Important events in history
on October 12 ^th

Events

2019
1. Typhoon Hagibis makes landfall in Japan, killing 10 and forcing the evacuation of one million people.
  1. Typhoon Hagibis
    
    Typhoon Hagibis, known in Japan as Typhoon No.19 or Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon , was a large and costly tropical cyclone that caused widespread destruction in Japan. The thirty-eighth depression, ninth typhoon, and third super typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, it was the strongest typhoon to strike mainland Japan in decades, and one of the largest typhoons ever recorded, with a peak gale-force diameter of 825 nautical miles. The typhoon raised global media attention, as it greatly affected the 2019 Rugby World Cup being hosted by Japan. Hagibis was also the deadliest typhoon to strike Japan since Typhoon Fran in 1976.
2. Eliud Kipchoge from Kenya becomes the first person to run a marathon in less than two hours with a time of 1:59:40 in Vienna.
  1. Eliud Kipchoge
    
    Eliud Kipchoge is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon and formerly specialized at the 5000 metre distance. Widely regarded as the greatest marathon runner of all time, he is the 2016 and 2020 Olympic marathon champion and the world record holder in the marathon with a time of 2:01:09 set at the 2022 Berlin Marathon. He has run four of the six fastest marathons in history.
  2. Marathon
    
    The marathon is a long-distance foot race with a distance of 42.195 km, usually run as a road race, but the distance can be covered on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy. There are also wheelchair divisions. More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes, as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants.
  3. Ineos 1:59 Challenge
    
    The Ineos 1:59 Challenge was a successful 2019 attempt by Kenyan athlete Eliud Kipchoge to break the two-hour mark for running the marathon distance. The event was specifically created for Kipchoge and held in Vienna, Austria, on 12 October 2019.
3. The Hard Rock Hotel in New Orleans, which is under construction, collapses, killing two and injuring 20.
  1. 1031 Canal
    
    1031 Canal was a partially collapsed 190-foot-tall (58 m) multi-use high-rise building in New Orleans, Louisiana, located at 1031 Canal Street in the Central Business District. If completed, the project would have been known as the Hard Rock Hotel New Orleans.
2018
1. Princess Eugenie marries Jack Brooksbank at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
  1. Princess Eugenie
    
    Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank is a member of the British royal family. She is the younger daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and Sarah, Duchess of York. She is a niece of King Charles III, and a granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II. At birth, she was 6th in the line of succession to the British throne and is now 11th. She is the younger sister of Princess Beatrice.
  2. Wedding of Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank
    
    The wedding of Princess Eugenie of York and Jack Brooksbank took place on 12 October 2018 at St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in the United Kingdom. The bride is a member of the British royal family. The groom is a British wine merchant, brand ambassador of Casamigos Tequila and socialite. The dean of Windsor, David Conner, officiated at the wedding using the standard Anglican church service for Holy Matrimony published in Common Worship, the liturgical text of the Church of England. Princess Eugenie was the first British princess of royal blood to marry in the Church of England since the wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips 45 years before.
  3. Jack Brooksbank
    
    Jack Christopher Stamp Brooksbank is an English bar manager and brand ambassador. He is married to Princess Eugenie, a niece of King Charles III.
  4. St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
    
    St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in England is a castle chapel built in the late-medieval Perpendicular Gothic style. It is both a Royal Peculiar and the Chapel of the Order of the Garter. St George's Chapel was founded in the 14th century by King Edward III and extensively enlarged in the late 15th century. It is located in the Lower Ward of the castle. The castle has belonged to the monarchy for almost 1,000 years and was a principal residence of Elizabeth II before her death. The chapel has been the scene of many royal services, weddings and burials – in the 19th century, St George's Chapel and the nearby Frogmore Gardens superseded Westminster Abbey as the chosen burial place for the British royal family. The running of the chapel is the responsibility of the dean and Canons of Windsor who make up the College of Saint George. They are assisted by a clerk, verger and other staff. The Society of the Friends of St George's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter, a registered charity, was established in 1931 to assist the college in maintaining the chapel.
2017
1. The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO. Israel immediately follows.
  1. UNESCO
    
    The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It has 193 member states and 12 associate members, as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector. Headquartered at the World Heritage Centre in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions that facilitate its global mandate.
2013
1. Fifty-one people are killed after a truck veers off a cliff in Peru.
  1. 2013 Peru bus disaster
    
    On October 12, 2013, a cargo truck carrying 51 people, including 14 children, plunged off a 200-metre cliff, killing everyone on board. This incident is currently tied with the 2018 Pasamayo bus crash as the deadliest road accident in Peruvian history. According to authorities, the truck, which was being used as a makeshift bus, was traveling to a celebration in the Santa Teresa district, when the driver lost control of the bus as it plunged off a 200-meter cliff into the Chaupimayo River below.
2012
1. The European Union wins the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize.
  1. European Union
    
    The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of 4,233,255.3 km2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity combining the characteristics of both a federation and a confederation.
  2. 2012 Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The 2012 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the European Union (EU) "for over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe" by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
2010
1. The Finnish Yle TV2 channel's Ajankohtainen kakkonen current affairs program airs controversial Homoilta episode (literally "gay night"), which leads to the resignation of almost 50,000 Finns from the Evangelical Lutheran Church.
  1. Yle TV2
    
    Yle TV2 is a Finnish television channel owned and operated by Yle. TV2 was launched in 1965 as the successor to the former television channels TES-TV (Tesvisio) and Tamvisio, and broadcasts public service programming, sports, drama, children's, youth, and music programmes. With Yle TV1, it is one of the main television channels of Yle.
  2. Ajankohtainen kakkonen
    
    Ajankohtainen kakkonen was a Finnish current affairs television series broadcast in Finland on Yle TV2 from 1969 to 2015. Aired every Tuesday at 21.00 EET.
  3. LGBT history in Finland
    
    This article is about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) history in Finland.
  4. Finns
    
    Finns or Finnish people are a Baltic Finnic ethnic group native to Finland.
  5. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
    
    The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is a national church of Finland. It is part of the Lutheran branch of Christianity. The church has a legal position as a national church in the country, along with the Orthodox Church of Finland.
2005
1. The second Chinese human spaceflight, Shenzhou 6, is launched, carrying two cosmonauts in orbit for five days.
  1. Shenzhou 6
    
    Shenzhou 6 was the second human spaceflight of the Chinese space program, launched on October 12, 2005 on a Long March 2F rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The Shenzhou spacecraft carried a crew of Fèi Jùnlóng (费俊龙) and Niè Hǎishèng (聂海胜) for five days in low Earth orbit. It launched three days before the second anniversary of China's first human spaceflight, Shenzhou 5.
2002
1. Terrorists detonate bombs in the Sari Club in Bali, killing 202 and wounding over 300.
  1. 2002 Bali bombings
    
    The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack killed 202 people. A further 209 people were injured.
2000
1. The USS Cole, a US Navy destroyer, is badly damaged by two al-Qaeda suicide bombers, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
  1. USS Cole (DDG-67)
    
    USS Cole (DDG-67) is an Arleigh Burke-class Aegis-equipped guided missile destroyer home-ported in Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. Cole is named in honor of Marine Sergeant Darrell S. Cole, a machine-gunner killed in action on Iwo Jima on 19 February 1945, during World War II. Cole is one of 62 authorized Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers, and one of 21 members of the Flight I-class that utilized the 5 in(127 mm)/54 caliber gun mounts found on the earliest of the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The ship was built by Ingalls Shipbuilding and was delivered to the Navy on 11 March 1996.
  2. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  3. Destroyer
    
    In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, manoeuvrable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against powerful short range attackers. They were originally developed in 1885 by Fernando Villaamil for the Spanish Navy as a defense against torpedo boats, and by the time of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, these "torpedo boat destroyers" (TBDs) were "large, swift, and powerfully armed torpedo boats designed to destroy other torpedo boats". Although the term "destroyer" had been used interchangeably with "TBD" and "torpedo boat destroyer" by navies since 1892, the term "torpedo boat destroyer" had been generally shortened to simply "destroyer" by nearly all navies by the First World War.
  4. USS Cole bombing
    
    The USS Cole bombing was a suicide attack by the terrorist group al-Qaeda against USS Cole, a guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy, on 12 October 2000, while she was being refueled in Yemen's Aden harbor.
  5. Al-Qaeda
    
    Al-Qaeda is an Islamic extremist organization composed of Salafist jihadists. Its members are mostly composed of Arabs, but also include other peoples. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 United States embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, and the 2002 Bali bombings; it has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union, India, and various other countries.
1999
1. Pervez Musharraf takes power in Pakistan from Nawaz Sharif through a bloodless coup.
  1. Pervez Musharraf
    
    General Pervez Musharraf NI(M) HI(M) TBt is a former Pakistani politician and four-star general of the Pakistan Army who became the tenth president of Pakistan after the successful military takeover of the federal government in 1999. He also served as the 10th Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1998 to 2001 and the 7th Chief of Army Staff from 1998 to 2007.
  2. Nawaz Sharif
    
    Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif is a Pakistani businessman and politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan for three non-consecutive terms. He is the longest-serving prime minister of Pakistan, having served a total of more than 9 years across three tenures. Each term has ended in his ousting.
  3. 1999 Pakistani coup d'état
    
    The 1999 military takeover in Pakistan was a bloodless coup d'état initiated by the military staff at the Joint Staff HQ working under Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf. The instigators seized control of the civilian government of the publicly elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 12 October 1999. On 14 October, General Musharraf, acting as the country's Chief Executive, issued a controversial provisional order that suspended the Constitution of Pakistan.
2. The former Autonomous Soviet Republic of Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia.
  1. Abkhazia
    
    Abkhazia, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which views the region as an autonomous republic. It lies on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains in northwestern Georgia. It covers 8,665 square kilometres (3,346 sq mi) and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital and largest city is Sukhumi.
  2. Georgia (country)
    
    Georgia is a transcontinental country at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is part of the Caucasus region, bounded by the Black Sea to the west, by Russia to the north and northeast, by Turkey to the southwest, by Armenia to the south, and by Azerbaijan to the southeast. The country covers an area of 69,700 square kilometres (26,900 sq mi), and has a population of 3.7 million people. Tbilisi is its capital as well as its largest city, home to roughly a third of the Georgian population.
1998
1. Matthew Shepard, a gay student at University of Wyoming, dies five days after he was beaten outside of Laramie.
  1. Matthew Shepard
    
    Matthew Wayne Shepard was a gay American student at the University of Wyoming who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near Laramie on the night of October 6, 1998. He was taken by rescuers to Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado, where he died six days later from severe head injuries received during his beating.
  2. University of Wyoming
    
    The University of Wyoming (UW) is a public land-grant research university in Laramie, Wyoming. It was founded in March 1886, four years before the territory was admitted as the 44th state, and opened in September 1887. The University of Wyoming is unusual in that its location within the state is written into the state's constitution. The university also offers outreach education in communities throughout Wyoming and online.
1997
1. The Sidi Daoud massacre in Algeria kills 43 people at a fake roadblock.
  1. Sidi Daoud massacre
    
    The Sidi Daoud massacre took place outside the village of Sidi Daoud near Sig in western Algeria on the night of 12 October 1997. 43 people were killed at a fake roadblock.
1996
1. New Zealand holds its first general election under the new mixed-member proportional representation system, which led to Jim Bolger's National Party forming a coalition government with Winston Peters's New Zealand First.
  1. New Zealand
    
    New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island and the South Island —and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country by area, covering 268,021 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi). New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland.
  2. 1996 New Zealand general election
    
    The 1996 New Zealand general election was held on 12 October 1996 to determine the composition of the 45th New Zealand Parliament. It was notable for being the first election to be held under the new mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system, and produced a parliament considerably more diverse than previous elections. It saw the National Party, led by Jim Bolger, retain its position in government, but only after protracted negotiations with the smaller New Zealand First party to form a coalition. New Zealand First won a large number of seats—including every Māori electorate, traditionally held by Labour. Its position as "kingmaker", able to place either of the two major parties into government, was a significant election outcome.
  3. Mixed-member proportional representation
    
    Mixed-member proportional representation is a mixed electoral system in which votes cast are considered in local elections and also to determine overall party vote tallies, which are used to allocate additional members to produce or deepen overall Proportional representation.
  4. Jim Bolger
    
    James Brendan Bolger is a New Zealand retired politician of the National Party who was the 35th prime minister of New Zealand, serving from 1990 to 1997.
  5. New Zealand National Party
    
    The New Zealand National Party, shortened to National or the Nats, is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It is one of two major parties that dominate contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside its traditional rival, the Labour Party.
  6. Coalition government
    
    A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election, an atypical outcome in nations with majoritarian electoral systems, but common under proportional representation. A coalition government might also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis to give a government the high degree of perceived political legitimacy or collective identity, it can also play a role in diminishing internal political strife. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions. If a coalition collapses, the Prime Minister and cabinet may be ousted by a vote of no confidence, call snap elections, form a new majority coalition, or continue as a minority government.
  7. Winston Peters
    
    Winston Raymond Peters is a New Zealand politician serving as the leader of New Zealand First since its foundation in 1993. Peters served as the 13th deputy prime minister of New Zealand from 1996 to 1998 and 2017 to 2020, the minister of Foreign Affairs from 2005 to 2008 and 2017 to 2020, and the treasurer of New Zealand from 1996 to 1998. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1979 to 1981, 1984 to 2008 and 2011 to 2020.
  8. New Zealand First
    
    New Zealand First, commonly abbreviated to NZ First, is a nationalist and populist political party in New Zealand. The party formed in July 1993 following the resignation on 19 March 1993 of its leader and founder, Winston Peters, from the then-governing National Party. Peters had been the sitting Member of Parliament for Tauranga since 1984 and would use the electorate as the base for New Zealand First until consecutive defeats by National Party candidates in 2005 and 2008. His party has formed coalition governments with both major political parties in New Zealand: first with the National Party from 1996 to 1998 and then with the Labour Party from 2005 to 2008 and from 2017 to 2020. Peters has served on two occasions as deputy prime minister.
1994
1. The Magellan spacecraft burns up in the atmosphere of Venus.
  1. Magellan (spacecraft)
    
    The Magellan spacecraft was a 1,035-kilogram (2,282 lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA of the United States, on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus by using synthetic-aperture radar and to measure the planetary gravitational field.
  2. Atmosphere of Venus
    
    The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of supercritical carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K, and the pressure is 93 bar (1,350 psi), roughly the pressure found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging. Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.
1992
1. An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8 or 5.9 struck south of Cairo, Egypt, killing 545 people.
  1. Seismic magnitude scales
    
    Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.
  2. 1992 Cairo earthquake
    
    The 1992 Cairo Earthquake, also known as the 1992 Dahshur earthquake, occurred at 15:09 local time on 12 October, with an epicenter in the Western Desert near Dahshur, Giza, 35 km (22 mi) south of Egypt's capital and most populous city, Cairo. The earthquake had a magnitude of either 5.8 or 5.9, but was unusually destructive for its size, causing 561 deaths and injuring 12,392 people. It also made over 30,000 families homeless in tens of cities and villages across 16 governorates, in Greater Cairo, the Delta, and northern Upper Egypt. It was the most damaging seismic event to affect Egypt since 1847.
2. A 5.8 earthquake occurred in Cairo, Egypt. At least 510 died.
  1. 1992 Cairo earthquake
    
    The 1992 Cairo Earthquake, also known as the 1992 Dahshur earthquake, occurred at 15:09 local time on 12 October, with an epicenter in the Western Desert near Dahshur, Giza, 35 km (22 mi) south of Egypt's capital and most populous city, Cairo. The earthquake had a magnitude of either 5.8 or 5.9, but was unusually destructive for its size, causing 561 deaths and injuring 12,392 people. It also made over 30,000 families homeless in tens of cities and villages across 16 governorates, in Greater Cairo, the Delta, and northern Upper Egypt. It was the most damaging seismic event to affect Egypt since 1847.
1988
1. Two officers of the Victoria Police are gunned down execution-style in the Walsh Street police shootings, Australia.
  1. Victoria Police
    
    Victoria Police is the primary law enforcement agency of the Australian state of Victoria. It was formed in 1853 and currently operates under the Victoria Police Act 2013.
  2. Walsh Street police shootings
    
    The Walsh Street police shootings were the 1988 murders of two Victoria Police officers: Constables Steven Tynan, 22, and Damian Eyre, 20.
1984
1. The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a bomb at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, England, in a failed attempt to assassinate British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet.
  1. Provisional Irish Republican Army
    
    The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.
  2. Brighton hotel bombing
    
    A Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) assassination attempt against members of the British government took place on 12 October 1984 at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, East Sussex, England, United Kingdom. A long-delay time bomb was planted in the hotel by Patrick Magee before Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet arrived there for the Conservative Party conference. Although Thatcher narrowly escaped the blast, five people were killed, including the Conservative MP and Deputy Chief Whip Sir Anthony Berry, and a further 31 were injured.
  3. Grand Brighton Hotel
    
    The Grand Brighton Hotel is a historic Victorian sea front hotel in Brighton on the south coast of England. Designed by John Whichcord Jr. and built in 1864, it was intended for members of the upper classes visiting the city, and remains one of Brighton's most expensive hotels.
  4. Brighton
    
    Brighton is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the City of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England. It is located 47 miles (76 km) south of London.
  5. Margaret Thatcher
    
    Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher , was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the first female British prime minister and the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century. As prime minister, she implemented economic policies that became known as Thatcherism. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style.
2. The Provisional Irish Republican Army fail to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet. The bomb kills five people and wounds 31.
  1. Provisional Irish Republican Army
    
    The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.
  2. Brighton hotel bombing
    
    A Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) assassination attempt against members of the British government took place on 12 October 1984 at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, East Sussex, England, United Kingdom. A long-delay time bomb was planted in the hotel by Patrick Magee before Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet arrived there for the Conservative Party conference. Although Thatcher narrowly escaped the blast, five people were killed, including the Conservative MP and Deputy Chief Whip Sir Anthony Berry, and a further 31 were injured.
  3. Margaret Thatcher
    
    Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher , was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the first female British prime minister and the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century. As prime minister, she implemented economic policies that became known as Thatcherism. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style.
  4. Second Thatcher ministry
    
    Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 4 May 1979 to 28 November 1990, during which time she led a Conservative majority government. She was the first woman to hold that office. During her premiership, Thatcher moved to liberalise the British economy through deregulation, privatisation, and the promotion of entrepreneurialism.
1983
1. Japan's former Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei is found guilty of taking a $2 million bribe from the Lockheed Corporation, and is sentenced to four years in jail.
  1. Kakuei Tanaka
    
    Kakuei Tanaka was a Japanese politician who served in the House of Representatives from 1947 to 1990, and was Prime Minister of Japan from 1972 to 1974.
  2. Lockheed bribery scandals
    
    The Lockheed bribery scandals encompassed a series of bribes and contributions made by officials of U.S. aerospace company Lockheed from the late 1950s to the 1970s in the process of negotiating the sale of aircraft.
  3. Lockheed Corporation
    
    The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer. Lockheed was founded in 1926 and later merged with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin in 1995. Its founder, Allan Lockheed, had earlier founded the similarly named but otherwise-unrelated Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was operational from 1912 to 1920.
1979
1. Typhoon Tip, the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded, reached a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of 870 mbar (25.69 inHg) in the western Pacific Ocean.
  1. Typhoon Tip
    
    Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling, was the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. The forty-third tropical depression, nineteenth tropical storm, twelfth typhoon, and third super typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season, Tip developed out of a disturbance within the monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei in Micronesia. Initially, Tropical Storm Roger to the northwest hindered the development and motion of Tip, though after the storm tracked farther north, Tip was able to intensify. After passing Guam, Tip rapidly intensified and reached peak sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) and a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) on October 12. At its peak intensity, Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a wind diameter of 2,220 km (1,380 mi). Tip slowly weakened as it continued west-northwestward and later turned to the northeast, in response to an approaching trough. The typhoon made landfall in southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter. Tip's extratropical remnants continued moving east-northeastward, until they dissipated near the Aleutian Islands on October 24.
  2. Tropical cyclone
    
    A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, South Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".
  3. Atmospheric pressure
    
    Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere is a unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa), which is equivalent to 1013.25 millibars, 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi. The atm unit is roughly equivalent to the mean sea-level atmospheric pressure on Earth; that is, the Earth's atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 atm.
  4. Bar (unit)
    
    The bar is a metric unit of pressure, but not part of the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as exactly equal to 100,000 Pa (100 kPa), or slightly less than the current average atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. By the barometric formula, 1 bar is roughly the atmospheric pressure on Earth at an altitude of 111 metres at 15 °C.
  5. Inch of mercury
    
    Inch of mercury is a non-SI unit of measurement for pressure. It is used for barometric pressure in weather reports, refrigeration and aviation in the United States.
2. Typhoon Tip becomes the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded.
  1. Typhoon Tip
    
    Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Warling, was the largest and most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded. The forty-third tropical depression, nineteenth tropical storm, twelfth typhoon, and third super typhoon of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season, Tip developed out of a disturbance within the monsoon trough on October 4 near Pohnpei in Micronesia. Initially, Tropical Storm Roger to the northwest hindered the development and motion of Tip, though after the storm tracked farther north, Tip was able to intensify. After passing Guam, Tip rapidly intensified and reached peak sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) and a worldwide record-low sea-level pressure of 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) on October 12. At its peak intensity, Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a wind diameter of 2,220 km (1,380 mi). Tip slowly weakened as it continued west-northwestward and later turned to the northeast, in response to an approaching trough. The typhoon made landfall in southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter. Tip's extratropical remnants continued moving east-northeastward, until they dissipated near the Aleutian Islands on October 24.
1977
1. Hua Guofeng succeeds Mao Zedong as paramount leader of China.
  1. Hua Guofeng
    
    Hua Guofeng, alternatively spelled as Hua Kuo-feng, was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Premier of the People's Republic of China. The designated successor of Mao Zedong, Hua held the top offices of the government, party, and the military after the deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai, but was gradually forced out of supreme power by a coalition of party leaders between December 1978 and June 1981, and subsequently retreated from the political limelight, though still remaining a member of the Central Committee until 2002.
  2. Mao Zedong
    
    Mao Zedong, also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which he led as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist, his theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism.
  3. Paramount leader
    
    Paramount leader is an informal term for the most important political figure in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The paramount leader typically controls the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), often holding the titles of CCP General Secretary and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC). The head of state (president) or head of government (premier) are not necessarily paramount leader—under China's party-state system, CCP roles are politically more important than state titles.
1973
1. President Nixon nominates House Majority Leader Gerald R. Ford as the successor to Vice President Spiro T. Agnew.
  1. Gerald Ford
    
    Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He was the only president never to have been elected to the office of president or vice president. He previously served as the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives, and was appointed to be the 40th vice president in 1973. When President Richard Nixon resigned in 1974, Ford succeeded to the presidency, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976.
  2. Spiro Agnew
    
    Spiro Theodore Agnew was the 39th vice president of the United States, serving from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. He is the second vice president to resign the position, the other being John C. Calhoun in 1832.
1971
1. The 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire begins.
  1. 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
    
    The Celebration of the 2,500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire was a national event in Iran that consisted of an elaborate set of grand festivities during October 1971 to celebrate the founding of the ancient Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great. The intent of the celebration was to highlight Iran's ancient civilization and history as well as to showcase its contemporary advances under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The celebrations highlighted pre-Islamic origins of the country while promoting Cyrus the Great as a national hero.
1970
1. Vietnam War: Vietnamization continues as President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas.
  1. Vietnamization
    
    Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops". Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens' mistrust of their government that had begun after the offensive worsened with the release of news about U.S. soldiers massacring civilians at My Lai (1968), the invasion of Cambodia (1970), and the leaking of the Pentagon Papers (1971).
1968
1. Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain.
  1. Equatorial Guinea
    
    Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2021, the country had a population of 1,468,777.
1967
1. A bomb explodes on board Cyprus Airways Flight 284 while flying over the Mediterranean Sea, killing 66.
  1. Cyprus Airways Flight 284
    
    Cyprus Airways Flight 284 was a de Havilland Comet that exploded during a flight to Nicosia International Airport on 12 October 1967 after a bomb detonated in the cabin. The airliner crashed in the Mediterranean Sea and all 66 passengers and crew members on board were killed.
  2. Mediterranean Sea
    
    The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The Sea has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Although the Mediterranean is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually referred to as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years during the Messinian salinity crisis before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago.
1964
1. The Soviet Union launches the Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew, and the first flight without pressure suits.
  1. Voskhod 1
    
    Voskhod 1 was the seventh crewed Soviet space flight. Flown by cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov, Konstantin Feoktistov, and Boris Yegorov, it launched 12 October 1964, and returned on the 13th. Voskhod 1 was the first human spaceflight to carry more than one crewman into orbit, the first flight without the use of spacesuits, and the first to carry either an engineer or a physician into outer space. It also set a crewed spacecraft altitude record of 336 km (209 mi).
1963
1. After nearly 23 years of imprisonment, Reverend Walter Ciszek, a Jesuit missionary, was released from the Soviet Union.
  1. Walter Ciszek
    
    Walter Joseph Ciszek, S.J. was a Polish-American Jesuit priest of the Russian Greek Catholic Church who conducted clandestine missionary work in the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1963.
1962
1. The Columbus Day Storm strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest with record wind velocities. There was at least U.S. $230 million in damages and 46 people died.
  1. Columbus Day Storm of 1962
    
    The Columbus Day Storm of 1962 was a Pacific Northwest windstorm that struck the West Coast of Canada and the Pacific Northwest coast of the United States on October 12, 1962. Typhoon Freda was the twenty-eighth tropical depression, the twenty-third tropical storm, and the eighteenth typhoon of the 1962 Pacific typhoon season. Freda originated from a tropical disturbance over the Northwest Pacific on September 28. On October 3, the system strengthened into a tropical storm and was given the name Freda, before becoming a typhoon later that day, while moving northeastward. The storm quickly intensified, reaching its peak as a Category 3-equivalent typhoon on October 5, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 948 millibars (28.0 inHg). Freda maintained its intensity for another day, before beginning to gradually weaken, later on October 6. On October 9, Freda weakened into a tropical storm, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on the next day. On October 11, Freda turned eastward and accelerated across the North Pacific, before striking the Pacific Northwest on the next day. On October 13, the cyclone made landfall on Washington and Vancouver Island, and then curved northwestward. Afterward, the system moved into Canada and weakened, before being absorbed by another developing storm to the south on October 17. The Columbus Day Storm of 1962 is considered to be the benchmark of extratropical wind storms. The storm ranks among the most intense to strike the region since at least 1948, likely since the January 9, 1880 "Great Gale" and snowstorm. The storm is a contender for the title of the most powerful extratropical cyclone recorded in the U.S. in the 20th century; with respect to wind velocity, it is unmatched by the March 1993 "Storm of the Century" and the "1991 Halloween Nor'easter". The system brought strong winds to the Pacific Northwest and southwest Canada, and was linked to 46 fatalities in the northwest and Northern California resulting from heavy rains and mudslides.
  2. Pacific Northwest
    
    The Pacific Northwest is a geographic region in western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common conception includes the U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Some broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into northern California, and east into western Montana. Other conceptions may be limited to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the region's history, culture, geography, society, ecosystems, and other factors.
1960
1. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev reportedly pounded his shoe on a desk during the Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in response to Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong's assertion of Soviet colonial policy being conducted in Eastern Europe.
  1. Nikita Khrushchev
    
    Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev stunned the communist world with his denunciation of Stalin's crimes, and embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization with his key ally Anastas Mikoyan. He sponsored the early Soviet space program, and enactment of moderate reforms in domestic policy. After some false starts, and a narrowly avoided nuclear war over Cuba, he conducted successful negotiations with the United States to reduce Cold War tensions. In 1964, the Kremlin leadership stripped him of power, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
  2. Shoe-banging incident
    
    The shoe-banging incident occurred when Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pounded his shoe on his delegate-desk in protest at a speech by Philippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong during the 902nd Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York City on 12 October 1960.
  3. United Nations General Assembly
    
    The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Currently in its 77th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ wherein all member states have equal representation.
  4. Lorenzo Sumulong
    
    Lorenzo Sumulong Sumulong Sr. was a Filipino politician who served in the Philippine Senate for four decades, and as a delegate of his country to the United Nations. He was noted for having engaged in a debate with Nikita Khrushchev at the United Nations General Assembly that allegedly provoked the Soviet Union Premier to bang his shoe on a desk.
2. Japan Socialist Party leader Inejirō Asanuma was assassinated during a live television recording by a man using a samurai sword.
  1. Social Democratic Party (Japan)
    
    The Social Democratic Party is a political party in Japan that was established in 1996. Since its reformation and name change in 1996, it has advocated pacifism and defined itself as a social-democratic party. It was previously known as the Japan Socialist Party .
  2. Inejirō Asanuma
    
    Inejiro Asanuma was a Japanese politician and leader of the Japan Socialist Party. During World War II, Asanuma was aligned with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and advocated for war in Asia. Asanuma later became a forceful advocate of socialism in post-war Japan. He was noted for his support of the newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) as well as the criticism of United States–Japanese relations, making him a polarizing figure.
  3. Yoroi-dōshi
    
    The yoroi-dōshi (鎧通し), "armor piercer" or "mail piercer", is one of the traditionally made Japanese swords that were worn by the samurai class as a weapon in feudal Japan.
3. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a desk at the United Nations to protest a Philippine assertion.
  1. Nikita Khrushchev
    
    Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev stunned the communist world with his denunciation of Stalin's crimes, and embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization with his key ally Anastas Mikoyan. He sponsored the early Soviet space program, and enactment of moderate reforms in domestic policy. After some false starts, and a narrowly avoided nuclear war over Cuba, he conducted successful negotiations with the United States to reduce Cold War tensions. In 1964, the Kremlin leadership stripped him of power, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
  2. Shoe-banging incident
    
    The shoe-banging incident occurred when Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pounded his shoe on his delegate-desk in protest at a speech by Philippine delegate Lorenzo Sumulong during the 902nd Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly held in New York City on 12 October 1960.
4. Japan Socialist Party leader Inejiro Asanuma is stabbed to death during a live television broadcast.
  1. Japan Socialist Party
    
    The Japan Socialist Party was a socialist and progressive political party in Japan that existed from 1945 to 1996. The party was founded as the Social Democratic Party of Japan by members of several proletarian parties that existed before World War II, including the Social Mass Party, the Labour-Farmer Party, and the Japan Labour-Farmer Party. The party represented Japan's "left-wing" after the war, and was a major opponent of the "right-wing" Liberal Democratic Party.
  2. Inejirō Asanuma
    
    Inejiro Asanuma was a Japanese politician and leader of the Japan Socialist Party. During World War II, Asanuma was aligned with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and advocated for war in Asia. Asanuma later became a forceful advocate of socialism in post-war Japan. He was noted for his support of the newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) as well as the criticism of United States–Japanese relations, making him a polarizing figure.
1959
1. At the national congress of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance in Peru, a group of leftist radicals are expelled from the party who later form APRA Rebelde.
  1. APRA Rebelde
    
    APRA Rebelde was a splinter group of the Peruvian APRA. APRA Rebelde was formed in 1959, by a group that was expelled from APRA at a National Congress on October 12. The leader of the group, APRA Rebelde started orienting itself towards the radical Marxist left. In 1962 the group was refounded as the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR).
1945
1. World War II: Desmond Doss is the first conscientious objector to receive the U.S. Medal of Honor.
  1. Desmond Doss
    
    Desmond Thomas Doss was a United States Army corporal who served as a combat medic with an infantry company in World War II. He was twice awarded the Bronze Star Medal for actions on Guam and in the Philippines. Doss further distinguished himself in the Battle of Okinawa by saving 75 men, becoming the only conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor for his actions during the war. His life has been the subject of books, the 2004 documentary The Conscientious Objector, and the 2016 Oscar nominated film Hacksaw Ridge, where he was portrayed by Andrew Garfield.
2. The Lao Issara took control of Laos' government and reaffirmed the country's independence.
  1. Lao Issara
    
    The Lao Issara was an anti-French, nationalist movement formed on 12 October 1945 by Prince Phetsarath. This short-lived movement emerged after the Japanese defeat in World War II and became the government of Laos before the return of the French. It aimed to prevent the French from restoring their control over Laos. The group disbanded in 1949.
1944
1. World War II: The Axis occupation of Athens comes to an end.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Axis occupation of Greece
    
    The occupation of Greece by the Axis Powers began in April 1941 after Nazi Germany invaded the Kingdom of Greece to assist its ally, Fascist Italy, which had been at war with Allied Greece since October 1940. Following the conquest of Crete, all of Greece was occupied by June 1941. The occupation of the mainland lasted until Germany and its ally Bulgaria were forced to withdraw under Allied pressure in early October 1944. However, German garrisons remained in control of Crete and some other Aegean islands until after the end of World War II in Europe, surrendering these islands in May and June 1945.
1933
1. The military Alcatraz Citadel becomes the civilian Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary.
  1. Fort Alcatraz
    
    Fort Alcatraz was a United States Army coastal fortification on Alcatraz Island near the mouth of San Francisco Bay in California, part of the Third System of fixed fortifications, although very different from most other Third System works. Initially completed in 1859, it was also used for mustering and training recruits and new units for the Civil War from 1861 and began secondary use as a long-term military prison in 1868.
  2. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
    
    United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, also known simply as Alcatraz or The Rock was a maximum security federal prison on Alcatraz Island, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States, the site of a fort since the 1850s; the main prison building was built in 1910–1912 as a United States Army military prison.
1928
1. An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Boston Children's Hospital.
  1. Iron lung
    
    An iron lung is a type of negative pressure ventilator (NPV), a mechanical respirator which encloses most of a person's body, and varies the air pressure in the enclosed space, to stimulate breathing. It assists breathing when muscle control is lost, or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability. Need for this treatment may result from diseases including polio and botulism and certain poisons.
  2. Boston Children's Hospital
    
    Boston Children's Hospital formerly known as Children's Hospital Boston until 2012 is a nationally ranked, freestanding acute care children's hospital located in Boston, Massachusetts, adjacent both to its teaching affiliate, Harvard Medical School, and to Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Dana-Farber and Children's jointly operate the Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center to deliver comprehensive care for all types of childhood cancers. The hospital is home to the largest hospital-based pediatric research program in the world. The hospital features 485 pediatric beds and provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Massachusetts, the United States, and the world. The hospital also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. The hospital uses the Brigham and Women's Hospital's rooftop helipad and is an ACS verified level I pediatric trauma center, one of three in Boston. The hospital features a regional pediatric intensive-care unit and an American Academy of Pediatrics verified level IV neonatal intensive care unit.
1918
1. A massive forest fire kills 453 people in Minnesota.
  1. Cloquet fire
    
    The Cloquet fire was an immense forest fire in northern Minnesota, United States in October 1918, caused by sparks on the local railroads and dry conditions. The fire left much of western Carlton County devastated, mostly affecting Moose Lake, Cloquet, and Kettle River. Cloquet was hit the hardest by the fires. It was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of casualties in a single day. In total, 453 people died and 52,000 people were injured or displaced, 38 communities were destroyed, 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) were burned, and $73 million in property damage was suffered. Thirteen million dollars in federal aid were disbursed.
1917
1. First World War: New Zealand troops suffered more than 2,000 casualties, including more than 800 deaths, in the First Battle of Passchendaele (pictured), making it the nation's largest loss of life in one day.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. First Battle of Passchendaele
    
    The First Battle of Passchendaele took place on 12 October 1917 during the First World War, in the Ypres Salient in Belgium on the Western Front. The attack was part of the Third Battle of Ypres and was fought west of Passchendaele village. The British had planned to capture the ridges south and east of the city of Ypres as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. Passchendaele lay on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 mi (8.0 km) from the railway junction at Roulers, which was an important part of the supply system of the German 4th Army.
2. World War I: The First Battle of Passchendaele takes place resulting in the largest single-day loss of life in New Zealand history.
  1. First Battle of Passchendaele
    
    The First Battle of Passchendaele took place on 12 October 1917 during the First World War, in the Ypres Salient in Belgium on the Western Front. The attack was part of the Third Battle of Ypres and was fought west of Passchendaele village. The British had planned to capture the ridges south and east of the city of Ypres as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. Passchendaele lay on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 mi (8.0 km) from the railway junction at Roulers, which was an important part of the supply system of the German 4th Army.
1915
1. World War I: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad for helping Allied soldiers escape from occupied Belgium.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Edith Cavell
    
    Edith Louisa Cavell was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and for helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, for which she was arrested under martial law. She was accused of treason, found guilty by a court-martial and sentenced to death. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was shot by a German firing squad. Her execution received worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage.
  3. German occupation of Belgium during World War I
    
    The German occupation of Belgium of World War I was a military occupation of Belgium by the forces of the German Empire between 1914 and 1918. Beginning in August 1914 with the invasion of neutral Belgium, the country was almost completely overrun by German troops before the winter of the same year as the Allied forces withdrew westwards. The Belgian government went into exile, while King Albert I and the Belgian Army continued to fight on a section of the Western Front. Under the German military, Belgium was divided into three separate administrative zones. The majority of the country fell within the General Government, a formal occupation administration ruled by a German general, while the others, closer to the front line, came under more repressive direct military rule.
1901
1. President Theodore Roosevelt officially renames the "Executive Mansion" to the White House.
  1. Theodore Roosevelt
    
    Theodore Roosevelt Jr., often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice president under President William McKinley from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. Assuming the presidency after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.
  2. White House
    
    The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term "White House" is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers.
1892
1. The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States was first used in public schools to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
  1. Pledge of Allegiance
    
    The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is a patriotic recited verse that promises allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. The first version, with a text different from the one used at present, was written in 1885 by Captain George Thacher Balch, a Union Army officer in the Civil War who later authored a book on how to teach patriotism to children in public schools. In 1892, Francis Bellamy revised Balch's verse as part of a magazine promotion surrounding the World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas. Bellamy, the circulation manager for The Youth's Companion magazine, helped persuade President Benjamin Harrison to institute Columbus Day as a national holiday and lobbied Congress for a national school celebration of the day. The magazine sent leaflets containing part of Bellamy's Pledge of Allegiance to schools across the country and on October 21, 1892, over 10,000 children recited the verse together.
  2. World's Columbian Exposition
    
    The World's Columbian Exposition was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, held in Jackson Park, was a large water pool representing the voyage Columbus took to the New World. Chicago had won the right to host the fair over several other cities, including New York City, Washington, D.C., and St. Louis. The exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on American architecture, the arts, American industrial optimism, and Chicago's image.
2. The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited by students in many US public schools.
  1. Pledge of Allegiance
    
    The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is a patriotic recited verse that promises allegiance to the flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. The first version, with a text different from the one used at present, was written in 1885 by Captain George Thacher Balch, a Union Army officer in the Civil War who later authored a book on how to teach patriotism to children in public schools. In 1892, Francis Bellamy revised Balch's verse as part of a magazine promotion surrounding the World's Columbian Exposition, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the Americas. Bellamy, the circulation manager for The Youth's Companion magazine, helped persuade President Benjamin Harrison to institute Columbus Day as a national holiday and lobbied Congress for a national school celebration of the day. The magazine sent leaflets containing part of Bellamy's Pledge of Allegiance to schools across the country and on October 21, 1892, over 10,000 children recited the verse together.
1890
1. The Uddevalla Suffrage Association was founded in Uddevalla, Sweden, with the purpose of bringing about universal suffrage.
  1. Uddevalla Suffrage Association
    
    The Uddevalla Suffrage Association was a late-19th-century political movement founded in Uddevalla, Sweden. Local historians and the Swedish Social Democratic Party consider it the first political predecessor of the Swedish labour movement in the province of Bohuslän. Its purpose was to bring about universal suffrage in Sweden: At the time, suffrage in the country was restricted to men and based on personal wealth, therefore excluding most of the urban and rural working class from the electoral process. The Uddevalla Suffrage Association was one of many groups throughout Sweden that helped bring democratic thought into the common discourse and make way for the political breakthrough of the labour movement.
  2. Uddevalla
    
    Uddevalla is a town and the seat of Uddevalla Municipality in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. In 2015, it had a population of 34 781.
  3. Universal suffrage
    
    Universal suffrage gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stance, subject only to certain exceptions as in the case of children, felons, and for a time, women. In its original 19th-century usage by reformers in Britain, universal suffrage was understood to mean only universal manhood suffrage; the vote was extended to women later, during the women's suffrage movement that began in New Zealand in the 19th century.
2. Uddevalla Suffrage Association is formed.
  1. Uddevalla Suffrage Association
    
    The Uddevalla Suffrage Association was a late-19th-century political movement founded in Uddevalla, Sweden. Local historians and the Swedish Social Democratic Party consider it the first political predecessor of the Swedish labour movement in the province of Bohuslän. Its purpose was to bring about universal suffrage in Sweden: At the time, suffrage in the country was restricted to men and based on personal wealth, therefore excluding most of the urban and rural working class from the electoral process. The Uddevalla Suffrage Association was one of many groups throughout Sweden that helped bring democratic thought into the common discourse and make way for the political breakthrough of the labour movement.
1871
1. The British in India enact the Criminal Tribes Act, naming many local communities "Criminal Tribes".
  1. Criminal Tribes Act
    
    Since the 1870s, various pieces of colonial legislation in India during British rule were collectively called the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), which criminalized entire communities by designating them as habitual criminals. Under these acts, ethnic or social communities in India were defined as "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences" such as thefts, and were registered by the government. Adult males of the groups were forced to report weekly to local police, and had restrictions on their movement imposed.
1856
1. An M 7.7–8.3 earthquake off the Greek island of Crete cause major damage as far as Egypt and Malta.
  1. 1856 Heraklion earthquake
    
    The 1856 Heraklion earthquake, also known as the Crete earthquake or Rhodes earthquake occurred on the morning of October 12 at 02:45 am local time. This extremely catastrophic earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.7 to 8.3 at a depth of approximately 61 to 100 km. The earthquake was felt over a very wide area extending from Sicily, Italy to the Levant and North Africa. On the Greek island of Crete, the effects of the earthquake were cataclysmic, over 500 bodies were recovered in the city of Heraklion. Shockwaves from the earthquake were felt intensely, covering all of the Ottoman Empire; present-day Turkey, Cyprus and the Middle East where damage and human losses were reported. In Malta, the earthquake collapsed the Għajn Ħadid Tower—a coastal watchtower built around the year 1638. In Cairo, Egypt, the earthquake destroyed buildings, created seiches in canals, and killed several people. Off the Egyptian and Italian coasts, sailors reported feeling a seaquake.
1849
1. The city of Manizales, Colombia, is founded by 'The Expedition of the 20'.
  1. Manizales
    
    Manizales is a city in central Colombia. It is the capital of the Department of Caldas, and lies near the Nevado del Ruiz volcano.
1822
1. Pedro I of Brazil is proclaimed the emperor.
  1. Pedro I of Brazil
    
    Dom Pedro I, nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "the Soldier King". Born in Lisbon, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom John VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When the country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil.
1810
1. The citizens of Munich hold the first Oktoberfest in celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Louis of Bavaria and Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
  1. Munich
    
    Munich is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people. Straddling the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany. Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.
  2. Oktoberfest
    
    The Oktoberfest is the world's largest Volksfest, featuring a beer festival and a travelling carnival. It is held annually in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It is a 16- to 18-day folk festival running from mid- or late-September to around the first Sunday in October, with more than six million international and national visitors attending the event. Locally, it is called d’Wiesn, after the colloquial name for the fairgrounds, Theresienwiese. The Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture, having been held since the year 1810. Other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations that are modeled after the original Munich event.
  3. Ludwig I of Bavaria
    
    Ludwig I or Louis I was King of Bavaria from 1825 until the 1848 revolutions in the German states. When he was crown prince, he was involved in the Napoleonic Wars. As king, he encouraged Bavaria's industrialization, initiating the Ludwig Canal between the rivers Main and the Danube. In 1835, the first German railway was constructed in his domain, between the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg, with his Bavaria joining the Zollverein economic union in 1834. After the July Revolution of 1830 in France, Ludwig's previous liberal policy became increasingly repressive, in 1844, Ludwig was confronted during the Beer riots in Bavaria. During the revolutions of 1848 the king faced increasing protests and demonstrations by students and the middle classes. On 20 March 1848, he abdicated in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian.
  4. Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen
    
    Therese Charlotte Luise of Saxony-Hildburghausen was queen of Bavaria as the wife of King Ludwig I.
1799
1. Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin (pictured) became the first woman to make a parachute descent, falling 900 m (3,000 ft) in a hot-air balloon gondola.
  1. Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin
    
    Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin was a French balloonist and parachutist. She was the first to ascend solo and the first woman to make a parachute descent, from an altitude of 900 metres (3,000 ft) on 12 October 1799.
  2. Parachute
    
    A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic lift. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who can exit from an aircraft at height and descend safely to earth.
2. Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute.
  1. Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin
    
    Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin was a French balloonist and parachutist. She was the first to ascend solo and the first woman to make a parachute descent, from an altitude of 900 metres (3,000 ft) on 12 October 1799.
  2. Parachute
    
    A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag or, in a ram-air parachute, aerodynamic lift. A major application is to support people, for recreation or as a safety device for aviators, who can exit from an aircraft at height and descend safely to earth.
1798
1. The Peasants' War began in Overmere, Southern Netherlands, with peasants taking up arms against the French occupiers.
  1. Peasants' War (1798)
    
    The Peasants' War was a peasant revolt in 1798 against the French occupiers of the Southern Netherlands, a region which now includes Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Germany. The French had annexed the region in 1795 and control of the region was officially ceded to the French after the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. The revolt is considered part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
  2. Berlare
    
    Berlare is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Berlare proper, Overmere and Uitbergen, as well as the village Donk. The Donkmeer, a large lake and a regional tourist attraction, is located centrally in the municipality. In 2021, Berlare had a total population of 15,222.
  3. Southern Netherlands
    
    The Southern Netherlands, also called the Catholic Netherlands, were the parts of the Low Countries belonging to the Holy Roman Empire which were at first largely controlled by Habsburg Spain and later by the Austrian Habsburgs until occupied and annexed by Revolutionary France (1794–1815).
2. Flemish and Luxembourgish peasants launch the rebellion against French rule known as the Peasants' War.
  1. Peasants' War (1798)
    
    The Peasants' War was a peasant revolt in 1798 against the French occupiers of the Southern Netherlands, a region which now includes Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Germany. The French had annexed the region in 1795 and control of the region was officially ceded to the French after the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. The revolt is considered part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
1793
1. The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  1. Old East
    
    Old East is a residence hall located at the north part of campus in University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. When it was built in 1793, it became the first state university building in the United States. The Wren Building at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, was built in 1695, but William and Mary did not become a public university until 1906.
  2. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
    
    The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a public research university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The flagship of the University of North Carolina system, it is considered a Public Ivy, or a public institution which offers an academic experience similar to that of an Ivy League university. After being chartered in 1789, the university first began enrolling students in 1795, making it one of the oldest public universities in the United States. Among the claimants, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is the only one to have held classes and graduated students as a public university in the eighteenth century.
1792
1. The first celebration of Columbus Day is held in New York City.
  1. Columbus Day
    
    Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
1773
1. America's first insane asylum opens.
  1. Eastern State Hospital (Virginia)
    
    Eastern State Hospital is a psychiatric hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia. Built in 1773, it was the first public facility in the present-day United States constructed solely for the care and treatment of the mentally ill. The original building had burned but was reconstructed in 1985.
1748
1. War of Jenkins' Ear: A British squadron wins a tactical victory over a Spanish squadron off Havana.
  1. War of Jenkins' Ear
    
    The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Britain and Spain lasting from 1739 to 1748, mainly in New Granada and among the West Indies of the Caribbean Sea, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its name, coined by British historian Thomas Carlyle in 1858, refers to Robert Jenkins, a captain of a British merchant ship, whose ear was cut off by sailors of the Spanish coast guard when they boarded his smuggling brig, Rebecca, in April 1731. Seven years later, in support of mongering for war, Jenkins was paraded before the British Parliament, without his ear.
  2. Battle of Havana (1748)
    
    The Battle of Havana was a naval engagement that took place between the British Caribbean squadron and a Spanish squadron based near Havana during the War of Jenkins' Ear. The battle occurred on the morning of the 12th and ended on 14 October 1748. The belligerents consisted of two squadrons under the command of Admiral Don Andres Reggio of the Spanish Navy and Admiral Sir Charles Knowles of the Royal Navy, respectively. The British succeeded in driving the Spanish back to their harbour after capturing the Conquistador and ran the vice-admiral's ship Africa on shore, where she was blown up by her own crew after being totally dismasted and made helpless. Although the advantage had clearly been with Knowles, he failed to use this to deliver a decisive blow. The battle was the last major action in the War of Jenkins' Ear which had merged with the larger War of the Austrian Succession.
1692
1. The Salem witch trials are ended by a letter from Province of Massachusetts Bay Governor William Phips.
  1. Salem witch trials
    
    The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. More than 200 people were accused. Thirty people were found guilty, 19 of whom were executed by hanging. One other man, Giles Corey, was pressed to death after refusing to enter a plea, and at least five people died in jail.
  2. Province of Massachusetts Bay
    
    The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in British America which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692, and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor. Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697.
  3. List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
    
    The territory of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other New England states or of the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
  4. William Phips
    
    Sir William Phips was born in Maine in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was of humble origin, uneducated, and fatherless from a young age but rapidly advanced from shepherd boy, to shipwright, ship's captain, and treasure hunter, the first New England native to be knighted, and the first royally appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Phips was famous in his lifetime for recovering a large treasure from a sunken Spanish galleon but is perhaps best remembered today for establishing the court associated with the infamous Salem Witch Trials, which he grew unhappy with and forced to prematurely disband after five months.
1654
1. The Delft Explosion devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100 people.
  1. Delft
    
    Delft is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. It is located between Rotterdam, to the southeast, and The Hague, to the northwest. Together with them, it is part of both the Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area and the Randstad.
1492
1. Believing he had reached the East Indies, Christopher Columbus made landfall on an island in the Caribbean, sparking a series of events that led to the European colonization of the Americas.
  1. East Indies
    
    The East Indies, is a term used in historical narratives of the Age of Discovery. The Indies refers to various lands in the East or the Eastern hemisphere, particularly the islands and mainlands found in and around the Indian Ocean by Portuguese explorers, soon after the Cape route was discovered. Nowadays, this term is broadly used to refer to the Malay Archipelago, which today comprises the Indonesian Archipelago, Malaysian Borneo, the Philippine Archipelago, and New Guinea. Historically, the term was used in the Age of Discovery to refer to the coasts of the landmasses comprising the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese Peninsula along with the Malay Archipelago.
  2. Christopher Columbus
    
    Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.
  3. Caribbean
    
    The Caribbean is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America.
  4. European colonization of the Americas
    
    During the Age of Discovery, a large scale European colonization of the Americas took place between about 1492 and 1800. Although the Norse had explored and colonized areas of the North Atlantic, colonizing Greenland and creating a short term settlement near the northern tip of Newfoundland circa 1000 CE, the later and more well-known wave by the European powers is what formally constitutes as beginning of colonization, involving the continents of North America and South America. During this time, several empires from Europe—primarily Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Russia, the Netherlands and Sweden—began to explore and claim the land, natural resources and human capital of the Americas, resulting in the displacement, disestablishment, enslavement, and in many cases, genocide of the indigenous peoples, and the establishment of several settler colonial states. Some formerly European settler colonies—including New Mexico, Alaska, the Prairies or northern Great Plains, and the "Northwest Territories" in North America; the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Yucatán Peninsula, and the Darién Gap in Central America; and the northwest Amazon, the central Andes, and the Guianas in South America—remain relatively rural, sparsely populated and Indigenous into the 21st century. Russia began colonizing the Pacific Northwest in the mid-18th century, seeking pelts for the fur trade. Many of the social structures—including religions, political boundaries, and linguae francae—which predominate the Western Hemisphere in the 21st century are the descendants of the structures which were established during this period.
2. Christopher Columbus's first expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean, specifically on San Salvador Island. (Julian calendar)
  1. Christopher Columbus
    
    Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.
  2. Voyages of Christopher Columbus
    
    Between 1492 and 1504, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus led four Spanish transatlantic maritime expeditions of discovery to the Americas. These voyages led to the widespread knowledge of the New World. This breakthrough inaugurated the period known as the Age of Discovery, which saw the colonization of the Americas, a related biological exchange, and trans-Atlantic trade. These events, the effects and consequences of which persist to the present, are often cited as the beginning of the modern era.
  3. Caribbean
    
    The Caribbean is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America.
  4. San Salvador Island
    
    San Salvador Island is an island and district of The Bahamas. It is widely believed that during Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the New World, this island was the first land he sighted and visited on 12 October 1492. He named it San Salvador after Christ the Saviour. Columbus's records indicate that the native Lucayan inhabitants of the territory, who called their island Guanahaní, were "sweet and gentle".
  5. Julian calendar
    
    The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandria.
1406
1. Chen Yanxiang, the only person from Indonesia known to have visited dynastic Korea, reached Seoul after having set out from Java four months before.
  1. Chen Yanxiang
    
    Chen Yanxiang was a merchant of Chinese origin, probably based on the Indonesian island of Java, who visited Joseon Korea and Muromachi Japan between 1394 and 1412. The only source for his life is the Korean Joseon Veritable Records, from which a "particularly colorful career" can be seen.
  2. Seoul
    
    Seoul, officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. According to the 2020 census, Seoul has a population of 9.9 million people, and forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area with the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Considered to be a global city and rated as an Alpha – City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), Seoul was the world's fourth largest metropolitan economy in 2014, following Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles.
  3. Java
    
    Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's most populous island, home to approximately 56% of the Indonesian population.
2. Chen Yanxiang, the only person from Indonesia known to have visited dynastic Korea, reaches Seoul after having set out from Java four months before.
  1. Chen Yanxiang
    
    Chen Yanxiang was a merchant of Chinese origin, probably based on the Indonesian island of Java, who visited Joseon Korea and Muromachi Japan between 1394 and 1412. The only source for his life is the Korean Joseon Veritable Records, from which a "particularly colorful career" can be seen.
  2. Seoul
    
    Seoul, officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. According to the 2020 census, Seoul has a population of 9.9 million people, and forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area with the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Considered to be a global city and rated as an Alpha – City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), Seoul was the world's fourth largest metropolitan economy in 2014, following Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles.
  3. Java
    
    Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's most populous island, home to approximately 56% of the Indonesian population.
1398
1. The Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights Konrad von Jungingen signed the Treaty of Salynas, the third attempt to cede Samogitia to the Knights.
  1. Vytautas
    
    Vytautas, also known as Vytautas the Great from the late 14th century onwards, was a ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was also the Prince of Grodno (1370–1382), Prince of Lutsk (1387–1389), and the postulated king of the Hussites.
  2. Teutonic Order
    
    The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for the protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages.
  3. Konrad von Jungingen
    
    Konrad V von Jungingen was a grand master of the Teutonic Order in 1393-1407. Under his administration the Teutonic Order would reach their greatest extent.
  4. Treaty of Salynas
    
    The Treaty of Salynas was a peace treaty signed on 12 October 1398 by Vytautas the Great, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. It was signed on an islet of the Neman River, probably between Kulautuva and the mouth of the Nevėžis River. It was the third time, after the Treaty of Königsberg (1384) and Treaty of Lyck (1390), that Vytautas promised Samogitia to the Knights. The territory was important to the Knights as it physically separated the Teutonic Knights in Prussia from its branch in Livonia. It was the first time that the Knights and Vytautas attempted to enforce the cession of Samogitia. However, it did not solve the territorial disputes over Samogitia and they dragged on until the Treaty of Melno in 1422.
  5. Samogitia
    
    Samogitia or Žemaitija is one of the five cultural regions of Lithuania and formerly one of the two core administrative divisions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania alongside Lithuania proper. Žemaitija is located in northwestern Lithuania. Its largest city is Šiauliai. Žemaitija has a long and distinct cultural history, reflected in the existence of the Samogitian language.
2. In the Treaty of Salynas, Lithuania cedes Samogitia to the Teutonic Knights.
  1. Treaty of Salynas
    
    The Treaty of Salynas was a peace treaty signed on 12 October 1398 by Vytautas the Great, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. It was signed on an islet of the Neman River, probably between Kulautuva and the mouth of the Nevėžis River. It was the third time, after the Treaty of Königsberg (1384) and Treaty of Lyck (1390), that Vytautas promised Samogitia to the Knights. The territory was important to the Knights as it physically separated the Teutonic Knights in Prussia from its branch in Livonia. It was the first time that the Knights and Vytautas attempted to enforce the cession of Samogitia. However, it did not solve the territorial disputes over Samogitia and they dragged on until the Treaty of Melno in 1422.
  2. Lithuania
    
    Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. It has a maritime border with Sweden to the west on the Baltic Sea. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2 (25,200 sq mi), with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages.
  3. Samogitia
    
    Samogitia or Žemaitija is one of the five cultural regions of Lithuania and formerly one of the two core administrative divisions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania alongside Lithuania proper. Žemaitija is located in northwestern Lithuania. Its largest city is Šiauliai. Žemaitija has a long and distinct cultural history, reflected in the existence of the Samogitian language.
  4. Teutonic Order
    
    The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary and mercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for the protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Baltics during the Middle Ages.
1279
1. The Nichiren Shōshū branch of Buddhism is founded in Japan.
  1. Nichiren Shōshū
    
    Nichiren Shōshū is a branch of Nichiren Buddhism based on the traditionalist teachings of the 13th century Japanese Buddhist priest Nichiren (1222–1282), claiming him as its founder through his senior disciple Nikko Shonin (1246–1333), the founder of Head Temple Taiseki-ji, near Mount Fuji. The lay adherents of the sect are called Hokkeko members. The Enichizan Myohoji Temple in Los Angeles, California serves as the temple headquarters within the United States.
633
1. Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance under Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Gwynedd.
  1. Battle of Hatfield Chase
    
    The Battle of Hatfield Chase was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster. It pitted the Northumbrians against an alliance of Gwynedd and Mercia. The Northumbrians were led by Edwin and the Gwynedd-Mercian alliance was led by Cadwallon ap Cadfan and Penda. The site was a marshy area about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Doncaster on the south bank of the River Don. It was a decisive victory for Gwynedd and the Mercians: Edwin was killed and his army defeated, leading to the temporary collapse of Northumbria.
  2. Edwin of Northumbria
    
    Edwin, also known as Eadwine or Æduinus, was the King of Deira and Bernicia – which later became known as Northumbria – from about 616 until his death. He converted to Christianity and was baptised in 627; after he fell at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, he was venerated as a saint.
  3. Penda of Mercia
    
    Penda was a 7th-century king of Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is today the Midlands. A pagan at a time when Christianity was taking hold in many of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Penda took over the Severn Valley in 628 following the Battle of Cirencester before participating in the defeat of the powerful Northumbrian king Edwin at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.
  4. Cadwallon ap Cadfan
    
    Cadwallon ap Cadfan was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle. The son and successor of Cadfan ap Iago, he is best remembered as the King of the Britons who invaded and conquered the Kingdom of Northumbria, defeating and killing its king, Edwin, prior to his own death in battle against Oswald of Bernicia. His conquest of Northumbria, which he held for a year or two after Edwin died, made him one of the last recorded culturally traditional Celtic Britons to hold substantial territory in eastern Britain until the rise of the Welsh House of Tudor. He was thereafter remembered as a national hero by the Britons and as a tyrant by the Anglo-Saxons of Northumbria.
-539
1. The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar)
  1. Cyrus the Great
    
    Cyrus II of Persia, commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all of the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Western Asia and much of Central Asia. Spanning from the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, the empire created by Cyrus was the largest the world had yet seen. At its maximum extent under his successors, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from parts of the Balkans and Southeast Europe proper in the west to the Indus Valley in the east.
  2. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
  3. Babylon
    
    Babylon was the capital city of the ancient Babylonian Empire, which itself is a term referring to either of two separate empires in the Mesopotamian area in antiquity. These two empires achieved regional dominance between the 19th and 15th centuries BC, and again between the 7th and 6th centuries BC. The city, built along both banks of the Euphrates river, had steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a clay tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad of the Akkadian Empire. The site of the ancient city lies just south of present-day Baghdad. The last known record of habitation of the town dates from the 10th century AD, when it was referred to as the "small village of Babel".
  4. Julian calendar
    
    The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandria.

Births & Deaths

2020
1. Conchata Ferrell, American actress (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Conchata Ferrell
    
    Conchata Galen Ferrell was an American actress. Although she was a regular cast member of five TV sitcoms, she was best known for playing Berta the housekeeper for all 12 seasons of Two and a Half Men. For her performance as Berta, she received two nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She had previously been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in L.A. Law.
2. Roberta McCain, American socialite and oil heiress (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Roberta McCain
    
    Roberta Wright McCain was an American socialite and oil heiress. She was the wife of Admiral John S. McCain Jr., with whom she had three children including U.S. Senator John S. McCain III and stage actor and journalist Joe McCain. McCain was active in the Navy Wives Clubs and her Capitol Hill home was a popular salon for lawmakers and politicians. In 2007 and 2008, she actively campaigned in support of her son John during his presidential bid.
2017
1. Margarita D'Amico, Venezuelan journalist (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Margarita D'Amico
    
    Margarita D'Amico was a Venezuelan journalist, researcher, and professor who made a substantial impact on art criticism and cultural journalism in Venezuela.
2015
1. Abdallah Kigoda, Tanzanian politician, 8th Tanzanian Minister of Industry and Trade (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Abdallah Kigoda
    
    Abdallah Omar Kigoda was a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Handeni constituency from 1995 to 2015. He served as Minister of Industry and Trade from 1996 to 1997, as Minister of Energy and Minerals from 1997 to 2000, as Minister of State in the President's Office for Planning and Privatisation from 2000 to 2005, and again as Minister of Industry and Trade from 2012 to 2015.
  2. Minister of Industry and Trade (Tanzania)
    
    The Minister of Industry and Trade is the head of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Government of Tanzania.
2. Joan Leslie, American actress, dancer, and vaudevillian (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Joan Leslie
    
    Joan Leslie was an American actress and vaudevillian, who during the Hollywood Golden Age, appeared in such films as High Sierra, Sergeant York, and Yankee Doodle Dandy.
2014
1. Ali Mazrui, Kenyan-American political scientist, philosopher, and academic (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Ali Mazrui
    
    Ali Al'amin Mazrui, was a Kenyan-born American academic, professor, and political writer on African and Islamic studies, and North-South relations. He was born in Mombasa, Kenya. His positions included Director of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York, and Director of the Center for Afro-American and African Studies at the University of Michigan. He produced the television documentary series The Africans: A Triple Heritage.
2. Graham Miles, English snooker player (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Graham Miles
    
    Graham Miles was an English snooker player.
3. Roberto Telch, Argentinian footballer and coach (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Roberto Telch
    
    Roberto "Oveja" Telch was an Argentine footballer. He was born in San Vicente, Córdoba, and won four league championships with San Lorenzo in Argentina and represented the Argentina national football team at the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He died in Buenos Aires of a heart attack.
2013
1. George Herbig, American astronomer and academic (b. 1920) deaths
  1. George Herbig
    
    George Howard Herbig was an American astronomer at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. He is perhaps best known for the discovery of Herbig–Haro objects.
2. Oscar Hijuelos, American author and academic (b. 1951) deaths
  1. Oscar Hijuelos
    
    Oscar Jerome Hijuelos was an American novelist.
3. Hans Wilhelm Longva, Norwegian diplomat (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Hans Wilhelm Longva
    
    Hans Wilhelm Longva was a Norwegian diplomat.
4. Malcolm Renfrew, American chemist and academic (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Malcolm Renfrew
    
    Malcolm MacKenzie Renfrew was an American polymer chemist, inventor, and professor emeritus at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. Renfrew Hall, the university's chemistry building, was named for him in 1985.
2012
1. James Coyne, Canadian lawyer and banker, 2nd Governor of the Bank of Canada (b. 1910) deaths
  1. James Elliott Coyne
    
    James Elliott Coyne, was the second Governor of the Bank of Canada, from 1955 to 1961, succeeding Graham Towers. During his time in office, he had a much-publicized debate with Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, a debate often referred to as the "Coyne Affair", which led to his resignation and, eventually, to greater central-bank independence in Canada.
  2. Governor of the Bank of Canada
    
    The governor of the Bank of Canada is the chief executive officer of the Bank of Canada and acts as chair of its board of directors. The Bank of Canada Act, 1985, S. 6(1), provides that the governor and deputy governor shall be appointed by the directors with the approval of the Governor in Council.
2. Norm Grabowski, American hot rod builder and actor (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Norm Grabowski
    
    Norman Grabowski was an American hot rod builder and actor. The heavy-set crew cut-wearing Grabowski appeared in minor roles in many films produced by Albert Zugsmith and Walt Disney. He was Polish-American.
3. Sukhdev Singh Kang, Indian judge and politician, 14th Governor of Kerala (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Sukhdev Singh Kang
    
    Sukhdev Singh Kang was the fourteenth Governor of Kerala from 25 January 1997 to 18 April 2002. He served as a judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court from 19 February 1979 till 23 October 1989 and was subsequently promoted and transferred as the Chief Justice of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, a post he held from 24 October 1989 to 14 May 1993. During his tenure E K Nayanar and A K Antony were the Chief Ministers of Kerala. Following his stint as the Governor of Kerala, he was appointed a member of the National Human Rights Commission 1993. He then retired.
  2. List of governors of Kerala
    
    The governor of Kerala is the constitutional head of state of the southern Indian state of Kerala. The governor is appointed by the president of India for a term of five years and holds office at the president's pleasure. The governor is de jure head of the government of Kerala; all its executive actions are taken in the governor's name. However, the governor must act on the advice of the popularly elected council of ministers, headed by the chief minister of Kerala, who thus holds de facto executive authority in the state. The Constitution of India also empowers the governor to act upon his or her own discretion, such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a ministry, recommend President's rule, or reserve bills for the president's assent. Over the years, the exercise of these discretionary powers have given rise to conflict between the elected chief minister and the central government–appointed governor.
4. Torkom Manoogian, Iraqi-Armenian patriarch (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Torkom Manoogian
    
    Patriarch Torkom Manoogian was the Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem serving the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem. He was the 96th in a succession of Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem, succeeding Patriarch Yeghishe Derderian (1960–1990).
5. Erik Moseholm, Danish bassist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Erik Moseholm
    
    Erik Moseholm was a Danish jazz bassist, composer, bandleader and music administrator. He was the leader of the DR Big Band from 1961 to 1966 and the principal of the Rhythmic Music Conservatory in Copenhagen from 1992 to 1997.
6. Břetislav Pojar, Czech animator, director, and screenwriter (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Břetislav Pojar
    
    Břetislav Pojar was a Czech puppeteer, animator and director of short and feature films.
2011
1. Patricia Breslin, American actress (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Patricia Breslin
    
    Patricia Rose Breslin was an American actress and philanthropist. She had a prominent career in television, which included recurring roles as Amanda Miller on The People's Choice (1955–58), and as Laura Harrington Brooks on Peyton Place (1964–65). She also appeared in Go, Man, Go! (1954), and the William Castle horror films Homicidal (1961) and I Saw What You Did (1965).
2. Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist, created the C programming language (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Dennis Ritchie
    
    Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie was an American computer scientist. He is most well-known for creating the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system and B programming language. Ritchie and Thompson were awarded the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007. He was the "R" in K&R C, and commonly known by his username dmr.
  2. C (programming language)
    
    C is a middle-level, general-purpose computer programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems, device drivers, protocol stacks, though decreasingly for application software. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems.
2010
1. Austin Ardill, Northern Irish soldier and politician (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Austin Ardill
    
    Captain Robert Austin Ardill MC was a Northern Irish unionist politician.
2. Woody Peoples, American football player (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Woody Peoples
    
    Woodrow Peoples, Jr. was an American football offensive lineman. The undrafted Grambling State University standout was a two-time Pro Bowler with the San Francisco 49ers, and a member of the 1980 National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles during his 13-year National Football League (NFL) career.
3. Belva Plain, American author (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Belva Plain
    
    Belva Plain, née Offenberg, was a best-selling American author of mainstream fiction.
2009
1. Dickie Peterson American singer-songwriter and bass player (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Dickie Peterson
    
    Richard Allan Peterson known as Dickie Peterson was an American musician, best known as the bassist, lead singer and only constant member of Blue Cheer. He also recorded two solo albums: Child of the Darkness and Tramp.
2. Frank Vandenbroucke, Belgian cyclist (b. 1974) deaths
  1. Frank Vandenbroucke (cyclist)
    
    Frank Vandenbroucke was a Belgian professional road racing cyclist. After showing promise in track and field in his adolescence, Vandenbroucke took to cycle racing in the late 1980s and developed in to one of the great hopes for Belgian cycling in the 1990s, with a string of victories that included Liege-Baston-Liege, Grand Tour stages and Omloop Het Volk. This early success dissipated however in a series of drug problems, rows with teams and suicide attempts. Despite repeated attempts to continue his career with a string of different teams from 2000 to 2008, Vandenbroucke's drug use and unpredictability eventually led to his estrangement from the cycling world. Although Vandenbroucke claimed in an interview in 2009 to have recovered his mental health, he died of a pulmonary embolism in October 2009 at the age of 34.
2008
1. Karl Chircop, Maltese physician and politician (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Karl Chircop
    
    Karl Chircop was a family doctor and Maltese politician. He was Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives of Malta of the Malta Labour Party from 1996 to 2008, served as shadow Minister for post, Social Policy, and Health.
2007
1. Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect, designed the Nakagin Capsule Tower (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Kisho Kurokawa
    
    Kisho Kurokawa was a leading Japanese architect and one of the founders of the Metabolist Movement.
  2. Nakagin Capsule Tower
    
    The Nakagin Capsule Tower Building was a mixed-use residential and office tower in Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. Completed in two years from 1970 to 1972, the building was a rare remaining example of Japanese Metabolism, an architectural movement emblematic of Japan's postwar cultural resurgence. It was the world's first example of capsule architecture ostensibly built for permanent and practical use. The building, however, fell into disrepair. Around thirty of the 140 capsules were still in use as apartments by October 2012, while others were used for storage or office space, or simply abandoned and allowed to deteriorate. As recently as August 2017 capsules could still be rented, though the waiting list remained long.
2006
1. Angelika Machinek, German glider pilot (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Angelika Machinek
    
    Angelika Machinek was a German glider pilot. She was five times German gliding champion and broke nine FIA gliding world records, four in the D1M class, four in D15 and one in DO. She was also a dramaturge and published writer.
2. Gillo Pontecorvo, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Gillo Pontecorvo
    
    Gilberto Pontecorvo Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian filmmaker associated with the political cinema movement of the 1960s and 1970s. He is best known for directing the landmark war docudrama The Battle of Algiers (1966), which won the Golden Lion at the 21st Venice Film Festival, and earned him Oscar nominations for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay.
2005
1. C. Delores Tucker, American activist and politician (b. 1927) deaths
  1. C. Delores Tucker
    
    Cynthia Delores Tucker was an American politician and civil rights activist. She had a long history of involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement. From the 1990s onward, she engaged in a campaign against gangsta rap music.
2004
1. Darci Lynne, American ventriloquist births
  1. Darci Lynne
    
    Darci Lynne Farmer is an American ventriloquist, singer and actress. Lynne has been credited with the revival of ventriloquism, earning praise and numerous accolades for her work.
2003
1. Jim Cairns, Australian economist and politician, 4th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Jim Cairns
    
    James Ford Cairns was an Australian politician who was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s and 1970s, and was briefly Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister in the Whitlam government. He is best remembered as a leader of the movement against Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, for his affair with Junie Morosi and for his later renunciation of conventional politics. He was also an economist, and a prolific writer on economic and social issues, many of them self-published and self-marketed at stalls he ran across Australia after his retirement.
  2. Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
    
    The deputy prime minister of Australia is the deputy chief executive and the second highest ranking officer of the Australian Government. The office of deputy prime minister was officially created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968, although the title had been used informally for many years previously. The deputy prime minister is appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. When Australia has a Labor government, the deputy leader of the parliamentary party holds the position of deputy prime minister. When Australia has a Coalition government, the Coalition Agreement mandates that all Coalition members support the leader of the Liberal Party becoming prime minister and mandates that the leader of the National Party be selected as deputy prime minister.
2. Joan Kroc, American philanthropist (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Joan Kroc
    
    Joan Beverly Kroc, also known as Joni, was an American philanthropist and third wife of McDonald's CEO Ray Kroc.
3. Bill Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Bill Shoemaker
    
    William Lee Shoemaker was an American jockey. For 29 years he held the world record for total professional jockey victories.
2002
1. Ray Conniff, American bandleader and composer (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Ray Conniff
    
    Joseph Raymond Conniff was an American bandleader and arranger best known for his Ray Conniff Singers during the 1960s.
2. Audrey Mestre, French biologist and diver (b. 1974) deaths
  1. Audrey Mestre
    
    Audrey Mestre was a French world record-setting freediver.
2001
1. Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, English academic and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone
    
    Quintin McGarel Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone,, known as the 2nd Viscount Hailsham between 1950 and 1963, at which point he disclaimed his hereditary peerage, was a British barrister and Conservative Party politician who served as Lord Chancellor from 1970 to 1974 and again from 1979 to 1987.
  2. Lord Chancellor
    
    The lord chancellor, formally the lord high chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest-ranking traditional minister among the Great Officers of State in Scotland and England in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking the prime minister. The lord chancellor is appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister. Prior to their Union into the Kingdom of Great Britain, there were separate lord chancellors for the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland; there were lord chancellors of Ireland until 1922.
2. Hikmet Şimşek, Turkish conductor (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Hikmet Şimşek
    
    Hikmet Şimşek was a Turkish conductor of Western classical music.
3. Richard Buckle, Ballet critic and writer (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Richard Buckle
    
    (Christopher) Richard Sandford Buckle CBE, was a lifelong English devotee of ballet, and a well-known ballet critic. He founded the magazine Ballet in 1939.
1999
1. Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player and coach (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Wilt Chamberlain
    
    Wilton Norman Chamberlain was an American professional basketball player who played as a center. Standing at 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) tall, he played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for 14 years and is widely regarded as one of the greatest players in the sport's history. Several publications have argued that Chamberlain is the greatest NBA player of all time. He holds numerous NBA regular season records in scoring, rebounding, and durability categories; most notably he is the only player to score 100 points in a single NBA game, and average more than 40 and 50 points in a season. Further records that Chamberlain achieved include being the only player in NBA history to average at least 30 points and 20 rebounds per game in a season, a feat he accomplished seven times, and the only player to reach this milestone over the entire course of his NBA career.
2. Robert Marsden Hope, Australian lawyer and judge (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Robert Marsden Hope
    
    Robert Marsden Hope, was a Justice of the New South Wales Court of Appeal and Royal Commissioner on three separate occasions, most notably the Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security. As a judge Hope was known for his legal positivism and as a royal commissioner he "instilled a sense of impartiality".
1998
1. Mario Beaulieu, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Mario Beaulieu (senator)
    
    Mario Beaulieu was a Canadian notary, politician and senator.
2. Matthew Shepard, American murder victim (b. 1976) deaths
  1. Matthew Shepard
    
    Matthew Wayne Shepard was a gay American student at the University of Wyoming who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near Laramie on the night of October 6, 1998. He was taken by rescuers to Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado, where he died six days later from severe head injuries received during his beating.
1997
1. Curtis Scott, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Curtis Scott
    
    Curtis Scott is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who last played as a centre for the Canberra Raiders in the NRL.
2. John Denver, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1943) deaths
  1. John Denver
    
    Henry John Deutschendorf Jr., known professionally as John Denver, was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, activist, and humanitarian whose greatest commercial success was as a solo singer. After traveling and living in numerous locations while growing up in his military family, Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. Starting in the 1970s, he was one of the most popular acoustic artists of the decade and one of its best-selling artists. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers; AllMusic has called Denver "among the most beloved entertainers of his era".
1996
1. James Graham, British singer births
  1. James Graham (singer)
    
    James Graham is a British singer from Chelmsford in Essex. In 2018, Graham participated and emerged as the winner of the second season of the Fox’s The Four: Battle for Stardom.
2. Owen Watkin, Welsh rugby player births
  1. Owen Watkin
    
    Owen Watkin is a Wales international rugby union player who plays for Ospreys regional team as a centre.
3. René Lacoste, French tennis player and fashion designer, co-founded Lacoste (b. 1904) deaths
  1. René Lacoste
    
    Jean René Lacoste was a French tennis player and businessman. He was nicknamed "the Crocodile" because of how he dealt with his opponents; he is also known worldwide as the creator of the Lacoste tennis shirt, which he introduced in 1929, and eventually founded the brand and its logo in 1933.
  2. Lacoste
    
    Lacoste S.A. is a French company, founded in 1933 by tennis player René Lacoste, and entrepreneur André Gillier. It sells clothing, footwear, sportswear, eyewear, leather goods, perfume, towels and watches. The company can be recognised by its green alligator logo. René Lacoste, the company's founder, was first given the nickname "the Alligator" by the American press after he bet his team captain an alligator-skin suitcase that he would win his match. He was later redubbed "the Crocodile" by French fans because of his tenacity on the tennis court. In November 2012, Lacoste was bought outright by Swiss family-held group Maus Frères.
4. Roger Lapébie, French cyclist (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Roger Lapébie
    
    Roger Lapébie was a French racing cyclist who won the 1937 Tour de France. In addition, Lapébie won the 1934 and 1937 editions of the Critérium National. He was born at Bayonne, Aquitaine, and died in Pessac.
1995
1. Jessica Hogg, Welsh artistic gymnast births
  1. Jessica Hogg
    
    Jessica Hogg is a Welsh artistic gymnast.
1994
1. Alex Katz, American baseball player births
  1. Alex Katz (baseball)
    
    Alexander Benjamin Katz is an American-Israeli professional baseball left-handed pitcher who is a free agent. He has played internationally for Team Israel.
2. Sean Monahan, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Sean Monahan
    
    Sean Monahan is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). Monahan was selected sixth overall by the Calgary Flames, at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft and he played junior hockey with the Ottawa 67's of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) where he served as team captain.
3. Olivia Smoliga, American swimmer births
  1. Olivia Smoliga
    
    Olivia Smoliga is an American competitive swimmer who specializes in backstroke and freestyle events. She won a record eight gold medals at the 2018 World Championships, becoming the first swimmer, male or female, to win eight or more gold medals in a single FINA World Swimming Championships or FINA World Aquatics Championships. Smoliga is the current American record-holder in the 50-meter backstroke. She is also the current Guinness World Record holder for "most gold medals won at a single FINA World Championships" by an individual swimmer. At the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro, she won a gold medal for swimming the backstroke leg in the preliminary heat of the 4x100-meter medley relay.
4. Gérald Godin, Canadian journalist and politician (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Gérald Godin
    
    Gérald Godin was a Quebec poet and politician.
1993
1. Leon Ames, American actor (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Leon Ames
    
    Leon Ames was an American film and television actor. He is best remembered for playing father figures in such films as Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) with Judy Garland as one of his daughters, Little Women (1949), On Moonlight Bay (1951), and By the Light of the Silvery Moon (1953). The fathers whom Ames portrayed were often somewhat stuffy and exasperated by the younger generation, but ultimately kind and understanding. Probably his best-known purely dramatic role was as DA Kyle Sackett in the crime film The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946).
1992
1. Josh Hutcherson, American actor and producer births
  1. Josh Hutcherson
    
    Joshua Ryan Hutcherson is an American actor and producer. Hutcherson began acting in the early 2000s and appeared in several commercials and minor film and television roles before landing his first major role in 2002 in the pilot episode of House Blend. His first film role was in Miracle Dogs (2003) on Animal Planet, followed by a motion-capture performance in The Polar Express (2004) and a voice-acting role in Howl's Moving Castle (2005).
1991
1. Nicolao Dumitru, Italian footballer births
  1. Nicolao Dumitru
    
    Nicolao Manuel Dumitru Cardoso is an Italian professional footballer who plays for Israeli Premier League club Bnei Sakhnin. Mainly a left winger, he can also play as a forward.
2. Sheila Florance, Australian actress (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Sheila Florance
    
    Sheila Mary Florance was an Australian theatre, television and film actress. She was best known for her performance as elderly, alcoholic convict Lizzie Birdsworth in the television series Prisoner.
3. Arkady Strugatsky, Russian author and translator (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
    
    The brothers Arkady Natanovich Strugatsky and Boris Natanovich Strugatsky were Soviet-Russian science-fiction authors who collaborated through most of their careers.
4. Regis Toomey, American actor (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Regis Toomey
    
    John Francis Regis Toomey was an American film and television actor.
1990
1. Henri Lansbury, English footballer births
  1. Henri Lansbury
    
    Henri George Lansbury is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Championship side Luton Town. He previously played for Arsenal, where he ascended from the club's academy. Lansbury also had spells with sides Scunthorpe United, Watford, Norwich City, West Ham United and Nottingham Forest. and most recently Bristol City. He achieved consecutive promotions to the Premier League in 2010–11 with Norwich and 2011–12 with West Ham. Lansbury also played for England as a youth international.
2. Rifaat el-Mahgoub, Egyptian politician (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Rifaat el-Mahgoub
    
    Rifaat El Mahgoub was an important Egyptian politician, speaker of the Egyptian Parliament, and a member of the then ruling National Democratic Party.
3. Peter Wessel Zapffe, Norwegian physician, mountaineer, and author (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Peter Wessel Zapffe
    
    Peter Wessel Zapffe was a Norwegian philosopher, author, artist, lawyer and mountaineer. He is often noted for his philosophically pessimistic and fatalistic view of human existence. His system of philosophy was inspired by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, as well as his firm advocacy of antinatalism. His thoughts regarding the error of human life are presented in the essay "The Last Messiah". This essay is a shorter version of his best-known and untranslated work, the philosophical treatise On the Tragic.
1989
1. Anna Ohmiya, Japanese curler births
  1. Anna Ohmiya
    
    Anna Ohmiya is a Japanese curler from Sapporo, Hokkaido. She is the second on the FORTIUS curling team, which won the Japan Curling Championships in both 2015 and 2021. She also won the national championship in 2008, 2009 and 2010 as a member of Team Aomori. She competed for Japan at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, placing eighth. At the international level, she has represented Japan at four World Women's Curling Championship and six Pacific-Asia Curling Championships in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014 and 2021, winning the gold medal in 2021.
2. Jay Ward, American animator, producer, and screenwriter, founded Jay Ward Productions (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Jay Ward
    
    Joseph Ward Cohen Jr., also known as Jay Ward, was an American creator and producer of animated TV cartoon shows. He produced animated series based on such characters as Crusader Rabbit, Rocky & Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, Peabody and Sherman, Hoppity Hooper, George of the Jungle, Tom Slick, and Super Chicken. His own company, Jay Ward Productions, designed the trademark characters for the Cap'n Crunch, Quisp, and Quake breakfast cereals and it made TV commercials for those products. Ward produced the non-animated series Fractured Flickers (1963) that featured comedic redubbing of silent films.
  2. Jay Ward Productions
    
    Jay Ward Productions, Inc. is an American animation studio based in Costa Mesa, California. It was founded in 1948 by American animator Jay Ward.
1988
1. Sam Whitelock, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Sam Whitelock
    
    Samuel Lawrence Whitelock is a New Zealand rugby union player who plays as a lock for the Crusaders in Super Rugby anf Canterbury in the Mitre 10 Cup. Whitelock has captained the Crusaders, and New Zealand {the All Blacks} in five international games.
2. Calum Scott, British singer births
  1. Calum Scott
    
    Calum Scott is an English singer and songwriter. In April 2015, he rose to prominence after competing on the ITV talent contest Britain's Got Talent, where he performed his version of Robyn's hit "Dancing on My Own". After coming sixth in the contest, he released his version as a single the following year, which peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and became Britain's best-selling single of summer 2016.
3. Ruth Manning-Sanders, Welsh-English poet and author (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Ruth Manning-Sanders
    
    Ruth Manning-Sanders was an English poet and author born in Wales, known for a series of children's books for which she collected and related fairy tales worldwide. She published over 90 books in her lifetime
4. Coby Whitmore, American painter and illustrator (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Coby Whitmore
    
    Maxwell Coburn Whitmore was an American painter and magazine illustrator known for his Saturday Evening Post covers, and a commercial artist whose work included advertisements for Gallo Wine and other brands. He additionally became known as a race-car designer.
1987
1. Marvin Ogunjimi, Belgian footballer births
  1. Marvin Ogunjimi
    
    Marvin Ogunjimi is a Belgian professional footballer of Nigerian descent who plays as a forward for Nielse in the Belgian Provincial Leagues. Until 2011, he played for the Belgian national team and has obtained 7 caps.
2. Alf Landon, American lieutenant and politician, 26th Governor of Kansas (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Alf Landon
    
    Alfred Mossman Landon was an American oilman and politician who served as the 26th governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937. A member of the Republican Party, he was the party's nominee in the 1936 presidential election, and was defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
  2. List of governors of Kansas
    
    The governor of Kansas is the head of state of Kansas and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kansas Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and to grant pardons.
3. Fahri Korutürk, Turkish commander and politician, 6th President of Turkey (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Fahri Korutürk
    
    Fahri Sabit Korutürk was a Turkish admiral, diplomat and politician who was the 6th president of Turkey from 1973 to 1980. Before his presidency, he served as the 3rd commander of the Turkish Naval Forces from 1957 to 1960. He was also a member of the Senate of the Republic from 1968 to 1973 and again in 1980. Prior to his senatorship, he served as Turkey's ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1960 to 1964.
  2. President of Turkey
    
    The president of Turkey, officially the president of the Republic of Türkiye, is the head of state and head of government of Turkey. The president directs the executive branch of the national government and is the commander-in-chief of the Turkish military. The president also heads the National Security Council.
1986
1. Ioannis Maniatis, Greek footballer births
  1. Giannis Maniatis
    
    Giannis Maniatis is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a right back or a defensive midfielder.
2. Sergio Peter, German footballer births
  1. Sergio Peter
    
    Sergio Mario Peter is a German former professional footballer who played as a winger.
3. Tyler Blackburn, American actor births
  1. Tyler Blackburn
    
    Tyler Jordon Blackburn is an American actor, singer and model. He is best known for playing Caleb Rivers on the hit Freeform series Pretty Little Liars and its spin-off, Ravenswood. He most recently starred as Alex Manes in The CW series Roswell, New Mexico (2019–2022).
1985
1. Michelle Carter, American shot putter births
  1. Michelle Carter (athlete)
    
    Michelle Denee Carter is an American shot putter. She is the current American record holder in the event with a distance of 20.63 m set at the 2016 Olympic Games. She was inducted into the Texas Track and Field Hall of Fame in 2018.
2. Mike Green, Canadian hockey player births
  1. Mike Green (ice hockey, born 1985)
    
    Michael David Green is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Washington Capitals, Detroit Red Wings and Edmonton Oilers.
3. Anna Iljuštšenko, Estonian high jumper births
  1. Anna Iljuštšenko
    
    Anna Iljuštšenko is an Estonian high jumper.
4. Greig Laidlaw, Scottish rugby player births
  1. Greig Laidlaw
    
    Greig Laidlaw is a Scottish professional rugby union player. He plays as a scrum-half and as a fly-half for Shining Arcs. Laidlaw holds the record for most caps as captain, 39, of the Scottish national team. He also represented the British & Irish Lions in 2017.
5. Johnny Olson, American radio host and game show announcer (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Johnny Olson
    
    John Leonard Olson was an American radio personality and television announcer. Olson is perhaps best known for his work as an announcer for game shows, particularly the work he did for Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions. Olson was the longtime announcer for the original To Tell the Truth and What's My Line?, and spent over a decade as the announcer for both Match Game and The Price Is Right, working on the latter series at the time of his death.
6. Ricky Wilson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Ricky Wilson (American musician)
    
    Ricky Helton Wilson was an American musician best known as the original guitarist and founding member of rock band the B-52's. Born in Athens, Georgia, Wilson was the brother of fellow member Cindy Wilson. The B-52's were founded in 1976, when Ricky, Cindy, Kate Pierson, Keith Strickland and Fred Schneider shared a tropical flaming volcano drink at a Chinese restaurant and, after an impromptu music session at the home of their friend Owen Scott III, played for the first time at a Valentine's Day party for friends. Wilson's unusual guitar tunings were a large contribution to the band's quirky sound.
1984
1. Anthony Berry, English politician (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Anthony Berry
    
    Sir Anthony George Berry was a British Conservative politician. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Enfield Southgate and a whip in Margaret Thatcher's government.
1983
1. Alex Brosque, Australian footballer births
  1. Alex Brosque
    
    Alex Jason Brosque is an Australian former professional footballer who was the captain of A-League club Sydney FC. He played primarily as a striker but played predominantly as a midfielder in central midfield during his time in Japan.
2. Carlton Cole, English footballer births
  1. Carlton Cole
    
    Carlton Michael George Cole is an English football coach and former professional footballer who played as a striker. He scored 51 goals in 289 Premier League appearances for four clubs.
3. Katie Piper, English philanthropist, broadcaster, and acid violence survivor births
  1. Katie Piper
    
    Kate Elizabeth Sutton is an English writer, activist, television presenter and model from Andover, Hampshire.
  2. Acid attack
    
    An acid attack, also called acid throwing, vitriol attack, or vitriolage, is a form of violent assault involving the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive substance onto the body of another "with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill". Perpetrators of these attacks throw corrosive liquids at their victims, usually at their faces, burning them, and damaging skin tissue, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones. Acid attacks can lead to permanent, partial, or complete blindness.
4. Mariko Yamamoto, Japanese cricketer births
  1. Mariko Yamamoto
    
    Mariko Yamamoto is a Japanese former cricketer. She was part of Japan's squad for the 2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier and the 2013 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier.
1981
1. Tom Guiry, American actor births
  1. Tom Guiry
    
    Thomas John Guiry is an American actor. He is best known for his lead performance as Scott Smalls in the cult coming-of-age film The Sandlot, which he held at the age of 12, and his role in NBC crime drama The Black Donnellys. He has appeared in numerous high-profile films and television series, including U-571, Black Hawk Down, Mystic River, Black Irish, and The Revenant.
2. Brian Kerr, Scottish footballer and manager births
  1. Brian Kerr (Scottish footballer)
    
    Brian Kerr is a Scottish football coach and former player.
3. Giuseppe Lanzone, American rower births
  1. Giuseppe Lanzone
    
    Giuseppe Lanzone is an American rower and 2005 graduate of the University of Washington. He attended and rowed for McLean High School, graduating in 2001, before going to the University of Washington. He was the 2004 and 2005 All Pac-10 Team Rower of the Year, and the 2010 US Rowing Male Athlete of the Year. Along with his teammates he finished 9th in the men's coxless four at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He was in the men's 8+ that finished fourth at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. He worked at Sparks Consulting, a social business that is concerned with rowing community development during his national team and Olympic training. Was the former head lightweight coach at Georgetown University.
4. Conrad Smith, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Conrad Smith
    
    Conrad Gerard Smith is a New Zealand rugby union coach and former player, who played predominantly at centre. He captained the Hurricanes in Super Rugby, and played for New Zealand from 2004 until 2015. He was a key member of New Zealand's 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cup winning teams. Following the 2015 World Cup he retired from international rugby and took up a contract with Pau in France, before retiring in 2018.
5. Sun Tiantian, Chinese tennis player births
  1. Sun Tiantian
    
    Sun Tiantian is a Chinese former professional tennis player. She won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in women's doubles along with her partner Li Ting.
1980
1. Ledley King, English footballer births
  1. Ledley King
    
    Ledley Brenton King is a former player who was a one-club man, spending his entire career at Tottenham Hotspur and playing 323 competitive matches for the club from 1999 to 2012. He is currently a club ambassador for Tottenham Hotspur.
1979
1. Steven Agnew, Northern Irish politician births
  1. Steven Agnew
    
    Steven Agnew is a Northern Irish politician who served as the leader of the Green Party in Northern Ireland between 2011 and 2018, and was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for North Down from 2011 to 2019.
2. Steve Borthwick, English rugby player births
  1. Steve Borthwick
    
    Stephen William Borthwick is an English rugby union coach who played lock for Bath and Saracens. At International level, he represented the senior England rugby union team between 2001 and 2010 and captained them between 2008 and 2010. He was appointed the England forwards coach in December 2015; a role which he left in mid 2020 to become head coach of Leicester Tigers.
3. Jordan Pundik, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Jordan Pundik
    
    Jordan Izaak Pundik is an American musician and songwriter. He is a founding member and the frontman of Floridian rock band New Found Glory, for whom he sings lead vocals and contributes lyrics. He was also the guitarist in the band's now defunct side-project, the International Superheroes of Hardcore, where he performed under the pseudonym of "Chugga Chugga".
1978
1. Stefan Binder, German footballer births
  1. Stefan Binder
    
    Stefan Binder is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender.
2. Baden Cooke, Australian cyclist births
  1. Baden Cooke
    
    Baden Cooke is an Australian retired professional racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2000 and 2013.
3. Nancy Spungen, American figure of the 1970s punk rock scene (b. 1958) deaths
  1. Nancy Spungen
    
    Nancy Laura Spungen was the American girlfriend of English musician Sid Vicious, and a figure of the 1970s punk rock scene.
1977
1. Cristie Kerr, American golfer births
  1. Cristie Kerr
    
    Cristie Kerr is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour. She has 20 wins on the LPGA Tour, including two major championships, and over $19 million in career earnings. Kerr was the number one-ranked golfer in the Women's World Golf Rankings for three time periods in 2010. She is naturally left handed but plays golf right handed.
2. Bode Miller, American skier births
  1. Bode Miller
    
    Samuel Bode Miller is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer. He is an Olympic and World Championship gold medalist, a two-time overall World Cup champion in 2005 and 2008, and the most successful male American alpine ski racer of all time. He is also considered one of the greatest World Cup racers of all time with 33 race victories and being one of five men to win World Cup events in all five disciplines. He is the only skier with five or more victories in each discipline. In 2008, Miller and Lindsey Vonn won the overall World Cup titles for the first U.S. sweep in 25 years.
3. Javier Toyo, Venezuelan footballer births
  1. Javier Toyo
    
    Javier Eduardo Toyo Bárcenas is a Venezuelan football goalkeeper currently playing for Club Barcelona Atlético. He is a member of the Venezuela national football team.
1976
1. Simon Bridges, New Zealand politician births
  1. Simon Bridges
    
    Simon Joseph Bridges is a former New Zealand politician and lawyer. He served as Leader of the National Party and Leader of the Opposition between 2018 and 2020, and as the Member of Parliament for Tauranga from the 2008 election to May 2022, when he resigned.
1975
1. Susana Félix, Portuguese singer-songwriter, producer, and actress births
  1. Susana Félix
    
    Susana Félix is a Portuguese singer, songwriter, musician, actress, producer.
2. Marion Jones, American basketball player and runner births
  1. Marion Jones
    
    Marion Lois Jones, also known as Marion Jones-Thompson, is an American former world champion track and field athlete and former professional basketball player. She won three gold medals and two bronze medals at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, but was later stripped of her medals after admitting to steroid use.
1974
1. Stephen Lee, English snooker player births
  1. Stephen Lee (snooker player)
    
    Stephen Lee is an English professional snooker player who is currently banned from the world snooker tour. He turned professional in 1992 and was ranked in the top 16 between the 1997–98 and 2007–08 snooker seasons, reaching a career-high of fifth in the rankings. He won five ranking titles, reached the semi-finals of the 2003 World Championship and the final of the 2008 Masters. Thereafter, his form declined and he dropped out of the top 16 after the 2007–08 season, meaning he would no longer automatically qualify for tournaments. A return to form in the 2011–12 season saw Lee win a fifth ranking title and regain his top 16 seeding. Lee is a strong break-builder, compiling 184 competitive century breaks during his career. His smooth cue action is regarded by some pundits as the most natural the game has seen.
1973
1. Lesli Brea, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Lesli Brea
    
    Lesli Guillermo Brea is a former Major League Baseball player. A right-handed relief pitcher, Brea is 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall, and he weighed 170 pounds during his playing career. Some records list his year of birth as 1978, but this figure was subsequently found to be inaccurate.
2. Martin Corry, English rugby player births
  1. Martin Corry (rugby union)
    
    Martin Edward Corry MBE is a retired English rugby union player who represented and captained England and Leicester Tigers in a career spanning 14 seasons. Corry played 64 times for England between 1997 and 2007, played 7 tests for the British & Irish Lions on tours in 2001 & 2005, and played 290 times for Leicester between 1997 and 2009. Earlier in his career he played top division rugby for Newcastle Gosforth and Bristol. A versatile player his principal positions were number eight and blindside flanker, he also played lock more as his career progressed.
3. Peter Aufschnaiter, Austrian mountaineer, geographer, and cartographer (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Peter Aufschnaiter
    
    Peter Aufschnaiter was an Austrian mountaineer, agricultural scientist, geographer and cartographer. His experiences with fellow climber Heinrich Harrer during World War II were depicted in the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet.
1972
1. Neriah Davis, American model and actress births
  1. List of people in Playboy 1990–1999
    
    This list of people in Playboy 1990–1999 is a catalog of women and men who appeared in Playboy magazine in the years 1990 through 1999. Not all of the people featured in the magazine are pictured in the nude.
2. Juan Manuel Silva, Argentinian race car driver births
  1. Juan Manuel Silva
    
    Juan Manuel Silva, nicknamed el Pato is an Argentine racing driver. In 1999 he was the champion of the TC 2000 competition and in 2005 he was the champion of the Turismo Carretera competition.
3. Tom Van Mol, Belgian footballer births
  1. Tom Van Mol
    
    Tom Van Mol is a Belgian former professional footballer as a defender.
4. Robert Le Vigan, French-Argentinian actor and politician (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Robert Le Vigan
    
    Robert Le Vigan, was a French actor.
1971
1. Tony Fiore, American baseball player births
  1. Tony Fiore
    
    Anthony James Fiore is an American former right-handed Major League Baseball pitcher. In his career, he pitched for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2000-2001) and the Minnesota Twins (2001-2003). He was originally drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in 1992. His signature pitch was the palmball.
2. Steve Johnston, Australian motorcycle racer births
  1. Steve Johnston
    
    Steven Paul "Steve" Johnston is an Australian international motorcycle speedway rider. He has represented the Australian speedway team in two Speedway World Cup finals in 2004 and 2005.
3. Bronzell Miller, American football player and actor (d. 2013) births
  1. Bronzell Miller
    
    Bronzell LaJames Miller was a professional American football player and entertainer. As a football player he played for the University of Utah in college and then a series of professional teams being drafted by the St. Louis Rams in 1995. He spent a season with the Jacksonville Jaguars in 1996, the Calgary Stampeders from 1997-2001 and ending with the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League in 2001. As an actor he appeared in feature films including Bringing Down the House, Mr. 3000, Slow, The Luck of the Irish, as well as television shows and commercials. He also worked as a print model for the YMCA of Greater New York and performed voice work for Milwaukee Radio Group.
4. Dean Acheson, American lawyer and politician, 51st United States Secretary of State (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Dean Acheson
    
    Dean Gooderham Acheson was an American statesman and lawyer. As the 51st U.S. Secretary of State, he set the foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration from 1949 to 1953. He was also Truman's main foreign policy advisor from 1945 to 1947, especially regarding the Cold War. Acheson helped design the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He was in private law practice from July 1947 to December 1948. After 1949 Acheson came under partisan political attack from Republicans led by Senator Joseph McCarthy over Truman's policy toward the People's Republic of China.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
5. Gene Vincent, American musician (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Gene Vincent
    
    Vincent Eugene Craddock, known as Gene Vincent, was an American musician who pioneered the styles of rockabilly and rock and roll. His 1956 top ten hit with his backing band the Blue Caps, "Be-Bop-a-Lula", is considered a significant example of rockabilly. His chart career was brief, especially in his home country of the US, where he notched three top 40 hits in 1956 and '57, and never charted in the top 100 again. In the UK, he was a somewhat bigger star, racking up eight top 40 hits from 1956 to 1961.
1970
1. Kirk Cameron, American actor, screenwriter, and Christian evangelical/anti-evolution activist births
  1. Kirk Cameron
    
    Kirk Thomas Cameron is an American actor and evangelist. He is known for his role as Mike Seaver on the ABC sitcom Growing Pains (1985–1992), a role for which he was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards.
2. Patrick Musimu, Belgian diver and physiotherapist (d. 2011) births
  1. Patrick Musimu
    
    Patrick Musimu was a Belgian freediver, sport business manager, marketing and event manager, and physiotherapist. He was born in Kinshasa, Zaire. On 30 June 2005, he beat the previous "No Limits" world record in freediving by almost 40 meters by diving to 209 meters. Following his request, this dive was done without the supervision of the International Association for Freediving agency, from which Musimu dissociated since 2002. According to him, extreme deep freediving should not be considered as a sport but as an adventure.
3. Tanyon Sturtze, American baseball player births
  1. Tanyon Sturtze
    
    Tanyon James Sturtze is a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
4. Charlie Ward, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Charlie Ward
    
    Charlie Ward Jr. is a former American professional basketball player. Ward was an exceptional football player as well, winning the Heisman Trophy, Davey O'Brien Award, and College Football National Championship while quarterbacking the Florida State Seminoles. Despite his college football success, he was not drafted to the NFL, opting instead to play in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
5. Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky, Russian-American illustrator and painter (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky
    
    Feodor Stepanovich "Rojan" Rojankovsky, also known as Rojan, was a Russian émigré illustrator. He is well known both for children's book illustration and for erotic art. He won the 1956 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration from the American Library Association, recognizing Frog Went A-Courtin' by John Langstaff.
6. Mustafa Zaidi, Pakistani poet and academic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Mustafa Zaidi
    
    Mustafa Zaidi was a Pakistani Urdu poet and a civil servant.
1969
1. Martie Maguire, American singer-songwriter, violinist, and producer births
  1. Martie Maguire
    
    Martha Elenor Maguire is an American musician who is a founding member of both the all-female alternative country band The Chicks and country bluegrass duo Court Yard Hounds. She won awards in national fiddle championships while still a teenager. Maguire is accomplished on several other instruments, including the mandolin, viola, double bass and guitar. She has written and co-written a number of the band's songs, some of which have become chart-topping hits. She also contributes her skills in vocal harmony and backing vocals, as well as orchestrating string arrangements for the band.
2. Željko Milinovič, Slovenian footballer births
  1. Željko Milinovič
    
    Željko Milinovič is a Slovenian former professional footballer who played as a defender. He represented his country at the two major tournaments for which they qualified, the Euro 2000 and the World Cup 2002.
3. Dwayne Roloson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Dwayne Roloson
    
    Albert Dwayne Roloson is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender and former goaltending coach of the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is currently the Goaltending Coach and Director of Player Development for Lake Superior State University Men's Ice Hockey of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA).
4. José Valentín, American baseball player, coach, and manager births
  1. José Valentín
    
    José Antonio Valentín is a Puerto Rican former American Major League Baseball infielder. He played for the Milwaukee Brewers (1992–1999), Chicago White Sox (2000–2004), Los Angeles Dodgers (2005), and New York Mets (2006–2007). His son Jesmuel was a 1st round pick by the Dodgers in the 2012 MLB draft.
5. Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater and actress (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Sonja Henie
    
    Sonja Henie was a Norwegian figure skater and film star. She was a three-time Olympic champion in women's singles, a ten-time World champion (1927–1936) and a six-time European champion (1931–1936). Henie has won more Olympic and World titles than any other ladies' figure skater. She is one of only two skaters to defend a ladies' singles Olympic title, the other being Katarina Witt, and her six European titles has only been matched by Witt.
6. Serge Poliakoff, Russian-French painter and academic (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Serge Poliakoff
    
    Serge Poliakoff was a Russian-born French modernist painter belonging to the 'New' Ecole de Paris (Tachisme).
7. Julius Saaristo, Finnish javelin thrower and soldier (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Julius Saaristo
    
    Juho Julius Saaristo was a Finnish track and field athlete. He won two medals at the 1912 Olympics: a silver in conventional javelin throw and a gold in the two-handed javelin throw, a one-time Olympic event in which the total was a sum of best throws with the right hand and with the left hand. He finished fourth in the javelin throw at the 1920 Olympics. Saaristo held the Finnish national title in the javelin in 1910, 1911 and 1919.
1968
1. Bill Auberlen, American race car driver births
  1. Bill Auberlen
    
    Bill Auberlen is an American factory race car driver known for his affiliation with BMW, driving cars made and run by the famous German marque for a number of years. Auberlen currently competes for Turner Motorsport in the IMSA SportsCar Championship and Michelin Pilot Challenge. He is the winningest driver in IMSA history.
2. Paul Harragon, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster births
  1. Paul Harragon
    
    Paul William Harragon OAM nicknamed Chief or Chief Harragon is an Australian rugby league football identity. A former Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative forward, he played rugby for the Newcastle Knights whom he captained to the 1997 ARL premiership. Harragon was a regular presenter of The Footy Show and as of 2013 is the Chairman of the Newcastle Knights Advisory Board.
3. Hugh Jackman, Australian actor, singer, and producer births
  1. Hugh Jackman
    
    Hugh Michael Jackman is an Australian actor. Beginning in theatre and television, he landed his breakthrough role as James "Logan" Howlett / Wolverine in the 20th Century Fox X-Men film series (2000–2017), a role that earned him the Guinness World Record for "longest career as a live-action Marvel character", until his record was surpassed in 2021. Jackman has received various awards including two Tony Awards, a Grammy Award, a Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Jackman was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours for services to performing arts and to the global community.
4. Leon Lett, American football player births
  1. Leon Lett
    
    Leon Lett Jr. is a former American football defensive tackle and coach who is the assistant defensive line coach for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). Lett previously played in the NFL for 11 seasons and spent the majority of his career with the Cowboys, who selected him in the seventh round of the 1991 NFL Draft. During his final season in 2001, he played for the Denver Broncos.
1967
1. Becky Iverson, American golfer births
  1. Becky Iverson
    
    Becky Iverson is an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour. She currently works as the director of golf at The Bridges Golf Club in Madison, Wisconsin
2. Ram Manohar Lohia, Indian activist and politician (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Ram Manohar Lohia
    
    Ram Manohar Lohia pronunciation (help·info); was an activist in the Indian independence movement and a socialist political leader. During the last phase of British rule in India, he worked with the Congress Radio which was broadcast secretly from various places in Bombay until 1942.
1966
1. Jonathan Crombie, Canadian actor and voice over artist (d. 2015) births
  1. Jonathan Crombie
    
    Jonathan Crombie was a Canadian actor and voice over artist, best known for playing Gilbert Blythe in CBC Television's 1985 telefilm Anne of Green Gables and its two sequels.
2. Wim Jonk, Dutch footballer births
  1. Wim Jonk
    
    Wilhelmus Maria "Wim" Jonk is a Dutch professional football manager and former player, who is the current head coach of Eerste Divisie club FC Volendam.
3. Brian Kennedy, Northern Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Brian Kennedy (singer)
    
    Brian Edward Patrick Kennedy is a Northern Irish singer. He scored a number of hit singles and albums in the UK and Ireland during the 1990s and 2000s. He represented Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 and finished in 10th place. Brian is the younger brother of the late musician Bap Kennedy.
4. Brenda Romero, American game designer births
  1. Brenda Romero
    
    Brenda Louise Romero, previously known as Brenda Brathwaite, is an American game designer and developer in the video game industry. She was born in Ogdensburg, New York and is a graduate of Clarkson University. Romero is best known for her work on the Wizardry series of role-playing video games and, more recently, the non-digital series The Mechanic is the Message. She has worked in game development since 1981 and has credits on 49 game titles.
1965
1. Dan Abnett, English author births
  1. Dan Abnett
    
    Dan Abnett is an English comic book writer and novelist. He has been a frequent collaborator with fellow writer Andy Lanning, and is known for his work on books for both Marvel Comics, and their UK imprint, Marvel UK, since the 1990s, and also 2000 AD. He has also contributed to DC Comics titles, and his Warhammer Fantasy and Warhammer 40,000 novels and graphic novels for Games Workshop's Black Library now run to several dozen titles and have sold over two million copies. In 2009 he released his first original fiction novels through Angry Robot books.
2. J. J. Daigneault, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. J. J. Daigneault
    
    Jean-Jacques Daigneault is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League from 1984 to 2000. He was the head coach of the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League from 2019 to 2021. He also served as an assistant coach for the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL from 2012 until the end of the 2017–18 NHL season.
3. Scott O'Grady, American captain and pilot births
  1. Scott O'Grady
    
    Scott Francis O'Grady is a former United States Air Force fighter pilot. On June 2, 1995, he was shot down over Bosnia and Herzegovina by a 2K12 Kub mobile SAM launcher and forced to eject from his F-16C into hostile territory. US Marines from heavy-helicopter squadron HMH-464 and the 24 MEU(SOC) eventually rescued O'Grady after nearly a week of his evading the Bosnian Serbs. He was previously involved in the Banja Luka incident where he fired upon six enemy aircraft. The 2001 film Behind Enemy Lines is loosely based upon his experiences.
4. Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899) deaths
  1. Paul Hermann Müller
    
    Paul Hermann Müller, also known as Pauly Mueller, was a Swiss chemist who received the 1948 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1963
1. Raimond Aumann, German footballer births
  1. Raimond Aumann
    
    Raimond Aumann is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. His nickname is Balu.
2. Hideki Fujisawa, Japanese composer births
  1. Hideki Fujisawa
    
    Hideki Fujisawa is a Japanese musician, better known by the stage name Dance Man . Dance☆Man calls himself an alien from "Mirror Ball Planet". He is always seen wearing a huge afro wig and sideburns, matched with sunglasses. He is very secretive about his identity to the public, and does not release any personal information in his CDs or his official website.
3. Satoshi Kon, Japanese animator and screenwriter (d. 2010) births
  1. Satoshi Kon
    
    Satoshi Kon was a Japanese film director, animator, screenwriter and manga artist from Sapporo, Hokkaido and a member of the Japanese Animation Creators Association (JAniCA). Tsuyoshi Kon, a guitarist, is his brother. He was a graduate of the Graphic Design department of the Musashino Art University. He is best known for his acclaimed anime films Perfect Blue (1997), Millennium Actress (2001), Tokyo Godfathers (2003) and Paprika (2006). He died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 46 on August 24, 2010.
4. Dave Legeno, English actor and mixed martial artist (d. 2014) births
  1. Dave Legeno
    
    David Legeno was a British actor and mixed martial artist.
5. Alan McDonald, Irish footballer and manager (d. 2012) births
  1. Alan McDonald (Northern Ireland footballer)
    
    Alan McDonald was a Northern Irish football manager and former professional footballer.
6. Luis Polonia, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Luis Polonia
    
    Luis Andrew Polonia Almonte is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and designated hitter. He currently resides in Santiago, in the Dominican Republic, his hometown.
1962
1. Carlos Bernard, American actor and director births
  1. Carlos Bernard
    
    Carlos Bernard Papierski is an American actor and director, best known for his role as Tony Almeida in 24, which he played from 2001 to 2006, and then reprised again in 2009, 2014 in 24: Solitary and 2017 in 24: Legacy. He received a fine arts degree from American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco after receiving an undergraduate degree from Illinois State University.
2. Michelle Botes, South African actress births
  1. Michelle Botes
    
    Michélle Botes, is a South African actress, language instructor, designer and aromatherapist. She is best known for her roles in the television soapies Legacy (2020), Isidingo (1998) and Arende (1994).
3. Chris Botti, American trumpet player and composer births
  1. Chris Botti
    
    Christopher Stephen Botti is an award-winning American trumpeter and composer.
4. John Coleman, English footballer and manager births
  1. John Coleman (footballer, born 1962)
    
    John Coleman is an English football manager and former player. He is the manager of League One side Accrington Stanley.
5. Branko Crvenkovski, Macedonian engineer and politician, 3rd President of the Republic of Macedonia births
  1. Branko Crvenkovski
    
    Branko Crvenkovski is a Macedonian politician who served as Prime Minister of Macedonia from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2002 to 2004, and as President of Macedonia from 2004 to 2009. He was also leader of the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia.
  2. President of North Macedonia
    
    The President of the Republic of North Macedonia is the head of state of North Macedonia.
6. Deborah Foreman, American actress and photographer births
  1. Deborah Foreman
    
    Deborah Lynn Foreman is an American photographer and former actress. She is perhaps best known for her starring role in the 1983 film Valley Girl opposite Nicolas Cage. She is also regarded as a scream queen and known for playing in various horror films of the 1980s, such as April Fool's Day, Waxwork, Destroyer and Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat.
7. Mads Eriksen, Norwegian guitarist and composer births
  1. Mads Eriksen (musician)
    
    Mads Eriksen is a Norwegian guitarist and composer, known as solo artist and for his collaboration with Chris Thompson among others.
1961
1. Chendo, Spanish footballer births
  1. Chendo
    
    Miguel Porlán Noguera, known as Chendo, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a right-back. He spent his entire professional career with Real Madrid, making 497 official appearances and winning several titles.
1960
1. Steve Lowery, American golfer births
  1. Steve Lowery
    
    Stephen Brent Lowery is an American professional golfer.
2. Carlo Perrone, Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Carlo Perrone (footballer, born October 1960)
    
    Carlo Perrone is an Italian professional football manager and a former player.
3. Dorothee Vieth, German Paralympic cyclist births
  1. Dorothee Vieth
    
    Dorothee Vieth is a German Paralympic cyclist.
4. Inejiro Asanuma, Japanese lawyer and politician (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Inejirō Asanuma
    
    Inejiro Asanuma was a Japanese politician and leader of the Japan Socialist Party. During World War II, Asanuma was aligned with the Imperial Rule Assistance Association and advocated for war in Asia. Asanuma later became a forceful advocate of socialism in post-war Japan. He was noted for his support of the newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) as well as the criticism of United States–Japanese relations, making him a polarizing figure.
1959
1. Anna Escobedo Cabral, American lawyer and politician, 42nd Treasurer of the United States births
  1. Anna Escobedo Cabral
    
    Anna Escobedo Cabral is an American politician who serves as the Unit Chief for Strategic Communications in the External Relations Division of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Prior to joining the bank, Cabral served as the 42nd Treasurer of the United States from January 19, 2005, to January 20, 2009. She became the highest-ranking Latina in the George W. Bush administration after the resignation of Rosario Marin.
  2. Treasurer of the United States
    
    The treasurer of the United States is an official in the United States Department of the Treasury who serves as custodian and trustee of the federal government's collateral assets and the supervisor of the department's currency and coinage production functions. The current treasurer is Marilynn Malerba, who is the first Native American to hold the post.
1958
1. Steve Austria, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Steve Austria
    
    Stephen Clement Austria is an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative for Ohio's 7th congressional district from 2009 to 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party. In December 2011, Austria announced his intention to not run for re-election for the 113th Congress in the 2012 elections. During his 14 years in elected office, Austria never lost an election.
2. Maria de Fátima Silva de Sequeira Dias, Portuguese historian, author, and academic (d. 2013) births
  1. Maria de Fátima Silva de Sequeira Dias
    
    Maria de Fátima Silva de Sequeira Dias was an Azorean historian, author, and academic. A professor in the Department of Management and Economics at the University of the Azores, she specialized in the history of the Azores, an autonomous region of Portugal.
3. Jeff Keith, American rock singer-songwriter births
  1. Tesla (band)
    
    Tesla is an American rock band from Sacramento, California. In late 1981, bassist Brian Wheat and guitarist Frank Hannon formed a band named City Kidd, which evolved into Tesla. By 1984, vocalist Jeff Keith, guitarist Tommy Skeoch, and drummer Troy Luccketta had joined the band, forming their classic lineup that appeared on all of the albums and live shows during their initial run. The band adopted the Tesla moniker shortly before recording their first album, as another band with a similar name already existed.
4. Bryn Merrick, Welsh bass player (d. 2015) births
  1. Bryn Merrick
    
    Bryn Merrick was a bassist who was a member of Cardiff-based punk band Victimize. He later joined the Damned between 1983 and 1989, replacing Paul Gray, who had left for UFO. Merrick's first release with the Damned was the single "Thanks for the Night" b/w "Nasty". He was the Damned's bassist on the albums Phantasmagoria (1985) and Anything (1986).
5. Gordon Griffith, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Gordon Griffith
    
    Gordon S. Griffith was an American assistant director, film producer, and one of the first child actors in the American movie industry. Griffith worked in the film industry for five decades, acting in over 60 films, and surviving the transition from silent films to talkies—films with sound. During his acting career, he worked with Charlie Chaplin, and was the first actor to portray Tarzan on film.
1957
1. Clémentine Célarié, French actress, singer, and director births
  1. Clémentine Célarié
    
    Clémentine Célarié is a French actress, writer, director and singer.
2. Serge Clerc, French comic book artist and illustrator births
  1. Serge Clerc
    
    Serge Clerc is a French comic book artist and illustrator. Serge Clerc began his professional career in 1975 in the monthly magazine Métal Hurlant, after having created his own fanzine, Absolutely Live. Initially a science-fiction artist, his story Captain Futur appeared in book form in 1979 by Les Humanoïdes Associés.
3. Mike Dowler, Welsh football goalkeeper births
  1. Mike Dowler
    
    Mike Dowler is a Welsh retired professional football goalkeeper. He spent most of his career in the U.S. indoor leagues where he was named the 1995 Continental Indoor Soccer League Goalkeeper of the Year.
4. Annik Honoré, Belgian journalist and music promoter (d. 2014) births
  1. Annik Honoré
    
    Annik Honoré was a Belgian journalist and music promoter best known for her association and affair with Ian Curtis, the former lead singer and lyricist of Joy Division. She co-founded record labels Les Disques du Crépuscule and Factory Benelux.
5. William F. Laurance, Australian biologist births
  1. William F. Laurance
    
    William F. Laurance, also known as Bill Laurance, is Distinguished Research Professor at James Cook University, Australia and has been elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. He has received an Australian Laureate Fellowship from the Australian Research Council. He held the Prince Bernhard Chair for International Nature Conservation at Utrecht University, Netherlands from 2010 to 2014.
6. Arie de Jong, Indonesian-Dutch linguist and physician (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Arie de Jong
    
    Arie de Jong was a Dutch enthusiast and reformer of the constructed language Volapük by Johann Martin Schleyer, with whose help the Volapük movement gained new strength in the Netherlands. He not only revised Volapük, but also began Volapükaklub Valemik Nedänik and founded Diläd valemik Feda Volapükaklubas. He also founded and edited Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, an independent newspaper in Volapük, which ran for thirty-one years (1932–1963). He wrote Gramat Volapüka, a grammar of the language completely in Volapük, and a German-Volapük dictionary, Wörterbuch der Weltsprache. He translated the New Testament into Volapük from Greek, as well as many other pieces of literature. Arie de Jong is justly considered the most important Volapükist of a new age of Volapük history.
1956
1. Rafael Ábalos, Spanish author births
  1. Rafael Ábalos
    
    Rafael Ábalos is a Spanish author of the bestseller book Grimpow: The Invisible Road (ISBN 0385733747) published in 2007. The children's fantasy novel was about a boy finding a mysterious amulet in France who becomes a focus of a "centuries-old mission" to enlighten humanity. According to a review in Publishers Weekly, Ábalos "blends the grand-scale storytelling prowess and epic quest element of Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings with the cryptographic intrigue of Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code", and gave it a positive review. The book was published by Random House.
2. Allan Evans, Scottish footballer births
  1. Allan Evans (footballer)
    
    Allan James Evans, is a Scottish former footballer who played for Dunfermline Athletic (1973–77), Aston Villa (1977–89), Leicester City (1989–90) and Darlington (1990–91).
3. Lutz Haueisen, German cyclist births
  1. Lutz Haueisen
    
    Lutz Haueisen is a retired German amateur cyclist. He won two world titles in track events, in 1979 and 1981. His best achievement on the road was second place in the prologue of Tour de Pologne in 1986. His son Dennis is a professional road cyclist.
4. Catherine Holmes, Australian judge births
  1. Catherine Holmes
    
    Catherine Ena "Cate" Holmes is a retired Australian jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland, the highest ranking court in the Australian state of Queensland. She was appointed to the Supreme Court of Queensland in 2000, to the Queensland Court of Appeal in 2006 and appointed chief justice on 11 September 2015. She retired on 19 March 2022.
5. Gerti Schanderl, German figure skater births
  1. Gerti Schanderl
    
    Gerti Schanderl is a German former figure skater who represented West Germany. She is the 1973 Prize of Moscow News champion, the 1973 Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalist, and a four-time German national champion.
6. David Vanian, English singer-songwriter births
  1. David Vanian
    
    David Vanian is an English rock musician, and lead singer of the punk rock band the Damned. Formed in 1976 in London, the Damned were the first British punk band to release a single, release an album, have a record hit the UK charts, and tour the United States. With a fluid line-up since their founding, Vanian has been the only ever-present member. Vanian's baritone singing voice, dark lyrics and vampire-themed costumes, were a major influence on the goth subculture.
7. Lorenzo Perosi, Italian composer and painter (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Lorenzo Perosi
    
    Monsignor Lorenzo Perosi was an Italian composer of sacred music and the only member of the Giovane Scuola who did not write opera. In the late 1890s, while he was still only in his twenties, Perosi was an internationally celebrated composer of sacred music, especially large-scale oratorios. Nobel Prize winner Romain Rolland wrote, "It's not easy to give you an exact idea of how popular Lorenzo Perosi is in his native country." Perosi's fame was not restricted to Europe. A 19 March 1899 New York Times article entitled "The Genius of Don Perosi" began, "The great and ever-increasing success which has greeted the four new oratorios of Don Lorenzo Perosi has placed this young priest-composer on a pedestal of fame which can only be compared with that which has been accorded of late years to the idolized Pietro Mascagni by his fellow-countrymen." Gianandrea Gavazzeni made the same comparison: "The sudden clamors of applause, at the end of the [19th] century, were just like those a decade earlier for Mascagni." Perosi worked for five Popes, including Pope Pius X who greatly fostered his rise.
1955
1. Einar Jan Aas, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Einar Jan Aas
    
    Einar Jan Aas is a Norwegian former footballer who played as a central defender. He was the first Norwegian to play professionally in England and Germany.
2. Pat DiNizio, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017) births
  1. Pat DiNizio
    
    Patrick Michael DiNizio was the lead singer, songwriter, and founding member of the band The Smithereens, which he formed in 1980 with Jim Babjak, Dennis Diken, and Mike Mesaros, from Carteret, New Jersey.
3. Ante Gotovina, Croatian general births
  1. Ante Gotovina
    
    Ante Gotovina is a Croatian retired lieutenant general and former French senior corporal who served in the Croatian War for Independence. He is noted for his primary role in the 1995 Operation Storm. In 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) indicted him on war crimes and crimes against humanity charges in connection with that operation and its aftermath. After spending four years in hiding, he was captured in the Canary Islands in December 2005.
4. Jane Siberry, Canadian singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Jane Siberry
    
    Jane Siberry is a Canadian singer-songwriter, known for such hits as "Mimi on the Beach", "I Muse Aloud", "One More Colour" and "Calling All Angels". She performed the theme song to the television series Maniac Mansion. She has released material under the name Issa – an identity which she used formally between 2006 and 2009.
1954
1. Evalie A. Bradley, Anguillian politician and member of the House of Assembly of Anguilla births
  1. Evalie A. Bradley
    
    Evalie Bradley nee Hughes is an Anguillian politician and member of the House of Assembly of Anguilla.
  2. House of Assembly (Anguilla)
    
    The House of Assembly is the unicameral legislature of Anguilla. It has 13 members, 7 members in single-seat constituencies, 4 members representing the island at-large and 2 ex officio members. Anguilla has a multi-party system.
2. Massimo Ghini, Italian actor births
  1. Massimo Ghini
    
    Massimo Ghini is an Italian actor. He has worked with Franco Zeffirelli, Giorgio Strehler, Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, and Gabriele Lavia, among others. He has been married to actress Nancy Brilli, and is the father of four children.
3. Michael Roe, American singer, songwriter, and record producer births
  1. Michael Roe
    
    Michael Roe is an American, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is a founding member of the band the 77s and the Lost Dogs and has recorded several solo albums.
4. Linval Thompson, Jamaican singer and producer births
  1. Linval Thompson
    
    Leval Alphonso Thompson, also known as Linval Thompson, is a Jamaican reggae and dub musician and record producer.
5. George Welch, American soldier and pilot (b. 1918) deaths
  1. George Welch (pilot)
    
    George Schwartz Welch was a World War II flying ace, a Medal of Honor nominee, and an experimental aircraft pilot after the war. Welch is best known for having been one of the few United States Army Air Corps fighter pilots able to get airborne to engage Japanese forces in the attack on Pearl Harbor and for his work as a test pilot. Welch resigned from the United States Army Air Forces as a major in 1944, and became a test pilot for North American Aviation.
1953
1. Les Dennis, English comedian and actor births
  1. Les Dennis
    
    Leslie Dennis Heseltine is an English television presenter, actor, and comedian. He presented Family Fortunes from 1987 until 2002.
2. David Threlfall, English actor and director births
  1. David Threlfall
    
    David John Threlfall is an English stage, film and television actor and director. He is best known for playing Frank Gallagher in Channel 4's series Shameless. He has also directed several episodes of the show. In April 2014, he portrayed comedian Tommy Cooper in a television film entitled Tommy Cooper: Not Like That, Like This. In 2014, he starred alongside Jude Law in the thriller Black Sea.
1952
1. Trevor Chappell, Australian cricketer and coach births
  1. Trevor Chappell
    
    Trevor Martin Chappell is a former Australian cricketer, a member of the South Australian Chappell family which excelled at cricket. He played 3 tests and 20 One Day Internationals for Australia. He won the Sheffield Shield with New South Wales twice, and scored a century for Australia against India in the 1983 World Cup. His career was overshadowed, however, by an incident in 1981 in which he bowled an underarm delivery to New Zealand cricketer Brian McKechnie to stop the batsman from hitting a six.
2. Béla Csécsei, Hungarian educator and politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Béla Csécsei
    
    Béla Csécsei was a Hungarian educator and politician, who served as Mayor of Józsefváros from 2 February 1993 to 2 September 2009.
3. Roger Heath-Brown, English mathematician and theorist births
  1. Roger Heath-Brown
    
    David Rodney "Roger" Heath-Brown FRS, is a British mathematician working in the field of analytic number theory.
1951
1. Sally Little, South African-American golfer births
  1. Sally Little
    
    Sally Little is a South African-born professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1971 and won 15 LPGA Tour events, including two major championship, during her career. In 2016, she became the first female golfer from South Africa inducted into the South African Hall of Fame.
2. Ed Royce, American businessman and politician births
  1. Ed Royce
    
    Edward Randall Royce is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from California from 1993 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, Royce served as Chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2019. He previously served as a member of the California Senate from 1982 to 1993.
3. Norio Suzuki, Japanese golfer births
  1. Norio Suzuki (golfer)
    
    Norio Suzuki is a Japanese professional golfer.
1950
1. Susan Anton, American actress and model births
  1. Susan Anton
    
    Susan Ellen Anton is an American actress and singer.
2. Dave Freudenthal, American economist and politician, 31st Governor of Wyoming births
  1. Dave Freudenthal
    
    David Duane Freudenthal is an American attorney, economist, and politician who served as the 31st Governor of Wyoming from 2003 to 2011. Freudenthal previously was the United States Attorney for the District of Wyoming from 1994 to 2001. As of 2022, he is the most recent Democrat to hold statewide office in Wyoming.
  2. List of governors of Wyoming
    
    This is a list of governors of Wyoming, beginning with territorial governors. Wyoming Territory was organized in 1868, and the state was admitted to the union on July 10, 1890.
1949
1. Dave Lloyd, English cyclist and coach births
  1. Dave Lloyd (cyclist)
    
    Dave Lloyd, is an English former professional cyclist.
2. Carlos the Jackal, Venezuelan convicted of terrorism and murderer births
  1. Carlos the Jackal
    
    Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, also known as Carlos the Jackal or simply Carlos, is a Venezuelan convicted of terrorist crimes, and currently serving a life sentence in France for the 1975 murder of an informant for the French government and two French counterintelligence agents. While in prison he was further convicted of attacks in France that killed 11 and injured 150 people and sentenced to an additional life term in 2011, and then to a third life term in 2017.
3. Paul Went, English footballer and manager (d. 2017) births
  1. Paul Went
    
    Paul Went was an English footballer who played professionally for five clubs over a fifteen-year period. He was one of that generation who bridged the gap between terminological eras, beginning his career as a centre-half and ending it as a central defender despite playing a similar role throughout.
1948
1. John Engler, American businessman and politician, 46th Governor of Michigan births
  1. John Engler
    
    John Mathias Engler is an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th Governor of Michigan from 1991 to 2003. A member of the Republican Party, he later worked for Business Roundtable, where The Hill called him one of the country's top lobbyists.
  2. Governor of Michigan
    
    The governor of Michigan is the head of state, head of government, and chief executive of the U.S. state of Michigan. The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party, who was inaugurated on January 1, 2019, as the state's 49th governor. She was re-elected to serve a second term in 2022. The governor is elected to a 4-year term and is limited to two terms.
2. Rick Parfitt, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2016) births
  1. Rick Parfitt
    
    Richard John Parfitt, was an English musician, best known as a singer, songwriter and rhythm guitarist with rock band Status Quo.
3. Susan Sutherland Isaacs, English psychologist and psychoanalyst (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Susan Sutherland Isaacs
    
    Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement. For Isaacs, the best way for children to learn was by developing their independence. She believed that the most effective way to achieve this was through play, and that the role of adults and early educators was to guide children's play.
1947
1. Chris Wallace, American journalist births
  1. Chris Wallace
    
    Christopher Wallace is an American broadcast journalist. He is known for his tough and wide-ranging interviews, for which he is often compared to his father, 60 Minutes journalist Mike Wallace. Over his 50-year career in journalism he has been a correspondent, moderator, or anchor on CBS, ABC, NBC, Fox News, and now CNN. According to a 2018 poll, he was ranked one of the most trusted TV news anchors in America. Wallace has won three Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, a George Polk Award, the duPont-Columbia University Silver Baton Award, and a Paul White lifetime achievement award.
1946
1. Drew Edmondson, American politician births
  1. Drew Edmondson
    
    William Andrew Edmondson is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Oklahoma. A member of the Democratic Party, Edmondson served as the 16th Attorney General of Oklahoma from 1995 to 2011. Prior to his election as state attorney general, he served as district attorney for Muskogee County, Oklahoma, from 1983 to 1992. He was defeated twice in campaigns for U.S. Congress in Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district, where his father Ed Edmondson served from 1953 to 1973.
2. Ashok Mankad, Indian cricketer (d. 2008) births
  1. Ashok Mankad
    
    Ashok Mulvantrai Mankad pronunciation (help·info) was an Indian cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he played for India in 22 Test matches.
3. Daryl Runswick, English bassist and composer births
  1. Daryl Runswick
    
    Daryl Runswick is a classically trained English composer, arranger, jazz musician, producer and educationalist.
4. Joseph Stilwell, American general (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Joseph Stilwell
    
    Joseph Warren "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell was a United States Army general who served in the China Burma India Theater during World War II. An early American popular hero of the war for leading a column walking out of Burma pursued by the victorious Imperial Japanese Armed Forces, his implacable demands for units debilitated by disease to be sent into heavy combat resulted in Merrill's Marauders becoming disenchanted with him. Infuriated by the 1944 fall of Changsha to a Japanese offensive, Stilwell threatened Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek that lend-lease aid to China would be cut off, which led Ambassador Patrick J. Hurley to decide Stilwell had to be replaced. Chiang had been intent on keeping lend-lease supplies to fight the Chinese Communist Party, but Stilwell had been obeying his instructions to get the CCP and the Kuomintang to co-operate against Japan.
1945
1. Aurore Clément, French actress births
  1. Aurore Clément
    
    Aurore Clément is a French actress who has appeared in French and English language movies and television productions.
1944
1. Angela Rippon, English journalist and author births
  1. Angela Rippon
    
    Angela May Rippon is an English television journalist, newsreader, writer and presenter. Rippon presented radio and television news programmes in South West England before moving to BBC One's Nine O'Clock News, becoming a regular presenter in 1975. She was the first female journalist permanently to present the BBC national television news, and the second female news presenter on British television after Barbara Mandell on Independent Television News (ITN) in 1955.
1943
1. Kostas Tsakonas, Greek actor (d. 2015) births
  1. Kostas Tsakonas
    
    Kostas Tsakonas was a Greek actor.
1942
1. Melvin Franklin, American soul bass singer (d. 1995) births
  1. Melvin Franklin
    
    David Melvin English better known by the stage name Melvin Franklin, or his nickname "Blue", was an American bass singer. Franklin was best known for his role as a founding member of Motown singing group The Temptations from 1960 to 1994.
1941
1. Michael Mansfield, English lawyer, academic, and republican births
  1. Michael Mansfield
    
    Michael Mansfield is an English barrister and head of chambers at Nexus Chambers. He was recently described as "The king of human rights work" by The Legal 500 and as a Leading Silk in civil liberties and human rights.
1940
1. Tom Mix, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Tom Mix
    
    Thomas Edwin Mix was an American film actor and the star of many early Western films between 1909 and 1935. He appeared in 291 films, all but nine of which were silent films. He was Hollywood's first Western star and helped define the genre as it emerged in the early days of the cinema.
1937
1. Paul Hawkins, Australian race car driver (d. 1969) births
  1. Paul Hawkins (racing driver)
    
    Robert Paul Hawkins was an Australian motor racing driver. The son of a racing motorcyclist-turned-church minister, Hawkins was a capable single-seater driver but really made his mark as an outstanding sports car competitor driving Ford GT40s and Lola T70s. In 1969 Hawkins was included in the FIA list of graded drivers, an elite group of 27 drivers who by their achievements were rated the best in the world.
2. Robert Mangold, American painter births
  1. Robert Mangold
    
    Robert Mangold is an American minimalist artist. He is also father of film director and screenwriter James Mangold.
1935
1. Don Howe, English footballer and manager (d. 2015) births
  1. Don Howe
    
    Donald Howe was an English football player, coach, manager and pundit. As a right back Howe featured for clubs West Bromwich Albion and Arsenal together with the English national football team in his playing career. He also went on to manage sides West Brom, Arsenal, Galatasaray, Queens Park Rangers and Coventry City. Howe was also a successful coach and has been described as one of the most influential figures of the English footballing game.
2. Tony Kubek, American baseball player and sportscaster births
  1. Tony Kubek
    
    Anthony Christopher Kubek is an American former professional baseball player and television broadcaster. During his nine-year playing career with the New York Yankees, Kubek played in six World Series in the late 1950s and early 1960s, starting in 37 World Series games. For NBC television, he later broadcast twelve World Series between 1968 and 1982, and fourteen League Championship Series between 1969 and 1989. Kubek received the Ford C. Frick Award in 2009.
3. Sam Moore, American soul singer-songwriter births
  1. Sam Moore
    
    Samuel David Moore is an American vocalist who was a member of the soul and R&B group, Sam & Dave, from 1961 to 1981. He is a member of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame.
4. Shivraj Patil, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Defence births
  1. Shivraj Patil
    
    Shivraj Vishwanath Patil is an Indian politician who was the Minister of Home Affairs of India, from 2004 to 2008 and 10th Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996. He was Governor of the state of Punjab and Administrator of the Union Territory of Chandigarh from 2010 to 2015. Previously, he served in the Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi cabinets as Minister of Defence during the 1980s.
  2. Ministry of Defence (India)
    
    The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the ceremonial commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the country. The Ministry of Defence provides policy framework and resources to the armed forces to discharge their responsibility in the context of the defence of the country. The Indian Armed Forces and Indian Coast Guard under the Ministry of Defence are primarily responsible for ensuring the territorial integrity of India. As of Statista, It is the biggest employer in the world with 2.92 million employers.
5. Luciano Pavarotti, Italian tenor and actor (d. 2007) births
  1. Luciano Pavarotti
    
    Luciano Pavarotti was an Italian operatic tenor who during the late part of his career crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most acclaimed tenors of all time. He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias, gaining worldwide fame for his tone, and gaining the nickname "King of the High Cs".
1934
1. James "Sugar Boy" Crawford, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2012) births
  1. James "Sugar Boy" Crawford
    
    James "Sugar Boy" Crawford, Jr. was an American R&B musician based in New Orleans. He was the author of "Jock-A-Mo" (1954), which was later rerecorded as "Iko Iko" by the Dixie Cups, and became a huge hit. The song was recorded by many other artists, including Dr. John, Belle Stars, the Grateful Dead, Cyndi Lauper, and by Glass Candy.
2. Richard Meier, American architect, designed the Getty Center and City Tower births
  1. Richard Meier
    
    Richard Meier is an American abstract artist and architect, whose geometric designs make prominent use of the color white. A winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1984, Meier has designed several iconic buildings including the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, the Getty Center in Los Angeles, the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, and San Jose City Hall. In 2018, all of Meier's employees accused him of sexual assault, which led to his resignation in 2021.
  2. Getty Center
    
    The Getty Center, in Los Angeles, California, is a campus of the Getty Museum and other programs of the Getty Trust. The $1.3 billion center opened to the public on December 16, 1997 and is well known for its architecture, gardens, and views overlooking Los Angeles. The center sits atop a hill connected to a visitors' parking garage at the bottom of the hill by a three-car, cable-pulled hovertrain people mover.
  3. City Tower (Prague)
    
    City Tower is the tallest skyscraper in Prague and in Bohemia, and the second tallest one in the Czech Republic standing on the Pankrác Plain with a height of 109 meters.
3. Albert Shiryaev, Russian mathematician and academic births
  1. Albert Shiryaev
    
    Albert Nikolayevich Shiryaev is a Soviet and Russian mathematician. He is known for his work in probability theory, statistics and financial mathematics.
4. Oğuz Atay, Turkish engineer and author (d. 1977) births
  1. Oğuz Atay
    
    Oğuz Atay was a pioneer of the modern novel in Turkey. His first novel, Tutunamayanlar, appeared in 1971–72. Never reprinted in his lifetime and controversial among critics, it has become a best-seller since a new edition came out in 1984. It has been described as “probably the most eminent novel of twentieth-century Turkish literature”: this reference is due to a UNESCO survey, which goes on: “it poses an earnest challenge to even the most skilled translator with its kaleidoscope of colloquialisms and sheer size.” In fact four translations have so far been published: into Dutch, as Het leven in stukken, translated by Hanneke van der Heijden and Margreet Dorleijn ; into German, as Die Haltlosen, translated by Johannes Neuner ; into English, as The Disconnected, translated by Sevin Seydi : an excerpt from this won the Dryden Translation Prize in 2008 ; into Greek, as ΑΠΟΣΥΝΑΓΩΓΟΙ, translated from Turkish by Νίκη Σταυρίδη, poetry sections by Δημήτρης Μαύρος, Gutenberg Editio Minor 34, 2022. ISBN 978-960-01-2397-5.
1933
1. Guido Molinari, Canadian painter and art collector (d. 2004) births
  1. Guido Molinari
    
    Guido Molinari was a Canadian artist, known internationally for his serial abstract paintings.
2. John Lister, English philanthropist and politician (b. 1847) deaths
  1. John Lister (philanthropist)
    
    John Lister was an English philanthropist and politician.
1932
1. Dick Gregory, American comedian, actor, and author (d. 2017) births
  1. Dick Gregory
    
    Richard Claxton Gregory was an American comedian, civil rights leader, business owner and entrepreneur, and vegetarian activist. His writings were best sellers. Gregory became popular among the African-American communities in the southern United States with his "no-holds-barred" sets, poking fun at the bigotry and racism in the United States. In 1961 he became a staple in the comedy clubs, appeared on television, and released comedy record albums.
2. Ned Jarrett, American race car driver and sportscaster births
  1. Ned Jarrett
    
    Ned Jarrett is an American retired race car driver and two-time NASCAR Grand National Series champion.
1931
1. Ole-Johan Dahl, Norwegian computer scientist and academic, co-developed Simula (d. 2002) births
  1. Ole-Johan Dahl
    
    Ole-Johan Dahl was a Norwegian computer scientist. Dahl was a professor of computer science at the University of Oslo and is considered to be one of the fathers of Simula and object-oriented programming along with Kristen Nygaard.
  2. Simula
    
    Simula is the name of two simulation programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Syntactically, it is an approximate superset of ALGOL 60, and was also influenced by the design of Simscript.
1930
1. Denis Brodeur, Canadian ice hockey player and photographer (d. 2013) births
  1. Denis Brodeur
    
    Denis Joseph Germain Stanislaus Brodeur was a Canadian photographer, acknowledged as one of hockey's finest photographers and was the father of New Jersey Devils goaltender Martin Brodeur, the National Hockey League's winningest goaltender. He was the official photographer for the Montreal Canadiens for many years, and co-published a book entitled Goalies: Guardians of the Net in 1996, which features his son Martin on the front cover.
2. Milica Kacin Wohinz, Slovenian historian and author (d. 2021) births
  1. Milica Kacin Wohinz
    
    Milica Kacin Wohinz was a Slovenian historian best known for her seminal study on the history of the forceful Italianization of the Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947) that took place between 1918 and 1943.
1929
1. Nappy Brown, American R&B singer-songwriter (d. 2008) births
  1. Nappy Brown
    
    Napoleon Brown Goodson Culp better known by his stage name Nappy Brown, was an American R&B singer. His hits include the 1955 Billboard chart No. 2 "Don't Be Angry", "Little By Little", and "Night Time Is the Right Time". His style was recognizable; Brown used a wide vibrato, melisma, and distinctive extra syllables, in particular, "li-li-li-li-li."
2. Robert Coles, American psychologist, author, and academic births
  1. Robert Coles (psychiatrist)
    
    Robert Coles is an American author, child psychiatrist, and professor emeritus at Harvard University.
3. Magnus Magnusson, Icelandic journalist and academic (d. 2007) births
  1. Magnus Magnusson
    
    Magnus Magnusson, was an Icelandic-born British-based journalist, translator, writer and television presenter. Born in Reykjavík, he lived in Scotland for almost all his life, although he never took British citizenship. He came to prominence as a BBC television journalist and was the presenter of the BBC television quiz programme Mastermind for 25 years. His catchphrase "I've started so I'll finish" was said whenever the time ran out while he was reading a question on the show.
1928
1. Al Held, American painter and academic (d. 2005) births
  1. Al Held
    
    Al Held was an American Abstract expressionist painter. He was particularly well known for his large scale Hard-edge paintings. As an artist, multiple stylistic changes occurred throughout his career, however, none of these occurred at the same time as any popular emerging style or acted against a particular art form. In the 1950s his style reflected the abstract expressionist tone and then transitioned to a geometric style in the 1960s. During the 1980s, there was a shift into painting that emphasized bright geometric space that's deepness reflected infinity. From 1963 to 1980 he was a professor of art at Yale University.
2. Domna Samiou, Greek singer and musicologist (d. 2012) births
  1. Domna Samiou
    
    Domna Samiou was a prominent Greek researcher and performer of Greek folk music. She received her first formal musical training from Simon Karas. For over half a century she collected, recorded, and performed traditional songs of Greece, around the world, appealing not only to the Greek diaspora, but also introducing non-Greek audiences to traditional Greek folk music.
1926
1. Edwin Abbott Abbott, English theologian and author (b. 1838) deaths
  1. Edwin Abbott Abbott
    
    Edwin Abbott Abbott was an English schoolmaster, theologian, and Anglican priest, best known as the author of the novella Flatland (1884).
1925
1. Denis Lazure, Canadian psychiatrist and politician (d. 2008) births
  1. Denis Lazure
    
    Denis Lazure was a Canadian psychiatrist and politician. Lazure was a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA) from 1976 to 1984 and from 1989 to 1996. He is the father of actress Gabrielle Lazure.
1924
1. Leonidas Kyrkos, Greek politician (d. 2011) births
  1. Leonidas Kyrkos
    
    Leonidas Kyrkos was a Greek leftist politician and member of the Hellenic Parliament and the European Parliament.
2. Anatole France, French journalist, novelist, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Anatole France
    
    Anatole France was a French poet, journalist, and novelist with several best-sellers. Ironic and skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was a member of the Académie Française, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament".
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1923
1. Jean Nidetch, American businesswoman, co-founded Weight Watchers (d. 2015) births
  1. Jean Nidetch
    
    Jean Evelyn Nidetch was an American business entrepreneur who was the founder of the Weight Watchers organization.
  2. WW International
    
    WW International, Inc., formerly Weight Watchers International, Inc., is a global company headquartered in the U.S. that offers weight loss and maintenance, fitness, and mindset services such as the Weight Watchers comprehensive diet program. Founded in 1963 by Queens, New York City homemaker Jean Nidetch, WW's program has three options as of 2019: online via its mobile app and website, coaching online or by phone, or in-person meetings.
2. Goody Petronelli, American boxer, trainer, and manager (d. 2012) births
  1. Goody Petronelli
    
    Guerino "Goody" Petronelli was an American boxing trainer and co-manager.
3. Bunny Lucas, English cricketer (b. 1857) deaths
  1. A. P. Lucas
    
    Alfred Perry "Bunny" Lucas was an English first-class cricketer from 1874 to 1907, playing for Cambridge University, Surrey, Middlesex and Essex. He also played five Test matches for the England cricket team.
1922
1. William H. Sullivan, American soldier and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (d. 2013) births
  1. William H. Sullivan
    
    William Healy Sullivan was an American Foreign Service career officer who served as ambassador to Laos from 1964 to 1969, the Philippines from 1973 to 1977, and Iran from 1977 to 1979.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines
    
    The ambassador of the United States of America to the Republic of the Philippines was established on July 4, 1946, after the Philippines gained its independence from the United States.
1921
1. Art Clokey, American animator, producer, screenwriter, and voice actor, created Gumby (d. 2010) births
  1. Art Clokey
    
    Arthur "Art" Clokey was an American pioneer in the popularization of stop-motion clay animation, best known as the creator of the character Gumby and the original voice of Gumby's sidekick, Pokey. Clokey's career began in 1953 with a film experiment called Gumbasia, which was influenced by his professor, Slavko Vorkapich, at the University of Southern California. Clokey and his wife Ruth subsequently came up with the clay character Gumby and his horse Pokey, who first appeared in the Howdy Doody Show and later got their own series The Adventures of Gumby, from which they became a familiar presence on American television. The characters enjoyed a renewal of interest in the 1980s when American actor and comedian Eddie Murphy parodied Gumby in a skit on Saturday Night Live.
  2. Gumby
    
    Gumby is an American clay animation franchise, centered on the titular green clay humanoid character created and modeled by Art Clokey. Gumby stars in two television series, the feature-length Gumby: The Movie, and other media. He immediately became a famous example of stop motion clay animation and an American cultural icon, spawning tributes, parodies, and merchandising.
2. Jaroslav Drobný, Czech-English tennis player and ice hockey player (d. 2001) births
  1. Jaroslav Drobný
    
    Jaroslav Drobný was a World No. 1 amateur tennis and ice hockey champion. He left Czechoslovakia in 1949 and travelled as an Egyptian citizen before becoming a citizen of the United Kingdom in 1959, where he died in 2001. In 1954, he became the first and, to date, only player with African citizenship to win the Wimbledon Championships.
3. Logie Bruce Lockhart, Scottish rugby player and journalist (d. 2020) births
  1. Logie Bruce Lockhart
    
    Logie Bruce Lockhart was a British schoolmaster, writer, and journalist, in his youth a Scottish international rugby union footballer and for most of his teaching career Headmaster of Gresham's School.
1920
1. Christopher Soames, English politician and diplomat, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1987) births
  1. Christopher Soames
    
    Arthur Christopher John Soames, Baron Soames, was a British Conservative politician who served as a European Commissioner and the last Governor of Southern Rhodesia. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1950 to 1966. He held several government posts and attained Cabinet rank.
  2. Governor of Southern Rhodesia
    
    The Governor of Southern Rhodesia was the representative of the British monarch in the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1923 to 1980. The Governor was appointed by The Crown and acted as the local head of state, receiving instructions from the British Government.
1919
1. Gilles Beaudoin, Canadian politician, 34th Mayor of Trois-Rivières (d. 2007) births
  1. Gilles Beaudoin
    
    Gilles Beaudoin (1919–2007) was a Canadian politician and a former Mayor of Trois-Rivières.
  2. List of mayors of Trois-Rivières
    
    The mayor is the highest elected official in Trois-Rivières, in the Mauricie region of Quebec. Since its incorporation in 1845, the city has had thirty-six mayors.
2. Doris Miller, American cook and soldier (d. 1943) births
  1. Doris Miller
    
    Doris Miller was a United States Navy cook third class who was killed in action during World War II. He was the first Black American to be awarded the Navy Cross, the highest decoration for valor presented by the US Navy, and the second highest in the United States after the Medal of Honor.
1917
1. Roque Máspoli, Uruguayan footballer and manager (d. 2004) births
  1. Roque Máspoli
    
    Roque Gastón Máspoli Arbelvide was a Uruguayan football player and coach. He was the goalkeeper for the Uruguay national team that won the 1950 World Cup. He was also the head coach for the Uruguayan team that won the 1980 Mundialito.
1916
1. Alice Childress, American actress and playwright (d. 1994) births
  1. Alice Childress
    
    Alice Childress was an American novelist, playwright, and actress, acknowledged as "the only African-American woman to have written, produced, and published plays for four decades." Childress described her work as trying to portray the have-nots in a have society, saying: "My writing attempts to interpret the 'ordinary' because they are not ordinary. Each human is uniquely different. Like snowflakes, the human pattern is never cast twice. We are uncommonly and marvellously intricate in thought and action, our problems are most complex and, too often, silently borne." Childress became involved in social causes, and formed an off-Broadway union for actors.
2. Lock Martin, American actor (d. 1959) births
  1. Lock Martin
    
    Joseph Lockard "Lock" Martin Jr. was an American performer afflicted with giantism. Martin and a twin brother were born in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; his brother died in childbirth.
1915
1. Edith Cavell, English nurse (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Edith Cavell
    
    Edith Louisa Cavell was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and for helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, for which she was arrested under martial law. She was accused of treason, found guilty by a court-martial and sentenced to death. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was shot by a German firing squad. Her execution received worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage.
1914
1. John E. Hodge, African-American chemist (d. 1996) births
  1. John E. Hodge
    
    John Edward Hodge was an American chemist, born in Kansas City, Kansas, best known for establishing the mechanisms in the Maillard reaction pathway.
2. Margaret E. Knight, American inventor (b. 1838) deaths
  1. Margaret E. Knight
    
    Margaret Eloise Knight was an American inventor, notably of a machine to produce flat-bottomed paper bags. She has been called "the most famous 19th-century woman inventor". She founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870, creating paper bags for groceries similar in form to the ones that would be used in later generations. Knight received dozens of patents in different fields, and became a symbol for women's empowerment.
1913
1. Alice Chetwynd Ley, English author and educator (d. 2004) births
  1. Alice Chetwynd Ley
    
    Alice Chetwynd Ley, née Humphrey was a British writer of romance novels from 1959 to 1989.
1912
1. Muhammad Shamsul Huq, Bangladeshi academic and former Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2006) births
  1. Muhammad Shamsul Huq
    
    Muhammad Shamsul Huq was a Bangladeshi academic and minister. He served as an education minister in erstwhile East Pakistan, and became the Minister of Foreign Affairs four years after the independence of Bangladesh. Huq also served as vice-chancellor in both the University of Dhaka and University of Rajshahi. He was awarded the Ekushey Padak in 2003 by the Government of Bangladesh.
  2. 2006
    
    2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2006th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 6th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 7th year of the 2000s decade.
1911
1. Vijay Merchant, Indian cricketer (d. 1987) births
  1. Vijay Merchant
    
    Vijay Singh Madhavji Merchant pronunciation (help·info), real name Vijay Madhav Thackersey was an Indian cricketer. A right-hand batter and occasional right-arm medium pace bowler, Merchant played first-class cricket for Bombay cricket team as well as 10 Test matches for India between 1929 and 1951. Behind his limited Test appearances, he dominated Indian domestic cricket – his batting average of 71.64 is the second highest first-class average in history, behind only that of Don Bradman. He is regarded as the founder of the Bombay School of Batsmanship, that placed more importance on right technique, steely temperament, and conservative approach rather than free flow of the bat, a tradition broken and remoulded only after the arrival of Sachin Tendulkar.
1910
1. Robert Fitzgerald, American poet, critic, and translator (d. 1985) births
  1. Robert Fitzgerald
    
    Robert Stuart Fitzgerald was an American poet, literary critic and translator whose renderings of the Greek classics "became standard works for a generation of scholars and students". He was best known as a translator of ancient Greek and Latin. He also composed several books of his own poetry.
2. Malcolm Renfrew, American chemist and academic (d. 2013) births
  1. Malcolm Renfrew
    
    Malcolm MacKenzie Renfrew was an American polymer chemist, inventor, and professor emeritus at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. Renfrew Hall, the university's chemistry building, was named for him in 1985.
1909
1. Dorothy Livesay, Canadian poet (d. 1996) births
  1. Dorothy Livesay
    
    Dorothy Kathleen May Livesay, was a Canadian poet who twice won the Governor General's Award in the 1940s, and was "senior woman writer in Canada" during the 1970s and 1980s.
1908
1. Paul Engle, American novelist, poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1991) births
  1. Paul Engle
    
    Paul Engle, was an American poet, editor, teacher, literary critic, novelist, and playwright. He is remembered as the long-time director of the Iowa Writers' Workshop and as co-founder of the International Writing Program (IWP), both at the University of Iowa.
2. Ann Petry, American novelist (d. 1997) births
  1. Ann Petry
    
    Ann Petry was an American writer of novels, short stories, children's books and journalism. Her 1946 debut novel The Street became the first novel by an African-American woman to sell more than a million copies.
1906
1. Joe Cronin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1984) births
  1. Joe Cronin
    
    Joseph Edward Cronin was an American professional baseball player, manager and executive. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a shortstop, most notably as a member of the Boston Red Sox. Cronin spent over 48 years in baseball, culminating with 14 years as president of the American League (AL).
2. John Murray, American playwright and producer (d. 1984) births
  1. John Murray (playwright)
    
    John Murray was an American playwright best known for writing the 1937 play Room Service with Allen Boretz.
3. Piero Taruffi, Italian race car driver and motorcycle racer (d. 1988) births
  1. Piero Taruffi
    
    Piero Taruffi was a racing driver from Italy.
1904
1. Lester Dent, American journalist and author (d. 1959) births
  1. Lester Dent
    
    Lester Dent was an American pulp-fiction writer, best known as the creator and main writer of the series of novels about the scientist and adventurer Doc Savage. The 159 Doc Savage novels that Dent wrote over 16 years were credited to the house name Kenneth Robeson.
2. Ding Ling, Chinese author and educator (d. 1986) births
  1. Ding Ling
    
    Ding Ling, formerly romanized as Ting Ling, was the pen name of Jiang Bingzhi, also known as Bin Zhi, one of the most celebrated 20th-century Chinese women authors. She is known for her feminist and socialist realist literature.
1903
1. Josephine Hutchinson, American actress (d. 1998) births
  1. Josephine Hutchinson
    
    Josephine Hutchinson was an American actress. She acted in several theater plays and films.
1898
1. Calvin Fairbank, American minister and activist (b. 1816) deaths
  1. Calvin Fairbank
    
    Calvin Fairbank was an American abolitionist and Methodist minister from New York state who was twice convicted in Kentucky of aiding the escape of slaves, and served a total of 19 years in the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort. Fairbank is believed to have aided the escape of 47 slaves.
1896
1. Eugenio Montale, Italian poet and translator, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) births
  1. Eugenio Montale
    
    Eugenio Montale was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
2. Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, Danish lawyer and politician, 9th Council President of Denmark (b. 1817) deaths
  1. Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs
    
    Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs was a Danish nobleman and politician. He was Council President of Denmark from 1865 to 1870 as the leader of the Frijs Cabinet.
  2. Prime Minister of Denmark
    
    The prime minister of Denmark is the head of government in the Kingdom of Denmark comprising the three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Before the creation of the modern office, the kingdom did not initially have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the monarch, in whom the executive authority was vested. The Constitution of 1849 established a constitutional monarchy by limiting the powers of the monarch and creating the office of premierminister. The inaugural holder of the office was Adam Wilhelm Moltke.
1894
1. Elisabeth of Romania, queen consort of Greece (d. 1956) births
  1. Elisabeth of Romania
    
    Elisabeth of Romania was a princess of Romania and member of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and by marriage Queen of Greece during 1922–1924.
1893
1. Velvalee Dickinson, American spy (d. 1980) births
  1. Velvalee Dickinson
    
    Velvalee Dickinson, was convicted of espionage against the United States on behalf of Japan during World War II. Known as the "Doll Woman", she used her business in New York City to send information on the United States Navy to contacts in Argentina via steganographic messages. She was finally caught when one of her contacts in Buenos Aires moved and her messages were returned.
1892
1. Gilda dalla Rizza, Italian soprano and actress (d. 1975) births
  1. Gilda dalla Rizza
    
    Gilda Dalla Rizza was an important Italian soprano.
1891
1. Edith Stein, Polish nun and martyr; later canonized (d. 1942) births
  1. Edith Stein
    
    Edith Stein was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Christianity and became a Discalced Carmelite nun. She is canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church; she is also one of six patron saints of Europe.
2. Fumimaro Konoe, Japanese soldier and politician, 39th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945) births
  1. Fumimaro Konoe
    
    Prince Fumimaro Konoe was a Japanese politician and prime minister. During his tenure, he presided over the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the breakdown in relations with the United States, which ultimately culminated in Japan's entry into World War II. He also played a central role in transforming his country into a totalitarian state by passing the National Mobilization Law and founding the Imperial Rule Assistance Association.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
1880
1. Louis Hémon, French-Canadian author (d. 1913) births
  1. Louis Hémon
    
    Louis Hémon, was a French writer best known for his novel Maria Chapdelaine.
2. Kullervo Manner, Finnish Speaker of the Parliament, the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (d. 1939) births
  1. Kullervo Manner
    
    Kullervo Achilles Manner was a Finnish politician and journalist, and later a Soviet politician. He was a member of the Finnish parliament, serving as its Speaker in 1917. He was also chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland between 1917 and 1918. During the Finnish Civil War, he led the Finnish People's Delegation, a leftist alternative to the established Finnish government. After the war, he escaped to the Soviet Union, where he co-founded the Finnish Communist Party. It is said if the Red Guards had won the Civil War, Manner might have risen to the position of the "Leader of the Red Finland".
  2. Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
    
    The speaker of the Parliament of Finland, along with two deputy speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. Speakers are chosen for a year at a time. In addition to their preparing the work in plenary sessions the speakers also play a key role in Parliament's international co-operation, which includes visits by speakers and international delegations as well as participation in numerous interparliamentary organisations.
  3. Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
    
    The Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR), more commonly referred to as Red Finland, was a self-proclaimed Finnish socialist state that ruled parts of the country during the Finnish Civil War of 1918. It was outlined on 29 January 1918 by the Finnish People's Delegation, the Reds and Red Guards of the Finnish Social Democratic Party, after the socialist revolution in Finland on 26 January 1918. Its sole prime minister was Kullervo Manner, chairman of the central committee.
  4. Red Guards (Finland)
    
    The Red Guards were the paramilitary units of the Finnish labour movement in the early 1900s. The first Red Guards were established during the 1905 general strike, but disbanded a year later. After the Russian 1917 February revolution the Red Guards were re-established and in the 1918 Finnish Civil War they formed the army of Red Finland. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, peaking at between 90,000 and 120,000 during the course of the conflict. The number included more than 2,000 members of the Women's Guards. In May 1918, up to 80,000 Reds were captured by the victorious Whites, 12,000 to 14,000 of them died in the prison camps due to execution, disease and malnutrition. A majority of the Reds were finally pardoned in late 1918.
1878
1. Truxtun Hare, American football player and hammer thrower (d. 1956) births
  1. Truxtun Hare
    
    Thomas Truxtun Hare was an American Olympic medalist who competed in track and field and the hammer throw. He was also a played football with the University of Pennsylvania and was selected first-team All-American all four years. Sports Illustrated wrote, "Few early 20th Century players were as revered as Hare, who played every minute of every game." He was selected as a charter member of the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.
1875
1. Aleister Crowley, English magician and author (d. 1947) births
  1. Aleister Crowley
    
    Aleister Crowley was an English occultist, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, novelist, and mountaineer. He founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life.
2. Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, French sculptor and painter (b. 1827) deaths
  1. Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
    
    Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux was a French sculptor and painter during the Second Empire under Napoleon III.
1874
1. Jimmy Burke, American baseball player and manager (d. 1942) births
  1. Jimmy Burke (baseball)
    
    James Timothy Burke was a Major League Baseball third baseman, coach, and manager. He played for the Cleveland Spiders, St. Louis Perfectos, Milwaukee Brewers, Chicago White Stockings, Pittsburgh Pirates, and St. Louis Cardinals.
1872
1. Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer and educator (d. 1958) births
  1. Ralph Vaughan Williams
    
    Ralph Vaughan Williams, was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over sixty years. Strongly influenced by Tudor music and English folk-song, his output marked a decisive break in British music from its German-dominated style of the 19th century.
1870
1. Robert E. Lee, American general (b. 1807) deaths
  1. Robert E. Lee
    
    Robert Edward Lee was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, towards the end of which he was appointed the overall commander of the Confederate States Army. He led the Army of Northern Virginia—the Confederacy's most powerful army—from 1862 until its surrender in 1865, earning a reputation as a skilled tactician.
1868
1. August Horch, German engineer and businessman, founded Audi (d. 1951) births
  1. August Horch
    
    August Horch was a German engineer and automobile pioneer, the founder of the manufacturing giant which would eventually become Audi.
  2. Audi
    
    Audi AG is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. As a subsidiary of its parent company, the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide.
2. Mariano Trías, Filipino general and politician, 1st Vice President of the Philippines (d. 1914) births
  1. Mariano Trías
    
    Mariano Trías y Closas is considered to be the first de facto Philippine Vice President of that revolutionary government established at the Tejeros Convention - an assembly of Philippine revolutionary leaders that elected officials of the revolutionary movement against the colonial government of Spain. When that assembly broke into factions, a truce known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed by the group and also recognized the elected officials and Trias as the vice president of Emilio Aguinaldo, who is also considered to be the first President of the Philippines. With the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution by the Malolos Convention, the First Philippine Republic was born. Under the Aguinaldo administration, Trias served in the cabinet initially as Secretary of Finance and, later, as Secretary of War.
  2. Vice President of the Philippines
    
    The vice president of the Philippines is the second-highest official in the executive branch of the Philippine government. The vice president is directly elected by the people, and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the president.
1866
1. Ramsay MacDonald, Scottish journalist and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937) births
  1. Ramsay MacDonald
    
    James Ramsay MacDonald was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, the first who belonged to the Labour Party, leading minority Labour governments for nine months in 1924 and again between 1929 and 1931. From 1931 to 1935, he headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party and supported by only a few Labour members. MacDonald was expelled from the Labour Party as a result.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1865
1. Arthur Harden, English biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940) births
  1. Arthur Harden
    
    Sir Arthur Harden, FRS was a British biochemist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1929 with Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations into the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes. He was a founding member of the Biochemical Society and editor of its journal for 25 years.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1864
1. Kamini Roy, British India's first female graduate, Bengali poet, social activist, and feminist writer (d. 1933) births
  1. Kamini Roy
    
    Kamini Roy was a Bengali poet, social worker and feminist in British India. She was the first woman honours graduate in British India.
1860
1. Elmer Ambrose Sperry, American engineer and businessman, co-invented the gyrocompass (d. 1930) births
  1. Elmer Ambrose Sperry
    
    Elmer Ambrose Sperry Sr. was an American inventor and entrepreneur, most famous for construction, two years after Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, of the gyrocompass and as founder of the Sperry Gyroscope Company. He was known as the "father of modern navigation technology".
  2. Gyrocompass
    
    A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth to find geographical direction automatically. The use of a gyrocompass is one of the seven fundamental ways to determine the heading of a vehicle. A gyroscope is an essential component of a gyrocompass, but they are different devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic effect. Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigation on ships, because they have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:they find true north as determined by the axis of the Earth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north, and they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as in a ship's steel hull, which distort the magnetic field.
1858
1. Hiroshige, Japanese painter (b. 1797) deaths
  1. Hiroshige
    
    Utagawa Hiroshige, born Andō Tokutarō, was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist, considered the last great master of that tradition.
1855
1. Arthur Nikisch, Hungarian conductor and academic (d. 1922) births
  1. Arthur Nikisch
    
    Arthur Nikisch was a Hungarian conductor who performed internationally, holding posts in Boston, London, Leipzig and—most importantly—Berlin. He was considered an outstanding interpreter of the music of Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven and Liszt. Johannes Brahms praised Nikisch's performance of his Fourth Symphony as "quite exemplary, it's impossible to hear it any better."
1845
1. Elizabeth Fry, English prison reformer, Quaker and philanthropist (b. 1780) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Fry
    
    Elizabeth Fry, sometimes referred to as Betsy Fry, was an English prison reformer, social reformer, philanthropist and Quaker. Fry was a major driving force behind new legislation to improve the treatment of prisoners, especially female inmates, and as such has been called the "Angel of Prisons". She was instrumental in the 1823 Gaols Act which mandated sex-segregation of prisons and female warders for female inmates to protect them from sexual exploitation. Fry kept extensive diaries in which the need to protect female prisoners from rape and sexual exploitation is explicit.
1840
1. Helena Modjeska, Polish-American actress (d. 1909) births
  1. Helena Modjeska
    
    Helena Modrzejewska, known professionally as Helena Modjeska, was a Polish actress who specialized in Shakespearean and tragic roles. She was successful first on the Polish stage. After emigrating to the United States, she also succeeded on stage in America and London. She is regarded as the greatest actress in the history of theatre in Poland.
1838
1. George Thorn, Australian politician, 6th Premier of Queensland (d. 1905) births
  1. George Thorn
    
    George Henry Thorn (junior) was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and a Premier of Queensland, Australia.
  2. Premier of Queensland
    
    The premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland.
1815
1. William J. Hardee, American general (d. 1873) births
  1. William J. Hardee
    
    William Joseph Hardee was a career U.S. Army and Confederate States Army officer. For the U.S. Army, he served in the Second Seminole War and in the Mexican–American War, where he was captured and exchanged. In the American Civil War, he sided with the South and became a general. Hardee served in the Western Theater and quarreled sharply with two of his commanding officers, Braxton Bragg and John Bell Hood. He served in the Atlanta Campaign of 1864 and the Carolinas Campaign of 1865, where he surrendered with General Joseph E. Johnston to William Tecumseh Sherman in April. Hardee's writings about military tactics were widely used on both sides in the conflict.
1812
1. Juan José Castelli, Argentinian lawyer and politician (b. 1764) deaths
  1. Juan José Castelli
    
    Juan José Castelli was an Argentine lawyer who was one of the leaders of the May Revolution, which led to the Argentine War of Independence. He led an ill-fated military campaign in Upper Peru.
1801
1. Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Swiss lawyer and politician, 5th President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1873) births
  1. Friedrich Frey-Herosé
    
    Friedrich Frey-Herosé was a Swiss politician.
  2. President of the Swiss Confederation
    
    The president of the Swiss Confederation, also known as the president of the Confederation or colloquially as the president of Switzerland, is the head of Switzerland's seven-member Federal Council, the country's executive branch. Elected by the Federal Assembly for one year, the officeholder chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties.
1798
1. Pedro I, emperor of Brazil (d. 1834) births
  1. Pedro I of Brazil
    
    Dom Pedro I, nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "the Soldier King". Born in Lisbon, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom John VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When the country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil.
1792
1. Christian Gmelin, German chemist and pharmacist (d. 1860) births
  1. Christian Gmelin
    
    Christian Gottlob Gmelin was a German chemist. He was born in Tübingen, Germany, and was a grandson of Johann Konrad Gmelin and a great-grandson of Johann Georg Gmelin.
1758
1. Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth, Irish field marshal and politician (b. 1680) deaths
  1. Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth
    
    Field Marshal Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth, PC (Ire) FRS, styled The Honourable Richard Molesworth from 1716 to 1726, was an Anglo-Irish military officer, politician and nobleman. He served with his regiment at the Battle of Blenheim before being appointed aide-de-camp to the Duke of Marlborough during the War of the Spanish Succession. During the Battle of Ramillies Molesworth offered Marlborough his own horse after Marlborough fell from the saddle. Molesworth then recovered his commander's charger and slipped away: by these actions he saved Marlborough's life. Molesworth went on Lieutenant of the Ordnance in Ireland and was wounded at the Battle of Preston during the Jacobite rising of 1715 before becoming Master-General of the Ordnance in Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Irish Army.
1730
1. Frederick IV, king of Denmark and Norway (b. 1671) deaths
  1. Frederick IV of Denmark
    
    Frederick IV was King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death. Frederick was the son of Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his wife Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel.
1725
1. Étienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist and entomologist (d. 1810) births
  1. Étienne Louis Geoffroy
    
    Étienne Louis Geoffroy was a French entomologist and pharmacist. He was born in Paris and died in Soissons. He followed the binomial nomenclature of Carl von Linné and devoted himself mainly to beetles.
1710
1. Jonathan Trumbull, American colonel and politician, 16th Governor of Connecticut (d. 1785) births
  1. Jonathan Trumbull
    
    Jonathan Trumbull Sr. was an American politician and statesman who served as Governor of Connecticut during the American Revolution. Trumbull and Nicholas Cooke of Rhode Island were the only men to serve as governor of both a British colony and an American state, and he was the only governor to take up the Patriot cause at the start of the Revolutionary War. Trumbull College at Yale University, the town of Trumbull, Connecticut, Trumbull County, Ohio, and Jonathan the Husky are all named for him.
  2. List of governors of Connecticut
    
    The governor of Connecticut is the head of government of Connecticut, and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly and to convene the legislature. Unusual among U.S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon. The Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the state's Bonding Commission. He is an ex-officio member of the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut and Yale University.
1687
1. Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German lute player and composer (d. 1750) births
  1. Sylvius Leopold Weiss
    
    Sylvius Leopold Weiss was a German composer and lutenist.
1685
1. Christoph Ignaz Abele, Austrian lawyer and jurist (b. 1628) deaths
  1. Christoph Ignaz Abele
    
    Christoph Ignaz Abele, von und zu Lilienberg, son of a Swabian family, was an Austrian jurist.
1679
1. William Gurnall, English minister, theologian, and author (b. 1617) deaths
  1. William Gurnall
    
    William Gurnall was an English author and Anglican clergyman born at King's Lynn, Norfolk, where he was baptised on 17 November 1616.
1678
1. Edmund Berry Godfrey, English lawyer and judge (b. 1621) deaths
  1. Edmund Berry Godfrey
    
    Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey was an English magistrate whose mysterious death caused anti-Catholic uproar in England. Contemporary documents also spell the name Edmundbury Godfrey.
1654
1. Carel Fabritius, Dutch painter (b. 1622) deaths
  1. Carel Fabritius
    
    Carel Pietersz. Fabritius was a Dutch painter. He was a pupil of Rembrandt and worked in his studio in Amsterdam. Fabritius, who was a member of the Delft School, developed his own artistic style and experimented with perspective and lighting. Among his works are A View of Delft, The Goldfinch (1654), and The Sentry (1654).
1646
1. François de Bassompierre, French general and courtier (b. 1579) deaths
  1. François de Bassompierre
    
    François de Bassompierre was a French courtier.
1632
1. Kutsuki Mototsuna, Japanese commander (b. 1549) deaths
  1. Kutsuki Mototsuna
    
    Kutsuki Mototsuna was a samurai commander in Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period. His father was Kutsuki Harutsuna. The Kutsuki were a powerful clan at Kutsuki-tani (朽木谷), Takasima-gori, Ōmi Province. His childhood name was Takewakamaru (竹若丸.
1614
1. Henry More, English philosopher (d. 1687) births
  1. Henry More
    
    Henry More was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.
1602
1. William Chillingworth, English scholar and theologian (d. 1644) births
  1. William Chillingworth
    
    William Chillingworth was a controversial English churchman.
1601
1. Nicholas Brend, English landowner (b. 1560) deaths
  1. Nicholas Brend
    
    Nicholas Brend was an English landowner who inherited from his father the land on which the Globe Theatre was built, and on 21 February 1599 leased it to Cuthbert Burbage, Richard Burbage, William Shakespeare, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, John Heminges, and William Kempe. He died two years later, leaving the property on which the Globe was built to his infant son, Matthew Brend, who did not come of age until 6 February 1621.
1600
1. Luis de Molina, Spanish priest and philosopher (b. 1535) deaths
  1. Luis de Molina
    
    Luis de Molina was a Spanish Jesuit priest and scholastic, a staunch defender of free will in the controversy over human liberty and God's grace. His theology is known as Molinism.
1590
1. Kanō Eitoku, Japanese painter and educator (b. 1543) deaths
  1. Kanō Eitoku
    
    Kanō Eitoku was a Japanese painter who lived during the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japanese history and one of the most prominent patriarchs of the Kanō school of Japanese painting.
1576
1. Thomas Dudley, English-American soldier and politician, 3rd Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1653) births
  1. Thomas Dudley
    
    Thomas Dudley was a New England colonial magistrate who served several terms as governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Dudley was the chief founder of Newtowne, later Cambridge, Massachusetts, and built the town's first home. He provided land and funds to establish the Roxbury Latin School, and signed Harvard College's new charter during his 1650 term as governor. Dudley was a devout Puritan who was opposed to religious views not conforming with his. In this he was more rigid than other early Massachusetts leaders like John Winthrop, but less confrontational than John Endecott.
  2. List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
    
    The territory of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other New England states or of the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
2. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1527) deaths
  1. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Maximilian II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576. A member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, he was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 14 May 1562 and elected King of Germany on 24 November 1562. On 8 September 1563 he was crowned King of Hungary and Croatia in the Hungarian capital Pressburg. On 25 July 1564 he succeeded his father Ferdinand I as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
1565
1. Jean Ribault, French-American lieutenant and navigator (b. 1520) deaths
  1. Jean Ribault
    
    Jean Ribault was a French naval officer, navigator, and a colonizer of what would become the southeastern United States. He was a major figure in the French attempts to colonize Florida. A Huguenot and officer under Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, Ribault led an expedition to the New World in 1562 that founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island in present-day South Carolina. Two years later, he took over command of the French colony of Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. He and many of his followers were massacred by Spanish soldiers near St. Augustine.
1558
1. Maximilian III, archduke of Austria (d. 1618) births
  1. Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria
    
    Maximilian III of Austria, briefly known as Maximilian of Poland during his claim for the throne, was the Archduke of Further Austria from 1612 until his death.
1555
1. Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, English diplomat (d. 1601) births
  1. Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby
    
    Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby was the son of Catherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, and Richard Bertie. Bertie was Lady Willoughby de Eresby's second husband, the first being Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Peregrine Bertie's half-brothers, Henry and Charles Brandon, died as teenagers four years before his birth. His sister Susan married the Earl of Kent and then the nephew of Bess of Hardwick. Owing to religious politics, the parents had to move outside England and the boy was born at Wesel on the River Rhine.
1537
1. Edward VI, king of England (d. 1553) births
  1. Edward VI
    
    Edward VI was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour and the first English monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a regency council because he never reached maturity. The council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), and then by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick (1550–1553), who from 1551 was Duke of Northumberland.
1533
1. Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese ruler (d. 1573) births
  1. Asakura Yoshikage
    
    Asakura Yoshikage was a Japanese daimyō of the Sengoku period (1467–1603) who ruled a part of Echizen Province in present-day Fukui Prefecture. He was a regent of Ashikaga Shogunate. Yoshikage's conflicts with Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582) resulted in his death and the destruction of the Asakura clan and its castle, Ichijōdani Castle.
1492
1. Piero della Francesca, Italian mathematician and painter (b. 1415) deaths
  1. Piero della Francesca
    
    Piero della Francesca, originally named Piero di Benedetto, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. To contemporaries he was also known as a mathematician and geometer. Nowadays Piero della Francesca is chiefly appreciated for his art. His painting is characterized by its serene humanism, its use of geometric forms and perspective. His most famous work is the cycle of frescoes The History of the True Cross in the church of San Francesco in the Tuscan town of Arezzo.
1491
1. Fritz Herlen, German painter (b. 1449) deaths
  1. Fritz Herlen
    
    Fritz Herlen was a German artist of the early Swabian school, in the 15th century.
1490
1. Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer and priest (d. 1548) births
  1. Bernardo Pisano
    
    Bernardo Pisano was an Italian composer, priest, singer, and scholar of the Renaissance. He was one of the first madrigalists, and the first composer anywhere to have a printed collection of secular music devoted entirely to himself.
1448
1. Zhu Quan, Chinese prince, historian and playwright (b. 1378) deaths
  1. Zhu Quan
    
    Zhu Quan, the Prince of Ning, was a Chinese historian, military commander, musician, and playwright. He was the 17th son of the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty. During his life, he served as a military commander, feudal lord, historian, and playwright. He is also remembered as a great tea connoisseur, a zither player, and composer.
1350
1. Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Duke of Moscow (d. 1389) births
  1. Dmitry Donskoy
    
    Saint Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, or Dmitry of the Don, sometimes referred to simply as Dmitry, son of Ivan II the Fair of Moscow (1326–1359), reigned as the Prince of Moscow from 1359 and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1363 to his death. He was the first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia. He is regarded as a national hero and central figure of the Russian Middle Ages. His nickname, Donskoy, alludes to his great victory against the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), which took place on the Don River. He is venerated as a Saint in the Orthodox Church with his feast day on 19 May.
1328
1. Clementia of Hungary, queen consort of France and Navarre (b. 1293) deaths
  1. Clementia of Hungary
    
    Clementia of Hungary was Queen of France and Navarre as the second wife of King Louis X.
1320
1. Michael IX Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1277) deaths
  1. Michael IX Palaiologos
    
    Michael IX Palaiologos or Palaeologus, was Byzantine Emperor together with his father Andronikos II Palaiologos from 1294 until his death. Andronikos II and Michael IX ruled as equal co-rulers, both using the title autokrator.
1240
1. Trần Thánh Tông, emperor of Vietnam (then Đại Việt) (d. 1290) births
  1. Trần Thánh Tông
    
    Trần Thánh Tông, personal name Trần Hoảng (陳晃), was the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, reigning over Đại Việt from 1258 to 1278. After ceding the throne to his son Trần Nhân Tông, Thánh Tông held the title of retired emperor from 1279 to his death in 1290. During the second and the third Mongol invasions of Đại Việt, Retired Emperor Thánh Tông and Emperor Nhân Tông were credited as the supreme commanders who led the nation to the final victories and, as a result, established a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. With his successful rulings in both military and civil matters, Trần Thánh Tông was considered one of the greatest emperors of not only the Trần dynasty but also the whole dynastic era in the history of Vietnam.
  2. Đại Việt
    
    Đại Việt, often known as Annam, was a monarchy in eastern Mainland Southeast Asia from the 10th century AD to the early 19th century, centered around the region of present-day Hanoi, Northern Vietnam. Its early name, Đại Cồ Việt, was established in 968 by Vietnamese ruler Đinh Bộ Lĩnh after he ended the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords, until the beginning of the reign of Lý Thánh Tông, the third emperor of the Lý dynasty. Đại Việt lasted until the reign of Gia Long, the first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, when the name was changed to Việt Nam.
1176
1. William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1109) deaths
  1. William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel
    
    William d'Aubigny, also known as William d'Albini, William de Albini and William de Albini II, was an English nobleman. He was son of William d'Aubigny and Maud Bigod, daughter of Roger Bigod of Norfolk.
1152
1. Adolf III of Berg, German nobleman (b. 1080) deaths
  1. Adolf III of Berg
    
    Adolf III of Berg was count of Berg from 1093 until 1132, and count of Hövel from 1090 until 1106, and Vogt of Werden. He was the son of Adolf II of Berg-Hövel, count of Berg, and Adelaide of Lauffen.
1095
1. Leopold II, margrave of Austria (b. 1050) deaths
  1. Leopold II, Margrave of Austria
    
    Leopold II, known as Leopold the Fair, a member of the House of Babenberg, was Margrave of Austria from 1075 until his death. A supporter of the Gregorian Reforms, he was one of the main opponents of the German king Henry IV during the Investiture Controversy.
1008
1. Go-Ichijō, emperor of Japan (d. 1036) births
  1. Emperor Go-Ichijō
    
    Emperor Go-Ichijō was the 68th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
974
1. Al-Muti, Abbasid caliph (b. 913/14) deaths
  1. Al-Muti
    
    Abū ʾl-Qāsim al-Faḍl ibn al-Muqtadir, better known by his regnal name of al-Mutīʿ li-ʾllāh, was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 946 to 974, ruling under the tutelage of the Buyid emirs.
884
1. Tsunesada, Japanese prince (b. 825) deaths
  1. Prince Tsunesada
    
    Prince Tsunesada was a Japanese prince of the early Heian period. He was the second son of Emperor Junna. He was also known as Prince Teishi (亭子親王), and by his Buddhist name of Gōjyaku (恒寂). He was Crown Prince from 833 to 842, during the reign of his cousin Emperor Ninmyō.
642
1. John IV, pope of the Catholic Church deaths
  1. Pope John IV
    
    Pope John IV was the bishop of Rome from 24 December 640 to his death. His election followed a four-month vacancy. He wrote to the clergy of Ireland and Scotland to tell them of the mistakes they were making with regard to the time of keeping Easter and condemned Monothelitism as heresy. According to sacred tradition, he created the Catholic Church in Croatia with Abbot Martin.
638
1. Honorius I, pope of the Catholic Church deaths
  1. Pope Honorius I
    
    Pope Honorius I was the bishop of Rome from 27 October 625 to his death. He was active in spreading Christianity among Anglo-Saxons and attempted to convince the Celts to calculate Easter in the Roman fashion. He is chiefly remembered for his correspondence with Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople over the latter's monothelite teachings. Honorius was posthumously anathematized, initially for subscribing to monothelitism, and later only for failing to end it. The anathema against Honorius I became one of the central arguments against the doctrine of papal infallibility.
-322
1. Demosthenes, Athenian statesman, (b. 384 BC) deaths
  1. Demosthenes
    
    Demosthenes was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20, in which he successfully argued that he should gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speechwriter (logographer) and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Blessed Louis Brisson
1. Beatification
  
  Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. Beati is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds".
2. Louis Brisson
  
  Louis Brisson was a French Roman Catholic priest and the founder of both the Oblate Sisters of Saint Francis de Sales and the Oblates of Saint Francis de Sales. He founded the female branch alongside Léonie Aviat and the male branch alongside the Servant of God Thérèse Chappuis. Brisson's founding of the orders stemmed from his desire to improve the working conditions of middle-class girls and to ensure their protection and the promotion of their faith.
Christian feast day: Edith Cavell and Elizabeth Fry (Church of England)
1. Edith Cavell
  
  Edith Louisa Cavell was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and for helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, for which she was arrested under martial law. She was accused of treason, found guilty by a court-martial and sentenced to death. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was shot by a German firing squad. Her execution received worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage.
2. Elizabeth Fry
  
  Elizabeth Fry, sometimes referred to as Betsy Fry, was an English prison reformer, social reformer, philanthropist and Quaker. Fry was a major driving force behind new legislation to improve the treatment of prisoners, especially female inmates, and as such has been called the "Angel of Prisons". She was instrumental in the 1823 Gaols Act which mandated sex-segregation of prisons and female warders for female inmates to protect them from sexual exploitation. Fry kept extensive diaries in which the need to protect female prisoners from rape and sexual exploitation is explicit.
3. Church of England
  
  The Church of England is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the 3rd century and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury.
Christian feast day: Fiacc
1. Saint Fiacc
  
  Saint Fiacc was a poet, the chief bishop of Leinster, and founder of two churches.
Christian feast day: Our Lady of the Pillar (Fiestas del Pilar)
1. Our Lady of the Pillar
  
  Our Lady of the Pillar is the name given to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the context of the traditional belief that Mary, while living in Jerusalem, supernaturally appeared to the Apostle James the Greater in AD 40 while he was preaching in what is now Spain. Those who adhere to this belief consider this appearance to be the only recorded instance of Mary exhibiting the mystical phenomenon of bilocation. Among Catholics, it is also considered the first Marian apparition, and unique because it happened while Mary was still living on Earth.
2. Fiestas del Pilar
  
  The Fiestas del Pilar are an annual festival celebrated in the city of Zaragoza, Aragon, in honour of the patron saint of the city, the Virgen del Pilar. The week long festival takes place every year, usually, beginning the weekend of or before 12 October, and lasts until the following Sunday.
Christian feast day: Our Lady of Aparecida
1. Our Lady of Aparecida
  
  Our Lady Aparecida - Our Lady Revealed - is a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the traditional form associated with the Immaculate Conception associated with a clay statue bearing the same title. The image is widely venerated by Brazilian Catholics, who consider her as the principal patroness of Brazil. Historical accounts state that the statue was originally found by three fishermen who miraculously caught many fish after invoking the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Christian feast day: Radim Gaudentius (Czech Republic)
1. Radim Gaudentius
  
  Radim Gaudentius was Archbishop of Gniezno and the first Polish archbishop.
Christian feast day: Seraphin of Montegranaro
1. Seraphin of Montegranaro
  
  Seraphin of Montegranaro, was an Italian Capuchin friar who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Wilfrid of Ripon
1. Wilfrid
  
  Wilfrid was an English bishop and saint. Born a Northumbrian noble, he entered religious life as a teenager and studied at Lindisfarne, at Canterbury, in Francia, and at Rome; he returned to Northumbria in about 660, and became the abbot of a newly founded monastery at Ripon. In 664 Wilfrid acted as spokesman for the Roman position at the Synod of Whitby, and became famous for his speech advocating that the Roman method for calculating the date of Easter should be adopted. His success prompted the king's son, Alhfrith, to appoint him Bishop of Northumbria. Wilfrid chose to be consecrated in Gaul because of the lack of what he considered to be validly consecrated bishops in England at that time. During Wilfrid's absence Alhfrith seems to have led an unsuccessful revolt against his father, Oswiu, leaving a question mark over Wilfrid's appointment as bishop. Before Wilfrid's return Oswiu had appointed Ceadda in his place, resulting in Wilfrid's retirement to Ripon for a few years following his arrival back in Northumbria.
Christian feast day: Carlo Acutis
1. Carlo Acutis
  
  Carlo Acutis was an English-born Italian Catholic youth and amateur computer programmer, who is best known for documenting Eucharistic miracles around the world and cataloguing them onto a website which he created before his death from leukemia. He was noted for his cheerfulness, computer skills, and deep devotion to the Eucharist, which became a core theme of his life. He was beatified on 10 October 2020, two days before the 14th anniversary of his death.
Christian feast day: October 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. October 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  October 11 – Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar – October 13
Children's Day (Brazil)
1. Children's Day
  
  Children's Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually in honor of children, whose date of observance varies by country. In 1925, International Children's Day was first proclaimed in Geneva during the World Conference on Child Welfare. Since 1950, it is celebrated on June 1 in most Communist and post-Communist countries. World Children's Day is celebrated on the 20th November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959. In some countries, it is Children's Week and not Children's Day.
2. Brazil
  
  Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world; and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8): Columbus Day (Honduras)
1. Columbus Day
  
  Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8): Día de la Hispanidad or Fiesta Nacional de España, also Armed Forces Day (Spain)
1. Columbus Day
  
  Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
2. National Day of Spain
  
  The National Day of Spain is a national holiday held annually on October 12. It is also traditionally and commonly referred to as the Día de la Hispanidad, commemorating Spanish legacy worldwide, especially in Hispanic America.
3. Armed Forces Day
  
  Many nations around the world observe some kind of Armed Forces Day to honor their military forces. This day is not to be confused with Veterans Day or Memorial Day.
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8): Día de la Raza (El Salvador, Uruguay)
1. Columbus Day
  
  Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
2. El Salvador
  
  El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. The country's population in 2021 is estimated to be 6.8 million.
3. Uruguay
  
  Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. It is part of the Southern Cone region of South America. Uruguay covers an area of approximately 181,034 square kilometers (69,898 sq mi) and has a population of an estimated 3.4 million, of whom around 2 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo.
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8): Día de la Resistencia Indígena, "Day of Indigenous Resistance" (Venezuela)
1. Columbus Day
  
  Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
2. Venezuela
  
  Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi), and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8): Día de las Américas (Belize)
1. Columbus Day
  
  Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
2. Belize
  
  Belize is a Caribbean country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a water boundary with Honduras to the southeast. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) and a population of 397,621 (2020). Its mainland is about 290 km (180 mi) long and 110 km (68 mi) wide. It is the least populated and least densely populated country in Central America. Its population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second-highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is the namesake city of Belize City. Belize is often thought of as a Caribbean country in Central America because it has a history similar to that of English-speaking Caribbean nations. Indeed, Belize’s institutions and official language reflect its history as a British colony.
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8): Día de las Culturas, "Day of the Cultures" (Costa Rica)
1. Columbus Day
  
  Columbus Day is a national holiday in many countries of the Americas and elsewhere, and a federal holiday in the United States, which officially celebrates the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas on October 12, 1492.
2. Costa Rica
  
  Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around five million in a land area of 51,060 km2 (19,710 sq mi). An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San José, with around two million people in the surrounding metropolitan area.
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8): Día del Respeto a la Diversidad Cultural, "Day of respect for cultural diversity" (Argentina)
1. Public holidays in Argentina
  
  The following are the national public holidays and other observances of Argentina.
2. Argentina
  
  Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica.
Discovery Day (The Bahamas, Colombia)
1. Discovery Day
  
  Discovery Day is the name of several holidays commemorating the discovery of land, gold, and other significant national discoveries.
2. The Bahamas
  
  The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.
3. Colombia
  
  Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with an insular region in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Panama to the northwest. Colombia comprises 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), with a population of 50 million. Colombia's cultural heritage reflects influences by various Amerindian civilizations, European settlement, enslaved Africans, as well as immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Spanish is the nation's official language, besides which over 70 languages are spoken.
Feast for Life of Aleister Crowley, celebrated as "Crowleymas" (Thelema)
1. Thelema
  
  Thelema is a Western esoteric and occult social or spiritual philosophy and new religious movement founded in the early 1900s by Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial magician. The word thelema is the English transliteration of the Koine Greek noun θέλημα, "will", from the verb θέλω : "to will, wish, want or purpose."
2. Aleister Crowley
  
  Aleister Crowley was an English occultist, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, novelist, and mountaineer. He founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life.
Fiesta Nacional de España (Spain)
1. National Day of Spain
  
  The National Day of Spain is a national holiday held annually on October 12. It is also traditionally and commonly referred to as the Día de la Hispanidad, commemorating Spanish legacy worldwide, especially in Hispanic America.
Freethought Day
1. Freethought Day
  
  Freethought Day is October 12, the annual observance by freethinkers and secularists of the anniversary of the effective end of the Salem Witch Trials.
Independence Day (Equatorial Guinea), celebrates the independence of Equatorial Guinea from Spain in 1968.
1. Public holidays in Equatorial Guinea
2. Equatorial Guinea
  
  Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2021, the country had a population of 1,468,777.
International Day Against DRM
1. International Day Against DRM
  
  International Day Against DRM (IDAD), sometimes called just Day Against DRM or anti-DRM day, is a grassroots international observance of protests against digital rights management (DRM) technology. The event is intended as "a counterpoint to the pro-DRM message broadcast by powerful media and software companies" and aims to draw attention to DRM's anti-consumer aspects.