (d. 1910) births

      1. Lucy Stanton (abolitionist)

        Lucy Stanton Day Sessions was an American abolitionist and feminist figure, notable for being the first African-American woman to complete a four-year course of a study at a college or university. She completed a Ladies Literary Course from Oberlin College in 1850.

  124. 1822

    1. Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-English dancer (b. 1724) deaths

      1. Eva Marie Veigel

        Eva Marie Veigel was a dancer and the wife of actor David Garrick.

  125. 1819

    1. Austin F. Pike, American lawyer and politician (d. 1886) births

      1. American politician (1819–1886)

        Austin F. Pike

        Austin Franklin Pike was a United States representative and Senator from New Hampshire. Born in Hebron, New Hampshire, he pursued an academic course, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Merrimack County in 1845. He was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1850 to 1852 and in 1865–1866, and served as speaker during the last two years. He was a member of the New Hampshire Senate in 1857–1858, serving as president the last year.

  126. 1818

    1. William Forster, Indian-Australian politician, 4th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1882) births

      1. Australian politician

        William Forster (Australian politician)

        William Forster was a pastoral squatter, colonial British politician, Premier of New South Wales from 27 October 1859 to 9 March 1860, and poet.

      2. Head of government for the state of New South Wales, Australia

        Premier of New South Wales

        The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.

  127. 1815

    1. Francis Lubbock, American colonel and politician, 9th Governor of Texas (d. 1905) births

      1. Governor of Texas from 1861 to 1963

        Francis Lubbock

        Francis Richard Lubbock was the ninth Governor of Texas and was in office during the American Civil War. He was the brother of Thomas Saltus Lubbock, for whom Lubbock County, Texas, and the eponymous county seat are named.

      2. Head of state and of government of the U.S. state of Texas

        Governor of Texas

        The governor of Texas heads the state government of Texas. The governor is the leader of the executive and legislative branch of the state government and is the commander in chief of the Texas Military. The current governor is Greg Abbott, who took office in 2015.

  128. 1810

    1. Nachman of Breslov, Ukrainian religious leader, founded the Breslov Hasidic group (b. 1772) deaths

      1. Hasidic rabbi (1772–1810)

        Nachman of Breslov

        Nachman of Breslov, also known as Reb Nachman of Bratslav, Reb Nachman Breslover, and Nachman from Uman, was the founder of the Breslov Hasidic movement.

      2. Hasidic dynasty

        Breslov (Hasidic group)

        Breslov is a branch of Hasidic Judaism founded by Rebbe Nachman of Breslov (1772–1810), a great-grandson of the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism. Its adherents strive to develop an intense, joyous relationship with God, and receive guidance toward this goal from the teachings of Rebbe Nachman.

  129. 1806

    1. William P. Fessenden, American lawyer and politician, 26th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1869) births

      1. American politician

        William P. Fessenden

        William Pitt Fessenden was an American politician from the U.S. state of Maine. Fessenden was a Whig and member of the Fessenden political family. He served in the United States House of Representatives and Senate before becoming Secretary of the Treasury under President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. Fessenden then re-entered the Senate, where he died in office in 1869.

      2. Head of the United States Department of the Treasury

        United States Secretary of the Treasury

        The United States secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, and is the chief financial officer of the federal government of the United States. The secretary of the treasury serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all matters pertaining to economic and fiscal policy. The secretary is a statutory member of the Cabinet of the United States, and is fifth in the presidential line of succession.

  130. 1804

    1. Benjamin Russell, American painter and educator (d. 1885) births

      1. American painter

        Benjamin Russell (artist)

        Benjamin Russell was an American artist best known for his accurate watercolors of whaling ships working in New England. Born to a wealthy family in New Bedford, Massachusetts, Russell started drawing and painting in his late 30s, after a few years spent working as a cooper aboard a whaling ship.

  131. 1803

    1. Robert Stephenson, English railway and civil engineer (d. 1859) births

      1. British railway engineer (1803-1859)

        Robert Stephenson

        Robert Stephenson FRS HFRSE FRSA DCL was an English civil engineer and designer of locomotives. The only son of George Stephenson, the "Father of Railways", he built on the achievements of his father. Robert has been called the greatest engineer of the 19th century.

  132. 1802

    1. Isaac Murphy, American educator and politician, 8th Governor of Arkansas (d. 1882) births

      1. 8th Governor of Arkansas

        Isaac Murphy

        Isaac Murphy was a native of Pennsylvania, a teacher and lawyer who moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas with his wife and child in 1834. He continued to teach and also became active in politics. Murphy is best known as the only delegate to have repeatedly voted against secession at the second Arkansas Secession Convention in 1861.

      2. List of governors of Arkansas

        The governor of Arkansas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arkansas government and is charged with enforcing state laws. They have the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arkansas General Assembly, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

  133. 1799

    1. Veerapandiya Kattabomman Indian activist (b. 1760) deaths

      1. Palaiyakkarar of Tenkasi

        Veerapandiya Kattabomman

        Veerapandiya Kattabomman was an 18th-century Tamil Palayakarrar and king of Panchalankurichi in Tamil Nadu, India. He refused to accept the sovereignty of the British East India Company and waged a war against them. He was captured by the British with the help of the ruler of the kingdom of Pudukottai, Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman, and at the age of 39 he was hanged at Kayathar on 16 October 1799.

  134. 1796

    1. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (b. 1726) deaths

      1. King of Sardinia and Duke of Savoy

        Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia

        Victor Amadeus III was King of Sardinia from 1773 to his death. Although he was politically conservative, he carried out numerous administrative reforms until he declared war on Revolutionary France in 1792. He was the father of the last three mainline Kings of Sardinia.

  135. 1795

    1. William Buell Sprague, American minister, historian, and author (d. 1876) births

      1. William Buell Sprague

        William Buell Sprague was an American Congregational and Presbyterian clergyman and compiler of Annals of the American Pulpit, a comprehensive biographical dictionary of the leading American Protestant Christian ministers who died before 1850.

  136. 1793

    1. Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born queen consort of Louis XVI of France (b. 1755) deaths

      1. Queen of France from 1774 to 1792

        Marie Antoinette

        Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen.

      2. King of France from 1774 to 1792

        Louis XVI

        Louis XVI was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months just before he was executed by guillotine. He was the son of Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir-apparent of King Louis XV, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. When his father died in 1765, he became the new Dauphin. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he became King of France and Navarre, reigning as such until 4 September 1791, when he received the title of King of the French, continuing to reign as such until the monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792.

    2. John Hunter, Scottish-English surgeon and philosopher (b. 1728) deaths

      1. British surgeon (1728-1793)

        John Hunter (surgeon)

        John Hunter was a British surgeon, one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day. He was an early advocate of careful observation and scientific method in medicine. He was a teacher of, and collaborator with, Edward Jenner, pioneer of the smallpox vaccine. He is alleged to have paid for the stolen body of Charles Byrne, and proceeded to study and exhibit it against the deceased's explicit wishes. His wife, Anne Hunter, was a poet, some of whose poems were set to music by Joseph Haydn.

  137. 1791

    1. Grigory Potemkin, Russian general and politician (b. 1739) deaths

      1. Russian military leader and statesman (1739–1791)

        Grigory Potemkin

        Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tauricheski, more accurately spelled Grigory Aleksandrovich Potyomkin-Tavricheski, was a Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman, and favourite of Catherine the Great. He died during negotiations over the Treaty of Jassy, which ended a war with the Ottoman Empire that he had overseen.

  138. 1789

    1. William Burton, American physician and politician, 39th Governor of Delaware (d. 1866) births

      1. American politician

        William Burton (governor)

        William Burton was an American physician and politician from Milford, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.

      2. List of governors of Delaware

        The governor of Delaware is the head of government of Delaware and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Delaware Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and only with the recommendation of the Board of Pardons.

  139. 1774

    1. Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (b. 1750) deaths

      1. Scottish poet and writer

        Robert Fergusson

        Robert Fergusson was a Scottish poet. After formal education at the University of St Andrews, Fergusson led a bohemian life in Edinburgh, the city of his birth, then at the height of intellectual and cultural ferment as part of the Scottish enlightenment. Many of his extant poems were printed from 1771 onwards in Walter Ruddiman's Weekly Magazine, and a collected works was first published early in 1773. Despite a short life, his career was highly influential, especially through its impact on Robert Burns. He wrote both Scottish English and the Scots language, and it is his vivid and masterly writing in the latter leid for which he is principally acclaimed.

  140. 1762

    1. Paul Hamilton, American soldier and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1816) births

      1. American politician

        Paul Hamilton (politician)

        Paul Hamilton was the 3rd United States Secretary of the Navy, from 1809 to 1813.

      2. Statutory office and the head of the U.S. Department of the Navy

        United States Secretary of the Navy

        The secretary of the Navy is a statutory officer and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the United States Department of Defense.

  141. 1758

    1. Noah Webster, American lexicographer (d. 1843) births

      1. American lexicographer, reformer, and author

        Noah Webster

        Noah Webster Jr. was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education". His "Blue-backed Speller" books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language.

  142. 1755

    1. Gerard Majella, Italian saint (b. 1725) deaths

      1. Italian Roman Catholic saint

        Gerard Majella

        Gerard Majella was an Italian lay brother of the Congregation of the Redeemer, better known as the Redemptorists, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church.

  143. 1754

    1. Morgan Lewis, American general, lawyer, and politician, 3rd Governor of New York (d. 1844) births

      1. American lawyer, politician and military commander (1754–1844)

        Morgan Lewis (governor)

        Morgan Lewis was an American lawyer, politician, and military commander. The second son of Francis Lewis, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Lewis fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. He served in the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate (1811–1814) and was New York State Attorney General (1791–1801) and governor of New York (1804–1807).

      2. Head of state and of government of the U.S. state of New York

        Governor of New York

        The governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the New York Legislature, to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment and treason. The governor is the highest paid governor in the country.

  144. 1752

    1. Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, German theologian and academic (d. 1827) births

      1. German philologist and historian

        Johann Gottfried Eichhorn

        Johann Gottfried Eichhorn was a German Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment and an early orientalist. He was a member of the Göttingen School of History.

  145. 1750

    1. Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German lute player and composer (b. 1687) deaths

      1. German composer and lutenist

        Sylvius Leopold Weiss

        Sylvius Leopold Weiss was a German composer and lutenist.

  146. 1730

    1. Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, French-American explorer and politician, 3rd French Governor of Louisiana (b. 1658) deaths

      1. French explorer in North America (1658–1730)

        Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac

        Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, born Antoine Laumet, was a French explorer and adventurer in New France, which stretched from Eastern Canada to Louisiana on the Gulf of Mexico. He rose from a modest beginning in Acadia in 1683 as an explorer, trapper, and a trader of alcohol and furs, achieving various positions of political importance in the colony. He was the commander of Fort de Buade in St. Ignace, Michigan, in 1694. In 1701, he founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit ; he was commandant of the fort until 1710. Between 1710 and 1716, he was the governor of Louisiana, although he did not arrive in that territory until 1713.

      2. List of colonial governors of Louisiana

        This is a list of the colonial governors of Louisiana, from the founding of the first settlement by the French in 1699 to the territory's acquisition by the United States in 1803.

    2. Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Greek politician, 139th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1666) deaths

      1. Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1718 to 1730

        Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha

        Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha served as Grand Vizier for Sultan Ahmed III of the Ottoman Empire during the Tulip period. He was also the head of a ruling family which had great influence in the court of Ahmed III. The epithet "Nevşehirli" is used to distinguish this Grand Vizier from another, Damat Ibrahim Pasha.

      2. Wikipedia list article

        List of Ottoman grand viziers

        The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.

  147. 1729

    1. Pierre van Maldere, Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1768) births

      1. Flemish violinist and composer

        Pieter van Maldere

        Pieter van Maldere, known also as Pierre van Maldere was a Flemish violinist and composer. He was a violinist of the Royal Chapel, the court orchestra in Brussels of the governor-general of the Austrian Netherlands, Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. After an international career which brought him to Dublin, Paris and Vienna, he returned to Brussels where he became a director of the Brussels opera house. He was the leading composer of the Austrian Netherlands in the mid-18th century. His symphonies, exemplary for the galant style, merged French stylistic elements with Viennese and Italian influences.

  148. 1726

    1. Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish-German painter and educator (d. 1801) births

      1. German painter

        Daniel Chodowiecki

        Daniel Niklaus Chodowiecki was a German painter and printmaker of Huguenot and Polish ancestry, who is most famous as an etcher. He spent most of his life in Berlin, and became the director of the Berlin Academy of Art.

  149. 1714

    1. Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist and academic (d. 1795) births

      1. Giovanni Arduino (geologist)

        Giovanni Arduino was an Italian geologist who is known as the "Father of Italian Geology".

  150. 1710

    1. András Hadik, Austrian-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1790) births

      1. Hungarian nobleman, military officer and government official

        András Hadik

        Count András Hadik de Futak was a Hungarian nobleman and Field Marshal of the Imperial Army. He was Governor of Galicia and Lodomeria from January 1774 to June 1774, and is the father of Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak. He is famous for capturing the Prussian capital Berlin during the Seven Years' War.

  151. 1680

    1. Raimondo Montecuccoli, Italian-Austrian field marshal (b. 1609) deaths

      1. 17th-century Italian soldier of the Holy Roman Empire

        Raimondo Montecuccoli

        Raimondo Montecuccoli was an Italian-born professional soldier who served the Habsburg monarchy. He was also a Duke of Melfi, in the Kingdom of Naples.

  152. 1679

    1. Jan Dismas Zelenka, Czech viol player and composer (d. 1745) births

      1. Czech composer (1679–1745)

        Jan Dismas Zelenka

        Jan Dismas Zelenka, baptised Jan Lukáš Zelenka was a Czech composer and musician of the Baroque period. His music is admired for its harmonic inventiveness and mastery of counterpoint.

      2. Bowed, fretted and stringed instrument

        Viol

        The viol, viola da gamba, or informally gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted, and stringed instruments with hollow wooden bodies and pegboxes where the tension on the strings can be increased or decreased to adjust the pitch of each of the strings. Frets on the viol are usually made of gut, tied on the fingerboard around the instrument's neck, to enable the performer to stop the strings more cleanly. Frets improve consistency of intonation and lend the stopped notes a tone that better matches the open strings. Viols first appeared in Spain in the mid-to-late 15th century, and were most popular in the Renaissance and Baroque (1600–1750) periods. Early ancestors include the Arabic rebab and the medieval European vielle, but later, more direct possible ancestors include the Venetian viole and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish vihuela, a six-course plucked instrument tuned like a lute that looked like but was quite distinct from the four-course guitar.

    2. Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Irish-English soldier and politician (b. 1621) deaths

      1. Anglo-Irish soldier and politician

        Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery

        Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, styled Lord Broghill from 1628 to 1660, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and politician who sat in the House of Commons of England at various times between 1654 and 1679. Boyle fought in the Irish Confederate Wars and subsequently became known for his antagonism towards Irish Catholics and their political aspirations. He was also a noted playwright and writer on 17th-century warfare.

  153. 1678

    1. Anna Waser, Swiss painter (d. 1714) births

      1. Swiss artist (1678–1714)

        Anna Waser

        Anna Waser was a Swiss painter.

  154. 1660

    1. John Cook, English politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales (b. 1608) deaths

      1. Solicitor General of the English Commonwealth (1608-1660)

        John Cook (regicide)

        John Cook or Cooke was the first Solicitor General of the English Commonwealth and led the prosecution of Charles I. Following The Restoration, Cook was convicted of regicide and hanged, drawn and quartered on 16 October 1660. He is considered an international legal icon and progenitor of international criminal law for being the first lawyer to prosecute a head of state for crimes against his people.

      2. Law officer in the UK government

        Solicitor General for England and Wales

        His Majesty's Solicitor General for England and Wales, known informally as the Solicitor General, is one of the law officers of the Crown in the government of the United Kingdom. They are the deputy of the Attorney General, whose duty is to advise the Crown and Cabinet on the law. They can exercise the powers of the Attorney General in the Attorney General's absence. Despite the title, the position is usually held by a barrister as opposed to a solicitor.

  155. 1655

    1. Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician, and theorist (b. 1591) deaths

      1. Joseph Solomon Delmedigo

        Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, also known as Yashar Mi-Qandia, was a rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theorist.

  156. 1649

    1. Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1621) deaths

      1. Dutch painter

        Isaac van Ostade

        Isaac van Ostade was a Dutch genre and landscape painter.

  157. 1637

    1. Johann Rudolf Stadler, Swiss clock-maker (b. 1605) deaths

      1. Johann Rudolf Stadler

        Johann Rudolf Stadler was a Swiss Protestant clockmaker. He is mostly known for his life in Safavid Iran, where he worked as a prosperous watchmaker. He eventually fell victim to intrigue in relation to the death of a trespasser on his property, and was executed.

  158. 1628

    1. François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (b. 1555) deaths

      1. French poet, critic, and translator (1555–1628)

        François de Malherbe

        François de Malherbe was a French poet, critic, and translator.

  159. 1621

    1. Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch organist and composer (b. 1562) deaths

      1. Dutch Renaissance composer

        Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck

        Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck was a Dutch composer, organist, and pedagogue whose work straddled the end of the Renaissance and beginning of the Baroque eras. He was among the first major keyboard composers of Europe, and his work as a teacher helped establish the north German organ tradition.

  160. 1620

    1. Pierre Paul Puget, French painter and sculptor (d. 1694) births

      1. French painter, sculptor, architect and engineer (1620–1694)

        Pierre Puget

        Pierre Paul Puget was a French Baroque painter, sculptor, architect and engineer. His sculpture expressed emotion, pathos and drama, setting it apart from the more classical and academic sculpture of the Style Louis XIV.

  161. 1605

    1. Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy, French writer and composer (d. 1677) births

      1. Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy

        Charles Coypeau was a French musician and burlesque poet. In the mid-1630s he began using the nom de plume D'Assouci or Dassoucy.

  162. 1594

    1. William Allen, English cardinal (b. 1532) deaths

      1. English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

        William Allen (cardinal)

        William Allen, also known as Guilielmus Alanus or Gulielmus Alanus, was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was an ordained priest, but was never a bishop. His main role was setting up colleges to train English missionary priests with the mission of returning secretly to England to keep Roman Catholicism alive there. Allen assisted in the planning of the Spanish Armada's attempted invasion of England in 1588. It failed badly, but if it had succeeded he would probably have been made Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. The Douai-Rheims Bible, a complete translation into English from Latin, was printed under Allen's orders. His activities were part of the Counter Reformation, but they led to an intense response in England and in Ireland. He advised and recommended Pope Pius V to pronounce Elizabeth I deposed. After the Pope declared her excommunicated and deposed, Elizabeth intensified the persecution of her Roman Catholic religious opponents.

  163. 1591

    1. Gregory XIV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1535) deaths

      1. Head of the Catholic Church from 1590 to 1591

        Pope Gregory XIV

        Pope Gregory XIV, born Niccolò Sfondrato or Sfondrati, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 December 1590 to his death in October 1591.

  164. 1588

    1. Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d. 1657) births

      1. Irish Franciscan friar and historian (1588 – 1657)

        Luke Wadding

        Luke Wadding, O.F.M., was an Irish Franciscan friar and historian.

  165. 1555

    1. Hugh Latimer, English bishop and saint (b. 1487) deaths

      1. English bishop, Reformer, and martyr (c.1487–1555)

        Hugh Latimer

        Hugh Latimer was a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and Bishop of Worcester during the Reformation, and later Church of England chaplain to King Edward VI. In 1555 under the Catholic Queen Mary I he was burned at the stake, becoming one of the three Oxford Martyrs of Anglicanism.

    2. Nicholas Ridley, English bishop and martyr (b. 1500) deaths

      1. Bishop of London; Anglican Saint

        Nicholas Ridley (martyr)

        Nicholas Ridley was an English Bishop of London. Ridley was one of the Oxford Martyrs burned at the stake during the Marian Persecutions, for his teachings and his support of Lady Jane Grey. He is remembered with a commemoration in the calendar of saints in some parts of the Anglican Communion on 16 October.

  166. 1553

    1. Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter and engraver (b. 1472) deaths

      1. German painter and printmaker (1472–1553)

        Lucas Cranach the Elder

        Lucas Cranach the Elder was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career, and is known for his portraits, both of German princes and those of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, whose cause he embraced with enthusiasm. He was a close friend of Martin Luther. Cranach also painted religious subjects, first in the Catholic tradition, and later trying to find new ways of conveying Lutheran religious concerns in art. He continued throughout his career to paint nude subjects drawn from mythology and religion.

  167. 1535

    1. Niwa Nagahide, Japanese samurai (d. 1585) births

      1. Niwa Nagahide

        Niwa Nagahide , also known as Gorōzaemon (五郎左衛門), his other legal alias was Hashiba Echizen no Kami (羽柴越前守), was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku through Azuchi-Momoyama periods of the 16th century. He served as senior retainer to the Oda clan, and was eventually a daimyō in his own right. Going on to fight in the Oda clan's major campaigns, including Mino Campaign 1567, Omi Campaign 1568, the Honganji Campaign from 1570 to 1580, and Iga Campaign 1581, he was named one of the administrators of Kyoto after Nobunaga entered that city in 1568.

  168. 1523

    1. Luca Signorelli, Italian painter (b. c.1450) deaths

      1. Italian Renaissance painter

        Luca Signorelli

        Luca Signorelli was an Italian Renaissance painter who was noted in particular for his ability as a draftsman and his use of foreshortening. His massive frescoes of the Last Judgment (1499–1503) in Orvieto Cathedral are considered his masterpiece.

  169. 1483

    1. Gasparo Contarini, Italian cardinal and diplomat (d. 1542) births

      1. Gasparo Contarini

        Gasparo Contarini was an Italian diplomat, cardinal and Bishop of Belluno. He was one of the first proponents of the dialogue with Protestants, after the Reformation.

  170. 1438

    1. Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (b. 1383) deaths

      1. Countess of Stafford

        Anne of Gloucester

        Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Stafford was the eldest daughter and eventually sole heiress of Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, by his wife Eleanor de Bohun, one of the two daughters and co-heiresses of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex (1341–1373) of Pleshy Castle in Essex.

  171. 1430

    1. James II of Scotland (d. 1460) births

      1. King of Scots

        James II of Scotland

        James II was King of Scots from 1437 until his death in 1460. The eldest surviving son of James I of Scotland, he succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of six, following the assassination of his father. The first Scottish monarch not to be crowned at Scone, James II's coronation took place at Holyrood Abbey in March 1437. After a reign characterised by struggles to maintain control of his kingdom, he was killed by an exploding cannon at Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

  172. 1396

    1. William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English admiral (d. 1450) births

      1. 15th-century English noble

        William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

        William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk,, nicknamed Jackanapes, was an English magnate, statesman, and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. He became a favourite of the weak king Henry VI of England, and consequently a leading figure in the English government where he became associated with many of the royal government's failures of the time, particularly on the war in France. Suffolk also appears prominently in Shakespeare's Henry VI, parts 1 and 2.

  173. 1355

    1. Louis the Child, king of Sicily (b. 1338) deaths

      1. King of Sicily

        Louis, King of Sicily

        Louis the Child was King of Sicily from 15 September 1342 until his death. He was a minor upon his succession, and was under a regency until 1354. His actual rule was short, for he died in an outbreak of plague the next year. His reign was marked by civil war.

  174. 1351

    1. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (d. 1402) births

      1. First duke of Milan (1351–1402)

        Gian Galeazzo Visconti

        Gian Galeazzo Visconti, was the first duke of Milan (1395) and ruled the late-medieval city just before the dawn of the Renaissance. He also ruled Lombard jointly with his uncle Bernabò. He was the founding patron of the Certosa di Pavia, completing the Visconti Castle at Pavia begun by his father and furthering work on the Duomo of Milan. He captured a large territory of Northern Italy and the Po valley. He threatened war with France in relation to the transfer of Genoa to French control as well as issues with his beloved daughter Valentina. When he died of fever in the castello of Melegnano, his children fought with each other and fragmented the territories that he had ruled.

  175. 1333

    1. Nicholas V, antipope of Rome (b. 1260) deaths

      1. 13/14th-century Italian preacher; claimant to the papacy from 1328 to 1330

        Antipope Nicholas V

        Nicholas V, born Pietro Rainalducci was an antipope in Italy from 12 May 1328 to 25 July 1330 during the pontificate of Pope John XXII (1316–1334) at Avignon. He was the last antipope set up by a Holy Roman Emperor.

  176. 1323

    1. Amadeus V, count of Savoy (b. 1249) deaths

      1. Count of Savoy

        Amadeus V, Count of Savoy

        Amadeus V was Count of Savoy from 1285 to 1323.

  177. 1284

    1. Shams al-Din Juvayni, Persian statesman, vizier and minister of finance of the Ilkhanate deaths

      1. 13th century Persian statesman and Mongol vizier

        Shams al-Din Juvayni

        Shams al-Din Juvayni was a Persian statesman and member of the Juvayni family. He was an influential figure in early Ilkhanate politics, serving as sahib-i divan under four Mongol Ilkhans−Hulagu, Abaqa, Tekuder and Arghun Khan. In 1284, Arghun accused Shams al-Din of having poisoned the Ilkhan Abaqa, who may actually have died of the effects of alcoholism; Shams al-Din was duly executed and replaced as vizier by Buqa. A skillful political and military leader, Shams al-Din is also known to have patronized the arts. The musician Safi al-Din al-Urmawi was one of those he supported.

      2. High-ranking political advisor or minister

        Vizier

        A vizier, or wazir, is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the near east. The Abbasid caliphs gave the title wazir to a minister formerly called katib (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the dapir of the Sassanian kings.

      3. Position in the government responsible for economic and financial policies

        Finance minister

        A finance minister is an executive or cabinet position in charge of one or more of government finances, economic policy and financial regulation.

      4. 1256–1335 breakaway khanate of the Mongol Empire

        Ilkhanate

        The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate, known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus, was a khanate established from the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanid realm, officially known as Iranzamin, was ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu. Hulagu Khan, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the Middle Eastern part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1260. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanians of pre-Islamic Iran.

  178. 1130

    1. Pedro González de Lara, Castilian magnate deaths

      1. Castilian magnate

        Pedro González de Lara

        Pedro González de Lara was a Castilian magnate. He served Alfonso VI as a young man, and later became the lover of Alfonso's heiress, Queen Urraca. He may have joined the First Crusade in the following of Raymond IV of Toulouse, earning the nickname el Romero. At the height of his influence he was the most powerful person in the kingdom after the monarch. The preponderance of his power in Castile is attested in numerous documents between 1120 and 1127. He opposed the succession of Urraca's legitimate heir, Alfonso VII. This dispute ended with his premature death.

  179. 1027

    1. Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (b. 994) deaths

      1. Empress consort of Japan

        Fujiwara no Kenshi (994–1027)

        Fujiwara no Kenshi , also known as Empress Dowager Biwadono (枇杷殿皇太后), was an empress consort of the Japanese Emperor Sanjō.

  180. 976

    1. Al-Hakam II, Umayyad caliph (b. 915) deaths

      1. Caliph of Córdoba from 961 to 976

        Al-Hakam II

        Al-Hakam II, also known as Abū al-ʿĀṣ al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh al-Hakam b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, was the Caliph of Córdoba. He was the second Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd-al-Rahman III and Murjan. He ruled from 961 to 976.

  181. 786

    1. Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (b. 710) deaths

      1. First permanent archbishop of Mainz

        Lullus

        Saint Lullus was the first permanent archbishop of Mainz, succeeding Saint Boniface, and first abbot of the Benedictine Hersfeld Abbey. He is historiographically considered the first official sovereign of the Electorate of Mainz.

  182. 385

    1. Fú Jiān, Chinese emperor (b. 337) deaths

      1. Heavenly King of Great Qin

        Fu Jian (337–385)

        Fu Jian, courtesy name Yonggu (永固) or Wenyu (文玉), formally Emperor Xuanzhao of (Former) Qin ( 秦宣昭帝), was an emperor of the Di-led Chinese Former Qin dynasty, under whose rule the Former Qin state reached its greatest glory—destroying Former Yan, Former Liang, and Dai and seizing Jin's Yi Province, posturing to destroy Jin as well to unite China, until he was repelled at the Battle of Fei River in 383. For a variety of reasons, the Former Qin state soon collapsed after that defeat, and Fu Jian himself was killed by his former subordinate, Yao Chang the founding emperor of Later Qin, in 385.

Holidays

  1. Air Force Day (Bulgaria)

    1. Air warfare branch of Bulgaria's armed forces

      Bulgarian Air Force

      The Bulgarian Air Force is one of the three branches of the Military of Bulgaria, the other two being the Bulgarian Navy and Bulgarian land forces. Its mission is to guard and protect the sovereignty of Bulgarian airspace, and jointly with the other branches, to protect territorial integrity. The Bulgarian Air Force is one of the oldest air forces in Europe and the world. In recent times it has been actively taking part in numerous NATO missions and exercises in Europe.

  2. Boss's Day (United States)

    1. Boss's Day

      Boss's Day is generally observed on or around October 16th in the United States. It has been pitched as a day for employees to thank their bosses for being kind and fair throughout the year, but some have opposed the concept as nothing more than a meaningless Hallmark Holiday, as well as placing unfair pressure on employees to kowtow to managers who earn more than they do while exercising power over them.

  3. Christian feast day: Balderic (Baudry) of Monfaucon

    1. Balderic of Montfaucon

      Saint Balderic was the founding abbot of Montfaucon.

  4. Christian feast day: Bercharius

    1. Bercharius of Hautvillers

      Saint Bercharius was abbot of Hautvillers in Champagne. Descended from a distinguished Aquitanian family, he received his instruction from Saint Nivard (Nivo), Archbishop of Reims.

  5. Christian feast day: Bertrand of Comminges

    1. French Roman Catholic saint

      Bertrand of Comminges

      Bertrand of Comminges was Bishop of Comminges, in the diocese of Toulouse, France. It is after him that the commune of Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, is named.

  6. Christian feast day: Colmán of Kilroot (Colman mac Cathbaid)

    1. Colmán of Kilroot

      Colman mac Cathbaid is a sixth-century Irish saint who was an abbot and bishop of Kilroot, a minor see which was afterwards incorporated in the Diocese of Connor. He may have given his name to Kilmackevat.

  7. Christian feast day: Eliphius

    1. Christian martyr

      Eliphius

      Saint Eliphius or Eloff is venerated as a Christian martyr. Tradition holds that he was the child of a king of Scotia, and preached in Toul, where he converted 400 people to Christianity. He was accompanied by his siblings: St. Eucharius, and three sisters, Menna, Libaria, and Susanna. Tradition also makes him a bishop of Toul.

  8. Christian feast day: Fortunatus of Casei

    1. Fortunatus of Casei

      Saint Fortunatus of Casei is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. Tradition makes him a member of the Theban Legion, and thus martyred at Agaunum. However, his relics were situated in the catacombs of Saint Callixtus in Rome until 1746, when Cardinal Guadagni, Roman vicar to Benedict XIV, re-exhumed and displayed Fortunatus’ relics in the collegiate church of Santa Maria in Via Lata in Rome. It is unclear how the relics of Fortunatus reached Rome from the saint's supposed place of death in the Swiss Alps.

  9. Christian feast day: Gall

    1. Saint Gall

      Gall according to hagiographic tradition was a disciple and one of the traditional twelve companions of Columbanus on his mission from Ireland to the continent. Deicolus was the elder brother of Gall.

  10. Christian feast day: Gerard Majella

    1. Italian Roman Catholic saint

      Gerard Majella

      Gerard Majella was an Italian lay brother of the Congregation of the Redeemer, better known as the Redemptorists, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church.

  11. Christian feast day: Hedwig of Silesia

    1. High Duchess consort of Poland

      Hedwig of Silesia

      Hedwig of Silesia, also Hedwig of Andechs, a member of the Bavarian comital House of Andechs, was Duchess of Silesia from 1201 and of Greater Poland from 1231 as well as High Duchess consort of Poland from 1232 until 1238. She was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1267 by Pope Clement IV.

  12. Christian feast day: Hugh Latimer (Anglicanism)

    1. English bishop, Reformer, and martyr (c.1487–1555)

      Hugh Latimer

      Hugh Latimer was a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, and Bishop of Worcester during the Reformation, and later Church of England chaplain to King Edward VI. In 1555 under the Catholic Queen Mary I he was burned at the stake, becoming one of the three Oxford Martyrs of Anglicanism.

    2. Christian denominational tradition

      Anglicanism

      Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.

  13. Christian feast day: Junian (of Saint-Junien)

    1. Junian of Saint-Junien

      Saint Junian was a 5th-century Christian hermit at the location later named after him, Saint-Junien. According to tradition, he was the son of the Count of Cambrai and was born in 486, during the reign of Clovis I. This tradition states that Junian and Saint Leonard were baptized at the same time.

  14. Christian feast day: Marguerite Marie Alacoque

    1. Catholic Saint and Mystic

      Margaret Mary Alacoque

      Margaret Mary Alacoque, VHM, was a French Catholic Visitation nun and mystic who promoted devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus in its modern form.

  15. Christian feast day: Marie-Marguerite d'Youville

    1. Marie-Marguerite d'Youville

      Marguerite d'Youville, SGM was a French Canadian Catholic widow who founded the Order of Sisters of Charity of Montreal, commonly known as the Grey Nuns. She was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1990, becoming the first native-born Canadian to be declared a saint.

  16. Christian feast day: Nicholas Ridley (Anglicanism)

    1. Bishop of London; Anglican Saint

      Nicholas Ridley (martyr)

      Nicholas Ridley was an English Bishop of London. Ridley was one of the Oxford Martyrs burned at the stake during the Marian Persecutions, for his teachings and his support of Lady Jane Grey. He is remembered with a commemoration in the calendar of saints in some parts of the Anglican Communion on 16 October.

    2. Christian denominational tradition

      Anglicanism

      Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.

  17. Christian feast day: Silvanus of Ahun

    1. Silvanus of Ahun

      Silvanus of Ahun is venerated as a martyr and saint.

  18. Christian feast day: Blessed Thevarparampil Kunjachan (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church / Catholic Church)

    1. Recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into heaven

      Beatification

      Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. Beati is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds".

    2. Thevarparampil Kunjachan

      Thevarparambil Kunjachan was an Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic priest who dedicated himself to the spiritual and temporal welfare of marginalized Dalits.

    3. Eastern Catholic Major Archiepiscopal Church

      Syro-Malabar Church

      The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church based in Kerala, India. The Syro-Malabar Church is an autonomous particular church in full communion with the pope and the worldwide Catholic Church, including the Latin Church and the 22 other Eastern Catholic churches, with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO). The Church is headed by the Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar, currently George Alencherry. The Syro-Malabar Synod of Bishops canonically convoked and presided over by the Major Archbishop constitutes the supreme authority of the Church. The Major Archiepiscopal Curia of the Church is based in Kakkanad, Kochi. Syro-Malabar is a prefix reflecting the church's use of the East Syriac Rite liturgy and origins in Malabar. The name has been in usage in official Vatican documents since the nineteenth century.

    4. Largest Christian church, led by the pope

      Catholic Church

      The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.

  19. Christian feast day: Pope Victor III

    1. Head of the Catholic Church from 1086 to 1087

      Pope Victor III

      Pope Victor III, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 May 1086 to his death. He was the successor of Pope Gregory VII, yet his pontificate is far less notable than his time as Desiderius, the great abbot of Montecassino.

  20. Christian feast day: October 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

    1. October 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

      October 15 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 17

  21. Pope John Paul II Day (Poland)

    1. Polish festival celebrated on October 16

      Pope John Paul II Day

      Pope John Paul II Day is a Polish festival celebrated every year on October 16. It was established by the Polish Parliament as a tribute to Pope John Paul II. In parallel, it is celebrated by the Catholic Church in Poland as Papal Day, which falls on the Sunday preceding the anniversary of the election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope.

  22. Death anniversary of Liaquat Ali Khan (Pakistan)

    1. List of nationally-recognized holidays in Pakistan

      Public holidays in Pakistan

      Pakistan holidays are celebrated according to the Islamic or local Pakistani calendars for religious and civil purposes, respectively. Religious holidays such as Eid are celebrated according to the Islamic calendar whereas other national holidays such as International Workers' Day, Pakistan Day, and Quaid-i-Azam Day are celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar.

  23. Teachers' Day (Chile)

    1. Day for appreciating teachers

      List of Teachers' Days

      Teachers' Day is a special day for the appreciation of teachers, and may include celebrations to honor them for their special contributions in a particular field area, or the community tone in education. This is the primary reason why countries celebrate this day on different dates, unlike many other International Days. For example, Argentina has commemorated Domingo Faustino Sarmiento's death on 11 September as Teachers' Day since 1915. In India the birthday of the second president Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 5 September, is celebrated as Teachers' Day since 1962, while Guru Purnima has been traditionally observed as a day to worship teachers/gurus by Hindus. Many countries celebrate their Teachers' Day on 5 October in conjunction with World Teachers' Day, which was established by UNESCO in 1994.

    2. Country in South America

      Chile

      Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometers (291,930 sq mi), with a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. It shares land borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the north-east, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chile also controls the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. It also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The country's capital and largest city is Santiago, and its national language is Spanish.

  24. World Food Day (International)

    1. International day of food security

      World Food Day

      World Food Day is an international day celebrated every year worldwide on October 16 to commemorate the date of the founding of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in 1945. The day is celebrated widely by many other organizations concerned with hunger and food security, including the World Food Programme, the World Health Organization and the International Fund for Agricultural Development. WFP received the Nobel Prize in Peace for 2020 for their efforts to combat hunger, contribute to peace in conflict areas, and for playing a leading role in stopping the use of hunger in the form of a weapon for war and conflict.

    2. Lists of holidays

      Lists of holidays by various categorizations.

  25. Bu-Ma Democratic Protests Commemoration Day (South Korea)

    1. Busan–Masan Uprising

      The Busan–Masan Uprising or shortly Buma Uprising against the Yushin regime, took place between 16 and 20 October 1979 in Busan and Masan, South Korea). Students from Pusan National University began demonstrations calling for the abolition of the Yushin regime. On 17 October the protests grew to include citizens and spread to Masan on 18 and 19 October. It also called as Busan–Masan Democratic Uprising or Busan–Masan Democratization Movement.

    2. Country in East Asia

      South Korea

      South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), Korea Republic, is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a population of 51.75 million, of which roughly half live in the Seoul Capital Area, the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the world. Other major cities include Incheon, Busan, and Daegu.