Important events in history
on November 29 ^th

Events

2012
1. The United Nations General Assembly voted to accord non-member observer state status to Palestine.
  1. United Nations General Assembly
    
    The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Currently in its 77th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ wherein all member states have equal representation.
  2. United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19
    
    United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 is a resolution upgrading Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations General Assembly. It was adopted by the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly on 29 November 2012, the date of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People and the 65th anniversary of the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 181(II) on the Future Government of Palestine. The draft resolution was proposed by Palestine's representative at the United Nations. It, however, maintains the status of the Palestinian Liberation Organization as the representative of the Palestinian people within the United Nations system. Though strongly contested by the United States and the government of Israel, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert expressed support for the measure. The motion was seen as largely symbolic, though it could allow Palestine to start proceedings at the International Criminal Court against Israel. Its timing, following a year in which Palestine obtained membership of UNESCO and the UN Security Council was unable "to make a unanimous recommendation" on their application for full UN membership, and coming several days after the completion of Operation Pillar of Defense, was also noted. The new status equates Palestine with that of the Holy See within the United Nations system and implicitly recognises Palestinian sovereignty.
  3. United Nations General Assembly observers
    
    The United Nations General Assembly has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, to enable them to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations. The General Assembly determines the privileges it will grant to each observer, beyond those laid down in a 1986 Conference on treaties between states and international organizations. Exceptionally, the European Union (EU) was in 2011 granted the right to speak in debates, to submit proposals and amendments, the right of reply, to raise points of order and to circulate documents, etc. As of May 2011, the EU is the only international organization to hold these enhanced rights, which has been likened to the rights of full membership, short of the right to vote.
  4. State of Palestine
    
    Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a state located in Western Asia. Officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), it claims the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip as its territory, though the entirety of that territory has been occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War. As a result of the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995, the West Bank is currently divided into 165 Palestinian enclaves that are under partial Palestinian National Authority (PNA) rule; the remainder, including 200 Israeli settlements, is under full Israeli control. The Gaza Strip has been ruled by the militant Islamic group Hamas and has been subject to a long-term blockade by Egypt and Israel since 2007.
2009
1. Maurice Clemmons shoots and kills four police officers inside a coffee shop in Lakewood, Washington.
  1. 2009 Lakewood shooting
    
    On November 29, 2009, four police officers of Lakewood, Washington were fatally shot at the Forza Coffee shop, located at 11401 Steele Street #108 South in the Parkland unincorporated area of Pierce County, Washington, near Tacoma. A gunman, later identified as Maurice Clemmons, entered the shop, shot the officers while they worked on laptops, and fled the scene with a single gunshot wound in his torso. After a massive two-day manhunt that spanned several nearby cities, an officer recognized Clemmons near a stalled car in south Seattle. When he refused orders to stop, he was shot and killed by a Seattle Police Department officer.
  2. Lakewood, Washington
    
    Lakewood is a city in Pierce County, Washington, United States. The population was 63,612 at the 2020 census.
2007
1. During their trial for the 2003 Oakwood mutiny, Philippine soldiers led by Senator Antonio Trillanes mutinied and seized a conference room in The Peninsula Manila in Makati.
  1. Oakwood mutiny
    
    On July 23, 2003, a failed coup d'etat, now known as the Oakwood mutiny, was staged by a group of about 300 armed defectors from the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP) led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Navy 2nd Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV against the Arroyo administration. The group forcibly seized and occupied Oakwood Premier in Glorietta, Makati for almost 20 hours. They demanded the resignation of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Defense Secretary Angelo Reyes, PNP Director General Hermogenes Ebdane, and AFP Chief of Intelligence Service Victor Corpus. They also aired their grievances against the military establishment and anomalies on the AFP. The coup was covered heavily by the local press, who dubbed the group as "Magdalo" in reference to their insignia, which alludes to the Magdalo faction during the Philippine Revolution, despite the group officially calling themselves "Bagong Katipuneros". The mutiny ended after the government successfully negotiated with the group. Several prominent participants of the coup, including Trillanes and Gambala, were later charged.
  2. Antonio Trillanes
    
    Antonio Fuentes Trillanes IV is a retired Philippine naval officer who also served as a senator of the Philippines from 2007 to 2019. He is known for his involvement in the Oakwood mutiny of 2003 and the Manila Peninsula siege in 2007 in protest against the Arroyo administration, and as a vocal critic of the Duterte administration.
  3. Manila Peninsula siege
    
    The Manila Peninsula siege occurred on November 29, 2007, at The Peninsula Manila hotel in Makati, Philippines. Senator Antonio Trillanes IV, Brigadier General Danilo Lim, and 25 other Magdalo Group officers walked out of their trial for the 2003 Oakwood mutiny coup attempt and marched through the streets of Makati. The mutineers called for the ousting of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and seized the Rizal function room on the second floor of the Manila Peninsula Hotel along Ayala Avenue. Former Vice-President Teofisto Guingona, Jr. as well as some of the soldiers from the Armed Forces of the Philippines joined the march to the hotel.
  4. The Peninsula Manila
    
    The Peninsula Manila, is a 5-star luxury hotel in the Philippines. It is located on the corner of Ayala Avenue and Makati Avenue in the Makati Central Business District. It is located also in Barangay Urdaneta. This hotel is part of The Peninsula Hotels chain based in Hong Kong and is the first hotel of that chain outside the Chinese territory.
  5. Makati
    
    Makati, officially the City of Makati, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines.
2. The Armed Forces of the Philippines lay siege to the Peninsula Manila after soldiers led by Senator Antonio Trillanes stage a mutiny.
  1. Armed Forces of the Philippines
    
    The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) are the military forces of the Philippines. It consists of three main service branches; the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy. The President of the Philippines is the Commander-in-Chief of the AFP and forms military policy with the Department of National Defense, an executive department acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out, while the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines serves as the overall commander and the highest-ranking officer in the AFP.
  2. The Peninsula Manila
    
    The Peninsula Manila, is a 5-star luxury hotel in the Philippines. It is located on the corner of Ayala Avenue and Makati Avenue in the Makati Central Business District. It is located also in Barangay Urdaneta. This hotel is part of The Peninsula Hotels chain based in Hong Kong and is the first hotel of that chain outside the Chinese territory.
  3. Antonio Trillanes
    
    Antonio Fuentes Trillanes IV is a retired Philippine naval officer who also served as a senator of the Philippines from 2007 to 2019. He is known for his involvement in the Oakwood mutiny of 2003 and the Manila Peninsula siege in 2007 in protest against the Arroyo administration, and as a vocal critic of the Duterte administration.
  4. Manila Peninsula siege
    
    The Manila Peninsula siege occurred on November 29, 2007, at The Peninsula Manila hotel in Makati, Philippines. Senator Antonio Trillanes IV, Brigadier General Danilo Lim, and 25 other Magdalo Group officers walked out of their trial for the 2003 Oakwood mutiny coup attempt and marched through the streets of Makati. The mutineers called for the ousting of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and seized the Rizal function room on the second floor of the Manila Peninsula Hotel along Ayala Avenue. Former Vice-President Teofisto Guingona, Jr. as well as some of the soldiers from the Armed Forces of the Philippines joined the march to the hotel.
1987
1. A time bomb planted by North Korean agents on Korean Air Flight 858 detonated over the Andaman Sea, killing all 115 people on board.
  1. Time bomb
    
    A time bomb is a bomb whose detonation is triggered by a timer. The use of time bombs has been for various purposes including insurance fraud, terrorism, assassination, sabotage and warfare. They are a popular feature in fictional thriller and action films as they offer a way of imparting a dramatic sense of urgency.
  2. Korean Air Flight 858
    
    Korean Air Flight 858 was a scheduled international passenger flight between Baghdad, Iraq, and Seoul, South Korea. On 29 November 1987, the aircraft flying that route exploded in mid-air upon the detonation of a bomb planted inside an overhead storage bin in the airplane's passenger cabin by two North Korean agents.
  3. Andaman Sea
    
    The Andaman Sea is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and west side of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. Its southern end is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca further southeast.
2. North Korean agents plant a bomb on Korean Air Flight 858, which kills all 115 passengers and crew.
  1. Korean Air Flight 858
    
    Korean Air Flight 858 was a scheduled international passenger flight between Baghdad, Iraq, and Seoul, South Korea. On 29 November 1987, the aircraft flying that route exploded in mid-air upon the detonation of a bomb planted inside an overhead storage bin in the airplane's passenger cabin by two North Korean agents.
1986
1. The Surinamese military attacks the village of Moiwana during the Suriname Guerrilla War, killing at least 39 civilians, mostly women and children.
  1. Suriname National Army
    
    After the creation of the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Royal Netherlands Army was entrusted with the defence of Suriname, while the defence of the Netherlands Antilles was the responsibility of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The army set up a separate Netherlands Armed Forces in Suriname. Upon independence in 1975, this force was turned into the Surinamese Armed Forces. On February 25, 1980, a group of 15 non-commissioned officers and one junior officer, under the leadership of sergeant major Dési Bouterse, staged a coup d'état and overthrew the Government. Subsequently, the SKM was rebranded as the National Army.
  2. Moiwana
    
    Moiwana is a Maroon village in the Marowijne district in the east of Suriname.
  3. Surinamese Interior War
    
    The Surinamese Interior War was a civil war waged in the Sipaliwini District of Suriname between 1986 and 1992. It was fought by the Tucayana Amazonas led by Thomas Sabajo and the Jungle Commando led by Ronnie Brunswijk, whose members originated from the Maroon ethnic group, against the National Army led by then-army chief and de facto head of state Dési Bouterse.
1972
1. Atari announced the release of Pong, one of the first video games to achieve widespread popularity in both the arcade and home-console markets.
  1. Atari, Inc.
    
    Atari, Inc. was an American video game developer and home computer company founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari was a key player in the formation of the video arcade and video game industry.
  2. Pong
    
    Pong is a table tennis–themed twitch arcade sports video game, featuring simple two-dimensional graphics, manufactured by Atari and originally released in 1972. It was one of the earliest arcade video games; it was created by Allan Alcorn as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, but Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney were surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work and decided to manufacture the game. Bushnell based the game's concept on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console. In response, Magnavox later sued Atari for patent infringement.
  3. Early history of video games
    
    The history of video games spans a period of time between the invention of the first electronic games and today, covering many inventions and developments. Video gaming reached mainstream popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, when arcade video games, gaming consoles and home computer games were introduced to the general public. Since then, video gaming has become a popular form of entertainment and a part of modern culture in most parts of the world. The early history of video games, therefore, covers the period of time between the first interactive electronic game with an electronic display in 1947, the first true video games in the early 1950s, and the rise of early arcade video games in the 1970s. During this time there was a wide range of devices and inventions corresponding with large advances in computing technology, and the actual first video game is dependent on the definition of "video game" used.
  4. Arcade game
    
    An arcade game or coin-op game is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. Most arcade games are presented as primarily games of skill and include arcade video games, Pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games or merchandisers.
  5. Video game console
    
    A video game console is an electronic device that outputs a video signal or image to display a video game that can be played with a game controller. These may be home consoles, which are generally placed in a permanent location connected to a television or other display devices and controlled with a separate game controller, or handheld consoles, which include their own display unit and controller functions built into the unit and which can be played anywhere. Hybrid consoles combine elements of both home and handheld consoles.
2. Atari releases Pong, the first commercially successful video game.
  1. Atari, Inc.
    
    Atari, Inc. was an American video game developer and home computer company founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari was a key player in the formation of the video arcade and video game industry.
  2. Pong
    
    Pong is a table tennis–themed twitch arcade sports video game, featuring simple two-dimensional graphics, manufactured by Atari and originally released in 1972. It was one of the earliest arcade video games; it was created by Allan Alcorn as a training exercise assigned to him by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, but Bushnell and Atari co-founder Ted Dabney were surprised by the quality of Alcorn's work and decided to manufacture the game. Bushnell based the game's concept on an electronic ping-pong game included in the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console. In response, Magnavox later sued Atari for patent infringement.
  3. Video game
    
    Video games, also known as computer games, are electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface or input device – such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device – to generate visual feedback. This feedback mostly commonly is shown on a video display device, such as a TV set, monitor, touchscreen, or virtual reality headset. Some computer games do not always depend on a graphics display, for example text adventure games and computer chess can be played through teletype printers. Video games are often augmented with audio feedback delivered through speakers or headphones, and sometimes with other types of feedback, including haptic technology.
1967
1. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announces his resignation.
  1. United States Secretary of Defense
    
    The United States secretary of defense (SecDef) is the head of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the U.S. Armed Forces, and is a high ranking member of the federal cabinet. The secretary of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of the president of the United States, who is the commander-in-chief. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a defense minister in many other countries. The secretary of defense is appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council.
  2. Robert McNamara
    
    Robert Strange McNamara was an American business executive and the eighth United States Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He remains the longest serving Secretary of Defense, having remained in office over seven years. He played a major role in promoting the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War. McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis.
1963
1. Five minutes after taking off from Montreal, Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831 crashed in bad weather, killing all 118 people on board.
  1. Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831
    
    Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) Flight 831 was a flight from Montréal–Dorval International Airport to Toronto International Airport on November 29, 1963. About five minutes after takeoff in poor weather, the jet crashed about 32 kms north of Montreal, near Ste-Thérèse-de-Blainville, Quebec, Canada, killing all 111 passengers and seven crew members. The crash was the deadliest in Canadian history at the time. It was also the deadliest crash of a DC-8 at the time, and, as of 2022, the sixth-deadliest.
2. U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson establishes the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
  1. Lyndon B. Johnson
    
    Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He had previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. senator and the Senate's majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level.
  2. Warren Commission
    
    The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson through Executive Order 11130 on November 29, 1963, to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963. The U.S. Congress passed Senate Joint Resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, mandating the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald acted entirely alone. It also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial and have been both challenged and supported by later studies.
  3. Assassination of John F. Kennedy
    
    John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. CST in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was in the vehicle with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife, Nellie, when he was fatally shot from the nearby Texas School Book Depository by Lee Harvey Oswald, a former US Marine. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack. The motorcade rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where Kennedy was pronounced dead about 30 minutes after the shooting; Connally recovered.
  4. John F. Kennedy
    
    John Fitzgerald Kennedy, often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination near the end of his third year in office. Kennedy was the youngest person to assume the presidency by election. He was also the youngest president at the end of his tenure. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his work as president concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, he represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to his presidency.
3. Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831 crashes shortly after takeoff from Montreal-Dorval International Airport, killing all 118 people on board.
  1. Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831
    
    Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) Flight 831 was a flight from Montréal–Dorval International Airport to Toronto International Airport on November 29, 1963. About five minutes after takeoff in poor weather, the jet crashed about 32 kms north of Montreal, near Ste-Thérèse-de-Blainville, Quebec, Canada, killing all 111 passengers and seven crew members. The crash was the deadliest in Canadian history at the time. It was also the deadliest crash of a DC-8 at the time, and, as of 2022, the sixth-deadliest.
  2. Montréal–Trudeau International Airport
    
    Montréal–Trudeau International Airport or Montréal–Trudeau, formerly known and still commonly referred to as Montréal–Dorval International Airport, is an international airport in Dorval, Quebec, Canada. It is the only Transport Canada designated international airport serving Montreal and is situated 20 km (12 mi) west of Downtown Montreal. The airport terminals are located entirely in the suburb of Dorval, while one runway is located in the Montreal borough of Saint-Laurent. Air Canada, the country's flag carrier, also has its corporate headquarters complex on the Saint-Laurent side of the airport. It also serves Greater Montreal and adjacent regions in Quebec and eastern Ontario, as well as the states of Vermont and northern New York in the United States. The airport is named in honour of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada and father of current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
4. "I Want to Hold Your Hand", recorded on October 17, 1963, is released by the Beatles in the United Kingdom.
  1. I Want to Hold Your Hand
    
    "I Want to Hold Your Hand" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and recorded on 17 October 1963, it was the first Beatles record to be made using four-track equipment.
  2. The Beatles
    
    The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.
  3. United Kingdom
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
1961
1. Enos, a chimpanzee, is launched into space. The spacecraft orbits the Earth twice and splashes down off the coast of Puerto Rico.
  1. Enos (chimpanzee)
    
    Enos was the second chimpanzee launched into space by NASA. He was the first and only chimpanzee, and third hominid after cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Gherman Titov, to orbit the Earth. Enos's flight occurred on November 29, 1961.
  2. Mercury-Atlas 5
    
    Mercury-Atlas 5 was an American spaceflight of the Mercury program. It was launched on November 29, 1961, with Enos, a chimpanzee, aboard. The craft orbited the Earth twice and splashed down about 200 miles (320 km) south of Bermuda, and Enos became the first primate from the United States and the third great ape to orbit the Earth.
  3. Spacecraft
    
    A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle.
  4. Puerto Rico
    
    Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques. It has roughly 3.2 million residents, and its capital and most populous city is San Juan. Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government, though Spanish predominates.
1952
1. U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfills a campaign promise by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to end the conflict.
  1. Dwight D. Eisenhower
    
    Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank of General of the Army. He planned and supervised the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–1943 as well as the invasion of Normandy (D-Day) from the Western Front in 1944–1945.
1947
1. The United Nations General Assembly voted to approve the Partition Plan for Palestine, a plan to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict in Mandatory Palestine by separating the territory into Jewish and Arab states.
  1. United Nations General Assembly
    
    The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Currently in its 77th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ wherein all member states have equal representation.
  2. United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
    
    The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the Plan as Resolution 181 (II).
  3. Arab–Israeli conflict
    
    The Arab–Israeli conflict is an ongoing intercommunal phenomenon involving political tension, military conflicts, and other disputes between Arab countries and Israel, which escalated during the 20th century, but had mostly faded out by the early 21st century. The roots of the Arab–Israeli conflict have been attributed to the support by Arab League member countries for the Palestinians, a fellow League member, in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict; this in turn has been attributed to the simultaneous rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th century, though the two national movements had not clashed until the 1920s.
  4. Mandatory Palestine
    
    Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
2. The United Nations General Assembly approves a plan for the partition of Palestine.
  1. United Nations General Assembly
    
    The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Currently in its 77th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ wherein all member states have equal representation.
  2. United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
    
    The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted the Plan as Resolution 181 (II).
  3. Mandatory Palestine
    
    Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
3. French forces carry out a massacre at Mỹ Trạch, Vietnam during the First Indochina War.
  1. Mỹ Trạch massacre
    
    The My Trach Massacre was a war crime by the French Army against Vietnamese civilians in the First Indochina War. French soldiers committed the massacre in Mỹ Trạch village, Mỹ Thủy commune, Lệ Thủy District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam from 5 am to 8 am on November 29, 1947. The French Army burned 326 houses and murdered more than half of the village's residents. French soldiers raped many women before murdering them. The French Army murdered over 300 civilian residents in Mỹ Trạch, including 170 women and 157 children.
  2. First Indochina War
    
    The First Indochina War began in French Indochina from 19 December 1946 to 20 July 1954 between France and Việt Minh, and their respective allies. Việt Minh was led by Võ Nguyên Giáp and Hồ Chí Minh. Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.
1945
1. The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia is declared.
  1. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    
    The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yugoslavia occurring as a consequence of the Yugoslav Wars. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the Balkans, Yugoslavia was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, by Austria and Hungary to the north, by Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and by Albania and Greece to the south. It was a one-party socialist state and federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and had six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina.
1944
1. Albania is liberated by the Partisans.
  1. Albania
    
    Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.
  2. Liberation Day (Albania)
    
    Liberation Day in Albania is commemorated as the day, November 29, 1944, in which the country was liberated from Nazi Germany forces after the Albanian resistance during World War II.
1943
1. The second session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ), held to determine the post-war ordering of the country, concludes in Jajce (present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina).
  1. Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia
    
    The Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, commonly abbreviated as the AVNOJ, was a deliberative and legislative body that was established in Bihać, Yugoslavia, in November 1942. It was established by Josip Broz Tito, the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans, an armed resistance movement led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia to resist the Axis occupation of the country during World War II.
  2. Jajce
    
    Jajce (Јајце) is a town and municipality located in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, the town has a population of 7,172 inhabitants, with 27,258 inhabitants in the municipality. It is situated in the region of Bosanska Krajina, on the crossroads between Banja Luka, Mrkonjić Grad and Donji Vakuf, on the confluence of the rivers Pliva and Vrbas.
  3. Bosnia and Herzegovina
    
    Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and Herzegovina borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. In the south it has a narrow coast on the Adriatic Sea within the Mediterranean, which is about 20 kilometres long and surrounds the town of Neum. Bosnia, which is the inland region of the country, has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern regions of the country, the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and in the northeast it is predominantly flat. Herzegovina, which is the smaller, southern region of the country, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous. Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city of the country followed by Banja Luka, Tuzla and Zenica.
1935
1. Russian-French chess player Alexander Alekhine became world champion, holding the title for 17 of the next 19 years until his death.
  1. Alexander Alekhine
    
    Alexander Aleksandrovich Alekhine was a Russian and French chess player and the fourth World Chess Champion, a title he held for two reigns.
  2. World Chess Championship 1927
    
    The 1927 World Chess Championship was played between José Raúl Capablanca and Alexander Alekhine, in Buenos Aires from September 16 to November 29, 1927. Alekhine, a Russian, became a naturalised French citizen during the match.
1929
1. U.S. Admiral Richard E. Byrd leads the first expedition to fly over the South Pole.
  1. Richard E. Byrd
    
    Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. was an American naval officer and explorer. He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the highest honor for valor given by the United States, and was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau. Byrd said that his expeditions had been the first to reach both the North Pole and the South Pole by air. His belief to have reached the North Pole is disputed. He is also known for discovering Mount Sidley, the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica.
  2. South Pole
    
    The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole, Terrestrial South Pole or 90th Parallel South, is one of the two points where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 12,430 miles in all directions.
1899
1. FC Barcelona, one of the most successful clubs in Spanish football, was founded by Swiss football pioneer Joan Gamper.
  1. FC Barcelona
    
    Futbol Club Barcelona, commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça, is a professional football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football.
  2. Football in Spain
    
    Football is the most popular sport in Spain. Spain has some of the most important teams in Europe. It also has a high number of players and teams registered in all categories. Moreover, football is the sport that interests the majority of Spanish people (48%). A total of 67% of the population said they were fans or had a liking for a particular club.
  3. Joan Gamper
    
    Hans Max Gamper-Haessig, commonly known as Joan Gamper, was a Swiss-born football executive and versatile athlete. He founded football clubs in Switzerland and Spain, most notably FC Barcelona and FC Zürich.
2. FC Barcelona is founded by Catalan, Spanish and Englishmen. It later develops into one of Spanish football's most iconic and strongest teams.
  1. FC Barcelona
    
    Futbol Club Barcelona, commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça, is a professional football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football.
1890
1. The National Diet of Japan (pictured in session), a bicameral legislature modelled after both the German Reichstag and the British Westminster system, first met in Tokyo.
  1. National Diet
    
    The National Diet is the national legislature of Japan. It is composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, the House of Councillors. Both houses are directly elected under a parallel voting system. In addition to passing laws, the Diet is formally responsible for nominating the Prime Minister. The Diet was first established as the Imperial Diet in 1890 under the Meiji Constitution, and took its current form in 1947 upon the adoption of the post-war constitution. Both houses meet in the National Diet Building in Nagatachō, Chiyoda, Tokyo.
  2. Bicameralism
    
    Bicameralism is a type of legislature, one divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group. As of 2015, about 40% of world's national legislatures are bicameral, and about 60% are unicameral.
  3. Reichstag (German Empire)
    
    The Reichstag of the German Empire was Germany's lower house of parliament from 1871 to 1918. Within the governmental structure of the Reich, it represented the national and democratic element alongside the federalism of the Bundesrat and the monarchic and bureaucratic element of the executive, embodied in the Reich chancellor. Together with the Bundesrat, the Reichstag had legislative power and shared in decision-making on the Reich budget. It also had certain rights of control over the executive branch and could engage the public through its debates. The emperor had little political power, and over time the position of the Reichstag strengthened with respect to the Bundesrat.
  4. Westminster system
    
    The Westminster system or Westminster model is a type of parliamentary government that incorporates a series of procedures for operating a legislature. This concept was first developed in England.
2. The Meiji Constitution goes into effect in Japan, and the first Diet convenes.
  1. Meiji Constitution
    
    The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, known informally as the Meiji Constitution, was the constitution of the Empire of Japan which was proclaimed on February 11, 1889, and remained in force between November 29, 1890 and May 2, 1947. Enacted after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, it provided for a form of mixed constitutional and absolute monarchy, based jointly on the German and British models. In theory, the Emperor of Japan was the supreme leader, and the Cabinet, whose Prime Minister would be elected by a Privy Council, were his followers; in practice, the Emperor was head of state but the Prime Minister was the actual head of government. Under the Meiji Constitution, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet were not necessarily chosen from the elected members of parliament.
  2. National Diet
    
    The National Diet is the national legislature of Japan. It is composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, the House of Councillors. Both houses are directly elected under a parallel voting system. In addition to passing laws, the Diet is formally responsible for nominating the Prime Minister. The Diet was first established as the Imperial Diet in 1890 under the Meiji Constitution, and took its current form in 1947 upon the adoption of the post-war constitution. Both houses meet in the National Diet Building in Nagatachō, Chiyoda, Tokyo.
1877
1. Thomas Edison demonstrates his phonograph for the first time.
  1. Thomas Edison
    
    Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. He established the first industrial research laboratory.
  2. Phonograph
    
    A phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone or since the 1940s called a record player, or more recently a turntable, is a device for the mechanical and analogue recording and reproduction of sound. The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a "record". To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the recorded sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones.
1872
1. The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.
  1. Modoc War
    
    The Modoc War, or the Modoc Campaign, was an armed conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the United States Army in northeastern California and southeastern Oregon from 1872 to 1873. Eadweard Muybridge photographed the early part of the US Army's campaign.
  2. Battle of Lost River
    
    The Battle of Lost River in November 1872 was the first battle in the Modoc War in the northwestern United States. The skirmish, which was fought near the Lost River along the California–Oregon border, was the result of an attempt by the U.S. 1st Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army to force a band of the Modoc tribe to relocate back to the Klamath Reservation, which they had left in objection of its conditions.
1864
1. American Indian Wars: A 700-man Colorado Territory militia attacked a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho, killing 133 men, women, and children.
  1. American Indian Wars
    
    The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes. These conflicts occurred in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the early 20th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for lands that the Indian tribes considered their own. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.
  2. Colorado Territory
    
    The Territory of Colorado was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from February 28, 1861, until August 1, 1876, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Colorado.
  3. Sand Creek massacre
    
    The Sand Creek massacre was a massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of the Third Colorado Cavalry under the command of U.S. Volunteers Colonel John Chivington attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 69 to over 600 Native American people. Chivington claimed 500 to 600 warriors were killed. However, most sources estimate around 150 people were killed, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service. The massacre is considered part of a series of events known as the Colorado Wars.
  4. Cheyenne
    
    The Cheyenne are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. Their Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian language family. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations: the Southern Cheyenne, who are enrolled in the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma, and the Northern Cheyenne, who are enrolled in the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana. The Cheyenne comprise two Native American tribes, the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o and the Tsétsêhéstâhese. The tribes merged in the early 19th century.
  5. Arapaho
    
    The Arapaho are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota.
2. Colorado volunteers led by Colonel John Chivington massacre at least 150 Cheyenne and Arapaho noncombatants inside Colorado Territory.
  1. Colorado
    
    Colorado is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is the eighth most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state. The 2020 United States census enumerated the population of Colorado at 5,773,714, an increase of 14.80% since the 2010 United States census.
  2. John Chivington
    
    John Milton Chivington was an American Methodist pastor and Mason who served as a colonel in the United States Volunteers during the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War. He led a rear action against a Confederate supply train in the Battle of Glorieta Pass, and was then appointed a colonel of cavalry during the Colorado War.
  3. Sand Creek massacre
    
    The Sand Creek massacre was a massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of the Third Colorado Cavalry under the command of U.S. Volunteers Colonel John Chivington attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 69 to over 600 Native American people. Chivington claimed 500 to 600 warriors were killed. However, most sources estimate around 150 people were killed, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service. The massacre is considered part of a series of events known as the Colorado Wars.
  4. Cheyenne
    
    The Cheyenne are an Indigenous people of the Great Plains. Their Cheyenne language belongs to the Algonquian language family. Today, the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized nations: the Southern Cheyenne, who are enrolled in the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma, and the Northern Cheyenne, who are enrolled in the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana. The Cheyenne comprise two Native American tribes, the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o and the Tsétsêhéstâhese. The tribes merged in the early 19th century.
  5. Arapaho
    
    The Arapaho are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota.
  6. Colorado Territory
    
    The Territory of Colorado was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from February 28, 1861, until August 1, 1876, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Colorado.
3. The Confederate Army of Tennessee misses an opportunity to crush the Army of the Ohio in the Battle of Spring Hill.
  1. Army of Tennessee
    
    The Army of Tennessee was the principal Confederate army operating between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River during the American Civil War. It was formed in late 1862 and fought until the end of the war in 1865, participating in most of the significant battles in the Western Theater.
  2. Army of the Ohio
    
    The Army of the Ohio was the name of two Union armies in the American Civil War. The first army became the Army of the Cumberland and the second army was created in 1863.
  3. Battle of Spring Hill
    
    The Battle of Spring Hill was fought November 29, 1864, at Spring Hill, Tennessee, as part of the Franklin-Nashville Campaign of the American Civil War. The Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood, attacked a Union force under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield as it retreated from Columbia through Spring Hill. Because of a series of command failures, the Confederates were unable to inflict serious damage on the Federals and could not prevent their safe passage north to Franklin during the night. The next day, Hood pursued Schofield and attacked his fortifications in the Battle of Franklin, resulting in severe Confederate casualties.
1863
1. Union forces under Ambrose Burnside successfully defend Knoxville, Tennessee from Confederate forces under James Longstreet in the Battle of Fort Sanders in the American Civil War.
  1. Union (American Civil War)
    
    During the American Civil War, the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States led by President Abraham Lincoln. It was opposed by the secessionist Confederate States of America (CSA), informally called "the Confederacy" or "the South". The Union is named after its declared goal of preserving the United States as a constitutional union. "Union" is used in the U.S. Constitution to refer to the founding formation of the people, and to the states in union. In the context of the Civil War, it has also often been used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government;" in this meaning, the Union consisted of 20 free states and five border states.
  2. Ambrose Burnside
    
    Ambrose Everett Burnside was an American army officer and politician who became a senior Union general in the Civil War and three times Governor of Rhode Island, as well as being a successful inventor and industrialist.
  3. Knoxville, Tennessee
    
    Knoxville is a city in and the county seat of Knox County in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 United States census, Knoxville's population was 190,740, making it the largest city in the East Tennessee Grand Division and the state's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis. Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 869,046 in 2019.
  4. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
  5. James Longstreet
    
    James Longstreet was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his "Old War Horse". He served under Lee as a corps commander for most of the battles fought by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater, and briefly with Braxton Bragg in the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater.
  6. Battle of Fort Sanders
    
    The Battle of Fort Sanders was the crucial engagement of the Knoxville Campaign of the American Civil War, fought in Knoxville, Tennessee, on November 29, 1863. Assaults by Confederate Lt. Gen. James Longstreet failed to break through the defensive lines of Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside, resulting in lopsided casualties, and the Siege of Knoxville entered its final days.
  7. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
1854
1. An estimated crowd of more than 10,000 demonstrators swore allegiance to the Eureka Flag (pictured) as a symbol of defiance, in advance of the Eureka Rebellion in Ballarat, Australia.
  1. Eureka Flag
    
    The Eureka Flag was flown at the Battle of the Eureka Stockade, which took place on 3 December 1854 at Ballarat in Victoria, Australia. It was the culmination of the 1851–1854 Eureka Rebellion on the Victorian goldfields, where miners protested against the cost of mining permits and the officious way the colonial authorities enforced the system along with other grievances. An estimated crowd of over 10,000 demonstrators swore allegiance to the flag as a symbol of defiance at Bakery Hill on 29 November 1854. It was then flown over the Eureka Stockade during the battle which left an official total of 27 deaths. Around 120 miners were arrested, and many others were badly wounded.
  2. Eureka Rebellion
    
    The Eureka Rebellion was a series of events involving gold miners who revolted against the British administration of the colony of Victoria, Australia during the Victorian gold rush. It culminated in the Battle of the Eureka Stockade, which took place on 3 December 1854 at Ballarat between the rebels and the colonial forces of Australia. The fighting resulted in an official total of 27 deaths and many injuries, the majority of casualties being rebels. There was a preceding period beginning in 1851 of peaceful demonstrations and civil disobedience on the Victorian goldfields. The miners had various grievances, chiefly the cost of mining permits and the officious way the system was enforced.
  3. Ballarat
    
    Ballarat is a city in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 Census, Ballarat had a population of 116,201, making it the third largest city in Victoria.
1850
1. The treaty, Punctation of Olmütz, is signed in Olomouc. Prussia capitulates to Austria, which will take over the leadership of the German Confederation.
  1. Punctation of Olmütz
    
    The Punctation of Olmütz, also called the Agreement of Olmütz, was a treaty between Prussia and Austria, dated 29 November 1850, by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership. The treaty concluded the Autumn Crisis of 1850 in Germany.
  2. Olomouc
    
    Olomouc is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 99,000 inhabitants, and its larger urban zone has a population of about 384,000 inhabitants (2019).
  3. Prussia
    
    Prussia was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and de jure by an Allied decree in 1947. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the Prussian Army. Prussia, with its capital at Königsberg and then, when it became the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, Berlin, decisively shaped the history of Germany.
  4. Austrian Empire
    
    The Austrian Empire was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. Along with Prussia, it was one of the two major powers of the German Confederation. Geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire.
  5. German Confederation
    
    The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806.
1847
1. Oregon missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, along with about a dozen others, were killed by members of the Cayuse and Umatilla tribes, sparking the Cayuse War.
  1. Oregon missionaries
    
    The Oregon missionaries were pioneers who settled in the Oregon Country of North America starting in the 1830s dedicated to bringing Christianity to local Native Americans. There had been missionary efforts prior to this, such as those sponsored by the Northwest Company with missionaries from the Church of England starting in 1819. The Foreign Mission movement was already 15 years underway by 1820, but it was difficult to find missionaries willing to go to Oregon, as many wanted to go to the east, to India or China. It was not until the 1830s, when a schoolmaster from Connecticut, Hall Jackson Kelley, created his "American Society for the Settlement of the Oregon Country," that more interest and support for Oregon missionaries grew. Around the same time, four Nez Perce arrived in St. Louis in the fall of 1831, with accounts differencing as to if these travelers were asking for “the book of life,” an idea used by Protestant missionaries, or if they asked for “Blackrobes,” meaning Jesuits, thus Catholic missionaries. Either way this inspired Christian missionaries to travel to the Oregon Territory. Oregon missionaries played a political role, as well as a religious one, as their missions established US political power in an area in which the Hudson’s Bay Company, operating under the British government, maintained a political interest in the Oregon country. Such missionaries had an influential impact on the early settlement of the region, establishing institutions that became the foundation of United States settlement of the Pacific Northwest.
  2. Marcus Whitman
    
    Marcus Whitman was an American physician and missionary.
  3. Narcissa Whitman
    
    Narcissa Prentiss Whitman was an American missionary in the Oregon Country of what would become the state of Washington. On their way to found the Protestant Whitman Mission in 1836 with her husband, Marcus, near modern-day Walla Walla, Washington, she and Eliza Hart Spalding became the first documented European-American women to cross the Rocky Mountains.
  4. Whitman massacre
    
    The Whitman massacre was the killing of the Washington missionaries Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa, along with eleven others, on November 29, 1847. They were killed by members of the Cayuse tribe who accused Whitman of having poisoned 200 Cayuse in his medical care. The incident began the Cayuse War. It took place in southeastern Washington near Walla Walla and was one of the most notorious episodes in the U.S. settlement of the Pacific Northwest. Whitman had helped lead the first wagon train to cross Oregon's Blue Mountains and reach the Columbia River via the Oregon Trail, and this incident was the climax of several years of complex interaction between him and the local Native Americans. The story of the massacre shocked the United States Congress into action concerning the future territorial status of the Oregon Country. The Oregon Territory was established on August 14, 1848.
  5. Cayuse people
    
    The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in what is now the state of Oregon in the United States. The Cayuse tribe shares a reservation and government in northeastern Oregon with the Umatilla and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The reservation is located near Pendleton, Oregon, at the base of the Blue Mountains.
  6. Umatilla people
    
    The Umatilla are a Sahaptin-speaking Native American tribe who traditionally inhabited the Columbia Plateau region of the northwestern United States, along the Umatilla and Columbia rivers.
  7. Cayuse War
    
    The Cayuse War was an armed conflict that took place in the Northwestern United States from 1847 to 1855 between the Cayuse people of the region and the United States Government and local American settlers. Caused in part by the influx of disease and settlers to the region, the immediate start of the conflict occurred in 1847 when the Whitman Massacre took place at the Whitman Mission near present-day Walla Walla, Washington when fourteen people were killed in and around the mission. Over the next few years the Provisional Government of Oregon and later the United States Army battled the Native Americans east of the Cascades. This was the first of several wars between the Native Americans and American settlers in that region that would lead to the negotiations between the United States and Native Americans of the Columbia Plateau, creating a number of Indian reservations.
2. The Sonderbund is defeated by the joint forces of other Swiss cantons under General Guillaume-Henri Dufour.
  1. Sonderbund War
    
    The Sonderbund War of November 1847 was a civil war in Switzerland, then still a relatively loose confederacy of cantons. It ensued after seven Catholic cantons formed the Sonderbund in 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power. The war concluded with the defeat of the Sonderbund. It resulted in the emergence of Switzerland as a federal state, concluding the period of political "restoration and regeneration" in Switzerland.
  2. Guillaume Henri Dufour
    
    Guillaume Henri Dufour was a Swiss military officer, structural engineer and topographer. He served under Napoleon I and held the Swiss office of General four times in his career, firstly in 1847 when he led the Swiss Confederation forces to victory against the Sonderbund. In 1864 Dufour presided over the First Geneva Convention which established the International Red Cross. He was founder and president of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography.
3. Missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman, his wife Narcissa, and 15 others are killed by Cayuse and Umatilla Indians, causing the Cayuse War.
  1. Marcus Whitman
    
    Marcus Whitman was an American physician and missionary.
  2. Whitman massacre
    
    The Whitman massacre was the killing of the Washington missionaries Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa, along with eleven others, on November 29, 1847. They were killed by members of the Cayuse tribe who accused Whitman of having poisoned 200 Cayuse in his medical care. The incident began the Cayuse War. It took place in southeastern Washington near Walla Walla and was one of the most notorious episodes in the U.S. settlement of the Pacific Northwest. Whitman had helped lead the first wagon train to cross Oregon's Blue Mountains and reach the Columbia River via the Oregon Trail, and this incident was the climax of several years of complex interaction between him and the local Native Americans. The story of the massacre shocked the United States Congress into action concerning the future territorial status of the Oregon Country. The Oregon Territory was established on August 14, 1848.
  3. Cayuse War
    
    The Cayuse War was an armed conflict that took place in the Northwestern United States from 1847 to 1855 between the Cayuse people of the region and the United States Government and local American settlers. Caused in part by the influx of disease and settlers to the region, the immediate start of the conflict occurred in 1847 when the Whitman Massacre took place at the Whitman Mission near present-day Walla Walla, Washington when fourteen people were killed in and around the mission. Over the next few years the Provisional Government of Oregon and later the United States Army battled the Native Americans east of the Cascades. This was the first of several wars between the Native Americans and American settlers in that region that would lead to the negotiations between the United States and Native Americans of the Columbia Plateau, creating a number of Indian reservations.
1830
1. An armed rebellion against Russia's rule in Poland begins.
  1. November Uprising
    
    The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when young Polish officers from the military academy of the Army of Congress Poland revolted, led by Lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. Large segments of the peoples of Lithuania, Belarus, and the Right-bank Ukraine soon joined the uprising. Although the insurgents achieved local successes, a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich eventually crushed the uprising. The Russian Emperor Nicholas I issued the Organic Statute in 1832, according to which henceforth Russian-occupied Poland would lose its autonomy and become an integral part of the Russian Empire. Warsaw became little more than a military garrison, and its university closed.
  2. Congress Poland
    
    Congress Poland, Congress Kingdom of Poland, or Russian Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established when the French ceded a part of Polish territory to the Russian Empire following France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1915, during World War I, it was replaced by the German-controlled nominal Regency Kingdom until Poland regained independence in 1918.
1807
1. John VI of Portugal flees Lisbon from advancing Napoleonic forces during the Peninsular War, transferring the Portuguese court to Brazil.
  1. John VI of Portugal
    
    Dom John VI, nicknamed "the Clement", was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves from 1816 to 1825. Although the United Kingdom of Portugal ceased to exist de facto beginning in 1822, he remained its monarch de jure between 1822 and 1825. After the recognition of the independence of Brazil under the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro of 1825, he continued as King of Portugal until his death in 1826. Under the same treaty, he also became titular Emperor of Brazil for life, while his son, Emperor Dom Pedro I, was both de facto and de jure the monarch of the newly independent country.
  2. Peninsular War
    
    The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. The war started when the French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 by transiting through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France occupied Spain, which had been its ally. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation. It is also significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.
  3. Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
    
    The Portuguese royal court transferred from Lisbon to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in a strategic retreat of Queen Maria I of Portugal, Prince Regent John, the Braganza royal family, its court, and senior functionaries, totaling nearly 10,000 people, on 27 November 1807. The embarkment took place on the 27th, but due to weather conditions, the ships were only able to depart on the 29 November. The Braganza royal family departed for Brazil just days before Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal on 1 December 1807. The Portuguese crown remained in Brazil from 1808 until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 led to the return of John VI of Portugal on 26 April 1821.
1783
1. A 5.3 magnitude earthquake strikes New Jersey.
  1. 1783 New Jersey earthquake
    
    The 1783 New Jersey earthquake occurred on November 29 in the Province of New Jersey. With a magnitude estimated at 5.3, it stands as the most powerful earthquake to occur in the state.
  2. New Jersey
    
    New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. At 7,354 square miles (19,050 km2), New Jersey is the fifth-smallest state in land area; but with close to 9.3 million residents, it ranks 11th in population and first in population density. The state capital is Trenton, and the most populous city is Newark. With the exception of Warren County, all of the state's 21 counties lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia.
1781
1. The crew of the British slave ship Zong, running low on water, began the killing of more than 130 African slaves by throwing them into the sea to claim insurance.
  1. Slave ship
    
    Slave ships were large cargo ships specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting slaves. Such ships were also known as "Guineamen" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the Guinea coast in West Africa.
  2. Zong massacre
    
    The Zong massacre was a mass killing of more than 130 African enslaved people by the crew of the British slaver ship Zong on and in the days following 29 November 1781. The William Gregson slave-trading syndicate, based in Liverpool, owned the ship as part of the Atlantic slave trade. As was common business practice, they had taken out insurance on the lives of the enslaved Africans as cargo. According to the crew, when the ship ran low on drinking water following navigational mistakes, the crew threw enslaved Africans overboard.
  3. Slavery in Africa
    
    Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa. Systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of Africa in ancient times, as they were in much of the rest of the ancient world. When the trans-Saharan slave trade, Indian Ocean slave trade and Atlantic slave trade began, many of the pre-existing local African slave systems began supplying captives for slave markets outside Africa. Slavery in contemporary Africa is still practiced despite it being illegal.
2. The crew of the British slave ship Zong murders 54 Africans by dumping them into the sea to claim insurance, beginning the Zong massacre.
  1. Insurance
    
    Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.
  2. Zong massacre
    
    The Zong massacre was a mass killing of more than 130 African enslaved people by the crew of the British slaver ship Zong on and in the days following 29 November 1781. The William Gregson slave-trading syndicate, based in Liverpool, owned the ship as part of the Atlantic slave trade. As was common business practice, they had taken out insurance on the lives of the enslaved Africans as cargo. According to the crew, when the ship ran low on drinking water following navigational mistakes, the crew threw enslaved Africans overboard.
1777
1. San Jose, California, is founded as Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe by José Joaquín Moraga. It is the first civilian settlement, or pueblo, in Alta California.
  1. San Jose, California
    
    San Jose, officially San José, is a major city in the U.S. state of California that is the cultural, financial, and political center of Silicon Valley and largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2020 population of 1,013,240, it is the most populous city in both the Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 9.7 million people respectively, the third-most populous city in California, and the tenth-most populous in the United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay, San Jose covers an area of 179.97 sq mi (466.1 km2). San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County and the main component of the San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area, with an estimated population of around two million residents in 2018.
  2. José Joaquín Moraga
    
    José Joaquín de la Santísima Trinidad Moraga, usually simply known as José Joaquín Moraga, was a Spanish colonial expeditionary and soldier who founded San Jose, California, in 1777.
  3. Alta California
    
    Alta California, also known as Nueva California among other names, was a province of New Spain, formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula, it had previously comprised the province of Las Californias, but was split off into a separate province in 1804. Following the Mexican War of Independence, it became a territory of Mexico in April 1822 and was renamed Alta California in 1824. The territory included all of the modern U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. In the 1836 Siete Leyes government reorganization, the two Californias were once again combined. That change was undone in 1846, but rendered moot by the U.S. military occupation of California in the Mexican-American War.
1776
1. American Revolutionary War: British reinforcements brought an end to the Patriot attempt to capture Fort Cumberland in Nova Scotia.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Patriot (American Revolution)
    
    Patriots, also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs, were the colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution, and declared the United States of America an independent nation in July 1776. Their decision was based on the political philosophy of republicanism—as expressed by such spokesmen as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine. They were opposed by the Loyalists, who supported continued British rule.
  3. Battle of Fort Cumberland (1776)
    
    The Battle of Fort Cumberland was an attempt by a small number of militia commanded by Jonathan Eddy to bring the American Revolutionary War to Nova Scotia in late 1776. With minimal logistical support from Massachusetts and four to five hundred volunteer militia and Natives, Eddy attempted to besiege and storm Fort Cumberland in central Nova Scotia in November 1776.
  4. Fort Beauséjour
    
    Fort Beauséjour, renamed Fort Cumberland in 1755, is a large, five-bastioned fort on the Isthmus of Chignecto in eastern Canada, a neck of land connecting the present-day province of New Brunswick with that of Nova Scotia. The site was strategically important in Acadia, a French colony that included primarily the Maritimes, the eastern part of Quebec, and northern Maine of the later United States. The fort was built by the French from 1751 to 1752. They surrendered it to the British in 1755 after their defeat in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, during the Seven Years' War. The British renamed the structure as Fort Cumberland. The fort was strategically important throughout the Anglo-French rivalry of 1749–63, known as the French and Indian Wars by British colonists. Less than a generation later, it was the site of the 1776 Battle of Fort Cumberland, when the British forces repulsed sympathisers of the American Revolution.
  5. Nova Scotia
    
    Nova Scotia is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
2. During the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Fort Cumberland, Nova Scotia, comes to an end with the arrival of British reinforcements.
  1. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States, fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  2. Battle of Fort Cumberland (1776)
    
    The Battle of Fort Cumberland was an attempt by a small number of militia commanded by Jonathan Eddy to bring the American Revolutionary War to Nova Scotia in late 1776. With minimal logistical support from Massachusetts and four to five hundred volunteer militia and Natives, Eddy attempted to besiege and storm Fort Cumberland in central Nova Scotia in November 1776.
  3. Nova Scotia
    
    Nova Scotia is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
1732
1. The magnitude 6.6 Irpinia earthquake causes 1,940 deaths in the former Kingdom of Naples, southern Italy.
  1. 1732 Irpinia earthquake
    
    The 1732 Irpinia earthquake was a seismic event with a magnitude of 6.6 that affected Irpinia and part of Sannio. It occurred on 29 November 1732 at 8:40 AM local time (UTC+1). The epicenter was located in the Campanian Apennines, in the area of the Ufita Valley, which is part of the modern-day Province of Avellino. Around twenty populated areas were destroyed entirely or in part and tens of others were significantly damaged. The number of deaths was estimated to be 1,940. Damage from the earthquake was classified as "severe", and the number of homes destroyed as classified as "many". The earthquake had a rating on the modified Mercalli intensity scale of X (extreme).
  2. Kingdom of Naples
    
    The Kingdom of Naples, also known as the Kingdom of Sicily, was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), when the island of Sicily revolted and was conquered by the Crown of Aragon, becoming a separate kingdom also called the Kingdom of Sicily. In 1816, it reunified with the island of Sicily to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
  3. Italy
    
    Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, in Southern Europe; its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical region. Italy is also considered part of Western Europe. A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital and largest city, the country covers a total area of 301,230 km2 (116,310 sq mi) and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland, Campione. With over 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union.
1729
1. Natchez Indians revolted against French colonists near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing approximately 230 people.
  1. Natchez people
    
    The Natchez are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area in the Lower Mississippi Valley, near the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi in the United States. They spoke a language with no known close relatives, although it may be very distantly related to the Muskogean languages of the Creek Confederacy. An early American geographer noted in his 1797 gazetteer that they were also known as the "Sun Set Indians".
  2. Natchez revolt
    
    The Natchez revolt, or the Natchez massacre, was an attack by the Natchez Native American people on French colonists near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, on November 29, 1729. The Natchez and French had lived alongside each other in the Louisiana colony for more than a decade prior to the incident, mostly conducting peaceful trade and occasionally intermarrying. After a period of deteriorating relations and warring, Natchez leaders were provoked to revolt when the French colonial commandant, Sieur de Chépart, demanded land from a Natchez village for his own plantation near Fort Rosalie. The Natchez plotted their attack over several days and managed to conceal their plans from most of the French; colonists who overheard and warned Chépart of an attack were considered untruthful and were punished. In a coordinated attack on the fort and the homesteads, the Natchez killed almost all of the Frenchmen, while sparing most of the women and enslaved Africans. Approximately 230 colonists were killed overall, and the fort and homes were burned to the ground.
  3. French colonization of the Americas
    
    France began colonizing the Americas in the 16th century and continued into the following centuries as it established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. France established colonies in much of eastern North America, on several Caribbean islands, and in South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, rice, sugar, and furs.
  4. Natchez, Mississippi
    
    Natchez is the county seat of and only city in Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Natchez has a total population of 14,520. Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years, a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade.
2. Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez, Mississippi.
  1. Natchez people
    
    The Natchez are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area in the Lower Mississippi Valley, near the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi in the United States. They spoke a language with no known close relatives, although it may be very distantly related to the Muskogean languages of the Creek Confederacy. An early American geographer noted in his 1797 gazetteer that they were also known as the "Sun Set Indians".
  2. Natchez revolt
    
    The Natchez revolt, or the Natchez massacre, was an attack by the Natchez Native American people on French colonists near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, on November 29, 1729. The Natchez and French had lived alongside each other in the Louisiana colony for more than a decade prior to the incident, mostly conducting peaceful trade and occasionally intermarrying. After a period of deteriorating relations and warring, Natchez leaders were provoked to revolt when the French colonial commandant, Sieur de Chépart, demanded land from a Natchez village for his own plantation near Fort Rosalie. The Natchez plotted their attack over several days and managed to conceal their plans from most of the French; colonists who overheard and warned Chépart of an attack were considered untruthful and were punished. In a coordinated attack on the fort and the homesteads, the Natchez killed almost all of the Frenchmen, while sparing most of the women and enslaved Africans. Approximately 230 colonists were killed overall, and the fort and homes were burned to the ground.
  3. Fort Rosalie
    
    Fort Rosalie was built by the French in 1716 within the territory of the Natchez Native Americans and it was part of the French colonial empire in the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi.
  4. Natchez, Mississippi
    
    Natchez is the county seat of and only city in Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Natchez has a total population of 14,520. Located on the Mississippi River across from Vidalia in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, Natchez was a prominent city in the antebellum years, a center of cotton planters and Mississippi River trade.
1612
1. The Battle of Swally takes place, which loosens the Portuguese Empire's hold on India.
  1. Battle of Swally
    
    The naval Battle of Swally, also known as Battle of Suvali, took place on 29–30 November 1612 off the coast of Suvali a village near the Surat city and was a victory for four English East India Company galleons over four Portuguese galleons and 26 barks.
  2. Portuguese Empire
    
    The Portuguese Empire, also known as the Portuguese Overseas or the Portuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the later overseas territories governed by Portugal. It was one of the longest-lived empires in European history, lasting almost six centuries from the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa, in 1415, to the transfer of sovereignty over Macau to China in 1999. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th century it stretched across the globe, with bases in North and South America, Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania.
1549
1. After the death of Pope Paul III, a papal conclave was convened with an unprecedented number of cardinals, who eventually elected Julius III more than two months later.
  1. Pope Paul III
    
    Pope Paul III, born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death in November 1549.
  2. 1549–1550 papal conclave
    
    The 1549–50 papal conclave, convened after the death of Pope Paul III and eventually elected Cardinal Giovanni Del Monte as Pope Julius III. It was the second-longest papal conclave of the 16th century, and the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of cardinal electors. The cardinal electors were roughly divided between the factions of Henry II of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III.
  3. Cardinal (Catholic Church)
    
    A cardinal is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals.
  4. Pope Julius III
    
    Pope Julius III, born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 February 1550 to his death in March 1555.
2. The papal conclave of 1549–50 begins.
  1. 1549–1550 papal conclave
    
    The 1549–50 papal conclave, convened after the death of Pope Paul III and eventually elected Cardinal Giovanni Del Monte as Pope Julius III. It was the second-longest papal conclave of the 16th century, and the largest papal conclave in history in terms of the number of cardinal electors. The cardinal electors were roughly divided between the factions of Henry II of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Alessandro Farnese, the cardinal-nephew of Paul III.
1114
1. A large earthquake damages the areas of the Crusaders in the Middle East. Antioch, Mamistra, Marash and Edessa are hit by the shocks.
  1. 1114 Marash earthquake
    
    The Marash earthquake occurred in Marash during the early morning hours of November 29, 1114.
  2. Middle East
    
    The Middle East is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago. The term came into widespread usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions, and has been viewed by some to be discriminatory or too Eurocentric. The region includes the vast majority of the territories included in the closely associated definition of Western Asia, but without the South Caucasus, and additionally includes all of Egypt and all of Turkey.
  3. Antioch
    
    Antioch on the Orontes was a Hellenistic, and later, a Biblical Christian city, founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 300 BC. This city served as the capital of the Seleucid Empire and later as regional capital to both the Roman and Byzantine Empire. During the Crusades, Antioch served as the capital of the Principality of Antioch, one of four Crusader states that were founded in the Levant. Its inhabitants were known as Antiochenes; the city's ruin lies on the Orontes River, near Antakya, the modern city in Hatay Province of Turkey (Türkiye), to which the ancient city lends its name.
  4. Mopsuestia
    
    Mopsuestia and Mopsuhestia is an ancient city in Cilicia Campestris on the Pyramus River located approximately 20 km (12 mi) east of ancient Antiochia in Cilicia. From the city's harbor, the river is navigable to the Mediterranean Sea, a distance of over 40 km (24 mi).
  5. Marash
    
    Marash, officially Kahramanmaraş and historically Germanicea, is a city in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey and the administrative center of Kahramanmaraş Province. Before 1973, Kahramanmaraş was officially named Maraş, and later, it attained the prefix "kahraman" to commemorate Battle of Marash. The city lies on a plain at the foot of the Ahir Dağı .The region is best known for its distinctive ice cream, and its production of salep, a powder made from dried orchid tubers. Kahramanmaraş Airport has flights to İstanbul and Ankara.
  6. Edessa
    
    Edessa was an ancient city (polis) in Upper Mesopotamia, founded during the Hellenistic period by King Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire. It later became capital of the Kingdom of Osroene, and continued as capital of the Roman province of Osroene. In Late Antiquity, it became a prominent center of Christian learning and seat of the Catechetical School of Edessa. During the Crusades, it was the capital of the County of Edessa.
903
1. The Abbasid Caliphate captured the Qarmatian leadership at the Battle of Hama in Syria, opening the way for the reconquest of Tulunid Egypt.
  1. Abbasid Caliphate
    
    The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".
  2. Qarmatians
    
    The Qarmatians were a militant Isma'ili Shia movement centred in al-Hasa in Eastern Arabia, where they established a religious-utopian socialist state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam, and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, a Persian from Jannaba in coastal Fars. They rejected the claim of Fatimid caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi, and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates.
  3. Battle of Hama
    
    The Battle of Hama was fought some 24 km (15 mi) from the city of Hama in Syria on 29 November 903 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Qarmatians. The Abbasids were victorious, resulting in the capture and execution of the Qarmatian leadership. This weakened the Qarmatian presence in northern Syria, which was finally eradicated after the suppression of another revolt in 906. More importantly, it paved the way for the Abbasid attack on the autonomous Tulunid dynasty and the reincorporation of the Tulunid domains in southern Syria and Egypt into the Abbasid Caliphate.
  4. Tulunids
    
    The Tulunids, were a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty. They were independent from 868, when they broke away from the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate, to 905, when the Abbasids restored the Tulunid domains to their control.
2. The Abbasid army under Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib defeats the Qarmatians at the Battle of Hama.
  1. Abbasid Caliphate
    
    The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".
  2. Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib
    
    Muhammad ibn Sulayman, surnamed al-Katib, was a senior official and commander of the Abbasid Caliphate, most notable for his victories against the Qarmatians and for his reconquest of Syria and Egypt from the autonomous Tulunid dynasty.
  3. Qarmatians
    
    The Qarmatians were a militant Isma'ili Shia movement centred in al-Hasa in Eastern Arabia, where they established a religious-utopian socialist state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam, and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, a Persian from Jannaba in coastal Fars. They rejected the claim of Fatimid caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi, and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates.
  4. Battle of Hama
    
    The Battle of Hama was fought some 24 km (15 mi) from the city of Hama in Syria on 29 November 903 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Qarmatians. The Abbasids were victorious, resulting in the capture and execution of the Qarmatian leadership. This weakened the Qarmatian presence in northern Syria, which was finally eradicated after the suppression of another revolt in 906. More importantly, it paved the way for the Abbasid attack on the autonomous Tulunid dynasty and the reincorporation of the Tulunid domains in southern Syria and Egypt into the Abbasid Caliphate.
618
1. The Tang dynasty scores a decisive victory over their rival Xue Rengao at the Battle of Qianshuiyuan.
  1. Tang dynasty
    
    The Tang dynasty, or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, rivaled that of the Han dynasty.
  2. Xue Rengao
    
    Xue Rengao, also known as Xue Renguo (薛仁果), was an emperor of the short-lived state of Qin, established by his father Xue Ju at the end of the Chinese Sui dynasty. Xue Rengao was regarded as a fierce general but overly cruel, and he was only emperor for three months before he was forced to surrender to the Tang dynasty general Li Shimin and was executed.
  3. Battle of Qianshuiyuan
    
    The Battle of Qianshuiyuan, northwest of present-day Changwu, Shaanxi, was fought in 618 between the Tang Dynasty and the state of Qin. The battle ended in victory for the Tang, whose armed forces were led by the future emperor Li Shimin.
561
1. Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I, divide the Frankish Kingdom.
  1. Chlothar I
    
    Chlothar I also anglicised as Clotaire, was a king of the Franks of the Merovingian dynasty and one of the four sons of Clovis I.
  2. Compiègne
    
    Compiègne is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. It is located on the river Oise. Its inhabitants are called Compiégnois.
  3. Charibert I
    
    Charibert I was the Merovingian King of Paris, the second-eldest son of Chlothar I and his first wife Ingund. His elder brother Gunthar died sometime before their father's death. He shared in the partition of the Frankish kingdom that followed his father's death in 561, receiving the old kingdom of Childebert I, with its capital at Paris.
  4. Guntram
    
    Saint Gontrand, also called Gontran, Gontram, Guntram, Gunthram, Gunthchramn, and Guntramnus, was the king of the Kingdom of Orléans from AD 561 to AD 592. He was the third eldest and second eldest surviving son of Chlothar I and Ingunda. On his father's death in 561, he became king of a fourth of the Kingdom of the Franks, and made his capital at Orléans. The name "Gontrand" denotes "War Raven".
  5. Sigebert I
    
    Sigebert I was a Frankish king of Austrasia from the death of his father in 561 to his own death. He was the third surviving son out of four of Clotaire I and Ingund. His reign found him mostly occupied with a successful civil war against his half-brother, Chilperic.
  6. Chilperic I
    
    Chilperic I was the king of Neustria from 561 to his death. He was one of the sons of the Frankish king Clotaire I and Queen Aregund.
  7. Francia
    
    Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks, Frankish Kingdom, Frankland or Frankish Empire, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe. It was ruled by the Franks during late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, West Francia became the predecessor of France, and East Francia became that of Germany. Francia was among the last surviving Germanic kingdoms from the Migration Period era before its partition in 843.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Derek Granger, British film and television producer and screenwriter (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Derek Granger
    
    Derek Granger was a British film and television producer, and screenwriter. He worked on Brideshead Revisited, A Handful of Dust, and Where Angels Fear to Tread.
2. Tapunuu Niko Lee Hang, Samoan politician (b. 1953/1954) deaths
  1. Tapunuu Niko Lee Hang
    
    Tapunuu Niko Lee Hang was a Samoan politician and Cabinet Minister. He was a member of the Human Rights Protection Party.
2021
1. Kinza Clodumar, Nauruan politician, 7th President of Nauru (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Kinza Clodumar
    
    Kinza Godfrey Clodumar was a Nauruan politician who served as President of Nauru from 1997 to 1998.
  2. Nauru
    
    Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, about 300 km (190 mi) to the east. It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km (810 mi) northeast of Solomon Islands, east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic as well as the smallest island nation. Its population of about 10,000 is the world's second-smallest, after Vatican City.
  3. President of Nauru
    
    The president of Nauru is elected by Parliament from among its members, and is both the head of state and the head of government of Nauru. Nauru's unicameral Parliament has 19 members, with an electoral term of 3 years. Political parties only play a minor role in Nauru politics, and there have often been periods of instability in the Presidential office. Shifting allegiances among a small number of individuals can lead to frequent changes in the makeup of the government of the day, including the presidential position itself.
2. Arlene Dahl, American actress, businesswoman and writer (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Arlene Dahl
    
    Arlene Carol Dahl was an American actress active in films from the late 1940s. She was one of the last surviving stars from the Classical Hollywood cinema era.
3. LaMarr Hoyt, Major League Baseball player, 1983 AL Cy Young Award winner (b. 1955) deaths
  1. LaMarr Hoyt
    
    Dewey LaMarr Hoyt Jr. was an American professional baseball right-handed pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Chicago White Sox and San Diego Padres from 1979 to 1986. He won the 1983 American League Cy Young Award and was an All-Star in 1985.
2020
1. Papa Bouba Diop, Senegalese footballer (b. 1978) deaths
  1. Papa Bouba Diop
    
    Papa Bouba Diop was a Senegalese professional footballer. His preferred position was defensive midfield but he could also play as a centre back, where he previously played at Lens. Diop was considered a strong and aggressive player. His playing style and ability drew comparisons to Patrick Vieira.
2019
1. Yasuhiro Nakasone, Japanese politician, 45th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Yasuhiro Nakasone
    
    Yasuhiro Nakasone was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Liberal Democratic Party from 1982 to 1987. He was a member of the House of Representatives for more than 50 years. He was best known for pushing through the privatization of state-owned companies, and for helping to revitalize Japanese nationalism during and after his term as prime minister.
  2. List of prime ministers of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of the executive branch and chief minister of the government of Japan. This is a list of prime ministers of Japan, from when the first Japanese prime minister, Itō Hirobumi, took office in 1885, until the present day. The office is currently held by Fumio Kishida. Those prime ministers under the Meiji Constitution had a mandate from the emperor. The "electoral mandates" shown are for the lower house of the Imperial Diet that was not constitutionally guaranteed to have any influence on the appointment of the prime minister.
2017
1. Slobodan Praljak, Croatian general (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Slobodan Praljak
    
    Slobodan Praljak was a Bosnian Croat who served in the Croatian Army and the Croatian Defence Council, an army of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, between 1992 and 1995. Praljak was found guilty of committing violations of the laws of war, crimes against humanity, and breaches of the Geneva Conventions during the Croat–Bosniak War by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2017.
2016
1. Luis Alberto Monge, Costa Rican politician, 39th President of Costa Rica (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Luis Alberto Monge
    
    Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez was the President of Costa Rica from 1982 to 1986. He also served as Costa Rica's first Ambassador to Israel from 1963 until 1966.
2. Marcos Danilo Padilha, Brazilian football player (b. 1985) deaths
  1. Danilo (footballer, born 1985)
    
    Marcos Danilo Padilha, simply known as Danilo, was a Brazilian footballer who last played for Chapecoense as a goalkeeper.
3. Ruta Šaca-Marjaša, Latvian lawyer, writer and politician (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Ruta Šaca-Marjaša
    
    Ruta Šaca-Marjaša was a Jewish Latvian lawyer, writer, poet, and politician, a former Deputy of the Latvian Parliament of 5th (1995) and 6th (1998) convocations. She lived in Riga.
2015
1. Joseph F. Girzone, American Catholic priest and author (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Joseph F. Girzone
    
    Joseph Francis Girzone, sometimes known as the "Joshua Priest", was an American Catholic priest and writer, most notably as the author of the Joshua series of novels.
2. Joe Marston, Australian footballer and manager (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Joe Marston
    
    James Edward "Joe" Marston was an Australian association football player who became the first Australian to appear in a FA Cup Final when he turned out for Preston North End in their 1954 defeat to West Bromwich Albion.
3. Christopher Middleton, British poet and translator (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Christopher Middleton (poet)
    
    Christopher Middleton was a British poet and translator, especially of German literature.
4. O'tkir Sultonov, Uzbek lawyer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Oʻtkir Sultonov
    
    O'tkir To'xtamurodovich Sultonov was an Uzbek politician who served as the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan from 21 December 1995 until he was fired from his position on 12 December 2003.
  2. Prime Minister of Uzbekistan
    
    This is a list of prime ministers of Uzbekistan, from the establishment of the office in 1925 as the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR to the present day.
2014
1. Dwayne Alons, American general and politician (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Dwayne Alons
    
    Dwayne Arlan Alons was an American politician. A Republican, he sat in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1999 to 2014, representing the 5th district until 2003, and the 4th district thereafter. He was a brigadier general in the Iowa Air National Guard and served as chief of staff at its headquarters. Alons died of cancer on November 29, 2014. He was succeeded in office by John Kooiker.
2. Dick Bresciani, American businessman (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Dick Bresciani
    
    Richard L. Bresciani became the Vice President/Publications and Archives for the Boston Red Sox in 2003 after serving as Vice President of Public Affairs since November, 1996. He had been Vice President of Public Relations since August 1987. He was born in Hopedale, Massachusetts. He joined the Red Sox in May, 1972 as assistant public relations director, became publicity director in 1978 and public relations director in June, 1984.
3. Mark Strand, Canadian-born American poet, essayist, and translator (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Mark Strand
    
    Mark Strand was a Canadian-born American poet, essayist and translator. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1990 and received the Wallace Stevens Award in 2004. Strand was a professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University from 2005 until his death in 2014.
2013
1. Oliver Cheatham, American singer-songwriter (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Oliver Cheatham
    
    Oliver Cheatham was an American contemporary R&B singer who is best remembered for his 1983 hit "Get Down Saturday Night". The song was sampled by Italian DJ Room 5 on his 2003 single "Make Luv", which reached number one on the UK charts, as well as by British DJ Michael Gray on his 2004 single "The Weekend".
2. Colin Eglin, South African soldier and politician (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Colin Eglin
    
    Colin Wells Eglin was a South African politician best known for having served as national leader of the opposition from 1977–79 and 1986–87. He represented Sea Point in the South African Parliament from 1958–61 and from 1974–2004. Described by Nelson Mandela as "one of the architects of democracy", Eglin played a leading role in the drafting of the country's post-apartheid constitution.
3. Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Russian-Polish poet and activist (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Natalya Gorbanevskaya
    
    Natalya Yevgenyevna Gorbanevskaya was a Russian poet, a translator of Polish literature and a civil-rights activist. She was one of the founders and the first editor of A Chronicle of Current Events (1968–1982). On 25 August 1968, with seven others, she took part in the 1968 Red Square demonstration against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. In 1970 a Soviet court sentenced Gorbanevskaya to incarceration in a psychiatric hospital. She was released from the Kazan Special Psychiatric Hospital in 1972, and emigrated from the USSR in 1975, settling in France. In 2005, she became a citizen of Poland.
4. Brian Torrey Scott, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1976) deaths
  1. Brian Torrey Scott
    
    Brian Torrey Scott was an American writer. He wrote for Rosetta Stone in Harrisonburg, Virginia. Scott previously taught Adventures and Ridiculousness at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and English at Columbia College Chicago.
2012
1. Joelmir Beting, Brazilian journalist (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Joelmir Beting
    
    Joelmir José Beting was a Brazilian journalist, radio and TV anchorman, and an economics-specialized columnist. He was widely recognized for his ability to translate the harsh, confusing economical concepts into simple, easy to understand examples for the people in general.
2. Sherab Palden Beru, Tibetan painter (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Sherab Palden Beru
    
    Sherab Palden Beru was an exiled Tibetan thangka artist who played a key role in preserving the art-form through the training of western students over a period of more than four decades.
2011
1. Patrice O'Neal, American stand-up comedian (b. 1969) deaths
  1. Patrice O'Neal
    
    Patrice Lumumba Malcolm O'Neal was an American comedian and actor. He was known for his stand-up comedy career and his regular guest appearances on the talk show Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn and the radio show Opie and Anthony.
2. Guillermo O'Donnell, Argentine political scientist (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Guillermo O'Donnell
    
    Guillermo Alberto O'Donnell Ure was a prominent Argentine political scientist, specializing in comparative politics, who spent most of his career working in Argentina and the United States, and who made lasting contributions to theorizing on authoritarianism and democratization, democracy and the state, and the politics of Latin America. His brother is Pacho O'Donnell.
2010
1. Bella Akhmadulina, Russian poet and author (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Bella Akhmadulina
    
    Izabella Akhatovna Akhmadulina was a Soviet and Russian poet, short story writer, and translator, known for her apolitical writing stance. She was part of the Russian New Wave literary movement. She was cited by Joseph Brodsky as the best living poet in the Russian language. She is known in Russia as "the voice of the epoch".
2. Mario Monicelli, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Mario Monicelli
    
    Mario Alberto Ettore Monicelli was an Italian film director and screenwriter and one of the masters of the Commedia all'Italiana. He was nominated six times for an Oscar, and was awarded the Golden Lion for his career.
3. S. Sivanayagam, Sri Lankan journalist and author (b. 1930) deaths
  1. S. Sivanayagam
    
    Subramaniam Sivanayagam was a Sri Lankan journalist, author and editor of the Saturday Review, Tamil Nation and Hot Spring.
4. Stephen J. Solarz, American academic and politician (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Stephen Solarz
    
    Stephen Joshua Solarz was an American politician who served as a United States representative from New York until his political career ended in the wake of the House banking scandal in 1992.
5. Maurice Wilkes, English physicist and computer scientist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Maurice Wilkes
    
    Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes was a British computer scientist who designed and helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), one of the earliest stored program computers, and who invented microprogramming, a method for using stored-program logic to operate the control unit of a central processing unit's circuits. At the time of his death, Wilkes was an Emeritus Professor at the University of Cambridge.
2009
1. Robert Holdstock, English author (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Robert Holdstock
    
    Robert Paul Holdstock was an English novelist and author best known for his works of Celtic, Nordic, Gothic and Pictish fantasy literature, predominantly in the fantasy subgenre of mythic fiction.
2. Zuhair Al-Karmi, Palestinian author, scientific programs presenter on TV (b. 1922). deaths
  1. Zuhair Al-Karmi
    
    Zuhair Maḥmoud Sa`id Al-Karmi (Arabic:زهير الكرمي‎ was a TV presenter, journalist, and author from Tulkarm, Palestine. He was a scientific program presenter on radio stations and Arab television, notably Jordan TV and JRTV. He was known for presenting his documentary series "Al-`Elm Wa Al-Ḥayat" or. He was the founder of Al-Quds University, and was its first chancellor.
2008
1. Jørn Utzon, Danish architect, designed the Sydney Opera House (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Jørn Utzon
    
    Jørn Oberg Utzon,, Hon. FAIA was a Danish architect. He was most notable for designing the Sydney Opera House in Australia, completed in 1973. When it was declared a World Heritage Site on 28 June 2007, Utzon became only the second person to have received such recognition for one of his works during his lifetime, after Oscar Niemeyer. Other noteworthy works include Bagsværd Church near Copenhagen and the National Assembly Building in Kuwait. He also made important contributions to housing design, especially with his Kingo Houses near Helsingør.
  2. Sydney Opera House
    
    The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney. Located on the foreshore of Sydney Harbour, it is widely regarded as one of the world's most famous and distinctive buildings and a masterpiece of 20th century architecture.
2007
1. James Barber, Canadian chef and author (b. 1923) deaths
  1. James Barber (author)
    
    James Barber was an English-born Canadian cookbook author and host of The Urban Peasant, a CBC cooking show.
2. Ralph Beard, American basketball player (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Ralph Beard
    
    Ralph Milton Beard Jr. was an American collegiate and professional basketball player. He won two NCAA national basketball championships at the University of Kentucky and played two years in the National Basketball Association prior to being barred for life for his participation in the 1951 point shaving scandal.
3. Henry Hyde, American lawyer and politician (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Henry Hyde
    
    Henry John Hyde was an American politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 2007, representing the 6th District of Illinois, an area of Chicago's northwestern suburbs. He was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 2001, and the House International Relations Committee from 2001 to 2007. He is most famous for writing the Hyde Amendment, as a vocal opponent of abortion.
2006
1. Allen Carr, English-Spanish accountant and author (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Allen Carr
    
    Allen John Carr was a British author of books about stopping smoking and other psychological dependencies including alcohol addiction.
2. Ernie Tagg, English footballer (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Ernie Tagg
    
    Ernie Tagg was an English professional football player and manager, particularly associated with Crewe Alexandra.
2005
1. David Di Tommaso, French footballer (b. 1979) deaths
  1. David Di Tommaso
    
    David di Elias Alemu Tommaso was a French professional footballer who played as a central defender.
2004
1. John Drew Barrymore, American actor (b. 1932) deaths
  1. John Drew Barrymore
    
    John Drew Barrymore was an American film actor and member of the Barrymore family of actors, which included his father, John Barrymore, and his father's siblings, Lionel and Ethel. He was the father of four children, including actor John Blyth Barrymore and actress Drew Barrymore. Diana Barrymore was his half-sister from his father's second marriage.
2. Harry Danning, American baseball player and coach (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Harry Danning
    
    Harry Danning was an American professional baseball player. He played his entire Major League Baseball career as a catcher for the New York Giants, and was considered to be both an excellent hitter and one of the top defensive catchers of his era. He batted and threw right-handed, and was a member of the National League All-Star team for four consecutive years, 1938-41.
3. Jack Shields, Canadian member of Parliament (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Jack Shields
    
    John Wendele Shields was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was a businessman and teacher by career.
  2. Parliament of Canada
    
    The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislature of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, and is composed of three parts: the King, the Senate, and the House of Commons. By constitutional convention, the House of Commons is dominant, with the Senate rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and may initiate certain bills. The monarch or his representative, normally the governor general, provides royal assent to make bills into law.
2003
1. Rudi Martinus van Dijk, Dutch composer (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Rudi Martinus van Dijk
    
    Rudi Martinus van Dijk was a Dutch and Canadian composer of orchestral, chamber and vocal music.
2002
1. Yunus Musah, American soccer player births
  1. Yunus Musah
    
    Yunus Dimoara Musah is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for La Liga club Valencia and the United States national team.
2. Daniel Gélin, French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Daniel Gélin
    
    Daniel Yves Alfred Gélin was a French film and television actor.
2001
1. Mic Christopher, American-Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1969) deaths
  1. Mic Christopher
    
    Michael "Mic" Christopher was an Irish singer-songwriter, best known for his posthumously-released debut album Skylarkin'.
2. George Harrison, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and music producer (b. 1943) deaths
  1. George Harrison
    
    George Harrison was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Sometimes called "the quiet Beatle", Harrison embraced Indian culture and helped broaden the scope of popular music through his incorporation of Indian instrumentation and Hindu-aligned spirituality in the Beatles' work. Although the majority of the band's songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, most Beatles albums from 1965 onwards contained at least two Harrison compositions. His songs for the group include "Taxman", "Within You Without You", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", "Here Comes the Sun" and "Something".
3. John Knowles, American novelist (b. 1926) deaths
  1. John Knowles
    
    John Knowles was an American novelist best known for A Separate Peace (1959).
2000
1. Ilmar Laaban, Estonian-Swedish poet and publicist (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Ilmar Laaban
    
    Ilmar Laaban, was an Estonian poet and literary critic.
1999
1. Germán Arciniegas, Colombian historian, author and journalist (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Germán Arciniegas
    
    Germán Arciniegas Angueyra was a Colombian historian, writer and journalist who was known for his advocacy of educational and cultural issues, as well as his outspoken opposition to dictatorship. He also served as a college professor and held positions in the government, including Minister of Education and several ambassadorships.
2. John Berry, American-French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1917) deaths
  1. John Berry (film director)
    
    John Berry was an American film director, who went into exile in France when his career was interrupted by the Hollywood blacklist.
3. Gene Rayburn, American game show panelist and host (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Gene Rayburn
    
    Gene Rayburn was an American radio and television personality. He is best known as the host of various editions of the American television game show Match Game for over two decades.
4. Kazuo Sakamaki, Japanese soldier (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Kazuo Sakamaki
    
    Kazuo Sakamaki was a Japanese naval officer who became the first prisoner of war of World War II to be captured by U.S. forces, and the second to be captured by Americans.
1998
1. Ye Qiuyu, Chinese tennis player births
  1. Ye Qiuyu
    
    Ye Qiuyu is an inactive Chinese tennis player.
2. George Van Eps American swing and mainstream jazz guitarist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. George Van Eps
    
    George Abel Van Eps was an American swing and mainstream jazz guitarist.
3. Robin Ray, English broadcaster, actor, and musician (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Robin Ray
    
    Robin Ray was an English broadcaster, actor, and musician.
1997
1. Coleman Young, American politician, 66th Mayor of Detroit (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Coleman Young
    
    Coleman Alexander Young was an American politician who served as mayor of Detroit, Michigan, from 1974 to 1994. Young was the first African-American mayor of Detroit.
  2. List of mayors of Detroit
    
    This is a list of mayors of Detroit, Michigan. See History of Detroit, Michigan, for more information about the history of the incorporation of the city.
1996
1. Dan Flavin, American sculptor and illustrator (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Dan Flavin
    
    Dan Flavin was an American minimalist artist famous for creating sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures.
2. Denis Jenkinson, English journalist and author (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Denis Jenkinson
    
    Denis Sargent Jenkinson, "Jenks" or "DSJ" as he was known in the pages of Motor Sport, was a British journalist deeply involved in motorsports. As Continental Correspondent of the UK-based Motor Sport magazine, he covered Formula One and other races all over Europe. He gained fame as the navigator for Stirling Moss in their record-breaking triumph in the 1955 Mille Miglia cross-country race.
1995
1. Laura Marano, American actress and singer births
  1. Laura Marano
    
    Laura Marie Marano is an American actress and singer. She is known for her role in the Disney Channel series Austin & Ally as Ally Dawson. Marano was one of the five original classmates in Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?. She starred in Without a Trace for three seasons and Back to You. Marano starred in the indie film A Sort of Homecoming, the Disney Channel Original Movie Bad Hair Day, and the Netflix original movie The Perfect Date.
2. Siobhan-Marie O'Connor, English swimmer births
  1. Siobhan-Marie O'Connor
    
    Siobhan-Marie O'Connor is a former English competitive swimmer who has represented Great Britain at the Olympic Games, the FINA World Aquatics Championships and the LEN European Aquatics Championships, and England at the Commonwealth Games. A specialist in the 200 metres individual medley, she is the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games champion in the event, and has won silver medals in the same event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2016 European Aquatics Championships, the 2014 World Short-Course Championships and the 2013 and 2015 European Short Course Championships – on each occasion behind World and Olympic champion Katinka Hosszú. With six Commonwealth Games medals in total from 2014, O'Connor was England's most decorated athlete at those Games.
1994
1. Shaun Lane, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Shaun Lane
    
    Shaun Lane is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as second-row forward for the Parramatta Eels in the NRL.
2. Julius Randle, American basketball player births
  1. Julius Randle
    
    Julius Deion Randle is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). In his second season with the Knicks in 2020–21, he was a first-time NBA All-Star and was awarded the NBA Most Improved Player Award.
1993
1. Stefon Diggs, American football player births
  1. Stefon Diggs
    
    Stefon Marsean Diggs is an American football wide receiver for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Maryland, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL Draft.
2. J. R. D. Tata, French-Indian pilot and businessman, founded Tata Motors and Tata Global Beverages (b. 1904) deaths
  1. J. R. D. Tata
    
    Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata was an Indian aviator, industrialist, entrepreneur and chairman of Tata Group.
  2. Tata Motors
    
    Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company, headquartered in Mumbai, India, which is part of the Tata Group. The company produces passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses.
  3. Tata Consumer Products
    
    Tata Consumer Products is an Indian fast-moving consumer goods company with its corporate headquarter in Mumbai, and is a part of the Tata Group. Its registered office is located in Kolkata. It is the world's second-largest manufacturer and distributor of tea and a major producer of coffee.
1992
1. Ben Nugent, English footballer births
  1. Ben Nugent
    
    Ben William Nugent is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Gloucester City.
2. Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician and academic (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Jean Dieudonné
    
    Jean Alexandre Eugène Dieudonné was a French mathematician, notable for research in abstract algebra, algebraic geometry, and functional analysis, for close involvement with the Nicolas Bourbaki pseudonymous group and the Éléments de géométrie algébrique project of Alexander Grothendieck, and as a historian of mathematics, particularly in the fields of functional analysis and algebraic topology. His work on the classical groups, and on formal groups, introducing what now are called Dieudonné modules, had a major effect on those fields.
1991
1. Becky James, Welsh cyclist births
  1. Becky James
    
    Rebecca Angharad James is a Welsh former professional racing cyclist specialising in track cycling. James was the 2013 world sprint and keirin champion. She is a 2016 Rio Olympics double silver medalist.
2. Ralph Bellamy, American actor (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Ralph Bellamy
    
    Ralph Rexford Bellamy was an American actor whose career spanned 65 years on stage, film, and television. During his career, he played leading roles as well as supporting roles, garnering acclaim and awards, including a Tony Award for Best Dramatic Actor in Sunrise at Campobello and Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor for The Awful Truth (1937).
3. Joe Bonson, English footballer (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Joe Bonson
    
    Joseph Bonson was an English professional footballer who played for several clubs during the 1950s and 1960s.
1990
1. Diego Boneta, Mexican actor and singer births
  1. Diego Boneta
    
    Diego Andrés González Boneta is a Mexican and American actor, producer and singer. He gained wider recognition after starring in Rock of Ages (2012) alongside Tom Cruise and the Netflix biographical series Luis Miguel: The Series (2018).
2. Yacouba Sylla, French footballer births
  1. Yacouba Sylla
    
    Yacouba Sylla is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Romanian Liga I club FC Botoșani. Born in France, he represented France as a youth international before switching to Mali at senior level.
1989
1. Adam Chapman, Northern Irish footballer births
  1. Adam Chapman
    
    Adam Henry Chapman is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ilkeston Town.
1988
1. Bradley Hudson-Odoi, Ghanaian footballer births
  1. Bradley Hudson-Odoi
    
    Bradley Hudson-Odoi is a Ghanaian footballer who last played as a striker for National League South side, Woking.
2. Russell Wilson, American football player births
  1. Russell Wilson
    
    Russell Carrington Wilson is an American football quarterback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He previously played in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, winning Super Bowl XLVIII.
1987
1. Irene Handl, English actress (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Irene Handl
    
    Irene Handl was a British author and character actress who appeared in more than 100 British films.
1986
1. Asa Hall, English footballer births
  1. Asa Hall
    
    Asa Philip Hall is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for National League club Torquay United.
2. Cary Grant, English-American actor (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Cary Grant
    
    Cary Grant was an English-American actor. He was known for his Mid-Atlantic accent, debonair demeanor, light-hearted approach to acting, and sense of comic timing. He was one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men from the 1930s until the mid-1960s.
1985
1. Shannon Brown, American basketball player births
  1. Shannon Brown
    
    Shannon Brown is an American former professional basketball player. He attended Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois, was named Illinois Mr. Basketball in 2003, and played college basketball for Michigan State University. He was drafted by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the 25th overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft.
2. Dominic Roma, English footballer births
  1. Dominic Roma
    
    Dominic Mark Roma is an English footballer and coach who plays as a defender for Basford United, where he is also a first team coach.
1984
1. Nora Thompson Dean, American Lenape educator and author (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Nora Thompson Dean
    
    Nora Thompson Dean, also known as Weenjipahkihelexkwe, which translates as "Touching Leaves Woman" in Unami, was a member of the Delaware Tribe of Indians. As a Lenape traditionalist and one of the last fluent speakers of the southern Unami dialect of the Lenape language, she was an influential mentor to younger tribal members and is widely cited in scholarship on Lenape culture.
  2. Lenape
    
    The Lenape also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada. Their historical territory included present-day northeastern Delaware, New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania along the Delaware River watershed, New York City, western Long Island, and the lower Hudson Valley. Today, Lenape people belong to the Delaware Nation and Delaware Tribe of Indians in Oklahoma; the Stockbridge–Munsee Community in Wisconsin; and the Munsee-Delaware Nation, Moravian of the Thames First Nation, and Delaware of Six Nations in Ontario.
1983
1. Franchesca Ramsey, American comedian births
  1. Franchesca Ramsey
    
    Franchesca Leigh Ramsey, also known as Chescaleigh, is an American comedian, activist, television and YouTube personality, and actress, who has appeared on MTV and MSNBC. She gained media fame quickly after her YouTube commentary on racial issues went viral, and she built a career as a writer, producer, and performer based on her unintended activism, being thrust into a role as an advisor or coach on social issues.
2. Aylin Tezel, German actress births
  1. Aylin Tezel
    
    Aylin Tezel is a German actress and dancer. She was born in Bünde. Her father is a Turkish-born medical doctor practicing in Bielefeld, Germany, and her mother is a nurse. She is a middle child, having an older sister and a younger brother. She had her breakthrough with a main role in the film "Almanya - Welcome to Germany" which premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011 and with the main role in the film "Am Himmel der Tag" for which she received the Best Actress Award at the Torino Film Festival in 2012.
1982
1. Lucas Black, American film and television actor births
  1. Lucas Black
    
    Lucas York Black is an American film and television actor. He is best known as the main character Sean Boswell in The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006), of which he would later reprise the character in Furious 7 (2015) and F9 (2021), along with his other known roles such as Caleb Temple in the CBS television series American Gothic (1995–1996), and Special Agent Christopher LaSalle on CBS's NCIS: New Orleans (2014–2019). His notable films include Sling Blade (1996), Flash (1997), Crazy in Alabama (1999), All the Pretty Horses (2000), Friday Night Lights (2004), Jarhead (2005), Get Low (2009), Legion (2010), Seven Days in Utopia (2011), and 42 (2013).
2. Gemma Chan, English actress births
  1. Gemma Chan
    
    Gemma Chan is an English actress. Born and raised in London, Chan attended the Newstead Wood School for Girls and studied law at Worcester College, Oxford before choosing to pursue a career in acting instead, enrolling at the Drama Centre London. Chan was subsequently cast in various supporting roles on television, including Doctor Who, Sherlock, Secret Diary of a Call Girl, Fresh Meat, Bedlam and True Love. She appeared in independent films Exam (2009), Submarine (2010) and Belles Familles (2015). Chan performed in the British premiere of Yellow Face at The Park Theatre and Our Ajax at the Southwark Playhouse.
3. Percy Williams, Canadian sprinter (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Percy Williams (sprinter)
    
    Percy Alfred Williams was a Canadian athlete, winner of the 100 and 200 metres races at the 1928 Summer Olympics and a former world record holder for the 100 metres sprint.
1981
1. Fawad Khan, Pakistani actor, model and singer births
  1. Fawad Khan
    
    Fawad Afzal Khan is a Pakistani actor, producer, screenwriter, model and singer having received several awards including a Filmfare Award, two Lux Style Awards and six Hum Awards.
2. Jon Klassen, Canadian writer and illustrator births
  1. Jon Klassen
    
    Jon Klassen is a Canadian writer and illustrator of children's books and an animator. He won both the American Caldecott Medal and the British Kate Greenaway Medal for children's book illustration, recognizing the 2012 picture book This Is Not My Hat, which he also wrote. He is the first person to win both awards for the same work.
3. Natalie Wood, American actress (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Natalie Wood
    
    Natalie Wood was an American actress who began her career in film as a child and successfully transitioned to young adult roles.
1980
1. Janina Gavankar, American actress and singer births
  1. Janina Gavankar
    
    Janina Zione Gavankar is an American actress and musician. She is trained as a pianist, vocalist, orchestral percussionist and majored in theatre at the University of Illinois Chicago. Her roles include Shiva on The League, Leigh Turner on The Gates, Luna Garza on HBO's True Blood, McKenna Hall on The CW's Arrow and Diana Thomas on FOX's Sleepy Hollow. In marketing, she also played "Ms. Dewey", a personified search engine and virtual assistant for Microsoft.
2. Dean Howell, English footballer births
  1. Dean Howell
    
    Dean George Howell is an English former professional footballer, who played at left-back or left-midfield.
3. Dorothy Day, American journalist and activist, co-founded the Catholic Worker Movement (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Dorothy Day
    
    Dorothy Day was an American journalist, social activist and anarchist who, after a bohemian youth, became a Catholic without abandoning her social and anarchist activism. She was perhaps the best-known political radical among American Catholics.
  2. Catholic Worker Movement
    
    The Catholic Worker Movement is a collection of autonomous communities of Catholics and their associates founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in the United States in 1933. Its aim is to "live in accordance with the justice and charity of Jesus Christ". One of its guiding principles is hospitality towards those on the margin of society, based on the principles of communitarianism and personalism. To this end, the movement claims over 240 local Catholic Worker communities providing social services. Each house has a different mission, going about the work of social justice in its own way, suited to its local region.
1979
1. Adam Barrett, English footballer births
  1. Adam Barrett
    
    Adam Nicholas Barrett is an English former professional footballer who played as a central defender. During his career, which lasted from 1998 to 2017, he made 647 appearances in the Football League, including 308 for Southend United. He is currently a first team coach at Millwall.
2. The Game, American rapper births
  1. The Game (rapper)
    
    Jayceon Terrell Taylor, better known by his stage name the Game or simply Game, is an American rapper. Born in Compton, California, he initially released a series of mixtapes under the wing of fellow West Coast rapper JT the Bigga Figga. After releasing his debut independent album Untold Story in 2004, he was eventually discovered by record producer Dr. Dre and signed to his Aftermath Records label imprint. The Game rose to fame in 2005 with the success of his major-label debut album The Documentary and found continued success with the 2006 follow-up Doctor's Advocate. The Recording Industry Association of America certified The Documentary Double Platinum in March 2005.
1978
1. Lauren German, American actress births
  1. Lauren German
    
    Lauren Christine German is an American actress. She had her first major role in the 2002 teen romantic drama film A Walk to Remember, followed by roles in the horror films The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003) and Hostel: Part II (2007). From 2011 to 2012, German had a main role as DHS agent Lori Weston in the second season of the CBS police drama Hawaii Five-0, and from 2012 to 2015, she starred as Leslie Shay in the NBC drama Chicago Fire. From 2016-2021, she appeared as detective Chloe Decker in the American fantasy comedy-drama Lucifer.
2. Dimitrios Konstantopoulos, Greek footballer births
  1. Dimitrios Konstantopoulos
    
    Dimitrios Konstantopoulos is a Greek former international football player who played as a goalkeeper.
1977
1. Andy Beshear, American attorney and politician, 63rd governor of Kentucky births
  1. Andy Beshear
    
    Andrew Graham Beshear is an American attorney and politician who has served as the 63rd governor of Kentucky since December 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he is the son of the 61st governor of Kentucky, Steve Beshear.
  2. Governor of Kentucky
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of government of Kentucky. Sixty-two men and one woman have served as governor of Kentucky. The governor's term is four years in length; since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the state's history, four men have served two non-consecutive terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U.S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years. The current governor is Andy Beshear, who was first elected in 2019.
2. Maria Petrova, Russian figure skater births
  1. Maria Petrova (figure skater)
    
    Maria Igorevna Petrova is a Russian pair skater. With partner Alexei Tikhonov, she is the 2000 World champion and a two-time European champion
1976
1. Chadwick Boseman, American actor and playwright (d. 2020) births
  1. Chadwick Boseman
    
    Chadwick Aaron Boseman was an American actor. During his two-decade career, Boseman received two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Golden Globe Award, a Critics' Choice Movie Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award, among other accolades. He was also nominated for an Academy Award.
2. Anna Faris, American actress births
  1. Anna Faris
    
    Anna Kay Faris is an American actress. She rose to prominence for her work in comedic roles, particularly the lead part of Cindy Campbell in the Scary Movie film series (2000–2006). She has appeared in a number of films, including The Hot Chick (2002), May (2002), Lost in Translation (2003), Brokeback Mountain (2005), Just Friends (2005), My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006), Smiley Face (2007), The House Bunny (2008), What's Your Number? (2011), The Dictator (2012), and Overboard (2018).
1975
1. Craig Ireland, Scottish footballer births
  1. Craig Ireland
    
    Craig Robert Ireland is a Scottish retired professional footballer.
2. Scott McCulloch, Scottish footballer births
  1. Scott McCulloch
    
    Scott Anderson James McCulloch is a Scottish former footballer.
3. Graham Hill plane crash deaths
  1. Tony Brise
    
    Anthony William Brise was an English racing driver, who took part in ten Formula One Grand Prix events in 1975, before dying in a plane crash with Graham Hill.
4. Graham Hill plane crash deaths
  1. Graham Hill
    
    Norman Graham Hill was a British racing driver and team owner, who was the Formula One World Champion twice, winning in 1962 and 1968 as well as being runner up on three occasions. Despite not passing his driving test until 1953 when he was already 24 years of age, and only entering the world of motorsports a year later, Hill would go on to become one of the greatest drivers of his generation. Hill is most celebrated for being the only driver ever to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport, an achievement which he defined as winning the Indianapolis 500, the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and the Formula One World Drivers' Championship. While several of his peers have also espoused this definition, including fellow F1 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve, the achievement is today most commonly defined as including the Monaco Grand Prix rather than the Formula One World Championship. By this newer definition, Hill is still the only driver to have ever won the Triple Crown, winning at Monaco with such frequency in the 1960s that he became known as "Mr. Monaco". Hill crashed at the 1969 United States Grand Prix and was seriously injured, breaking both his legs and ending his season. Although he would recover and continue to race until 1975, Hill's career would never again reach the same heights, and the Monaco Grand Prix victory earlier in 1969 would be his last victory in Formula One.
1974
1. Sarah Jones, American actress and playwright births
  1. Sarah Jones (stage actress)
    
    Sarah Jones is an American playwright, actress, and poet.
2. Jedediah Purdy, American legal scholar and cultural commentator births
  1. Jedediah Purdy
    
    Jedediah Spenser Purdy is an American legal scholar and cultural commentator. He is the William S. Beinecke Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, where he teaches courses on American Constitutional Law, Constitutional Law and Democracy and its Crisis. From 2004 to 2018 Purdy was a professor at Duke University. Purdy is the author of two widely discussed books: For Common Things: Irony, Trust, and Commitment in America Today (1999) and Being America: Liberty, Commerce and Violence in an American World (2003).
3. Peng Dehuai, Chinese Communist military leader (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Peng Dehuai
    
    Peng Dehuai was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, who served as China's Defense Minister from 1954 to 1959. Peng was born into a poor peasant family, and received several years of primary education before his family's poverty forced him to suspend his education at the age of ten, and to work for several years as a manual laborer. When he was sixteen, Peng became a professional soldier. Over the next ten years Peng served in the armies of several Hunan-based warlord armies, raising himself from the rank of private second class to major. In 1926, Peng's forces joined the Kuomintang, and Peng was first introduced to communism. Peng participated in the Northern Expedition, and supported Wang Jingwei's attempt to form a left-leaning Kuomintang government based in Wuhan. After Wang was defeated, Peng briefly rejoined Chiang Kai-shek's forces before joining the Chinese Communist Party, allying himself with Mao Zedong and Zhu De.
1973
1. Ryan Giggs, Welsh footballer and manager births
  1. Ryan Giggs
    
    Ryan Joseph Giggs is a Welsh football coach and former player. He was most recently the manager of the Wales national team. He is also a co-owner of Salford City. Giggs played his entire professional career for Manchester United and briefly served as the club's interim manager after the sacking of David Moyes in April 2014. Giggs is regarded as one of the greatest players of his generation.
1972
1. Brian Baumgartner, American actor and producer births
  1. Brian Baumgartner
    
    Brian Baumgartner is an American actor. He is best known for playing Kevin Malone, a character in the NBC sitcom The Office (2005–2013).
2. Jamal Mashburn, American basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Jamal Mashburn
    
    Jamal Mashburn Sr. is an American entrepreneur and former professional basketball player. Nicknamed the "Monster Mash", Mashburn was a prolific scorer as a small forward in his 12 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), with a career scoring average of 19.1 points per game.
3. Carl Stalling, American pianist and composer (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Carl W. Stalling
    
    Carl William Stalling was an American composer, voice actor and arranger for music in animated films. He is most closely associated with the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts produced by Warner Bros., where he averaged one complete score each week, for 22 years.
1971
1. David E. Campbell, Canadian political scientist births
  1. David E. Campbell (political scientist)
    
    David Edward Campbell is a Canadian political scientist and is Packey J. Dee Professor of American Democracy at the University of Notre Dame and the founding director of the Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy.
2. Steve May, American soldier and politician births
  1. Steve May
    
    Stephen Timothy 'Steve' May is a former politician from Arizona, where he served in the Arizona House of Representatives. He was openly gay when he ran for and served in the legislature. He was nevertheless recalled to active duty in the military. He came to national attention in 1999 when the U.S. Army attempted to discharge him from the United States Army Reserve under the gay-exclusionary law known as "don't ask, don't tell" (DADT).
1970
1. Larry Joe Campbell, American actor and director births
  1. Larry Joe Campbell
    
    Lawrence Joseph Campbell is an American actor and comedian best known for his role as Andy on the ABC sitcom According to Jim.
2. Mark Pembridge, Welsh footballer and coach births
  1. Mark Pembridge
    
    Mark Anthony Pembridge is a Welsh retired footballer who played as a midfielder, and a current coach at the academy for Fulham.
3. Robert T. Frederick, American general (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Robert T. Frederick
    
    Major General Robert Tryon Frederick was a senior United States Army officer who fought in World War II. During the war, he commanded the 1st Special Service Force, the 1st Allied Airborne Task Force, and the 45th Infantry Division. He was twice awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and several other decorations.
1969
1. Tomas Brolin, Swedish footballer births
  1. Tomas Brolin
    
    Per Tomas Brolin is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a forward or as a midfielder.
2. Mariano Rivera, Panamanian-American baseball player births
  1. Mariano Rivera
    
    Mariano Rivera is a Panamanian-American former professional baseball pitcher who played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, from 1995 to 2013. Nicknamed "Mo" and "Sandman", he spent most of his career as a relief pitcher and served as the Yankees' closer for 17 seasons. A thirteen-time All-Star and five-time World Series champion, he is MLB's career leader in saves (652) and games finished (952). Rivera won five American League (AL) Rolaids Relief Man Awards and three Delivery Man of the Year Awards, and he finished in the top three in voting for the AL Cy Young Award four times. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame as part of its class of 2019 in his first year of eligibility, and was the first and to date only player ever to be elected unanimously by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA).
1968
1. Andy Melville, Welsh footballer births
  1. Andy Melville
    
    Andrew Roger Melville is a former Wales international footballer. In the early years of his career, he played in midfield. He was later converted into a central defender.
2. Iolanda Nanni, Italian politician (d. 2018) births
  1. Iolanda Nanni
    
    Iolanda Nanni was an Italian politician for Five Star Movement. Nanni graduated from the classical high school, before becoming a politician she worked as an employee in a private company.
1967
1. Fernando Ramos da Silva, Brazilian actor (d. 1987) births
  1. Fernando Ramos da Silva
    
    Fernando Ramos da Silva was a Brazilian actor who became renowned for his role as "Pixote," the 10-year-old title character in Hector Babenco's 1981 film Pixote: A Lei do Mais Fraco, a documentary-style account of the street children of Brazil. Da Silva became a controversial figure after the film's release and found it hard to separate himself from his depiction as the street assailant Pixote.
2. Rebecca Wolff, American author and poet births
  1. Rebecca Wolff
    
    Rebecca Wolff is a poet, fiction writer, and the editor and creator of both Fence Magazine and Fence Books.
3. Ferenc Münnich, Hungarian soldier and politician, 47th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Ferenc Münnich
    
    Ferenc Münnich was a Hungarian Communist politician who served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary from 1958 to 1961.
  2. List of prime ministers of Hungary
    
    This article lists the prime ministers of Hungary from when the first Prime Minister, Lajos Batthyány, took office in 1848 until the present day. The prime minister of Hungary is head of the Government of Hungary. On 30 November 2020, Viktor Orbán became the longest serving prime minister in the modern era.
1966
1. Dru Pagliassotti, American author births
  1. Dru Pagliassotti
    
    Dru Pagliassotti is an author of fantasy literature and the editor of The Harrow online magazine.
2. Sophia Rosenfeld, American author births
  1. Sophia Rosenfeld
    
    Sophia Rosenfeld is an American historian. She specializes in European intellectual and cultural history with an emphasis on the Enlightenment, the trans-Atlantic Age of Revolutions, and the legacy of the eighteenth century for modern democracy. In 2017, she was named the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania.
1965
1. Lauren Child, English author births
  1. Lauren Child
    
    Lauren Margot Peachy Child is an English children's author and illustrator. She is best known for the Charlie and Lola picture book series and other book series. Her influences include E. H. Shepard, Quentin Blake, Carl Larsson, and Ludwig Bemelmans.
2. Ellen Cleghorne, American comedian and actress births
  1. Ellen Cleghorne
    
    Ellen Leslye Cleghorne is an American actress and comedian, best known as a cast member of Saturday Night Live from 1991 to 1995. Cleghorne was the sketch comedy show's second African-American female repertory cast member, succeeding Danitra Vance in its eleventh season, and the first African-American female cast member to stay for more than one season. She returned for its 40th anniversary special on February 15, 2015. Cleghorne was ranked the 69th greatest Saturday Night Live cast member by Rolling Stone magazine.
1964
1. Don Cheadle, American actor and producer births
  1. Don Cheadle
    
    Donald Frank Cheadle Jr. is an American actor. He is the recipient of multiple accolades, including two Grammy Awards, a Tony Award, two Golden Globe Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. He has also earned nominations for an Academy Award, two British Academy Film Awards and 11 Primetime Emmy Awards. His Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony nominations make him one of few black individuals to be nominated for the four major American entertainment awards (EGOT).
2. Ken Monkou, Dutch footballer births
  1. Ken Monkou
    
    Kenneth John Monkou is a Dutch former professional footballer and pundit.
1963
1. Will Downing, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Will Downing
    
    Wilfred "Will" Downing is an American singer and songwriter. He is married to singer Audrey Wheeler, who was a member of the R&B group Unlimited Touch.
2. Lalit Modi, Indian businessman births
  1. Lalit Modi
    
    Lalit Modi is an Indian businessman and former cricket administrator. He was the founder, first chairman and Commissioner of the Indian Premier League (IPL), and ran the tournament for three years until 2010. He also served as the Chairman of the Champions League during 2008–10. He was the Vice President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) during 2005–10. He has also served as the President of the Rajasthan Cricket Association, and as the Vice President of the Punjab Cricket Association.
1962
1. Ronny Jordan, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2014) births
  1. Ronny Jordan
    
    Robert Laurence Albert Simpson, known professionally as Ronny Jordan was a British guitarist and part of the acid jazz movement at the end of the twentieth century. Jordan described his music as "urban jazz", a blend of jazz, hip-hop, and R&B.
2. Andrew McCarthy, American actor and director births
  1. Andrew McCarthy
    
    Andrew Thomas McCarthy is an American actor, travel writer, and television director. He is most known as a member of the Brat Pack, with roles in 1980s films such as St. Elmo's Fire, Pretty in Pink, and Less than Zero. He is ranked No. 40 on VH1's 100 Greatest Teen Stars of all-time list. As a director, he is known for his work on the Emmy Award-winning series Orange Is the New Black.
1960
1. Marco Bucci, Italian discus thrower (d. 2013) births
  1. Marco Bucci
    
    Marco Bucci was an Italian discus thrower. He won one medal, at senior level, at the 1983 Summer Universiade.
2. Cathy Moriarty, American actress births
  1. Cathy Moriarty
    
    Cathy Moriarty is an American actress and singer whose career spans over 40 years. For her work in Martin Scorsese's 1980 film Raging Bull, she received nominations for both the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture. Her other film appearances include Neighbors, White of the Eye, Soapdish, Casper, Cop Land, Analyze That, The Bounty Hunter, and Patti Cake$. She has also starred in numerous television roles including Tales from the Crypt, Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story.
1959
1. Richard Borcherds, South African-English mathematician and academic births
  1. Richard Borcherds
    
    Richard Ewen Borcherds is a British mathematician currently working in quantum field theory. He is known for his work in lattices, group theory, and infinite-dimensional algebras, for which he was awarded the Fields Medal in 1998.
2. Neal Broten, American ice hockey player births
  1. Neal Broten
    
    Neal LaMoy Broten is an American former professional ice hockey player. A member of the 1980 US Olympic hockey team that won the gold medal at Lake Placid in 1980, Broten was inducted into the US Hockey Hall of Fame in 2000 having appeared in 1,099 National Hockey League (NHL) regular season games from 1981 to 1997 with the Minnesota North Stars, Dallas Stars, New Jersey Devils and Los Angeles Kings. He is the older brother of Aaron and Paul Broten.
3. Rahm Emanuel, American businessman and politician, 55th Mayor of Chicago births
  1. Rahm Emanuel
    
    Rahm Israel Emanuel is an American politician and diplomat who is the current United States Ambassador to Japan. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served two terms as the 55th Mayor of Chicago from 2011 to 2019 and the 23rd White House Chief of Staff from 2009 to 2010, and served three terms in the United States House of Representatives, representing Illinois between 2003 and 2009.
  2. Mayor of Chicago
    
    The mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago, Illinois, the third-largest city in the United States. The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments, submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, and members of city boards and commissions.
1958
1. Michael Dempsey, Zimbabwean-English bass player births
  1. Michael Dempsey
    
    Michael Stephen Dempsey is an English musician and composer, who has played bass as a member of several post-punk and new wave bands, including the Cure and the Associates.
2. John Dramani Mahama, Ghanaian historian and politician, 4th President of Ghana births
  1. John Mahama
    
    John Dramani Mahama is a Ghanaian politician who served as President of Ghana from 24 July 2012 to 7 January 2017. He previously served as Vice President of Ghana from January 2009 to July 2012, and took office as president on 24 July 2012 following the death of his predecessor John Evans Fiifi Attah Mills. Mahama is a communication expert, historian, and writer. A member of the National Democratic Congress (NDC), he was Member of Parliament for Bole Bamboi from 1997 to 2009 and served as Deputy Minister for Communication between 1997 and 1998 before becoming the substantive Minister for Communications from 1998 to 2001.
  2. President of Ghana
    
    The president of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current president of Ghana is Nana Akufo-Addo, who won the 2020 presidential election against former president, John Dramani Mahama, by a margin of 4.23%. He was sworn into office for his second term on 7 January 2021.
1957
1. Janet Napolitano, American politician, lawyer, and university administrator births
  1. Janet Napolitano
    
    Janet Ann Napolitano is an American politician, lawyer, and university administrator who served as the 21st governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and third United States secretary of homeland security from 2009 to 2013, under President Barack Obama. She was named president of the University of California system in September 2013, and stepped down from that position on August 1, 2020 to join the faculty at the Goldman School of Public Policy. She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018.
2. Jean-Philippe Toussaint, Belgian novelist, photographer and filmmaker births
  1. Jean-Philippe Toussaint
    
    Jean-Philippe Toussaint is a Belgian novelist, photographer and filmmaker. His books have been translated into more than twenty languages and he has had his photographs displayed in Brussels and Japan. Toussaint won the Prix Médicis in 2005 for his novel Fuir, second volume of the « Cycle of Marie », a four-tome chronicle published over ten years and displaying the separation of Marie and her lover. His 2009 novel La Vérité sur Marie, third volume of the cycle, won the Prix Décembre.
3. Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Czech-American pianist and composer (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Erich Wolfgang Korngold
    
    Erich Wolfgang Korngold was an Austrian-born American composer and conductor. A child prodigy, he became one of the most important and influential composers in Hollywood history. He was a noted pianist and composer of classical music, along with music for Hollywood films, and the first composer of international stature to write Hollywood scores.
1956
1. Hinton Battle, German-American actor, dancer, and choreographer births
  1. Hinton Battle
    
    Hinton Battle is an American actor, singer, dancer, and dance instructor. He has won three Tony Awards, all in the category of Featured Actor in a Musical. He was the first to portray the Scarecrow in the stage version of The Wiz.
2. Yvonne Fovargue, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Yvonne Fovargue
    
    Yvonne Helen Fovargue is a British Labour Party politician serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Makerfield since 2010.
1955
1. Howie Mandel, Canadian comedian, actor, and television host births
  1. Howie Mandel
    
    Howard Michael Mandel is a Canadian-American comedian, television personality, actor, and producer. Mandel voiced the character Gizmo in the 1984 film Gremlins and the 1990 sequel Gremlins 2: The New Batch. In 1987, Mandel starred alongside Amy Steel in the comedy film Walk Like a Man. From 1982 to 1988, Mandel played the rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St. Elsewhere. He also created, voiced and starred in the FOX children's cartoon Bobby's World. Additionally, he has been a judge on NBC's America's Got Talent since 2010, and Citytv's Canada's Got Talent since 2022. He hosted the American NBC and later CNBC game show Deal or No Deal, as well as the show's daytime and Canadian-English counterparts. In 2022, he began hosting the first season of Netflix's Bullsh*t the Game Show.
2. Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Somali politician, 8th president of Somalia births
  1. Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
    
    Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is a Somali politician who has served as the president of Somalia since May 2022. He is the founder and current chairman of the Union for Peace and Development Party. He was elected as President of the Federal Republic of Somalia on 15 May 2022, defeating the incumbent president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed. He previously served in the same position as the 8th president of Somalia from 2012 to 2017. A civil and political rights activist, Hassan was previously a university professor and dean at SIMAD University, which he co-founded.
  2. President of Somalia
    
    The president of Somalia is the head of state of Somalia. The president is also commander-in-chief of the Somali Armed Forces. The president represents the Federal Republic of Somalia, and the unity of the Somali nation, as well as ensuring the implementation of the Constitution of Somalia and the organised and harmonious functioning of the organs of state. The office of President of Somalia was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Somalia on 1 July 1960. The first president of Somalia was Aden Abdullah Osman Daar.
1954
1. Joel Coen, American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Coen brothers
    
    Joel Daniel Coen and Ethan Jesse Coen, collectively known as the Coen brothers, are American filmmakers. Their films span many genres and styles, which they frequently subvert or parody. Their most acclaimed works include Raising Arizona (1987), Miller's Crossing (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Fargo (1996), The Big Lebowski (1998), O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), No Country for Old Men (2007), True Grit (2010), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), and The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018).
2. Chirlane McCray, American writer, editor, and activist births
  1. Chirlane McCray
    
    Chirlane Irene McCray is an American writer, editor, and activist. She is married to former New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and had been described as de Blasio's "closest advisor." She chaired the Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City and was appointed by her husband to lead a billion-dollar initiative called ThriveNYC. She has also published poetry and worked in politics as a speechwriter.
3. Dink Johnson, American pianist, clarinet player, and drummer (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Dink Johnson
    
    Ollie "Dink" Johnson (1892 – November 29, 1954 was a Dixieland jazz pianist, clarinetist, and drummer.
1953
1. Alex Grey, American visual artist and author births
  1. Alex Grey
    
    Alex Grey is an American visual artist, author, teacher, and Vajrayana practitioner known for creating spiritual and psychedelic paintings. He works in multiple forms including performance art, process art, installation art, sculpture, visionary art, and painting. He is also on the board of advisors for the Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics, and is the Chair of Wisdom University's Sacred Art Department. He and his wife Allyson Grey are the co-founders of The Chapel of Sacred Mirrors (CoSM), a non-profit organization in Wappingers Falls, New York.
2. Vlado Kreslin, Slovenian singer-songwriter births
  1. Vlado Kreslin
    
    Vlado Kreslin is a Slovenian singer-songwriter and folk rock musician.
3. Christine Pascal, French actress, writer and director (d. 1996) births
  1. Christine Pascal
    
    Christine Pascal was a French actress, writer and director.
4. Sam De Grasse, Canadian-American actor (b. 1875) deaths
  1. Sam De Grasse
    
    Samuel Alfred De Grasse was a Canadian actor. He was the uncle of cinematographer Robert De Grasse.
1952
1. John D. Barrow, English cosmologist, theoretical physicist, and mathematician (d. 2020) births
  1. John D. Barrow
    
    John David Barrow was an English cosmologist, theoretical physicist, and mathematician. He served as Gresham Professor of Geometry at Gresham College from 2008 to 2011. Barrow was also a writer of popular science and an amateur playwright.
2. Jeff Fahey, American actor and producer births
  1. Jeff Fahey
    
    Jeffrey David Fahey is an American film and television actor. He has portrayed Captain Frank Lapidus on the ABC series Lost and the title role of Deputy Marshal Winston MacBride on The Marshal.
1951
1. Barry Goudreau, American guitarist and songwriter births
  1. Barry Goudreau
    
    Barry Goudreau is an American musician. He was one of two original guitarists for the rock band Boston alongside founder Tom Scholz; both Scholz and Goudreau shared lead and rhythm guitar parts.
2. Roger Troutman, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 1999) births
  1. Roger Troutman
    
    Roger Troutman, also known as Roger, was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist and the founder of the band Zapp who helped spearhead the funk movement and heavily influenced West Coast hip hop due to the scene's heavy sampling of his music over the years. Troutman was well known for his use of the talk box, a device that is connected to an instrument to create different vocal effects. Roger used a custom-made talkbox—the Electro Harmonix "Golden Throat"—through a Moog Minimoog and later in his career a Yamaha DX100 FM synthesizer. As both band leader of Zapp and in his subsequent solo releases, he scored a bevy of funk and R&B hits throughout the 1980s and regularly collaborated with hip hop artists in the 1990s.
1950
1. Marie Laberge, Canadian actress, educator and writer births
  1. Marie Laberge
    
    Marie Laberge is a Quebec actress, educator and writer.
2. Kevin O'Donnell, Jr., American author (d. 2012) births
  1. Kevin O'Donnell Jr.
    
    Kevin O'Donnell Jr. was an American science fiction author. He was the son of Kevin O'Donnell, who served as director of Peace Corps in 1971–72.
3. Walter Beech, American aviator and early aviation entrepreneur (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Walter Beech
    
    Walter Herschel Beech was an American aviator and early aviation entrepreneur who co-founded the Beech Aircraft Company in 1932 with his wife, Olive Ann Beech, and a team of three others.
1949
1. Jerry Lawler, American wrestler and sportscaster births
  1. Jerry Lawler
    
    Jerry O'Neil Lawler, better known as Jerry "The King" Lawler, is an American color commentator and professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, although he has not performed as a full-time commentator since April 2020.
2. Garry Shandling, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (d. 2016) births
  1. Garry Shandling
    
    Garry Emmanuel Shandling was an American actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer.
3. Steve Smith, American lawyer and politician (d. 2014) births
  1. Steve Smith (Minnesota politician)
    
    Steven "Steve" Smith was a Minnesota politician and a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives representing District 33A, which includes portions of Hennepin and Wright counties in the western Twin Cities metropolitan area. A Republican, he was an attorney by profession.
1948
1. Yōichi Masuzoe, Japanese politician births
  1. Yōichi Masuzoe
    
    Yōichi Masuzoe is a Japanese politician who was elected to the position of governor of Tokyo in 2014 and resigned in June 2016 due to the misuse of public funds. He was previously a member of the Japanese House of Councillors and the Japanese Minister of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Before entering politics, he became well known in Japan as a television commentator on political issues.
1947
1. Petra Kelly, German activist and politician (d. 1992) births
  1. Petra Kelly
    
    Petra Karin Kelly was a German Green politician and ecofeminist activist. She was a founding member of the German Green Party, the first Green party to rise to prominence both nationally in Germany and worldwide. In 1982, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "forging and implementing a new vision uniting ecological concerns with disarmament, social justice and human rights."
2. Ronnie Montrose, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2012) births
  1. Ronnie Montrose
    
    Ronald Douglas Montrose was an American guitarist who founded and led the rock bands Montrose and Gamma. He also performed and did session work with a variety of musicians, including Van Morrison, Herbie Hancock, Beaver & Krause, Boz Scaggs, Edgar Winter, Gary Wright, The Beau Brummels, Dan Hartman, Tony Williams, The Neville Brothers, Marc Bonilla and Sammy Hagar.
1946
1. Suzy Chaffee, American skier births
  1. Suzy Chaffee
    
    Suzanne Stevia "Suzy" Chaffee is a former Olympic alpine ski racer and actress. Following her racing career, she modeled in New York with Ford Models and then became the pre-eminent freestyle ballet skier of the early 1970s. She is perhaps best known by the nickname "Suzy Chapstick", since the 1970s, when she was a spokesperson for ChapStick lip balm.
2. Silvio Rodríguez, Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Silvio Rodríguez
    
    Silvio Rodríguez Domínguez is a Cuban musician, and leader of the Nueva Trova movement.
1945
1. Csaba Pléh, Hungarian psychologist and linguist births
  1. Csaba Pléh
    
    Csaba Pléh is a Hungarian psychologist and linguist, professor at the Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
1944
1. Felix Cavaliere, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer births
  1. Felix Cavaliere
    
    Felix Cavaliere is an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is best known for being the lead vocalist and keyboard player for The Young Rascals.
1943
1. Bobbi Martin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2000) births
  1. Bobbi Martin
    
    Barbara Ann "Bobbi" Martin was an American country and pop music singer, songwriter, and guitarist. She grew up in Oslo, Minnesota and began her singing career in Baltimore, working her way up from local venues onto the national nightclub circuit.
2. Sue Miller, American novelist and short story writer births
  1. Sue Miller
    
    Sue Miller is an American novelist and short story writer who has written a number of best-selling novels.
1942
1. Michael Craze, British actor (d. 1998) births
  1. Michael Craze
    
    Michael Craze was a British actor noted for his role of Ben Jackson, a companion of the Doctor, in the long-running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who. He played the part from 1966 to 1967 alongside both William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton.
2. Ann Dunham, American anthropologist and academic (d. 1995) births
  1. Ann Dunham
    
    Stanley Ann Dunham was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia. She is the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States. Dunham was known as Stanley Ann Dunham through high school, then as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, a.k.a. Ann Sutoro, and resumed her maiden name, Ann Dunham, later in life.
3. John Grillo, English actor and playwright births
  1. John Grillo
    
    John Martin Grillo is an English actor.
4. Boyd Wagner, American colonel and pilot (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Boyd Wagner
    
    Lieutenant Colonel Boyd David "Buzz" Wagner was an American aviator and the first United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) fighter ace of World War II.
5. Ron Middleton (VC), Australian bomber pilot and Victoria Cross Recipient (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Ron Middleton (VC)
    
    Rawdon Hume "Ron" Middleton, VC was a bomber pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force and a posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
1941
1. Bill Freehan, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 2021) births
  1. Bill Freehan
    
    William Ashley Freehan was an American catcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire 15-year career with the Detroit Tigers. The premier catcher in the American League for several years from the 1960s into the early 1970s, he was named an All-Star in each of the 11 seasons in which he caught at least 75 games. He was the MVP runner-up for Tigers' 1968 World Series winning team, handling a pitching staff which included World Series MVP Mickey Lolich and regular season MVP Denny McLain, who went on to become the first 30-game winner in the majors since 1934.
2. Frank Waller, American sprinter and hurdler (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Frank Waller (athlete)
    
    Frank Laird Waller was an American athlete who specialized in the 400 metres. He later became a vocal coach.
1940
1. Oscar Espinosa Chepe, Cuban-Spanish economist and journalist (d. 2013) births
  1. Oscar Espinosa Chepe
    
    Óscar Manuel Espinosa Chepe was a Cuban economist and dissident. He was one of approximately 75 dissidents arrested, tried and convicted in 2003 as part of a crackdown by the Cuban government nicknamed the "Black Spring". He was given a twenty-year sentence on a charge of "activities against the integrity and sovereignty of the State", causing Amnesty International to declare him as a prisoner of conscience.
2. Chuck Mangione, American horn player and composer births
  1. Chuck Mangione
    
    Charles Frank Mangione is an American flugelhorn player, voice actor, trumpeter and composer.
3. Janet Smith, English lawyer and judge births
  1. Janet Smith (judge)
    
    Dame Janet Hilary Smith,, styled The Rt Hon. Lady Justice Smith, is an English barrister and former High Court Judge and President of the Council of The Inns of Court. She was the judge who prepared The Shipman Inquiry and the Dame Janet Smith Review,.
4. Henry T. Yang, Taiwanese/Chinese-American engineer and academic births
  1. Henry T. Yang
    
    Henry Tzu-Yow Yang is a Chinese American engineer, university administrator, and the fifth and current chancellor of the University of California, Santa Barbara, a post he has held since 1994.
1939
1. Peter Bergman, American comedian, actor and screenwriter (d. 2012) births
  1. Peter Bergman (comedian)
    
    Peter Paul Bergman was an American comedian and writer, best known as the founder of the Firesign Theatre. He played Lt. Bradshaw in the Nick Danger series.
2. Meco, American record producer and musician births
  1. Meco
    
    Domenico Monardo, known as Meco, is an American record producer and musician, as well as the name of his band or production team. Meco is best known for his 1977 space disco version of the Star Wars theme from his album Star Wars and Other Galactic Funk; both the single and album were certified platinum in the US.
3. Philipp Scheidemann, German lawyer and politician, 10th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Philipp Scheidemann
    
    Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In the first quarter of the 20th century he played a leading role in both his party and in the young Weimar Republic. During the German Revolution of 1918–1919 that broke out after Germany's defeat in World War I, Scheidemann proclaimed a German Republic from a balcony of the Reichstag building. In 1919 he was elected Reich Minister President by the National Assembly meeting in Weimar to write a constitution for the republic. He resigned the office the same year due to a lack of unanimity in the cabinet on whether or not to accept the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
  2. Chancellor of Germany
    
    The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the federal president and without debate.
1938
1. Johnny Crossan, Northern Irish footballer, author and sports analyst births
  1. Johnny Crossan
    
    John Andrew Crossan is a Northern Irish author, radio sports analyst, entrepreneur, and former footballer. His brother Eddie was also a player.
1937
1. Eric Barnes, English footballer (d. 2014) births
  1. Eric Barnes (footballer)
    
    Eric Barnes was an English professional footballer who played for Crewe Alexandra between 1957 and 1970.
1936
1. Gregory Gillespie, American painter (d. 2000) births
  1. Gregory Gillespie
    
    Gregory Joseph Gillespie was an American magic realist painter.
2. Bill Jenkins, American politician births
  1. Bill Jenkins (politician)
    
    William Lewis Jenkins is an American politician from the state of Tennessee. He represented the state's 1st Congressional district, centered on the Tri-Cities, from 1997 until his successor was sworn in on January 3, 2007.
1935
1. Diane Ladd, American actress births
  1. Diane Ladd
    
    Diane Ladd is an American actress. She has appeared in over 120 film and television roles. For the 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, she won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for Alice (1980–81), and to receive Academy Award nominations for Wild at Heart (1990) and Rambling Rose (1991). Her other film appearances include Chinatown (1974), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), Primary Colors (1998), 28 Days (2000), and American Cowslip (2008). Ladd is the mother of actress Laura Dern, with her ex-husband, actor Bruce Dern.
2. Thomas J. O'Brien, American bishop (d. 2018) births
  1. Thomas J. O'Brien (bishop)
    
    Thomas Joseph O'Brien was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Phoenix from 1982 to 2003.
1934
1. Willie Morris, American writer (d. 1999) births
  1. Willie Morris
    
    William Weaks Morris was an American writer and editor born in Jackson, Mississippi, though his family later moved to Yazoo City, Mississippi, which he immortalized in his works of prose. Morris' trademark was his lyrical prose style and reflections on the American South, particularly the Mississippi Delta. In 1967 he became the youngest editor of Harper's Magazine. He wrote several works of fiction and nonfiction, including his seminal book North Toward Home, as well as My Dog Skip.
1933
1. John Mayall, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. John Mayall
    
    John Mayall, OBE is an English blues singer, musician and songwriter, whose musical career spans over sixty years. In the 1960s, he was the founder of John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, a band that has counted among its members some of the most famous blues and blues rock musicians.
2. James Rosenquist, American painter and illustrator (d. 2017) births
  1. James Rosenquist
    
    James Rosenquist was an American artist and one of the proponents of the pop art movement. Drawing from his background working in sign painting, Rosenquist's pieces often explored the role of advertising and consumer culture in art and society, utilizing techniques he learned making commercial art to depict popular cultural icons and mundane everyday objects. While his works have often been compared to those from other key figures of the pop art movement, such as Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein, Rosenquist's pieces were unique in the way that they often employed elements of surrealism using fragments of advertisements and cultural imagery to emphasize the overwhelming nature of ads. He was a 2001 inductee into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame.
1932
1. Ed Bickert, Canadian jazz guitarist (d. 2019) births
  1. Ed Bickert
    
    Edward Isaac Bickert, was a Canadian guitarist who played mainstream jazz and swing music. Bickert worked professionally from the mid-1950s to 2000, mainly in the Toronto area. His international reputation grew steadily from the mid-1970s onward as he recorded albums both as a bandleader and as a backing musician for Paul Desmond, Rosemary Clooney, and other artists, with whom he toured in North America, Europe and Japan.
2. Jacques Chirac, French soldier and politician, 22nd President of France (d. 2019) births
  1. Jacques Chirac
    
    Jacques René Chirac was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. Chirac was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988, as well as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995.
  2. President of France
    
    The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and Government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic.
3. John Gary, American singer and television host (d. 1998) births
  1. John Gary
    
    John Gary was an American singer, recording artist, television host, and performer on the musical stage.
4. Abdullah Cevdet, Kurdish-Turkish physician and academic (b. 1869) deaths
  1. Abdullah Cevdet
    
    Abdullah Cevdet was a Kurdish intellectual and physician in the Ottoman Empire. He was one of the founders of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and wrote articles with pen name of "Bir Kürd" for the publications such as Meşveret, Kurdistan and Roji Kurd about Kurdish awakening and nationalism. In 1908, he joined the Democratic Party which merged with the Freedom and Accord Party in 1911. He was also a translator, radical free-thinker, and an ideologist of the CUP until 1908.
1931
1. Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor, singer, director, and producer (d. 1997) births
  1. Shintaro Katsu
    
    Shintaro Katsu was a Japanese actor, singer, and filmmaker. He is known for starring in the Akumyo series, the Hoodlum Soldier series, and the Zatoichi series.
1930
1. Shirley Porter, English politician, Lord Mayor of Westminster births
  1. Shirley Porter
    
    Shirley, Lady Porter, styled between 1991 and 2003 as Dame Shirley Porter, is a British politician who led Westminster City Council in London, representing the Conservative Party. She is the daughter and heiress of Sir Jack Cohen, the founder of Tesco supermarkets. She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1991 by John Major after delivering victory in Westminster for the Conservatives in the 1990 elections, but was stripped of this title in 2003.
  2. List of mayors of Westminster
    
    This is a list of mayors and the later lord mayors of the City of Westminster.
2. Vladimir Šenauer, Croatian footballer (d. 2013) births
  1. Vladimir Šenauer
    
    Vladimir "Geza" Šenauer (Schönauer) was a Croatian professional footballer.
3. Alan Lee Williams, English academic and politician births
  1. Alan Lee Williams
    
    Alan Lee Williams OBE is a former president of the Atlantic Treaty Association, a British Labour Party politician, writer and visiting professor of politics at Queen Mary University of London.
1929
1. Derek Jameson, English journalist and radio host (d. 2012) births
  1. Derek Jameson
    
    Derek Jameson was a British tabloid journalist and broadcaster. He began his career in the media in 1944 as a messenger at Reuters and worked his way up to become the editor of several British tabloid newspapers in the 1970s and 1980s. Later, he was a regular broadcaster on BBC Radio 2 for nearly a decade and a half, including an on-air partnership with his third wife Ellen. When his profile was at its highest, he was described by Auberon Waugh as "the second most famous man in Britain after Prince Charles."
2. Woo Yong-gak, North Korean soldier (d. 2012) births
  1. Woo Yong-gak
    
    Woo Yong-gak was a North Korean commando who was released from incarceration in South Korea on 25 February 1999.
1928
1. Tahir Salahov, Azerbaijani painter and educator (d. 2021) births
  1. Tahir Salahov
    
    Tahir Salahov was a Soviet, Azerbaijani painter and draughtsman. He was First Secretary of the Artists' Union of the USSR (1973–1992), Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Arts, member of over 20 academies and other creative organizations throughout the world, including academies of art of France, Spain, Germany, and Austria.
  2. 2021
    
    2021 (MMXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2021st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 21st year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 2nd year of the 2020s decade.
2. Paul Simon, American soldier and politician, 39th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (d. 2003) births
  1. Paul Simon (politician)
    
    Paul Martin Simon was an American author and politician from Illinois. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985 and in the United States Senate from 1985 to 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, he unsuccessfully ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination.
  2. Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
    
    The lieutenant governor of Illinois is the second highest executive of the State of Illinois. In Illinois, the lieutenant governor and governor run on a joint ticket and are directly elected by popular vote. Gubernatorial candidates select their running mates when filing for office and appear on the primary election ballot together. When the governor of Illinois becomes unable to discharge the duties of that office, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor. If the governor dies, resigns or is removed from office, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. Under the Illinois Constitution, the Attorney General is next in line of succession to the Governor's office after the lieutenant governor, but does not succeed to the lieutenant governor's office. From the impeachment of Rod Blagojevich in 2009, until the inauguration of Sheila Simon in 2011, Attorney General Lisa Madigan would have become governor if Pat Quinn had vacated the office. Historically, the lieutenant governor has been from either the Democratic Party or Republican Party. The current lieutenant governor is Democrat Juliana Stratton.
1927
1. Vin Scully, American sportscaster and game show host (d. 2022) births
  1. Vin Scully
    
    Vincent Edward Scully was an American sportscaster. He was best known for his 67 seasons calling games for Major League Baseball's Los Angeles Dodgers, beginning in 1950 and ending in 2016.
2. George Giffen, Australian cricketer (b. 1859) deaths
  1. George Giffen
    
    George Giffen was a cricketer who played for South Australia and Australia. An all-rounder who batted in the middle order and often opened the bowling with medium-paced off-spin, Giffen captained Australia during the 1894–95 Ashes series and was the first Australian to score 10,000 runs and take 500 wickets in first-class cricket. He was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame on 26 February 2008.
1926
1. Beji Caid Essebsi, Tunisian lawyer and politician, President of Tunisia (d. 2019) births
  1. Beji Caid Essebsi
    
    Beji Caid Essebsi was a Tunisian politician who served as the 6th president of Tunisia from 31 December 2014 until his death on 25 July 2019. Previously, he served as the minister of foreign affairs from 1981 to 1986 and as the prime minister from February 2011 to December 2011.
  2. President of Tunisia
    
    The president of Tunisia, officially the president of the Tunisian Republic, is the head of state of Tunisia. Tunisia is a presidential republic, whereby the president is the head of state and head of government. Under Article 77 of the Constitution of Tunisia, the president is also the commander-in-chief of the Tunisian Armed Forces. The incumbent president is Kais Saied who has held this position since 23 October 2019 following the death of Beji Caid Essebsi on 25 July 2019. 2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum turned Tunisia into a presidential republic, giving the president sweeping powers while largely limiting the role of the parliament.
1925
1. Minnie Miñoso, Cuban-American baseball player and coach (d. 2015) births
  1. Minnie Miñoso
    
    Orestes "Minnie" Miñoso, nicknamed "The Cuban Comet" and "Mr. White Sox", was a Cuban professional baseball player. He began his baseball career in the Negro leagues in 1946 and became an All-Star third baseman with the New York Cubans. He was signed by the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB) after the 1948 season as baseball's color line fell. Miñoso went on to become an All-Star left fielder with the Indians and Chicago White Sox. The first Afro-Latino in the major leagues and the first black player in White Sox history, as a 1951 rookie he was one of the first Latin Americans to play in an MLB All-Star Game.
1924
1. Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer and educator (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Giacomo Puccini
    
    Giacomo Puccini was an Italian composer known primarily for his operas. Regarded as the greatest and most successful proponent of Italian opera after Verdi, he was descended from a long line of composers, stemming from the late-Baroque era. Though his early work was firmly rooted in traditional late-19th-century Romantic Italian opera he later developed his work in the realistic verismo style, of which he became one of the leading exponents.
1923
1. Chuck Daigh, American race car driver (b. 2008) births
  1. Chuck Daigh
    
    Chuck Daigh was an American racing car driver. He broke into Grand Prix racing through Lance Reventlow's Scarab team, through the virtue of being one of the resident engineers. Born in Long Beach, California, he participated in six World Championship Formula One races, debuting on May 29, 1960, and scoring no championship points. He also participated in one non-Championship Formula One race.
1922
1. Michael Howard, English-American historian, author, and academic (d. 2019) births
  1. Michael Howard (historian)
    
    Sir Michael Eliot Howard was an English military historian, formerly Chichele Professor of the History of War, Honorary Fellow of All Souls College, Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford, Robert A. Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History at Yale University, and founder of the Department of War Studies, King's College London. In 1958, he co-founded the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
1921
1. Jackie Stallone, American astrologer and a promoter of women's wrestling (d. 2020) births
  1. Jackie Stallone
    
    Jacqueline Frances Stallone was an American astrologer, dancer and wrestling promoter. She was the mother of actor Sylvester Stallone, singer Frank Stallone, and actress Toni D'Alto, the latter by her former husband Anthony Filiti.
1920
1. Yegor Ligachyov, Russian engineer and politician (d. 2021) births
  1. Yegor Ligachyov
    
    Yegor Kuzmich Ligachyov was a Soviet and Russian politician who was a high-ranking official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and who continued an active political career in post-Soviet Russia.
2. Joseph Shivers, American chemist and academic, developed spandex (d. 2014) births
  1. Joseph Shivers
    
    Joseph Clois Shivers Jr. was an American textile chemist who was based in West Chester, Pennsylvania, best known for his role in the structural development of Spandex, a thermoplastic elastomer, in the 1950s, while employed at DuPont.
  2. Spandex
    
    Spandex, Lycra, or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. It is a polyether-polyurea copolymer that was invented in 1958 by chemist Joseph Shivers at DuPont's Benger Laboratory in Waynesboro, Virginia, US.
1919
1. Joe Weider, Canadian-American bodybuilder and publisher, co-founded the IFBB (d. 2013) births
  1. Joe Weider
    
    Joseph Weider was a Canadian bodybuilder and entrepreneur who co-founded the International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB) alongside his brother Ben Weider. He was also the creator of Mr. Olympia, Ms. Olympia, and the Masters Olympia bodybuilding contests. He was the publisher of various bodybuilding and fitness-related magazines, most notably Muscle & Fitness, Flex, Men's Fitness, and Shape, and the manufacturer of a line of fitness equipment and fitness supplements.
  2. International Federation of BodyBuilding and Fitness
    
    The International Federation of BodyBuilding and Fitness (IFBB), headquartered in Las Rozas (Madrid), is an international professional sports governing body for bodybuilding and fitness that oversees many of the sport's major international events, notably the World and Continental Championships.
1918
1. Madeleine L'Engle, American author and poet (d. 2007) births
  1. Madeleine L'Engle
    
    Madeleine L'Engle DStJ was an American writer of fiction, non-fiction, poetry, and young adult fiction, including A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels: A Wind in the Door, A Swiftly Tilting Planet, Many Waters, and An Acceptable Time. Her works reflect both her Christian faith and her strong interest in modern science.
2. Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, Brazilian prince (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza
    
    Captain Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza MC was a Brazilian prince who served in the forces of the British Empire during World War I.
1917
1. Pierre Gaspard-Huit, French director and screenwriter (d. 2017) births
  1. Pierre Gaspard-Huit
    
    Pierre Gaspard-Huit was a French film director and screenwriter. He directed the 1963 film Shéhérazade, which starred Anna Karina. He was once married to actress Claudine Auger when she was 18, and he was 41 years old. She acted in several of his films.
2. Merle Travis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1983) births
  1. Merle Travis
    
    Merle Robert Travis was an American country and western singer, songwriter, and guitarist born in Rosewood, Kentucky, United States. His songs' lyrics often discussed both the lives and the economic exploitation of American coal miners. Among his many well-known songs and recordings are "Sixteen Tons", "Re-Enlistment Blues", "I am a Pilgrim" and "Dark as a Dungeon". However, it is his unique guitar style, still called "Travis picking" by guitarists, as well as his interpretations of the rich musical traditions of his native Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, for which he is best known today. Travis picking is a syncopated style of guitar fingerpicking rooted in ragtime music in which alternating chords and bass notes are plucked by the thumb while melodies are simultaneously plucked by the index finger. He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970 and elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1977.
1916
1. Fran Ryan, American actress and comedian (d. 2000) births
  1. Fran Ryan
    
    Fran Mary Ryan was an American character actress featured in television and films. She was born in Los Angeles, California.
1915
1. Ludu Daw Amar, Burmese journalist and author (d. 2008) births
  1. Ludu Daw Amar
    
    Ludu Daw Amar was a well known and respected leading dissident writer and journalist in Mandalay, Burma. She was married to fellow writer and journalist Ludu U Hla and was the mother of popular writer Nyi Pu Lay. She is best known for her outspoken anti-government views and radical left wing journalism besides her outstanding work on traditional Burmese arts, theatre, dance and music, and several works of translation from English, both fiction and non-fiction.
2. Billy Strayhorn, American pianist and composer (d. 1967) births
  1. Billy Strayhorn
    
    William Thomas Strayhorn was an American jazz composer, pianist, lyricist, and arranger, who collaborated with bandleader and composer Duke Ellington for nearly three decades. His compositions include "Take the 'A' Train", "Chelsea Bridge", "A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing", and "Lush Life".
1910
1. Elizabeth Choy, Malaysian-Singaporean educator and politician (d. 2006) births
  1. Elizabeth Choy
    
    Elizabeth Choy Su-Moi was a Singaporean educator and councillor who is regarded as a war heroine in Singapore. Along with her husband, Choy Khun Heng, she supplied medicine, money and messages to prisoners-of-war interned in Changi Prison when the Japanese occupied Singapore during World War II.
2. Antanas Škėma, Lithuanian actor and director (d. 1961) births
  1. Antanas Škėma
    
    Antanas Škėma was a Lithuanian writer, playwright, stage actor and director. His best known work is the novel Balta drobulė.
1908
1. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., American pastor and politician (d. 1972) births
  1. Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
    
    Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was an American Baptist pastor and politician who represented the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the United States House of Representatives from 1945 until 1971. He was the first African American to be elected to Congress from New York, as well as the first from any state in the Northeast. Re-elected for nearly three decades, Powell became a powerful national politician of the Democratic Party, and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues. He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism.
1906
1. Barbara C. Freeman, English writer and poet (b. 1999) births
  1. Barbara C. Freeman
    
    Barbara Constance Freeman was an English writer and illustrator of books for children and young adults.
1905
1. Marcel Lefebvre, French-Swiss archbishop and theologian (d. 1991) births
  1. Marcel Lefebvre
    
    Marcel François Marie Joseph Lefebvre was a French Catholic archbishop who greatly influenced modern traditional Catholicism. In 1970, he founded the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), a community to train seminarians, in the village of Écône, Switzerland. In 1988, he was excommunicated from the Catholic Church for consecrating four bishops against the express prohibition of Pope John Paul II.
1904
1. Margaret Barr, Australian choreographer and teacher of dance-drama (d. 1991) births
  1. Margaret Barr (choreographer)
    
    Margaret Barr was an Australian choreographer and teacher of dance-drama who worked in the United States, England, New Zealand and Australia. During a career of more than sixty years, she created over eighty works.
1901
1. Francesc Pi i Margall, Spanish federalist and republican politician and theorist (b. 1824) deaths
  1. Francesc Pi i Margall
    
    Francesc Pi i Margall was a Spanish federalist and republican politician and theorist who served as president of the short-lived First Spanish Republic in 1873. He was also a historian, philosopher, romanticist writer, and was also the leader of the Federal Democratic Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Pi was turned into a sort of secular saint in his time.
1900
1. Mildred Gillars, American broadcaster, employed by Nazi Germany to disseminate propaganda during WWII (d. 1988) births
  1. Mildred Gillars
    
    Mildred Elizabeth Gillars was an American broadcaster employed by Nazi Germany to disseminate Axis propaganda during World War II. Following her capture in post-war Berlin, she became the first woman to be convicted of treason against the United States. In March 1949, she was sentenced to ten to thirty years' imprisonment. She was released in 1961. Along with Rita Zucca she was nicknamed "Axis Sally".
  2. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
1899
1. Andrija Artuković, Croatian Minister of Interior (d. 1988) births
  1. Andrija Artuković
    
    Andrija Artuković was a Croatian lawyer, politician, and senior member of the ultranationalist and fascist Ustasha movement, who served as the Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Justice in the Government of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II in Yugoslavia. He signed into law a number of racial laws against Serbs, Jews, and Roma, and was responsible for a string of concentration camps in which over 100,000 civilians were tortured and murdered. He escaped to the United States after the war, where he lived until extradited to Yugoslavia in 1986. He was tried and found guilty of a number of mass killings in the NDH, and was sentenced to death, but the sentence was not carried out due to his age and health. He died in custody in 1988.
  2. Government of the Independent State of Croatia
    
    The Croatian State Government was the government of the Independent State of Croatia from 16 April 1941 until 8 May 1945.
2. Emma Morano, Italian supercentenarian, oldest Italian person ever (d. 2017) births
  1. Emma Morano
    
    Emma Martina Luigia Morano was an Italian supercentenarian. She was the world's oldest living person from 13 May 2016 until her death on 15 April 2017, aged 117 years and 137 days. At the time of her death, she was also the last living person verified to have been born in the 1800s. She is the oldest Italian person ever and the third-oldest European person ever behind Jeanne Calment (1875–1997) and Lucile Randon (b. 1904).
  2. Supercentenarian
    
    A supercentenarian is a person who has reached the age of 110 years. This age is achieved by about one in 1,000 centenarians. Supercentenarians typically live a life free of major age-related diseases until shortly before the maximum human lifespan is reached.
1898
1. C. S. Lewis, British novelist, poet, and critic (d. 1963) births
  1. C. S. Lewis
    
    Clive Staples Lewis was a British writer and Anglican lay theologian. He held academic positions in English literature at both Oxford University and Cambridge University. He is best known as the author of The Chronicles of Narnia, but he is also noted for his other works of fiction, such as The Screwtape Letters and The Space Trilogy, and for his non-fiction Christian apologetics, including Mere Christianity, Miracles, and The Problem of Pain.
1895
1. Busby Berkeley, American director and choreographer (d. 1976) births
  1. Busby Berkeley
    
    Busby Berkeley was an American film director and musical choreographer. Berkeley devised elaborate musical production numbers that often involved complex geometric patterns. Berkeley's works used large numbers of showgirls and props as fantasy elements in kaleidoscopic on-screen performances.
2. William Tubman, Liberian lawyer and politician, 19th President of Liberia (d. 1971) births
  1. William Tubman
    
    William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman was a Liberian politician. He was the 19th president of Liberia and the longest-serving president in the country's history, serving from his election in 1944 until his death in 1971.
  2. President of Liberia
    
    The president of the Republic of Liberia is the head of state and government of Liberia. The president serves as the leader of the executive branch and as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia.
1894
1. Juan N. Méndez, Mexican general and interim president, 1876-1877 (b. 1820) deaths
  1. Juan N. Méndez
    
    Juan Nepomuceno Méndez Sánchez was a Mexican general, a Liberal politician and confidant of Porfirio Díaz, and interim president of the Republic for a few months during the Porfiriato. He served from 6 December 1876 until 17 February 1877.
1891
1. Julius Raab, Austrian engineer and politician, 19th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1964) births
  1. Julius Raab
    
    Julius Raab was a conservative Austrian politician, who served as Federal Chancellor of Austria from 1953 to 1961. Raab steered Allied-occupied Austria to independence, when he negotiated and signed the Austrian State Treaty in 1955. In internal politics Raab stood for a pragmatic "social partnership" and the "Grand coalition" of Austrian Conservatives and Social Democrats.
  2. Chancellor of Austria
    
    The chancellor of the Republic of Austria is the head of government of the Republic of Austria. The position corresponds to that of Prime Minister in several other parliamentary democracies.
1882
1. Henri Fabre, French pilot and engineer (d. 1984) births
  1. Henri Fabre
    
    Henri Fabre was a French aviator and the inventor of the first successful seaplane, the Fabre Hydravion.
1881
1. Artur Phleps, Romanian-German general (d. 1944) births
  1. Artur Phleps
    
    Artur Gustav Martin Phleps was an Austro-Hungarian, Romanian and German army officer who held the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS in the Waffen-SS during World War II. At the post-war Nuremberg trials, the Waffen-SS – of which Phleps was a senior officer – was declared to be a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity. An Austro-Hungarian Army officer before and during World War I, Phleps specialised in mountain warfare and logistics, and had been promoted to Oberstleutnant by the end of the war. During the interwar period he joined the Romanian Army, reaching the rank of General-locotenent, and also became an adviser to King Carol. After he spoke out against the government, he asked to be dismissed from the army after being sidelined.
1879
1. Jacob Gade, Danish violinist and composer (d. 1963) births
  1. Jacob Gade
    
    Jacob Thune Hansen Gade was a Danish violinist and composer, mostly of orchestral popular music. He is remembered today for a single tune, Jalousie.
1876
1. Nellie Tayloe Ross, American educator and politician, 14th Governor of Wyoming (d. 1977) births
  1. Nellie Tayloe Ross
    
    Nellie Davis Tayloe Ross was an American politician who served as the 14th governor of Wyoming from 1925 to 1927, and as the 28th and first female director of the United States Mint from 1933 to 1953. She was the first woman to serve as governor of a U.S. state, and remains the only woman to have served as governor of Wyoming.
  2. List of governors of Wyoming
    
    This is a list of governors of Wyoming, beginning with territorial governors. Wyoming Territory was organized in 1868, and the state was admitted to the union on July 10, 1890.
1874
1. Francis Dodd, Welsh-English painter and academic (d. 1949) births
  1. Francis Dodd (artist)
    
    Francis Edgar Dodd was a British portrait painter, landscape artist and printmaker.
2. Egas Moniz, Portuguese physician and neurologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955) births
  1. António Egas Moniz
    
    António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, known as Egas Moniz, was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern psychosurgery, having developed the surgical procedure leucotomy—better known today as lobotomy—for which he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1873
1. Suzan Rose Benedict, American mathematician and academic (d. 1942) births
  1. Suzan Rose Benedict
    
    Suzan Rose Benedict was the first woman awarded a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Michigan and had a long teaching career at Smith College.
1872
1. Mary Somerville, Scottish-Italian astronomer, mathematician, and author (b. 1780) deaths
  1. Mary Somerville
    
    Mary Somerville was a Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath. She studied mathematics and astronomy, and in 1835 she and Caroline Herschel were elected as the first female Honorary Members of the Royal Astronomical Society.
1861
1. Spyridon Samaras, Greek composer (d. 1917) births
  1. Spyridon Samaras
    
    Spyridon-Filiskos Samaras was a Greek composer particularly admired for his operas who was part of the generation of composers that heralded the works of Giacomo Puccini. His compositions were praised worldwide during his lifetime and he is arguably the most important composer of the Ionian School. He composed also the Olympic Hymn on lyrics of Kostis Palamas. Among his works are the operas Flora mirabilis (1886) and Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle (1905).
1857
1. Theodor Escherich, German-Austrian pediatrician and academic (d. 1911) births
  1. Theodor Escherich
    
    Theodor Escherich was a German-Austrian pediatrician and a professor at universities in Graz and Vienna. He discovered and described the bacterium Escherichia coli.
1856
1. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, German lawyer and politician, 5th Chancellor of Germany (d. 1921) births
  1. Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
    
    Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann Hollweg was a German politician who was the chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917. He oversaw the German entry into World War I. According to biographer Konrad H. Jarausch, a primary concern for Bethmann in July 1914 was the steady growth of Russian power, and the growing closeness of the British and French military collaboration. Under these circumstances he decided to run what he considered a calculated risk to back Austria-Hungary in a local war against Serbia, while risking a major war with Russia. He calculated that France would not support Russia. It failed when Russia decided on general mobilization, and his own army demanded the opportunity to use the Schlieffen Plan for quick victory against a poorly prepared France. By rushing through Belgium, Germany expanded the war to include the United Kingdom. Bethmann thus failed to keep France and Britain out of the conflict, which became the First World War. He remained in office throughout most of the war, until July 1917, when he relinquished the post in response to pressure from Erich von Ludendorff and was succeeded by Georg Michaelis.
  2. Chancellor of Germany
    
    The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the federal president and without debate.
1849
1. John Ambrose Fleming, English physicist and engineer (d. 1945) births
  1. John Ambrose Fleming
    
    Sir John Ambrose Fleming FRS was an English electrical engineer and physicist who invented the first thermionic valve or vacuum tube, designed the radio transmitter with which the first transatlantic radio transmission was made, and also established the right-hand rule used in physics.
1847
1. Marcus Whitman, American physician and missionary (b. 1802) deaths
  1. Marcus Whitman
    
    Marcus Whitman was an American physician and missionary.
1846
1. Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi, Turkish composer and educator (b. 1778) deaths
  1. Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi
    
    Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi was a composer of Ottoman classical music.
1843
1. Gertrude Jekyll, British horticulturist and writer (d. 1932) births
  1. Gertrude Jekyll
    
    Gertrude Jekyll was a British horticulturist, garden designer, craftswoman, photographer, writer and artist. She created over 400 gardens in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States, and wrote over 1000 articles for magazines such as Country Life and William Robinson's The Garden. Jekyll has been described as "a premier influence in garden design" by British and American gardening enthusiasts.
1835
1. Empress Dowager Cixi of China (d. 1908) births
  1. Empress Dowager Cixi
    
    Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Manchu Yehe Nara clan, was a Chinese noblewoman, concubine and later regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years, from 1861 until her death in 1908. Selected as a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor in her adolescence, she gave birth to a son, Zaichun, in 1856. After the Xianfeng Emperor's death in 1861, the young boy became the Tongzhi Emperor, and she assumed the role of co-empress dowager, alongside the Emperor's widow, Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed the regency along with Ci'an, who later mysteriously died. Cixi then consolidated control over the dynasty when she installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor at the death of her son, the Tongzhi Emperor, in 1875. This was contrary to the traditional rules of succession of the Qing dynasty that had ruled China since 1644.
1832
1. Louisa May Alcott, American novelist and poet (d. 1888) births
  1. Louisa May Alcott
    
    Louisa May Alcott was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many well-known intellectuals of the day, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
1831
1. Frederick Townsend Ward, American sailor and soldier (d. 1862) births
  1. Frederick Townsend Ward
    
    Frederick Townsend Ward was an American sailor and soldier of fortune known for his military service in Imperial China during the Taiping Rebellion.
1830
1. Charles-Simon Catel, French composer and educator (b. 1773) deaths
  1. Charles-Simon Catel
    
    Charles-Simon Catel was a French composer and educator born at L'Aigle, Orne.
1827
1. William Crichton, Scottish engineer and shipbuilder (d. 1889) births
  1. William Crichton (engineer)
    
    William Crichton was a Scottish engineer and shipbuilder who spent most of his career in Turku, located in the Grand Duchy of Finland.
1825
1. Jean-Martin Charcot, French neurologist and psychologist (d. 1893) births
  1. Jean-Martin Charcot
    
    Jean-Martin Charcot was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He worked on hypnosis and hysteria, in particular with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes. Charcot is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms, including various conditions sometimes referred to as Charcot diseases.
1823
1. La Fayette Grover, American lawyer and politician, 4th Governor of Oregon (d. 1911) births
  1. La Fayette Grover
    
    La Fayette Grover was a Democratic politician and lawyer from the U.S. state of Oregon. He was the fourth Governor of Oregon, represented Oregon in the United States House of Representatives, and served one term in the United States Senate.
  2. Governor of Oregon
    
    The governor of Oregon is the head of government of Oregon and serves as the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregon's chief executive during the provisional and U.S. territorial governments.
1818
1. George Brown, Scottish-Canadian journalist and politician, 10th Premier of West Canada (d. 1880) births
  1. George Brown (Canadian politician)
    
    George Brown was a British-Canadian journalist, politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation; attended the Charlottetown and Quebec conferences. A noted Reform politician, he is best known as the founder and editor of the Toronto Globe, Canada's most influential newspaper at the time, and his leadership in the founding of the Liberal Party in 1867. He was an articulate champion of the grievances and anger of Upper Canada (Ontario). He played a major role in securing national unity. His career in active politics faltered after 1865, but he remained a powerful spokesman for the Liberal Party. He promoted westward expansion and opposed the policies of Conservative Prime Minister John A. Macdonald.
  2. List of joint premiers of the Province of Canada
    
    This is a list of the joint premiers of the Province of Canada, who were the heads of government of the Province of Canada from the 1841 unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada until Confederation in 1867.
1817
1. William Ellery Channing, American poet and author (d. 1901) births
  1. William Ellery Channing (poet)
    
    William Ellery Channing II was an American Transcendentalist poet, nephew and namesake of the Unitarian preacher Dr. William Ellery Channing. His uncle was usually known as "Dr. Channing", while the nephew was commonly called "Ellery Channing", in print. The younger Ellery Channing was thought brilliant but undisciplined by many of his contemporaries. Amos Bronson Alcott famously said of him in 1871, "Whim, thy name is Channing." Nevertheless, the Transcendentalists thought his poetry among the best of their group's literary products.
1816
1. Morrison Waite, American jurist and politician, 7th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1888) births
  1. Morrison Waite
    
    Morrison Remick "Mott" Waite was an American attorney, jurist, and politician from Ohio. He served as the seventh chief justice of the United States from 1874 until his death in 1888. During his tenure, the Waite Court took a narrow interpretation of federal authority related to laws and amendments that were enacted during the Reconstruction Era to expand the rights of freedmen and protect them from attacks by white-supremacy groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.
  2. Chief Justice of the United States
    
    The chief justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest-ranking officer of the U.S. federal judiciary. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint "Judges of the supreme Court", who serve until they resign, retire, are impeached and convicted, or die. The existence of a chief justice is explicit in Article One, Section 3, Clause 6 which states that the chief justice shall preside on the impeachment trial of the president.
1803
1. Christian Doppler, Austrian mathematician and physicist (d. 1853) births
  1. Christian Doppler
    
    Christian Andreas Doppler was an Austrian mathematician and physicist. He is celebrated for his principle – known as the Doppler effect – that the observed frequency of a wave depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer.
2. Gottfried Semper, German architect and academic, designed the Semper Opera House (d. 1879) births
  1. Gottfried Semper
    
    Gottfried Semper was a German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture who designed and built the Semper Opera House in Dresden between 1838 and 1841. In 1849 he took part in the May Uprising in Dresden and was put on the government's wanted list. He fled first to Zürich and later to London. He returned to Germany after the 1862 amnesty granted to the revolutionaries.
  2. Semperoper
    
    The Semperoper is the opera house of the Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden and the concert hall of the Staatskapelle Dresden. It is also home to the Semperoper Ballett. The building is located on the Theaterplatz near the Elbe River in the historic centre of Dresden, Germany.
1802
1. Wilhelm Hauff, German poet and author (d. 1827) births
  1. Wilhelm Hauff
    
    Wilhelm Hauff was a Württembergian poet and novelist.
1799
1. Amos Bronson Alcott, American philosopher and academic (d. 1888) births
  1. Amos Bronson Alcott
    
    Amos Bronson Alcott was an American teacher, writer, philosopher, and reformer. As an educator, Alcott pioneered new ways of interacting with young students, focusing on a conversational style, and avoided traditional punishment. He hoped to perfect the human spirit and, to that end, advocated a plant-based diet. He was also an abolitionist and an advocate for women's rights.
1798
1. Alexander Brullov, Russian painter and architect, designed the Pulkovo Observatory (d. 1877) births
  1. Alexander Brullov
    
    Alexander Pavlovich Brullov was a Russian artist associated with Russian Neoclassicism.
  2. Pulkovo Observatory
    
    The Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory, officially named the Central Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences at Pulkovo, is the principal astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is located 19 km south of Saint Petersburg on Pulkovo Heights 75 metres (246 ft) above sea level. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. It was formerly known as the Imperial Observatory at Pulkowo.
2. Hamilton Rowan Gamble, American jurist and politician (d. 1864) births
  1. Hamilton Rowan Gamble
    
    Hamilton Rowan Gamble was an American jurist and politician who served as the Chief Justice of the Missouri Supreme Court at the time of the Dred Scott case in 1852. Although his colleagues voted to overturn the 28-year precedent in Missouri of "once free always free," Gamble wrote a dissenting opinion. During the American Civil War, he was appointed as the Governor of Missouri by a Constitutional Convention after Union forces captured the state capital at Jefferson City and deposed the elected governor, Claiborne Jackson.
1797
1. Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (d. 1848) births
  1. Gaetano Donizetti
    
    Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti was an Italian composer, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, he was a leading composer of the bel canto opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century and a probable influence on other composers such as Giuseppe Verdi. Donizetti was born in Bergamo in Lombardy. At an early age he was taken up by Simon Mayr who enrolled him with a full scholarship in a school which he had set up. There he received detailed musical training. Mayr was instrumental in obtaining a place for Donizetti at the Bologna Academy, where, at the age of 19, he wrote his first one-act opera, the comedy Il Pigmalione, which may never have been performed during his lifetime.
2. Samuel Langdon, American pastor, theologian, and academic (b. 1723) deaths
  1. Samuel Langdon
    
    Samuel Langdon was an American Congregational clergyman and educator. After serving as pastor in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, he was appointed president of Harvard University in 1774. He held that post until 1780.
1781
1. Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet and philosopher (d. 1865) births
  1. Andrés Bello
    
    Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López was a Venezuelan-Chilean humanist, diplomat, poet, legislator, philosopher, educator and philologist, whose political and literary works constitute an important part of Spanish American culture. Bello is featured on the old 2,000 Venezuelan bolívar and the 20,000 Chilean peso notes.
1780
1. Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress, wife of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1717) deaths
  1. Maria Theresa
    
    Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress.
  2. List of Holy Roman empresses
    
    The Holy Roman Empress or Empress of the Holy Roman Empire was the wife or widow of the Holy Roman Emperor. The elective dignity of Holy Roman emperor was restricted to males only, but some empresses, such as Theophanu and Maria Theresa, were de facto rulers of the Empire.
  3. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Francis I was Holy Roman Emperor (1745–1765), Archduke of Austria (1740–1765), Duke of Lorraine and Bar (1729–1737), and Grand Duke of Tuscany (1737–1765). He became the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, and Tuscany through his marriage to Maria Theresa, daughter of Emperor Charles VI. Francis was the last non-Habsburg monarch of both the Empire and Austria, which were effectively governed by Maria Theresa. The couple were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, and their marriage produced sixteen children.
1762
1. Pierre André Latreille, French zoologist (d. 1833) births
  1. Pierre André Latreille
    
    Pierre André Latreille was a French zoologist, specialising in arthropods. Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom after recognising a rare beetle species he found in the prison, Necrobia ruficollis.
1759
1. Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and theorist (b. 1687) deaths
  1. Nicolaus I Bernoulli
    
    Nicolaus Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.
1752
1. The Public Universal Friend, American evangelist (d. 1819) births
  1. Public Universal Friend
    
    The Public Universal Friend was an American preacher born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, to Quaker parents. After suffering a severe illness in 1776, the Friend claimed to have died and been reanimated as a genderless evangelist named the Public Universal Friend, and afterward shunned both birth name and gendered pronouns. In androgynous clothes, the Friend preached throughout the northeastern United States, attracting many followers who became the Society of Universal Friends.
1705
1. Michael Christian Festing, English violinist and composer (d. 1752) births
  1. Michael Christian Festing
    
    Michael Christian Festing was an English violinist and composer. His reputation lies mostly on his work as a violin virtuoso.
1699
1. Patrick Gordon, Scottish-Russian general (b. 1635) deaths
  1. Patrick Gordon
    
    Patrick Leopold Gordon of Auchleuchries was a general and rear admiral in Russia, of Scottish origin. He was descended from a family of Aberdeenshire, holders of the estate of Auchleuchries, near Ellon. The family was connected with the noble branch of Haddo. As a result of his distinguished service for Sweden, Poland and Russia he rose in ranks from trooper to full general, and became principal advisor and close friend of Tsar Peter the Great. Gordon assumed the additional Christian name of Leopold when confirmed as a Roman Catholic shortly before his death.
1695
1. James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair, Scottish lawyer and politician, Lord President of the Court of Session (b. 1619) deaths
  1. James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair
    
    James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, Scottish lawyer and statesman, and a key influence on the Scottish Enlightenment. He was a leading figure of Scottish law, “and also one of the greatest thinkers on law across Europe has ever produced.”
  2. Lord President of the Court of Session
    
    The Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General is the most senior judge in Scotland, the head of the judiciary, and the presiding judge of the College of Justice, the Court of Session, and the High Court of Justiciary. The Lord President holds the title of Lord Justice General of Scotland and the head of the High Court of Justiciary ex officio, as the two offices were combined in 1836. The Lord President has authority over any court established under Scots law, except for the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and the Court of the Lord Lyon.
1690
1. Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1747) births
  1. Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
    
    Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst was a German prince of the House of Ascania, and the father of Catherine the Great of Russia.
1661
1. Brian Walton, English bishop and scholar (b. 1600) deaths
  1. Brian Walton (bishop)
    
    Brian Walton was an English Anglican priest, divine and scholar. He is mostly remembered for his polyglot Bible.
1646
1. Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish astronomer and theologian (b. 1565) deaths
  1. Laurentius Paulinus Gothus
    
    Laurentius Paulinus Gothus was a Swedish theologian, astronomer and Archbishop of Uppsala.
1643
1. William Cartwright, English priest and playwright (b. 1611) deaths
  1. William Cartwright (dramatist)
    
    William Cartwright was an English poet, dramatist and churchman.
2. Claudio Monteverdi, Italian priest and composer (b. 1567) deaths
  1. Claudio Monteverdi
    
    Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered a crucial transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history.
1632
1. Frederick V, Elector Palatine (b. 1596) deaths
  1. Frederick V of the Palatinate
    
    Frederick V was the Elector Palatine of the Rhine in the Holy Roman Empire from 1610 to 1623, and reigned as King of Bohemia from 1619 to 1620. He was forced to abdicate both roles, and the brevity of his reign in Bohemia earned him the derisive sobriquet "the Winter King".
1628
1. John Felton, English soldier and assassin of the Duke of Buckingham (b. c. 1595) deaths
  1. John Felton (assassin)
    
    John Felton was a lieutenant in the English Army who stabbed George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham to death in the Greyhound Pub of Portsmouth on 23 August 1628.
  2. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
    
    George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, KG (; 28 August 1592 – 23 August 1628), was an English courtier, statesman, and patron of the arts. He was a favourite and possibly also a lover of King James I of England. Buckingham remained at the height of royal favour for the first three years of the reign of James's son, King Charles I, until a disgruntled army officer assassinated him.
1627
1. John Ray, English biologist and botanist (d. 1705) births
  1. John Ray
    
    John Ray FRS was a Christian English naturalist widely regarded as one of the earliest of the English parson-naturalists. Until 1670, he wrote his name as John Wray. From then on, he used 'Ray', after "having ascertained that such had been the practice of his family before him". He published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum, was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system, and instead classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation. He was among the first to attempt a biological definition for the concept of species, as "a group of morphologically similar organisms arising from a common ancestor". Another significant contribution to taxonomy was his division of plants into those with two seedling leaves (dicotyledons) or only one (monocotyledons), a division used in taxonomy today.
1626
1. Ernst von Mansfeld, German commander (b. 1580) deaths
  1. Ernst von Mansfeld
    
    Peter Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld, or simply Ernst von Mansfeld, was a German military commander who, despite being a Catholic, fought for the Protestants during the early years of the Thirty Years' War. He was one of the leading mercenary generals of the war.
1594
1. Alonso de Ercilla, Spanish soldier and poet (b. 1533) deaths
  1. Alonso de Ercilla
    
    Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga was a Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid. While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanians (Mapuche), and there he began the epic poem La Araucana, considered one of the greatest epics of the Spanish Golden Age. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It celebrates both the violence of the conquistadors and the courage of the Araucanians.
1590
1. Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (b. 1547) deaths
  1. Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin
    
    Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin was a German philologist, poet, playwright, mathematician, and astronomer, born at Erzingen, today part of Balingen in Württemberg, where his father was parish minister.
1577
1. Cuthbert Mayne, English priest (b. 1543) deaths
  1. Cuthbert Mayne
    
    Cuthbert Mayne was an English Roman Catholic priest executed under the laws of Elizabeth I. He was the first of the seminary priests, trained on the Continent, to be martyred. Mayne was beatified in 1886 and canonised as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales in 1970.
1530
1. Thomas Wolsey, English cardinal and politician, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom (b. 1473) deaths
  1. Thomas Wolsey
    
    Thomas Wolsey was an English statesman and Catholic bishop. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the king's almoner. Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments. These included the Archbishopric of York—the second most important role in the English church—and that of papal legate. His appointment as a cardinal by Pope Leo X in 1515 gave him precedence over all other English clergy.
  2. Lord Chancellor
    
    The lord chancellor, formally the lord high chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest-ranking traditional minister among the Great Officers of State in Scotland and England in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking the prime minister. The lord chancellor is appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister. Prior to their Union into the Kingdom of Great Britain, there were separate lord chancellors for the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland; there were lord chancellors of Ireland until 1922.
1528
1. Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, English politician (d. 1592) births
  1. Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu
    
    Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, KB, PC was an English peer during the Tudor period.
1463
1. Andrea della Valle, Italian cardinal (d. 1534) births
  1. Andrea della Valle
    
    Cardinal Andrea della Valle was an Italian clergyman and art collector.
1422
1. Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English Baron (d. 1460) births
  1. Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont
    
    Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont was a scion of a leading noble family from northern England during the fifteenth century. Described by one historian as "quarrelsome, violent and contemptuous of all authority", Egremont was involved in numerous riots and disturbances in the northern localities, and became a leading figure in the internecine Percy–Neville feud. When the Wars of the Roses began mid-decade, Egremont fought for the king on the Lancastrian side, being killed five years later at the Battle of Northampton.
1378
1. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1316) deaths
  1. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Charles IV, also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus, was the first King of Bohemia to become Holy Roman Emperor. He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father's side and the Bohemian House of Přemyslid from his mother's side; he emphasized the latter due to his lifelong affinity for the Bohemian side of his inheritance, and also because his direct ancestors in the Přemyslid line included two saints.
1342
1. Michael of Cesena, Italian general, priest, and theologian (b. 1270) deaths
  1. Michael of Cesena
    
    Michael of Cesena was an Italian Franciscan, Minister General of that order, and theologian. His advocacy of evangelical poverty brought him into conflict with Pope John XXII.
1338
1. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, Belgian-English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1368) births
  1. Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence
    
    Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, was the third son, but the second son to survive infancy, of the English king Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was named after his birthplace, at Antwerp in the Duchy of Brabant. Lionel was a grandson of William I, Count of Hainaut. He grew to be nearly seven feet (210 cm) in height and had an athletic build.
  2. List of chief governors of Ireland
    
    The office of chief governor of Ireland existed under various names from the 12th-century Norman invasion to the creation of the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922. Common names were (Chief) justiciar ; (King's) lieutenant ; (Lord) Deputy, and Lord Lieutenant. The unofficial term Viceroy was also common.
1330
1. Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1287) deaths
  1. Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
    
    Roger Mortimer, 3rd Baron Mortimer of Wigmore, 1st Earl of March, was an English nobleman and powerful Marcher Lord who gained many estates in the Welsh Marches and Ireland following his advantageous marriage to the wealthy heiress Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
    
    Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, or more formally Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 until the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922). The office, under its various names, was often more generally known as the Viceroy, and his wife was known as the vicereine. The government of Ireland in practice was usually in the hands of the Lord Deputy up to the 17th century, and later of the Chief Secretary for Ireland.
1314
1. Philip IV, king of France (b. 1268) deaths
  1. Philip IV of France
    
    Philip IV, called Philip the Fair, was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne. Although Philip was known to be handsome, hence the epithet le Bel, his rigid, autocratic, imposing, and inflexible personality gained him other nicknames, such as the Iron King. His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."
1310
1. John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray, English Baron (d. 1361) births
  1. John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray
    
    John (II) de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray was the only son of John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray, by his first wife, Aline de Brewes, daughter of William de Braose, 2nd Baron Braose. He was born in Hovingham, Yorkshire.
1268
1. Clement IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1190) deaths
  1. Pope Clement IV
    
    Pope Clement IV, born Gui Foucois and also known as Guy le Gros, was bishop of Le Puy (1257–1260), archbishop of Narbonne (1259–1261), cardinal of Sabina (1261–1265), and head of the Catholic Church from 5 February 1265 until his death. His election as pope occurred at a conclave held at Perugia that lasted four months while cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles I of Anjou, the youngest brother of Louis IX of France, to carry on the papal war against the Hohenstaufens. Pope Clement was a patron of Thomas Aquinas and of Roger Bacon, encouraging Bacon in the writing of his Opus Majus, which included important treatises on optics and the scientific method.
1253
1. Otto II, duke of Bavaria (b. 1206) deaths
  1. Otto II, Duke of Bavaria
    
    Otto II, called the Illustrious, was the Duke of Bavaria from 1231 and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1214. He was the son of Louis I and Ludmilla of Bohemia and a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty.
835
1. Muhammad al-Jawad, the ninth of the Twelve Imams (b. 811) deaths
  1. Muhammad al-Jawad
    
    Muhammad ibn Ali al-Jawad was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the ninth of the Twelve Imams, succeeding his father, Ali al-Rida. He was known as al-Jawād and al-Taqī. Similar to many of his predecessors, al-Jawad kept aloof from politics and engaged in teaching. He was also renowned for his public defense of Islamic tradition. Al-Jawad organized the affairs of the Shia through a large network of representatives. His extensive correspondence with his followers on questions of Islamic law has been preserved in Shia sources. Numerous pithy religio-ethical sayings are also attributed to him.
  2. Twelve Imams
    
    The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Twelver branch of Islam, including that of the Alawite and Alevi.
826
1. William of Septimania, Frankish nobleman (d. 850) births
  1. William of Septimania
    
    William of Septimania was the son of Bernard and Dhuoda. He was the count of Toulouse from 844 and count of Barcelona from 848.
561
1. Chlothar I, Frankish king (b. 497) deaths
  1. Chlothar I
    
    Chlothar I also anglicised as Clotaire, was a king of the Franks of the Merovingian dynasty and one of the four sons of Clovis I.
524
1. Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, ruler of Palenque (b. 465) deaths
  1. Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I
    
    Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I, also known as Chaacal and Akul Anab I,, was an ajaw of the Maya city of Palenque. He ruled from June 5, 501 AD to his death.
521
1. Jacob of Serugh, Syrian poet and theologian (b. 451) deaths
  1. Jacob of Serugh
    
    Jacob of Sarug, also called Mar Jacob, was one of the foremost Syriac poet-theologians, perhaps only second in stature to Ephrem the Syrian and equal to Narsai. Where his predecessor Ephrem is known as the 'Harp of the Spirit', Jacob is the 'Flute of the Spirit' in the Antiochene Syriac Christianity. He is best known for his prodigious corpus of more than seven-hundred verse homilies, or mêmrê, of which only 225 have thus far been edited and published.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Brendan of Birr
1. Brendan of Birr
  
  Saint Brendan of Birr was one of the early Irish monastic saints. He was a monk and later an abbot, of the 6th century. He is known as "St Brendan the Elder" to distinguish him from his contemporary and friend St Brendan the Navigator of Clonfert. He was one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland, a friend and disciple of Saint Columba.
Christian feast day: Francis Fasani
1. Francis Fasani
  
  Francis Anthony Fasani was an Italian friar of the Order of Conventual Friars Minor who has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Illuminata
1. Saint Illuminata
  
  Saint Illuminata was a Christian saint. She was born in Todi, Italy and her feast day is celebrated on 29 November. There is a church in her name in Todi. Antoniazzo Romano painted "St. Vincent, St. Illuminata and St. Nicholas of Tolentino".
Christian feast day: Radboud of Utrecht
1. Radboud of Utrecht
  
  Saint Radbod was bishop of Utrecht from 899 to 917.
Christian feast day: Saturnin
1. Saturnin
  
  Saint Saturnin of Toulouse was one of the "Apostles to the Gauls" sent out during the consulate of Decius and Gratus (250–251) to Christianise Gaul after the persecutions under Emperor Decius had all but dissolved the small Christian communities. St Fabian sent out seven bishops from Rome to Gaul to preach the Gospel: Saint Gatien to Tours, Saint Trophimus to Arles, Saint Paul to Narbonne, Saint Saturnin to Toulouse, Saint Denis to Paris, Austromoine to Clermont, and Saint Martial to Limoges. His feast day is 29 November.
Christian feast day: November 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. November 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  November 28 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - November 30
International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People (United Nations)
1. International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
  
  The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People is a UN-organized observance. Events are held at the United Nations headquarters in New York, as well as at the United Nations offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi. It is generally held on November 29 each year to mark the anniversary of resolution 181 which advocated for the partition of Palestine into two States: one Arab and one Jewish. In 2003, it was observed on December 1.
2. United Nations
  
  The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.
Liberation Day or Dita e Çlirimit (Albania)
1. Liberation Day (Albania)
  
  Liberation Day in Albania is commemorated as the day, November 29, 1944, in which the country was liberated from Nazi Germany forces after the Albanian resistance during World War II.
2. Albania
  
  Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.
Republic Day (Yugoslavia)
1. Republic Day
  
  Republic Day is the name of a holiday in several countries to commemorate the day when they became republics.
2. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
  
  The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yugoslavia occurring as a consequence of the Yugoslav Wars. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the Balkans, Yugoslavia was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, by Austria and Hungary to the north, by Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and by Albania and Greece to the south. It was a one-party socialist state and federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and had six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina.
Unity Day (Vanuatu)
1. Public holidays in Vanuatu
  
  This is a list of public holidays in Vanuatu.
William Tubman's Birthday (Liberia)
1. Public holidays in Liberia
  
  The following are public holidays in Liberia.
2. Liberia
  
  Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest. It has a population of around 5 million and covers an area of 43,000 square miles (111,369 km2). English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.

Important events in history on November 29 th

Events

United Nations General Assembly

United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19

United Nations General Assembly observers

State of Palestine

2009 Lakewood shooting

Lakewood, Washington

Oakwood mutiny

Antonio Trillanes

Manila Peninsula siege

The Peninsula Manila

Makati

Armed Forces of the Philippines

The Peninsula Manila

Antonio Trillanes

Manila Peninsula siege

Time bomb

Korean Air Flight 858

Andaman Sea

Korean Air Flight 858

Suriname National Army

Moiwana

Surinamese Interior War

Atari, Inc.

Pong

Early history of video games

Arcade game

Video game console

Atari, Inc.

Pong

Video game

United States Secretary of Defense

Robert McNamara

Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831

Lyndon B. Johnson

Warren Commission

Assassination of John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy

Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831

Montréal–Trudeau International Airport

I Want to Hold Your Hand

The Beatles

United Kingdom

Enos (chimpanzee)

Mercury-Atlas 5

Spacecraft

Puerto Rico

Dwight D. Eisenhower

United Nations General Assembly

United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

Arab–Israeli conflict

Mandatory Palestine

United Nations General Assembly

United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

Mandatory Palestine

Mỹ Trạch massacre

First Indochina War

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Albania

Liberation Day (Albania)

Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia

Jajce

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Alexander Alekhine

World Chess Championship 1927

Richard E. Byrd

South Pole

FC Barcelona

Football in Spain

Joan Gamper

FC Barcelona

National Diet

Bicameralism

Reichstag (German Empire)

Westminster system

Meiji Constitution

National Diet

Thomas Edison

Phonograph

Important events in history
on November 29 ^th