Important events in history
on November 3 ^rd

Events

2020
1. The 2020 United States presidential election takes place between Democratic Joe Biden and Republican incumbent President Donald Trump. On November 7, Biden was declared the winner.
  1. 2020 United States presidential election
    
    The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. The Democratic ticket of former vice president Joe Biden and the junior U.S. senator from California Kamala Harris defeated the incumbent Republican president Donald Trump and incumbent vice president Mike Pence. The election took place against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic and related recession. It was the first election since 1992 in which the incumbent president failed to win a second term. The election saw the highest voter turnout by percentage since 1900, with each of the two main tickets receiving more than 74 million votes, surpassing Barack Obama's record of 69.5 million votes from 2008. Biden received more than 81 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a U.S. presidential election.
  2. Democratic Party (United States)
    
    The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. Founded in 1828, it was predominantly built by Martin Van Buren, who assembled a wide cadre of politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest active political party. Its main political rival has been the Republican Party since the 1850s. The party is a big tent, and is less ideologically uniform than the Republican Party due to the broader list of unique voting blocs that compose it, though modern liberalism is the majority ideology in the party.
  3. Joe Biden
    
    Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama, and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009.
  4. Republican Party (United States)
    
    The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. The GOP was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists who opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which allowed for the potential expansion of chattel slavery into the western territories. Since Ronald Reagan's presidency in the 1980s, conservatism has been the dominant ideology of the GOP. It has been the main political rival of the Democratic Party since the mid-1850s.
  5. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  6. Donald Trump
    
    Donald John Trump is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
2014
1. One World Trade Center officially opens in New York City, replacing the Twin Towers after they were destroyed during the September 11 attacks.
  1. One World Trade Center
    
    One World Trade Center is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center. It is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.
  2. New York City
    
    New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States, and is more than twice as populous as second-place Los Angeles. New York City lies at the southern tip of New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.
  3. World Trade Center (1973–2001)
    
    The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center, 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.
  4. September 11 attacks
    
    The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the Northeastern United States to California. The hijackers crashed the first two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and the third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane was intended to hit a federal government building in Washington, D.C., but crashed in a field following a passenger revolt. The attacks killed nearly 3,000 people and instigated the war on terror.
1997
1. The United States imposes economic sanctions against Sudan in response to its human rights abuses of its own citizens and its material and political assistance to Islamic extremist groups across the Middle East and East Africa.
  1. Economic sanctions
    
    Economic sanctions are commercial and financial penalties applied by one or more countries against a targeted self-governing state, group, or individual. Economic sanctions are not necessarily imposed because of economic circumstances—they may also be imposed for a variety of political, military, and social issues. Economic sanctions can be used for achieving domestic and international purposes.
  2. Sudan
    
    Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in East Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Egypt to the north, Eritrea to the northeast, Ethiopia to the southeast, Libya to the northwest, South Sudan to the south and the Red Sea. It has a population of 45.70 million people as of 2022 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country by area, and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011, since which both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital is Khartoum and its most populated city is Omdurman.
  3. Human rights in Sudan
    
    Sudan's human rights record has been widely condemned. Some human rights organizations have documented a variety of abuses and atrocities carried out by the Sudanese government over the past several years under the rule of Omar al-Bashir. The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted serious concerns over human rights violations by the government and militia groups. Capital punishment, including crucifixion, is used for many crimes. In September, 2019, the government of Sudan signed an agreement with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to open a UN Human Rights Office in Khartoum and field offices in Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan and East Sudan. In July 2020, during the 2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy, Justice Minister Nasredeen Abdulbari stated that "all the laws violating the human rights in Sudan" were to be scrapped, and for this reason, Parliament passed a series of laws in early July 2020.
  4. Islamic extremism
    
    Islamic extremism, Islamist extremism, or radical Islam, is used in reference to extremist beliefs and behaviors which are associated with the Islamic religion. These are controversial terms with varying definitions, ranging from academic understandings to the idea that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior to Islam. These terms can also be used in reference to other sects of Islam that do not share such beliefs. Political definitions of Islamic extremism include the one which is used by the government of the United Kingdom, which understands Islamic extremism as any form of Islam that opposes "democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs". In 2019, the U.S. Institute for Peace released an important report on extremism in fragile states that developed recommendations focused on adopting a shared understanding, operationalize a prevention framework, and rallying the international community.
  5. East Africa
    
    East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:
1996
1. Abdullah Çatlı, a leader of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves, was killed in a car crash near Susurluk, Turkey, sparking a scandal that exposed the depth of the state's complicity in organized crime.
  1. Abdullah Çatlı
    
    Abdullah Çatlı was a Turkish secret government agent, as well as a contract killer for the National Intelligence Organization (MİT). He led the Grey Wolves, the youth branch of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), during the 1970s. His death in the Susurluk car crash, while travelling in a car with state officials, revealed the depth of the state's complicity in organized crime in what became known as the Susurluk scandal. He was a hitman for the state, and was involved in the killings of suspected members of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA).
  2. Grey Wolves (organization)
    
    The Grey Wolves, officially known by the short name Idealist Hearths, is a Turkish far-right paramilitary organization and political movement affiliated with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Commonly described as ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist, and Islamonationalist, it is a youth organization that has been characterized as the MHP's paramilitary or militant wing. Its members deny its political nature and claim it to be a cultural and educational foundation, as per its full official name: Ülkü Ocakları Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı.
  3. Susurluk
    
    Susurluk is a small town and a district of Balıkesir Province in northwestern Turkey. It is famous for its production of soap and dairy products. The highway from İstanbul to İzmir passes through Susurluk. In Turkey Susurluk is known for its 'tost' - a toasted cheese sandwich with tomato paste, and for its foamy ayran. The population was 23,995 in 2010. The mayor is Nurettin Güney (IYI).
  4. Susurluk scandal
    
    The Susurluk scandal was a scandal involving the close relationship among the deep state in Turkey, the Grey Wolves and the Turkish mafia. It took place during the peak of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, in the mid-1990s. The relationship came into existence after the National Security Council (NSC) posited the need for the marshaling of the state's resources to combat the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
2. Abdullah Çatlı, the leader of the Turkish ultranationalist organization Grey Wolves, dies in the Susurluk car crash, leading to the resignation of Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar (a leader of the True Path Party).
  1. Abdullah Çatlı
    
    Abdullah Çatlı was a Turkish secret government agent, as well as a contract killer for the National Intelligence Organization (MİT). He led the Grey Wolves, the youth branch of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), during the 1970s. His death in the Susurluk car crash, while travelling in a car with state officials, revealed the depth of the state's complicity in organized crime in what became known as the Susurluk scandal. He was a hitman for the state, and was involved in the killings of suspected members of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA).
  2. Grey Wolves (organization)
    
    The Grey Wolves, officially known by the short name Idealist Hearths, is a Turkish far-right paramilitary organization and political movement affiliated with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Commonly described as ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist, and Islamonationalist, it is a youth organization that has been characterized as the MHP's paramilitary or militant wing. Its members deny its political nature and claim it to be a cultural and educational foundation, as per its full official name: Ülkü Ocakları Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı.
  3. Susurluk car crash
    
    The Susurluk car crash took place on 3 November 1996 in the small town of Susurluk, in Turkey's Balıkesir Province. It resulted in the death of three of the passengers: Abdullah Çatlı, a former ultra-rightist militant wanted by police for multiple murders and drug trafficking; Huseyin Kocadağ, a senior police official; and beauty queen Gonca Us. Sedat Bucak, an MP, escaped with a broken leg and fractured skull. The Susurluk crash was a key event in the unravelling of the deep state in Turkey. The peculiar associations of the crash victims and their links with Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar led to a number of investigations, including a parliamentary investigation, of what became known as the Susurluk scandal.
  4. Ministry of Interior (Turkey)
    
    The Ministry of Interior or Ministry of the Interior or Interior Ministry is a government ministry of the Republic of Turkey, responsible for interior security affairs in Turkey.
  5. Mehmet Ağar
    
    Mehmet Kemal Ağar is a Turkish former police chief, politician, government minister and leader of the Democratic Party. He was a police officer who rose to General Director of the General Directorate of Security, serving from 1993 to 1995, before entering parliament and serving as a government minister in 1996. After being sentenced to several years in prison for criminal activities relating to the Susurluk scandal, he was released on probation in April 2013.
  6. True Path Party
    
    The True Path Party was a centre-right political party in Turkey, active from 1983 to 2007. For most of its history, the party's central figure was Süleyman Demirel, a former Prime Minister of Turkey who previously led the Justice Party (AP) before it was shut down in the aftermath of the 1980 military coup. The DYP was widely considered the successor of both the AP and the Democrat Party (DP), active in Turkey's early multi-party period.
1992
1. Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton defeats Republican President George H. W. Bush and Independent candidate Ross Perot in the 1992 United States presidential election.
  1. Arkansas
    
    Arkansas is a landlocked state in the South Central United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, and Texas and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta.
  2. Bill Clinton
    
    William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary Clinton, who was a senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election.
  3. George H. W. Bush
    
    George Herbert Walker Bush was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan, in the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, and as Director of Central Intelligence.
  4. Ross Perot
    
    Henry Ross Perot was an American business magnate, billionaire, politician and philanthropist. He was the founder and chief executive officer of Electronic Data Systems and Perot Systems. He ran an independent campaign in the 1992 U.S. presidential election and a third-party campaign in the 1996 U.S. presidential election as the nominee of the Reform Party, which was formed by grassroots supporters of Perot's 1992 campaign. Although he failed to carry a single state in either election, both campaigns were among the strongest presidential showings by a third party or independent candidate in U.S. history.
  5. 1992 United States presidential election
    
    The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1992. Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas, and a number of minor candidates. The election marked the end of a period of Republican dominance in American presidential politics that began in 1968, and also marked the end of 12 years of Republican rule of the White House, as well as the end of the Greatest Generation's 32-year American rule and the beginning of the Baby boomers 28-year dominance until 2020. It was the last time the incumbent president failed to win a second term until 2020, when Donald Trump lost the election to Joe Biden; it was the first such occurrence since 1980.
1988
1. Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries attempt to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the rebellion within 24 hours.
  1. Sri Lanka
    
    Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, and southeast of the Arabian Sea; it is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Sri Lanka shares a maritime border with India and the Maldives. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is its legislative capital, and Colombo is its largest city and financial centre.
  2. Tamils
    
    The Tamil people, also known as Tamilar, or simply Tamils, are a Dravidian ethno-linguistic group who trace their ancestry mainly to India’s southern state of Tamil Nadu, union territory of Puducherry and to Sri Lanka. Tamils who speak the Tamil Language and are born in Tamil clans are considered Tamilians. Tamils constitute 5.9% of the population in India, 15% in Sri Lanka, 7% in Malaysia, 6% in Mauritius, and 5% in Singapore.
  3. Mercenary
    
    A mercenary, sometimes also known as a soldier of fortune or hired gun, is a private individual, particularly a soldier, that joins a military conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is not a member of any other official military. Mercenaries fight for money or other forms of payment rather than for political interests. Beginning in the 20th century, mercenaries have increasingly come to be seen as less entitled to protections by rules of war than non-mercenaries. The Geneva Conventions declare that mercenaries are not recognized as legitimate combatants and do not have to be granted the same legal protections as captured service personnel of the armed forces. In practice, whether or not a person is a mercenary may be a matter of degree, as financial and political interests may overlap.
  4. 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt
    
    The 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt was by a group of Maldivians led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a Tamil secessionist organisation from Sri Lanka, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), to overthrow the government in the island republic of Maldives. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by the Indian Armed Forces, codenamed Operation Cactus, defeated the attempted coup.
  5. Maldives
    
    Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is an archipelagic state located in South Asia, situated in the Indian Ocean. It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about 750 kilometres from the Asian continent's mainland. The chain of 26 atolls stretches across the equator from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south.
  6. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
    
    Maumoon Abdul Gayoom is a Maldivian politician and an Islamic scholar who served as the President of Maldives from 1978 to 2008. After serving as Minister of Transport, he was nominated as President by the Majlis (Parliament) of the Maldives and succeeded Ibrahim Nasir in 1978. He was defeated in the October 2008 presidential election. In opposition, he continued to serve as leader of the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party until January 2010, when he retired from active politics.
1986
1. Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been secretly selling weapons to Iran in order to secure the release of seven American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.
  1. Iran–Contra affair
    
    The Iran–Contra affair, often referred to as the Iran–Contra scandal, the McFarlane affair, or simply Iran–Contra, was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan administration. Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras, a right-wing rebel group, in Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.
  2. Lebanon
    
    Lebanon, officially the Republic of Lebanon or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies to its west across the Mediterranean Sea; its location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has contributed to its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious diversity. It is part of the Levant region of the Middle East. Lebanon is home to roughly six million people and covers an area of 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 sq mi), making it the second smallest country in continental Asia. The official language of the state is Arabic, while French is also formally recognized; the Lebanese dialect of Arabic is used alongside Modern Standard Arabic throughout the country.
  3. Ash-Shiraa
    
    Ash-Shiraa is an Arabic weekly magazine published in Lebanon. The magazine is one of the oldest publications in the country.
  4. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
  5. Hostage
    
    A hostage is a person seized by an abductor in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seized, such as a relative, employer, law enforcement or government to act, or refrain from acting, in a certain way, often under threat of serious physical harm or death to the hostage(s) after expiration of an ultimatum. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910-1911) defines a hostage as "a person who is handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against certain acts of war."
2. The Compact of Free Association becomes law, granting the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands independence from the United States.
  1. Compact of Free Association
    
    The Compact of Free Association (COFA) is an international agreement establishing and governing the relationships of free association between the United States and the three Pacific Island sovereign states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and the Republic of Palau. As a result, these countries are sometimes known as the Freely Associated States.
  2. Federated States of Micronesia
    
    The Federated States of Micronesia, is an island country in Oceania. It consists of four states – from west to east, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae – that are spread across the western Pacific. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km (1,678 mi) just north of the equator. They lie northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,802 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,133 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of the main islands of the Hawaiian Islands.
  3. Marshall Islands
    
    The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an independent island country and microstate near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 58,413 people is spread out over five islands and 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The capital and largest city is Majuro. It has the largest portion of its territory composed of water of any sovereign state, at 97.87%. The islands share maritime boundaries with Wake Island to the north, Kiribati to the southeast, Nauru to the south, and Federated States of Micronesia to the west. About 52.3% of Marshall Islanders live on Majuro. In 2016, 73.3% of the population were defined as being "urban". The UN also indicates a population density of 760 inhabitants per square mile (295/km2), and its projected 2020 population is 59,190.
1982
1. The Salang Tunnel fire in Afghanistan by kills 150–2000 people.
  1. Salang Tunnel fire
    
    The Salang Tunnel fire occurred on 3 November 1982 in Afghanistan's Salang Tunnel during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Details are uncertain and officially the number of casualties was recorded as between 168–176 Soviet and Afghan soldiers and civilians. Despite this, contemporary Western media claimed the incident may have been the deadliest known road accident, and one of the deadliest fires of modern times, with the death toll estimated at 2,700 to 3,000 people. It is also the deadliest road accident in history.
  2. Afghanistan
    
    Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. As of 2021, its population is 40.2 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital.
1979
1. Greensboro massacre: Five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot dead and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis during a "Death to the Klan" rally in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States.
  1. Greensboro massacre
    
    The Greensboro massacre was a deadly confrontation which occurred on November 3, 1979, in Greensboro, North Carolina, US, when members of the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party (ANP) shot and killed five participants in a "Death to the Klan" march which was organized by the Communist Workers Party (CWP). The people who were killed included four members of the CWP, who had originally come to Greensboro to support workers' rights activism among mostly black textile industry workers in the area. The Greensboro city police department had an informant within the KKK and ANP group who notified them that the Klan was prepared for armed violence.
  2. Communist Workers' Party (United States)
    
    The Communist Workers' Party (CWP) was a far-left Maoist group in the United States. It had its origin in 1973 as the Asian Study Group established by Jerry Tung, a former member of the Progressive Labor Party (PLP) who had grown disenchanted with the group and disagreed with changes taking place in the party line. The party is mainly remembered as being associated with victims of the Greensboro Massacre of 1979.
  3. Ku Klux Klan
    
    The Ku Klux Klan, commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group whose primary targets are African Americans, Jews, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Catholics, as well as immigrants, leftists, homosexuals, Muslims, abortion providers and atheists.
  4. Neo-Nazism
    
    Neo-Nazism comprises the post–World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology. Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and racial supremacy, attack racial and ethnic minorities, and in some cases to create a fascist state.
  5. Greensboro, North Carolina
    
    Greensboro is a city in and the county seat of Guilford County, North Carolina, United States. It is the third-most populous city in North Carolina after Charlotte and Raleigh, the 69th-most populous city in the United States, and the largest city in the Piedmont Triad metropolitan region. At the 2020 United States census, its population was 299,035. Three major interstate highways in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city.
1978
1. Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
  1. Dominica
    
    Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. Dominica's closest neighbours are two constituent territories of the European Union, the overseas departments of France, Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Dominica comprises a land area of 750 km2 (290 sq mi), and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m (4,747 ft) in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.
1975
1. Syed Nazrul Islam, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, Tajuddin Ahmad, and Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi politicians and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman loyalists, are murdered in the Dhaka Central Jail.
  1. Syed Nazrul Islam
    
    Syed Nazrul Islam was a Bangladeshi politician and a senior leader of the Awami League. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, he was declared as the Vice President of Bangladesh by the Provisional Government. He served as the Acting President in the absence of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
  2. Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman
    
    Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman was a Bangladeshi politician, government minister and a leading member of the Awami League. A member of the Mujibnagar Government, Kamaruzzaman was murdered along with Syed Nazrul Islam, Muhammad Mansur Ali and Tajuddin Ahmed in the jail killings in Dhaka Central Jail on 3 November 1975.
  3. Tajuddin Ahmad
    
    Tajuddin Ahmad was a Bangladeshi politician and statesman. He led the Provisional Government of Bangladesh as its prime minister during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 and is regarded as one of the most instrumental figures in the birth of Bangladesh.
  4. Muhammad Mansur Ali
    
    Muhammad Mansur Ali was a Bangladeshi politician who was a close confidant of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh. A senior leader of the Awami League, Mansur also served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1975.
  5. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
    
    Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, often shortened as Sheikh Mujib or Mujib and widely known as Bangabandhu, was a Bengali politician, parliamentarian, diarist, and the founding leader of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. He first served as the titular President of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh between April 1971 and January 1972. He then served as Prime Minister of Bangladesh from the Awami League between January 1972 and January 1975. He finally served as President again during BAKSAL from January 1975 till his assassination in August 1975. In 2011, the 15th constitutional amendment in Bangladesh referred to Sheikh Mujib as the Father of the Nation who declared independence; these references were enshrined in the fifth, sixth, and seventh schedules of the constitution.
1973
1. Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury. On March 29, 1974, it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet.
  1. Mariner program
    
    The Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System - visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations.
  2. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  3. Mariner 10
    
    Mariner 10 was an American robotic space probe launched by NASA on 3 November 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It was the first spacecraft to perform flybys of multiple planets.
  4. Mercury (planet)
    
    Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System and the closest to the Sun. Its orbit around the Sun takes 87.97 Earth days, the shortest of all the Sun's planets. It is named after the Roman god Mercuriuscode: lat promoted to code: la (Mercury), god of commerce, messenger of the gods, and mediator between gods and mortals, corresponding to the Greek god Hermes. Like Venus, Mercury orbits the Sun within Earth's orbit as an inferior planet, and its apparent distance from the Sun as viewed from Earth never exceeds 28°. This proximity to the Sun means the planet can only be seen near the western horizon after sunset or the eastern horizon before sunrise, usually in twilight. At this time, it may appear as a bright star-like object, but is more difficult to observe than Venus. From Earth, the planet telescopically displays the complete range of phases, similar to Venus and the Moon, which recurs over its synodic period of approximately 116 days. The synodic proximity of Mercury to Earth makes Mercury most of the time Earth's closest planet, despite Venus at times approaching Earth closer than any other planet can.
  5. Space probe
    
    A space probe is an artificial satellite that travels through space to collect scientific data. A space probe may orbit Earth; approach the Moon; travel through interplanetary space; flyby, orbit, or land or fly on other planetary bodies; or enter interstellar space.
1969
1. U.S. president Richard Nixon made a plea for support from the "silent majority", referring to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time.
  1. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
  2. Silent majority
    
    The silent majority is an unspecified large group of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly. The term was popularized by U.S. President Richard Nixon in a televised address on November 3, 1969, in which he said, "And so tonight—to you, the great silent majority of my fellow Americans—I ask for your support." In this usage it referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse. Nixon, along with many others, saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority.
  3. Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
    
    Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War (before) or anti-Vietnam War movement (present) began with demonstrations in 1965 against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years. This movement informed and helped shape the vigorous and polarizing debate, primarily in the United States, during the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s on how to end the war.
2. Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies.
  1. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
  2. Silent majority
    
    The silent majority is an unspecified large group of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly. The term was popularized by U.S. President Richard Nixon in a televised address on November 3, 1969, in which he said, "And so tonight—to you, the great silent majority of my fellow Americans—I ask for your support." In this usage it referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse. Nixon, along with many others, saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority.
1967
1. Vietnam War: The Battle of Dak To begins.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. Battle of Dak To
    
    The battle of Dak To in Vietnam was a series of major engagements of the Vietnam War that took place between 3 and 23 November 1967, in Kon Tum Province, in the Central Highlands of the Republic of Vietnam. The action at Đắk Tô was one of a series of People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) offensive initiatives that began during the second half of the year. PAVN attacks at Lộc Ninh, Song Be and at Con Thien and Khe Sanh,, were other actions which, combined with Đắk Tô, became known as "the border battles". The post hoc purported objective of the PAVN forces was to distract American and South Vietnamese forces away from cities towards the borders in preparation for the Tet Offensive.
1964
1. Lyndon B. Johnson is elected to a full term as U.S. president, winning 61% of the vote and 44 states, while Washington D.C. residents are able to vote in a presidential election for the first time, casting the majority of their votes for Lyndon Johnson.
  1. Lyndon B. Johnson
    
    Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level.
  2. 1964 United States presidential election
    
    The 1964 United States presidential election was the 45th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3, 1964. Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater, the Republican nominee, in a landslide. With 61.1% of the popular vote, Johnson won the largest share of the popular vote of any candidate since the largely uncontested 1820 election, in which no candidate of either party has been able to match or surpass.
  3. Presidential election
    
    A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President.
1960
1. The land that would become the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge is established by an Act of Congress after a year-long legal battle that pitted local residents against Port Authority of New York and New Jersey officials wishing to turn the Great Swamp into a major regional airport for jet aircraft.
  1. Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
    
    The Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge is located in Morris County, New Jersey. Established in 1960, it now is among what has grown to be more than 550 refuges in the United States National Wildlife Refuge System.
  2. Act of Congress
    
    An Act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress. Acts may apply only to individual entities, or to the general public. For a bill to become an act, the text must pass through both houses with a majority, then be either signed into law by the president of the United States or receive congressional override against a presidential veto.
  3. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
    
    The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is a joint venture between the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey, established in 1921 through an interstate compact authorized by the United States Congress. The Port Authority oversees much of the regional transportation infrastructure, including bridges, tunnels, airports, and seaports, within the geographical jurisdiction of the Port of New York and New Jersey. This 1,500-square-mile (3,900 km2) port district is generally encompassed within a 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. The Port Authority is headquartered at 4 World Trade Center.
1957
1. The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 2, carrying the space dog Laika as the first living creature to enter orbit around Earth.
  1. Sputnik 2
    
    Sputnik 2, or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a Soviet space dog named Laika. Laika died on the fourth orbit due to overheating caused by an air conditioning malfunction.
  2. Soviet space dogs
    
    During the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet space program used dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights to determine whether human spaceflight was feasible. In this period, the Soviet Union launched missions with passenger slots for at least 57 dogs. The number of dogs in space is smaller, as some dogs flew more than once. Most survived; the few that died were lost mostly through technical failures, according to the parameters of the test. A notable exception is Laika, the first animal to be sent into orbit, whose death during the 3 November 1957 Sputnik 2 mission was expected from its outset.
  3. Laika
    
    Laika was a Soviet space dog who was one of the first animals in space and the first to orbit the Earth. A stray mongrel from the streets of Moscow, she flew aboard the Sputnik 2 spacecraft, launched into low orbit on 3 November 1957. As the technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, Laika's survival was never expected. She died of overheating hours into the flight, on the craft's fourth orbit.
2. Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2. On board is the first animal to enter orbit, a dog named Laika.
  1. List of spacecraft called Sputnik
    
    Sputnik is a spacecraft launched under the Soviet space program. "Sputnik 1", "Sputnik 2" and "Sputnik 3" were the official Soviet names of those objects, and the remaining designations in the series were not official names but names applied in the West to objects whose original Soviet names may not have been known at the time.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Sputnik 2
    
    Sputnik 2, or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a Soviet space dog named Laika. Laika died on the fourth orbit due to overheating caused by an air conditioning malfunction.
  4. Orbit
    
    In celestial mechanics, an orbit is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an object or position in space such as a planet, moon, asteroid, or Lagrange point. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approximation, planets and satellites follow elliptic orbits, with the center of mass being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse, as described by Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
  5. Soviet space dogs
    
    During the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet space program used dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights to determine whether human spaceflight was feasible. In this period, the Soviet Union launched missions with passenger slots for at least 57 dogs. The number of dogs in space is smaller, as some dogs flew more than once. Most survived; the few that died were lost mostly through technical failures, according to the parameters of the test. A notable exception is Laika, the first animal to be sent into orbit, whose death during the 3 November 1957 Sputnik 2 mission was expected from its outset.
  6. Laika
    
    Laika was a Soviet space dog who was one of the first animals in space and the first to orbit the Earth. A stray mongrel from the streets of Moscow, she flew aboard the Sputnik 2 spacecraft, launched into low orbit on 3 November 1957. As the technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, Laika's survival was never expected. She died of overheating hours into the flight, on the craft's fourth orbit.
1956
1. Suez Crisis: During an invasion of the Gaza Strip, Israeli soldiers shot and killed hundreds of Palestinian refugees and local inhabitants in Khan Yunis.
  1. Suez Crisis
    
    The Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli war, also called the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just swiftly nationalised the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal. Israel's primary objective was to re-open the blocked Straits of Tiran. After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated the United Kingdom and France and strengthened Nasser.
  2. Gaza Strip
    
    The Gaza Strip, or simply Gaza, is a Palestinian exclave on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The smaller of the two Palestinian territories, it borders Egypt on the southwest for 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) and Israel on the east and north along a 51 km (32 mi) border. Together, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank make up the State of Palestine, while being under Israeli military occupation since 1967.
  3. Khan Yunis massacre
    
    The Khan Yunis massacre took place on 3 November 1956 in the Palestinian town of Khan Yunis and the nearby refugee camp of the same name in the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis.
  4. Khan Yunis
    
    Khan Yunis is a city in the southern Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Yunis had a population of 142,637 in 2007 and 202,000 in 2010 and 350,000 in 2012. Khan Yunis, which lies only 4 kilometers east of the Mediterranean Sea, has a semi-arid climate with temperature of 30 degrees Celsius maximum in summer and 10 degrees Celsius maximum in winter, with an annual rainfall of approximately 260 mm (10.2 in).
2. Suez Crisis: The Khan Yunis killings by the Israel Defense Forces in Egyptian-controlled Gaza result in the deaths of 275 Palestinians.
  1. Suez Crisis
    
    The Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli war, also called the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and the Sinai War in Israel, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers and to remove Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just swiftly nationalised the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company, which administered the canal. Israel's primary objective was to re-open the blocked Straits of Tiran. After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated the United Kingdom and France and strengthened Nasser.
  2. Khan Yunis massacre
    
    The Khan Yunis massacre took place on 3 November 1956 in the Palestinian town of Khan Yunis and the nearby refugee camp of the same name in the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis.
  3. Israel Defense Forces
    
    The Israel Defense Forces, alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym Tzahal (צה״ל), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and the Israeli Navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security apparatus, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel. The IDF is headed by the Chief of the General Staff, who is subordinate to the Israeli Defense Minister.
3. Hungarian Revolution: A new Hungarian government is formed, in which many members of banned non-Communist parties participate. János Kádár and Ferenc Münnich form a counter-government in Moscow as Soviet troops prepare for the final assault.
  1. Hungarian Revolution of 1956
    
    The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was a countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the Hungarian domestic policies imposed by the Soviet Union (USSR).
  2. János Kádár
    
    János József Kádár, born János József Czermanik, was a Hungarian communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, a position he held for 32 years. Declining health led to his retirement in 1988, and he died in 1989 after being hospitalized for pneumonia.
  3. Ferenc Münnich
    
    Ferenc Münnich was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary from 1958 to 1961.
1954
1. The first film featuring the giant monster known as Godzilla was released nationwide in Japan.
  1. Godzilla (1954 film)
    
    Godzilla is a 1954 Japanese kaiju film directed by Ishirō Honda, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya. Produced and distributed by Toho Co., Ltd., it is the first film in the Godzilla franchise. The film stars Akira Takarada, Momoko Kōchi, Akihiko Hirata, and Takashi Shimura, with Haruo Nakajima and Katsumi Tezuka as Godzilla. In the film, Japan's authorities deal with the sudden appearance of a giant monster, whose attacks trigger fears of nuclear holocaust during post-war Japan.
  2. Kaiju
    
    Kaiju is a Japanese genre of films and television featuring giant monsters. The term kaiju can also refer to the giant monsters themselves, which are usually depicted attacking major cities and battling either the military or other monsters. The kaiju genre is a subgenre of tokusatsu entertainment.
  3. Godzilla
    
    Godzilla is a fictional monster, or kaiju, originating from a series of Japanese films. The character first appeared in the 1954 film Godzilla and became a worldwide pop culture icon, appearing in various media, including 32 films produced by Toho, four American films and numerous video games, novels, comic books and television shows. Godzilla has been dubbed the "King of the Monsters", a phrase first used in Godzilla, King of the Monsters! (1956), the Americanized version of the original film.
1950
1. Air India Flight 245 crashes into Mont Blanc, while on approach to Geneva Airport, killing all 48 people on board.
  1. Air India Flight 245
    
    Air India Flight 245 was a scheduled Air India passenger flight that crashed into Mont Blanc, France on the morning of 3 November 1950.
  2. Mont Blanc
    
    Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, rising 4,807.81 m (15,774 ft) above sea level. It is the second-most prominent mountain in Europe, after Mount Elbrus, and it is the eleventh most prominent mountain summit in the world.
  3. Geneva Airport
    
    Geneva Airport, formerly and still unofficially known as Cointrin Airport, is the international airport of Geneva, the second most populous city in Switzerland. It is located 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of the city centre. It surpassed the 15 million passengers mark for the first time in December 2014. The airport serves as a hub for Swiss International Air Lines and easyJet Switzerland. It features a route network of flights mainly to European metropolitan and leisure destinations as well as some long-haul routes to North America, China and the Middle East, amongst them Swiss International Air Lines' only long-haul service outside of Zürich.
1949
1. Chinese Civil War: The Battle of Dengbu Island occurs.
  1. Battle of Dengbu Island
    
    The Battle of Dengbu Island was a conflict between the Republic of China Army and People's Liberation Army over Dengbu Island near mainland China. This conflict occurred from 3 November 1949 to 5 November 1949 and resulted in a Republic of China victory.
1948
1. The Chicago Daily Tribune published the erroneous headline "Dewey Defeats Truman" in its early morning edition shortly after incumbent U.S. president Harry S. Truman officially upset the heavily favored governor of New York Thomas Dewey in the presidential election.
  1. Chicago Tribune
    
    The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by Tribune Publishing. Founded in 1847, and formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", it remains the most-read daily newspaper in the Chicago metropolitan area and the Great Lakes region. It had the sixth-highest circulation for American newspapers in 2017.
  2. Dewey Defeats Truman
    
    "Dewey Defeats Truman" was an incorrect banner headline on the front page of the Chicago Daily Tribune on November 3, 1948, the day after incumbent United States president Harry S. Truman won an upset victory over his opponent, Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, in the 1948 presidential election. It was famously held up by Truman at a stop at St. Louis Union Station following his successful election, smiling triumphantly at the error.
  3. Harry S. Truman
    
    Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin Roosevelt and as a United States senator from Missouri from 1935 to January 1945. Assuming the presidency after Roosevelt's death, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition which dominated the Congress.
  4. Thomas E. Dewey
    
    Thomas Edmund Dewey was an American lawyer, prosecutor, and politician who served as the 47th governor of New York from 1943 to 1954.
  5. 1948 United States presidential election
    
    The 1948 United States presidential election was the 41st quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 1948. In one of the greatest election upsets in American history, incumbent President Harry S. Truman, the Democratic nominee, defeated Republican Governor Thomas E. Dewey.
1946
1. The Constitution of Japan is adopted through Emperor's assent.
  1. Constitution of Japan
    
    The Constitution of Japan is the constitution of Japan and the supreme law in the state. Written primarily by American civilian officials working under the Allied Occupation of Japan, the constitution replaced the Meiji Constitution of 1890 when it came into effect on 3 May 1947.
  2. Royal assent
    
    Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf. In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in others that is a separate step. Under a modern constitutional monarchy, royal assent is considered little more than a formality. Even in nations such as the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands, Liechtenstein and Monaco which still, in theory, permit their monarch to withhold assent to laws, the monarch almost never does so, except in a dire political emergency or on advice of government. While the power to veto by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs, such an occurrence has been very rare since the eighteenth century.
1944
1. World War II: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest, are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces.
  1. Slovak National Uprising
    
    The Slovak National Uprising was a military uprising organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War II. This resistance movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, but also by social democrats and Communists, albeit on a smaller scale. It was launched on 29 August 1944 from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso. Although the resistance was largely defeated by German forces, guerrilla operations continued until the Red Army, Czechoslovak Army and Romanian Army occupied the Slovak Republic in 1945.
  2. Ján Golian
    
    Ján Golian was a Slovak Brigade General who became famous as one of the main organizers and the commander of the resistance 1st Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia during the Slovak National Uprising.
  3. Rudolf Viest
    
    Rudolf Viest was a Slovak military leader, member of the Czechoslovak government in exile, member of the Slovak National Council and the commander of the 1st Czechoslovak army during the Slovak National Uprising. He was the Slovak with the highest military function and the only Slovak general during the interwar period in the first Czechoslovak Republic.
1943
1. The Holocaust: The largest massacre of Jews by German forces began at Majdanek concentration camp (execution trenches pictured).
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Operation Harvest Festival
    
    Operation Harvest Festival was the murder of up to 43,000 Jews at the Majdanek, Poniatowa and Trawniki concentration camps by the SS, the Order Police battalions, and the Ukrainian Sonderdienst on 3–4 November 1943.
  3. Majdanek concentration camp
    
    Majdanek was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, and some 227 structures in all, placing it among the largest of Nazi concentration camps. Although initially intended for forced labor rather than extermination, the camp was used to murder people on an industrial scale during Operation Reinhard, the German plan to murder all Polish Jews within their own occupied homeland. The camp, which operated from 1 October 1941 to 22 July 1944, was captured nearly intact. The rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration prevented the SS from destroying most of the camp's infrastructure, and Deputy Camp Commandant Anton Thernes failed to remove most incriminating evidence of war crimes.
2. World War II: Five hundred aircraft of the U.S. 8th Air Force devastate Wilhelmshaven harbor in Germany.
  1. Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II
    
    The Wilhelmshaven World War II bombings by the Allies of World War II destroyed targets at Wilhelmshaven in Germany. From spring 1943 until November 1943 slave labourers of the SS-Baubrigade II from the Neuengamme camp were transferred to Wilhelmshaven to clear up after air raids.
1942
1. World War II: U.S. Marines and U.S. Army forces began an attempt to encircle and destroy a regiment of Imperial Japanese Army troops on Guadalcanal.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. United States Marine Corps
    
    The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combined arms, implementing its own infantry, artillery, aerial, and special operations forces. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.
  3. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  4. Koli Point action
    
    The Koli Point action, during 3–12 November 1942, was an engagement between U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army forces and Imperial Japanese Army forces around Koli Point on Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal campaign. The U.S. forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift, while the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake.
  5. Imperial Japanese Army
    
    The Imperial Japanese Army was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the Minister of the Army, the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff, the Inspector General of Aviation, and the Inspector General of Military Training.
  6. Guadalcanal
    
    Guadalcanal is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the second by population. The island is mainly covered in dense tropical rainforest and has a mountainous hinterland.
2. World War II: The Koli Point action begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on November 12.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Koli Point action
    
    The Koli Point action, during 3–12 November 1942, was an engagement between U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army forces and Imperial Japanese Army forces around Koli Point on Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal campaign. The U.S. forces were under the overall command of Major General Alexander Vandegrift, while the Japanese forces were under the overall command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake.
  3. Guadalcanal campaign
    
    The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major land offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
1936
1. Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected the 32nd President of the United States.
  1. Franklin D. Roosevelt
    
    Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the leader of the Democratic Party, he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. He built the New Deal Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States throughout the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II, which ended in victory shortly after he died in office.
  2. 1936 United States presidential election
    
    The 1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936. In the midst of the Great Depression, incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Governor Alf Landon of Kansas. Roosevelt won the highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested 1820 election. The sweeping victory consolidated the New Deal Coalition in control of the Fifth Party System.
1935
1. Almost 98 percent of reported votes in a Greek referendum supported the restoration of George II as King of the Hellenes.
  1. 1935 Greek monarchy referendum
    
    A referendum on restoring the monarchy was held in Greece on 3 November 1935. The proposal was approved by 97.9% of voters, although the conduct during the referendum is not considered to have been free or fair. George II returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 25 November 1935.
  2. George II of Greece
    
    George II was King of Greece from September 1922 to March 1924 and from November 1935 to his death in April 1947.
  3. List of kings of Greece
    
    The Kingdom of Greece was ruled by the House of Wittelsbach between 1832 and 1862 and by the House of Glücksburg from 1863 to 1924, temporarily abolished during the Second Hellenic Republic, and from 1935 to 1973, when it was once more abolished and replaced by the Third Hellenic Republic.
2. George II of Greece regains his throne through a popular, though possibly fixed, plebiscite.
  1. George II of Greece
    
    George II was King of Greece from September 1922 to March 1924 and from November 1935 to his death in April 1947.
  2. 1935 Greek monarchy referendum
    
    A referendum on restoring the monarchy was held in Greece on 3 November 1935. The proposal was approved by 97.9% of voters, although the conduct during the referendum is not considered to have been free or fair. George II returned from exile and was restored to the throne on 25 November 1935.
1932
1. Panagis Tsaldaris becomes the 142nd Prime Minister of Greece.
  1. Panagis Tsaldaris
    
    Panagis Tsaldaris was a Greek politician and the 48th Prime Minister of Greece. He was a revered conservative politician and leader for many years (1922–1936) of the conservative People's Party in the period before World War II. He was the husband of Lina Tsaldari, a Greek suffragist, member of Parliament, and the Minister for Social Welfare.
  2. List of prime ministers of Greece
    
    This is a list of the heads of government of the modern Greek state, from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day. Although various official and semi-official appellations were used during the early decades of independent statehood, the title of prime minister has been the formal designation of the office at least since 1843. On dates, Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923. All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style.
1930
1. Getúlio Vargas becomes Head of the Provisional Government in Brazil after a bloodless coup on October 24.
  1. Getúlio Vargas
    
    Getúlio Dornelles Vargas was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 14th and 17th president of Brazil, from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Due to his long and controversial tenure as Brazil's provisional, constitutional, and dictatorial leader, he is considered by historians as the most influential Brazilian politician of the 20th century.
  2. Brazil
    
    Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world; and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.
1929
1. The Gwangju Student Independence Movement occurred.
  1. Gwangju Student Independence Movement
    
    The Gwangju Student Independence Movement, or Gwangju Student Movement, was a Korean independence movement in Gwangju against the 22 August 1910 to 15 August 1945 Japanese rule of Korea. The Gwangju Student Independence Movement took place in October and November 1929. It is considered the second-most important Korean independence movement in the period of the Japanese Occupation of Korea, with the March 1st Movement considered the most important rebellion.
1918
1. The German Revolution of 1918–19 begins when 40,000 sailors take over the port in Kiel.
  1. German Revolution of 1918–1919
    
    The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
  2. Kiel mutiny
    
    The Kiel mutiny was a major revolt by sailors of the German High Seas Fleet on 3 November 1918. The revolt triggered the German revolution which was to sweep aside the monarchy within a few days. It ultimately led to the end of the German Empire and to the establishment of the Weimar Republic.
  3. Kiel
    
    Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 249,023 (2016).
1911
1. Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in competition with the Ford Model T.
  1. Chevrolet
    
    Chevrolet, colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors Company, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors (GM). Louis Chevrolet (1878–1941) and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant (1861–1947) started the company on November 3, 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company. Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2, 1918, and propelled himself back to the GM presidency. After Durant's second ousting in 1919, Alfred Sloan, with his maxim "a car for every purse and purpose", would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family, selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 with the Chevrolet International.
  2. Ford Model T
    
    The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, which made car travel available to middle-class Americans. The relatively low price was partly the result of Ford's efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual handcrafting. It was mainly designed by an American and two Hungarian engineers. The Model T was colloquially known as the "Tin Lizzie", "Leaping Lena" or "flivver".
1908
1. William Howard Taft is elected the 27th President of the United States.
  1. William Howard Taft
    
    William Howard Taft was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection in 1912 by Woodrow Wilson after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death.
  2. 1908 United States presidential election
    
    The 1908 United States presidential election was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan.
  3. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
1903
1. With the encouragement of the United States, Panama separates from Colombia.
  1. Panama
    
    Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.
  2. Separation of Panama from Colombia
    
    The separation of Panama from Colombia was formalized on 3 November 1903, with the establishment of the Republic of Panama. From the Independence of Panama from Spain in 1821, Panama had simultaneously declared independence from Spain and joined itself to the confederation of Gran Colombia through the Independence Act of Panama. Panama was always tenuously connected to the rest of the country to the south, owing to its remoteness from the government in Bogotá and lack of a practical overland connection to the rest of Gran Colombia. In 1840–41, a short-lived independent republic was established under Tomás de Herrera. After rejoining Colombia following a 13-month independence, it remained a province which saw frequent rebellious flare-ups, notably the Panama crisis of 1885, which saw the intervention of the United States Navy, and a reaction by the Chilean Navy.
  3. Colombia
    
    Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with an insular region in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Panama to the northwest. Colombia comprises 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), with a population of 50 million. Colombia's cultural heritage reflects influences by various Amerindian civilizations, European settlement, enslaved Africans, as well as immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Spanish is the nation's official language, besides which over 70 languages are spoken.
1898
1. The Fashoda Incident ended with French forces withdrawing after several months of military stalemate with the British in Fashoda (now in South Sudan).
  1. Fashoda Incident
    
    The Fashoda Incident, also known as the Fashoda Crisis, was an international incident and the climax of imperialist territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The French party and a British-Egyptian force met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare. The British held firm as both empires stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure, the French withdrew, ensuring Anglo-Egyptian control over the area.
  2. Kodok
    
    Kodok or Kothok, formerly known as Fashoda, is a town in the north-eastern South Sudanese state of Upper Nile State. Kodok is the capital of Shilluk country, formally known as the Shilluk Kingdom. Shilluk had been an independent kingdom for more than sixteen centuries. Fashoda is best known as the place where the British and French nearly went to war in 1898 in the Fashoda Incident.
2. France withdraws its troops from Fashoda (now in Sudan), ending the Fashoda Incident.
  1. Kodok
    
    Kodok or Kothok, formerly known as Fashoda, is a town in the north-eastern South Sudanese state of Upper Nile State. Kodok is the capital of Shilluk country, formally known as the Shilluk Kingdom. Shilluk had been an independent kingdom for more than sixteen centuries. Fashoda is best known as the place where the British and French nearly went to war in 1898 in the Fashoda Incident.
  2. Fashoda Incident
    
    The Fashoda Incident, also known as the Fashoda Crisis, was an international incident and the climax of imperialist territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The French party and a British-Egyptian force met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare. The British held firm as both empires stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure, the French withdrew, ensuring Anglo-Egyptian control over the area.
1881
1. Indigenous Mapuche began an uprising against the occupation of Araucanía by Chile.
  1. Mapuche
    
    The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of present-day south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious, and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as Mapudungun speakers. Their influence once extended from Aconcagua Valley to Chiloé Archipelago and later spread eastward to Puelmapu, a land comprising part of the Argentine pampa and Patagonia. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile, and about 9% of the total Chilean population. The Mapuche are particularly concentrated in the Araucanía region. Many have migrated from rural areas to the cities of Santiago and Buenos Aires for economic opportunities.
  2. Mapuche uprising of 1881
    
    The last major rebellion of the indigenous Mapuches of Araucanía took place in 1881, during the last phase of the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883) by the Chilean state. It was planned by Mapuche chiefs in March 1881 to be launched in November the same year. Mapuche support for the uprising was not unanimous: Some Mapuche factions sided with the Chileans and others declared themselves neutral. The organizers of the uprising did however succeed in involving Mapuche factions that had not previously been at war with Chile. With most of the attacks repelled within a matters of days Chile went on the next years to consolidate its conquests.
  3. Occupation of Araucanía
    
    The Occupation of Araucanía or Pacification of Araucanía (1861–1883) was a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and settlers into Mapuche territory which led to the incorporation of Araucanía into Chilean national territory. Pacification of Araucanía was the expression used by the Chilean authorities for this process. The conflict was concurrent with Argentine campaigns against the Mapuche (1878–1885) and Chile's wars with Spain (1865–1866) and with Peru and Bolivia (1879–1883).
  4. Araucanía (historic region)
    
    Araucanía or Araucana was the Spanish name given to the region of Chile inhabited by the Mapuche peoples known as the Moluche in the 18th century. Prior to the Spanish conquest of Chile, the lands of the Moluche lay between the Itata River and Toltén River.
2. The Mapuche uprising of 1881 begins in Chile.
  1. Mapuche uprising of 1881
    
    The last major rebellion of the indigenous Mapuches of Araucanía took place in 1881, during the last phase of the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883) by the Chilean state. It was planned by Mapuche chiefs in March 1881 to be launched in November the same year. Mapuche support for the uprising was not unanimous: Some Mapuche factions sided with the Chileans and others declared themselves neutral. The organizers of the uprising did however succeed in involving Mapuche factions that had not previously been at war with Chile. With most of the attacks repelled within a matters of days Chile went on the next years to consolidate its conquests.
1880
1. The current melody of Kimigayo, the national anthem of Japan, was adopted.
  1. Kimigayo
    
    "Kimigayo" is the national anthem of Japan. The lyrics are from a waka poem written by an unnamed author in the Heian period (794–1185), and the current melody was chosen in 1880, replacing an unpopular melody composed by John William Fenton eleven years earlier. While the title "Kimigayo" is usually translated as "His Imperial Majesty's Reign", no official translation of the title or lyrics has been established in law.
  2. National anthem
    
    A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American, Central Asian, and European nations tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa, and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them ; their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
1868
1. John Willis Menard (R-LA) was the first African American elected to the United States Congress. Because of an electoral challenge, he was never seated.
  1. John Willis Menard
    
    John Willis Menard was a federal government employee, poet, newspaper publisher and politician born in Kaskaskia, Illinois to parents who were Louisiana Creoles from New Orleans. After moving to New Orleans, on November 3, 1868, Menard was the first black man ever elected to the United States House of Representatives. His opponent contested his election, and opposition to his election prevented him from being seated in Congress.
  2. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
1867
1. Giuseppe Garibaldi and his followers are defeated in the Battle of Mentana and fail to end the Pope's Temporal power in Rome (it would be achieved three years later).
  1. Giuseppe Garibaldi
    
    Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.
  2. Battle of Mentana
    
    The Battle of Mentana was fought on November 3, 1867 near the village of Mentana, located north-east of Rome, between French-Papal troops and the Italian volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, who were attempting to capture Rome, then the main centre of the peninsula still outside of the newly unified Kingdom of Italy. The battle ended in a victory by the French-Papal troops.
  3. Temporal power of the Holy See
    
    The temporal power of the Holy See designates the political and secular influence of the Holy See, the leading of a state by the pope of the Catholic Church, as distinguished from its spiritual and pastoral activity.
1848
1. A new constitution drafted by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke was proclaimed, limiting the powers of the Dutch monarchy.
  1. Constitution of the Netherlands
    
    The Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands is one of two fundamental documents governing the Kingdom of the Netherlands as well as the fundamental law of the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is generally seen as directly derived from the one issued in 1815, constituting a constitutional monarchy; it is the third oldest constitution still in use worldwide.
  2. Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
    
    Johan Rudolph Thorbecke was a Dutch liberal statesman, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. Thorbecke is best known for heading the commission that drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands in 1848, amidst the liberal democratic revolutions of 1848. The new constitution transformed the country from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy, with the States General and the Council of Ministers becoming more powerful than the king. The amended constitution also granted individual rights to residents and citizens of the kingdom. This made the constitution one of the more progressive at the time. Thorbecke is generally considered a founding father of the modern political system of Netherlands.
  3. Constitutional Reform of 1848
    
    The Constitutional Reform of 1848 laid the basis for the present system of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands. It is often described as the original version of the Dutch Constitution that is still in force today. Under pressure from the Revolutions of 1848 in surrounding countries, King William II agreed to several demands of the liberal parliamentary opposition. The House of Representatives obtained much more influence, and was now directly elected. The reform was in some sense a peaceful revolution, in which liberal politician Johan Rudolph Thorbecke and King William II played important roles.
  4. Monarchy of the Netherlands
    
    The monarchy of the Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy. As such, the role and position of the monarch are governed by the Constitution of the Netherlands. Consequently, a large portion of it is devoted to the monarch. Roughly a third of the document explains the succession, mechanisms of accession & abdication to the throne, and the roles & duties of the monarch. This includes the formalities of communication between the States-General and the monarch's role in creating laws.
2. A greatly revised Dutch constitution, which transfers much authority from the king to his parliament and ministers, is proclaimed.
  1. Constitution of the Netherlands
    
    The Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands is one of two fundamental documents governing the Kingdom of the Netherlands as well as the fundamental law of the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is generally seen as directly derived from the one issued in 1815, constituting a constitutional monarchy; it is the third oldest constitution still in use worldwide.
1838
1. The Times of India, the world's largest circulated English language daily broadsheet newspaper is founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce.
  1. The Times of India
    
    The Times of India, also known by its abbreviation TOI, is an Indian English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group. It is the third-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest selling English-language daily in the world. It is the oldest English-language newspaper in India, and the second-oldest Indian newspaper still in circulation, with its first edition published in 1838. It is nicknamed as "The Old Lady of Bori Bunder", and is an Indian "newspaper of record".
  2. English language
    
    English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the island of Great Britain. English is genealogically West Germanic, closest related to the Low Saxon and Frisian languages; however, its vocabulary is also distinctively influenced by dialects of French and Latin, plus some grammar and a small amount of core vocabulary influenced by Old Norse. Speakers of English are called Anglophones.
  3. Broadsheet
    
    A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages, typically of 22.5 inches (57 cm). Other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid–compact formats.
  4. Newspaper
    
    A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.
1817
1. The Bank of Montreal, Canada's oldest chartered bank, opens in Montreal.
  1. Bank of Montreal
    
    The Bank of Montreal is a Canadian multinational investment bank and financial services company.
  2. List of banks in the Americas
    
    This is a list of the banks in the Americas.
  3. Montreal
    
    Montreal is the second-most populous city in Canada and most populous city in the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", it is named after Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill around which the early city of Ville-Marie is built. The city is centred on the Island of Montreal, which obtained its name from the same origin as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. The city is 196 km (122 mi) east of the national capital Ottawa, and 258 km (160 mi) southwest of the provincial capital, Quebec City.
1812
1. French invasion of Russia: As Napoleon's Grande Armée began its retreat, its rear guard was defeated at the Battle of Vyazma.
  1. French invasion of Russia
    
    The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, the Army of Twenty nations, and the Patriotic War of 1812 was launched by Napoleon Bonaparte to force the Russian Empire back into the continental blockade of the United Kingdom. Napoleon's invasion of Russia is one of the best studied military campaigns in history and is listed among the most lethal military operations in world history. It is characterized by the massive toll on human life: in less than six months nearly a million soldiers and civilians died.
  2. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
  3. Grande Armée
    
    La Grande Armée was the main military component of the French Imperial Army commanded by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars. From 1804 to 1808, it won a series of military victories that allowed the French Empire to exercise unprecedented control over most of Europe. Widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest fighting forces ever assembled in history, it suffered enormous losses during the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, after which it never recovered its strategic superiority.
  4. Rearguard
    
    A rearguard is a part of a military force that protects it from attack from the rear, either during an advance or withdrawal. The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines, such as communication lines, behind an army. Even more generally, a rearguard action may refer idiomatically to an attempt at preventing something though it is likely too late to be prevented; this idiomatic meaning may apply in either a military- or in a non-military, perhaps-figurative context.
  5. Battle of Vyazma
    
    The Battle of Vyazma, occurred at the beginning of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. In this encounter a Russian force commanded by General Miloradovich inflicted heavy losses on the rear guard of the Grande Armee. Although the French thwarted Miloradovich's goal of encircling and destroying the corps of Marshal Davout, they withdrew in a partial state of disorder due to ongoing Russian harassment and heavy artillery bombardments. The French reversal at Vyazma, although indecisive, was significant due its damaging impact on several corps of Napoleon's retreating army.
2. Napoleon's armies are defeated at the Battle of Vyazma.
  1. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
  2. Battle of Vyazma
    
    The Battle of Vyazma, occurred at the beginning of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. In this encounter a Russian force commanded by General Miloradovich inflicted heavy losses on the rear guard of the Grande Armee. Although the French thwarted Miloradovich's goal of encircling and destroying the corps of Marshal Davout, they withdrew in a partial state of disorder due to ongoing Russian harassment and heavy artillery bombardments. The French reversal at Vyazma, although indecisive, was significant due its damaging impact on several corps of Napoleon's retreating army.
1793
1. French Revolution: Playwright, journalist and outspoken feminist Olympe de Gouges (pictured) was guillotined.
  1. French Revolution
    
    The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.
  2. Olympe de Gouges
    
    Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists.
  3. Guillotine
    
    A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass so that the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.
2. French playwright, journalist and feminist Olympe de Gouges is guillotined.
  1. Feminism
    
    Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male point of view and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to change this include fighting against gender stereotypes and improving educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women.
  2. Olympe de Gouges
    
    Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists.
  3. Guillotine
    
    A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass so that the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.
1783
1. The American Continental Army is disbanded.
  1. Continental Army
    
    The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was established by a resolution of Congress on June 14, 1775. The Continental Army was created to coordinate military efforts of the Colonies in their war for independence against the British, who sought to keep their American lands under control. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.
1534
1. The Parliament of England passed the first Act of Supremacy, making King Henry VIII head of the Church of England, supplanting the pope and the Catholic Church.
  1. Parliament of England
    
    The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain. Parliament evolved from the great council of bishops and peers that advised the English monarch. Great councils were first called Parliaments during the reign of Henry III. By this time, the king required Parliament's consent to levy taxation.
  2. Acts of Supremacy
    
    The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the English monarchs as the head of the Church of Ireland. The 1534 Act declared King Henry VIII and his successors as the Supreme Head of the Church, replacing the pope. This first Act was repealed during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I. The 1558 Act declared Queen Elizabeth I and her successors the Supreme Governor of the Church, a title that the British monarch still holds.
  3. Henry VIII
    
    Henry VIII was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy" as he invested heavily in the navy and increased its size from a few to more than 50 ships, and established the Navy Board.
  4. Church of England
    
    The Church of England is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the 3rd century and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury.
  5. Pope
    
    The pope, also known as supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome, head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has also served as the head of state or sovereign of the Papal States and later the Vatican City State since the eighth century. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.
  6. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
2. English Parliament passes the first Act of Supremacy, making King Henry VIII head of the Anglican Church, supplanting the pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
  1. Acts of Supremacy
    
    The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the English monarchs as the head of the Church of Ireland. The 1534 Act declared King Henry VIII and his successors as the Supreme Head of the Church, replacing the pope. This first Act was repealed during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I. The 1558 Act declared Queen Elizabeth I and her successors the Supreme Governor of the Church, a title that the British monarch still holds.
  2. Henry VIII
    
    Henry VIII was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy" as he invested heavily in the navy and increased its size from a few to more than 50 ships, and established the Navy Board.
  3. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
1493
1. Christopher Columbus first sights the island of Dominica in the Caribbean Sea.
  1. Christopher Columbus
    
    Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.
  2. Dominica
    
    Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. Dominica's closest neighbours are two constituent territories of the European Union, the overseas departments of France, Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Dominica comprises a land area of 750 km2 (290 sq mi), and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m (4,747 ft) in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.
  3. Caribbean Sea
    
    The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and southwest, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south by the northern coast of South America. The Gulf of Mexico lies to the northwest.
1492
1. Peace of Etaples between Henry VII of England and Charles VIII of France.
  1. Peace of Étaples
    
    The Peace of Étaples was signed on 3 November 1492 in Étaples between Charles VIII of France and Henry VII of England. Charles agreed to end his support for the Yorkist Pretender Perkin Warbeck, in return for being recognised as ruler of the Duchy of Brittany.
  2. Henry VII of England
    
    Henry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
  3. Charles VIII of France
    
    Charles VIII, called the Affable, was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498. He succeeded his father Louis XI at the age of 13. His elder sister Anne acted as regent jointly with her husband Peter II, Duke of Bourbon until 1491 when the young king turned 21 years of age. During Anne's regency, the great lords rebelled against royal centralisation efforts in a conflict known as the Mad War (1485–1488), which resulted in a victory for the royal government.
1468
1. Liège is sacked by Charles I of Burgundy's troops.
  1. Liège
    
    Liège is a major city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.
  2. Charles the Bold
    
    Charles I, nicknamed the Bold, was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477.
1333
1. The River Arno floods causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani.
  1. Arno
    
    The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber.
  2. Florence
    
    Florence is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.
  3. Giovanni Villani
    
    Giovanni Villani was an Italian banker, official, diplomat and chronicler from Florence who wrote the Nuova Cronica on the history of Florence. He was a leading statesman of Florence but later gained an unsavoury reputation and served time in prison as a result of the bankruptcy of a trading and banking company he worked for. His interest in and elaboration of economic details, statistical information, and political and psychological insight mark him as a more modern chronicler of late medieval Europe. His Cronica is viewed as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history. However, historian Kenneth R. Bartlett notes that, in contrast to his Renaissance-era successors, "his reliance on such elements as divine providence links Villani closely with the medieval vernacular chronicle tradition." In recurring themes made implicit through significant events described in his Cronica, Villani also emphasized three assumptions about the relationship of sin and morality to historical events, these being that excess brings disaster, that forces of right and wrong are in constant struggle, and that events are directly influenced by the will of God.
361
1. Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
  1. Constantius II
    
    Constantius II was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues, and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death.
  2. Fever
    
    Fever, also referred to as pyrexia, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point. There is not a single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature with sources using values between 37.2 and 38.3 °C in humans. The increase in set point triggers increased muscle contractions and causes a feeling of cold or chills. This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes flushed, and may begin to sweat. Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure, with this being more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than 41 to 42 °C.
  3. Mopsuestia
    
    Mopsuestia and Mopsuhestia is an ancient city in Cilicia Campestris on the Pyramus River located approximately 20 km (12 mi) east of ancient Antiochia in Cilicia. From the city's harbor, the river is navigable to the Mediterranean Sea, a distance of over 40 km (24 mi).
  4. Cilicia
    
    Cilicia is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilicia plain. The region includes the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, along with parts of Hatay and Antalya.
  5. Baptism
    
    Baptism is a form of ritual purification—a characteristic of many religions throughout time and geography. In Christianity, it is a Christian sacrament of initiation and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water. It may be performed by sprinkling or pouring water on the head, or by immersing in water either partially or completely, traditionally three times, once for each person of the Trinity. The synoptic gospels recount that John the Baptist baptised Jesus. Baptism is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. Baptism according to the Trinitarian formula, which is done in most mainstream Christian denominations, is seen as being a basis for Christian ecumenism, the concept of unity amongst Christians. Baptism is also called christening, although some reserve the word "christening" for the baptism of infants. In certain Christian denominations, such as the Lutheran Churches, baptism is the door to church membership, with candidates taking baptismal vows. It has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations.
  6. Julian (emperor)
    
    Julian was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplatonic Hellenism in its place, caused him to be remembered as Julian the Apostate in Christian tradition.

Births & Deaths

2018
1. Sondra Locke, American actress and director (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Sondra Locke
    
    Sandra Louise Anderson, professionally known as Sondra Locke, was an American actress and director. She achieved worldwide recognition for her relationship with Clint Eastwood and the six hit films they made together.
2016
1. Kay Starr, American singer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Kay Starr
    
    Katherine Laverne Starks, known professionally as Kay Starr, was an American singer who enjoyed considerable success in the late 1940s and 1950s. She was of Iroquois and Irish heritage. Starr performed multiple genres, such as pop, jazz, and country, but her roots were in jazz.
2015
1. Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Ahmed Chalabi
    
    Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi was an Iraqi politician, a founder of the Iraqi National Congress (INC) who served as the President of the Governing Council of Iraq and a Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq under Ibrahim al-Jaafari.
2. Howard Coble, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Howard Coble
    
    John Howard Coble was an American politician who was the U.S. Representative for North Carolina's 6th congressional district, serving from 1985 to 2015. He was a member of the Republican Party. The district includes all or portions of ten counties in the northern-central part of the state, including portions of Greensboro and Durham.
3. Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Tom Graveney
    
    Thomas William Graveney was an English first-class cricketer, representing his country in 79 Test matches and scoring over 4,800 runs. In a career lasting from 1948 to 1972, he became the 15th player to score one hundred first-class centuries; he was the first batsman beginning his career after the Second World War to reach this milestone. He played for Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, and helped Worcestershire win the county championship for the first time in their history. His achievements for England after being recalled in 1966 have been described as "the stuff of legend." Graveney was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1953, captained England on one occasion and was awarded the OBE while still playing.
4. Lauretta Ngcobo, South African novelist and essayist (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Lauretta Ngcobo
    
    Lauretta Ngcobo was a South African novelist and essayist. After being in exile between 1963 and 1994 — in Swaziland, then Zambia and finally England, where she taught for 25 years — she returned to South Africa and lived in Durban. Her writings between the 1960s and early 1990s have been described as offering "significant insights into the experiences of Black women of apartheid's vagaries". As a novelist she is best known for And They Didn't Die (1990), set in 1950s South Africa and portraying "the particular oppression of women who struggle to survive, work the land and maintain a sense of dignity under the apartheid system while their husbands seek work in the mines and cities."
2014
1. Augusto Martelli, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Augusto Martelli
    
    Augusto Martelli was an Italian composer, conductor, arranger and television personality.
2. Gordon Tullock, American economist and academic (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Gordon Tullock
    
    Gordon Tullock was an economist and professor of law and Economics at the George Mason University School of Law. He is best known for his work on public choice theory, the application of economic thinking to political issues. He was one of the founding figures in his field.
3. Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Indian actor (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Sadashiv Amrapurkar
    
    Sadashiv Dattaray Amrapurkar was an Indian actor, best known for his performances in Marathi and Hindi films from 1983 to 1999. He acted in more than 300 movies in Hindi, Marathi, and other regional languages. He also played first class cricket in Ranji trophy.
2013
1. Nick Cardy, American soldier and illustrator (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Nick Cardy
    
    Nicholas Viscardi, known professionally as Nick Cardy and Nick Cardi, was an American comics artist best known for his DC Comics work on Aquaman, the Teen Titans and other major characters. Cardy was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2005.
2. Gerard Cieślik, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Gerard Cieślik
    
    Gerard Cieślik, also known as Gienek, was a football player of Ruch Chorzów. Playing for the Polish national football team, he is most noted for having scored two goals against the Soviet Union on 20 October 1957 at Stadion Śląski. The rather small striker was capped 45 times and scored 27 goals. He also played for Poland at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
3. Gamani Corea, Sri Lankan economist and diplomat (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Gamani Corea
    
    Deshamanya Gamani Corea was a Sri Lankan economist, civil servant and diplomat. He was also the Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1974 to 1984, Ceylon's Ambassador to the EEC, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs of Ceylon and the Senior Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Ceylon.
4. William J. Coyne, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936) deaths
  1. William J. Coyne
    
    William Joseph Coyne was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1981 to 2003.
5. Rupert Gerritsen, Australian historian and author (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Rupert Gerritsen
    
    Rupert Gerritsen was an Australian historian and a noted authority on Indigenous Australian prehistory. Coupled with his work on early Australian cartography, he played an influential part in re-charting Australian history prior to its settlement by the British in 1788, and noted evidence of agriculture and settlements on the continent before the arrival of settlers.
6. Leonard Long, Australian painter and educator (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Leonard Long
    
    Leonard Hugh Long OAM was an Australian painter of the Australian School of landscape painters.
2012
1. Carmélia Alves, Brazilian singer (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Carmélia Alves
    
    Carmélia Alves, a Brazilian singer known as the "Queen of Baião", was one of the country's best-known performers of baião, a folk rhythm popular in Northeast Brazil.
2. George Chesterton, English cricketer and coach (b. 1922) deaths
  1. George Chesterton
    
    George Herbert Chesterton MBE was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket between 1949 and 1966. The bulk of his appearances were for Worcestershire, whom he represented between 1950 and 1957. He was capped by the county in 1950. Very much a specialist bowler, he never reached 50 in over 100 first-class innings.
3. Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Tommy Godwin (cyclist, born 1920)
    
    Thomas Charles Godwin was a British track cyclist, active during the 1940s and 1950s. He held national records and raced abroad. He later became a coach, manager, and administrator.
4. Mükerrem Hiç, Turkish academic, author, and politician (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Mükerrem Hiç
    
    Hüseyin Mükerrem Hiç was a Turkish professor of economics and political economy at Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, with former posts at Harvard University, Princeton University and Columbia University. He also served as a member of Grand National Assembly of Turkey between 1983 and 1987.
5. Thomas K. McCraw, American historian and academic (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Thomas K. McCraw
    
    Thomas Kincaid McCraw was an American business historian and Isidor Straus Professor of Business History, Emeritus at Harvard Business School, who won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for History for Prophets of Regulation: Charles Francis Adams, Louis D. Brandeis, James M. Landis, Alfred E. Kahn (1984), which "used biography to explore thorny issues in economics."
6. Kailashpati Mishra, Indian activist and politician, 18th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Kailashpati Mishra
    
    Kailashpati Mishra was an Indian politician. He was a leader of Jana Sangh, and later Bharatiya Janta Party. He was Finance Minister of Bihar in 1977. He was Governor of Gujarat from May 2003 to July 2004.
  2. List of governors of Gujarat
    
    The governor of Gujarat Is a nominal head and representative of the president of india In the state of Gujarat. The governor is appointed by the president for a term of five years and resides in Raj Bhavan in Gandhinagar. Acharya Devvrat took charge as the governor on 22 July 2019.
2011
1. Peeter Kreitzberg, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Peeter Kreitzberg
    
    Peeter Kreitzberg was an Estonian politician, member of parliament and a member of the Social Democratic Party. Kreitzberg served as the Estonian Minister of Culture and Education from April to November 1995. He also taught at Tallinn University from 1997 to 2011.
2010
1. Jerry Bock, American composer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Jerry Bock
    
    Jerrold Lewis Bock was an American musical theater composer. He received the Tony Award for Best Musical and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama with Sheldon Harnick for their 1959 musical Fiorello! and the Tony Award for Best Composer and Lyricist for the 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof with Sheldon Harnick.
2. Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician and diplomat, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Viktor Chernomyrdin
    
    Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin was a Soviet and Russian politician and businessman. He was the Minister of Gas Industry of the Soviet Union, after which he became first chairman of Gazprom energy company and the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of Russia (1992–1998) based on consecutive years. He was a key figure in Russian politics in the 1990s and a participant in the transition from a planned to a market economy. From 2001 to 2009, he was Russia's ambassador to Ukraine. After that, he was designated as a presidential adviser.
  2. Prime Minister of Russia
    
    The chairman of the government of the Russian Federation, also informally known as the prime minister, is the nominal head of government of Russia. Although the post dates back to 1905, its current form was established on 12 December 1993 following the introduction of a new constitution.
3. Jim Clench, Canadian bass player (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Jim Clench
    
    James Patrick Clench was a Canadian bassist and vocalist known for his roles in the rock bands April Wine and Bachman–Turner Overdrive.
2009
1. Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist, author, and critic (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Francisco Ayala (novelist)
    
    Francisco Ayala García-Duarte was a Spanish writer, the last representative of the Generation of '27.
2. Archie Baird, Scottish footballer, journalist, and educator (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Archie Baird
    
    Archibald MacKechnie Baird was a Scottish footballer, who played for Aberdeen and St Johnstone. He was also capped once by the Scotland national football team.
3. Carl Ballantine, American magician and actor (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Carl Ballantine
    
    Carl Ballantine was an American magician, comedian and actor. Billing himself as "The Great Ballantine", "The Amazing Ballantine" or "Ballantine: The World's Greatest Magician", his vaudeville-style comedy routine involved transparent or incompetent stage magic tricks, which tended to flop and go "hilariously awry" to the wisecracking Ballantine's mock chagrin. He has been credited with creating comedy magic and has influenced comedians and magicians alike.
2008
1. Jean Fournet, French conductor (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Jean Fournet
    
    Jean Fournet was a French flautist and conductor.
2007
1. Aleksandr Dedyushko, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Aleksandr Dedyushko
    
    Aleksandr Viktorovich Dedyushko was a Russian television actor, best known for war dramas and the Russian version of Dancing with the Stars.
2. Martin Meehan, PIRA volunteer and Irish republican politician (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Martin Meehan (Irish republican)
    
    Martin Meehan was a Sinn Féin politician and former volunteer in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Meehan was the first person to be convicted of membership of the Provisional IRA, and he spent eighteen years in prison during the Troubles.
  2. Provisional Irish Republican Army
    
    The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.
3. Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979) deaths
  1. Ryan Shay
    
    Ryan Shay was an American professional long-distance runner who won several USA championships titles. He was born in Ypsilanti, Michigan, and attended the University of Notre Dame. He was married to Alicia Craig, also an American distance runner.
2006
1. Paul Mauriat, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Paul Mauriat
    
    Paul Julien André Mauriat was a French orchestra leader, conductor of Le Grand Orchestre de Paul Mauriat, who specialized in the easy listening genre. He is best known in the United States for his million-selling remake of André Popp's "Love is Blue", which was number 1 for 5 weeks in 1968. Other recordings for which he is known include "El Bimbo", "Toccata", "Love in Every Room/Même si tu revenais", and "Penelope". He co-wrote the song Chariot with Franck Pourcel. Pourcel and Mauriat.
2. Marie Rudisill, American author (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Marie Rudisill
    
    Marie Rudisill, also known as the Fruitcake Lady, was a writer and television personality, best known as the nonagenarian woman who appeared in the "Ask the Fruitcake Lady" segments on The Tonight Show on American television. She was an aunt to novelist Truman Capote. Rudisill helped to raise Capote, who lived with her at times during his childhood, both in Alabama and New York City.
3. Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Alberto Spencer
    
    Alberto Pedro Spencer Herrera was an Ecuadorian footballer who played as a forward, and is widely regarded as one of the best Ecuadorian footballers of all time He is probably best known for his still-standing record for scoring the most goals in the Copa Libertadores, the most important club tournament in South America. He was elected the 20th best South American footballer of the 20th century in a poll by the IFFHS in 2004. He was known as "Cabeza Mágica".
2004
1. Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1972) deaths
  1. Sergei Zholtok
    
    Sergei Zholtok, who was also known as Sergejs Žoltoks was a Latvian professional ice hockey centre who played ten seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators, Montreal Canadiens, Edmonton Oilers, Minnesota Wild and Nashville Predators.
2003
1. Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet and educator (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Rasul Gamzatov
    
    Rasul Gamzatovich Gamzatov was a popular Russian poet who wrote in Avar language. Among his poems was Zhuravli, which became a well-known Soviet song.
2002
1. Lonnie Donegan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Lonnie Donegan
    
    Anthony James Donegan, known as Lonnie Donegan, was a British skiffle singer, songwriter and musician, referred to as the "King of Skiffle", who influenced 1960s British pop and rock musicians. Born in Scotland and brought up in England, Donegan began his career in the British trad jazz revival but transitioned to skiffle in the mid-1950s, rising to prominence with a hit recording of the American folk song "Rock Island Line" which helped spur the broader UK skiffle movement.
2. Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Jonathan Harris
    
    Jonathan Harris was an American character actor whose career included more than 500 television and film appearances, as well as voiceovers. Two of his best-known roles were as the timid accountant Bradford Webster in the television version of The Third Man and the fussy villain Dr. Zachary Smith of the 1960s science-fiction series Lost in Space. Near the end of his career, he provided voices for the animated features A Bug's Life and Toy Story 2.
2001
1. Hailey Baptiste, American tennis player births
  1. Hailey Baptiste
    
    Hailey Baptiste is an American professional tennis player.
2. Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-English historian and author (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Ernst Gombrich
    
    Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich was an Austrian-born art historian who, after settling in England in 1936, became a naturalised British citizen in 1947 and spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom.
1999
1. Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Ian Bannen
    
    Ian Edmund Bannen was a Scottish actor with a long career in film, on stage, and on television. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), the first Scottish actor to receive the honour, as well as two BAFTA Film Awards for his performances in Sidney Lumet's The Offence (1973) and John Boorman's Hope and Glory (1987).
1998
1. Maddison Elliott, Australian paralympic swimmer births
  1. Maddison Elliott
    
    Maddison Gae Elliott, is an Australian swimmer. At the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, she became the youngest Australian Paralympic medallist by winning bronze medals in the women's 400 m and 100 m freestyle S8 events. She then became the youngest Australian gold medallist when she was a member of the women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 34 points team. At the 2016 Rio Paralympics, she won three gold and two silver medals.
2. Bob Kane, American author and illustrator, co-created Batman (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Bob Kane
    
    Robert Kane was an American comic book writer, animator and artist who created Batman and most early related characters for DC comics. He was inducted into the comic book industry's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1993 and into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1996.
  2. Batman
    
    Batman is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and debuted in the 27th issue of the comic book Detective Comics on March 30, 1939. In the DC Universe continuity, Batman is the alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist who resides in Gotham City. Batman's origin story features him swearing vengeance against criminals after witnessing the murder of his parents Thomas and Martha as a child, a vendetta tempered with the ideal of justice. He trains himself physically and intellectually, crafts a bat-inspired persona, and monitors the Gotham streets at night. Kane, Finger, and other creators accompanied Batman with supporting characters, including his sidekicks Robin and Batgirl; allies Alfred Pennyworth, James Gordon, and Catwoman; and foes such as the Penguin, the Riddler, Two-Face, and his archenemy the Joker.
1997
1. Kyle Benjamin, American race car driver births
  1. Kyle Benjamin
    
    Kyle S. Benjamin is an American professional stock car racing driver. He most recently competed part-time in the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour, driving the No. 15 for LFR Chassis, and part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series, driving the No. 44 and 45 Chevrolet Silverados for Niece Motorsports. Benjamin has also competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series for Joe Gibbs Racing. He is a member of the 2015 NASCAR Next class and has formerly competed in the K&N Pro Series East with Ranier Racing with MDM. Benjamin became the youngest winner in the ARCA Racing Series in 2013 at 15 years, 9 months, and 22 days, and held the record until Todd Gilliland broke it in 2015, when his first ARCA win came at 15 years and 2 days.
2. Connor McGovern, American football player births
  1. Connor McGovern (American football, born 1997)
    
    Connor James McGovern is an American football guard for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Cowboys in the third round of the 2019 NFL Draft. He played college football at Penn State.
3. Izuchuckwu Anthony, Nigerian footballer births
  1. Izuchuckwu Anthony
    
    Izuchukwu Jude Anthony is a professional Nigerian footballer who plays as a centre back for Saudi Arabian club Al-Khaleej.
4. Filip Forejtek, Czech skier births
  1. Filip Forejtek
    
    Filip Forejtek is a Czech alpine skier. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics. His brother Jonáš is a professional tennis player, his mother’s father Pavel Macenauer represented Czechoslovakia in tennis singles at the 1924 Olympic Games. In January 2018, he became the Czech champion in the combined event, and in the junior category, he won 5th place in the downhill at the World Junior Championships and thus received an additional nomination for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. At the Olympics, Forejtek placed 31st in the giant slalom, 34th in the super-G and 38th in the downhill.
5. Sarthak Golui, Indian footballer births
  1. Sarthak Golui
    
    Sarthak Golui, is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Indian Super League club East Bengal and the India national team.
6. Agustín Guiffrey, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Agustín Guiffrey
    
    Agustín Guiffrey is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Los Andes.
7. Michael Kelly, Scottish footballer births
  1. Michael Kelly (footballer, born 1997)
    
    Michael Eamon James Kelly is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Eastleigh.
8. Takumi Kitamura, Japanese actor births
  1. Takumi Kitamura
    
    Takumi Kitamura is a Japanese actor, singer, and model. He is represented by Stardust Promotion's Section 3. He is the leader of Stardust's music collective Ebidan unit Dish. As a member of Dish, he is nicknamed Takumi, stylized as TAKUMI.
9. Marco Klepoch, Slovak figure skater births
  1. Marco Klepoch
    
    Marco Klepoch is a Slovak figure skater. He is the 2018 Crystal Skate of Romania champion, the 2014 New Year's Cup silver medalist, and a four-time Slovak national champion. He has appeared at five ISU Championships.
10. Łukasz Kozub, Polish volleyball player births
  1. Łukasz Kozub
    
    Łukasz Kozub is a Polish professional volleyball player. At the professional club level, he plays for Stade Poitevin Poitiers.
11. Lázaro Martínez, Cuban athlete births
  1. Lázaro Martínez (triple jumper)
    
    Lázaro Martínez Santray is a Cuban athlete who specialises in the triple jump and the long jump. He is a former World Junior Championship record holder for the triple jump with an attempt of 17.13 m jumped at the 2014 edition in Eugene, Oregon, and also holds the former world youth best in the triple jump, with an attempt of 17.24 m jumped in Havana.
12. Ronald Barnes, American carillon player and composer (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Ronald Barnes (carillonist)
    
    Ronald Montague Barnes was an American carillonist, composer, and musicologist. He first began playing the carillon as a teenager at his hometown's church. In 1952, at 24 years old, he was appointed to play the carillon at the University of Kansas, where he developed as a musician. He was later the carillonist for the Washington National Cathedral from 1963 to 1975 and the University of California, Berkeley, from 1982 until his retirement in 1995. He was an involved member of The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, having served as its president, vice president, and several other roles.
  2. Carillon
    
    A carillon ( KERR-ə-lon, kə-RIL-yən) is a pitched percussion instrument that is played with a keyboard and consists of at least 23 cast-bronze bells. The bells are hung in fixed suspension and tuned in chromatic order so that they can be sounded harmoniously together. They are struck with clappers connected to a keyboard of wooden batons played with the hands and pedals played with the feet. Often housed in bell towers, carillons are usually owned by churches, universities, or municipalities. They can include an automatic system through which the time is announced and simple tunes are played throughout the day.
1996
1. Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Central African general and politician, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Jean-Bédel Bokassa
    
    Jean-Bédel Bokassa, also known as Bokassa I, was a Central African political and military leader who served as the second president of the Central African Republic (CAR) and as the emperor of its successor state, the Central African Empire (CAE), from the Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until his overthrow in a subsequent coup in 1979.
  2. List of heads of state of the Central African Republic
    
    This article lists the heads of state of the Central African Republic. There have been seven heads of state of the Central African Republic and the Central African Empire since independence was obtained from the French on 13 August 1960. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the Central African Republic but also those who served as de facto heads of state.
1995
1. Kendall Jenner, American television personality and model births
  1. Kendall Jenner
    
    Kendall Nicole Jenner is an American model, media personality, and socialite. She is a daughter of Kris Jenner and Caitlyn Jenner, and rose to fame in the reality television show Keeping Up with the Kardashians. Jenner began modelling at the age of 14. After working in commercial print ad campaigns and photoshoots, she had breakout seasons in 2014 and 2015, walking the runways for high-fashion designers during the New York, Milan, and Paris fashion weeks. Jenner has appeared in campaigns, editorials, and cover shoots for LOVE and various international Vogue editions, and is a brand ambassador for Estée Lauder.
2. Gordon S. Fahrni, Canadian physician (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Gordon S. Fahrni
    
    Gordon Samuel Fahrni, a recipient of the Order of Canada, was a Canadian physician and a leader in the Canadian Medical community. He served as president of the Canadian Medical Association from 1941-1942. An expert on goitre surgery he was a founder of the American Goitre Association. He was a medical practitioner for 54 years, dying at age 108.
1994
1. Valter Palm, Estonian-American boxer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Valter Palm
    
    Valter Palm was an Estonian welterweight professional boxer, born in Tallinn, who competed in the 1930s. In the 1920s he took part 1924 Summer Olympics and 1928 Summer Olympics.
1993
1. Kenny Golladay, American football player births
  1. Kenny Golladay
    
    Kenneth Golladay is an American football wide receiver for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at North Dakota and Northern Illinois and was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the third round of the 2017 NFL Draft. He led the NFL in receiving touchdowns with the Lions in 2019.
2. Martina Trevisan, Italian tennis player births
  1. Martina Trevisan
    
    Martina Trevisan is an Italian professional tennis player. Trevisan is the current Italian No. 1, has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 24 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), and in 2021 had a peak doubles ranking of world No. 138. In 2022, she won her first WTA Tour singles title at Rabat and reached her first major semifinal at the French Open.
3. Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (b. 1895) deaths
  1. Leon Theremin
    
    Leon Theremin was a Russian and Soviet inventor, most famous for his invention of the theremin, one of the first electronic musical instruments and the first to be mass-produced. He also worked on early television research. His listening device, "The Thing", hung for seven years in plain view in the United States Ambassador's Moscow office and enabled Soviet agents to eavesdrop on secret conversations.
  2. Theremin
    
    The theremin is an electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the performer. It is named after its inventor, Leon Theremin, who patented the device in 1928.
1992
1. Joe Clarke, English slalom canoeist births
  1. Joe Clarke (canoeist)
    
    Joseph Clarke, is a British slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2009, specializing in the K1 event. He is the 2016 Olympic champion in the K1 event and has won medals at World and European Championships.
2. Valeria Solovyeva, Russian tennis player births
  1. Valeriya Solovyeva
    
    Valeriya Alexandrovna Solovyeva is Russian former professional tennis player.
1991
1. Damisha Croney, Barbadian netball player births
  1. Damisha Croney
    
    Damisha Croney is a Barbadian netball player who represents Barbados internationally and plays in the positions of wing attack and centre. She competed at the Netball World Cup on two occasions in 2011 and 2019. She also represented Barbados at the Commonwealth Games in 2010, 2014 and in 2018.
2. Chris Bender, American singer (b. 1972) deaths
  1. Chris Bender (singer)
    
    Christopher Lamont Bender was an American R&B singer who reached the national music charts in 1991 with the album entitled Draped before his murder.
1990
1. Ellyse Perry, Australian footballer and cricketer births
  1. Ellyse Perry
    
    Ellyse Alexandra Perry is an Australian sportswoman who has represented her country in cricket and association football. Having debuted for both the national cricket team and the national soccer team at the age of 16, she is the youngest Australian to play international cricket and the first to have appeared in both ICC and FIFA World Cups. Gradually becoming a single-sport professional athlete from 2014 onward, Perry's acclaimed cricket career has continued to flourish and she is now widely considered to be one of the greatest female players ever.
2. Kenan Erim, Turkish archaeologist and academic (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Kenan Erim
    
    Kenan Tevfik Erim was a Turkish archaeologist who excavated from 1961 until his death at the site of Aphrodisias in Turkey.
3. Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician and politician, Turkish Minister of Health (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Nusret Fişek
    
    Nusret Hasan Fişek was a Turkish physician and Minister of Health.
  2. Ministry of Health (Turkey)
    
    The Ministry of Health is the ministry of the Government of Turkey responsible for proposing and executing the government policy on health, planning and providing healthcare and protecting consumers. Likewise, it is responsible for proposing and executing the government policy on social cohesion and inclusion, family, protection of minors, youth and of care for dependent or disabled persons. The Ministry is headquartered in the Bakanlıklar in Ankara.
4. Mary Martin, American actress and singer (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Mary Martin
    
    Mary Virginia Martin was an American actress and singer. A muse of Rodgers and Hammerstein, she originated many leading roles on stage over her career, including Nellie Forbush in South Pacific (1949), the title character in Peter Pan (1954), and Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1959). She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989. She was the mother of actor Larry Hagman.
1989
1. Paula DeAnda, American singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Paula DeAnda
    
    Paula Dacia DeAnda is an American singer and songwriter. She first came to prominence with her first single, "Doing Too Much", which became a hit in the Southwest. She then got the opportunity to audition for Clive Davis, who signed her to Arista Records on the spot. Her debut album, Paula DeAnda, was released in 2006 and contained the US Billboard Hot 100 top twenty song "Walk Away ".
2. Joyce Jonathan, French singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Joyce Jonathan
    
    Joyce Jonathan is a French singer and songwriter.
3. Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Dorothy Fuldheim
    
    Dorothy Fuldheim was an American journalist and anchor, spending the majority of her career for The Cleveland Press and WEWS-TV, both based in Cleveland, Ohio.
1988
1. Jessie Loutit, Canadian rower births
  1. Jessie Loutit
    
    Jessie Loutit is a Canadian rower.
2. Henri van Praag, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and educator (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Henri van Praag
    
    Naphthali ben Levi (Henri) van Praag was a Jewish-Dutch writer, teacher, and religious historian, and became known also for his publications in the field of parapsychology.
1987
1. Courtney Barnett, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Courtney Barnett
    
    Courtney Melba Barnett is an Australian singer, songwriter, and musician. Known for her deadpan singing style and witty, rambling lyrics, she attracted attention with the release of her debut EP I've Got a Friend Called Emily Ferris in 2012. International interest came with the release of her EP The Double EP: A Sea of Split Peas in 2013.
2. Colin Kaepernick, American football player births
  1. Colin Kaepernick
    
    Colin Rand Kaepernick is an American civil rights activist and football quarterback who is a free agent. He played six seasons for the San Francisco 49ers in the National Football League (NFL). In 2016, he knelt during the national anthem at the start of NFL games in protest of police brutality and racial inequality in the United States.
3. Ty Lawson, American basketball player births
  1. Ty Lawson
    
    Tywon Ronell Lawson is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Ball Hogs of the BIG3. He played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels where he won the 2009 national championship his junior year.
4. Felix Schütz, German ice hockey player births
  1. Felix Schütz
    
    Felix Schütz is a German professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for Adler Mannheim in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).
5. Gemma Ward, Australian model and actress births
  1. Gemma Ward
    
    Gemma Louise Ward is an Australian model and actress. Born in Perth, Western Australia, Ward was first scouted at the age of 14, and made her Australian Fashion Week debut aged 15. She later became the youngest model to appear on the cover of the American edition of Vogue, subsequently appearing on the covers of both Teen Vogue and Time. Vogue Paris would later declare her as one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Ward is widely considered to be a supermodel.
6. Kyle Seager, American baseball player births
  1. Kyle Seager
    
    Kyle Duerr Seager is an American former professional baseball third baseman who played his entire career for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2011 to 2021. He was selected by the Mariners in the third round of the 2009 MLB draft, and made his MLB debut in 2011. In 2014, Seager was an All Star and won a Gold Glove Award.
7. Mary Shane, American sportscaster and educator (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Mary Shane
    
    Mary Shane was the first full-time female play by play broadcaster for a Major League Baseball team in 1977.
1986
1. Paul Derbyshire, Italian rugby player births
  1. Paul Derbyshire
    
    Paul Derbyshire is an Italian rugby union player. Derbyshire, who is a flanker, plays club rugby for Mogliano in Top12.
2. Davon Jefferson, American basketball player births
  1. Davon Jefferson
    
    Davon Jefferson is an American professional basketball player for the Indios de Mayagüez in the Puerto Rican Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN).
3. Piet Velthuizen, Dutch footballer births
  1. Piet Velthuizen
    
    Piet Velthuizen is a Dutch goalkeeper. He participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
4. Heo Young-saeng, South Korean singer births
  1. Heo Young-saeng
    
    Heo Young-saeng is a South Korean entertainer. He is the vocalist of the boy band SS501. He's also the leader of Double S 301.
1985
1. Tyler Hansbrough, American basketball player births
  1. Tyler Hansbrough
    
    Andrew Tyler Hansbrough is an American professional basketball player for Cangrejeros de Santurce of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional. He has played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for seven seasons, as well as internationally.
2. Philipp Tschauner, German footballer births
  1. Philipp Tschauner
    
    Philipp Tschauner is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. During his career, he has played for 1. FC Nürnberg, 1860 Munich, FC St. Pauli, Hannover 96, FC Ingolstadt and RB Leipzig. Tschauner has played internationally for Germany nine times at under-20 and once at the under-21 level.
1984
1. Christian Bakkerud, Danish race car driver (d. 2011) births
  1. Christian Bakkerud
    
    Christian Bakkerud was a Danish racing driver, who competed in the 2007 and 2008 GP2 Series seasons, albeit hindered by a recurrent back injury. Prior to GP2 he competed in British Formula 3 and Formula BMW.
2. Ryo Nishikido, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Ryo Nishikido
    
    Ryo Nishikido is a Japanese singer and actor. He was formerly under the management of Johnny & Associates as a member of Japanese boy bands Kanjani Eight and News. His first solo album was released in December 2019.
3. LaMarr Woodley, American football player births
  1. LaMarr Woodley
    
    LaMarr Dewayne Woodley is a former American football outside linebacker. He played college football at Michigan, where he was recognized as a unanimous All-American, and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2007 NFL Draft. In his second season, he won Super Bowl XLIII over the Arizona Cardinals as a member of the Steelers. Woodley also played for the Cardinals and the Oakland Raiders.
1983
1. Myrna Braza, Norwegian singer-songwriter births
  1. Myrna Braza
    
    Myrna Braza is a Norwegian singer, composer, and the younger sister of dancer and singer Belinda Braza.
2. Tamba Hali, American football player births
  1. Tamba Hali
    
    Tamba Boimah Hali is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Pennsylvania State University, where he earned All-American honors, and was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft.
3. Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Alfredo Antonini
    
    Alfredo Antonini was a leading Italian-American symphony conductor and composer who was active on the international concert stage as well as on the CBS radio and television networks from the 1930s through the early 1970s. In 1972 he received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Religious Programming on television for his conducting of the premiere of Ezra Laderman's opera And David Wept for CBS television during 1971. In addition, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1980
4. Jerry Pentland, Australian fighter ace (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Jerry Pentland
    
    Alexander Augustus Norman Dudley "Jerry" Pentland, was an Australian fighter ace in World War I. Born in Maitland, New South Wales, he commenced service as a Lighthorseman with the Australian Imperial Force in 1915, and saw action at Gallipoli. He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps the following year, rising to captain. Credited with twenty-three aerial victories, Pentland became the fifth highest-scoring Australian ace of the war, after Robert Little, Stan Dallas, Harry Cobby and Roy King. He was awarded the Military Cross in January 1918 for "conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty" on a mission attacking an aerodrome behind enemy lines, and the Distinguished Flying Cross that August for engaging four hostile aircraft single-handedly.
1982
1. Moniek Kleinsman, Dutch speed skater births
  1. Moniek Kleinsman
    
    Moniek Kleinsman is a Dutch speed skater who was born in Bentelo, Overijssel, and currently resides in Wolvega. She competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
2. Evgeni Plushenko, Russian figure skater births
  1. Evgeni Plushenko
    
    Evgeni Viktorovich Plushenko is a Russian former figure skater. He is a four-time Olympic medalist, a three-time World champion, a seven-time European champion, a four-time Grand Prix Final champion, and a ten-time Russian national champion. Plushenko's four Olympic medals once tied with Sweden's Gillis Grafström's record for most Olympic medals in figure skating, which has since been surpassed by Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue. He also won a record total of 22 titles on the Grand Prix circuit.
3. Egemen Korkmaz, Turkish footballer births
  1. Egemen Korkmaz
    
    Egemen Korkmaz is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a centre-back and works as an assistant coach of Abdullah Avcı at Trabzonspor.
4. Janel McCarville, American professional basketball player births
  1. Janel McCarville
    
    Janel McCarville is an American professional basketball player from Custer, Wisconsin who is currently a WNBA free agent.
5. Jay Harrison, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Jay Harrison
    
    Jay Harrison is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Carolina Hurricanes and the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League.
6. Pekka Rinne, Finnish ice hockey player births
  1. Pekka Rinne
    
    Pekka Rinne is a Finnish former professional hockey goaltender. Drafted by the Nashville Predators in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, Rinne became their starting goaltender during the 2008–09 season and quickly established himself as one of the NHL's best goaltenders. He won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL's best goaltender in the 2017–18 season, and was a finalist for the award four times. Rinne led the Predators to their first Stanley Cup Finals appearance in franchise history in 2017, losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in six games.
1981
1. Diego López, Spanish footballer births
  1. Diego López (Spanish footballer, born 1981)
    
    Diego López Rodríguez is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Rayo Vallecano as a goalkeeper.
2. Vicente Matías Vuoso, Argentinian-Mexican footballer births
  1. Vicente Matías Vuoso
    
    Vicente José Matías Vuoso is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in Argentina, he represented the Mexico national team.
3. Rodrigo Millar, Chilean footballer births
  1. Rodrigo Millar
    
    Rodrigo Javier Millar Carvajal is a Chilean footballer who last played as a midfielder for Primera B de Chile club Coquimbo Unido. He played for Chile in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He also holds Mexican citizenship.
4. Sten Pentus, Estonian race car driver births
  1. Sten Pentus
    
    Sten Pentus is an Estonian racing driver.
5. Karlos Dansby, American football player births
  1. Karlos Dansby
    
    Karlos Montez Dansby is a former American football outside linebacker. He played college football for Auburn University and received All-American recognition. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and has also played for the Miami Dolphins, Cleveland Browns, and Cincinnati Bengals.
1980
1. Hans Andersen, Danish motorcycle racer births
  1. Hans Andersen (speedway rider)
    
    Hans Nørgaard Andersen is a motorcycle speedway rider who captained the Denmark speedway team that won the Speedway World Cup in 2006 and 2008.
2. Caroline Mytinger, American painter and author (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Caroline Mytinger
    
    Caroline Mytinger, was an American portrait painter born in Sacramento, California, and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. She is best known for her paintings of indigenous people in the South Seas during the late 1920s. These paintings are in the custody of the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology on UC Berkeley's campus in Berkeley, CA. Her work was featured in the museum's 2008 exhibition “Face to Face: Looking at Objects That Look at You.”
1979
1. Pablo Aimar, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Pablo Aimar
    
    Pablo César Aimar is an Argentine former professional footballer and current coach of the Argentina national under-17 football team.
2. Beau McDonald, Australian footballer and coach births
  1. Beau McDonald
    
    Beau McDonald is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.
1978
1. Tim McIlrath, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Tim McIlrath
    
    Timothy James McIlrath is an American rock musician. He is the lead singer, rhythm guitarist, songwriter and co-founder of the American punk rock band Rise Against. He is vegan and straight edge.
2. Jonas Howden Sjøvaag, Norwegian drummer births
  1. Jonas Howden Sjøvaag
    
    Jonas Howden Sjøvaag is a Norwegian jazz drummer.
3. Hiroko Sakai, Japanese softball player births
  1. Hiroko Sakai
    
    Hiroko Sakai is a Japanese softball player who won the gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
1977
1. Marcel Ketelaer, German footballer births
  1. Marcel Ketelaer
    
    Marcel Ketelaer is a German professional football coach and a former striker. He is the sporting director for Admira Wacker Mödling.
2. Greg Plitt, American model and actor (d. 2015) births
  1. Greg Plitt
    
    George Gregory Plitt, Jr. was an American fitness model, actor, and onetime Army Ranger. He starred in the Bravo television series Work Out. He died at age 37 when he was struck by a train locomotive while filming a video.
3. Damien Woody, American football player births
  1. Damien Woody
    
    Damien Michael Woody is a former American football offensive guard who played for the New England Patriots, Detroit Lions and New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Boston College. He was drafted as a center by the Patriots in the first round, 17th overall in the 1999 NFL Draft. During his pro career, he played every position on the offensive line. A Pro Bowl selection in 2002, Woody won two Super Bowl rings with the Patriots.
1976
1. Guillermo Franco, Argentinian-Mexican footballer births
  1. Guillermo Franco
    
    Guillermo "Guille" Luis Franco Farquarson is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in Argentina, he represented the Mexico national team.
2. Jake Shimabukuro, American ukulele player and composer births
  1. Jake Shimabukuro
    
    Jake Shimabukuro is a Hawaiian ukulele virtuoso and composer known for his fast and complex finger work. His music combines elements of jazz, blues, funk, rock, bluegrass, classical, folk, and flamenco. Shimabukuro has written numerous original compositions, including the entire soundtracks to two Japanese films, Hula Girls (2007) and Saidoweizu (2009), the Japanese remake of Sideways.
1975
1. Darren Sharper, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Darren Sharper
    
    Darren Mallory Sharper is an American convicted serial rapist and a former football safety who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons. He played college football at William & Mary and was selected in the second round of the 1997 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers, where he spent eight seasons. Sharper played his next four seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, while his final two seasons were as a member of the New Orleans Saints. Recognized as one of the league's top defensive backs during his career, Sharper was a five-time Pro Bowl selection and a two-time first-team All-Pro, along with being named to the second-team of the 2000s All-Decade Team. He ranks sixth in interceptions and is tied with Charles Woodson and Rod Woodson for the most defensive touchdowns.
2. Tajuddin Ahmad, Bangladeshi politician, 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Tajuddin Ahmad
    
    Tajuddin Ahmad was a Bangladeshi politician and statesman. He led the Provisional Government of Bangladesh as its prime minister during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 and is regarded as one of the most instrumental figures in the birth of Bangladesh.
  2. Prime Minister of Bangladesh
    
    The Prime Minister of Bangladesh, officially Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the chief executive of the government of Bangladesh. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Prime Minister is ceremonially appointed by the President of Bangladesh.
3. Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi captain and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Muhammad Mansur Ali
    
    Muhammad Mansur Ali was a Bangladeshi politician who was a close confidant of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh. A senior leader of the Awami League, Mansur also served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1975.
  2. Prime Minister of Bangladesh
    
    The Prime Minister of Bangladesh, officially Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the chief executive of the government of Bangladesh. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Prime Minister is ceremonially appointed by the President of Bangladesh.
4. Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, President of Bangladesh (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Syed Nazrul Islam
    
    Syed Nazrul Islam was a Bangladeshi politician and a senior leader of the Awami League. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, he was declared as the Vice President of Bangladesh by the Provisional Government. He served as the Acting President in the absence of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
  2. President of Bangladesh
    
    The president of Bangladesh officially the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the head of state of Bangladesh and commander-in-chief of the Bangladesh Armed Forces.
5. Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman
    
    Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman was a Bangladeshi politician, government minister and a leading member of the Awami League. A member of the Mujibnagar Government, Kamaruzzaman was murdered along with Syed Nazrul Islam, Muhammad Mansur Ali and Tajuddin Ahmed in the jail killings in Dhaka Central Jail on 3 November 1975.
1974
1. Tariq Abdul-Wahad, French basketball player and coach births
  1. Tariq Abdul-Wahad
    
    Tariq Abdul-Wahad is a French basketball coach and former player. As Olivier Saint-Jean, he played college basketball at Michigan and San Jose State. In 1997, the Sacramento Kings selected Saint-Jean in the first round of the NBA draft as the 11th overall pick, and Saint-Jean converted to Islam and changed his name to Tariq Abdul-Wahad. From 1997 to 2003, Abdul-Wahad played in the NBA for the Kings, Orlando Magic, Denver Nuggets, and Dallas Mavericks. He was the first player to be raised in France and play in the NBA.
1973
1. Ben Fogle, English television host and author births
  1. Ben Fogle
    
    Benjamin Myer Fogle, is an English broadcaster, writer and adventurer, best known for his presenting roles with British television channels Channel 5, BBC and ITV.
2. Sticky Fingaz, American rapper, producer, and actor births
  1. Sticky Fingaz
    
    Kirk Jones, better known by his stage name Sticky Fingaz, is an American hardcore rapper, record producer, and actor best known as a member of multi-platinum hardcore rap group Onyx.
3. Christian Picciolini, American businessman and manager births
  1. Christian Picciolini
    
    Christian Marco Picciolini is an American former extremist who is the founder of the Free Radicals Project, a global network working to prevent extremism and help people disengage from hate movements. He is the author of a memoir, Romantic Violence: Memoirs of an American Skinhead, which details his time as a leader of the white power movement in the U.S. An updated version of the story was published in 2017, titled White American Youth: My Descent into America's Most Violent Hate Movement--and How I Got Out. His book Breaking Hate: Confronting the New Culture of Extremism (2020) looks at how extremists recruit the vulnerable to their causes.
4. Chrissie Swan, Australian radio and television host births
  1. Chrissie Swan
    
    Christina Swan is an Australian television and radio presenter and media personality. Swan co-hosts Chrissie, Sam & Browny on Nova 100 with Sam Pang and Jonathan Brown. In 2022, she served as a judge on The Masked Singer Australia alongside Dave Hughes, Mel B and Abbie Chatfield.
5. Mick Thomson, American guitarist births
  1. Mick Thomson
    
    Michael Gordon "Mick" Thomson is an American musician. He is one of two guitarists for the heavy metal band Slipknot, in which he is designated #7. Thomson originally met founding Slipknot members Anders Colsefni, Donnie Steele and Paul Gray through their mutual involvement in death metal band Body Pit, later joined in early 1996. Following the departure of fellow band mate and drummer Joey Jordison in 2013, Thomson is now the third longest-serving member of Slipknot.
6. Marc Allégret, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Marc Allégret
    
    Marc Allégret was a French screenwriter, photographer and film director.
1972
1. Ugo Ehiogu, English footballer and manager (d. 2017) births
  1. Ugo Ehiogu
    
    Ugochuku Ehiogu was an English professional footballer who played as a centre back from 1989 to 2009. He was the coach of the Tottenham Hotspur U23 team until his death in April 2017.
2. Michael Hofmann, German footballer births
  1. Michael Hofmann (footballer, born 1972)
    
    Michael Hofmann is a Germany football manager and former football player, who is goalkeeper coach of Türkgücü München.
3. Marko Koers, Dutch runner births
  1. Marko Koers
    
    Marko Ewout Koers is a retired middle distance runner from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1992. He competed in the 800 and 1500 metres. Koers won the silver medal in the 800 metres at the 1998 European Indoor Athletics Championships, behind Germany's Nils Schumann.
4. Armando Benitez, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Armando Benítez
    
    Armando Benítez is a Dominican former major league relief pitcher. Benítez debuted with the Baltimore Orioles in 1994 and within a few years became their closer. He was a reliever for several other organizations after Baltimore in 1999 and last played in Major League Baseball in 2008. His 289 saves rank 32nd all time. After 2008, he played in minor league and independent league baseball.
1971
1. Diego Alessi, Italian race car driver births
  1. Diego Alessi
    
    Diego Alessi is an Italian race car driver. He competed in the Italian Touring Car Championship from 1996–1999 and 2001–2002 - obtaining 12 poles and 12 wins - then moved to the Trofeo Maserati Europe - with 19 poles and 3 wins between 2003 and 2006 - as well as making 3 starts in FIA GT for Autorlando Porsche. From 2006 to 2010 Diego Alessi competed in FIA GT3 Championship at the wheel of Maserati Grand Sport, Aston Martin DBRS9, Corvette Z06 and Ferrari 430 Scuderia, obtaining 1 pole, 2 wins and the 3 rd final overall place on 2007 championship.
2. Unai Emery, Spanish football manager and former player births
  1. Unai Emery
    
    Unai Emery Etxegoien is a Spanish football manager and former player who is the head coach of Premier League club Aston Villa.
3. Dylan Moran, Irish actor, comedian, and screenwriter births
  1. Dylan Moran
    
    Dylan William Moran is an Irish comedian, writer, actor, artist and poet. He is best known for his observational comedy, the comedy series Black Books, and his work with Simon Pegg in films such as Shaun of the Dead and Run Fatboy Run. He was also one of two lead characters in the Irish black comedy film A Film with Me in It.
4. Alison Williamson, English archer births
  1. Alison Williamson
    
    Alison Jane Williamson MBE is a retired British archer who represented Great Britain at six consecutive Olympic Games from 1992 to 2012. She won a bronze medal in the women's individual event at the 2004 Summer Olympics, becoming the first British woman to win an Olympic archery medal in ninety-six years. Williamson achieved two medals at the World Archery Championships and represented England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, winning two silver medals.
5. Dwight Yorke, Tobagonian footballer and coach births
  1. Dwight Yorke
    
    Dwight Eversley Yorke CM is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian former professional footballer and current manager of Australian A-League club Macarthur FC. Throughout his club career, he played for Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sydney FC and Sunderland, mainly as a forward, between 1988 and 2009. He was the assistant manager of the Trinidad and Tobago national team until the completion of the qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Yorke scored 123 goals in the Premier League, a record for a non-European which was not broken until Sergio Agüero in 2017.
1970
1. Geir Frigård, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Geir Frigård
    
    Geir Frigård is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played five times for the Norway national team, scoring one goal. In 1997–98, he was top scorer in the Austrian Bundesliga. He retired from playing in 2007.
2. Jeanette J. Epps, American aerospace engineer and astronaut births
  1. Jeanette Epps
    
    Jeanette Jo Epps is an American aerospace engineer and NASA astronaut. Epps received both her M. S. and Ph.D degrees in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland, where she was part of the rotor-craft research group and was a NASA GSRP Fellow. She was chosen for the 20th class of NASA astronauts in 2009, graduating in 2011. Epps currently serves as a member of the ISS Operations Branch and has completed analog astronaut missions, including NEEMO 18 and CAVES 19. She is the second woman and first African-American woman to have participated in CAVES.
3. Doug Zmolek, American ice hockey player births
  1. Doug Zmolek
    
    Douglas Allan Zmolek is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the NHL for eight seasons between 1992 and 2000.
1969
1. Robert Miles, Swiss-Italian DJ and producer (d. 2017) births
  1. Robert Miles
    
    Roberto Concina, known professionally as Robert Miles, was an Italian record producer, composer, musician and DJ. His 1995 composition "Children" sold more than 5 million copies and topped the charts worldwide.
2. Niels van Steenis, Dutch rower births
  1. Niels van Steenis
    
    Niels Henning van Steenis is a former rower from the Netherlands, who competed for his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There he won the gold medal with the Holland Acht.
3. Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Zeki Rıza Sporel
    
    Zeki Rıza Sporel was a Turkish football player and a politician. He plied his trade at the striker position for Fenerbahçe and the Turkey national football team. His career started in the Fenerbahçe youth teams until he was promoted to the senior team. Zeki spent his entire career with the club, setting numerous records. He was also a forerunner for Turkey, becoming the first player to score for the team. He is often cited as one of the best strikers in Turkish football history. He was also active in politics as he became a member of the Democrat Party in 1946.
1968
1. Alberto Iñurrategi, Spanish mountaineer births
  1. Alberto Iñurrategi
    
    Alberto Iñurrategi Iriarte is a Basque Spanish mountaineer born in Aretxabaleta, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country (Spain), 3 November 1968. In the year 2002, he became the second Spaniard and Basque and 10th person to climb the 14 eight-thousanders.
2. Paul Quantrill, Canadian baseball player and coach births
  1. Paul Quantrill
    
    Paul John Quantrill is a Canadian former professional baseball right-handed relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 14 seasons, from 1992 to 2005; his longest tenure was six seasons with the Toronto Blue Jays. Quantrill appeared in 80 or more games five times, led his league in pitching appearances for four consecutive seasons, and did not walk more than 25 batters in a season from 1996 onwards.
3. Vern Stephens, American baseball player (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Vern Stephens
    
    Vernon Decatur Stephens was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop from 1941 through 1955. An eight-time All-Star, Stephens was notable for being the 1945 American League home run champion and was a three-time American League RBI champion. He was the cleanup hitter for the only St. Louis Browns team to win an American League pennant in 1944, and was a top power hitter for the Boston Red Sox. Nicknamed "Little Slug", "Junior", and "Buster", Stephens batted and threw right-handed. He was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2006.
1967
1. Mike O'Neill, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Mike O'Neill (ice hockey)
    
    Michael Anthony O'Neill is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL).
2. Mark Roberts, Welsh singer and guitarist births
  1. Mark Roberts (musician)
    
    Mark Roberts is a Welsh rock musician, first known as a founding member of Y Cyrff. He then met Cerys Matthews and formed Catatonia along with Paul Jones.
3. Steven Wilson, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Steven Wilson
    
    Steven John Wilson is an English musician. He is the founder, guitarist, lead vocalist and songwriter of the rock band Porcupine Tree, as well as being a member of several other bands, including Blackfield, Storm Corrosion and No-Man. He is also a solo artist, having released 6 solo albums since his solo debut Insurgentes in 2008. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Wilson has made music prolifically and earned critical acclaim. His honours include six nominations for Grammy Awards: twice with Porcupine Tree, once with his collaborative band Storm Corrosion and three times as a solo artist. In 2017 The Daily Telegraph described him as "a resolutely independent artist" and "probably the most successful British artist you've never heard of".
1965
1. Gert Heerkes, Dutch footballer and manager births
  1. Gert Heerkes
    
    Gert Heerkes is a Dutch football manager who is the assistant manager of Norwegian side Rosenborg's reserve team.
2. Ann Scott, French-English author births
  1. Ann Scott (French novelist)
    
    Ann Scott is a French novelist. She is regarded as a social realist for her novels which paint portraits of contemporary youth and her second novel Superstars has given her a cult status in France.
3. Mike Springer, American golfer births
  1. Mike Springer
    
    Michael Paul Springer is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour and the Nationwide Tour.
1964
1. Algimantas Briaunis, Lithuanian footballer and manager births
  1. Algimantas Briaunys
    
    Algimantas Briaunys is a Lithuanian professional footballer/goalkeeper coach. He played the position of goalkeeper. He won a total of four international caps for the Lithuania national football team.
2. Bryan Young, New Zealand cricketer births
  1. Bryan Young (cricketer)
    
    Bryan Andrew Young is a former international cricketer who played 35 Test matches and 74 One Day Internationals (ODIs) for New Zealand between 1990 and 1999. He played internationally as a right-handed opening batsman who scored over 2,000 Test runs, including a highest score of 267 not out against Sri Lanka in 1997.
1963
1. Davis Guggenheim, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Davis Guggenheim
    
    Philip Davis Guggenheim is an American writer, director and producer. His credits include NYPD Blue, ER, 24, Alias, The Shield, Deadwood, and the documentaries An Inconvenient Truth, It Might Get Loud, The Road We've Traveled, Waiting for "Superman", Inside Bill's Brain: Decoding Bill Gates and He Named Me Malala. Since 2006, Guggenheim is the only filmmaker to release three different documentaries that were ranked within the top 100 highest-grossing documentaries of all time.
2. Shigeaki Hattori, Japanese race car driver births
  1. Shigeaki Hattori
    
    Shigeaki "Shige" Hattori is a Japanese professional race car driver and team owner based in the United States. As a driver, he competed in the CART and IndyCar Series, and the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. He is not related to Naoki Hattori, whom he briefly raced against in CART.
3. Ian Wright, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster births
  1. Ian Wright
    
    Ian Edward Wright is an English television and radio personality and former professional footballer. He works as a pundit for BBC Sport and ITV Sport.
4. Howard Ballard, American football player births
  1. Howard Ballard
    
    Howard Louis Ballard is a former American football offensive tackle in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. Nicknamed "House" for his sturdy build, he played in four Super Bowls and was selected to two Pro Bowls while a member of the Bills. He played college football at Alabama A&M University.
1962
1. Gabe Newell, American businessman, co-founded Valve births
  1. Gabe Newell
    
    Gabe Logan Newell, nicknamed Gaben, is an American businessman and the president of the video game company Valve.
  2. Valve Corporation
    
    Valve Corporation is an American video game developer, publisher, and digital distribution company headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. It is the developer of the software distribution platform Steam and the franchises Half-Life, Counter-Strike, Portal, Day of Defeat, Team Fortress, Left 4 Dead and Dota.
2. David J. Schiappa, American lawyer and politician births
  1. David J. Schiappa
    
    David J. Schiappa was a Republican staff member of the United States Senate from 1984 to 2013, most recently as Secretary for the Minority. He is now a vice president at The Duberstein Group. He is a native of Washington, D.C., and a 1984 graduate of the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins University in the School of Professional studies in Business and Education.
3. Jacqui Smith, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Jacqui Smith
    
    Jacqueline Jill Smith is a British broadcaster, political commentator and former Labour Party politician. She was Member of Parliament (MP) for Redditch from 1997 to 2010. She served as Home Secretary from 2007 to 2009 and was the first woman to hold the position.
4. L. O. Wenckebach, Dutch sculptor and painter (b. 1895) deaths
  1. L. O. Wenckebach
    
    Ludwig Oswald Wenckebach was a Dutch sculptor, painter, and medallist. He was the son of the anatomist Karel Frederik Wenckebach and nephew and pupil of the graphic designer and painter Willem Wenckebach. He started as a painter, but in 1920 switched to sculpting. He is best known for his many war monuments and designing the coins issued in the Netherlands between 1948 and 1980.
1961
1. David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, English businessman births
  1. David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon
    
    David Albert Charles Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, styled as Viscount Linley until 2017 and known professionally as David Linley, is an English furniture maker, a former chairman of the auction house Christie's UK, and with his sister, Lady Sarah Chatto, maternal first cousin of King Charles III. He is the only son of Princess Margaret and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, and a grandson of King George VI. When he was born, he was fifth in the line of succession to the British throne; as of September 2022, he is 24th, and the first person who is not a descendant of Elizabeth II.
2. Dave Hahn, Japanese-American mountaineer and journalist births
  1. Dave Hahn
    
    David Allen Hahn is an American professional mountain guide, ski patroller, journalist and lecturer. In May 2013, he reached the summit of Mount Everest for the 15th time—the most for a non-Sherpa climber, according to Outside Magazine contributor and climber Alan Arnette. Among Hahn’s other notable accomplishments are his 39 summits of Vinson Massif, Antarctica’s highest mountain. He has reached the summit of Denali in Alaska, North America’s highest peak, 25 times over the course of 37 expeditions.
3. Greg Townsend, American football player births
  1. Greg Townsend
    
    Gregory Townsend Sr. is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Raiders in the fourth round of the 1983 NFL Draft. Townsend also played for the Philadelphia Eagles.
1960
1. Karch Kiraly, American volleyball player, coach, and sportscaster births
  1. Karch Kiraly
    
    Charles Frederick "Karch" Kiraly is an American volleyball player, coach and broadcast announcer. In the 1980s he was a central part of the U.S National Team that won gold medals at the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games. He went on to win the gold medal again at the 1996 Olympic Games, the first Olympic competition to feature beach volleyball. He is the only player to have won Olympic medals of any color in both the indoor and beach volleyball categories. He played college volleyball for the UCLA Bruins, where his teams won three national championships under head coach Al Scates.
2. Ian McNabb, English singer-songwriter and musician births
  1. Ian McNabb
    
    Robert Ian McNabb is an English singer-songwriter and musician. Previously the frontman of The Icicle Works, McNabb has since embarked on a solo career and performed with Ringo Starr, Neil Young/Crazy Horse, Mike Scott, and Danny Thompson of folk band Pentangle.
3. Paul Willis, American actor and director (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Paul Willis (actor)
    
    Paul Willis was an American actor of the silent film era.
1959
1. Hal Hartley, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Hal Hartley
    
    Hal Hartley is an American film director, screenwriter, producer and composer who became a key figure in the American independent film movement of the 1980s and '90s. He is best known for his films The Unbelievable Truth, Trust, Simple Men, Amateur and Henry Fool, which are notable for deadpan humour and offbeat characters quoting philosophical dialogue.
1958
1. Brady Hoke, American football coach births
  1. Brady Hoke
    
    Brady Patrick Hoke is an American football coach in his second stint as the head coach at San Diego State University. He was previously the head coach at the University of Michigan from 2011 to 2014.
1957
1. Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and martial artist births
  1. Dolph Lundgren
    
    Hans Lundgren, better known as Dolph Lundgren, is a Swedish actor, filmmaker and martial artist. His breakthrough came in 1985, when he starred in Rocky IV as the imposing Soviet boxer Ivan Drago. Since then, Lundgren has starred in more than 80 films, almost all of them in the action genre.
2. Gary Olsen, English actor (d. 2000) births
  1. Gary Olsen
    
    Gary Olsen was an English actor. He played Ben in the BBC television sitcom 2point4 Children.
3. Steve Johnson, American basketball player births
  1. Steve Johnson (basketball)
    
    Clarence Stephen Johnson is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played the power forward and center positions.
4. Wilhelm Reich, Ukrainian-Austrian psychotherapist and author (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Reich
    
    Wilhelm Reich was an Austrian doctor of medicine and a psychoanalyst, along with being a member of the second generation of analysts after Sigmund Freud. The author of several influential books, most notably The Impulsive Character (1925), The Function of the Orgasm (1927), Character Analysis (1933), and The Mass Psychology of Fascism (1933), he became known as one of the most radical figures in the history of psychiatry.
1956
1. Cathy Jamieson, Scottish politician, 2nd Scottish Minister for Justice births
  1. Cathy Jamieson
    
    Catherine Mary Jamieson is a Scottish business director, currently a director at Kilmarnock Football Club and former politician. She served as the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in Scotland from 2000 to 2008. She previously served in the Scottish Executive as Minister for Justice from 2003 to 2007 and Minister for Education and Young People from 2001 to 2003. Jamieson was Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley from 1999 to 2011 and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock and Loudoun from 2010 to 2015.
  2. Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Veterans
    
    The Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Veterans, commonly referred to as the Justice Secretary, is a position in the Scottish Government Cabinet. The Cabinet Secretary has overall responsibility for law and order in Scotland. The Cabinet Secretary is assisted by the Minister for Community Safety.
2. Kevin Murphy, American actor, puppeteer, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Kevin Murphy (actor)
    
    Kevin Wagner Murphy is an American actor and writer best known as the voice and puppeteer of Tom Servo on the Peabody Award-winning comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000. Murphy also records audio commentary tracks with Michael J. Nelson and Bill Corbett for Nelson's RiffTrax website.
3. Gary Ross, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Gary Ross
    
    Gary Ross is an American film director, writer, and producer. He is best known for writing and directing the fantasy comedy-drama film Pleasantville (1998), the sports drama film Seabiscuit (2003), the sci-fi action film The Hunger Games (2012), and the heist comedy film Ocean's 8 (2018). Ross has been nominated for four Academy Awards.
4. Bob Welch, American baseball player and coach (d. 2014) births
  1. Bob Welch (baseball)
    
    Robert Lynn Welch was an American professional baseball starting pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1978–87) and Oakland Athletics (1988–94). Prior to his professional career, he attended Eastern Michigan University, where he played college baseball for the Eastern Michigan Hurons baseball team. He helped lead the Hurons, coached by Ron Oestrike, to the 1976 College World Series, losing to Arizona in the Championship Game.
5. Jean Metzinger, French artist, (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Jean Metzinger
    
    Jean Dominique Antony Metzinger was a major 20th-century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who along with Albert Gleizes wrote the first theoretical work on Cubism. His earliest works, from 1900 to 1904, were influenced by the neo-Impressionism of Georges Seurat and Henri-Edmond Cross. Between 1904 and 1907 Metzinger worked in the Divisionist and Fauvist styles with a strong Cézannian component, leading to some of the first proto-Cubist works.
1955
1. Teresa De Sio, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Teresa De Sio
    
    Teresa De Sio is an Italian pop-folk singer and songwriter. She is the elder sister of actress Giuliana De Sio.
2. Anne Milton, English nurse and politician births
  1. Anne Milton
    
    Anne Frances Milton is a British politician who served as Minister of State for Skills and Apprenticeships from 2017 to 2019. She was Member of Parliament (MP) for Guildford from 2005 to 2019. Elected as a Conservative, she had the whip removed in September 2019 and subsequently sat as an independent politician.
3. Phil Simms, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Phil Simms
    
    Phillip Martin Simms is an American former football quarterback who spent his entire 15-year professional career playing for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He is currently a television sportscaster for the CBS network. After playing college football at Morehead State University, Simms was drafted in the first round by the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) with the number seven selection overall in the 1979 NFL Draft. Simms was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) of Super Bowl XXI, after he led the Giants to a 39–20 victory over the Denver Broncos and set the record for highest completion percentage in a Super Bowl, completing 22 of 25 passes (88%), a record that still stands. He also was named to the Pro Bowl for his performances in the 1985 and 1993 seasons.
1954
1. Adam Ant, English singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Adam Ant
    
    Stuart Leslie Goddard, better known as Adam Ant, is an English singer, musician, and actor. He gained popularity as the lead singer of new wave group Adam and the Ants and later as a solo artist, scoring 10 UK top ten hits from 1980 to 1983, including three UK No. 1 singles. He has also worked as an actor, appearing in many films and television episodes.
2. Kathy Kinney, American actress and comedian births
  1. Kathy Kinney
    
    Kathy Kinney is an American actress, voice actress, and comedian. She gained considerable popularity in the late 1990s for playing Mimi Bobeck, the outrageously made-up, flamboyantly vulgar, and vindictive nemesis of Drew Carey on the sitcom The Drew Carey Show. She had been involved in television, feature film, and stage work for years.
3. Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (b. 1869) deaths
  1. Henri Matisse
    
    Henri Émile Benoît Matisse was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter. Matisse is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso, as one of the artists who best helped to define the revolutionary developments in the visual arts throughout the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.
1953
1. Kate Capshaw, American actress and producer births
  1. Kate Capshaw
    
    Kathleen Sue Spielberg, known professionally as Kate Capshaw, is an American retired actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Willie Scott, an American nightclub singer and performer in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), directed by eventual husband Steven Spielberg. Since then, she starred in Dreamscape (1984), Power (1986), SpaceCamp (1986), Black Rain (1989), Love Affair (1994), Just Cause (1995), and The Love Letter (1999). Her portraiture work has been shown in the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery.
2. Helios Creed, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Helios Creed
    
    Barry Johnson, known professionally as Helios Creed, is an American guitarist, singer and bandleader. He first came to prominence in the mid-1970s with the San Francisco band Chrome, who were considered an early influence on industrial rock. Chrome broke up in the mid-1980s when founding member Damon Edge moved to Paris. Helios then recruited some local hard rock musicians and launched a solo career.
3. Larry Herndon, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Larry Herndon
    
    Larry Darnell Herndon, sometimes referred to by the nickname "Hondo", is an American former baseball outfielder and hitting coach. He played in Major League Baseball in 1974 and from 1976 to 1988.
4. Dennis Miller, American comedian, producer, and talk show host births
  1. Dennis Miller
    
    Dennis Michael Miller is an American talk show host, political commentator, sports commentator, actor, and comedian.
5. Vilma Santos, Filipino actress and politician births
  1. Vilma Santos-Recto
    
    Rosa Vilma Tuazon Santos-Recto is a Filipino actress, singer, dancer, TV host, producer, and politician. She served as a House Deputy Speaker since 2019 to 2022 and as the Representative of Batangas' 6th district since 2016 to 2022.
1952
1. Roseanne Barr, American comedian, actress, and producer births
  1. Roseanne Barr
    
    Roseanne Cherrie Barr is an American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and former presidential candidate. Barr began her career in stand-up comedy before gaining acclaim in the television sitcom Roseanne. She won an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work on the show.
2. Jim Cummings, American voice actor births
  1. Jim Cummings
    
    James Jonah Cummings is an American voice actor. Since beginning his career in the 1980s, he has appeared in almost 400 roles. Cummings has frequently worked with The Walt Disney Company and Warner Bros., including as the official voice of Winnie the Pooh since 1988, Tigger since 1989, the Tasmanian Devil since 1991, and Pete since 1992. Other notable roles include Fat Cat and Monterey Jack on Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (1989–1990), the title character of Darkwing Duck (1991–1992), Dr. Robotnik on the Sonic the Hedgehog animated series (1993–1994), Kaa on Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), and Cat on CatDog (1998–2005).
3. David Ho, Taiwanese-American scientist births
  1. David Ho
    
    David Da-i Ho is a Taiwanese-American AIDS researcher, physician, and virologist who has made a number of scientific contributions to the understanding and treatment of HIV infection.
1951
1. Dwight Evans, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Dwight Evans (baseball)
    
    Dwight Michael "Dewey" Evans is an American former professional baseball right fielder and right-handed batter who played with the Boston Red Sox (1972–1990) and Baltimore Orioles (1991) in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was a three-time All-Star, won eight Gold Glove Awards, and won two Silver Slugger Awards. Evans played the second-most career games for the Red Sox of any player, surpassed only by Carl Yastrzemski.
2. Ed Murawinski, American cartoonist births
  1. Ed Murawinski
    
    Edward Murawinski is an American cartoonist. He was formerly employed by the New York Daily News in New York City as an artist and is currently a member of the National Cartoonist Society. He attended Manhattan's School of Visual Arts and was employed by the Daily News from 1968 to 2015.
3. André Wetzel, Dutch footballer and manager births
  1. André Wetzel
    
    André Wetzel is a Dutch former footballer and manager currently for HVV Den Haag.
1950
1. Massimo Mongai, Italian journalist and author (d. 2016) births
  1. Massimo Mongai
    
    Massimo Mongai was an Italian author of science fiction.
2. Joe Queenan, American author and critic births
  1. Joe Queenan (author)
    
    Joe Queenan is an American satirist and critic. He is the author of nine books, including Red Lobster, White Trash and the Blue Lagoon and If You’re Talking to Me, Your Career Must Be in Trouble. His memoir Closing Time was a 2009 New York Times Notable Book.
1949
1. Mike Evans, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2006) births
  1. Mike Evans (actor)
    
    Michael Jonas Evans was an American actor, best known as Lionel Jefferson on both All in the Family and The Jeffersons. He was also a guest celebrity panelist on the TV game show Match Game.
2. Osamu Fujimura, Japanese engineer and politician births
  1. Osamu Fujimura
    
    Osamu Fujimura is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan and a former member of the House of Representatives in the Diet.
3. Stephen Oliver, English biochemist and academic births
  1. Stephen Oliver (scientist)
    
    Stephen George Oliver is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge.
4. Larry Holmes, American boxer and talk show host births
  1. Larry Holmes
    
    Larry Holmes is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1973 to 2002 and was world heavyweight champion from 1978 until 1985. He grew up in Easton, Pennsylvania, which led to his boxing nickname of the "Easton Assassin".
5. Anna Wintour, English-American journalist births
  1. Anna Wintour
    
    Dame Anna Wintour is a British journalist based in New York City who has served as editor-in-Chief of Vogue since 1988 and Global Chief Content Officer for Condé Nast since 2020; she is also the artistic director of Condé Nast and the Global Editorial Director of Vogue. With her trademark pageboy bob haircut and dark sunglasses, Wintour has become an important figure in much of the fashion world, praised for her eye for emerging fashion trends. Her reportedly aloof and demanding personality has earned her the nickname "Nuclear Wintour".
6. Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist, founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Solomon R. Guggenheim
    
    Solomon Robert Guggenheim was an American businessman and art collector. He is best known for establishing the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City.
  2. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
    
    The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, often referred to as The Guggenheim, is an art museum at 1071 Fifth Avenue on the corner of East 89th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern, and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year. The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director, Hilla von Rebay. The museum adopted its current name in 1952, three years after the death of its founder Solomon R. Guggenheim.
1948
1. Lulu, Scottish singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Lulu (singer)
    
    Lulu Kennedy-Cairns is a Scottish singer, actress, and television personality.
2. Takashi Kawamura, Japanese politician births
  1. Takashi Kawamura (politician)
    
    Takashi Kawamura is a Japanese politician of the Nagoya-based Genzei Nippon party, currently serving as Mayor of Nagoya. He was previously a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet.
3. Helmuth Koinigg, Austrian race car driver (d. 1974) births
  1. Helmuth Koinigg
    
    Helmuth Koinigg was an Austrian racing driver who died in a crash in the 1974 United States Grand Prix, in his second Grand Prix start.
4. Rick Kreuger, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Rick Kreuger
    
    Richard Allen Kreuger is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1975 through 1978 for the Boston Red Sox (1975–77) and Cleveland Indians (1978). Listed at 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), 185 lb., he batted right-handed and threw left-handed.
5. Rainer Zobel, German footballer, coach, and manager births
  1. Rainer Zobel
    
    Rainer Zobel is a German football manager and former player.
1947
1. Mazie Hirono, Japanese-American lawyer and politician, U.S. Senator from Hawaii births
  1. Mazie Hirono
    
    Mazie Keiko Hirono is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Hawaii since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Hirono previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district from 2007 to 2013. Hirono also served as a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1981 to 1995 and as Hawaii's ninth lieutenant governor from 1994 to 2002, under Ben Cayetano. She was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for governor of Hawaii in 2002, defeated by Republican Linda Lingle in the general election.
2. Siiri Oviir, Estonian lawyer and politician, 3rd Estonian Minister of Social Affairs births
  1. Siiri Oviir
    
    Siiri Oviir is an Estonian politician and Member of the European Parliament.
  2. Ministry of Social Affairs (Estonia)
    
    The Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia is a government ministry of Estonia responsible for social policies of the country.
3. Faraj Sarkohi, Iranian journalist and critic births
  1. Faraj Sarkohi
    
    Faraj Sarkohi is an Iranian literary critic and journalist. He was cofounder and editor in chief of the Iranian magazine Adineh.
1946
1. Reinhard Karl, German mountaineer, photographer, and author (d. 1982) births
  1. Reinhard Karl
    
    Reinhard Karl was a German mountaineer, photographer and writer.
2. Wataru Takeshita, Japanese lawyer and politician (d. 2021) births
  1. Wataru Takeshita
    
    Wataru Takeshita was a Minister for Reconstruction and a Japanese politician serving in the House of Representatives in the Diet as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. A native of Kakeya, Shimane and graduate of Keio University he was elected for the first time in 2000. His elder brother was former prime minister Noboru Takeshita.
1945
1. Ken Holtzman, American baseball player and manager births
  1. Ken Holtzman
    
    Kenneth Dale Holtzman is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher from 1965 through 1979, most notably as a member of the Chicago Cubs for whom he pitched two no-hitters and, with the Oakland Athletics dynasty that won three consecutive World Series championships between 1972 to 1974. A two-time All-Star, Holtzman was a 20-game-winner for the Athletics in 1973. He also played for the Baltimore Orioles and the New York Yankees.
2. Gerd Müller, German footballer and manager (d. 2021) births
  1. Gerd Müller
    
    Gerhard "Gerd" Müller was a German professional footballer. A striker renowned for his clinical finishing, especially in and around the six-yard box, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest goalscorers in the history of the sport.
3. Nick Simper, English bass guitarist births
  1. Nick Simper
    
    Nicholas John Simper is an English bass guitarist, who was a co-founding member of Deep Purple and Warhorse. In the 1960s, he began his professional career in bands such as Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, The Flower Pot Men, and Lord Sutch's Savages.
1944
1. Jan Boerstoel, Dutch poet and songwriter births
  1. Jan Boerstoel
    
    Jan Boerstoel is a Dutch writer and poet who is perhaps best known for his song texts, especially for cabaret. He lives in Amsterdam. His poetry is melancholy, but often humorous as well. In his songs, Boerstoel frequently criticizes society. Many of his lyrics have been used by well-known Dutch artists such as Karin Bloemen, Martine Bijl and Youp van 't Hek.
1943
1. Bert Jansch, Scottish-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011) births
  1. Bert Jansch
    
    Herbert Jansch was a Scottish folk musician and founding member of the band Pentangle. He was born in Glasgow and came to prominence in London in the 1960s as an acoustic guitarist and singer-songwriter. He recorded more than 28 albums and toured extensively from the 1960s to the 21st century.
1942
1. Martin Cruz Smith, American author and screenwriter births
  1. Martin Cruz Smith
    
    Martin Cruz Smith is an American mystery novelist. He is best known for his nine-novel series on Russian investigator Arkady Renko, who was first introduced in 1981 with Gorky Park.
1940
1. Sonny Rhodes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2021) births
  1. Sonny Rhodes
    
    Clarence Smith, known as Sonny Rhodes, was an American blues singer and lap steel guitar player. He recorded over two hundred songs. "I'm what you call a self-proclaimed Disciple of the Blues!" said Rhodes about his years playing and singing for fans of blues around the world. He was nominated 15 times for Blues Music Awards and won in the category 'Instrumentalist – Other' in 2011.
1939
1. Charles Tournemire, French organist and composer (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Charles Tournemire
    
    Charles Arnould Tournemire was a French composer and organist, notable partly for his improvisations, which were often rooted in the music of Gregorian chant. His compositions include eight symphonies, four operas, twelve chamber works and eighteen piano solos. He is mainly remembered for his organ music, the best known being a set of pieces called L'Orgue mystique.
1938
1. Martin Dunwoody, English mathematician and academic births
  1. Martin Dunwoody
    
    Martin John Dunwoody is an emeritus professor of Mathematics at the University of Southampton, England.
2. Akira Kobayashi, Japanese actor births
  1. Akira Kobayashi
    
    Akira Kobayashi is a Japanese actor and singer. His nickname is Maito Gai .
3. Jean Rollin, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2010) births
  1. Jean Rollin
    
    Jean Michel Rollin Roth Le Gentil was a French film director, actor, and novelist best known for his work in the fantastique genre.
1937
1. Dietrich Möller, German lawyer and politician, 15th Mayor of Marburg births
  1. Dietrich Möller
    
    Dietrich Möller is a German politician, member of the Landtag of Hesse (CDU) and former mayor of Marburg.
  2. List of mayors of Marburg
    
    This is a list of all the mayors of Marburg in Germany since 1835.
2. Jim Houston, American football player (d. 2018) births
  1. Jim Houston
    
    James Edward Houston was an American football linebacker who played 13 seasons in the National Football League with the Cleveland Browns. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2005.
1936
1. Roy Emerson, Australian-American tennis player and coach births
  1. Roy Emerson
    
    Roy Stanley Emerson is an Australian former tennis player who won 12 Grand Slam singles titles and 16 Grand Slam doubles titles, for a total of 28 Grand Slam titles. He is the only male player to have completed a career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles, and the first of four male players to complete a double career Grand Slam in singles. His 28 major titles are the all-time record for a male player. He was ranked world No. 1 amateur in 1961 by Ned Potter, 1964 by Potter, Lance Tingay and an Ulrich Kaiser panel of 14 experts and 1965 by Tingay, Joseph McCauley, Sport za Rubezhom and an Ulrich Kaiser panel of 16 experts.
2. Takao Saito, Japanese author and illustrator, created Golgo 13 (d. 2021) births
  1. Takao Saito
    
    Takao Saito was a Japanese manga artist, although he rejected the term and considered his work gekiga. He was best known for Golgo 13, which has been serialized in Big Comic since 1968, making it the oldest manga still in publication. Golgo 13 holds the Guinness World Record for "Most volumes published for a single manga series" and, in accordance with Saito's wishes, it continues to be serialized following his death from pancreatic cancer in September 2021. Saito won several awards in his 66-year career, including the Shogakukan Manga Award twice, and received the Medal with Purple Ribbon and Order of the Rising Sun from the Japanese government for his contributions to the arts.
  2. Golgo 13
    
    Golgo 13 is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takao Saito, published in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic since October 1968. The series follows the title character, a professional assassin for hire. Golgo 13 is the oldest manga still in publication, and its tankōbon edition was certified by Guinness World Records as the highest number of volumes for a single manga series. Saito said before his death in 2021 that he wanted the manga to continue on without him and previously raised concerns the manga may be unfinished after he passes away. The Saito Production group of manga creators will continue its publication with the assistance of the Big Comic's editorial department.
1935
1. Ingrid Rüütel, Estonian philologist and academic, 3rd First Lady of Estonia births
  1. Ingrid Rüütel
    
    Ingrid Rüütel is an Estonian folklorist and philologist. From 2001 to 2006 she was the First Lady of Estonia, married to President Arnold Rüütel.
  2. Spouse of the president of Estonia
    
    The spouse of the president of Estonia is the wife or husband of the president of Estonia. Estonia's current president's spouse is Sirje Karis, wife of president Alar Karis.
1934
1. Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking, English poet and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster births
  1. Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking
    
    Kenneth Wilfred Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking, is a British politician, a former Conservative Member of Parliament and cabinet minister, including holding the offices of Home Secretary, Education Secretary and Conservative Party Chairman. He is a life member of the Tory Reform Group.
  2. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
    
    The chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is a ministerial office in the Government of the United Kingdom. The position is currently sixth in the ministerial ranking and is the second highest ranking minister in the Cabinet Office, immediately after the Prime Minister, and senior to the Minister for the Cabinet Office. The role includes as part of its duties the administration of the estates and rents of the Duchy of Lancaster.
2. Hans Janmaat, Dutch businessman, educator, and politician (d. 2002) births
  1. Hans Janmaat
    
    Johannes Gerardus Hendrikus "Hans" Janmaat was a Dutch politician of the Centre Party (CP) and later founder of the Centre Democrats (CD) party and businessman.
1933
1. John Barry, English-American composer and conductor (d. 2011) births
  1. John Barry (composer)
    
    John Barry Prendergast was a British composer and conductor of film music.
2. Ken Berry, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2018) births
  1. Ken Berry
    
    Kenneth Ronald Berry was an American actor, dancer, and singer. Berry starred on the television series F Troop, The Andy Griffith Show, Mayberry R.F.D. and Mama's Family. He also appeared on Broadway in The Billy Barnes Revue, headlined as George M. Cohan in the musical George M! and provided comic relief for the medical drama Dr. Kildare with Richard Chamberlain in the 1960s.
3. Jeremy Brett, English actor (d. 1995) births
  1. Jeremy Brett
    
    Peter Jeremy William Huggins, known professionally as Jeremy Brett, was an English actor. He played fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in four Granada TV series from 1984 to 1994 in all 41 episodes. His career spanned from stage, to television and film, to Shakespeare and musical theatre. He also played the smitten Freddy Eynsford-Hill in the 1964 Warner Bros. production of My Fair Lady.
4. Aneta Corsaut, American actress (d. 1995) births
  1. Aneta Corsaut
    
    Aneta Louise Corsaut was an American actress and writer. She is best known for playing Helen Crump on The Andy Griffith Show (1963–1968), Judge Cynthia Justin on Matlock (1991–1992), and Jane in The Blob (1958).
5. Michael Dukakis, American lawyer, academic, and politician, 65th Governor of Massachusetts births
  1. Michael Dukakis
    
    Michael Stanley Dukakis is an American retired lawyer and politician who served as governor of Massachusetts from 1975 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving governor in Massachusetts history and only the second Greek-American governor in U.S. history, after Spiro Agnew. He was nominated by the Democratic Party for president in the 1988 election, losing to the Republican nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush.
  2. Governor of Massachusetts
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.
6. Amartya Sen, Indian economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Amartya Sen
    
    Amartya Kumar Sen is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, decision theory, development economics, public health, and measures of well-being of countries.
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
7. Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (b. 1853) deaths
  1. Émile Roux
    
    Pierre Paul Émile Roux FRS was a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist. Roux was one of the closest collaborators of Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), a co-founder of the Pasteur Institute, and responsible for the institute's production of the anti-diphtheria serum, the first effective therapy for this disease. Additionally, he investigated cholera, chicken-cholera, rabies, and tuberculosis. Roux is regarded as a founder of the field of immunology.
1932
1. Albert Reynolds, Irish businessman and politician, 9th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2014) births
  1. Albert Reynolds
    
    Albert Martin Reynolds was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach from 1992 to 1994, Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1992 to 1994, Minister for Finance from 1988 to 1991, Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1987 to 1988, Minister for Industry and Energy from March 1982 to December 1982, Minister for Transport from 1980 to 1981 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from 1979 to 1981. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1977 to 2002.
  2. Taoiseach
    
    The Taoiseach is the head of government of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.
2. Gerry Ehman, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006) births
  1. Gerry Ehman
    
    Gerald Joseph Ehman was a Canadian ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs and the Oakland Seals/California Golden Seals between 1957 and 1971, and also spent several years in the minor American Hockey League, and other leagues. After retiring, he worked in executive positions for several years.
1931
1. Yon Hyong-muk, North Korean soldier and politician, 7th Premier of North Korea (d. 2005) births
  1. Yon Hyong-muk
    
    Yon Hyong-muk, also spelt Yong Hyong-muk, was a long-serving politician in North Korea and at the height of his career the most powerful person in that country outside the Kim family. He was Prime Minister of North Korea from 1988 to 1992.
  2. Premier of North Korea
    
    The Premier of the Cabinet is the head of government of North Korea and a key adviser to the Supreme Leader of North Korea. The office is also alternatively known as Prime Minister of North Korea. The current premier is Kim Tok-hun, who is also a member of the Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea.
2. Monica Vitti, Italian actress, singer, and screenwriter (d. 2022) births
  1. Monica Vitti
    
    Monica Vitti was an Italian actress known for starring in films directed by Michelangelo Antonioni during the early-to-mid 1960s. After working with Antonioni, Vitti changed focus and began making comedies, working with director Mario Monicelli on many films. She appeared with Marcello Mastroianni, Alain Delon, Richard Harris, Terence Stamp, and Dirk Bogarde. On her death, Italian culture minister Dario Franceschini called her "the Queen of Italian cinema".
3. Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese bishop (d. 2007) births
  1. Michael Fu Tieshan
    
    Bishop Michael Fu Tieshan of Beijing was a top leader of the Catholic Patriotic Association.
1930
1. Phil Crane, American academic and politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Phil Crane
    
    Philip Miller Crane was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 2005, representing the 8th District of Illinois in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago. At the time of his defeat in the 2004 election, Crane was the longest-serving Republican member of the House.
2. William H. Dana, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2014) births
  1. William H. Dana
    
    William Harvey "Bill" Dana was an American aeronautical engineer, U.S. Air Force pilot, NASA test pilot, and astronaut. He was one of twelve pilots who flew the North American X-15, an experimental spaceplane jointly operated by the Air Force and NASA. He was also selected for participation in the X-20 Dyna-Soar program.
3. Mable John, American blues singer (d. 2022) births
  1. Mable John
    
    Mable John was an American blues vocalist and was the first female signed by Berry Gordy to Motown's Tamla label.
4. D. James Kennedy, American pastor and author (d. 2007) births
  1. D. James Kennedy
    
    Dennis James Kennedy was an American pastor, evangelist, Christian broadcaster, and author. He was the senior pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, from 1960 until his death in 2007. Kennedy also founded Evangelism Explosion International, Coral Ridge Ministries, the Westminster Academy in Fort Lauderdale, the Knox Theological Seminary, radio station WAFG-FM, and the Center for Reclaiming America for Christ, a socially conservative political group.
5. Brian Robinson, English cyclist (d. 2022) births
  1. Brian Robinson (cyclist)
    
    Brian Robinson was an English road bicycle racer of the 1950s and early 1960s. He was the first Briton to finish the Tour de France and the first to win a Tour stage. He won the 1961 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré stage race. His success as a professional cyclist in mainland Europe paved the way for other Britons such as Tom Simpson and Barry Hoban.
6. Tsutomu Seki, Japanese astronomer and academic births
  1. Tsutomu Seki
    
    Tsutomu Seki is a Japanese astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and comets, born in Kōchi, Japan.
7. Lois Smith, American actress births
  1. Lois Smith
    
    Lois Arlene Smith is an American character actress whose career spans eight decades. She made her film debut in the 1955 drama film East of Eden, and later played supporting roles in a number of movies, including Five Easy Pieces (1970), Resurrection (1980), Fatal Attraction (1987), Fried Green Tomatoes (1991), Falling Down (1993), How to Make an American Quilt (1995), Dead Man Walking (1995), Twister (1996), Minority Report (2002), The Nice Guys (2016), Lady Bird (2017), and The French Dispatch (2021).
8. Frits Staal, Dutch philosopher and scholar (d. 2012) births
  1. Frits Staal
    
    Johan Frederik "Frits" Staal was the department founder and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and South/Southeast Asian Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Staal specialized in the study of Vedic ritual and mantras, and the scientific exploration of ritual and mysticism. He was also a scholar of Greek and Indian logic and philosophy and Sanskrit grammar.
1929
1. Alfonso Orueta, Chilean footballer, manager, and politician (d. 2012) births
  1. Alfonso Orueta
    
    Alfonso Orueta Ansoleaga was a Chilean politician and football manager.
2. Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Olav Aukrust
    
    Olav Aukrust was a Norwegian poet and teacher. He popularized the use of Nynorsk as a literary language and is most commonly associated with his poem Himmelvarden (1916).
1928
1. Goseki Kojima, Japanese illustrator (d. 2000) births
  1. Goseki Kojima
    
    Goseki Kojima was a Japanese manga artist. He is known for his collaborations with manga writer Kazuo Koike, the most famous of them being Lone Wolf and Cub.
2. Bill Morrison, Australian politician and diplomat, 37th Australian Minister for Defence (d. 2013) births
  1. Bill Morrison (politician)
    
    William Lawrence Morrison was an Australian politician and diplomat. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and held ministerial office in the Whitlam Government as Minister for External Territories (1972–1973), Science (1972–1975), and Defence (1975). He had been a member of the diplomatic service before entering politics, and later served a term as Ambassador to Indonesia (1985–1989).
  2. Minister for Defence (Australia)
    
    The Minister for Defence is the principal minister responsible for the organisation, implementation, and formulation of government policy in defence and military matters for the Australian Government. The individual who holds this office directs the government’s approach to such matters through the Australian Defence Organisation and, by extension, the Department of Defence and the Australian Defence Force. The office of the Minister for Defence, like all Cabinet positions, is not referenced in the Constitution of Australia but rather exists through convention and the prerogative of the Governor-General to appoint ministers of state.
3. Osamu Tezuka, Japanese animator and producer (d. 1989) births
  1. Osamu Tezuka
    
    Osamu Tezuka was a Japanese manga artist, cartoonist, and animator. Born in Osaka Prefecture, his prolific output, pioneering techniques, and innovative redefinitions of genres earned him such titles as "the Father of Manga" , "the Godfather of Manga" and "the God of Manga" . Additionally, he is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney, who served as a major inspiration during Tezuka's formative years. Though this phrase praises the quality of his early manga works for children and animations, it also blurs the significant influence of his later, more literary, gekiga works.
4. George Yardley, American basketball player (d. 2004) births
  1. George Yardley
    
    George Harry Yardley III was an American basketball player. He was the first player in NBA history to score 2,000 points in one season, breaking the 1,932-point record held by George Mikan. Yardley was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1996.
1927
1. Harrison McCain, Canadian businessman, co-founded McCain Foods (d. 2004) births
  1. Harrison McCain
    
    Harrison McCain was a Canadian businessman and co-founder, along with his three brothers, of international frozen foods giant McCain Foods.
  2. McCain Foods
    
    McCain Foods Limited is a Canadian multinational frozen food company established in 1957 in Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada.
2. Peggy McCay, American actress (d. 2018) births
  1. Peggy McCay
    
    Margaret Ann "Peggy" McCay was an American actress whose career began in 1949, and includes theatre, television, soap operas, and feature films. McCay may be best known for originating the roles of Vanessa Dale on the CBS soap opera Love of Life, and Caroline Brady, which she played from 1983 to 2016 on NBC's Days of Our Lives.
3. Odvar Nordli, Norwegian politician, 21st Prime Minister of Norway (d. 2018) births
  1. Odvar Nordli
    
    Odvar Nordli(listen) was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He was the 28th prime minister of Norway from 1976 to 1981 during the Cold War. Before serving as Prime Minister, Nordli served as the minister of Local Government from 1971 to 1972.
  2. Prime Minister of Norway
    
    The prime minister of Norway is the head of government and chief executive of Norway. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is nearly impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting, the prime minister is primarily answerable to the Storting. The prime minister is almost always the leader of the majority party in the Storting, or the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition.
4. Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod, Czech journalist and author (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod
    
    Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod was a Czech naturalistic writer and a journalist.
1926
1. Valdas Adamkus, Lithuanian engineer and politician, 3rd President of Lithuania births
  1. Valdas Adamkus
    
    Valdas Adamkus is a Lithuanian-American politician, diplomat and civil engineer. He served as the 5th and 7th President of Lithuania from 1998 to 2003 and again from 2004 to 2009.
  2. President of Lithuania
    
    The President of the Republic of Lithuania is the head of state of Lithuania. The officeholder has been Gitanas Nausėda since 12 July 2019.
2. Maurice Couture, Canadian archbishop (d. 2018) births
  1. Maurice Couture
    
    Maurice Couture, was a Canadian Catholic bishop as Archbishop of Québec from 1990 until his retirement in 2002. Born in Saint-Pierre-de-Broughton, Quebec, he was ordained a priest in 1951. He was Bishop of Baie-Comeau from 1988 until 1990.
3. Robert W. Wilson, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013) births
  1. Robert W. Wilson (philanthropist)
    
    Robert Warne Wilson was an American hedge fund manager, philanthropist and art collector.
4. Annie Oakley, American entertainer and target shooter (b. 1860) deaths
  1. Annie Oakley
    
    Annie Oakley was an American sharpshooter who starred in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show.
1924
1. Marc Breaux, American actor, director, and choreographer (d. 2013) births
  1. Marc Breaux
    
    Marc Breaux was an American choreographer and occasional film director best known for his work on musical films of the 1960s and 1970s. Most of his well-known work was in collaboration with Dee Dee Wood to whom he was married for many years. Much of Breaux's best recognized work was also in collaboration with the songwriting Sherman Brothers.
2. Samuel Ruiz, Mexican bishop (d. 2011) births
  1. Samuel Ruiz
    
    Samuel Ruiz García was a Mexican Catholic prelate who served as bishop of the Diocese of San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, from 1959 until 1999. Ruiz is best known for his role as mediator during the conflict between the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), a Mexican political party which had held power for over seventy years, and whose policies were often disadvantageous to the indigenous populations of Chiapas. Inspired by Liberation Theology, which swept through the Catholic Church in Latin America after the 1960s, Ruiz's diocese helped some hundreds of thousands of indigenous Maya people in Chiapas who were among Mexico's poorest marginalized communities.
1923
1. Violetta Elvin, Russian ballerina (d. 2021) births
  1. Violetta Elvin
    
    Violetta Elvin was a Russian prima ballerina and actress. In 1986, The Times described Elvin as "the only rival ever to give Dame Margot Fonteyn a run for her money".
2. Tomás Ó Fiaich, Irish cardinal (d. 1990) births
  1. Tomás Ó Fiaich
    
    Tomás Séamus Cardinal Ó Fiaich KGCHS was an Irish prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the Catholic Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh from 1977 until his death. He was created a Cardinal in 1979. He was born in 1923 in Cullyhanna, and raised in Camlough, County Armagh.
3. Yamaguchi Hitomi, Japanese author and critic (d. 1995) births
  1. Hitomi Yamaguchi
    
    Hitomi Yamaguchi was a novelist and essayist in Shōwa period Japan.
1922
1. Dennis McDermott, English-Canadian union leader and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to Ireland (d. 2003) births
  1. Dennis McDermott
    
    Dennis McDermott was a Canadian trade unionist who served as Canadian Director of the United Auto Workers from 1968 to 1978 and president of the Canadian Labour Congress from 1978 to 1986.
  2. List of Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners to Ireland
    
    This is a list of Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners to Ireland.
1921
1. Charles Bronson, American soldier and actor (d. 2003) births
  1. Charles Bronson
    
    Charles Bronson was an American actor. Known for his "granite features and brawny physique," he gained international fame for his starring roles in action, Western, and war films; initially as a supporting player and later a leading man. A quintessential cinematic "tough-guy", Bronson was cast in various roles where the plot line hinged on the authenticity of the character's toughness and brawn. At the height of his fame in the early 1970s, he was the world's No. 1 box office attraction, commanding $1 million per film.
1920
1. Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian poet, educator, and activist (d. 1993) births
  1. Oodgeroo Noonuccal
    
    Oodgeroo Noonuccal ( UUD-gə-roo NOO-nə-kəl; born Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska, later Kath Walker was an Aboriginal Australian political activist, artist and educator, who campaigned for Aboriginal rights. Noonuccal was best known for her poetry, and was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse.
1919
1. Jesús Blasco, Spanish author and illustrator (d. 1995) births
  1. Jesús Blasco
    
    Jesús Blasco was a Spanish author and artist of comic books, whose career covered most of the conventional history of comic strips. He worked extensively in British comics in the 1960s and 1970s.
2. Ludovic Kennedy, Scottish journalist and author (d. 2009) births
  1. Ludovic Kennedy
    
    Sir Ludovic Henry Coverley Kennedy was a Scottish journalist, broadcaster, humanist and author best known for re-examining cases such as the Lindbergh kidnapping and the murder convictions of Timothy Evans and Derek Bentley, and for his role in the abolition of the death penalty in the United Kingdom.
3. Květa Legátová, Czech author (d. 2012) births
  1. Květa Legátová
    
    Květa Legátová, born Věra Hofmanová was a Czech novelist and writer whose work spanned a period from the 1950s to the 2000s. Her best known work, a 2001 collection of short stories and essays entitled "Želary," and her 2002 book, "Jozova Hanule," were adapted into the 2003 film, Želary. The film received an 2004 Academy Award nomination in the Best Foreign Language Film.
1918
1. Claude Barma, French director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1992) births
  1. Claude Barma
    
    Claude Barma, was a French director and screenwriter, and an early creator of French television programmes.
2. Bob Feller, American sailor, baseball player, and sportscaster (d. 2010) births
  1. Bob Feller
    
    Robert William Andrew Feller, nicknamed "the Heater from Van Meter", "Bullet Bob", and "Rapid Robert", was an American baseball pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians between 1936 and 1956. In a career spanning 570 games, Feller pitched 3,827 innings and posted a win–loss record of 266–162, with 279 complete games, 44 shutouts, and a 3.25 earned run average (ERA). His career 2,581 strikeouts were third all-time upon his retirement.
3. Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American general (d. 2007) births
  1. Elizabeth P. Hoisington
    
    Elizabeth Paschel Hoisington was a United States Army officer who was one of the first two women to attain the rank of brigadier general.
4. Russell B. Long, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 2003) births
  1. Russell B. Long
    
    Russell Billiu Long was an American Democratic politician and United States Senator from Louisiana from 1948 until 1987. Because of his seniority, he advanced to chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, serving for fifteen years, from 1966 to 1981, during the implementation of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty programs. Long also served as Assistant Majority Leader from 1965 to 1969.
5. Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Aleksandr Lyapunov
    
    Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov was a Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. His surname is variously romanized as Ljapunov, Liapunov, Liapounoff or Ljapunow. He was the son of the astronomer Mikhail Lyapunov and the brother of the pianist and composer Sergei Lyapunov.
1917
1. Annapurna Maharana, Indian activist (d. 2012) births
  1. Annapurna Maharana
    
    Annapurna Maharana was an India pro-independence activist active in the Indian independence movement. She was also a prominent social and women's rights activist. Maharana was a close ally of Mohandas Gandhi.
2. Léon Bloy, French author and poet (b. 1846) deaths
  1. Léon Bloy
    
    Léon Bloy was a French Catholic novelist, essayist, pamphleteer, and satirist, known additionally for his eventual defense of Catholicism and for his influence within French Catholic circles.
1915
1. Hal Jackson, American journalist and radio host (d. 2012) births
  1. Hal Jackson
    
    Harold Baron Jackson was an American disc jockey and radio personality who broke a number of color barriers in American radio broadcasting.
1914
1. Georg Trakl, Austrian-Polish pharmacist and poet (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Georg Trakl
    
    Georg Trakl was an Austrian poet and the brother of the pianist Grete Trakl. He is considered one of the most important Austrian Expressionists. He is perhaps best known for his poem "Grodek", which he wrote shortly before he died of a cocaine overdose.
1912
1. Alfredo Stroessner, Paraguayan general and politician, 46th President of Paraguay (d. 2006) births
  1. Alfredo Stroessner
    
    Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda was a Paraguayan army officer and politician who served as President of Paraguay from 15 August 1954 to 3 February 1989.
  2. President of Paraguay
    
    The president of Paraguay, officially known as the President of the Republic of Paraguay, is according to the Constitution of Paraguay the head of the executive branch of the Government of Paraguay, both head of state and head of government. His honorific title is Su Excelencia.
1911
1. Kick Smit, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 1974) births
  1. Kick Smit
    
    Johannes Chrishostomus "Kick" Smit was a Dutch football player. He earned 29 caps and scored 26 goals for the Netherlands national football team, and played in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups. He is the first Netherlands football player who scored a goal in a World Cup. During his club career, he played for HFC Haarlem.
1910
1. Karel Zeman, Czech director, animator, production designer, and screenwriter (d. 1989) births
  1. Karel Zeman
    
    Karel Zeman was a Czech film director, artist, production designer and animator, best known for directing fantasy films combining live-action footage with animation. Because of his creative use of special effects and animation in his films, he has often been called the "Czech Méliès".
1909
1. James Reston, Scottish-American journalist and author (d. 1995) births
  1. James Reston
    
    James Barrett Reston, nicknamed "Scotty", was an American journalist whose career spanned the mid-1930s to the early 1990s. He was associated for many years with The New York Times.
1908
1. Giovanni Leone, Italian lawyer and politician, 6th President of Italy (d. 2001) births
  1. Giovanni Leone
    
    Giovanni Leone was an Italian politician, jurist, and university professor. A founding member of the Christian Democracy (DC), Leone served as the President of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978. He also briefly served as Prime Minister of Italy from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968. He was also the president of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963.
  2. President of Italy
    
    The president of Italy, officially denoted as president of the Italian Republic is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity, and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Italian Armed Forces and chairs the High Council of the Judiciary. A president's term of office lasts for seven years. The incumbent president is former constitutional judge Sergio Mattarella, who was elected on 31 January 2015, and re-elected on 29 January 2022.
2. Bronko Nagurski, Canadian-American football player, wrestler, and coach (d. 1990) births
  1. Bronko Nagurski
    
    Bronislau "Bronko" Nagurski was a Canadian-born professional American football player in the National Football League (NFL), renowned for his strength and size. Nagurski was also a successful professional wrestler, recognized as a multiple-time World Heavyweight Champion.
1906
1. Julia Boyer Reinstein, American teacher and historian (d. 1998) births
  1. Julia Boyer Reinstein
    
    Julia Boyer Reinstein was an American teacher and historian who grew up in western New York and began her career teaching in Deadwood, South Dakota. After more than a decade of teaching, she became a founder of the Erie County Historical Federation and the first historian of Cheektowaga, New York. Committed to preserving the history of the area and educating citizens about their heritage, she and her husband were instrumental in donating properties for the establishment of a nature preserve, several libraries and to higher education. She was a subject of an anthropological study evaluating gender fluidity and the nature of being public about one's sexuality in the 1990s.
1905
1. Lois Mailou Jones, American painter and academic (d. 1998) births
  1. Lois Mailou Jones
    
    Lois Mailou Jones (1905-1998) was an artist and educator. Her work can be found in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Museum of Women in the Arts, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Muscarelle Museum of Art, and The Phillips Collection. She is often associated with the Harlem Renaissance.
1903
1. Walker Evans, American photographer and journalist (d. 1975) births
  1. Walker Evans
    
    Walker Evans was an American photographer and photojournalist best known for his work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA) documenting the effects of the Great Depression. Much of Evans' work from the FSA period uses the large-format, 8×10-inch (200×250 mm) view camera. He said that his goal as a photographer was to make pictures that are "literate, authoritative, transcendent".
1901
1. Leopold III of Belgium (d. 1983) births
  1. Leopold III of Belgium
    
    Leopold III was King of the Belgians from 23 February 1934 until his abdication on 16 July 1951. At the outbreak of World War II, Leopold tried to maintain Belgian neutrality, but after the German invasion in May 1940, he surrendered his country, earning him much hostility, both at home and abroad.
2. André Malraux, French historian, theorist, and author (d. 1976) births
  1. André Malraux
    
    Georges André Malraux was a French novelist, art theorist, and minister of cultural affairs. Malraux's novel La Condition Humaine (1933) won the Prix Goncourt. He was appointed by President Charles de Gaulle as information minister (1945–46) and subsequently as France's first cultural affairs minister during de Gaulle's presidency (1959–1969).
3. Lionel Hitchman, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1969) births
  1. Lionel Hitchman
    
    Frederick Lionel Hitchman was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League for the Ottawa Senators and Boston Bruins.
1900
1. Adolf Dassler, German businessman, founded Adidas (d. 1978) births
  1. Adolf Dassler
    
    Adolf "Adi" Dassler was a German cobbler, inventor and entrepreneur who founded the German sportswear company Adidas. He was also the younger brother of Rudolf Dassler, founder of Puma. Dassler was an innovator in athletic shoe design and one of the early promoters who obtained endorsements from athletes to drive sale of his products. As a result of his concepts, Adi Dassler built the largest manufacturer of sportswear and equipment. At the time of his death, Adidas had 17 factories and annual sales of one billion marks.
  2. Adidas
    
    Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation, founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, that designs and manufactures shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second largest in the world, after Nike. It is the holding company for the Adidas Group, which consists 8.33% stake of the football club Bayern München, and Runtastic, an Austrian fitness technology company. Adidas's revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion.
2. Carrie Steele Logan, American philanthropist, founder of the oldest black orphanage in the United States (b. ~1829) deaths
  1. Carrie Steele Logan
    
    Carrie Steele Logan was an American philanthropist, founder of the oldest black orphanage in the United States. The home, The Colored Orphanage of Atlanta, was officially dedicated on June 20, 1892.
  2. Philanthropy
    
    Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives, for the public good, focusing on quality of life". Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing on material gain; and with government endeavors, which are public initiatives for public good, notably focusing on provision of public services. A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist.
  3. Orphanage
    
    An orphanage is a residential institution, total institution or group home, devoted to the care of orphans and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parents may be deceased, absent, or abusive. There may be substance abuse or mental illness in the biological home, or the parent may simply be unwilling to care for the child. The legal responsibility for the support of abandoned children differs from country to country, and within countries. Government-run orphanages have been phased out in most developed countries during the latter half of the 20th century but continue to operate in many other regions internationally. It is now generally accepted that orphanages are detrimental to the emotional wellbeing of children, and government support goes instead towards supporting the family unit.
1899
1. Ralph Greenleaf, American billiards player (d. 1950) births
  1. Ralph Greenleaf
    
    Ralph Greenleaf was an American professional pool and carom billiards player. He was a 19 time World Pocket Billiards Champion, who dominated the sport during his heyday.
2. Rezső Seress, Hungarian pianist and composer (d. 1968) births
  1. Rezső Seress
    
    Rezső Seress was a Hungarian pianist and composer. Some sources give his birth name as Rudolf ("Rudi") Spitzer.
3. Gleb Wataghin, Ukrainian-Italian physicist and academic (d. 1986) births
  1. Gleb Wataghin
    
    Gleb Vassielievich Wataghin was a Russian-Italian theoretical and experimental physicist and a great scientific leader who gave a great impulse to the teaching and research on physics in two continents: in the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and in the University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
1896
1. Gustaf Tenggren, Swedish-American illustrator and animator (d. 1970) births
  1. Gustaf Tenggren
    
    Gustaf Adolf Tenggren was a Swedish-American illustrator. He is known for his Arthur Rackham-influenced fairy-tale style and use of silhouetted figures with caricatured faces. Tenggren was a chief illustrator for The Walt Disney Company in the late 1930s, in what has been called the Golden Age of American animation, when animated feature films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Bambi and Pinocchio were produced.
1894
1. William George Barker, Canadian pilot and colonel, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1930) births
  1. William George Barker
    
    William George Barker, was a Canadian First World War fighter ace and Victoria Cross recipient. He is the most decorated serviceman in the history of Canada.
  2. Victoria Cross
    
    The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest and most prestigious award of the British honours system. It is awarded for valour "in the presence of the enemy" to members of the British Armed Forces and may be awarded posthumously. It was previously awarded by countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any military rank in any service and to civilians under military command. No civilian has received the award since 1879. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857, two-thirds of all awards have been personally presented by the British monarch. The investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace.
2. Sofoklis Venizelos, Greek captain and politician, 133rd Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1964) births
  1. Sofoklis Venizelos
    
    Sofoklis Venizelos was a Greek politician, who three times served as Prime Minister of Greece – in 1944, 1950 and 1950–1951.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
1891
1. Louis Lucien Bonaparte, English-Italian philologist and politician (b. 1813) deaths
  1. Louis Lucien Bonaparte
    
    Louis Lucien Bonaparte was a French philologist. The third son of Napoleon's second surviving brother, Lucien Bonaparte, he spent much of his life outside France for political reasons. After a brief political career, he focused on his academic work, which particularly centered on the Basque language and the Celtic languages.
1890
1. Harry Stephen Keeler, American author (d. 1967) births
  1. Harry Stephen Keeler
    
    Harry Stephen Keeler was a prolific but little-known American fiction writer, who developed a cult following for his eccentric mysteries. He also wrote science fiction.
2. Eustáquio van Lieshout, Dutch-Brazilian priest and missionary (d. 1943) births
  1. Eustáquio van Lieshout
    
    Eustáquio van Lieshout was a Dutch missionary in Brazil, and a religious and priest of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.
3. Ulrich Ochsenbein, Swiss lawyer and politician, 1st President of the Swiss National Council (b. 1811) deaths
  1. Ulrich Ochsenbein
    
    Ulrich Ochsenbein was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1848–1854).
  2. List of presidents of the National Council of Switzerland
    
    The President of the National Council of Switzerland presides over the National Council and Federal Assembly. The National Council President is often colloquially referred to as the "highest Swiss person", as the highest ranking person subject to the people's vote. However, this is an honorary title and the president is not the head of state. The head of state is the Federal Council). In the official order of precedence, she or he ranks behind the members of the Federal Council, but ahead of the President of the Swiss Council of States.
1887
1. Samuil Marshak, Russian author and poet (d. 1964) births
  1. Samuil Marshak
    
    Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak was a Russian and Soviet writer of Jewish origin, translator and poet who wrote for both children and adults. He translated the sonnets and some other of the works of William Shakespeare, English poetry, and poetry from other languages. Maxim Gorky proclaimed Marshak to be "the founder of Russia's (Soviet) children's literature".
2. Eileen Hendriks, British geologist (d. 1978) births
  1. Eileen Hendriks
    
    Eileen Mary Lind Hendriks (1887–1978) was a geologist specialising in the geology of Devon and Cornwall. In 1930, she attempted to become the first female geologist employed by the Geological Survey of Great Britain, but her application was unsuccessful.
1884
1. Joseph William Martin, Jr., American publisher and politician, 49th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1968) births
  1. Joseph W. Martin Jr.
    
    Joseph William Martin Jr. was an American Republican politician who served as the 44th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1947 to 1949 and 1953 to 1955. He represented a House district centered on his hometown of North Attleborough, Massachusetts from 1925 to 1967 and was the leader of House Republicans from 1939 until 1959, when he was ousted from leadership after the party's disastrous losses in the 1958 elections. He was the only Republican to serve as Speaker in a sixty-four year period from 1931 to 1995. He was a "compassionate conservative" who opposed the New Deal and supported the conservative coalition of Republicans and southern Democrats.
  2. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
    
    The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House and is simultaneously its presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Nor does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.
1882
1. Yakub Kolas, Belarusian writer (d. 1956) births
  1. Yakub Kolas
    
    Yakub Kolas, real name Kanstantsin Mikhailovich Mitskievich was a Belarusian writer, People's Poet of the Byelorussian SSR (1926), member (1928) and vice-president of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences.
1878
1. Bangalore Nagarathnamma, Indian Carnatic singer and activist (d. 1952) births
  1. Bangalore Nagarathnamma
    
    Bangalore Nagarathnamma was an Indian carnatic singer, cultural activist, scholar, and courtesan. A descendant of courtesans, she was also a patron of the arts and a historian. Nagarathnamma built a temple over the samadhi of the Carnatic singer Tyagaraja at Thiruvaiyaru and helped establish the Tyagaraja Aradhana festival in his memory. Within a male dominated festival, she was the feminist aggressive enough to ensure that women artists were given equality to participate in it. She "was among the last practitioners of the devadasi tradition in India," and the first president of the Association of the Devadasis of Madras Presidency. She also edited and published books on poetry and anthologies.
  2. Carnatic music
    
    Carnatic music, known as Karnāṭaka saṃgīta or Karnāṭaka saṅgītam in the South Indian languages, is a system of music commonly associated with South India, including the modern Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and Sri Lanka. It is one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu Texts and traditions, particularly the Samaveda. The other subgenre being Hindustani music, which emerged as a distinct form because of Persian or Islamic influences from Northern India. The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in gāyaki (singing) style.
1877
1. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, Chilean general and politician, 20th President of Chile (d. 1960) births
  1. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
    
    General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo was a Chilean Army officer and political figure. He served as President twice, first between 1927 and 1931, and then from 1952 to 1958, serving for 10 years in office.
  2. President of Chile
    
    The president of Chile, officially known as the President of the Republic of Chile, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Chile. The president is responsible for both the Government of Chile and state administration. Although its role and significance has changed over the history of Chile, as well as its position and relations with other actors in the national political organization, it is one of the most prominent political offices. It is also considered one of the institutions that make up the "Historic Constitution of Chile", and is essential to the country's political stability.
1876
1. Stephen Alencastre, American bishop and missionary (d. 1940) births
  1. Stephen Alencastre
    
    Bishop Stephen Peter Alencastre, SS.CC. was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the fifth and last Vicar Apostolic of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. He was also an apparent titular bishop of Arabissus.
1875
1. Emīls Dārziņš, Latvian composer and conductor (d. 1910) births
  1. Emīls Dārziņš
    
    Emīls Dārziņš was a Latvian composer, conductor and music critic. Dārziņš' work bears a distinct romantic character, with a strong trend towards national themes. His main musical authorities and influences were Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Jean Sibelius. Dārziņš musical contribution is mainly to vocal music, but he also composed orchestral music, though only one piece, "Melanholiskais valsis" has survived. His only opera, "Rožainās dienas", remained unfinished after his early death at the age of 34.
1871
1. Albert Goldthorpe, English rugby player and manager (d. 1943) births
  1. Albert Goldthorpe
    
    Albert Edward Goldthorpe was an English rugby footballer from the period around 1895's schism in English rugby, which led to the formation of rugby league football around the turn of the century.
1869
1. Andreas Kalvos, Greek poet and playwright (b. 1792) deaths
  1. Andreas Kalvos
    
    Andreas Kalvos was a Greek poet of the Romantic school. He published five volumes of poetry and drama - Canzone... (1811), Le Danaidi (1818), Elpis patridos (1818), Lyra (1824) and New odes (1826). He was a contemporary of the poets Ugo Foscolo and Dionysios Solomos. He was among the representatives of the Heptanese School of literature. No portrait of him is known to exist.
1866
1. Harry Staley, American baseball player (d. 1910) births
  1. Harry Staley
    
    Henry Eli Staley was an American professional baseball player who pitched in the major leagues from 1888 to 1895. He played for the Boston Beaneaters, Pittsburgh Alleghenys/Pirates, Pittsburgh Burghers, and St. Louis Browns. On June 1, 1893, in a game against the Louisville Colonels, Staley had nine runs batted in, a record for most RBIs in a game by a pitcher. The record stood for over 70 years until equaled by Atlanta Braves pitcher Tony Cloninger in 1966.
1863
1. Alfred Perot, French physicist and academic (d. 1925) births
  1. Alfred Perot
    
    Jean-Baptiste Alfred Perot was a French physicist.
1862
1. Henry George, Jr., American journalist and politician (d. 1916) births
  1. Henry George Jr.
    
    Henry George Jr. was an American newspaperman who served two terms as a United States representative from New York from 1911 to 1915.
1858
1. Harriet Taylor Mill, English philosopher and author (b. 1807) deaths
  1. Harriet Taylor Mill
    
    Harriet Taylor Mill was a British philosopher and women's rights advocate. Her extant corpus of writing can be found in The Complete Works of Harriet Taylor Mill. Several pieces can also be found in The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, especially volume XXI.
1857
1. Mikhail Alekseyev, Russian general (d. 1918) births
  1. Mikhail Alekseyev
    
    Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseyev was an Imperial Russian Army general during World War I and the Russian Civil War. Between 1915 and 1917 he served as Tsar Nicholas II's Chief of Staff of the Stavka, and after the February Revolution, was its commander-in-chief under the Russian Provisional Government from March to May 1917. He later played a principal role in founding the Volunteer Army in the Russian Civil War and died in 1918 of heart failure while fighting the Bolsheviks in the Volga region.
1856
1. Jim McCormick, Scottish-American baseball player and manager (d. 1918) births
  1. Jim McCormick (pitcher)
    
    James McCormick was a Scottish right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. A native of Glasgow, he was the first ballplayer born in Scotland to appear in a major league game.
1854
1. Carlo Fornasini, Italian micropalaeontologist (d. 1931) births
  1. Carlo Fornasini
    
    Cavaliere dottore Carlo Fornasini was an Italian micropalaeontologist who specialised in Foraminifera ('forams'). He was a pioneer in using fossil forams to sequence marine sedimentary deposits by their relative dates; a technique called biostratigraphy.
1852
1. Emperor Meiji of Japan (d. 1912) births
  1. Emperor Meiji
    
    Emperor Meiji , also called Meiji the Great or Meiji the Holy Emperor , was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession. Reigning from 13 February 1867 to his death, he was the first monarch of the Empire of Japan and presided over the Meiji era. He was the figurehead of the Meiji Restoration, a series of rapid changes that witnessed Japan's transformation from an isolationist, feudal state to an industrialized world power.
1850
1. William E. Shannon, Irish-born American politician (b. 1821/1822) deaths
  1. William E. Shannon
    
    William E. Shannon was an American politician.
1845
1. Edward Douglass White, American lawyer, jurist, and politician, 9th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1921) births
  1. Edward Douglass White
    
    Edward Douglass White Jr. was an American politician and jurist from Louisiana. White was a U.S. Supreme Court justice for 27 years, first as an associate justice from 1894 to 1910, then as the ninth chief justice from 1910 until his death in 1921. White is known for formulating the Rule of Reason standard of antitrust law.
  2. Chief Justice of the United States
    
    The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint "Judges of the supreme Court", who serve until they resign, retire, are impeached and convicted, or die. The existence of a chief justice is explicit in Article One, Section 3, Clause 6 which states that the chief justice shall preside on the impeachment trial of the president.
1816
1. Jubal Early, American general and lawyer (d. 1894) births
  1. Jubal Early
    
    Jubal Anderson Early was a Virginia lawyer and politician who became a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Trained at the United States Military Academy, Early resigned his U.S. Army commission after the Second Seminole War and his Virginia military commission after the Mexican–American War, in both cases to practice law and participate in politics. Accepting a Virginia and later Confederate military commission as the American Civil War began, Early fought in the Eastern Theater throughout the conflict. He commanded a division under Generals Stonewall Jackson and Richard Ewell, and later commanded a corps. A key Confederate defender of the Shenandoah Valley, during the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Early made daring raids to the outskirts of Washington, D.C., and as far as York, Pennsylvania, but was crushed by Union forces under General Philip Sheridan, losing over half his forces and leading to the destruction of much of the South's food supply. After the war, Early fled to Mexico, then Cuba and Canada, and upon returning to the United States took pride as an "unrepentant rebel." Particularly after the death of Gen. Robert E. Lee in 1870, Early delivered speeches establishing the Lost Cause position. Early helped found the Southern Historical Society and memorial associations.
2. Calvin Fairbank, American minister and activist (d. 1898) births
  1. Calvin Fairbank
    
    Calvin Fairbank was an American abolitionist and Methodist minister from New York state who was twice convicted in Kentucky of aiding the escape of slaves, and served a total of 19 years in the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Frankfort. Fairbank is believed to have aided the escape of 47 slaves.
1815
1. John Mitchel, Irish journalist and activist (d. 1875) births
  1. John Mitchel
    
    John Mitchel was an Irish nationalist activist, author, and political journalist. In the Famine years of the 1840s he was a leading writer for The Nation newspaper produced by the Young Ireland group and their splinter from Daniel O'Connell's Repeal Association, the Irish Confederation. As editor of his own paper, the United Irishman, in 1848 Mitchel was sentenced to 14-years penal transportation, the penalty for his advocacy of James Fintan Lalor's programme of co-ordinated resistance to exactions of landlords and to the continued shipment of harvests to England.
1801
1. Karl Baedeker, German author and publisher, founded the Baedeker Publishing Company (d. 1859) births
  1. Karl Baedeker
    
    Karl Ludwig Johannes Baedeker was a German publisher whose company, Baedeker, set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists.
  2. Baedeker
    
    Verlag Karl Baedeker, founded by Karl Baedeker on July 1, 1827, is a German publisher and pioneer in the business of worldwide travel guides. The guides, often referred to simply as "Baedekers", contain, among other things, maps and introductions; information about routes and travel facilities; and descriptions of noteworthy buildings, sights, attractions and museums, written by specialists.
2. Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835) births
  1. Vincenzo Bellini
    
    Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini was a Sicilian opera composer, who was known for his long-flowing melodic lines for which he was named "the Swan of Catania". Many years later, in 1898, Giuseppe Verdi "praised the broad curves of Bellini's melody: 'there are extremely long melodies as no-one else had ever made before'."
1799
1. William Sprague III, American lawyer and politician, 14th Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1856) births
  1. William Sprague III
    
    William Sprague, also known as William III or William Sprague III, was a politician and industrialist from the U.S. state of Rhode Island, serving as the 14th Governor, a U.S. Representative and a U.S. Senator. He was the uncle of William Sprague IV, also a Governor and Senator from Rhode Island.
  2. List of governors of Rhode Island
    
    The governor of Rhode Island is the head of government of Rhode Island and serves as commander-in-chief of the state's Army National Guard and Air National Guard. The current governor is Dan McKee. John W. Davis, Herbert W. Ladd, and Aram J. Pothier each served two non-consecutive stints, while James Fenner served three non-consecutive stints as governor.
1794
1. William Cullen Bryant, American poet and journalist (d. 1878) births
  1. William Cullen Bryant
    
    William Cullen Bryant was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post. Born in Massachusetts, he started his career as a lawyer but showed an interest in poetry early in his life. He soon relocated to New York and took up work as an editor at various newspapers. He became one of the most significant poets in early literary America and has been grouped among the fireside poets for his accessible, popular poetry.
2. François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal and diplomat (b. 1715) deaths
  1. François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis
    
    François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, comte de Lyonnais was a French cardinal and diplomat. He was the sixth member elected to occupy Seat 3 of the Académie française in 1744. Bernis was one of the most prominent figures in the autobiography of Giacomo Casanova Histoire de ma vie starting from the chapter on "Convent Affairs".
1793
1. Stephen F. Austin, American businessman and politician (d. 1836) births
  1. Stephen F. Austin
    
    Stephen Fuller Austin was an American-born empresario. Known as the "Father of Texas" and the founder of Anglo Texas, he led the second and, ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families and their slaves from the United States to the Tejas region in 1825.
2. Olympe de Gouges, French playwright and activist (b. 1748) deaths
  1. Olympe de Gouges
    
    Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate against the slave trade in the French colonies in 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her association with the Girondists.
1787
1. Robert Lowth, English bishop and academic (b. 1710) deaths
  1. Robert Lowth
    
    Robert Lowth was a Bishop of the Church of England, Oxford Professor of Poetry and the author of one of the most influential textbooks of English grammar.
1777
1. Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom (d. 1848) births
  1. Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
    
    Princess Sophia Matilda of the United Kingdom was the twelfth child and fifth daughter of King George III and Queen Charlotte. Sophia is perhaps best known for the rumours surrounding a supposed illegitimate child to whom she gave birth as a young woman.
1757
1. Robert Smith, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 6th United States Secretary of State (d. 1842) births
  1. Robert Smith (Cabinet member)
    
    Robert Smith was an American politician. He served as the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
1749
1. Daniel Rutherford, Scottish chemist and physician (d. 1819) births
  1. Daniel Rutherford
    
    Daniel Rutherford was a Scottish physician, chemist and botanist who is known for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772.
1711
1. John Ernest Grabe, German theologian and academic (b. 1666) deaths
  1. John Ernest Grabe
    
    John Ernest Grabe, Anglican divine, was born at Königsberg, where his father, Martin Sylvester Grabe, was professor of theology and history.
1689
1. Jan Josef Ignác Brentner, Czech composer (d. 1742) births
  1. Jan Josef Ignác Brentner
    
    Jan Josef Ignác Brentner, was a Bohemian composer of the Baroque era.
1676
1. Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, Ottoman soldier and politician, 110th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1635) deaths
  1. Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
    
    Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha was an Ottoman nobleman and statesman, who was a member of the renowned Köprülü family of Albanian origin, which produced six grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire.
  2. List of Ottoman grand viziers
    
    The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
1659
1. Hui-bin Jang, Royal consort (d. 1701) births
  1. Royal Noble Consort Huibin Jang
    
    Royal Noble Consort Hui of the Indong Jang clan, personal name Jang Ok-jeong, was a consort of King Sukjong of Joseon and the mother of King Gyeongjong. She was the Queen of Joseon from 1689 until her deposition, in 1694.
1656
1. Georg Reutter, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1738) births
  1. Georg Reutter
    
    Georg Reutter was an Austrian organist, theorbo player, and composer.
1643
1. John Bainbridge, English astronomer and academic (b. 1582) deaths
  1. John Bainbridge (astronomer)
    
    John Bainbridge was an English astronomer and mathematician.
2. Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (b. 1577) deaths
  1. Paul Guldin
    
    Paul Guldin was a Swiss Jesuit mathematician and astronomer. He discovered the Guldinus theorem to determine the surface and the volume of a solid of revolution. Guldin was noted for his association with the German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler. Guldin composed a critique of Cavalieri's method of Indivisibles.
1639
1. Martin de Porres, Peruvian saint (b. 1579) deaths
  1. Martin de Porres
    
    Martín de Porres Velázquez was a Peruvian lay brother of the Dominican Order who was beatified in 1837 by Pope Gregory XVI and canonized in 1962 by Pope John XXIII. He is the patron saint of mixed-race people, barbers, innkeepers, public health workers, and all those seeking racial harmony.
1618
1. Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor of India (d. 1707) births
  1. Aurangzeb
    
    Muhi al-Din Muhammad, commonly known as Aurangzeb and by his regnal title Alamgir, was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire, ruling from July 1658 until his death in 1707. Under his emperorship, the Mughals reached their greatest extent with their territory spanning nearly the entirety of South Asia.
  2. Mughal emperors
    
    The Mughal emperors were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughal rulers styled themselves as "padishah", a title usually translated from Persian as "emperor". They began to rule parts of India from 1526, and by 1707 ruled most of the sub-continent. After that they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
1604
1. Osman II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1622) births
  1. Osman II
    
    Osman II, also known as Osman the Young, was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 26 February 1618 until his regicide on 20 May 1622.
1600
1. Richard Hooker, English priest and theologian (b. 1554) deaths
  1. Richard Hooker
    
    Richard Hooker was an English priest in the Church of England and an influential theologian. He was one of the most important English theologians of the sixteenth century. His defence of the role of redeemed reason informed the theology of the seventeenth-century Caroline Divines and later provided many members of the Church of England with a theological method which combined the claims of revelation, reason and tradition.
1599
1. Andrew Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (b. c. 1563) deaths
  1. Andrew Báthory
    
    Andrew Báthory was the Cardinal-deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro from 1584 to 1599, Prince-Bishop of Warmia from 1589 to 1599, and Prince of Transylvania in 1599. His father was a brother of Stephen Báthory, who ruled the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1575. He was the childless Stephen Báthory's favorite nephew. He went to Poland at his uncle's invitation in 1578 and studied at the Jesuit college in Pułtusk. He became canon in the Chapter of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Warmia in 1581, and provost of the Monastery of Miechów in 1583.
1587
1. Samuel Scheidt, German organist, composer, and educator (d. 1654) births
  1. Samuel Scheidt
    
    Samuel Scheidt was a German composer, organist and teacher of the early Baroque era.
1584
1. Charles Borromeo, Italian cardinal and saint (b. 1538) deaths
  1. Charles Borromeo
    
    Charles Borromeo was the Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584 and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was a leading figure of the Counter-Reformation combat against the Protestant Reformation together with Ignatius of Loyola and Philip Neri. In that role he was responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church, including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests. He is honoured as a saint by the Catholic Church, with a feast day on 4 November.
1580
1. Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, Spanish historian and author (b. 1512) deaths
  1. Jerónimo Zurita y Castro
    
    Jerónimo de Zurita y Castro or simply Jerónimo de Zurita was a Spanish historian of the sixteenth century who founded the modern tradition of historical scholarship in Spain.
1560
1. Annibale Carracci, Italian painter and illustrator (d. 1609) births
  1. Annibale Carracci
    
    Annibale Carracci was an Italian painter and instructor, active in Bologna and later in Rome. Along with his brother and cousin, Annibale was one of the progenitors, if not founders of a leading strand of the Baroque style, borrowing from styles from both north and south of their native city, and aspiring for a return to classical monumentality, but adding a more vital dynamism. Painters working under Annibale at the gallery of the Palazzo Farnese would be highly influential in Roman painting for decades.
1527
1. Tilemann Heshusius, Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (d. 1588) births
  1. Tilemann Heshusius
    
    Tilemann Heshusius was a Gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer.
1505
1. Achilles Gasser, German physician and astrologer (d. 1577) births
  1. Achilles Gasser
    
    Achilles Pirmin Gasser was a German physician and astrologer. He is now known as a well-connected humanistic scholar, and supporter of both Copernicus and Rheticus.
1500
1. Benvenuto Cellini, Italian sculptor and painter (d. 1571) births
  1. Benvenuto Cellini
    
    Benvenuto Cellini was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, and author. His best-known extant works include the Cellini Salt Cellar, the sculpture of Perseus with the Head of Medusa, and his autobiography, which has been described as "one of the most important documents of the 16th century."
1456
1. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, father of King Henry VII of England (b. 1431) deaths
  1. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond
    
    Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, was the father of King Henry VII of England and a member of the Tudor family of Penmynydd, North Wales. Born to Owen Tudor and the dowager queen Catherine of Valois, Edmund was half-brother to Henry VI of England. Edmund was raised for several years by Katherine de la Pole and Henry took an interest in Edmund's upbringing, granting him a title and lands once he came of age. Both Edmund and his brother, Jasper, were made advisers to the King, as they were his closest remaining blood relatives.
  2. Henry VII of England
    
    Henry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
1428
1. Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English general and politician (b. 1388) deaths
  1. Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury
    
    Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury, KG of Bisham in Berkshire, was an English nobleman and one of the most important English commanders during the Hundred Years' War.
1373
1. Jeanne de Valois, Queen of Navarre (b. 1343) deaths
  1. Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre
    
    Joan of France, also known as Joan or Joanna of Valois, was Queen of Navarre by marriage to Charles II of Navarre. She was the daughter of John II of France, and Bonne of Luxembourg. She served as regent of Navarre during the absence of Charles II between 1369 and 1372.
1324
1. Petronilla de Meath, Irish suspected witch (b. c. 1300) deaths
  1. Petronilla de Meath
    
    Petronilla de Meath was the maidservant of Dame Alice Kyteler, a Hiberno-Norman noblewoman who lived in Ireland in what is now County Kilkenny. After the death of Kyteler's fourth husband, Kyteler was accused of practicing witchcraft and Petronilla was charged with being one of her accomplices. Petronilla was tortured and forced to proclaim that she and Kyteler were guilty of witchcraft. Kyteler fled to save her life, and Petronilla was then flogged and eventually burnt at the stake on 3 November 1324, in Kilkenny. Hers was the first known case in Ireland or Great Britain of death by fire for the crime of heresy.
1254
1. John III Doukas Vatatzes, Byzantine emperor (b. 1193) deaths
  1. John III Doukas Vatatzes
    
    John III Doukas Vatatzes, Latinized as Ducas Vatatzes, was Emperor of Nicaea from 1221 to 1254. He was succeeded by his son, known as Theodore II Laskaris.
1220
1. Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal, spouse of King Afonso II of Portugal (b. 1186) deaths
  1. Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal
    
    Urraca of Castile was a daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England. Her maternal grandparents were Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  2. Afonso II of Portugal
    
    Afonso II, nicknamed the Fat or the Leper, was the third king of Portugal and the second but eldest surviving son of Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce of Aragon. Afonso succeeded his father on 27 March 1211.
1219
1. Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, English baron and rebel (b. c. 1170) deaths
  1. Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester
    
    Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against John, King of England, and a major figure in both the kingdoms of Scotland and England in the decades around the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
753
1. Saint Pirmin, Spanish-German monk and saint (b. 700) deaths
  1. Saint Pirmin
    
    Saint Pirmin, was a Merovingian-era monk and missionary. He founded or restored numerous monasteries in Alemannia (Swabia), especially in the Alsace, along the Upper Rhine and in the Lake Constance region.
361
1. Constantius II, Roman emperor (b. 317) deaths
  1. Constantius II
    
    Constantius II was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues, and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death.
39
1. Lucan, Roman poet (d. 65) births
  1. AD 39
    
    AD 39 (XXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesianus. The denomination AD 39 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Lucan
    
    Marcus Annaeus Lucanus, better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman poet, born in Corduba, in Hispania Baetica. He is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of the Imperial Latin period, known in particular for his epic Pharsalia. His youth and speed of composition set him apart from other poets.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Acepsimas of Hnaita and companions (Greek Orthodox Church)
1. Acepsimas of Hnaita
  
  Acepsimas of Hnaita was a bishop, martyr and saint.
2. Greek Orthodox Church
  
  The term Greek Orthodox Church has two meanings. The broader meaning designates "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity, sometimes also called 'Eastern Orthodox,' 'Greek Catholic,' or generally 'the Greek Church'". The narrower meaning designates "any of several independent churches within the worldwide communion of [Eastern] Orthodox Christianity that retain the use of the Greek language in formal ecclesiastical settings".
Christian feast day: Clydog
1. Clydog
  
  Clydog was a sixth-century Welsh king of Ergyng who became a saint. His feast day is traditionally held on 3 November but is also celebrated on 19 August.
Christian feast day: Cristiolus
1. Cristiolus
  
  Cristiolus was a Welsh saint who lived in the 6th century.
Christian feast day: Elias I of Antioch (Syriac Orthodox Church)
1. Elias I of Antioch
  
  Elias I of Antioch was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 709 until his death in 723. He is commemorated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church in the Martyrology of Rabban Sliba, and his feast day is 3 November.
2. Syriac Orthodox Church
  
  The Syriac Orthodox Church, officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, and informally as the Jacobite Church, is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch. The bishop of Antioch, known as the patriarch, heads the church, claiming apostolic succession through Saint Peter in the c. 1st century, according to sacred tradition. The church upholds Miaphysite doctrine in Christology, and employs the Divine Liturgy of Saint James, associated with James, the brother of Jesus. Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church.
Christian feast day: Ermengol (Hermengaudius)
1. Saint Ermengol
  
  Saint Ermengol or Hermengaudius was the bishop of Urgell from 1010.
Christian feast day: Gaudiosus of Tarazona
1. Gaudiosus of Tarazona
  
  Saint Gaudiosus was the Bishop of Tarazona (Turiasso), Spain.
Christian feast day: Gwenhael
1. Gwenhael
  
  Saint Gwenhael was a Breton saint of the 6th century, born at Ergué-Gabéric (Finistère), the second abbot of Landévennec Abbey, successor in 532 to the founder, Saint Winwaloe (Gwenole). According to tradition, Winwaloe met Gwenaël in a street in Quimper when he was eleven, and was so convinced of his gifts that he at once obtained permission from Gwenaël's parents for him to study under his direction. The feast of Saint Gwenaël is 3 November. His Vita was written in the 9th century.
Christian feast day: Hubertus
1. Hubertus
  
  Hubertus or Hubert was a Christian saint who became the first bishop of Liège in 708 A.D. He is the patron saint of hunters, mathematicians, opticians and metalworkers. Known as the "Apostle of the Ardennes", he was called upon, until the early 20th century, to cure rabies through the use of the traditional Saint Hubert's Key.
Christian feast day: Libertine
1. Saint Libertine
  
  Saint Libertine is venerated as a Christian martyr and as the first bishop of Agrigento, in Sicily.
Christian feast day: Malachy O' More
1. Saint Malachy
  
  Malachy is an Irish saint who was Archbishop of Armagh, to whom were attributed several miracles and an alleged vision of 112 popes later attributed to the apocryphal Prophecy of the Popes.
Christian feast day: Blessed Manuel Lozano Garrido
1. Beatification
  
  Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. Beati is the plural form, referring to those who have undergone the process of beatification; they possess the title of "Blessed" before their names and are often referred to in English as "a Blessed" or, plurally, "Blesseds".
2. Manuel Lozano Garrido
  
  Blessed Manuel Lozano Garrido was a Spanish Roman Catholic journalist and author. He was nicknamed "Lolo". On 12 June 2010 he was beatified. He remains as a patron of journalists.
Christian feast day: Martin de Porres
1. Martin de Porres
  
  Martín de Porres Velázquez was a Peruvian lay brother of the Dominican Order who was beatified in 1837 by Pope Gregory XVI and canonized in 1962 by Pope John XXIII. He is the patron saint of mixed-race people, barbers, innkeepers, public health workers, and all those seeking racial harmony.
Christian feast day: Papulus
1. Papulus
  
  Saint Papulus was, according to Christian tradition, a priest who worked with Saturninus of Toulouse to evangelize southern Gaul. Papulus is considered an evangelist of the Lauragais.
Christian feast day: Pirmin
1. Saint Pirmin
  
  Saint Pirmin, was a Merovingian-era monk and missionary. He founded or restored numerous monasteries in Alemannia (Swabia), especially in the Alsace, along the Upper Rhine and in the Lake Constance region.
Christian feast day: Richard Hooker (Anglican Communion)
1. Richard Hooker
  
  Richard Hooker was an English priest in the Church of England and an influential theologian. He was one of the most important English theologians of the sixteenth century. His defence of the role of redeemed reason informed the theology of the seventeenth-century Caroline Divines and later provided many members of the Church of England with a theological method which combined the claims of revelation, reason and tradition.
2. Anglican Communion
  
  The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Founded in 1867 in London, the communion has more than 85 million members within the Church of England and other autocephalous national and regional churches in full communion. The traditional origins of Anglican doctrine are summarised in the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). The Archbishop of Canterbury in England acts as a focus of unity, recognised as primus inter parescode: lat promoted to code: la , but does not exercise authority in Anglican provinces outside of the Church of England. Most, but not all, member churches of the communion are the historic national or regional Anglican churches.
Christian feast day: Rumwold of Buckingham
1. Rumwold of Buckingham
  
  Rumwold was a medieval infant saint in England, said to have lived for three days in 662. He is said to have been full of Christian piety despite his young age, and able to speak from the moment of his birth, professing his faith, requesting baptism, and delivering a sermon prior to his early death. Several churches were dedicated to him, of which at least four survive.
Christian feast day: Blessed Rupert Mayer
1. Rupert Mayer
  
  Rupert Mayer was a German Jesuit priest and a leading figure of the Catholic resistance to Nazism in Munich. In 1987, he was beatified by Pope John Paul II.
Christian feast day: Silvia
1. Saint Silvia
  
  Silvia, or Sylvia, was the mother of Gregory the Great. She is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church, which names her a patroness of pregnant women.
Christian feast day: Winifred
1. Saint Winifred
  
  Saint Winifred was a Welsh virgin martyr of the 7th century. Her story was celebrated as early as the 8th century, but became popular in England in the 12th, when her hagiography was first written down.
Christian feast day: November 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. November 3 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  November 2 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - November 4
Culture Day (Japan)
1. Culture Day
  
  Culture Day is a public holiday in Japan held annually on November 3 for the purpose of promoting culture, the arts, and academic endeavor. Festivities typically include art exhibitions, parades, and award ceremonies for distinguished artists and scholars.
2. Japanese calendar
  
  Japanese calendar types have included a range of official and unofficial systems. At present, Japan uses the Gregorian calendar together with year designations stating the year of the reign of the current Emperor. The written form starts with the year, then the month and finally the day, coinciding with the ISO 8601 standard. For example, February 16, 2003 can be written as either 2003年2月16日 or 平成15年2月16日. 年 reads nen and means "year", 月 reads gatsu or 「がつ」and means "month" and finally 日 (usually) reads nichi and means "day".
Flag Day (United Arab Emirates)
1. Flag Day (United Arab Emirates)
  
  The United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) Flag Day is a national occasion where people of the UAE remember the efforts of the founders of their State, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid, and their brothers who sacrificed everything for the sake of their nation. It is a day when the national spirit is renewed, and an occasion to reflect on the achievements of the era of the late President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
Independence Day / Separation Day, celebrates the separation and independence of Panama from Colombia in 1903.
1. Public holidays in Panama
  
  This article is about public holidays in Panama.
2. Panama
  
  Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.
3. Colombia
  
  Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with an insular region in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Panama to the northwest. Colombia comprises 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), with a population of 50 million. Colombia's cultural heritage reflects influences by various Amerindian civilizations, European settlement, enslaved Africans, as well as immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Spanish is the nation's official language, besides which over 70 languages are spoken.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Dominica from the United Kingdom in 1978.
1. Public holidays in Dominica
  
  This is a list of public holidays in Dominica.
2. Dominica
  
  Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. Dominica's closest neighbours are two constituent territories of the European Union, the overseas departments of France, Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Dominica comprises a land area of 750 km2 (290 sq mi), and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m (4,747 ft) in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of the Federated States of Micronesia from the United States in 1986.
1. Public holidays in the Federated States of Micronesia
  
  This is a list of public holidays in the Federated States of Micronesia.
2. Federated States of Micronesia
  
  The Federated States of Micronesia, is an island country in Oceania. It consists of four states – from west to east, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae – that are spread across the western Pacific. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km (1,678 mi) just north of the equator. They lie northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km (1,802 mi) north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km (2,133 mi) southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km (2,485 mi) southwest of the main islands of the Hawaiian Islands.
Independence Day of Cuenca (Ecuador)
1. Public holidays in Ecuador
  
  Public holidays in
2. Ecuador
  
  Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometers (621 mi) west of the mainland. The country's capital and largest city is Quito.
Mother's Day (East Timor)
1. Mother's Day
  
  Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March or May. It complements similar celebrations, largely pushed by commercial interests, honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.
2. East Timor
  
  East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-western half, and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is 14,874 square kilometres (5,743 sq mi). Dili is its capital and largest city.
Victory Day (Maldives)
1. Public holidays in the Maldives
  
  This is a list of holidays in Maldives.January 1 New Year's Day May 1 Labour Day July 26 Independence Day November 3 Victory Day November 11 Republic Day