Important events in history
on May 8 ^th

Events

2021
1. A car bomb explodes in front of a school in Kabul, capital city of Afghanistan killing at least 55 people and wounding over 150.
  1. Kabul
    
    Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province; it is administratively divided into 22 municipal districts. According to 2021 estimates, the population of Kabul was 4.6 million. In contemporary times, the city has served as Afghanistan's political, cultural, and economical centre, and rapid urbanisation has made Kabul the 75th-largest city in the world and the country's primate city.
2019
1. British 17-year-old Isabelle Holdaway is reported to be the first patient ever to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection.
  1. Phage therapy
    
    Phage therapy, viral phage therapy, or phagotherapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. This therapeutic approach emerged at the beginning of the 20th century but was progressively replaced by the use of antibiotics in most parts of the world after the second world war. Bacteriophages, known as phages, are a form of virus that attach to bacterial cells and inject their genome into the cell. The bacteria's production of the viral genome interferes with its ability to function, halting the bacterial infection. The bacterial cell causing the infection is unable to reproduce, and instead produces additional phages. Phages are very selective in the strains of bacteria they are effective against.
  2. Antimicrobial resistance
    
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials. All classes of microbes can evolve resistance. Fungi evolve antifungal resistance. Viruses evolve antiviral resistance. Protozoa evolve antiprotozoal resistance, and bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance. Those bacteria that are considered extensively drug resistant (XDR) or totally drug-resistant (TDR) are sometimes called "superbugs". Although antimicrobial resistance is a naturally-occurring process, it is often the result of improper usage of the drugs and management of the infections.
1997
1. China Southern Airlines Flight 3456 crashes on approach into Bao'an International Airport, killing 35 people.
  1. China Southern Airlines Flight 3456
    
    China Southern Airlines Flight 3456 (CZ3456/CSN3456) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport to Shenzhen Huangtian Airport. On 8 May 1997, the Boeing 737 performing this route crashed during the second attempt to land in a thunderstorm. The flight number 3456 is still used by China Southern and for the Chongqing-Shenzhen route but now with the Airbus A320 family or Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft.
1988
1. A fire at Illinois Bell's Hinsdale Central Office triggers an extended 1AESS network outage once considered to be the "worst telecommunications disaster in US telephone industry history".
  1. Illinois Bell
    
    Illinois Bell Telephone Company, LLC is the Bell Operating Company serving Illinois. It is owned by AT&T through AT&T Teleholdings, formerly Ameritech.
  2. Number One Electronic Switching System
    
    The Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS) was the first large-scale stored program control (SPC) telephone exchange or electronic switching system in the Bell System. It was manufactured by Western Electric and first placed into service in Succasunna, New Jersey, in May 1965. The switching fabric was composed of a reed relay matrix controlled by wire spring relays which in turn were controlled by a central processing unit (CPU).
1987
1. A British Special Air Service unit ambushed a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) unit in Loughgall, Northern Ireland, killing eight IRA members and one civilian.
  1. Special Air Service
    
    The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army. It was founded as a regiment in 1941 by David Stirling and in 1950, it was reconstituted as a corps. The unit specialises in a number of roles including counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action and covert reconnaissance. Much of the information about the SAS is highly classified, and the unit is not commented on by either the British government or the Ministry of Defence due to the secrecy and sensitivity of its operations.
  2. Loughgall ambush
    
    The Loughgall ambush took place on 8 May 1987 in the village of Loughgall, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. An eight-man unit of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) launched an attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) base in the village. An IRA member drove a digger with a bomb in its bucket through the perimeter fence, while the rest of the unit arrived in a van and fired on the building. The bomb exploded and destroyed almost half of the base. Soldiers from the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) then returned fire both from within the base and from hidden positions around it in a pre-planned ambush, killing all of the attackers. Two of them were subsequently found to have been unarmed when they were killed.
  3. Provisional Irish Republican Army
    
    The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.
  4. Loughgall
    
    Loughgall is a small village, townland and civil parish in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the historic baronies of Armagh and Oneilland West. It had a population of 282 people in the 2011 Census. Loughgall was named after a small nearby loch. The village is surrounded by orchards.
2. The SAS kills eight Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers and a civilian during an ambush in Loughgall, Northern Ireland.
  1. Provisional Irish Republican Army
    
    The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected.
  2. Loughgall ambush
    
    The Loughgall ambush took place on 8 May 1987 in the village of Loughgall, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. An eight-man unit of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) launched an attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) base in the village. An IRA member drove a digger with a bomb in its bucket through the perimeter fence, while the rest of the unit arrived in a van and fired on the building. The bomb exploded and destroyed almost half of the base. Soldiers from the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) then returned fire both from within the base and from hidden positions around it in a pre-planned ambush, killing all of the attackers. Two of them were subsequently found to have been unarmed when they were killed.
  3. Loughgall
    
    Loughgall is a small village, townland and civil parish in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the historic baronies of Armagh and Oneilland West. It had a population of 282 people in the 2011 Census. Loughgall was named after a small nearby loch. The village is surrounded by orchards.
1984
1. Corporal Denis Lortie enters the Quebec National Assembly and opens fire, killing three people and wounding 13. René Jalbert, Sergeant-at-Arms of the Assembly, succeeds in calming him, for which he will later receive the Cross of Valour.
  1. Denis Lortie
    
    Denis Lortie is a former Canadian Forces corporal. In 1984, he stormed into the Parliament Building in Quebec City and opened fire with several firearms, killing three government employees and wounding 13 others. The National Assembly's serjeant-at-arms, René Jalbert, volunteered himself to serve as a hostage, and conversed with Lortie for several hours before convincing him to surrender to authorities. After a 1985 conviction of first-degree murder was overturned by the Quebec Court of Appeal, Lortie pleaded guilty to reduced charges of second-degree murder in 1987, for which he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment with no parole for ten years. Lortie was granted day parole in 1995, then full parole in 1996, and has since kept a low profile among the general public.
  2. National Assembly of Quebec
    
    The National Assembly of Quebec is the legislative body of the province of Quebec in Canada. Legislators are called MNAs. The King in Right of Quebec, represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec and the National Assembly compose the Legislature of Quebec, which operates in a fashion similar to those of other Westminster-style parliamentary systems. The assembly has 125 members elected first past the post from single-member districts.
  3. René Jalbert
    
    René Marc Jalbert was a retired Canadian Forces officer and sergeant-at-arms of the National Assembly of Quebec, known for his role in ending Denis Lortie's killing spree in the Parliament Building on 8 May 1984. Later he served as Usher of the Black Rod for the Parliament of Canada.
  4. Cross of Valour (Canada)
    
    The Cross of Valour is a decoration that is, within the Canadian system of honours, the second highest award, the highest honour available for Canadian civilians, and the highest of the three Canadian Bravery Decorations. Created in 1972, the medallion is presented to individuals, both Canadians and foreigners, living and deceased, who have performed acts of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme peril and grants recipients the ability to use the post-nominal letters CV.
2. The USSR announces a boycott upon the Summer Olympics at Los Angeles, later joined by 14 other countries.
  1. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  2. 1984 Summer Olympics boycott
    
    The boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles followed four years after the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The boycott involved 14 Eastern Bloc countries and allies, led by the Soviet Union, which initiated the boycott on May 8, 1984. Boycotting countries organized another major event, called the Friendship Games, in July and August 1984. Although the boycott led by the Soviet Union affected Olympic events that were normally dominated by the absent countries, 140 nations still took part in the games, which was a record at the time.
  3. 1984 Summer Olympics
    
    The 1984 Summer Olympics were an international multi-sport event held from July 28 to August 12, 1984, in Los Angeles, California, United States. It marked the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games, the first being in 1932. California was the home state of the incumbent U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch.
3. The Thames Barrier is officially opened, preventing the floodplain of most of Greater London from being flooded except under extreme circumstances.
  1. Thames Barrier
    
    The Thames Barrier is a retractable barrier system built to protect the floodplain of most of Greater London from exceptionally high tides and storm surges moving up from the North Sea. It has been operational since 1982. When needed, it is closed (raised) during high tide; at low tide, it can be opened to restore the river's flow towards the sea. Built about 2 miles east of the Isle of Dogs, its northern bank is in Silvertown in the London Borough of Newham and its southern bank is in the New Charlton area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich.
  2. Floodplain
    
    A floodplain or flood plain or bottomlands is an area of land adjacent to a river which stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls, and which experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. The soils usually consist of clays, silts, sands, and gravels deposited during floods.
  3. Greater London
    
    Greater London is an administrative area in England governed by the Greater London Authority. It is organised into 33 local government districts: the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. Greater London is one of the regions of England, also known as the London Region. The Greater London Authority, based in Newham as of the start of 2022, is responsible for strategic local government across the area and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
1980
1. The World Health Organization confirms the eradication of smallpox.
  1. World Health Organization
    
    The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health". Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it has six regional offices and 150 field offices worldwide.
  2. Smallpox
    
    Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making it the only human disease to be eradicated.
1978
1. The first ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen, by Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler.
  1. Mount Everest
    
    Mount Everest is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The China–Nepal border runs across its summit point. Its elevation of 8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft) was most recently established in 2020 by the Chinese and Nepali authorities.
  2. Reinhold Messner
    
    Reinhold Andreas Messner is an Italian mountaineer, explorer, and author from South Tyrol. He made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest and, along with Peter Habeler, the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. He was the first climber to ascend all fourteen peaks over 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) above sea level without oxygen. Messner was the first to cross Antarctica and Greenland with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds. He also crossed the Gobi Desert alone. He is widely considered one of the greatest mountaineers of all time.
  3. Peter Habeler
    
    Peter Habeler is an Austrian mountaineer. He was born in Mayrhofen, Austria. He developed an interest in mountain climbing at age six.
1976
1. The rollercoaster The New Revolution, the first steel coaster with a vertical loop, opens at Six Flags Magic Mountain.
  1. The New Revolution (roller coaster)
    
    The New Revolution is a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster opened to the public on May 8, 1976. The New Revolution is the world's first modern roller coaster to feature a vertical loop and has been recognized for that accomplishment by American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE), who awarded the roller coaster its Coaster Landmark status. However, there were earlier examples of roller coasters with a full vertical loop, such as the steel roller coaster called "Looping the Loop" in Parque Japonés in Buenos Aires, which operated from 1911 to 1930.
  2. Six Flags Magic Mountain
    
    Six Flags Magic Mountain, formerly known and colloquially referred to as simply Magic Mountain, is a 262-acre (106 ha) amusement park located in Valencia, California, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles. It opened on May 29, 1971, as a development of the Newhall Land and Farming Company and Sea World Inc. In 1979, Six Flags purchased the park and added "Six Flags" to the park's name.
1973
1. A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and the American Indian Movement members occupying the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota ends with the surrender of the militants.
  1. Wounded Knee Occupation
    
    The Wounded Knee Occupation, also known as Second Wounded Knee, began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, United States, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The protest followed the failure of an effort of the Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organization (OSCRO) to impeach tribal president Richard Wilson, whom they accused of corruption and abuse of opponents. Additionally, protesters criticized the United States government's failure to fulfill treaties with Native American people and demanded the reopening of treaty negotiations to hopefully arrive at fair and equitable treatment of Native Americans.
  2. American Indian Movement
    
    The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a Native American grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police brutality against Native Americans. AIM soon widened its focus from urban issues to many Indigenous Tribal issues that Native American groups have faced due to settler colonialism in the Americas. These issues have included treaty rights, high rates of unemployment, Native American education, cultural continuity, and the preservation of Indigenous cultures.
  3. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
    
    The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located entirely within the U.S. state of South Dakota. Originally included within the territory of the Great Sioux Reservation, Pine Ridge was created by the Act of March 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 888. in the southwest corner of South Dakota on the Nebraska border. Today it consists of 3,468.85 sq mi (8,984 km2) of land area and is one of the largest reservations in the United States.
1972
1. Four members of Black September hijacked Sabena Flight 571 to demand the release of 315 convicted Palestinian terrorists.
  1. Black September Organization
    
    The Black September Organization (BSO) was a Palestinian militant organization founded in 1970. Besides other actions, the group was responsible for the assassination of the Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi Tal, and the Munich massacre, in which eleven Israeli athletes and officials were kidnapped and killed, as well as a West German policeman losing his life, during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, their most publicized event. These attacks led to the creation or specialization of permanent counter-terrorism forces in many European countries.
  2. Sabena Flight 571
    
    Sabena Flight 571 was a scheduled passenger flight from Brussels to Lod via Vienna operated by the Belgian national airline, Sabena. On 8 May 1972 a Boeing 707 passenger aircraft operating that service, captained by British pilot Reginald Levy, DFC, was hijacked by four members of the Black September Organization, a Palestinian terrorist group. Following their instructions, Captain Levy landed the plane at Lod Airport. The hijackers demanded that Israel release Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the hostages. The standoff was ended by an Israeli commando raid in which all of the hijackers were killed or captured.
2. Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces his order to place naval mines in major North Vietnamese ports in order to stem the flow of weapons and other goods to that nation.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. Operation Pocket Money
    
    Operation Pocket Money was the title of a U.S. Navy Task Force 77 aerial mining campaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 9 May 1972, during the Vietnam War. Its purpose was to halt or slow the transportation of supplies and materials for the Nguyen Hue Offensive, an invasion of the Republic of Vietnam, by forces of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), that had been launched on 30 March. Pocket Money was the first use of naval mines against North Vietnam.
1970
1. Construction workers attacked students and others who were protesting the Vietnam War in New York City.
  1. Hard Hat Riot
    
    The Hard Hat Riot occurred on May 8, 1970, in New York City. It started around noon when around 400 construction workers and around 800 office workers attacked around 1,000 demonstrators affiliated with the student strike of 1970. The students were protesting the May 4 Kent State shootings and the Vietnam War, following the April 30 announcement by President Richard Nixon of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia. Some construction workers carried U.S. flags and chanted "USA, All the way", and "America, love it or leave it". Anti-war protesters shouted, “Peace now”.
  2. Student strike of 1970
    
    The student strike of 1970 was a massive protest across the United States, that included walk-outs from college and high school classrooms initially in response to the United States expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia. Nearly 900 campuses nationwide participated. The strike began May 1, but increased significantly after the shooting of students at Kent State University by National Guardsmen on May 4. While many violent incidents occurred during the protests, they were, for the most part, peaceful.
2. The Beatles release their 12th and final studio album Let It Be.
  1. The Beatles
    
    The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.
  2. Let It Be (Beatles album)
    
    Let It Be is the twelfth and final studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 8 May 1970, almost a month after the group's public break-up, in tandem with the documentary of the same name. Concerned about recent friction within the band, Paul McCartney had conceived the project as an attempt to reinvigorate the group by returning to simpler rock 'n' roll configurations. The album topped charts in many countries, including both the UK and the US, but was a critical failure at the time, and Let It Be came to be regarded as one of the most controversial rock albums in history. Retroactively, general response has since become much more favorable.
1967
1. The Philippine province of Davao is split into three: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental.
  1. Davao (province)
    
    Davao, officially the Province of Davao, was a province in the Philippines on the island of Mindanao. The old province is coterminous with the present-day Davao Region or Region XI. It was divided into three provinces of Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, and Davao del Sur with the passage of Philippine Republic Act No. 4867 on May 8, 1967. Two more provinces, Compostela Valley and Davao Occidental, were carved out of the territories of Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur respectively. The descendant provinces were reorganized into the current region in 2001.
  2. Davao del Norte
    
    Davao del Norte is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Samal Island to the south in the Davao Gulf.
  3. Davao del Sur
    
    Davao del Sur is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Digos City. Davao City is the largest city in terms of area and population within the province's jurisdiction, yet it is administratively independent from the province; as such, Davao City is only grouped for geographical and statistical purposes.
  4. Davao Oriental
    
    Davao Oriental is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is city of Mati, and it borders the province of Davao de Oro to the west, and Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur to the north. The province is the traditional homeland of the Mandaya and Kalagan/Kaagan.
1963
1. In Huế, South Vietnam, soldiers opened fire into a crowd of Buddhists protesting against a government ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag on Vesākha, killing nine and sparking the Buddhist crisis.
  1. Huế
    
    Huế is the capital of Thừa Thiên Huế province in central Vietnam and was the capital of Đàng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The city served as the old Imperial City and administrative capital for the Nguyễn dynasty and later functioned as the administrative capital of the protectorate of Annam during the French Indochina period. It contains a UNESCO-designated site, the Complex of Huế Monuments, which is a popular tourist attraction. Alongside its moat and thick stone walls the complex encompasses the Imperial City of Huế, with palaces and shrines; the Forbidden Purple City, once the emperor's home; and a replica of the Royal Theater.
  2. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  3. Huế Phật Đản shootings
    
    The Huế Phật Đản shootings were the deaths of nine unarmed Buddhist civilians on 8 May 1963 in the city of Huế, South Vietnam at the hands of the army and security forces of the government of Ngô Đình Diệm, a Roman Catholic. The army and police fired guns and launched grenades into a crowd of Buddhists who had been protesting against a government ban on flying the Buddhist flag on the day of Phật Đản, which commemorates the birth of Gautama Buddha. Diệm denied governmental responsibility for the incident and blamed the Việt Cộng, which added to discontent among the Buddhist majority.
  4. Buddhism in Vietnam
    
    Buddhism in Vietnam, as practiced by the ethnic Vietnamese, is mainly of the Mahayana tradition and is the main religion. Buddhism may have first come to Vietnam as early as the 3rd or 2nd century BCE from the Indian subcontinent or from China in the 1st or 2nd century CE. Vietnamese Buddhism has had a syncretic relationship with certain elements of Taoism, Chinese spirituality, and Vietnamese folk religion.
  5. Buddhist flag
    
    The Buddhist flag is a flag designed in the late 19th century as a universal symbol of Buddhism. It is used by Buddhists throughout the world.
  6. Vesak
    
    Vesak, also known as Buddha Jayanti, Buddha Purnima and Buddha Day, is a holiday traditionally observed by Buddhists in South Asia and Southeast Asia as well as Tibet and Mongolia. The festival commemorates the birth, enlightenment (Nibbāna), and death (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha in Theravada, Tibetan Buddhism and Navayana.
  7. Buddhist crisis
    
    The Buddhist crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam between May and November 1963, characterized by a series of repressive acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance, led mainly by Buddhist monks.
2. South Vietnamese soldiers under the Roman Catholic President Ngo Dinh Diem open fire on Buddhists defying a ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag on Vesak, killing nine and sparking the Buddhist crisis.
  1. Huế Phật Đản shootings
    
    The Huế Phật Đản shootings were the deaths of nine unarmed Buddhist civilians on 8 May 1963 in the city of Huế, South Vietnam at the hands of the army and security forces of the government of Ngô Đình Diệm, a Roman Catholic. The army and police fired guns and launched grenades into a crowd of Buddhists who had been protesting against a government ban on flying the Buddhist flag on the day of Phật Đản, which commemorates the birth of Gautama Buddha. Diệm denied governmental responsibility for the incident and blamed the Việt Cộng, which added to discontent among the Buddhist majority.
  2. Vesak
    
    Vesak, also known as Buddha Jayanti, Buddha Purnima and Buddha Day, is a holiday traditionally observed by Buddhists in South Asia and Southeast Asia as well as Tibet and Mongolia. The festival commemorates the birth, enlightenment (Nibbāna), and death (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha in Theravada, Tibetan Buddhism and Navayana.
  3. Buddhist crisis
    
    The Buddhist crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam between May and November 1963, characterized by a series of repressive acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance, led mainly by Buddhist monks.
1957
1. South Vietnamese president Ngô Đình Diệm began a state visit to the United States, his regime's main sponsor.
  1. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  2. Ngo Dinh Diem
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.
  3. State visit by Ngo Dinh Diem to the United States
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm, the President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States, the main ally of his government, in 1957. Diệm received a glowing welcome and was heaped with praise as a leader of a "free country" in the midst of the Cold War. The receptions during the visit were in large part organized by the American Friends of Vietnam (AFV), a lobby group dedicated to resolute US support of South Vietnam and which included many politicians from both major parties. The visit was mainly celebratory and ceremonial, rather than being a policy or planning mission. It was part of a year of travelling for Diệm, as he made a visit to Australia in September, as well as to fellow anti-communist countries South Korea and Thailand.
2. South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began a state visit to the United States, his regime's main sponsor.
  1. Ngo Dinh Diem
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm was a South Vietnamese politician. He was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954–1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam from 1955 until he was captured and assassinated during the 1963 military coup.
  2. State visit by Ngo Dinh Diem to the United States
    
    Ngô Đình Diệm, the President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States, the main ally of his government, in 1957. Diệm received a glowing welcome and was heaped with praise as a leader of a "free country" in the midst of the Cold War. The receptions during the visit were in large part organized by the American Friends of Vietnam (AFV), a lobby group dedicated to resolute US support of South Vietnam and which included many politicians from both major parties. The visit was mainly celebratory and ceremonial, rather than being a policy or planning mission. It was part of a year of travelling for Diệm, as he made a visit to Australia in September, as well as to fellow anti-communist countries South Korea and Thailand.
1950
1. The Tollund Man (pictured), a naturally mummified corpse, was discovered in a peat bog near Silkeborg, Denmark.
  1. Tollund Man
    
    The Tollund Man is a naturally mummified corpse of a man who lived during the 5th century BC, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age. He was found in 1950, preserved as a bog body, near Silkeborg on the Jutland peninsula in Denmark. The man's physical features were so well preserved that he was mistaken for a recent murder victim. Twelve years before his discovery, another bog body, Elling Woman, was found in the same bog.
  2. Silkeborg
    
    Silkeborg is a Danish town with a population of 49,747. Silkeborg is the seat of Silkeborg City Council.
2. The Tollund Man was discovered in a peat bog near Silkeborg, Denmark.
  1. Tollund Man
    
    The Tollund Man is a naturally mummified corpse of a man who lived during the 5th century BC, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age. He was found in 1950, preserved as a bog body, near Silkeborg on the Jutland peninsula in Denmark. The man's physical features were so well preserved that he was mistaken for a recent murder victim. Twelve years before his discovery, another bog body, Elling Woman, was found in the same bog.
1946
1. Estonian schoolgirls Aili Jõgi and Ageeda Paavel blow up the Soviet memorial which preceded the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn.
  1. Aili Jõgi
    
    Aili Jõgi was an Estonian schoolgirl who on the night of 8 May 1946, together with her school friend Ageeda Paavel, blew up a Soviet War reburial monument : the preceding monument to the Bronze Soldier in Tallinn.
  2. Ageeda Paavel
    
    Ageeda Paavel is an Estonian woman who, as a schoolgirl, on the night of 8 May 1946, together with her school friend Aili Jürgenson, blew up a Soviet war monument : the preceding monument to the Bronze Soldier in Tallinn.
  3. Bronze Soldier of Tallinn
    
    The Bronze Soldier is the informal name of a controversial Soviet World War II war memorial in Tallinn, Estonia, built at the site of several war graves, which were relocated to the nearby Tallinn Military Cemetery in 2007. It was originally named "Monument to the Liberators of Tallinn", was later titled to its current official name "Monument to the Fallen in the Second World War", and is sometimes called Alyosha, or Tõnismäe monument after its old location. The memorial was unveiled on 22 September 1947, three years after the Red Army reached Tallinn on 22 September 1944 during World War II.
1945
1. A parade in Sétif, French Algeria, celebrating the end of World War II in Europe became a riot and was followed by a massacre carried out by colonial authorities.
  1. Sétif
    
    Sétif is the capital of the Sétif Province in Algeria. It is one of the most important cities of eastern Algeria and the country as a whole, since it is considered the trade capital of the country. It is an inner city, situated in the eastern side of Algeria, at 270 kilometers east of Algiers, at 131 km west of Constantine, in the Hautes Plaines region south of Béjaia and Jijel. The city is at 1,100 meters of altitude.
  2. French Algeria
    
    French Algeria, also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of French colonisation of Algeria. French rule in the region began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers and lasted until the end of the Algerian War of Independence in 1962. While the administration of Algeria changed significantly over the 132 years of French rule, the Mediterranean coastal region of Algeria, housing the vast majority of its population, was an integral part of France from 1848 until its independence.
  3. End of World War II in Europe
    
    The final battle of the European Theatre of World War II continued after the definitive overall surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal Wilhelm Keitel on 8 May 1945 in Karlshorst, Berlin. After German dictator Adolf Hitler's suicide and handing over of power to German Admiral Karl Dönitz in May of 1945, the Soviet troops conquered Berlin and accepted German surrender led by Dönitz. The last battles were fought as part of the Eastern Front which ended in the total surrender of all of Nazi Germany’s remaining armed forces, such as in the Courland Pocket from Army Group North in the Baltics lasting until 10 May 1945 and in Czechoslovakia during the Prague offensive on 11 May 1945.
  4. Sétif and Guelma massacre
    
    The Sétif and Guelma massacre was a series of attacks by French colonial authorities and pied-noir settler militias on Algerian civilians in 1945 around the market town of Sétif, west of Constantine, in French Algeria. In response to French police firing on demonstrators at a protest on 8 May 1945, riots in the town were followed by attacks on French settlers (colons) in the surrounding countryside, resulting in 102 deaths. The French colonial authorities and European settlers retaliated by killing between 6,000 and 30,000 Muslims in the region. Both the outbreak and the indiscriminate nature of its retaliation marked a turning point in Franco-Algerian relations, leading to the Algerian War of 1954–1962.
2. World War II: The German Instrument of Surrender signed at Reims comes into effect.
  1. German Instrument of Surrender
    
    The German Instrument of Surrender was a legal document effecting the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany to the Allies, and ended World War II in Europe; the signing took place at 22:43 CET on 8 May 1945 and the Germany's surrender took effect at 23:01 CET on the same day.
  2. Reims
    
    Reims is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France. The city lies 129 km (80 mi) northeast of Paris on the Vesle river, a tributary of the Aisne.
3. End of the Prague uprising, celebrated now as a national holiday in the Czech Republic.
  1. Prague uprising
    
    The Prague uprising was a partially successful attempt by the Czech resistance movement to liberate the city of Prague from German occupation in May 1945, during the end of World War II. The preceding six years of occupation had fuelled anti-German sentiment and the rapid advance of Allied forces from the Red Army and the United States Army offered the resistance a chance of success.
4. Hundreds of Algerian civilians are killed by French Army soldiers in the Sétif massacre.
  1. Sétif and Guelma massacre
    
    The Sétif and Guelma massacre was a series of attacks by French colonial authorities and pied-noir settler militias on Algerian civilians in 1945 around the market town of Sétif, west of Constantine, in French Algeria. In response to French police firing on demonstrators at a protest on 8 May 1945, riots in the town were followed by attacks on French settlers (colons) in the surrounding countryside, resulting in 102 deaths. The French colonial authorities and European settlers retaliated by killing between 6,000 and 30,000 Muslims in the region. Both the outbreak and the indiscriminate nature of its retaliation marked a turning point in Franco-Algerian relations, leading to the Algerian War of 1954–1962.
5. The Halifax riot starts when thousands of civilians and servicemen rampage through Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  1. Halifax riot
    
    The Halifax VE-Day riots, 7–8 May 1945 in Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia began as a celebration of the World War II Victory in Europe. This rapidly evolved into a rampage by several thousand servicemen, merchant seamen and civilians, who looted the City of Halifax. Although a subsequent Royal Commission chaired by Justice Roy Kellock blamed lax naval authority and specifically Rear-Admiral Leonard W. Murray, it is generally accepted that the underlying causes were a combination of bureaucratic confusion, insufficient policing, and antipathy between the military and civilians, fueled by the presence of 25,000 servicemen who had strained Halifax wartime resources to the limit.
1942
1. World War II: The Axis launched a major counteroffensive, turning the tide of the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Axis powers
    
    The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion.
  3. Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
    
    The Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, which commenced with the Soviet Kerch-Feodosia Landing Operation and ended with the German Operation Bustard Hunt, was a World War II battle between Erich von Manstein's German and Romanian 11th Army and the Soviet Crimean Front forces in the Kerch Peninsula, in the eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula. It began on 26 December 1941, with an amphibious landing operation by two Soviet armies intended to break the Siege of Sevastopol. Axis forces first contained the Soviet beachhead throughout the winter and interdicted its naval supply lines through aerial bombing. From January through April, the Crimean Front launched repeated offensives against the 11th Army, all of which failed with heavy losses. The Red Army lost 352,000 men in the attacks, while the Axis suffered 24,120 casualties. Superior German artillery firepower was largely responsible for the Soviet debacle.
2. World War II: The German 11th Army begins Operation Trappenjagd (Bustard Hunt) and destroys the bridgehead of the three Soviet armies defending the Kerch Peninsula.
  1. 11th Army (Wehrmacht)
    
    The 11th Army was a World War II field army.
  2. Battle of the Kerch Peninsula
    
    The Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, which commenced with the Soviet Kerch-Feodosia Landing Operation and ended with the German Operation Bustard Hunt, was a World War II battle between Erich von Manstein's German and Romanian 11th Army and the Soviet Crimean Front forces in the Kerch Peninsula, in the eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula. It began on 26 December 1941, with an amphibious landing operation by two Soviet armies intended to break the Siege of Sevastopol. Axis forces first contained the Soviet beachhead throughout the winter and interdicted its naval supply lines through aerial bombing. From January through April, the Crimean Front launched repeated offensives against the 11th Army, all of which failed with heavy losses. The Red Army lost 352,000 men in the attacks, while the Axis suffered 24,120 casualties. Superior German artillery firepower was largely responsible for the Soviet debacle.
3. World War II: The Battle of the Coral Sea comes to an end with Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier aircraft attacking and sinking the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Lexington.
  1. Battle of the Coral Sea
    
    The Battle of the Coral Sea, from 4 to 8 May 1942, was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and naval and air forces of the United States and Australia. Taking place in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, the battle is historically significant as the first action in which the opposing fleets neither sighted nor fired upon one another, attacking over the horizon with aircraft carriers instead.
  2. Imperial Japanese Navy
    
    The Imperial Japanese Navy was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) was formed between 1952–1954 after the dissolution of the IJN.
  3. Aircraft carrier
    
    An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighters, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft. While heavier aircraft such as fixed-wing gunships and bombers have been launched from aircraft carriers, these aircraft have not successfully landed on a carrier. By its diplomatic and tactical power, its mobility, its autonomy and the variety of its means, the aircraft carrier is often the centerpiece of modern combat fleets. Tactically or even strategically, it replaced the battleship in the role of flagship of a fleet. One of its great advantages is that, by sailing in international waters, it does not interfere with any territorial sovereignty and thus obviates the need for overflight authorizations from third-party countries, reduces the times and transit distances of aircraft and therefore significantly increase the time of availability on the combat zone.
  4. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  5. USS Lexington (CV-2)
    
    USS Lexington (CV-2), nicknamed "Lady Lex", was the name ship of her class of two aircraft carriers built for the United States Navy during the 1920s. Originally designed as a battlecruiser, she was converted into one of the Navy's first aircraft carriers during construction to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which essentially terminated all new battleship and battlecruiser construction. The ship entered service in 1928 and was assigned to the Pacific Fleet for her entire career. Lexington and her sister ship, Saratoga, were used to develop and refine carrier tactics in a series of annual exercises before World War II. On more than one occasion these included successfully staged surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The ship's turbo-electric propulsion system allowed her to supplement the electrical supply of Tacoma, Washington, during a drought in late 1929 to early 1930. She also delivered medical personnel and relief supplies to Managua, Nicaragua, after an earthquake in 1931.
4. World War II: Gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands rebel in the Cocos Islands Mutiny. Their mutiny is crushed and three of them are executed, the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War.
  1. Cocos (Keeling) Islands
    
    The Cocos (Keeling) Islands, officially the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, are an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and relatively close to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The territory's dual name reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.
  2. Cocos Islands mutiny
    
    The Cocos Islands mutiny was a failed mutiny by Sri Lankan soldiers against British officers, on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands on 8 May 1942, during the Second World War.
  3. Commonwealth of Nations
    
    The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations amongst member states. Numerous organisations are associated with and operate within the Commonwealth.
1941
1. World War II: The German Luftwaffe launches a bombing raid on Nottingham and Derby.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Nottingham Blitz
    
    The Nottingham Blitz was an attack by the Nazi German Luftwaffe on Nottingham during the night of 8–9 May 1941.
1933
1. Mohandas Gandhi begins a 21-day fast of self-purification and launched a one-year campaign to help the Harijan movement.
  1. Mahatma Gandhi
    
    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā, first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.
1927
1. French aviators Charles Nungesser and François Coli aboard the biplane L'Oiseau Blanc took off from Paris, attempting to make the first non-stop flight to New York, only to disappear before arrival.
  1. Charles Nungesser
    
    Charles Eugène Jules Marie Nungesser was a French ace pilot and adventurer. Nungesser was a renowned ace in France, ranking third highest in the country with 43 air combat victories during World War I.
  2. François Coli
    
    François Coli was a French pilot and navigator best known as the flying partner of Charles Nungesser in their fatal attempt to achieve the first transatlantic flight.
  3. Biplane
    
    A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the early years of aviation. While a biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a monoplane, it produces more drag than a monoplane wing. Improved structural techniques, better materials and higher speeds made the biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s.
  4. L'Oiseau Blanc
    
    L'Oiseau Blanc was a French Levasseur PL.8 biplane that disappeared in 1927 during an attempt to make the first non-stop transatlantic flight between Paris and New York City to compete for the Orteig Prize. French World War I aviation heroes Charles Nungesser and François Coli took off from Paris on 8 May 1927 and were last seen over Ireland. Less than two weeks later, Charles Lindbergh successfully made the New York–Paris journey and claimed the prize in the Spirit of St. Louis.
2. Attempting to make the first non-stop transatlantic flight from Paris to New York, French war heroes Charles Nungesser and François Coli disappear after taking off aboard The White Bird biplane.
  1. Transatlantic flight
    
    A transatlantic flight is the flight of an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe, Africa, South Asia, or the Middle East to North America, Central America, or South America, or vice versa. Such flights have been made by fixed-wing aircraft, airships, balloons and other aircraft.
  2. Charles Nungesser
    
    Charles Eugène Jules Marie Nungesser was a French ace pilot and adventurer. Nungesser was a renowned ace in France, ranking third highest in the country with 43 air combat victories during World War I.
  3. François Coli
    
    François Coli was a French pilot and navigator best known as the flying partner of Charles Nungesser in their fatal attempt to achieve the first transatlantic flight.
  4. L'Oiseau Blanc
    
    L'Oiseau Blanc was a French Levasseur PL.8 biplane that disappeared in 1927 during an attempt to make the first non-stop transatlantic flight between Paris and New York City to compete for the Orteig Prize. French World War I aviation heroes Charles Nungesser and François Coli took off from Paris on 8 May 1927 and were last seen over Ireland. Less than two weeks later, Charles Lindbergh successfully made the New York–Paris journey and claimed the prize in the Spirit of St. Louis.
1924
1. Lithuania signed the Klaipėda Convention, making the Klaipėda Region (taken from East Prussia) into an autonomous region under Lithuanian rule.
  1. Klaipėda Convention
    
    The Klaipėda Convention was an international agreement between Lithuania and the countries of the Conference of Ambassadors signed in Paris on May 8, 1924. According to the convention, the Klaipėda Region became an autonomous region under unconditional sovereignty of Lithuania.
  2. Klaipėda Region
    
    The Klaipėda Region or Memel Territory was defined by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and refers to the northernmost part of the German province of East Prussia, when as Memelland it was put under the administration of the Entente's Council of Ambassadors. The Memel Territory, together with other areas severed from Germany was to remain under the control of the League of Nations until a future day when the people of these regions would be allowed to vote on whether the land would return to Germany or not. Today, the former Memel Territory is controlled by Lithuania as part of Klaipėda and Tauragė counties.
  3. East Prussia
    
    East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 ; following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945. Its capital city was Königsberg. East Prussia was the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast.
2. The Klaipėda Convention is signed formally incorporating Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) into Lithuania.
  1. Klaipėda Convention
    
    The Klaipėda Convention was an international agreement between Lithuania and the countries of the Conference of Ambassadors signed in Paris on May 8, 1924. According to the convention, the Klaipėda Region became an autonomous region under unconditional sovereignty of Lithuania.
  2. Klaipėda Region
    
    The Klaipėda Region or Memel Territory was defined by the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and refers to the northernmost part of the German province of East Prussia, when as Memelland it was put under the administration of the Entente's Council of Ambassadors. The Memel Territory, together with other areas severed from Germany was to remain under the control of the League of Nations until a future day when the people of these regions would be allowed to vote on whether the land would return to Germany or not. Today, the former Memel Territory is controlled by Lithuania as part of Klaipėda and Tauragė counties.
1921
1. The creation of the Communist Party of Romania.
  1. Romanian Communist Party
    
    The Romanian Communist Party was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system of the Kingdom of Romania. After being outlawed in 1924, the PCR remained a minor and illegal grouping for much of the interwar period and submitted to direct Comintern control. During the 1920s and the 1930s, most of its activists were imprisoned or took refuge in the Soviet Union, which led to the creation of competing factions that at times came in open conflict. That did not prevent the party from participating in the political life of the country through various front organizations, most notably the Peasant Workers' Bloc. During the mid 1930s, as a result of the purges against the Iron Guard, the party was on the road to achieving power, but this was crushed by the dictatorship of king Carol II. In the period 1934–1936, PCR managed to properly reform itself in the mainland of Romania, foreign observers predicting a possible communist take over in Romania. The party emerged as a powerful actor on the Romanian political scene in August 1944, when it became involved in the royal coup that toppled the pro-Nazi government of Ion Antonescu. With support from Soviet occupational forces, the PCR pressured King Michael I into abdicating, and it established the Romanian People's Republic in December 1947.
1919
1. Edward George Honey proposes the idea of a moment of silence to commemorate the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended World War I.
  1. Edward George Honey
    
    Edward George Honey was an Australian journalist who suggested the idea of five minutes of silence in a letter to a London newspaper in May 1919, about 6 months before the first observance of the Two-minute silence in London.
  2. Armistice of 11 November 1918
    
    The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, sea, and air in World War I between the Entente and their last remaining opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. It was concluded after the German government sent a message to American president Woodrow Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared "Fourteen Points", which later became the basis of the German surrender at the Paris Peace Conference, which took place the following year.
1912
1. Paramount Pictures is founded.
  1. Paramount Pictures
    
    Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film and television production and distribution company and the main namesake division of Paramount Global. It is the fifth-oldest film studio in the world, the second-oldest film studio in the United States, and the sole member of the "Big Five" film studios located within the city limits of Los Angeles.
1902
1. In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre and killing over 30,000 people. Only a handful of residents survive the blast.
  1. Mount Pelée
    
    Mount Pelée or Mont Pelée is an active volcano at the northern end of Martinique, an island and French overseas department in the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc of the Caribbean. Its volcanic cone is composed of stratified layers of hardened ash and solidified lava. Its most recent eruption was in 1932.
1899
1. The Irish Literary Theatre in Dublin produced its first play.
  1. Irish Literary Theatre
    
    W. B. Yeats, Lady Gregory and Edward Martyn published a "Manifesto for Irish Literary Theatre" in 1897, in which they proclaimed their intention of establishing a national theatre for Ireland.
1898
1. The first games of the Italian football league system are played.
  1. Italian football league system
    
    The Italian football league system, also known as the Italian football pyramid, refers to the hierarchically interconnected league system for association football in Italy. It consists of nine national and regional tournaments, the first three being professional, while the remaining six are amateur, set up by the Italian Football Federation. One team from San Marino also competes. The system has a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels.
1886
1. Pharmacist John Pemberton first sells a carbonated beverage named "Coca-Cola" as a patent medicine.
  1. John Stith Pemberton
    
    John Stith Pemberton was an American pharmacist and Confederate States Army veteran who is best known as the inventor of Coca-Cola. In May 1886, he developed an early version of a beverage that would later become Coca-Cola, but sold his rights to the drink shortly before his death.
  2. Coca-Cola
    
    Coca-Cola, informally known as Coke, is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by the Coca-Cola Company. Originally marketed as a temperance drink and intended as a patent medicine, it was invented in the late 19th century by John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1888, Pemberton sold Coca-Cola's ownership rights to Asa Griggs Candler, a businessman, whose marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the global soft-drink market throughout the 20th and 21st century. The drink's name refers to two of its original ingredients: coca leaves and kola nuts. The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a closely guarded trade secret; however, a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published. The secrecy around the formula has been used by Coca-Cola in its marketing as only a handful of anonymous employees know the formula. The drink has inspired imitators and created a whole classification of soft drink: colas.
1877
1. At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show opens.
  1. Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
    
    The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all-breed conformation show, traditionally held annually at New York City's Madison Square Garden.
1846
1. Mexican–American War: American forces led by Zachary Taylor defeat a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande in the first major battle of the war.
  1. Mexican–American War
    
    The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención estadounidense en México, was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1845 American annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its territory. Mexico refused to recognize the Velasco treaty, because it was signed by President Antonio López de Santa Anna while he was captured by the Texan Army during the 1836 Texas Revolution. The Republic of Texas was de facto an independent country, but most of its Anglo-American citizens wanted to be annexed by the United States.
  2. Battle of Palo Alto
    
    The Battle of Palo Alto was the first major battle of the Mexican–American War and was fought on May 8, 1846, on disputed ground five miles (8 km) from the modern-day city of Brownsville, Texas. A force of some 3,700 Mexican troops – most of the Army of The North – led by General Mariano Arista engaged a force of approximately 2,300 United States troops – the Army of Occupation led by General Zachary Taylor.
1842
1. A train derailed and caught fire near Versailles, France, killing at least 52 people.
  1. Versailles rail accident
    
    On 8 May 1842, a train crashed in the cutting between Meudon and Bellevue stations on the railway between Versailles and Paris, France. The train was travelling to Paris when it derailed after the leading locomotive broke an axle, and the carriages behind piled into it and caught fire. It was the first French railway accident and the deadliest in the world at the time, causing between 52 and 200 deaths, including that of explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville. The accident led the French to abandon the practice of locking passengers in their carriages.
  2. Versailles, Yvelines
    
    Versailles is a commune in the department of the Yvelines, Île-de-France, renowned worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, 17.1 km (10.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, Versailles is a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and is a major tourist destination. According to the 2017 census, the population of the city is 85,862 inhabitants, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975.
2. A train derails and catches fire in Paris, killing between 52 and 200 people.
  1. Versailles rail accident
    
    On 8 May 1842, a train crashed in the cutting between Meudon and Bellevue stations on the railway between Versailles and Paris, France. The train was travelling to Paris when it derailed after the leading locomotive broke an axle, and the carriages behind piled into it and caught fire. It was the first French railway accident and the deadliest in the world at the time, causing between 52 and 200 deaths, including that of explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville. The accident led the French to abandon the practice of locking passengers in their carriages.
1821
1. Greek War of Independence: At the Battle of Gravia Inn, a 120-man Greek force led by Odysseas Androutsos repulsed an Ottoman army of 8,000 soldiers.
  1. Greek War of Independence
    
    The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
  2. Battle of Gravia Inn
    
    The Battle of Gravia Inn was fought between Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence. The Greek leaders Odysseas Androutsos, Yannis Gouras and Angelis Govios, with a group of c. 120 men, repulsed an Ottoman army numbering 8,000 to 9,000 men and artillery under the command of Omer Vrioni and Köse Mehmed. The battle ended with heavy losses for the Ottomans and minimal casualties on the Greek side.
  3. Odysseas Androutsos
    
    Odysseas Androutsos was a Greek military and political commander in eastern mainland Greece and a prominent figure of the Greek War of Independence.
  4. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
2. Greek War of Independence: The Greeks defeat the Turks at the Battle of Gravia Inn.
  1. Greek War of Independence
    
    The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
  2. Battle of Gravia Inn
    
    The Battle of Gravia Inn was fought between Greek revolutionaries and the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence. The Greek leaders Odysseas Androutsos, Yannis Gouras and Angelis Govios, with a group of c. 120 men, repulsed an Ottoman army numbering 8,000 to 9,000 men and artillery under the command of Omer Vrioni and Köse Mehmed. The battle ended with heavy losses for the Ottomans and minimal casualties on the Greek side.
1794
1. Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme générale, is tried, convicted and guillotined in one day in Paris.
  1. Reign of Terror
    
    The Reign of Terror was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
  2. Antoine Lavoisier
    
    Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
  3. Ferme générale
    
    The ferme générale was, in ancien régime France, essentially an outsourced customs, excise and indirect tax operation. It collected duties on behalf of the King, under renewable six-year contracts. The major tax collectors in that highly unpopular tax farming system were known as the fermiers généraux, which would be tax farmers-general in English.
1788
1. King Louis XVI of France attempts to impose the reforms of Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne by abolishing the parlements.
  1. Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne
    
    Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne was a French clergyman, bishop, cardinal, politician and finance minister of Louis XVI.
1758
1. The Maratha Empire captures Peshawar from the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Peshawar. The Maratha Empire was extended to its farthest distance away from Pune that it ever reached, over 2,000 km (1,200 mi), almost to the borders of Afghanistan.
  1. Maratha Empire
    
    The Maratha Empire, later referred as Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern Indian empire that came to dominate much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. Maratha rule formally began in 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji of the Bhonsle Dynasty as the Chhatrapati. Although Shivaji came from the Maratha caste, the Maratha empire also included warriors, administrators and other notables from Maratha and several other castes from Maharashtra.
  2. Peshawar
    
    Peshawar is the sixth most populous city in Pakistan, with a population of over 2.3 million. It is situated in the north-west of the country, close to the International border with Afghanistan. It is the capital of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where it is the largest city. Peshawar is primarily populated by Pashtuns, who comprise the second-largest ethnic group in the country. Situated in the Valley of Peshawar, a broad area situated east of the historic Khyber Pass, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it one of the oldest cities in South Asia. Peshawer is among the oldest continuously inhabited cities of the country.
  3. Durrani Empire
    
    The Durrani Empire or the Afghan Empire, also known as the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire that was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 and spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent. At its largest territorial extent, it ruled over the present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India. Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most impactful Muslim empires of the latter half of the 18th century.
  4. Capture of Peshawar (1758)
    
    The Capture of Peshawar took place in spring of 1758 when Maratha Empire in alliance with the Sikhs, defeated the Durrani Empire. The Marathas and the Sikhs were victorious in battle and Peshawar was captured thereafter. Before that, the fort of Peshawar was being guarded by Durrani troops under Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan. When Raghunathrao, Malhar Rao Holkar and Sikh alliance of Charat Singh and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia left Peshawar, Tukoji Rao Holkar was appointed as the representative in this area of the sub-continent. Tukoji Rao Holkar along with Sardar Santajirao Wable and Khandoji Kadam defeated the Afghan garrison.
  5. Pune
    
    Pune, formerly known as Poona, is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million as of 2020. Pune is considered to be the cultural and educational capital of Maharashtra state. It has been ranked "the most liveable city in India" several times. Together with the municipal corporation areas of Pimpri-Chinchwad (PCMC) and Pune (PMC), and the three cantonment towns of Camp, Khadki, and Dehu Road, Pune forms the urban core of the eponymous Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR). As of 2021, with an area of 7,256 sq km, PMR is geographically the largest metropolitan region in Maharashtra state and 5th largest in India.
1639
1. William Coddington founds Newport, Rhode Island.
  1. William Coddington
    
    William Coddington was an early magistrate of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and later of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He served as the judge of Portsmouth and Newport, governor of Portsmouth and Newport, deputy governor of the four-town colony, and then governor of the entire colony. Coddington was born and raised in Lincolnshire, England. He accompanied the Winthrop Fleet on its voyage to New England in 1630, becoming an early leader in Boston. There he built the first brick house and became heavily involved in the local government as an assistant magistrate, treasurer, and deputy.
  2. Newport, Rhode Island
    
    Newport is an American seaside city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island. It is located in Narragansett Bay, approximately 33 miles (53 km) southeast of Providence, 20 miles (32 km) south of Fall River, Massachusetts, 74 miles (119 km) south of Boston, and 180 miles (290 km) northeast of New York City. It is known as a New England summer resort and is famous for its historic mansions and its rich sailing history.
1608
1. A newly nationalized silver mine in Scotland at Hilderston, West Lothian is re-opened by Bevis Bulmer.
  1. Nationalization
    
    Nationalization or collectivization is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to private assets or to assets owned by lower levels of government being transferred to the state. Nationalization contrasts with privatization and with demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization. Industries often subject to nationalization include the commanding heights of the economy – telecommunications, electric power, fossil fuels, railways, airlines, iron ore, media, postal services, banks, and water – though, in many jurisdictions, many such entities have no history of private ownership.
  2. Hilderston, West Lothian
    
    Hilderston or Hilderstone in West Lothian, Scotland, was the site of the discovery of a vein of silver in 1606 and a mining operation that attracted international interest. King James used rumours of a silver bonanza to leverage a loan in the City of London. He took over the mine works, an act sometimes regarded as an example of nationalization. The enterprise may have inspired a satirical stage play. On 8 May 1608 work commenced under royal supervision. Miners from Cornwall and Germany were employed in the works. 55.9259°N 3.6166°W
  3. Bevis Bulmer
    
    Sir Bevis Bulmer (1536–1615) was an English mining engineer during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. He has been called "one of the great speculators of that era". Many of the events in his career were recorded by Stephen Atkinson in The Discoveries and Historie of the Gold Mynes in Scotland, compiled in part from a lost manuscript by Bulmer entitled Bulmer's Skill.
1541
1. Hernando de Soto stops near present-day Walls, Mississippi, and sees the Mississippi River (then known by the Spanish as Río de Espíritu Santo, the name given to it by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519).
  1. Hernando de Soto
    
    Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula. He played an important role in Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru, but is best known for leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States. He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River.
  2. Walls, Mississippi
    
    Walls is a town located in northern DeSoto County, Mississippi, United States, near the Mississippi River, part of the larger region known as "The Delta", and known for its rich, dark soil. As it is in the upper northwest corner of Mississippi, it is in the Memphis, Tennessee metropolitan area. Its ZIP code is 38680. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,162, with an estimated population of 1,463 in 2018.
  3. Alonso Álvarez de Pineda
    
    Alonso Álvarez de Piñeda was a Spanish conquistador and cartographer who was the first to prove the insularity of the Gulf of Mexico by sailing around its coast. In doing so he created the first map to depict what is now Texas and parts of the Gulf Coast of the United States.
1516
1. A group of imperial guards, led by Trịnh Duy Sản, murdered Emperor Lê Tương Dực and fled, leaving the capital Thăng Long undefended.
  1. Trần Cao rebellion
    
    The Trần Cao rebellion in 1516 is a rebellion in 16th century Vietnam, led by Trần Cao against the Lê dynasty and is regarded as an important factor leading to the collapse of the Early period Lê. It was the second rebellion led against the Lê, following an uprising led by Trần Tuân in 1511.
  2. Hanoi
    
    Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam. It covers an area of 3,359.82 km2 (1,297.2 sq mi). The second largest city in Vietnam consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is the cultural and political centre of Vietnam.
1450
1. Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
  1. Jack Cade's Rebellion
    
    Jack Cade's Rebellion was a popular revolt in 1450 against the government of England, which took place in the south-east of the country between the months of April and July. It stemmed from local grievances regarding the corruption, maladministration and abuse of power of the king's closest advisors and local officials, as well as recent military losses in France during the Hundred Years' War. Leading an army of men from south-eastern England, the rebellion's leader Jack Cade marched on London in order to force the government to reform the administration and remove from power the "traitors" deemed responsible for bad governance. Apart from the Cornish rebellion of 1497, it was the largest popular uprising to take place in England during the 15th century.
  2. Henry VI of England
    
    Henry VI was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V, he succeeded to the English throne at the age of nine months upon his father's death, and succeeded to the French throne on the death of his maternal grandfather, Charles VI, shortly afterwards.
1429
1. Joan of Arc lifts the Siege of Orléans, turning the tide of the Hundred Years' War.
  1. Joan of Arc
    
    Joan of Arc is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Stating that she was acting under divine guidance, she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France.
  2. Siege of Orléans
    
    The siege of Orléans was the watershed of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. It was the French royal army's first major military victory to follow the crushing defeat at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, and also the first while Joan of Arc was with the army. The siege took place at the pinnacle of English power during the later stages of the war. The city held strategic and symbolic significance to both sides of the conflict. The consensus among contemporaries was that the English regent, John of Lancaster, would have succeeded in realizing his brother the English king Henry V's dream of conquering all of France if Orléans fell. For half a year the English and their French allies appeared to be winning, but the siege collapsed nine days after Joan's arrival.
1373
1. Julian of Norwich, a Christian mystic and anchoress, experiences the deathbed visions described in her Revelations of Divine Love.
  1. Julian of Norwich
    
    Julian of Norwich, also known as Juliana of Norwich, Dame Julian or Mother Julian, was an English mystic and anchoress of the Middle Ages. Her writings, now known as Revelations of Divine Love, are the earliest surviving English language works by a woman, although it is possible that some anonymous works may have had female authors. They are also the only surviving English language works by an anchoress.
  2. Christian mysticism
    
    Christian mysticism is the tradition of mystical practices and mystical theology within Christianity which "concerns the preparation [of the person] for, the consciousness of, and the effect of [...] a direct and transformative presence of God" or Divine love. In the words 1 John 4:16: "God is love, and he who abides in love abides in God and God in him." It has a prominent place in the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy.
  3. Anchorite
    
    In Christianity, an anchorite or anchoret is someone who, for religious reasons, withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-oriented, ascetic, or Eucharist-focused life. While anchorites are frequently considered to be a type of hermit, unlike hermits they were required to take a vow of stability of place, opting for permanent enclosure in cells often attached to churches. Also unlike hermits, anchorites were subject to a religious rite of consecration that closely resembled the funeral rite, following which they would be considered dead to the world, a type of living saint. Anchorites had a certain autonomy, as they did not answer to any ecclesiastical authority other than the bishop.
  4. Revelations of Divine Love
    
    Revelations of Divine Love is a medieval book of Christian mystical devotions. It was written between the 14th and 15th centuries by Julian of Norwich, about whom almost nothing is known. It is the earliest surviving example of a book in the English language known to have been written by a woman. It is also the earliest surviving work written by an English anchorite or anchoress.
1360
1. Treaty of Brétigny drafted between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good).
  1. Treaty of Brétigny
    
    The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France. In retrospect, it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) as well as the height of English power on the European continent.
  2. Edward III of England
    
    Edward III, also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His fifty-year reign was one of the longest in English history, and saw vital developments in legislation and government, in particular the evolution of the English Parliament, as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He outlived his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, and the throne passed to his grandson, Richard II.
  3. John II of France
    
    John II, called John the Good, was King of France from 1350 until his death in 1364. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed nearly 40% of its population; popular revolts known as Jacqueries; free companies of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in catastrophic military losses, including the Battle of Poitiers of 1356, in which John was captured.
589
1. Reccared I opens the Third Council of Toledo, marking the entry of Visigothic Spain into the Catholic Church.
  1. Reccared I
    
    Reccared I was Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania. His reign marked a climactic shift in history, with the king's renunciation of Arianism in favour of Catholicism in 587.
  2. Third Council of Toledo
    
    The Third Council of Toledo (589) marks the entry of Visigothic Spain into the Catholic Church, and is known for codifying the filioque clause into Western Christianity. The council also enacted restrictions on Jews, and the conversion of the country to Catholic Christianity led to repeated conflict with the Jews.
  3. Visigoths
    
    The Visigoths were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is known as the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups, including a large group of Thervingi, who had moved into the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had played a major role in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths varied, with the two groups making treaties when convenient, and warring with one another when not. Under their first leader, Alaric I, the Visigoths invaded Italy and sacked Rome in August 410. Afterwards, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD.
  4. Catholic Church
    
    The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
413
1. Emperor Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.
  1. Honorius (emperor)
    
    Honorius was Roman emperor from 393 to 423. He was the younger son of emperor Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla. After the death of Theodosius, Honorius ruled the western half of the empire while his brother Arcadius ruled the eastern half. In 410, during Honorius's reign over the Western Roman Empire, Rome was sacked for the first time in almost 800 years.
  2. Edict
    
    An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism, but it can be under any official authority. Synonyms include "dictum" and "pronouncement".
  3. Province of Viterbo
    
    Viterbo is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Viterbo.
  4. Campania
    
    Campania is an administrative region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula, but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri. The capital of the Campania region is Naples. As of 2018, the region had a population of around 5,820,000 people, making it Italy's third most populous region, and, with an area of 13,590 km2 (5,247 sq mi), its most densely populated region. Based on its GDP, Campania is also the most economically productive region in southern Italy and the 7th most productive in the whole country. Naples' urban area, which is in Campania, is the eighth most populous in the European Union. The region is home to 10 of the 58 UNESCO sites in Italy, including Pompeii and Herculaneum, the Royal Palace of Caserta, the Amalfi Coast and the Historic Centre of Naples. In addition, Campania's Mount Vesuvius is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
  5. Picenum
    
    Picenum was a region of ancient Italy. The name is an exonym assigned by the Romans, who conquered and incorporated it into the Roman Republic. Picenum was Regio V in the Augustan territorial organization of Roman Italy. Picenum was also the birthplace of such Roman notables as Pompey the Great and his father, Pompeius Strabo. It was in what is now Marche and the northern part of Abruzzo. The Piceni or Picentes were the native population of Picenum, but they were not of uniform ethnicity. They maintained a religious centre in Cupra Marittima, in honor of the goddess Cupra.
  6. Samnium
    
    Samnium is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites. Their own endonyms were Safinim for the country and Safineis for the people. The language of these endonyms and of the population was the Oscan language. However, not all the Samnites spoke Oscan, and not all the Oscan-speakers lived in Samnium.
  7. Apulia
    
    Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Strait of Otranto and Gulf of Taranto to the south. The region comprises 19,345 square kilometers (7,469 sq mi), and its population is about four million people.
  8. Lucania
    
    Lucania was a historical region of Southern Italy. It was the land of the Lucani, an Oscan people. It extended from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Gulf of Taranto.
  9. Calabria
    
    Calabria, is a region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. With almost 2 million residents across a total area of approximately 15,222 square kilometres (5,877 sq mi), it is the tenth most populous and the tenth largest Italian region by area. Catanzaro is the region's capital, while Reggio Calabria is the most populous city in the region.
  10. Visigoths
    
    The Visigoths were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is known as the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups, including a large group of Thervingi, who had moved into the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had played a major role in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths varied, with the two groups making treaties when convenient, and warring with one another when not. Under their first leader, Alaric I, the Visigoths invaded Italy and sacked Rome in August 410. Afterwards, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD.
-453
1. Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin.
  1. Spring and Autumn period
    
    The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 770 to 476 BC which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BCE, which tradition associates with Confucius.
  2. Zhao (state)
    
    Zhao was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Wei, in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained significant strength from the military reforms initiated during King Wuling's reign, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin at the Battle of Changping. Its territory included areas now in modern Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. It bordered the states of Qin, Wei and Yan and various nomadic peoples, including the Hu and Xiongnu. Its capital was Handan, in modern Hebei Province.
  3. Battle of Jinyang
    
    The Battle of Jinyang was fought in modern-day Taiyuan between the elite families of the State of Jin, the house of Zhao and the house of Zhi (智), in the Spring and Autumn period of China. The other houses of Wei and Han first participated in the battle in alliance with the Zhi, but later defected to ally with Zhao to annihilate the Zhi house. This event was a catalyst to the Tripartition of Jin in 434 BC, the forming of the three states of Zhao, Wei, and Han, and the start to the Warring States period. It is the first battle described in the Song Dynasty history compendium Zizhi Tongjian.
  4. Jin (Chinese state)
    
    Jin, originally known as Tang (唐), was a major state during the middle part of the Zhou dynasty, based near the centre of what was then China, on the lands attributed to the legendary Xia dynasty: the southern part of modern Shanxi. Although it grew in power during the Spring and Autumn period, its aristocratic structure saw it break apart when the duke lost power to his nobles. In 403 BC, Jin was split into three successor states: Han, Zhao and Wei. The Partition of Jin marks the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States period.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Robert Gillmor, British wildlife artist and illustrator (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Robert Gillmor
    
    Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor MBE was a British ornithologist, artist, illustrator, author, and editor. He was a co-founder of the Society of Wildlife Artists (SWLA) and was its secretary, chairman and president. He contributed to over 100 books, and received numerous awards.
2. Dennis Waterman, English actor and singer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Dennis Waterman
    
    Dennis Waterman was an English actor and singer. He was best known for his tough-guy leading roles in television series including The Sweeney, Minder and New Tricks, singing the theme tunes of the latter two.
2021
1. Helmut Jahn, German-American architect (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Helmut Jahn
    
    Helmut Jahn was a German-American architect, known for projects such as the Sony Center on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany; the Messeturm in Frankfurt, Germany; the Thompson Center in Chicago; One Liberty Place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Suvarnabhumi Airport, in Bangkok, Thailand, among others.
2019
1. Sprent Dabwido, President of Nauru from 2011 to 2013 (b. 1972) deaths
  1. Sprent Dabwido
    
    Sprent Arumogo Dabwido was a Nauruan politician who served as the President of Nauru between 2011 and 2013, and was also a weightlifter. The son of a parliamentarian, Dabwido was originally elected to the Meneng Constituency in the Parliament of Nauru at the 2004 elections. Having served as Minister for Telecommunications in Marcus Stephen's government from 2009, Dabwido joined the Nauruan opposition faction in November 2011 after Stephen's resignation, and, having passed a motion of no confidence against interim president Freddie Pitcher, was elected president four days later. In his role as president, Dabwido functioned as chairman of the Cabinet of Nauru, and held various portfolios in the Nauruan government.
  2. Nauru
    
    Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, about 300 km (190 mi) to the east. It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km (810 mi) northeast of Solomon Islands, east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic as well as the smallest island nation. Its population of about 10,000 is the world's second-smallest, after Vatican City.
2018
1. Big Bully Busick, American professional wrestler (b. 1954) deaths
  1. Big Bully Busick
    
    Nicholas Busick was an American professional wrestler and police officer, better known by his ring name Big Bully Busick. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1991, where he portrayed a stereotypical bully from the 1920s with a "turtleneck, bowler hat and king-sized cigar". Busick is also known for his appearances with Georgia All-Star Wrestling (GAF) and the Global Wrestling Federation (GWF).
2. Anne V. Coates, British film editor (Lawrence of Arabia, The Elephant Man, Erin Brockovich), Oscar winner (1963) (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Anne V. Coates
    
    Anne Voase Coates was a British film editor with a more than 60-year-long career. She was perhaps best known as the editor of David Lean's epic film Lawrence of Arabia in 1962, for which she won an Oscar. Coates was nominated five times for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing for the films Lawrence of Arabia, Becket (1963), The Elephant Man (1980), In the Line of Fire (1993) and Out of Sight (1998). In an industry where women accounted for only 16 percent of all editors working on the top 250 films of 2004, and 80 percent of the films had absolutely no women on their editing teams at all, Coates thrived as a top film editor. She was awarded BAFTA's highest honour, a BAFTA Fellowship, in February 2007 and was given an Academy Honorary Award, which are popularly known as a Lifetime Achievement Oscar, in November 2016 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
  2. Lawrence of Arabia (film)
    
    Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 British epic historical drama film based on the life of T. E. Lawrence and his 1926 book Seven Pillars of Wisdom. It was directed by David Lean and produced by Sam Spiegel, through his British company Horizon Pictures and distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film stars Peter O'Toole as Lawrence with Alec Guinness playing Prince Faisal. The film also stars Jack Hawkins, Anthony Quinn, Omar Sharif, Anthony Quayle, Claude Rains and Arthur Kennedy. The screenplay was written by Robert Bolt and Michael Wilson.
  3. The Elephant Man (film)
    
    The Elephant Man is a 1980 British-American biographical drama film about Joseph Merrick, a severely deformed man in late 19th-century London. The film was directed by David Lynch, produced by Mel Brooks and Jonathan Sanger, and stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon and Freddie Jones. The Elephant Man is generally regarded as one of Lynch's more accessible and mainstream works, alongside The Straight Story (1999).
  4. Erin Brockovich (film)
    
    Erin Brockovich is a 2000 American biographical legal drama film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Susannah Grant. The film is a dramatization of the true story of Erin Brockovich, portrayed by Julia Roberts, who fought against the energy corporation Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) regarding its culpability for the Hinkley groundwater contamination incident. The film was a box-office success, and gained a positive critical reaction.
  5. Academy Award for Best Film Editing
    
    The Academy Award for Best Film Editing is one of the annual awards of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Nominations for this award are closely correlated with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 33 consecutive years, 1981 to 2013, every Best Picture winner had also been nominated for the Film Editing Oscar, and about two thirds of the Best Picture winners have also won for Film Editing. Only the principal, "above the line" editor(s) as listed in the film's credits are named on the award; additional editors, supervising editors, etc. are not currently eligible.
  6. 35th Academy Awards
    
    The 35th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1962, were held on April 8, 1963, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, hosted by Frank Sinatra.
2016
1. Tom M. Apostol, American analytic number theorist (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Tom M. Apostol
    
    Tom Mike Apostol was an American analytic number theorist and professor at the California Institute of Technology, best known as the author of widely used mathematical textbooks.
2. William Schallert, American actor; president (1979–81) of the Screen Actors Guild (b. 1922) deaths
  1. William Schallert
    
    William Joseph Schallert was an American character actor who appeared in dozens of television shows and films over a career spanning more than 60 years. He is known for his roles on Richard Diamond, Private Detective (1957–1959), Death Valley Days (1955–1962), and The Patty Duke Show (1963–1966).
  2. Screen Actors Guild
    
    The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide. On March 30, 2012, the union leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) to create SAG-AFTRA.
2015
1. Zeki Alasya, Turkish actor and director (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Zeki Alasya
    
    Zeki Alasya was a Turkish actor and film director. Alasya was of Turkish Cypriot descent and was related to Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Pasha.
2. Mwepu Ilunga, Congolese footballer (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Mwepu Ilunga
    
    Joseph Mwepu Ilunga was a football defender from Zaire. His name is also written as Alunga Mwepu.
3. Menashe Kadishman, Israeli sculptor and painter (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Menashe Kadishman
    
    Menashe Kadishman was an Israeli sculptor and painter.
4. Juan Schwanner, Hungarian-Chilean footballer and manager (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Juan Schwanner
    
    Juan Schwanner, János Schwanner was a Hungarian–Chilean footballer and football manager.
5. Atanas Semerdzhiev, Bulgarian soldier and politician, 1st Vice President of Bulgaria (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Atanas Semerdzhiev
    
    Atanas Georgiev Semerdzhiev was a Bulgarian senior colonel, statesman and politician.
  2. Vice President of Bulgaria
    
    The vice president of the Republic of Bulgaria is a position, established by the Constitution of Bulgaria, and the only active vice presidential office in the European Union (EU).
2014
1. Roger L. Easton, American scientist, co-invented the GPS (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Roger L. Easton
    
    Roger Lee Easton, Sr. was an American physicist and state representative who was the principal inventor and designer of the Global Positioning System, along with Ivan A. Getting and Bradford Parkinson.
  2. Global Positioning System
    
    The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. It provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. Although the United States government created, controls and maintains the GPS system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
2. Nancy Malone, American actress, director, and producer (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Nancy Malone
    
    Nancy Malone was an American television actress from the 1950s to 1970s, who later moved into producing and directing in the 1980s and 1990s.
3. Yago Lamela, Spanish long jumper (b. 1977) deaths
  1. Yago Lamela
    
    Santiago ("Yago") Lamela Tobío was a Spanish athlete competing in the long jump. His greatest year was 1999, when he jumped 8.56 during the indoor season to win the silver medal at the 1999 World Indoor Championships. Later that year he set a new outdoors personal best with 8.56, and won another silver medal at the World Championships. His 8.56 m jump stayed as European indoor long jump record for ten years.
4. Jair Rodrigues, Brazilian singer (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Jair Rodrigues
    
    Jair Rodrigues de Oliveira was a Brazilian musician and singer. He is the father of Luciana Mello and Jair Oliveira, who also followed in his footsteps and became musicians.
5. R. Douglas Stuart Jr., American businessman and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Norway (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Robert D. Stuart Jr.
    
    Robert Douglas Stuart Jr. was the son of Quaker Oats Company co-founder R. Douglas Stuart, the founder of the America First Committee in 1940, the CEO of Quaker Oats from 1966 to 1981, and United States Ambassador to Norway from 1984 to 1989.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to Norway
    
    The United States Ambassador to Norway is the official representative of the President and the Government of the United States of America to the King and Government of Norway.
6. Joseph P. Teasdale, American lawyer and politician, 48th Governor of Missouri (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Joseph P. Teasdale
    
    Joseph Patrick Teasdale was an American politician. A Democrat, he served as the 48th Governor of Missouri from 1977 to 1981.
  2. List of governors of Missouri
    
    The governor of Missouri is the head of government of the U.S. state of Missouri and the commander-in-chief of the Missouri National Guard. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Missouri Legislature,to convene the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.
2013
1. Jeanne Cooper, American actress (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Jeanne Cooper
    
    Wilma Jeanne Cooper was an American actress, best known for her role as Katherine Chancellor on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (1973–2013). At the time of her death, she was eighth on the all-time list of longest-serving soap opera actors in the United States. She also guest starred as an episode's leading lady in dozens of television series in the 1950s and 1960s. She was the mother of three children, the eldest being actor Corbin Bernsen.
2. Bryan Forbes, English actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Bryan Forbes
    
    Bryan Forbes CBE was an English film director, screenwriter, film producer, actor and novelist described as a "Renaissance man" and "one of the most important figures in the British film industry".
3. Juan José Muñoz, Argentinian businessman (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Juan José Muñoz
    
    Juan José Muñoz was an Argentine businessman. He was an advisor to the current Minister of Interior, Mr. Aníbal Fernández, during the period when the latter was a federal senator. Afterwards, he worked for the trade union that represents State Workers.
4. Hugh J. Silverman, American philosopher and theorist (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Hugh J. Silverman
    
    Hugh J. Silverman was an American philosopher and cultural theorist whose writing, lecturing, teaching, editing, and international conferencing participated in the development of a postmodern network. He was executive director of the International Association for Philosophy and Literature and professor of philosophy and comparative literary and cultural studies at Stony Brook University, where he was also affiliated with the Department of Art and the Department of European Languages, Literatures, and Cultures. He was program director for the Stony Brook Advanced Graduate Certificate in Art and Philosophy. He was also co-founder and co-director of the annual International Philosophical Seminar since 1991 in South Tyrol, Italy. From 1980 to 1986, he served as executive co-director of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy. His work draws upon deconstruction, hermeneutics, semiotics, phenomenology, aesthetics, art theory, film theory, and the archeology of knowledge.
5. Ken Whaley, Austrian-English bass player (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Ken Whaley
    
    Ken Whaley was a rock music bass guitar player, best known as a founding member of Help Yourself and Ducks Deluxe, and as a member of Deke Leonard's Iceberg, Man and The Tyla Gang. He also played with The Archers and The Green Ray.
2012
1. Everett Lilly, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1924) deaths
  1. The Lilly Brothers
    
    The Lilly Brothers, were bluegrass musicians born in Clear Creek, West Virginia. They have been credited with bringing bluegrass to New England and with influencing such future bluegrass artists as Peter Rowan, Joe Val and Bill Keith, among others.
2. Jerry McMorris, American businessman (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Jerry McMorris
    
    Jerry McMorris was the principal owner of the Colorado Rockies of the National League from 1992 through 2005. A limited partner in the ownership group that founded the Rockies in the early 1990s, he joined with meatpacking heir Charlie Monfort and Oren Benton to buy controlling interest in the team after original owner Mickey Monus was embroiled in an accounting scandal. In 2005, McMorris sold his stake of the franchise to the Charie Monfort and his brother Dick.
3. Stacy Robinson, American football player (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Stacy Robinson
    
    Stacy Ladell Robinson was a professional American football wide receiver in the NFL for the New York Giants.
4. Maurice Sendak, American author and illustrator (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Maurice Sendak
    
    Maurice Bernard Sendak was an American illustrator and writer of children's books. He became most widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Polish-Jewish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen, Outside Over There, and illustrated many works by other authors including the Little Bear books by Else Holmelund Minarik.
5. Ampon Tangnoppakul, Thai criminal (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Ampon Tangnoppakul
    
    Ampon Tangnoppakul, commonly known in Thai as Ah Kong or in English as Uncle SMS, was a Thai national accused of sending four Short Message Service (SMS) messages from his cell phones to Somkiat Khrongwatthanasuk, secretary of then Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva that were deemed offensive to the King and Queen of Thailand, as proscribed by section 112 of the Criminal Code of Thailand and the law on computer-related offences. Having been found guilty of four charges in November 2011, he was sentenced by the Criminal Court to four consecutive five-year terms, for a total of twenty years in prison. His death in prison during the first year of his sentence attracted national and international criticism, prompting a national discussion of Thailand's lèse majesté law.
6. Roman Totenberg, Polish-American violinist and educator (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Roman Totenberg
    
    Roman Totenberg was a Polish-American violinist and educator. A child prodigy, he lived in Poland, Moscow, Berlin, and Paris, before formally immigrating to the U.S. in 1938, at age 27. He performed and taught nationally and internationally throughout his life.
2011
1. Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Lionel Rose
    
    Lionel Edmund Rose MBE was an Australian former professional boxer who competed from 1964 to 1976. He held the undisputed WBA, WBC, and The Ring bantamweight titles from 1968 to 1969, becoming the first Indigenous Australian to win a world title. He later became the first Indigenous Australian to be named Australian of the Year.
2009
1. Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Dom DiMaggio
    
    Dominic Paul DiMaggio, nicknamed "The Little Professor", was an American Major League Baseball center fielder. He played his entire 11-year baseball career for the Boston Red Sox (1940–1953). DiMaggio was the youngest of three brothers who each became major league center fielders, the others being Joe and Vince.
2. Bud Shrake, American journalist and author (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Bud Shrake
    
    Edwin A. "Bud" Shrake, Jr. was an American journalist, sportswriter, novelist, biographer and screenwriter. He co-wrote a series of golfing advice books with golf coach Harvey Penick, including Harvey Penick's Little Red Book, a golf guide that became the best-selling sports book in publishing history. Called a “lion of Texas letters” by the Austin American-Statesman, Shrake was a member of the Texas Film Hall of Fame, and received the Lon Tinkle lifetime achievement award from the Texas Institute of Letters and the Texas Book Festival Bookend Award.
2008
1. Eddy Arnold, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Eddy Arnold
    
    Richard Edward Arnold was an American country music singer who performed for six decades. He was a Nashville sound innovator of the late 1950s, and scored 147 songs on the Billboard country music charts, second only to George Jones. He sold more than 85 million records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry and the Country Music Hall of Fame, Arnold ranked 22nd on Country Music Television's 2003 list of "The 40 Greatest Men of Country Music."
2. François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982) deaths
  1. François Sterchele
    
    François Sterchele was a Belgian professional footballer who played for Germinal Beerschot and Club Brugge. The striker was the top scorer of the Jupiler League in 2006–07. Sterchele died in a single-person car accident on 8 May 2008.
2007
1. Philip R. Craig, American author and poet (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Philip R. Craig
    
    Philip R. Craig was a writer known for his Martha's Vineyard mysteries.
2. Carson Whitsett, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Carson Whitsett
    
    James Carson Whitsett was an American keyboardist, songwriter, and record producer.
2006
1. Iain Macmillan, Scottish photographer and author (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Iain Macmillan
    
    Iain Stewart Macmillan was the Scottish photographer famous for taking the cover photograph for the Beatles' album Abbey Road in 1969. He grew up in Scotland, then moved to London to become a professional photographer. He used a photo of Yoko Ono in a book that he published in 1966, and Ono invited him to photograph her exhibit at Indica Gallery. She introduced him to John Lennon, and Lennon invited him to photograph the cover for Abbey Road. He worked with Lennon and Ono for several years, even staying for a while at their home in New York.
2005
1. Jean Carrière, French author (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Jean Carrière
    
    Jean Carrière was a French writer.
2. Nicolás Vuyovich, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1981) deaths
  1. Nicolás Vuyovich
    
    Nicolás Vuyovich was a sportscar driver from Argentina.
2003
1. Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco births
  1. Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco
    
    Moulay Hassan bin Mohammed is the Crown Prince of Morocco. He is the elder child of King Mohammed VI of Morocco and Princess Lalla Salma. He has a younger sister, Princess Lalla Khadija. He is named after his grandfather Hassan II. Upon his accession, he is expected to bear the regnal name Hassan III. In 2013, Hassan began participating with his father at public official engagements.
2. Elvira Pagã, Brazilian vedette, singer, and artist (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Elvira Pagã
    
    Elvira Olivieri Cozzolino, better known by her stage name Elvira Pagã, was a Brazilian vedette and actress, singer, writer and painter. She was the first Rio Carnival Queen, the first woman to wear a bikini in public, and one of the first women to have cosmetic surgery in Brazil. Talented and controversial, she broke the status quo and faced the reigning "machismo" with fearless audacity during the Brazilian military dictatorship and the revolutionary 1960s, where she lived with determination and courage. Pagã retired from public life, wrote and painted in her later years, dying a recluse.
  2. Vedette (cabaret)
    
    A vedette is the main female artist of a show derived from cabaret and its subcategories of revue, vaudeville, music hall or burlesque. The purpose of the vedette is to entertain and captivate the public. The vedette has to know how to sing, dance and act on stage. Particularly accomplished artistes are considered super vedettes or first vedettes. Vedettes often appear alongside groups of dancers, flashy and revealing costumes, magicians, comedians, jugglers, or even performing animals. Vedettes specializing in burlesque generally do striptease and may also perform nude on stage.
2001
1. Jordyn Huitema, Canadian soccer player births
  1. Jordyn Huitema
    
    Jordyn Pamela Huitema is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a forward for National Women's Soccer League club OL Reign and the Canada national team.
2000
1. Pita Amor, Mexican poet and author (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Pita Amor
    
    Guadalupe Teresa Amor Schmidtlein, who wrote as Pita Amor, was a Mexican poet.
2. Dédé Fortin, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Dédé Fortin
    
    André "Dédé" Fortin was a founding member, frontman, and vocalist of the Québécois band Les Colocs, formed in 1990.
3. Henry Nicols, American activist (b. 1973) deaths
  1. Henry Nicols
    
    Henry Joseph Nicols was an American HIV/AIDS activist who became the first American student to intentionally disclose his HIV infection to his community in March 1991.
1999
1. Dirk Bogarde, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Dirk Bogarde
    
    Sir Dirk Bogarde was an English actor, novelist and screenwriter. Initially a matinée idol in films such as Doctor in the House (1954) for the Rank Organisation, he later acted in art house films, evolving from "heartthrob to icon of edginess". In a second career, he wrote seven best-selling volumes of memoirs, six novels, and a volume of collected journalism, mainly from articles in The Daily Telegraph. During five years of active military duty during World War Two, he reached the rank of major and was awarded seven medals. His poetry has been published in war anthologies; a painting by Bogarde, also from the war, hangs in the British Museum, with many more in the Imperial War Museum.
2. Ed Gilbert, American actor (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Ed Gilbert
    
    Edmund Francis Gilbert was an American actor, with extensive credits in both live-action roles and voice work in animation, although he was better known for the latter. He is also credited, under his birth name, with research in entomology and the discovery of new beetle species.
3. Dana Plato, American actress (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Dana Plato
    
    Dana Michelle Plato was an American actress. An influential "teen idol" of the late 1970s and early 1980s, Plato was recognized for her television work, for which she was included on VH1's list of "100 Greatest Kid Stars".
4. Soeman Hs, Indonesian author and educator (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Soeman Hs
    
    Soeman Hasibuan better known by his pen name Soeman Hs, was an Indonesian author recognized for pioneering detective fiction and short story writing in the country's literature. Born in Bengkalis, Riau, Dutch East Indies, to a family of farmers, Soeman studied to become a teacher and, under the author Mohammad Kasim, a writer. He began working as a Malay-language teacher after completing normal school in 1923, first in Siak Sri Indrapura, Aceh, then in Pasir Pengaraian, Rokan Hulu, Riau. Around this time he began writing, publishing his first novel, Kasih Tak Terlarai, in 1929. In twelve years he published five novels, one short story collection, and thirty-five short stories and poems.
1998
1. Johannes Kotkas, Estonian wrestler (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Johannes Kotkas
    
    Johannes Kotkas was a heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestler from Estonia who won a gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He held the European title in 1938, 1939 and 1947 and placed second at the 1953 world championships.
2. Charles Rebozo, American banker and businessman (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Bebe Rebozo
    
    Charles Gregory "Bebe" Rebozo was an American Florida-based banker and businessman who was a friend and confidant of President Richard Nixon.
1996
1. 6ix9ine, American rapper births
  1. 6ix9ine
    
    Daniel Hernandez, known professionally as 6ix9ine and also as Tekashi69, is an American rapper. His music has been marked by an aggressive style of rapping, while his controversial public persona is characterized by his distinctive rainbow-colored hair, extensive tattoos, legal issues, and publicized celebrity feuds.
2. Beryl Burton, English cyclist (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Beryl Burton
    
    Beryl Burton, OBE was an English racing cyclist who dominated women's cycle racing in the UK, winning more than 90 domestic championships and seven world titles, and setting numerous national records. She set a women's record for the 12-hour time-trial which exceeded the men's record for two years.
3. Luis Miguel Dominguín, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Luis Miguel Dominguín
    
    Luis Miguel González Lucas, better known as Luis Miguel Dominguín, was a bullfighter from Spain. His father was the legendary Domingo Dominguín; he adopted his father's name to gain popularity.
4. Larry Levis, American poet, author, and critic (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Larry Levis
    
    Larry Patrick Levis was an American poet.
5. Garth Williams, American illustrator (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Garth Williams
    
    Garth Montgomery Williams was an American artist who came to prominence in the American postwar era as an illustrator of children's books. Many of the books he illustrated have become classics of American children's literature.In Stuart Little, Charlotte's Web, and in the Little House series of books of Laura Ingalls Wilder, Williams['s] drawings have become inseparable from how we think of those stories. In that respect ... Williams['s] work belongs in the same class as Sir John Tenniel's drawings for Alice in Wonderland, or Ernest Shepard's illustrations for Winnie the Pooh.
1995
1. Teresa Teng, Taiwanese singer (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Teresa Teng
    
    Teng Li-Chun, commonly known as Teresa Teng, was a Taiwanese singer, actress, musician and philanthropist. Referred to by some as "Asia's eternal queen of pop," Teng became a cultural icon for her contributions to Mandopop, giving birth to the phrase, "Wherever there are Chinese people, there is the music of Teresa Teng," and is cited by many as one of the most successful Asian artists of all time.
1994
1. George Peppard, American actor and producer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. George Peppard
    
    George Peppard was an American actor. He is best remembered for his role as struggling writer Paul Varjak in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's, and for playing commando leader Lt.Col./Col. John "Hannibal" Smith in the 1980s television series The A-Team.
1993
1. Pat Cummins, Australian cricketer births
  1. Pat Cummins
    
    Patrick James Cummins is an Australian international cricketer who is the current captain of Australia in Test and ODI cricket. He is a fast bowler and hard hitting right-handed batsman. He plays domestically for New South Wales.
2. Avram Davidson, American soldier and author (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Avram Davidson
    
    Avram Davidson was an American writer of fantasy fiction, science fiction, and crime fiction, as well as the author of many stories that do not fit into a genre niche. He won a Hugo Award and three World Fantasy Awards in the science fiction and fantasy genre, a World Fantasy Life Achievement award, and an Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine short story award and an Edgar Award in the mystery genre. Davidson edited The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction from 1962 to 1964. His last novel The Boss in the Wall: A Treatise on the House Devil was completed by Grania Davis and was a Nebula Award finalist in 1998. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction says "he is perhaps sf's most explicitly literary author".
1992
1. Kevin Hayes, American ice hockey player births
  1. Kevin Hayes (ice hockey)
    
    Kevin Patrick Hayes is an American professional ice hockey player and alternate captain for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL).
2. Joyce Ricketts, American baseball player (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Joyce Ricketts
    
    Joyce Ricketts was a right fielder who played from 1953 through 1954 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted left-handed and threw right-handed.
1991
1. Ethan Gage, Canadian soccer player births
  1. Ethan Gage
    
    Ethan Gage is a Canadian soccer player who currently plays for Victorian State League Division 1 side Caroline Springs George Cross FC.
2. Valentijn Lietmeijer, Dutch basketball player births
  1. Valentijn Lietmeijer
    
    Valentijn Lietmeijer is a retired Dutch professional basketball player.
3. Anamaria Tămârjan, Romanian gymnast births
  1. Anamaria Tămârjan
    
    Anamaria Tămârjan is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She is a bronze Olympic medalist and a gold European medalist with the team. Individually, she is a European silver medalist on balance beam and a bronze medalist on floor. Her favorite events are the floor and the balance beam.
4. Jean Langlais, French pianist and composer (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Jean Langlais
    
    Jean François-Hyacinthe Langlais III was a French composer of modern classical music, organist, and improviser. He described himself as "Breton, de foi Catholique".
5. Rudolf Serkin, Czech-Austrian pianist and educator (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Rudolf Serkin
    
    Rudolf Serkin was a Bohemian-born Austrian-American pianist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Beethoven interpreters of the 20th century.
1990
1. Kemba Walker, American basketball player births
  1. Kemba Walker
    
    Kemba Hudley Walker is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Walker was picked ninth overall by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft. After graduating from Rice High School in 2008, he played college basketball for the Connecticut Huskies. In their 2010–11 season, Walker was the nation's second-leading scorer and was named consensus first-team All-American; he also led the Huskies to the 2011 NCAA championship and claimed the tournament's Most Outstanding Player award. Walker is a four-time NBA All-Star.
2. Luigi Nono, Italian composer and educator (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Luigi Nono
    
    Luigi Nono was an Italian avant-garde composer of classical music.
1989
1. Liam Bridcutt, English footballer births
  1. Liam Bridcutt
    
    Liam Robert Bridcutt is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Blackpool. Born in England, he represented the Scotland national team.
2. Lars Eller, Danish ice hockey player births
  1. Lars Eller
    
    Lars Fosgaard Eller is a Danish professional ice hockey player for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). Nicknamed "the Tiger", he was drafted by the St. Louis Blues in the first round, 13th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. Eller made his NHL debut in 2009 with the Blues and was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in 2010, where he played six seasons before being traded to the Capitals in 2016. He became the first person born in Denmark to win the Stanley Cup when the Capitals won in 2018, scoring the Stanley Cup-winning goal. Internationally Eller has played for the Danish national team at both the junior and senior level, including at five World Championships.
3. Dinesh Patel, Indian baseball player births
  1. Dinesh Patel
    
    Dinesh Kumar Patel is an Indian right-handed baseball pitcher who played in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization. Along with Rinku Singh, he was the first Indian player ever to sign a contract with a major American baseball team. Neither Patel nor Singh had ever thrown a baseball before beating over 37,000 competitors in The Million Dollar Arm, an Indian reality television show designed to find new baseball talent.
1988
1. Tanel Kurbas, Estonian basketball player births
  1. Tanel Kurbas
    
    Tanel Kurbas is an Estonian professional basketball player for Kalev/Cramo of the Korvpalli Meistriliiga. Standing at 1.97 m, he plays at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He also represents the Estonian national basketball team internationally.
2. Maicon Pereira de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer (d. 2014) births
  1. Maicon (footballer, born May 1988)
    
    Maicon Pereira de Oliveira commonly known as Maicon, was a Brazilian footballer who played in the Ukrainian Premier League for most of his professional career. He performed as a striker.
3. Trisha Paytas, American singer and internet personality births
  1. Trisha Paytas
    
    Trisha Paytas is an American YouTuber and singer. Her YouTube channel consists of a wide variety of content including lifestyle-oriented vlogs, music videos, and mukbangs. As of July 2022, she has accumulated roughly 5 million subscribers and 1 billion lifetime views. Paytas has co-hosted Frenemies with fellow YouTuber Ethan Klein. Additionally, she has worked independently as a singer, releasing several records and singles, and appeared in television shows and films.
4. Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction writer and screenwriter (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Robert A. Heinlein
    
    Robert Anson Heinlein was an American science fiction author, aeronautical engineer, and naval officer. Sometimes called the "dean of science fiction writers", he was among the first to emphasize scientific accuracy in his fiction, and was thus a pioneer of the subgenre of hard science fiction. His published works, both fiction and non-fiction, express admiration for competence and emphasize the value of critical thinking. His plots often posed provocative situations which challenged conventional social mores. His work continues to have an influence on the science-fiction genre, and on modern culture more generally.
1987
1. Felix Jones, American football player births
  1. Felix Jones
    
    Felix Jones Jr. is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at the University of Arkansas and was drafted by the Cowboys in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft.
2. Aarne Nirk, Estonian hurdler births
  1. Aarne Nirk
    
    Aarne Nirk is an Estonian hurdler.
3. Mark Noble, English footballer births
  1. Mark Noble
    
    Mark James Noble is an English former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder and is well remembered for his time at English club West Ham United, spending eighteen years with the club. Apart from two short loan spells at Hull City and Ipswich Town in 2006, he played all of his first team football for the Hammers, which earned him the nickname "Mr West Ham".
4. Kurt Tippett, Australian footballer births
  1. Kurt Tippett
    
    Kurt Anthony Tippett is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans. He also played for the Adelaide Football Club between 2007 and 2012. Tippett represented Queensland in under-18 basketball before transferring to Australian rules football and playing for Southport Football Club. He was selected by Adelaide in the 2006 AFL draft.
5. Doris Stokes, English psychic and author (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Doris Stokes
    
    Doris May Fisher Stokes, born Doris Sutton, was a British spiritualist, self-proclaimed medium, and author. Her professed ability to communicate with the dead, public performances, television appearances, and memoirs made her a household name in Britain. During her lifetime she was a controversial figure, with some believing her to possess psychic abilities, but investigations published after her death demonstrated that she used techniques including cold reading, hot reading, and planting accomplices in her audience, giving the appearance of having paranormal abilities.
1986
1. Pemra Özgen, Turkish tennis player births
  1. Pemra Özgen
    
    Pemra Özgen is a Turkish tennis player.
2. Galen Rupp, American runner births
  1. Galen Rupp
    
    Galen Rupp is an American long-distance runner. He competed in the Summer Olympics in 2008 in Beijing, 2012 in London, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, and 2021 in Tokyo. In London, he won the silver medal in the men's 10,000 meters, and in Rio de Janeiro, he won the bronze medal in the men's marathon. Rupp competed for the University of Oregon and trained under Alberto Salazar as a member of the Nike Oregon Project. He won the 2017 Chicago Marathon, the first American to do so since Khalid Khannouchi in 2002. Rupp won the US Olympic trials in Atlanta on February 29, 2020, in a time of 2:09:20, qualifying for the Tokyo Olympic Games, where he took 8th place.
3. Marvell Wynne, American soccer player births
  1. Marvell Wynne (soccer)
    
    Marvell Wynne is an American soccer coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the John Woods Community College Blazers’ men's team. He was a starting center back on the Rapids' 2010 MLS Cup Championship team.
4. Ernle Bradford, English historian and author (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Ernle Bradford
    
    Ernle Dusgate Selby Bradford was a noted 20th-century British historian specializing in the Mediterranean world and naval topics. He was also an authority on antique jewellery and was the founder editor of the Antique Dealers and Collector's Guide.
1985
1. Tommaso Ciampa, American wrestler births
  1. Tommaso Ciampa
    
    Tommaso Whitney is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Tommaso Ciampa.
2. Silvia Stroescu, Romanian gymnast births
  1. Silvia Stroescu
    
    Silvia Alexandra Stroescu is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She is an Olympic, world, and European gold medalist with the team.
3. Sarah Vaillancourt, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Sarah Vaillancourt
    
    Sarah Marie Vaillancourt is a Canadian women's ice hockey player. She is a member of the Canada women's national team and a member of Montreal Stars (CWHL).
4. Usama Young, American football player births
  1. Usama Young
    
    Usama Young is a former American football safety. He played college football at Kent State University. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He also played for the Cleveland Browns.
5. Karl Marx, German conductor and composer (b. 1897) deaths
  1. Karl Marx (composer)
    
    Karl Julius Marx was a German composer and music teacher.
6. Theodore Sturgeon, American author and critic (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Theodore Sturgeon
    
    Theodore Sturgeon was an American fiction author of primarily fantasy, science fiction and horror, as well as a critic. He wrote approximately 400 reviews and more than 120 short stories, 11 novels and several scripts for Star Trek: The Original Series.
7. Dolph Sweet, American actor (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Dolph Sweet
    
    Adolphus Jean Sweet was an American actor, credited with nearly 60 television and film roles and more than 50 roles in stage productions, including performances on Broadway. He often played policemen throughout his career, and may be best known for his portrayal of police chief and father Carl Kanisky, on the sitcom Gimme a Break!, from 1981 until his death in May 1985.
1984
1. David King, English figure skater births
  1. David King (figure skater)
    
    David King is an English former competitive pair skater who represented Great Britain. With his wife Stacey King, he is an eight-time British national champion.
2. Lila Bell Wallace, American publisher, co-founded Reader's Digest (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Lila Acheson Wallace
    
    Lila Bell Wallace was an American magazine publisher and philanthropist. She co-founded Reader's Digest with her husband Dewitt Wallace, publishing the first issue in 1922.
  2. Reader's Digest
    
    Reader's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine, published ten times a year. Formerly based in Chappaqua, New York, it is now headquartered in midtown Manhattan. The magazine was founded in 1922 by DeWitt Wallace and his wife Lila Bell Wallace. For many years, Reader's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States; it lost the distinction in 2009 to Better Homes and Gardens. According to Mediamark Research (2006), Reader's Digest reached more readers with household incomes of over $100,000 than Fortune, The Wall Street Journal, Business Week, and Inc. combined.
3. Gino Bianco, Italian-Brazilian race car driver (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Gino Bianco
    
    Luigi Emilio Rodolfo Bertetti Bianco, better known as Gino Bianco was a racing driver from Brazil. Born in Milan, Italy, he emigrated to Brazil as a child and started racing there. He raced a Maserati A6GCM for the Escuderia Bandeirantes team and took part in four Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, with a best result of 18th at the 1952 British Grand Prix. Bianco later raced in hillclimbs and died in Rio de Janeiro, aged 67, after suffering from breathing problems.
1983
1. Juan Martin Goity, Argentinian-German rugby player births
  1. Juan Martin Goity
    
    Juan Martin Goity is a German international rugby union player of Argentinian descent, playing for the German national rugby union team.
2. Bershawn Jackson, American hurdler births
  1. Bershawn Jackson
    
    Bershawn D. Jackson is an American athlete, who mainly competes in the 400 m hurdles, but also is a 400 m runner.
3. Lawrence Vickers, American football player births
  1. Lawrence Vickers
    
    Lawrence Blanchard Vickers, Jr. is a former American football fullback. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football for the University of Colorado Buffaloes.
4. Vicky McClure, English actress births
  1. Vicky McClure
    
    Victoria Lee McClure is an English actress, model and presenter. She is known for her roles as Detective Inspector Kate Fleming in the BBC series Line of Duty (2012–present) and Lol Jenkins in Shane Meadows' film This Is England (2006) and its Channel 4 sequel mini-series This Is England '86 (2010), This Is England '88 (2011), and This Is England '90 (2015). Before This is England, she appeared in another of Meadows' films, A Room for Romeo Brass (1999), where she played Ladine. She won the RTS Award and British Academy Television Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Lol in This is England '86 in 2011.
5. John Fante, American author and screenwriter (b. 1909) deaths
  1. John Fante
    
    John Fante was an American novelist, short story writer, and screenwriter. He is best known for his semi-autobiographical novel Ask the Dust (1939) about the life of Arturo Bandini, a struggling writer in Depression-era Los Angeles. It is widely considered the great Los Angeles novel, and is one in a series of four, published between 1938 and 1985, that are now collectively called "The Bandini Quartet". Ask the Dust was adapted into a 2006 film starring Colin Farrell and Salma Hayek. Fante's published works while he lived included five novels, one novella, and a short story collection. Additional works, including two novels, two novellas, and two short story collections, were published posthumously. His screenwriting credits include, most notably, Full of Life, Jeanne Eagels (1957), and the 1962 films Walk on the Wild Side and The Reluctant Saint.
1982
1. Buakaw Banchamek, Thai kick-boxer births
  1. Buakaw Banchamek
    
    Sombat Banchamek a.k.a. Buakaw Banchamek is a martial artist from Thailand of ethnic Kuy descent, who formerly fought out of Por. Pramuk Gym, in Bangkok, Thailand, under the ring name Buakaw Por. Pramuk. He competes in the sports of Muay Thai, kickboxing
2. Christina Cole, English actress births
  1. Christina Cole
    
    Christina Cole is an English actress known for portraying Cassie Hughes in the Sky One supernatural television series Hex.
3. Adrián González, American baseball player births
  1. Adrián González
    
    Adrián González Savín, also known by his nicknames "A-Gon" and "Titán", is a Mexican-American former professional baseball first baseman He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, San Diego Padres, Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, and New York Mets.
4. Uğur Yıldırım, Turkish-Dutch footballer births
  1. Uğur Yıldırım
    
    Uğur Yıldırım is a Dutch football coach and former professional player. He especially impressed during his time with SC Heerenveen and became free kick world champion. After retiring, he began working as a coach at the Go Ahead Eagles youth academy.
5. Neil Bogart, American record producer, co-founded Casablanca Records (b. 1943) deaths
  1. Neil Bogart
    
    Neil E. Bogart was an American record executive. He was the founder of Casablanca Records, which later became Casablanca Record and Filmworks.
  2. Casablanca Records
    
    Casablanca Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group and operated under Republic Records. Under its founder Neil Bogart, Casablanca was most successful during the disco era of the mid to late 1970s. The label currently focuses on dance and electronic music under the direction of Brett Alperowitz.
6. Gilles Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Gilles Villeneuve
    
    Joseph Gilles Henri Villeneuve was a Canadian racing driver, who spent six years in Grand Prix motor racing with Ferrari, winning six races and widespread acclaim for his performances.
1981
1. Stephen Amell, Canadian actor births
  1. Stephen Amell
    
    Stephen Adam Amell is a Canadian actor. He came to prominence for playing the lead role of Oliver Queen on The CW superhero series Arrow (2012–2020). Amell also appeared in subsequent Arrowverse franchise media, along with reprising his role in various video games. Following the conclusion of Arrow, Amell landed the lead role on the Starz drama series Heels (2021–present). Outside of television, he portrayed Casey Jones in the superhero film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016).
2. Andrea Barzagli, Italian footballer births
  1. Andrea Barzagli
    
    Andrea Barzagli is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. A four-time member of the Serie A Team of the Year, Barzagli is regarded as one of the best and most consistent defenders in Italian football history.
3. Tatyana Dektyareva, Russian hurdler births
  1. Tatyana Dektyareva
    
    Tatyana Valeryevna Dektyareva is a Russian track and field athlete who specialises in the 100 metres hurdles.
4. Björn Dixgård, Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Björn Dixgård
    
    Björn Hans-Erik Dixgård is a Swedish musician. He is the frontman of the Swedish band Mando Diao.
5. Manny Gamburyan, Armenian-American mixed martial artist births
  1. Manny Gamburyan
    
    Manvel Gamburyan is an Armenian mixed martial artist who has competed in the UFC's lightweight, featherweight, and bantamweight divisions. A professional competitor since 1999, he was a cast member of Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter 5, and also competed in the WEC and for King of the Cage.
6. John Maine, American baseball player births
  1. John Maine
    
    John Kevin Maine is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He has played for the Baltimore Orioles, New York Mets and Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He batted and threw right-handed.
7. Uri Zvi Greenberg, Israeli poet and journalist (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Uri Zvi Greenberg
    
    Uri Zvi Greenberg was an acclaimed Israeli poet, journalist and politician who wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew. Widely regarded among the greatest poets in the country's history, he was awarded the Israel Prize in 1957 and the Bialik Prize in 1947, 1954 and 1977, all for his contributions to fine literature. Following Israeli independence in 1948, he also served in the first Knesset as a member of Menachem Begin's Herut Party. Greenberg's Revisionist orientation had an important influence on both his writings and his politics. Greenberg is considered to be the most significant representative of Expressionism in Hebrew and Yiddish literature.
1980
1. Keyon Dooling, American basketball player births
  1. Keyon Dooling
    
    Keyon Latwae Dooling is an American retired professional basketball guard who is currently serving as a player development coach of the Utah Jazz in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and attended the University of Missouri. Before joining the Grizzlies in 2013, he played for the Los Angeles Clippers, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic, New Jersey Nets, Milwaukee Bucks and Boston Celtics.
2. Panagiotis Kafkis, Greek basketball player births
  1. Panagiotis Kafkis
    
    Panagiotis Kafkis is a Greek former professional basketball player and coach. During his playing career, at a height of 1.97 m tall, he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions.
3. Evgeny Lebedev, Russian-English publisher and philanthropist births
  1. Evgeny Lebedev
    
    Evgeny Alexandrovich Lebedev, Baron Lebedev, is a Russian-British businessman, who owns Lebedev Holdings Ltd, which in turn owns the Evening Standard and ESTV. He is also an investor in The Independent.
4. Michelle McManus, Scottish singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Michelle McManus
    
    Michelle McManus is a Scottish singer, columnist, and television presenter who won the second and final series of the UK talent show Pop Idol in 2003.
5. Benny Yau, Hong Kong-Canadian actor and singer births
  1. Benny Yau
    
    Benny Yau, born 8 May 1980 is a Canadian television presenter, singer, and actor known for hosting What's On on Fairchild TV, and as the lead singer of the band The WestCoast Players.
6. Geoffrey Baker, English Field Marshal and Chief of the General Staff of the British Army (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Geoffrey Baker (British Army officer)
    
    Field Marshal Sir Geoffrey Harding Baker, was Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the British Army, from 1968 to 1971. He served in the Second World War and became Director of Operations and Chief of Staff for the campaign against EOKA in Cyprus during the Cyprus Emergency and later in his career provided advice to the British Government on the deployment of troops to Northern Ireland at the start of the Troubles.
  2. Field marshal (United Kingdom)
    
    Field Marshal (FM) has been the highest rank in the British Army since 1736. A five-star rank with NATO code OF-10, it is equivalent to an Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal Navy or a Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the Royal Air Force (RAF). A Field Marshal's insignia consists of two crossed batons surrounded by yellow leaves below St Edward's Crown. Like Marshals of the RAF and Admirals of the Fleet, Field Marshals traditionally remain officers for life, though on half-pay when not in an appointment. The rank has been used sporadically throughout its history and was vacant during parts of the 18th and 19th centuries. After the Second World War, it became standard practice to appoint the Chief of the Imperial General Staff to the rank on his last day in the post. Army officers occupying the post of Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of all the British Armed Forces, were usually promoted to the rank upon their appointment.
  3. Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)
    
    The Chief of the General Staff (CGS) has been the title of the professional head of the British Army since 1964. The CGS is a member of both the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Army Board. Prior to 1964, the title was Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS). Since 1959, the post has been immediately subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Staff, the post held by the professional head of the British Armed Forces.
  4. British Army
    
    The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. As of 2022, the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurkhas, and 28,330 volunteer reserve personnel.
1979
1. Ole Morten Vågan, Norwegian bassist births
  1. Ole Morten Vågan
    
    Ole Morten Vågan is a Norwegian jazz musician and composer, and the older brother of guitarist Petter Vågan. He is known from several recordings and is currently acting as artistic director for the Trondheim Jazz Orchestra. Vagan is also known from cooperating with some of the most influential musicians and composers internationally and has released eight albums as a leader, recently with the TJO, as well as six albums with his group Motif and one with the group The Deciders.
1978
1. Lúcio, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Lúcio
    
    Lucimar Ferreira da Silva, commonly known as Lúcio, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. A tall and physically strong defender who excelled in the air, Lúcio was known for his long, surging, galloping runs on the ball, which earned him the nickname O Cavalo.
2. Jang Woo-hyuk, South Korean rapper and dancer births
  1. Jang Woo-hyuk
    
    Jang Woo-hyuk is a South Korean singer and rapper. He debuted in 1996 as a member of the best-selling K-pop boy band H.O.T. After the band broke up due to a contract dispute, Jang and two other former members formed the boy band jtL, which was active from 2001 to 2003. Jang also released two full-length albums and two extended plays as a solo artist. He is the founder of talent agency WH Entertainment.
1977
1. Joe Bonamassa, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Joe Bonamassa
    
    Joseph Leonard Bonamassa is an American blues rock guitarist, singer and songwriter. He started his career at age twelve, when he opened for B.B. King. Since 2000, Bonamassa has released fifteen solo albums through his independent record label J&R Adventures, of which eleven have reached No. 1 on the Billboard Blues chart.
2. Bad News Brown, Canadian rapper, harmonica player, and actor (d. 2011) births
  1. Bad News Brown (musician)
    
    Paul Frappier, better known by his stage name Bad News Brown, was a Montreal-based Canadian entertainer, musician, and hip hop MC of Haitian origin. He was known for pairing the sound of his chief instrument, the harmonica, with hip-hop beats and rhymes. Frappier started out busking in Montreal in streets and subway stations. He later toured and opened for many well-known hip hop acts or as background musician. He also appeared as an impromptu host in Music for a Blue Train, the 2003 documentary about busker musicians in the Montreal Metro subway train system. In 2004, he signed a management deal with E-Stunt Entertainment Group. In 2009, he established his own record label, Trilateral Entertainment Inc., and released his debut album Born 2 Sin. Brown was found murdered in an alley near the Lachine Canal in Montreal on February 11, 2011. The feature film BumRush, featuring Brown in a leading role, premiered posthumously on April 1, 2011.
3. Theodoros Papaloukas, Greek basketball player births
  1. Theodoros Papaloukas
    
    Theodoros Papaloukas, commonly known as Theo Papaloukas or Thodoris Papaloukas, is a retired Greek professional basketball player. He was a four - time All-EuroLeague selection, a member of the EuroLeague 2000–10 All-Decade Team and was named one of the 50 greatest EuroLeague contributors in 2008. A revolutionary figure in basketball, as illustrated by his unique ability to come off the bench and alter the course of an encounter, and his uncanny feel for the game, he symbolized the rise of European basketball in the new millennium.
4. Kathrin Bringmann, German mathematician and academic births
  1. Kathrin Bringmann
    
    Kathrin Bringmann is a German number theorist in the University of Cologne, Germany, who has made fundamental contributions to the theory of mock theta functions.
1976
1. Gonçalo Abecasis, Portuguese-American biochemist and academic births
  1. Gonçalo Abecasis
    
    Gonçalo Rocha Abecasis is a Portuguese American biomedical researcher at the University of Michigan and was chair of the Department of Biostatistics in the School of Public Health. He leads a group at the Center for Statistical Genetics in the Department of Biostatistics, where he is also the Felix E. Moore Collegiate Professor of Biostatistics and director of the Michigan Genomic Initiative. His group develops statistical tools to analyze the genetics of human disease.
2. Martha Wainwright, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Martha Wainwright
    
    Martha Wainwright is a Canadian-American singer-songwriter, musician, and actress. She has released seven critically-acclaimed studio albums.
1975
1. Enrique Iglesias, Spanish-American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor births
  1. Enrique Iglesias
    
    Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler (Spanish pronunciation: [enˈrike miˈɣel iˈɣlesjas ˈpɾejzleɾ]; is a Spanish singer and songwriter. He started his recording career in the mid-1990s on the Mexican indie label Fonovisa and became the bestselling Spanish-language act of the decade. By the turn of the millennium, he made a successful crossover into the mainstream English-language market. He signed a multi-album deal with Universal Music Group for US$68 million with Universal Music Latino to release his Spanish albums and Interscope Records to release English albums.
2. Jussi Markkanen, Finnish ice hockey player births
  1. Jussi Markkanen
    
    Jussi Markkanen is a Finnish professional ice hockey executive and former goaltender. He is currently serving as general manager of SaiPa. Markkanen played extensively in various European professional leagues as well as the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected in the fifth round of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, 133rd overall, by the Edmonton Oilers, as an over-aged entrant.
3. Gastón Mazzacane, Argentinian race car driver births
  1. Gastón Mazzacane
    
    Gastón Hugo Mazzacane is an Argentine racing driver. He participated in 21 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 12 March 2000. He scored no championship points. His father, Hugo Mazzacane named him after Argentine touring car racer Gastón Perkins.
4. Dmitri Ustritski, Estonian footballer births
  1. Dmitri Ustritski
    
    Dmitri Ustritski is a former Estonian professional footballer. He was playing the position of striker. He spent the prime years of his career playing for JK Viljandi Tulevik. He won a total of 17 international caps for the Estonia national football team.
5. Avery Brundage, American businessman and art collector (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Avery Brundage
    
    Avery Brundage was an American sports administrator who served as the fifth president of the International Olympic Committee from 1952 to 1972. The only American and only non-European to attain that position, Brundage is remembered as a zealous advocate of amateurism and for his involvement with the 1936 and 1972 Summer Olympics, both held in Germany.
1974
1. Marge Kõrkjas, Estonian swimmer births
  1. Marge Kõrkjas
    
    Marge Kõrkjas is an Estonian Paralympic swimmer with a vision impairment, who has won seven medals at four Paralympics.
2. Korey Stringer, American football player (d. 2001) births
  1. Korey Stringer
    
    Korey Damont Stringer was an American professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons. He played college football at the Ohio State University and was recognized as an All-American. He was drafted in the first round of the 1995 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings. On August 1, 2001, Stringer died from complications brought on by heat stroke during the Vikings' training camp in Mankato, Minnesota.
1973
1. Hiromu Arakawa, Japanese author and illustrator births
  1. Hiromu Arakawa
    
    Hiromu Arakawa is a Japanese manga artist. She is best known for the manga series Fullmetal Alchemist (2001–2010), which became a hit both domestically and internationally, and was adapted into two anime television series. She is also known for Silver Spoon (2011–2019) and the manga adaptation of The Heroic Legend of Arslan novels.
2. Jesús Arellano, Mexican footballer births
  1. Jesús Arellano
    
    José de Jesús Arellano Alcocer is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a winger and a wanted fugitive. He last played for Monterrey in the Primera División de México.
3. Marcus Brigstocke, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter births
  1. Marcus Brigstocke
    
    Marcus Alexander Brigstocke is a British comedian, actor and satirist. He has worked in stand-up comedy, television, radio and musical theatre. He has appeared on many BBC television and radio shows.
1972
1. Darren Hayes, Australian singer-songwriter births
  1. Darren Hayes
    
    Darren Stanley Hayes is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was the frontman and singer of the pop duo Savage Garden until their disbandment. Their 1997 album Savage Garden peaked at number 1 in Australia, number 2 in the United Kingdom and number 3 in the United States. It spawned the singles "I Want You", "To the Moon and Back", and Australian and US number 1 "Truly Madly Deeply". The duo followed the success of their debut album with Affirmation (1999), which provided additional hits such as US number 1 "I Knew I Loved You", and Australian number 3 "The Animal Song". Savage Garden parted ways in 2001.
2. Ray Whitney, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Ray Whitney (ice hockey)
    
    Raymond D. Whitney is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was given the nickname "The Wizard" for his passing and playmaking skills.
3. Pandurang Vaman Kane, Indian Indologist and Sanskrit scholar, Bharat Ratna awardee (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Pandurang Vaman Kane
    
    Pandurang Vaman Kane was a notable Indologist and Sanskrit scholar. He received India's highest civilian award Bharat Ratna in 1963 for his scholarly work that spanned more than 40 years of active academic research that resulted in 6,500 pages of History of Dharmaśāstra. The historian Ram Sharan Sharma says: "Pandurang Vaman Kane, a great Sanskritist wedded to social reform, continued the earlier tradition of scholarship. His monumental work entitled the "History of the Dharmasastra", published in five volumes in the twentieth century, is an encyclopedia of ancient social laws and customs. This enables us to study the social processes in ancient India."
  2. Bharat Ratna
    
    The Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011. The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal leaf-shaped medallion. There is no monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.
4. Beatrice Helen Worsley, Mexican-Canadian computer scientist (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Beatrice Worsley
    
    Beatrice Helen Worsley was a Canadian computer scientist who was the first female computer scientist in Canada. She received her Ph.D. degree from the University of Cambridge with Maurice Wilkes as adviser, the first Ph.D. granted in what would today be known as computer science. She wrote the first program to run on EDSAC, co-wrote the first compiler for Toronto's Ferranti Mark 1, wrote numerous papers in computer science, and taught computers and engineering at Queen's University and the University of Toronto for over 20 years before her death at the age of 50.
1971
1. Chuck Huber, American voice actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Chuck Huber
    
    Chuck Huber is an American voice actor, ADR director, and writer primarily known for his work for Funimation and OkraTron 5000. He has provided numerous voices for Japanese anime series and video games. He is best known for his roles as Hiei in Yu Yu Hakusho, Dr. Franken Stein in Soul Eater, Pilaf in Dragon Ball, Shou Tucker in Fullmetal Alchemist, Android #17 in Dragon Ball Z and Turner Grey in Ace Attorney.
2. Candice Night, American singer-songwriter births
  1. Candice Night
    
    Candice Night is an American singer and musician. She has been the vocalist/lyricist and multi-instrumentalist for the traditional folk rock project Blackmore's Night since its origins in 1997 with her husband, guitarist Ritchie Blackmore. She is also the backing vocalist for Rainbow from 1994–1997 and 2015–present, again with Blackmore. Her first solo album, Reflections, was released in 2011.
1970
1. Michael Bevan, Australian cricketer and coach births
  1. Michael Bevan
    
    Michael Gwyl Bevan is a former Australian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a slow left arm wrist-spin bowler. He has been credited for initiating the art of finishing matches. For several years, he was considered as world's finest ever ODI batsman as he often topped the ICC ODI batting rankings on numerous occasions. He was the first Canberra-born player to represent Australia at international level. He was known for his ability to run between the wickets at a quick rate and for his ability to play shots down the ground with ease.
2. Naomi Klein, Canadian author and activist births
  1. Naomi Klein
    
    Naomi A. Klein is a Canadian author, social activist, and filmmaker known for her political analyses, support of ecofeminism, organized labour, left-wing politics and criticism of corporate globalization, fascism, ecofascism and capitalism. As of 2021 she is Associate Professor, and Professor of Climate Justice at the University of British Columbia, co-directing a Centre for Climate Justice.
3. Luis Enrique, Spanish footballer and manager births
  1. Luis Enrique
    
    Luis Enrique Martínez García, known as Luis Enrique, is a Spanish football manager and former player. He is the current head coach of the Spain national team.
1969
1. Jonny Searle, English rower births
  1. Jonny Searle
    
    Jonathan "Jonny" William C. Searle is a British rower and business man. Along with his brother Gregory, and coxswain Garry Herbert, Searle won the gold medal in the coxed pair event at the Olympic Games in Barcelona.
2. Akebono Tarō, American-Japanese sumo wrestler, the 64th Yokozuna births
  1. Akebono Tarō
    
    Akebono Tarō is an American-born Japanese former professional sumo wrestler and professional wrestler from Waimānalo, Hawaii. Joining sumo in Japan in 1988, he was trained by pioneering Hawaiian wrestler Takamiyama and rose swiftly up the rankings, reaching the top division in 1990. After two consecutive yusho or tournament championships in November 1992 and January 1993 he made history by becoming the first non-Japanese-born wrestler ever to reach yokozuna, the highest rank in sumo.
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
3. John Timu, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. John Timu (rugby)
    
    John Kahukura Raymond Timu is a New Zealand former rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s who achieved international selection for New Zealand in both rugby codes, appearing in 26 tests for the All Blacks in union and nine for the Kiwis in league. Timu's usual position was centre in league and in union he would play at full-back or on the wing.
4. Remington Kellogg, American zoologist and paleontologist (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Remington Kellogg
    
    Arthur Remington Kellogg was an American naturalist and a director of the United States National Museum. His work focused on marine mammals.
1968
1. Teet Kask, Estonian ballet dancer and choreographer births
  1. Teet Kask
    
    Teet Kask is an Estonian choreographer.
2. Mickaël Madar, French footballer births
  1. Mickaël Madar
    
    Mickaël Madar is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker. Madar played for the France national football team. Madar works as a football pundit on French TV channel Canal+.
3. Nathalie Normandeau, Canadian politician, Deputy Premier of Quebec births
  1. Nathalie Normandeau
    
    Nathalie Normandeau is a Quebec politician. She was MNA for the riding of Bonaventure in the Gaspésie region between 1998 and 2011. She was also Deputy Premier and a member of the Quebec Liberal Party.
  2. Deputy Premier of Quebec
    
    The deputy premiers of Quebec, is the deputy head of government in Quebec.
4. Johan Pehrson, Swedish lawyer and politician births
  1. Johan Pehrson
    
    Carl Johan Georg Pehrson is a Swedish politician who has been leader of the Liberal Party since 8 April 2022. He has been a Member of Parliament since 2018, representing Örebro County, and previously represented the same constituency from 1998 to 2015. He is Minister for Employment and Minister for Integration since October 2022.
1967
1. Viviana Durante, Italian ballerina and actress births
  1. Viviana Durante
    
    Viviana Durante is an Italian ballet dancer, considered one of the great dramatic ballerinas of recent times. She was a principal dancer of The Royal Ballet, American Ballet Theatre, Teatro alla Scala and K-Ballet. She is the artistic director of English National Ballet School and of the Viviana Durante Company.
2. Angus Scott, British sports television presenter births
  1. Angus Scott (television presenter)
    
    Angus Scott is an international broadcaster, journalist, university lecturer and academic. He has worked for Al Jazeera, beIN SPORTS, ITN, ITV Sport and Setanta Sports. He mainly covers football and rugby union, but has also hosted cricket and motorsport coverage. In 2021 he completed a doctorate at the University of Winchester on Al Jazeera.
1966
1. Cláudio Taffarel, Brazilian footballer and coach births
  1. Cláudio Taffarel
    
    Cláudio André Mergen Taffarel is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and is the goalkeeping coach of Liverpool and the Brazil national team. During an 18-year career he played professionally for five different clubs in both Brazil and Europe. He began his senior career in 1985 with Brazilian side Internacional, whereas his latter clubs were Parma, Reggiana, Atlético Mineiro, and Galatasaray; he ended his career in 2003, after a second spell with Italian team Parma.
1965
1. Wally Hardinge, English cricketer and footballer (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Wally Hardinge
    
    Harold Thomas William Hardinge, known as Wally Hardinge, was an English professional sportsman who played both cricket and association football for England. His professional cricket career lasted from 1902 to 1933 during which he played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and made one Test match appearance for England. He was described as being "for years ... one of the leading opening batsmen in England".
1964
1. Päivi Alafrantti, Finnish javelin thrower births
  1. Päivi Alafrantti
    
    Päivi Jaana Maarit Alafrantti is a retired female javelin thrower from Finland.
2. Melissa Gilbert, American actress and director births
  1. Melissa Gilbert
    
    Melissa Ellen Gilbert is an American actress, television director, producer, politician, and former president of the Screen Actors Guild.
3. Bobby Labonte, American race car driver births
  1. Bobby Labonte
    
    Robert Allen Labonte is an American semi-retired professional stock car racing driver and current analyst for NASCAR on Fox. He also currently competes full-time in the Superstar Racing Experience, driving the No. 18 car. Labonte is the 2000 NASCAR Cup Series champion. He and his older brother, Terry Labonte, are one of only two pairs of brothers to have both won the Cup championships. He is also the uncle of former Xfinity Series race winner Justin Labonte.
4. Nathalie Roy, Canadian lawyer and politician births
  1. Nathalie Roy
    
    Nathalie Roy is a Canadian politician. She is a member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Montarville, first elected in the 2012 election. She is currently serving as the Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec). Prior to her election, Roy served as a journalist and news anchor with TVA Nouvelles.
5. Dave Rowntree, English drummer and animator births
  1. Dave Rowntree
    
    David Alexander De Horne Rowntree is an English musician, politician, solicitor, composer and animator. He is the drummer for the rock band Blur and was a Labour Party councillor in Norfolk County Council from 2017 until 2021.
6. Metin Tekin, Turkish footballer, manager, and journalist births
  1. Metin Tekin
    
    Metin Tekin is a Turkish football manager and former professional player who played as a striker or winger. As a player, he spent most of his career with Beşiktaş JK.
1963
1. Sylvain Cossette, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Sylvain Cossette
    
    Sylvain Cossette is a French-Canadian singer from Grand-Mère, Quebec. He was a founding member of the Quebec-based English-language band Paradox in 1984 before becoming a French-language solo artist by 1994.
2. Anthony Field, Australian guitarist, songwriter, producer, and actor births
  1. Anthony Field
    
    Anthony Donald Joseph Field, AM is an Australian musician, actor, songwriter and producer. He is best known as a leader of the children's group the Wiggles and a member of the 1980s and 1990s pop band the Cockroaches. While still a teenager, he helped found the Cockroaches with his brothers, Paul and John. The Cockroaches recorded two albums and enjoyed moderate success, interrupted by Field's service in Australia's regular army, until they disbanded in the late 1980s.
3. Michel Gondry, French director and screenwriter births
  1. Michel Gondry
    
    Michel Gondry is a French filmmaker noted for his inventive visual style and distinctive manipulation of mise en scène. Along with Charlie Kaufman, he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay as one of the writers of the 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, a film he also directed.
4. Izabela Kloc, Polish politician births
  1. Izabela Kloc
    
    Izabela Helena Kloc, née Lazar is a Polish politician. She was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 5,185 votes in 30 Rybnik district as a candidate from the Law and Justice list.
5. Aleksandr Kovalenko, Belarusian triple jumper births
  1. Aleksandr Kovalenko (athlete)
    
    Aleksandr Yuryevich Kovalenko is a Belarusian retired USSR triple jumper who won the bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In July 1987 he achieved a personal best jump of 17.77 metres, which puts him 16th in the all-time performers list. Kovalenko trained at Armed Forces sports society in Leningrad.
6. Rick Zombo, American ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Rick Zombo
    
    Richard James Zombo is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 12 seasons between 1984 and 1996. He is the men's ice hockey head coach at Lindenwood University.
1962
1. Natalia Molchanova, Russian diver (d. 2015) births
  1. Natalia Molchanova
    
    Natalia Vadimovna Molchanova was a Russian champion free diver, multiple world record holder, and the former president of the Russian Free Dive Federation. She has been described as "possibly the world’s greatest freediver".
2. David Sole, Scottish rugby player births
  1. David Sole
    
    David Michael Barclay Sole is a former Scotland international rugby union player.
1961
1. Bill de Blasio, American politician, 109th Mayor of New York City births
  1. Bill de Blasio
    
    Bill de Blasio is an American politician who served as the 109th mayor of New York City from 2014 to 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he held the office of New York City Public Advocate from 2010 to 2013.
  2. Mayor of New York City
    
    The mayor of New York City, officially Mayor of the City of New York, is head of the executive branch of the government of New York City and the chief executive of New York City. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.
2. Gert Kruys, Dutch footballer and manager births
  1. Gert Kruys
    
    Gert Kruys is a Dutch football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of IJsselmeervogels.
3. Vallo Reimaa, Estonian academic and politician births
  1. Vallo Reimaa
    
    Vallo Reimaa is an Estonian politician of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. He was born in Kose, Harjumaa.
4. David Winning, Canadian-American director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. David Winning
    
    David Winning is a Canadian-American film and television director, screenwriter, producer, editor, and occasional actor. Although Winning has worked in numerous film and TV genres, his name is most commonly associated with science fiction, thrillers and drama.
1960
1. Franco Baresi, Italian footballer and coach births
  1. Franco Baresi
    
    Franchino Baresi is an Italian football youth team coach and a former player and manager. He mainly played as a sweeper or as a central defender, and spent his entire 20-year career with Serie A club AC Milan, captaining the club for 15 seasons. He is considered one of the greatest defenders of all-time and was ranked 19th in World Soccer magazine's list of the 100 greatest players of the 20th century. With Milan, he won three UEFA Champions League titles, six Serie A titles, four Supercoppa Italiana titles, two European Super Cups and two Intercontinental Cups.
2. Eric Brittingham, American bass player births
  1. Eric Brittingham
    
    Eric Brittingham is an American bass guitarist best known for playing in the band Cinderella.
3. J. H. C. Whitehead, Indian-English mathematician and academic (b. 1904) deaths
  1. J. H. C. Whitehead
    
    John Henry Constantine Whitehead FRS, known as Henry, was a British mathematician and was one of the founders of homotopy theory. He was born in Chennai, in India, and died in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1960.
1959
1. Ronnie Lott, American football player and sportscaster births
  1. Ronnie Lott
    
    Ronald Mandel Lott is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback and safety in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons during the 1980s and 1990s.
2. David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland, English politician births
  1. David Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland
    
    David Charles Robert Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland, is a British hereditary peer and landowner.
3. Ikue Sakakibara, Japanese actress and singer births
  1. Ikue Sakakibara
    
    Ikue Sakakibara is a Japanese actress and a J-pop singer.
4. John Fraser, Canadian soccer player (b. 1881) deaths
  1. John Fraser (Canadian soccer)
    
    John Alexander Fraser was a Canadian amateur soccer player who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. Fraser was born in Hamilton, Ontario. In 1904 he was member of the Galt F.C. team, which won the gold medal in the soccer tournament. He played one match as a midfielder.
1958
1. Roddy Doyle, Irish novelist, playwright, and screenwriter births
  1. Roddy Doyle
    
    Roddy Doyle is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter. He is the author of eleven novels for adults, eight books for children, seven plays and screenplays, and dozens of short stories. Several of his books have been made into films, beginning with The Commitments in 1991. Doyle's work is set primarily in Ireland, especially working-class Dublin, and is notable for its heavy use of dialogue written in slang and Irish English dialect. Doyle was awarded the Booker Prize in 1993 for his novel Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha.
2. Simone Kleinsma, Dutch actress and singer births
  1. Simone Kleinsma
    
    Simone Kleinsma is a musical theatre actress in the Netherlands.
3. Brooks Newmark, American-English businessman and politician, Lord of the Treasury births
  1. Brooks Newmark
    
    Brooks Phillip Victor Newmark is a British Conservative politician and former Member of Parliament and minister. He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Braintree in the 2005 general election and stood down at the 2015 general election.
  2. Lords Commissioners of the Treasury
    
    In the United Kingdom there are at least six Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury, serving as a commission for the ancient office of Treasurer of the Exchequer. The board consists of the First Lord of the Treasury, the Second Lord of the Treasury, and four or more junior lords acting as assistant whips in the House of Commons to whom this title is usually applied.
4. Lovie Smith, American football player and coach births
  1. Lovie Smith
    
    Lovie Lee Smith is an American football coach who is the head coach of the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). From 2004 to 2016, he served as the head coach of the Chicago Bears and Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and from 2016 to 2020 as the head coach of the Illinois Fighting Illini. Smith has been to the Super Bowl twice, as the defensive coordinator for the St. Louis Rams in 2001 and as head coach for the Bears in 2006.
1957
1. Bill Cowher, American football player and coach births
  1. Bill Cowher
    
    William Laird Cowher is an American sports analyst and former football player and coach. Following a six-year playing career as a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL), he served as a head coach in the NFL for 15 seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He began his coaching career as an assistant under Marty Schottenheimer for the Cleveland Browns and Kansas City Chiefs, serving as the latter's defensive coordinator from 1989 to 1991. Cowher was named head coach of the Steelers in 1992, whom he led until his retirement following the 2006 season. After retiring, he joined The NFL Today as a studio analyst.
2. Rino Katase, Japanese actress births
  1. Rino Katase
    
    Rino Katase is a Japanese actress. She won the Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 11th Japan Academy Prize for Gokudō no Onnatachi 2 and Yoshiwara Enjō.
3. Gary Lunn, Canadian lawyer and politician, 6th Canadian Minister of Natural Resources births
  1. Gary Lunn
    
    Gary Vincent Lunn is a retired Canadian member of Parliament for the British Columbia riding of Saanich—Gulf Islands. He served in the House of Commons from 1997 to 2011, first as a member of the Reform Party of Canada and subsequently as a member of the Canadian Alliance and the Conservative Party of Canada. He was a Cabinet Minister under Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Official Opposition Critic for Métis and Non-Status Indians, Minister of State for Northern Development, and Critic of the Secretary of State for Human Resources Development. Lunn lost his seat in the 2011 federal election in Canada in an upset to the Leader of the Green Party, Elizabeth May.
  2. Minister of Natural Resources
    
    The minister of natural resources is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for Natural Resources Canada (NRCan).
1956
1. Jeff Wincott, Canadian actor and martial artist births
  1. Jeff Wincott
    
    Jeffrey Wincott is a Canadian actor and martial artist best known for his lead role in the television series Night Heat.
1955
1. Stephen Furst, American actor and director (d. 2017) births
  1. Stephen Furst
    
    Stephen Furst was an American actor, director and producer. After gaining attention with his featured role as Kent "Flounder" Dorfman in the comedy film National Lampoon's Animal House and its spin-off television series Delta House, he went on to be a regular as Dr. Elliot Axelrod in the medical drama series St. Elsewhere from 1983 to 1988, and as Centauri diplomatic attaché Vir Cotto in the science fiction series Babylon 5 from 1994 to 1998. Other notable film roles included the college comedy Midnight Madness (1980), as a team leader in an all-night mystery game, the action thriller Silent Rage (1982), as deputy to a sheriff played by Chuck Norris, and the comedy The Dream Team (1989), as a good-natured psychiatric patient.
2. Mladen Markač, Croatian general births
  1. Mladen Markač
    
    Mladen Markač is a Croatian retired general. He was a Commander of Croatian Special Police during Operation Storm during the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995), and afterwards held the rank of Colonel General. Later, he was indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for war crimes committed during Operation Storm by Croatian forces against the Serbs from Croatia. In April 2011, the ICTY found him guilty and sentenced him to 18 years.
3. Keith Osgood, English footballer births
  1. Keith Osgood
    
    Keith Osgood is an English former professional footballer who played for Tottenham Hotspur, Coventry City, Derby County, Leyton Orient, HJK and Cambridge and represented the England team at youth and schoolboy level.
1954
1. Pam Arciero, American puppeteer and voice actress births
  1. Pam Arciero
    
    Pamela Arciero is an American puppeteer and voice-over artist. She has performed for Between the Lions and Sesame Street, playing Oscar the Grouch's girlfriend Grundgetta in the latter. In addition to performance work, she worked as a director on the Noggin preschool series Oobi, which featured both writers and performers of Sesame Street.
2. David Keith, American actor and director births
  1. David Keith (actor)
    
    David Lemuel Keith is an American actor and director. His breakthrough role was that of aspiring Navy pilot Sid Worley in An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. The positive reception for this role led to leading parts in the films The Lords of Discipline (1983), Firestarter (1984) and White of the Eye (1987). Keith had notable supporting roles in features including Major League II (1994), The Indian in the Cupboard (1995), U-571 (2000), Men of Honor (2000) and Daredevil (2003).
3. John Michael Talbot, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. John Michael Talbot
    
    John Michael Talbot is an American Christian musician, author, television presenter and founder of a monastic community known as the Brothers and Sisters of Charity.
1953
1. Billy Burnette, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor births
  1. Billy Burnette
    
    Dorsey William Burnette III is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter who was part of the band Fleetwood Mac from 1987 to 1995. Burnette also had a brief career in acting.
2. Alex Van Halen, Dutch-American drummer births
  1. Alex Van Halen
    
    Alexander Arthur Van Halen, is an American musician, best known as the drummer and co-founder of the rock band Van Halen. The band was formed in 1972 by Alex Van Halen, his younger brother Eddie, David Lee Roth, and Mark Stone under the name "Mammoth" before adding Michael Anthony in 1974 and changing their name to Van Halen. Warner Bros. signed the band in 1977, and the band's debut album was released a year later. Prior to their disbandment in 2020, following Eddie's death, Van Halen released 12 studio albums, and the brothers were the only two constant members of the band.
1952
1. Peter McNab, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster births
  1. Peter McNab
    
    Peter Maxwell McNab was a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey player. He played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1973 to 1987, with the Buffalo Sabres, Boston Bruins, Vancouver Canucks, and New Jersey Devils. He later served as the color commentator for the Colorado Avalanche from their inaugural 1995–96 season until his death.
2. William Fox, Austrian businessman, founded Fox Theatres (b. 1879) deaths
  1. William Fox (producer)
    
    Wilhelm Fried Fuchs, commonly and better known as William Fox, was a Hungarian-American film industry executive who founded the Fox Film Corporation in 1915 and the Fox West Coast Theatres chain in the 1920s. Although he lost control of his film businesses in 1930, his name was used by 20th Century Fox and continues to be used in the trademarks of the present-day Fox Corporation, including the Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox News, Fox Sports and Foxtel.
  2. Fox Theatres
    
    Fox Theatres was a large chain of movie theaters in the United States dating from the 1920s either built by Fox Film studio owner William Fox, or subsequently merged in 1929 by Fox with the West Coast Theatres chain, to form the Fox West Coast Theatres chain. Fox West Coast went into bankruptcy and was sold to The National Theatres Corporation, led by Charles Skouras, on November 20, 1933, for $17,000,000.00. Eugene V. Klein later became CEO of National, and turned it into the conglomerate National General. Mann Theatres bought National General's theatres in 1973.
1951
1. Philip Bailey, American singer-songwriter, drummer, and actor births
  1. Philip Bailey
    
    Philip James Bailey is an American R&B, soul, gospel and funk singer, songwriter and percussionist, best known as an early member and one of the two lead singers of the band Earth, Wind & Fire. Noted for his four-octave vocal range and distinctive falsetto register, Bailey has won seven Grammy Awards. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame as a member of Earth, Wind & Fire. Bailey was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame for his work with the band.
2. Mike D'Antoni, American basketball player and coach births
  1. Mike D'Antoni
    
    Michael D'Andrew D'Antoni is an Italian-American professional basketball coach and former player who is a coaching advisor for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
3. Chris Frantz, American drummer and producer births
  1. Chris Frantz
    
    Charton Christopher Frantz is an American musician and record producer. He is the drummer for both Talking Heads and Tom Tom Club, both of which he co-founded with wife and Talking Heads bassist Tina Weymouth. In 2002, Frantz was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Talking Heads.
1950
1. Robert Mugge, American director and producer births
  1. Robert Mugge
    
    Robert Mugge is an American documentary film maker. He has focused primarily on films about music and musicians, but some of his earliest films were not music focused and he is now continuing to branch out as his interests and work evolve.
2. Lepo Sumera, Estonian composer and educator (d. 2000) births
  1. Lepo Sumera
    
    Lepo Sumera was an Estonian composer and teacher.
3. Vital Brazil, Brazilian physician and immunologist (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Vital Brazil
    
    Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha, known as Vital Brazil, was a Brazilian physician, biomedical scientist and immunologist, known for the discovery of the polyvalent anti-ophidic serum used to treat bites of venomous snakes of the Crotalus, Bothrops and Elaps genera. He went on to be also the first to develop anti-scorpion and anti-spider serums. He was the founder of the Butantan Institute, a research center located in São Paulo, which was the first in the world dedicated exclusively to basic and applied toxicology, the science of venomous animals.
1949
1. David Vines, Australian economist and academic births
  1. David Vines
    
    David Anthony Vines, is an Australian economist teaching at Oxford University.
1948
1. Steve Braun, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Steve Braun (baseball)
    
    Stephen Russell Braun is an American former professional baseball left fielder, third baseman, and designated hitter. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Seattle Mariners, Kansas City Royals, Toronto Blue Jays, and St. Louis Cardinals.
2. Stephen Stohn, American-Canadian lawyer and producer births
  1. Stephen Stohn
    
    John Stephen Stohn is an American-born Canadian entertainment lawyer and television producer. He is best known for his involvement with the Degrassi teen drama franchise, particularly as an executive producer on Degrassi: The Next Generation. Until 2018 he was the president of Epitome Pictures Inc., which he and his wife Linda Schuyler founded in 1992 and was sold to DHX Media in 2014. On June 7, 2019, he was installed as Chancellor of Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario.
3. U Saw, Burmese politician, Prime Minister of Burma (b. 1900) deaths
  1. U Saw
    
    U Saw, also known as Galon U Saw, was a leading Burmese politician who served as Prime Minister of British Burma during the colonial era before the Second World War. He is also known for his role in the assassination of Burma's national hero Aung San and other independence leaders in July 1947, only months before Burma gained independence from Britain in January 1948. He was executed by hanging for this assassination.
  2. Prime Minister of Myanmar
    
    The prime minister of Myanmar is the head of government of Myanmar. The post was re-established in 2021 by the State Administration Council, the country's ruling military junta, to lead its nominally-civilian provisional government. The provisional government is subject to the decision-making of the SAC; additionally, there is a significant overlap in the membership of both bodies. There is no provision for a prime minister in the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, with the president being the constitutional head of government. The current prime minister is Min Aung Hlaing, who is also the leader of the junta and the commander-in-chief of defence services. The post had been used by previous military governments, as recently as 2011.
1947
1. H. Robert Horvitz, American biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. H. Robert Horvitz
    
    Howard Robert Horvitz ForMemRS NAS AAA&S APS NAM is an American biologist best known for his research on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston, whose "seminal discoveries concerning the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" were "important for medical research and have shed new light on the pathogenesis of many diseases".
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
2. Felicity Lott, English soprano births
  1. Felicity Lott
    
    Dame Felicity Ann Emwhyla Lott, is an English soprano.
3. John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan, Scottish historian and politician, Secretary of State for Defence births
  1. John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan
    
    John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan, is a British Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010, and served in the Cabinet under Prime Minister Tony Blair in a number of positions. He was Health Secretary from 2003 to 2005, Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2006, and Home Secretary from 2006 to 2007.
  2. Secretary of State for Defence
    
    The secretary of state for defence, also referred to as the defence secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the business of the Ministry of Defence. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, sixth in the ministerial ranking.
4. Harry Gordon Selfridge, American-English businessman, founded Selfridges (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Harry Gordon Selfridge
    
    Harry Gordon Selfridge, Sr. was an American retail magnate who founded the London-based department store Selfridges. His 20-year leadership of Selfridges led to his becoming one of the most respected and wealthy retail magnates in the United Kingdom. He was known as the 'Earl of Oxford Street'.
  2. Selfridges
    
    Selfridges, also known as Selfridges & Co., is a chain of high-end department stores in the United Kingdom that is operated by Selfridges Retail Limited, part of the Selfridges Group of department stores. It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge in 1908.
1946
1. André Boulerice, Canadian politician births
  1. André Boulerice
    
    André Boulerice is a Canadian politician from Quebec and gay rights activist. He was a member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques in Montreal.
2. Jonathan Dancy, English philosopher, author, and academic births
  1. Jonathan Dancy
    
    Jonathan Peter Dancy is a British philosopher, who has written on ethics and epistemology. He is currently Professor of Philosophy at University of Texas at Austin and Research Professor at the University of Reading. He taught previously for many years at the University of Keele.
1945
1. Arthur Docters van Leeuwen, Dutch jurist and politician (d. 2020) births
  1. Arthur Docters van Leeuwen
    
    Arthur Docters van Leeuwen was a Dutch politician, jurist and civil servant. He was member of the liberal political party VVD. Between 1999 and 2007 he was chairman of the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets, an agency of the Dutch government, which supervises Dutch financial markets.
2. Mike German, Baron German, Welsh educator and politician, Deputy First Minister for Wales births
  1. Mike German, Baron German
    
    Michael James German, Baron German, OBE is a British politician, serving currently as a member of the House of Lords and formerly as a member of the National Assembly for Wales for the South Wales East region. He was leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2007 to 2008. In 1996, he was awarded an OBE for his public and political service.
  2. Deputy First Minister of Wales
    
    The deputy first minister of Wales is the deputy leader of the Welsh Government. The post was created in October 2000 when Mike German of the Welsh Liberal Democrats was appointed Deputy First Minister as part of a coalition government with Welsh Labour. Since the office was created, the holder has been the party leader of the junior partner in coalition with Welsh Labour.
3. Janine Haines, Australian politician (d. 2004) births
  1. Janine Haines
    
    Janine Winton Haines, AM was an Australian politician who was a Senator for South Australia from 1977 to 1978 and again from 1981 to 1990. She represented the Australian Democrats, and served as the party's leader from 1986 to 1990, becoming the first female federal parliamentary leader of an Australian political party. She was pivotal in "shaping the Australian Democrats into a powerful political entity that held the balance of power in the Senate".
4. Keith Jarrett, American pianist and composer births
  1. Keith Jarrett
    
    Keith Jarrett is an American jazz and classical music pianist and composer. Jarrett started his career with Art Blakey and later moved on to play with Charles Lloyd and Miles Davis. Since the early 1970s, he has also been a group leader and solo performer in jazz, jazz fusion, and classical music. His improvisations draw from the traditions of jazz and other genres, including Western classical music, gospel, blues, and ethnic folk music.
5. Frank Bourne, British soldier, last survivor of the Battle of Rorke's Drift (b. 1854) deaths
  1. Frank Bourne
    
    Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Edward Bourne OBE DCM was a decorated British soldier who participated in the defence of Rorke's Drift during the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War.
  2. Battle of Rorke's Drift
    
    The Battle of Rorke's Drift (1879), also known as the Defence of Rorke's Drift, was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War. The successful British defence of the mission station of Rorke's Drift, under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead, 24th Regiment of Foot began when a large contingent of Zulu warriors broke off from their main force during the final hour of the British defeat at the day-long Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879, diverting 6 miles (9.7 km) to attack Rorke's Drift later that day and continuing into the following day.
6. Julius Hirsch, German footballer (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Julius Hirsch
    
    Julius Hirsch was a Jewish German Olympian international footballer who was murdered by the Nazis in Auschwitz concentration camp during the Holocaust. He helped Karlsruher FV win the 1910 German football championship. He played for the Germany national football team, including at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He then joined SpVgg Fürth, with whom he won the 1914 German football championship.
7. Wilhelm Rediess, German SS officer (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Rediess
    
    Friedrich Wilhelm Rediess was the SS and police leader during the German occupation of Norway during the Second World War. He was also the commander of all SS troops stationed in occupied Norway, assuming command from 22 June 1940 to his death.
  2. Schutzstaffel
    
    The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
8. Bernhard Rust, German lieutenant and politician (b. 1883) deaths
  1. Bernhard Rust
    
    Bernhard Rust was Minister of Science, Education and National Culture (Reichserziehungsminister) in Nazi Germany. A combination of school administrator and zealous Nazi, he issued decrees, often bizarre, at every level of the German educational system to immerse German youth in Nazi ideology. He also served as the party Gauleiter in Hanover and Brunswick from 1925 to 1940.
9. Josef Terboven, German lieutenant and politician (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Josef Terboven
    
    Josef Terboven was a Nazi Party official and politician who was the long-serving Gauleiter of Gau Essen and the Reichskommissar for Norway during the German occupation.
1944
1. Gary Glitter, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Gary Glitter
    
    Paul Francis Gadd, better known by his stage name Gary Glitter, is an English former singer, songwriter, and record producer. He achieved success during the glam rock era of the 1970s and 1980s, and his career ended after he was imprisoned for downloading child pornography in 1999. He was also convicted of child sexual abuse in 2006 and attempted rape in 2015.
2. Bill Legend, English drummer births
  1. Bill Legend
    
    Bill Legend is an English musician and former drummer for glam rock band T. Rex during their most successful period.
3. Themistoklis Diakidis, Greek high jumper (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Themistoklis Diakidis
    
    Themistoklis Diakidis was a Greek track and field athlete who competed in the high jump.
1943
1. Pat Barker, English author births
  1. Pat Barker
    
    Patricia Mary W. Barker, is an English writer and novelist. She has won many awards for her fiction, which centres on themes of memory, trauma, survival and recovery. Her work is described as direct, blunt and plainspoken. In 2012, The Observer named the Regeneration Trilogy as one of "The 10 best historical novels".
2. Johnny Greaves, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Johnny Greaves (rugby league)
    
    Johnny Greaves is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s. He played for St. George, Canterbury-Bankstown, New South Wales and for Australia.
3. Jon Mark, English-New Zealand singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2021) births
  1. Jon Mark
    
    Jon Mark was an English singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known for his recordings with Marianne Faithfull, Sweet Thursday, John Mayall and Mark-Almond. Mark, who received a Grammy in 2004, lived in Rotorua, New Zealand.
4. Paul Samwell-Smith, English bass player and producer births
  1. Paul Samwell-Smith
    
    Paul Granville Samwell-Smith is an English musician and record producer. He was a founding member and the bassist of the 1960s English rock band the Yardbirds, which launched leading guitarists Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page to fame. As a youth, Samwell-Smith attended Hampton School with Yardbirds drummer Jim McCarty.
5. Danny Whitten, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1972) births
  1. Danny Whitten
    
    Danny Ray Whitten was an American guitarist and songwriter, best known for his work with Neil Young's backing band Crazy Horse, and for the song "I Don't Want to Talk About It", a hit for Rod Stewart and Everything but the Girl.
6. Mordechai Anielewicz, Polish commander (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Mordechai Anielewicz
    
    Mordechai Anielewicz was the leader of the Jewish Fighting Organization, which led the Warsaw Ghetto uprising; the largest Jewish insurrection during the Second World War, which inspired further rebellions in both ghettos and extermination camps. His character was engraved as a symbol of courage and sacrifice, and to this day his image represents Jewish resistance during the Holocaust.
1942
1. Martin Dobkin, Canadian doctor and politician, 2nd Mayor of Mississauga births
  1. Martin Dobkin
    
    Martin Lyon Dobkin is a physician and former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was elected on October 1, 1973 as the first Mayor of the new City of Mississauga, Ontario and served as Mayor from 1973 to 1976. He was the inaugural mayor of the newly amalgamated City of Mississauga, which had combined the former Towns of Mississauga, Port Credit and Streetsville. He lost re-election just three years later. He was originally trained as a medical doctor and he continued his practice during the time he was mayor. He continues to work as a doctor although a car accident in 2003 reduced his activities.
  2. Mayor of Mississauga
    
    The mayor of Mississauga is the head of Mississauga City Council and chief executive officer of the municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; there are no term limits. While in office, mayors are styled His/Her Worship.
2. Robin Hobbs, English cricketer births
  1. Robin Hobbs
    
    Robin Nicholas Stuart Hobbs is a former English cricketer, who played in seven Tests for England from 1967 to 1971. He played first-class cricket for both Essex and Glamorgan.
3. Norman Lamont, Scottish banker and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer births
  1. Norman Lamont
    
    Norman Stewart Hughson Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick, is a British politician and former Conservative MP for Kingston-upon-Thames. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1990 until 1993. He was created a life peer in 1998. Lamont was a supporter of the Eurosceptic organisation Leave Means Leave.
  2. Chancellor of the Exchequer
    
    The chancellor of the Exchequer, often abbreviated to chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom, and head of His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, the Chancellor is a high-ranking member of the British Cabinet and is third in the ministerial ranking, behind the prime minister and the deputy prime minister.
4. Pierre Morency, Canadian poet and playwright births
  1. Pierre Morency
    
    Pierre Morency, is a French Canadian writer, poet and playwright.
5. Terry Neill, Irish footballer and manager (d. 2022) births
  1. Terry Neill
    
    William John Terence Neill was a Northern Irish football player and manager. A centre-back, he captained and later managed Arsenal, guiding the club to a European final in 1980 and three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980, winning a dramatic final against Manchester United in 1979. Before his seven-year spell as manager of Arsenal, he managed Hull City, Tottenham Hotspur, and Northern Ireland.
6. Nikolai Reek, Estonian general and politician, 11th Estonian Minister of War (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Nikolai Reek
    
    Nikolai Reek VR I/2, VR II/2, VR II/3 was the Estonian military commander during the Estonian War of Independence.
  2. Minister of Defence (Estonia)
    
    The Minister of Defence is the senior minister at the Ministry of Defence (Kaitseministeerium) in the Estonian Government. The minister is one of the most important members of the Estonian government, with responsibility for coordinating the governments policies on national defence and the military forces. The defence minister is chosen by the prime minister as a part of the government.
1941
1. John Fred, American singer-songwriter (d. 2005) births
  1. John Fred
    
    John Fred Gourrier, known by his stage name John Fred, was an American blue-eyed soul, swamp pop, rock and roll, and R&B performer from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, best known for the 1967 hit song "Judy in Disguise ".
2. Bill Lockyer, American academic and politician, 30th Attorney General of California births
  1. Bill Lockyer
    
    William Westwood Lockyer is a retired American politician from California, who held elective office from 1973 to 2015, as State Treasurer of California, California Attorney General, and President Pro Tempore of the California State Senate.
  2. Attorney General of California
    
    The attorney general of California is the state attorney general of the Government of California. The officer's duty is to ensure that "the laws of the state are uniformly and adequately enforced". The California attorney general carries out the responsibilities of the office through the California Department of Justice. The department employs over 1,100 attorneys and 3,700 non-attorney employees.
3. James Traficant, American lawyer and politician (d. 2014) births
  1. James Traficant
    
    James Anthony Traficant Jr. was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of three counties in northeast Ohio's Mahoning Valley. He was expelled from the House after being convicted of ten felony counts, including taking bribes, filing false tax returns, racketeering, and forcing his congressional staff to perform chores at his farm in Ohio and houseboat in Washington, D.C. He was sentenced to prison and released on September 2, 2009, after serving a seven-year sentence.
4. Natalie, queen consort of Serbia (b. 1859) deaths
  1. Natalie of Serbia
    
    Natalija Obrenović, née Keshko, known as Natalie of Serbia, was the Princess of Serbia from 1875 to 1882 and then Queen of Serbia from 1882 to 1889 as the wife of Milan I of Serbia. Of ethnic Romanian origin, she was the daughter of Russian colonel Petre Keşco and Romanian noblewoman Princess Pulcheria Sturdza.
5. Tore Svennberg, Swedish actor and director (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Tore Svennberg
    
    Olof Teodor "Tore" Svennberg was a Swedish actor and theatre director whose career spanned more than five decades.
1940
1. Peter Benchley, American author and screenwriter (d. 2006) births
  1. Peter Benchley
    
    Peter Bradford Benchley was an American author, screenwriter, and ocean activist. He is known for his bestselling novel Jaws and co-wrote its film adaptation with Carl Gottlieb. Several more of his works were also adapted for both cinema and television, including The Deep, The Island, Beast, and White Shark.
2. James Blyth, Baron Blyth of Rowington, English businessman and academic births
  1. James Blyth, Baron Blyth of Rowington
    
    James Blyth, Baron Blyth of Rowington is a British businessman.
3. Irwin Cotler, Canadian lawyer and politician, 47th Canadian Minister of Justice births
  1. Irwin Cotler
    
    Irwin Cotler, PC, OC, OQ is a retired Canadian politician who was Member of Parliament for Mount Royal from 1999 to 2015. He served as the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada from 2003 until the Liberal government of Paul Martin lost power following the 2006 federal election. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in a by-election in November 1999, winning 92% of votes cast.
  2. Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
    
    The minister of justice and attorney general of Canada is a dual-role portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet.
4. Emilio Delgado, Mexican-American actor (d. 2022) births
  1. Emilio Delgado
    
    Emilio Ernest Delgado was an American actor best known for his role as Luis, the Fix-it Shop owner, on the children's television series Sesame Street. Delgado joined the cast of Sesame Street in 1971 and remained until his contract was not renewed in 2016, as part of Sesame Workshop's re-tooling of the series.
5. Ricky Nelson, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 1985) births
  1. Ricky Nelson
    
    Eric Hilliard Nelson was an American musician, songwriter and actor. From age eight he starred alongside his family in the radio and television series The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. In 1957, he began a long and successful career as a popular recording artist. The expression "teen idol" was first coined to describe Nelson, and his fame as both a recording artist and television star also led to a motion picture role co-starring alongside John Wayne, Dean Martin, Walter Brennan, and Angie Dickinson in Howard Hawks's western feature film Rio Bravo (1959). He placed 54 songs on the Billboard Hot 100, and its predecessors, between 1957 and 1973, including "Poor Little Fool" in 1958, which was the first number one song on Billboard magazine's then-newly created Hot 100 chart. He recorded 19 additional top ten hits and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on January 21, 1987. In 1996 Nelson was ranked No. 49 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.
6. Toni Tennille, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player births
  1. Toni Tennille
    
    Cathryn Antoinette "Toni" Tennille is an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist, best known as one-half of the 1970s duo Captain & Tennille with her former husband Daryl Dragon; their signature song is "Love Will Keep Us Together". Tennille also did musical work independently of Dragon, including solo albums and session work.
7. William B. Jordan, American art historian (d. 2018) births
  1. William B. Jordan
    
    William Bryan Jordan Jr. was an American art historian who facilitated acquisitions, curated exhibitions, and authored publications on Spanish artists and still life paintings, particularly from the Golden Age.
1939
1. Paul Drayton, American sprinter (d. 2010) births
  1. Paul Drayton (athlete)
    
    Otis Paul Drayton was an American sprint runner. He was an AAU champion in the 220 yd (200 m) sprint from 1961 to 1963. In 1961, he was a member of the world record of 39.1 seconds setting American 4 × 100 m relay team, and equaled the 200 m world record of 20.5 s in 1962. At the 1964 Olympics, Drayton won a silver medal in the 200 m and ran the opening leg for the gold medal winning American 4 × 100 m relay team, which set a world record at 39.06 seconds.
1938
1. Javed Burki, Indian-Pakistani cricketer births
  1. Javed Burki
    
    Javed Burki is a Pakistani former cricketer who played in 25 Test matches from 1960 to 1969 to eventually become an ICC match referee. Burki received his early education from Saint Mary's Academy at Rawalpindi. He also played cricket while studying at Oxford University (1958–1960).
2. Jean Giraud, French author and illustrator (d. 2012) births
  1. Jean Giraud
    
    Jean Henri Gaston Giraud was a French artist, cartoonist, and writer who worked in the Franco-Belgian bandes dessinées (BD) tradition. Giraud garnered worldwide acclaim under the pseudonym Mœbius, as well as Gir outside the English-speaking world, used for the Blueberry series—his most successful creation in the non-English speaking parts of the world—and his Western-themed paintings. Esteemed by Federico Fellini, Stan Lee, and Hayao Miyazaki, among others, he has been described as the most influential bande dessinée artist after Hergé.
1937
1. Bernard Cleary, Canadian journalist, academic, and politician (d. 2020) births
  1. Bernard Cleary
    
    Bernard Cleary was a Canadian politician.
2. Mike Cuellar, Cuban-American baseball player (d. 2010) births
  1. Mike Cuellar
    
    Miguel Ángel Cuellar Santana was a Cuban professional baseball player. He played for 15 seasons in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher in 1959 and from 1964 through 1977, most prominently as a member of the Baltimore Orioles who won the American League (AL) pennant in each of Cuellar's first three seasons with the team. During that time, Cuellar and the Orioles won the 1970 World Series. Cuellar also played for the Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Cardinals, Houston Astros and California Angels.
3. Carlos Gaviria Díaz, Colombian lawyer and politician (d. 2015) births
  1. Carlos Gaviria Díaz
    
    Carlos Emilio Gaviria Díaz was a Colombian lawyer, professor and politician. He served as the 5th Chief Magistrate of the Constitutional Court of Colombia, where he served as a Magistrate from 1993 to 2001. After retiring from the Court, he went into politics becoming a Senator of Colombia in 2002, and running for President as an Alternative Democratic Pole candidate in the 2006 presidential election, ultimately losing to ex-president Álvaro Uribe Vélez, who was seeking his second term in office.
4. Thomas Pynchon, American novelist births
  1. Thomas Pynchon
    
    Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.
5. Joe Louis Clark, American educator (d. 2020) births
  1. Joe Louis Clark
    
    Joe Louis Clark was the principal of Eastside High School in Paterson, New Jersey. He is also the subject of the 1989 film Lean on Me, starring Morgan Freeman. Clark gained public attention in the 1980s for his unconventional and controversial disciplinary measures as the principal of Eastside High.
1936
1. Kazuo Koike, Japanese author (d. 2019) births
  1. Kazuo Koike
    
    Kazuo Koike was a prolific Japanese manga writer (gensakusha), novelist, screenwriter, lyricist and entrepreneur. He is best known for his violent, artful seinen manga, notably Lone Wolf and Cub, Lady Snowblood and Crying Freeman, which – along with their numerous media adaptations − have been credited for their influence on the international growth of Japanese popular culture.
2. Haljand Udam, Estonian orientalist and academic (d. 2005) births
  1. Haljand Udam
    
    Haljand Udam was an Estonian orientalist and translator.
3. Oswald Spengler, German historian and philosopher (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Oswald Spengler
    
    Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler was a German historian and philosopher of history whose interests included mathematics, science, and art, as well as their relation to his organic theory of history. He is best known for his two-volume work, The Decline of the West, published in 1918 and 1922, covering human history. Spengler's model of history postulates that human cultures and civilizations are akin to biological entities, each with a limited, predictable, and deterministic lifespan.
1935
1. Lucius Cary, 15th Viscount Falkland, Scottish politician births
  1. Lucius Cary, 15th Viscount Falkland
    
    Lucius Edward William Plantagenet Cary, 15th Viscount of Falkland, styled Master of Falkland from 1961 to 1984, is a British nobleman and politician.
2. Princess Elisabeth of Denmark (d. 2018) births
  1. Princess Elisabeth of Denmark
    
    Princess Elisabeth of Denmark, was a member of the Danish royal family. She was the only daughter and eldest child of Hereditary Prince Knud and Hereditary Princess Caroline-Mathilde of Denmark, and a first cousin of the present Danish monarch, Queen Margrethe II.
3. Jack Charlton, English footballer and manager (d. 2020) births
  1. Jack Charlton
    
    John Charlton was an English footballer and manager who played as a defender. He was part of the England national team that won the 1966 World Cup and managed the Republic of Ireland national team from 1986 to 1996 achieving two World Cup and one European Championship appearances. He spent his entire club career with Leeds United from 1950 to 1973, helping the club to the Second Division title (1963–64), First Division title (1968–69), FA Cup (1972), League Cup (1968), Charity Shield (1969), Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, as well as one other promotion from the Second Division (1955–56) and five second-place finishes in the First Division, two FA Cup final defeats and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final defeat. His 629 league and 762 total competitive appearances are club records. He was the elder brother of former Manchester United forward Bobby Charlton, who was also one of his teammates in England's World Cup final victory. In 2006, Leeds United supporters voted Charlton into the club's greatest XI.
1934
1. Leonard Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, South African-English lawyer and judge births
  1. Lennie Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann
    
    Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann is a retired senior South African–British judge. He served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1995 to 2009.
2. Maurice Norman, English footballer births
  1. Maurice Norman
    
    Maurice Norman was an English footballer who played nearly 400 times in the Football League as a centre half for Norwich City and Tottenham Hotspur. At international level, Norman won 23 caps for the England national team.
3. David Williamson, Baron Williamson of Horton, English soldier and politician (d. 2015) births
  1. David Williamson, Baron Williamson of Horton
    
    David Francis Williamson, Baron Williamson of Horton was a senior British and European civil servant, as well as a member of the House of Lords.
1932
1. Julieta Campos, Cuban-Mexican author and translator (d. 2007) births
  1. Julieta Campos
    
    Julieta Campos was a Cuban-Mexican writer.
2. Phyllida Law, Scottish actress births
  1. Phyllida Law
    
    Phyllida Ann Law is a British actress, known for her numerous roles in film and television.
3. Harry Wells, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Harry Wells (rugby league)
    
    Harry James Wells is an Australian former representative rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. A centre whose club career was played along the New South Wales coast as well as in Sydney with the South Sydney Rabbitohs and the Western Suburbs Magpies, he has since been named among the nation's best players of the 20th century.
1930
1. Heather Harper, Northern Irish soprano (d. 2019) births
  1. Heather Harper
    
    Heather Mary Harper was a Northern Irish operatic soprano. She was active internationally in both opera and concert. She performed roles such as Helena in Benjamin Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Royal Opera House, Elsa in Wagner's Lohengrin at the Bayreuth Festival, and the Countess in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro at the Metropolitan Opera. She became known internationally when she stepped in for the world premiere of Britten's War Requiem in 1962, and remained associated with the composer's work, but also sang other premieres.
2. Doug Atkins, American football player (d. 2015) births
  1. Doug Atkins
    
    Douglas Leon Atkins was an American professional football player who was a defensive end for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears, and New Orleans Saints in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers under head coach Robert Neyland. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
3. René Maltête, French photographer and poet (d. 2000) births
  1. René Maltête
    
    René Maltête (1930–2000) was a French photographer and poet.
4. Gary Snyder, American poet, essayist, and translator births
  1. Gary Snyder
    
    Gary Snyder is an American man of letters. Perhaps best known as a poet, he is also an essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist with anarchoprimitivist leanings. He has been described as the "poet laureate of Deep Ecology". Snyder is a winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry and the American Book Award. His work, in his various roles, reflects an immersion in both Buddhist spirituality and nature. He has translated literature into English from ancient Chinese and modern Japanese. For many years, Snyder was an academic at the University of California, Davis and for a time served as a member of the California Arts Council.
1929
1. Ethel D. Allen, American physician and politician (d. 1981) births
  1. Ethel D. Allen
    
    Ethel D. Allen was an African-American politician and physician from the Republican Party, who served as the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania under governor Dick Thornburgh for 10 months, between January and October 1979. Prior to serving in the state cabinet, Allen was a member of the Philadelphia City Council from 1972 until 1979, representing both the 5th and At-Large Districts.
2. John C. Bogle, American businessman, investor, and philanthropist (d. 2019) births
  1. John C. Bogle
    
    John Clifton "Jack" Bogle was an American investor, business magnate, and philanthropist. He was the founder and chief executive of The Vanguard Group, and is credited with creating the first index fund. An avid investor and money manager himself, he preached investment over speculation, long-term patience over short-term action, and reducing broker fees as much as possible. The ideal investment vehicle for Bogle was a low-cost index fund held over a lifetime with dividends reinvested and purchased with dollar cost averaging.
3. Girija Devi, Indian classical singer (d. 2017) births
  1. Girija Devi
    
    Girija Devi was an Indian classical singer of the Seniya and Banaras gharanas. She performed classical and light classical music and helped elevate the profile of thumri. She was dubbed as the 'Queen of Thumri' for her contribution in the genre. She died on 24 October 2017.
4. Claude Castonguay, Canadian banker and politician (d. 2020) births
  1. Claude Castonguay
    
    Claude Castonguay, was a Canadian politician, educator, and businessman.
5. Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese-American actress and singer (d. 2007) births
  1. Miyoshi Umeki
    
    Miyoshi Umeki was a Japanese-American singer and actress. Umeki was a Tony Award- and Golden Globe-nominated actress and the first East Asian-American woman to win an Academy Award for acting.
1928
1. Robert Conley, American journalist (d. 2013) births
  1. Robert Conley (reporter)
    
    Robert Conley was an American newspaper, television and radio reporter.
2. Ted Sorensen, American lawyer, 8th White House Counsel (d. 2010) births
  1. Ted Sorensen
    
    Theodore Chaikin Sorensen was an American lawyer, writer, and presidential adviser. He was a speechwriter for President John F. Kennedy, as well as one of his closest advisers. President Kennedy once called him his "intellectual blood bank". Most notably, he was generally regarded as the author of Profiles in Courage, and stated in his memoir that he helped write the book. Profiles in Courage won Kennedy the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for Biography. Sorensen helped draft Kennedy's inaugural address and was also the primary author of Kennedy's 1962 "We choose to go to the Moon" speech.
  2. White House Counsel
    
    The White House counsel is a senior staff appointee of the president of the United States whose role is to advise the president on all legal issues concerning the president and their administration. The White House counsel also oversees the Office of White House Counsel, a team of lawyers and support staff who provide legal guidance for the president and the White House Office. At least when White House counsel is advising the president on legal matters pertaining to the duties or prerogatives of the president, this office is also called Counsel to the President.
1927
1. Chumy Chúmez, Spanish actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2003) births
  1. Chumy Chúmez
    
    Jose María González Castrillo, more known as Chumy Chúmez, was a Spanish cartoon humorist, writer and film director.
2. László Paskai, Hungarian cardinal (d. 2015) births
  1. László Paskai
    
    László Paskai, O.F.M. was a Hungarian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, He served as the archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest from 1987 to 2002.
1926
1. David Attenborough, English environmentalist and television host births
  1. David Attenborough
    
    Sir David Frederick Attenborough is an English broadcaster, biologist, natural historian and author. He is best known for writing and presenting, in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit, the nine natural history documentary series forming the Life collection, a comprehensive survey of animal and plant life on Earth.
2. David Hurst, German actor (d. 2019) births
  1. David Hurst
    
    David Hurst was a German actor, best known for his role in the film Hello, Dolly as Rudolph the headwaiter.
3. Don Rickles, American comedian and actor (d. 2017) births
  1. Don Rickles
    
    Donald Jay Rickles was an American stand-up comedian and actor. He became known primarily for his insult comedy. His film roles include Run Silent, Run Deep (1958) with Clark Gable, Carl Reiner's Enter Laughing (1967), the Clint Eastwood–led Kelly's Heroes (1970), and Martin Scorsese's Casino (1995) with Robert De Niro. From 1976 to 1978, Rickles had a two-season starring role in the NBC television sitcom C.P.O. Sharkey, having previously starred in two eponymous half-hour programs, an ABC variety show titled The Don Rickles Show (1968) and a CBS sitcom identically titled The Don Rickles Show (1972).
1925
1. Ali Hassan Mwinyi, Tanzanian politician, 2nd President of Tanzania births
  1. Ali Hassan Mwinyi
    
    Ali Hassan Mwinyi is a Tanzanian politician, who served as the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Previous posts include Interior Minister and Vice President. He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996.
  2. President of Tanzania
    
    The President of the United Republic of Tanzania is the head of state and head of government of the United Republic of Tanzania. The President leads the executive branch of the Government of Tanzania and is the commander-in-chief of the Tanzania People's Defence Force. The President serves a term of five years. Since 1992, they are limited to two terms, whether successive or separated.
2. John Beresford, Irish polo player (b. 1847) deaths
  1. John Beresford, 5th Baron Decies
    
    John Graham Hope Horsley de la Poer Beresford, 5th Baron Decies PC, styled The Honourable John Beresford until 1910, was an Anglo-Irish army officer, civil servant, and polo player in the 1900 Summer Olympics.
1924
1. S. Vithiananthan, Sri Lankan author and academic (d. 1989) births
  1. S. Vithiananthan
    
    Professor Suppiramaniam Vithiananthan was a Sri Lankan writer, academic and the first vice-chancellor of the University of Jaffna.
1922
1. Mary Q. Steele, American naturalist and author (d. 1992) births
  1. Mary Q. Steele
    
    Mary Quintard Govan Steele was an American author and naturalist. She wrote over twenty books, mainly for children. One of them, Journey Outside, was a Newbery Honor Book. Steele sometimes wrote under the names Wilson Gage and J. N. Darby.
1920
1. Saul Bass, American graphic designer and director (d. 1996) births
  1. Saul Bass
    
    Saul Bass was an American graphic designer and Oscar-winning filmmaker, best known for his design of motion-picture title sequences, film posters, and corporate logos.
2. Barbara Howard, Canadian sprinter and educator (d. 2017) births
  1. Barbara Howard (athlete)
    
    Barbara Howard was a Canadian sprinter and educator. Growing up in Vancouver, British Columbia, Howard gained national media attention as a sprinter in high school when she completed a time trial that broke the standing British Empire Games record for the 100-yard dash. She was selected as a member of the Canadian track and field team for the 1938 British Empire Games, becoming the first Black woman to represent Canada in international athletic competition. Although she did not place in the 100-yard dash, she helped her team win silver and bronze in the 440-yard and 660-yard relay events. The outbreak of the Second World War meant that most international sporting events over the next decade were cancelled, and Howard's window of opportunity as a sprinter ended before she could compete again.
3. Tom of Finland, Finnish illustrator (d. 1991) births
  1. Tom of Finland
    
    Touko Valio Laaksonen, best known by his pseudonym Tom of Finland, was a Finnish artist known for his stylized highly masculinized homoerotic art, and for his influence on late 20th-century gay culture. He has been called the "most influential creator of gay pornographic images" by cultural historian Joseph W. Slade. Over the course of four decades, he produced some 3,500 illustrations, mostly featuring men with exaggerated primary and secondary sex traits, wearing tight or partially removed clothing.
4. Sloan Wilson, American author and poet (d. 2003) births
  1. Sloan Wilson
    
    Sloan Wilson was an American writer.
5. Gordon McClymont, Australian ecologist and academic (d. 2000) births
  1. Gordon McClymont
    
    Gordon Lee McClymont AO was an Australian agricultural scientist, ecologist, and educationist. The originator of the term "sustainable agriculture", McClymont is known for his multidisciplinary approach to farm ecology. McClymont was the foundation chair of the Faculty of Rural Science at the University of New England, the first degree program of its kind to integrate animal husbandry, veterinary science, agronomy, and other disciplines into the field of livestock and agricultural production. In 1978, in recognition of his work and contributions to his field, he was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia.
1919
1. Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973) births
  1. Lex Barker
    
    Alexander Crichlow Barker Jr., known as Lex Barker, was an American actor. He was known for playing Tarzan for RKO Pictures between 1949 and 1953, and portraying leading characters from Karl May's novels, notably as Old Shatterhand in a film series by the West German studio Constantin Film. At the height of his fame, he was one of the most popular actors in German-speaking cinema, and received Bambi Award and Bravo Otto nominations for the honor.
1917
1. John Anderson, Jr., American lawyer and politician, 36th Governor of Kansas (d. 2014) births
  1. John Anderson Jr.
    
    John Anderson Jr. was an American politician who served as the 36th governor of Kansas, from 1961 until 1965. A member of the Republican Party, he previously was the 33rd attorney general of Kansas from 1956 until 1961.
  2. List of governors of Kansas
    
    The governor of Kansas is the head of state of Kansas and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kansas Legislature, to convene the legislature at any time, and to grant pardons.
1916
1. João Havelange, Brazilian water polo player, lawyer, and businessman (d. 2016) births
  1. João Havelange
    
    Jean-Marie Faustin Godefroid "João" de Havelange was a Brazilian lawyer, businessman, athlete and centenarian who served as the seventh president of FIFA from 1974 to 1998. His tenure as president is the second longest in FIFA's history, behind only that of Jules Rimet. He received the title of Honorary President when leaving office, but resigned in April 2013. He was preceded by Stanley Rous and was succeeded by Sepp Blatter. João Havelange served as a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1963 to 2011. He was the longest-serving active member upon his resignation. In July 2012, a Swiss prosecutor's report revealed that, during his tenure on FIFA's Executive Committee, he and his son-in-law Ricardo Teixeira took more than 41 million Swiss francs (£21m) in bribes in connection with the award of World Cup marketing rights.
2. Chinmayananda Saraswati, Indian spiritual leader and educator (d. 1993) births
  1. Chinmayananda Saraswati
    
    Swami Chinmayananda Saraswati was a Hindu spiritual leader and a teacher. In 1951, he founded Chinmaya Mission, a worldwide nonprofit organisation, in order to spread the knowledge of Advaita Vedanta, the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, and other ancient Hindu scriptures. Through the Mission, Chinmayananda spearheaded a global Hindu spiritual and cultural renaissance that popularised these spiritual texts and values, teaching them in English all across India and abroad.
3. Ramananda Sengupta, Indian cinematographer (d. 2017) births
  1. Ramananda Sengupta
    
    Ramananda Sengupta was an Indian cinematographer. He was born in Dhaka in 1916 and became a centenarian in 2016.
1915
1. Milton Meltzer, American historian and author (d. 2009) births
  1. Milton Meltzer
    
    Milton Meltzer was an American historian and author best known for his nonfiction books on Jewish, African-American, and American history. Since the 1950s, he was a prolific author of history books in the children's literature and young adult literature genres, having written nearly 100 books. Meltzer was an advocate for human rights, as well as an adjunct professor for the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He won the biennial Laura Ingalls Wilder Award for his career contribution to American children's literature in 2001. Meltzer died of esophageal cancer in 2009.
1913
1. Bob Clampett, American animator, director, and producer (d. 1984) births
  1. Bob Clampett
    
    Robert Emerson Clampett Sr. was an American animator, director, producer and puppeteer. He was best known for his work on the Looney Tunes animated series from Warner Bros. as well as the television shows Time for Beany and Beany and Cecil. Clampett was born and raised not far from Hollywood and, early in his life, showed an interest in animation and puppetry. After leaving high school a few months shy of graduating in 1931, Clampett joined the team at Harman-Ising Productions and began working on the studio's newest short subjects, titled Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies.
2. Sid James, South African-English actor and singer (d. 1976) births
  1. Sid James
    
    Sidney James was a British actor and comedian, born to a middle-class Jewish family in South Africa, whose career encompassed radio, television, stage and screen. He was best known for numerous roles in the Carry On film series.
1912
1. George Woodcock, Canadian author and poet (d. 1995) births
  1. George Woodcock
    
    George Woodcock was a Canadian writer of political biography and history, an anarchist thinker, a philosopher, an essayist and literary critic. He was also a poet and published several volumes of travel writing. In 1959 he was the founding editor of the journal Canadian Literature which was the first academic journal specifically dedicated to Canadian writing. He is most commonly known outside Canada for his book Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (1962).
1911
1. Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman, Dutch jurist and politician, Dutch Minister of The Interior (d. 1997) births
  1. Gaius de Gaay Fortman
    
    Wilhelm Friedrich "Gaius" de Gaay Fortman was a Dutch jurist and politician of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP), which later merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party.
  2. Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
    
    The Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations is the Netherlands' ministry responsible for domestic policy, civil service, public administration, elections, local governments, intelligence, and kingdom relations.
2. Robert Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1938) births
  1. Robert Johnson
    
    Robert Leroy Johnson was an American blues musician and songwriter. His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing, guitar skills, and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians. Although his recording career spanned only 7 months, he is now recognized as a master of the blues, particularly the Delta blues style, and is also one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as being "the first ever rock star".
1910
1. George Male, English footballer (d. 1998) births
  1. George Male
    
    Charles George Male was an English footballer.
2. Andrew E. Svenson, American author and publisher (d. 1975) births
  1. Andrew E. Svenson
    
    Andrew E. Svenson was an American children's author, publisher, and partner in the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Under a variety of pseudonyms, many shared with other authors, Svenson authored or coauthored more than 70 books for children, including books for the Hardy Boys, Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, and Honey Bunch series. He wrote the series The Happy Hollisters using the pseudonym Jerry West and The Tolliver Family as Alan Stone.
3. Mary Lou Williams, American pianist and composer (d. 1981) births
  1. Mary Lou Williams
    
    Mary Lou Williams was an American jazz pianist, arranger, and composer. She wrote hundreds of compositions and arrangements and recorded more than one hundred records. Williams wrote and arranged for Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman, and she was friend, mentor, and teacher to Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Tadd Dameron, Bud Powell, and Dizzy Gillespie.
1907
1. Edmund G. Ross, American soldier and politician, 13th Governor of New Mexico Territory (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Edmund G. Ross
    
    Edmund Gibson Ross was a politician who represented Kansas after the American Civil War and was later governor of the New Mexico Territory. His vote against convicting President Andrew Johnson of "high crimes and misdemeanors" allowed Johnson to stay in office by the margin of one vote. As the seventh of seven Republican U.S. Senators to break with his party, he proved to be the person whose decision would result in conviction or acquittal. When he chose the latter, the vote of 35–19 in favor of Johnson's conviction failed to reach the required two-thirds vote. Ross lost his bid for re-election two years later.
  2. List of governors of New Mexico
    
    The following is a list of the governors of the State of New Mexico and Territory of New Mexico.
1906
1. Roberto Rossellini, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 1977) births
  1. Roberto Rossellini
    
    Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini was an Italian film director, producer, and screenwriter. He was one of the most prominent directors of the Italian neorealist cinema, contributing to the movement with films such as Rome, Open City (1945), Paisan (1946), and Germany, Year Zero (1948).
1905
1. Red Nichols, American cornet player, composer, and bandleader (d. 1965) births
  1. Red Nichols
    
    Ernest Loring "Red" Nichols was an American jazz cornetist, composer, and jazz bandleader.
1904
1. John Snagge, English journalist (d. 1996) births
  1. John Snagge
    
    John Derrick Mordaunt Snagge was a British newsreader and commentator on BBC Radio.
1903
1. Fernandel, French actor and singer (d. 1971) births
  1. Fernandel
    
    Fernand Joseph Désiré Contandin, better known as Fernandel, was a French actor and singer. Born near Marseille, France, to Désirée Bedouin and Denis Contandin, originating in Perosa Argentina, an Occitan town located in the province of Turin, Italy. He was a comedy star who first gained popularity in French vaudeville, operettas, and music-hall revues. His stage name originated from his marriage to Henriette Manse, the sister of his best friend and frequent cinematic collaborator Jean Manse. So attentive was he to his wife that his mother-in-law amusingly referred to him as Fernand d'elle.
2. Mary Stewart, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch, British politician and educator (d. 1984) births
  1. Mary Stewart, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch
    
    Mary Elizabeth Henderson Stewart, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch, was a British politician and educator. She was a baroness in her own right and the wife of Labour Foreign Secretary, Michael Stewart.
3. Paul Gauguin, French painter and sculptor (b. 1848) deaths
  1. Paul Gauguin
    
    Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin was a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his experimental use of colour and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism. Toward the end of his life, he spent ten years in French Polynesia. The paintings from this time depict people or landscapes from that region.
1902
1. André Michel Lwoff, French microbiologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) births
  1. André Michel Lwoff
    
    André Michel Lwoff was a French microbiologist and Nobel laureate of Russian-Polish origin.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1901
1. Turkey Stearnes, American baseball player (d. 1979) births
  1. Turkey Stearnes
    
    Norman Thomas "Turkey" Stearnes was an American baseball outfielder in the Negro leagues. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000.
1899
1. Arthur Q. Bryan, American actor, voice actor, comedian and radio personality (d. 1959) births
  1. Arthur Q. Bryan
    
    Arthur Quirk Bryan was an American actor and radio personality. He is best remembered for his longtime recurring role as well-spoken, wisecracking Dr. Gamble on the radio comedy Fibber McGee and Molly and for creating the voice of the Warner Brothers cartoon character Elmer Fudd.
2. Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist and philosopher, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992) births
  1. Friedrich Hayek
    
    Friedrich August von Hayek, often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian–British economist, legal theorist and philosopher who is best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for their work on money and economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. His account of how changing prices communicate information that helps individuals coordinate their plans is widely regarded as an important achievement in economics, leading to his prize.
  2. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
    
    The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, is an economics award administered by the Nobel Foundation.
3. Jacques Heim, French fashion designer (d. 1967) births
  1. Jacques Heim
    
    Jacques Heim was a French fashion designer and costume designer for theater and film, and was a manufacturer of women's furs. From 1930 to his death in 1967, he ran the fashion house Jacques Heim, which closed in 1969. He was president of the Paris Chambre Syndicale de la haute couture from 1958 to 1962, a period of transition from haute couture to ready-to-wear clothing.
1898
1. Aloysius Stepinac, Croatian cardinal (d. 1960) births
  1. Aloysius Stepinac
    
    Aloysius Viktor Cardinal Stepinac was a senior-ranking Yugoslav Croat prelate of the Catholic Church. A cardinal, Stepinac served as Archbishop of Zagreb from 1937 until his death, a period which included the fascist rule of the Ustaše over the Axis puppet state the Independent State of Croatia from 1941 to 1945 during World War II. He was tried by the communist Yugoslav government after the war and convicted of treason and collaboration with the Ustaše regime. The trial was depicted in the West as a typical communist "show trial", and was described by The New York Times as biased against the Archbishop. However, Professor John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. is of the opinion that the trial was "carried out with proper legal procedure". In a verdict that polarized public opinion both in Yugoslavia and beyond, the Yugoslav authorities found him guilty on the charge of high treason, as well as complicity in the forced conversions of Orthodox Serbs to Catholicism. Stepinac advised individual priests to admit Orthodox believers to the Catholic Church if their lives were in danger, such that this conversion had no validity, allowing them to return to their faith once the danger passed. He was sentenced to 16 years in prison, but served only five at Lepoglava before being transferred to house arrest with his movements confined to his home parish of Krašić.
1895
1. James H. Kindelberger, American businessman (d. 1962) births
  1. James H. Kindelberger
    
    James Howard "Dutch" Kindelberger was an American aviation pioneer. He led North American Aviation from 1934 until 1960. An extroverted character, Kindelberger was famed for his emphasis on hard work, orderliness and punctuality.
2. Fulton J. Sheen, American archbishop (d. 1979) births
  1. Fulton J. Sheen
    
    Fulton John Sheen was an American bishop of the Catholic Church known for his preaching and especially his work on television and radio. Ordained a priest of the Diocese of Peoria in 1919, Sheen quickly became a renowned theologian, earning the Cardinal Mercier Prize for International Philosophy in 1923. He went on to teach theology and philosophy at the Catholic University of America as well as acting as a parish priest before being appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New York in 1951. He held this position until 1966 when he was made the Bishop of Rochester. He resigned in 1969 as his 75th birthday approached, and was made archbishop of the titular see of Newport, Wales.
3. Edmund Wilson, American critic, essayist, and editor (d. 1972) births
  1. Edmund Wilson
    
    Edmund Wilson Jr. was an American writer and literary critic who explored Freudian and Marxist themes. He influenced many American authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose unfinished work he edited for publication. His scheme for a Library of America series of national classic works came to fruition through the efforts of Jason Epstein after Wilson's death.
1893
1. Francis Ouimet, American golfer (d. 1967) births
  1. Francis Ouimet
    
    Francis DeSales Ouimet was an American amateur golfer who is frequently referred to as the "father of amateur golf" in the United States. He won the U.S. Open in 1913 and was the first non-Briton elected Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1974.
2. Edd Roush, American baseball player and coach (d. 1988) births
  1. Edd Roush
    
    Edd J. Roush was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a center fielder from 1913 to 1931, most prominently as a member of the Cincinnati Reds where he was a two-time National League (NL) batting champion and led the team to the 1919 World Series championship. He also played for the New York Giants, Chicago White Sox as well as the Newark Peppers and the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the Federal League. Roush accumulated a .323 batting average over his 18-year playing career and, was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.
3. Teddy Wakelam, English rugby player and sportscaster (d. 1963) births
  1. Teddy Wakelam
    
    Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Blythe Thornhill Wakelam, known as Teddy Wakelam, was an English sports broadcaster and rugby union player who captained Harlequin F.C.
4. Manuel González Flores, Mexican general and president, 1880–1884 (b. 1833) deaths
  1. Manuel González Flores
    
    Manuel del Refugio González Flores was a Mexican military general and liberal politician who served as the 35th President of Mexico from 1880 to 1884. Before initiating his presidential career, González played important roles in the Mexican–American War as a lieutenant, and later in the Reform War as general on the conservative side. In the French intervention in Mexico, González fought for the Mexican Republic under the command of General Porfirio Díaz. He supported Díaz's attempts to gain the presidency of Mexico, which succeeded in 1876. He served as Mexican Secretary of War in the Díaz administration from 1878 to 1879. Díaz could not be re-elected to the presidency in 1880, since the basis of his coup against Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada was the principle of no-reelection, so Díaz worked for the election of his political client González, who would be a weak rival should Díaz run again. His presidency from 1880 to 1884 is marked by a number of major diplomatic and domestic achievements, which historian Friedrich Katz considers to be no less than "the profound transformation" of Mexico. Although the González presidency has been considered corrupt, that assessment is colored by the difficult financial circumstances in 1884 and by Díaz's campaign to discredit his successor, paving the way for his own re-election in 1884.
1892
1. Adriaan Pelt, Dutch journalist and diplomat (d. 1981) births
  1. Adriaan Pelt
    
    Adriaan Pelt was a Dutch journalist, international civil servant and diplomat, most famous for drafting the post war constitution of Libya.
1891
1. Helena Blavatsky, Russian-English mystic and author (b. 1831) deaths
  1. Helena Blavatsky
    
    Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, often known as Madame Blavatsky, was a Russian mystic and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 1875. She gained an international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy.
2. John Robertson, English-Australian politician, 5th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1816) deaths
  1. John Robertson (premier)
    
    Sir John Robertson, was a London-born Australian politician and Premier of New South Wales on five occasions. Robertson is best remembered for land reform and in particular the Robertson Land Acts of 1861, which sought to open up the selection of Crown land and break the monopoly of the squatters.
  2. Premier of New South Wales
    
    The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.
1885
1. Thomas B. Costain, Canadian journalist and author (d. 1965) births
  1. Thomas B. Costain
    
    Thomas Bertram Costain was a Canadian-American journalist who became a best-selling author of historical novels at the age of 57.
1884
1. Harry S. Truman, American colonel and politician, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972) births
  1. Harry S. Truman
    
    Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin Roosevelt and as a United States senator from Missouri from 1935 to January 1945. Assuming the presidency after Roosevelt's death, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the Conservative Coalition which dominated the Congress.
  2. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
1880
1. Gustave Flaubert, French novelist (b. 1821) deaths
  1. Gustave Flaubert
    
    Gustave Flaubert was a French novelist. Highly influential, he has been considered the leading exponent of literary realism in his country. According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas, "in Flaubert, realism strives for formal perfection, so the presentation of reality tends to be neutral, emphasizing the values and importance of style as an objective method of presenting reality". He is known especially for his debut novel Madame Bovary (1857), his Correspondence, and his scrupulous devotion to his style and aesthetics. The celebrated short story writer Guy de Maupassant was a protégé of Flaubert. On the occasion of Flaubert's 198th birthday, a group of researchers at CNRS published a neural language model under his name.
1879
1. Wesley Coe, American shot putter, discus thrower, and tug of war competitor (d. 1926) births
  1. Wesley Coe
    
    Wesley William Coe Jr., sometimes listed as William Wesley Coe Jr., was an American track and field athlete who competed principally in the shot put and also in the hammer throw, discus throw, and tug of war.
  2. Tug of war
    
    Tug of war is a sport that pits two teams against each other in a test of strength: teams pull on opposite ends of a rope, with the goal being to bring the rope a certain distance in one direction against the force of the opposing team's pull.
1867
1. Margarete Böhme, German novelist (d. 1939) births
  1. Margarete Böhme
    
    Margarete Böhme was, arguably, one of the most widely read German writers of the early 20th century. Böhme authored 40 novels – as well as short stories, autobiographical sketches, and articles. The Diary of a Lost Girl, first published in 1905 as Tagebuch einer Verlorenen, is her best known and bestselling book. By the end of the 1920s, it had sold more than a million copies, ranking it among the bestselling books of its time. One contemporary scholar has called it “Perhaps the most notorious and certainly the commercially most successful autobiographical narrative of the early twentieth century.”
1859
1. Johan Jensen, Danish mathematician and engineer (d. 1925) births
  1. Johan Jensen (mathematician)
    
    Johan Ludwig William Valdemar Jensen, mostly known as Johan Jensen, was a Danish mathematician and engineer. He was the president of the Danish Mathematical Society from 1892 to 1903.
1858
1. Heinrich Berté, Slovak-Austrian composer (d. 1924) births
  1. Heinrich Berté
    
    Heinrich Berté, born Heinrich Bettelheim was an Austria-Hungarian composer of operas and operettas.
2. J. Meade Falkner, English author and poet (d. 1932) births
  1. J. Meade Falkner
    
    John Meade Falkner was an English novelist and poet, best known for his 1898 novel Moonfleet. An extremely successful businessman, he became chairman of the arms manufacturer Armstrong Whitworth during World War I.
1856
1. Pedro Lascuráin, Mexican politician, president for 45 minutes on February 13, 1913. (d. 1952) births
  1. Pedro Lascuráin
    
    Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes was a Mexican politician who served as the 38th President of Mexico for less than one hour on February 19, 1913, the shortest presidency in history. He had earlier served as Mexico's foreign secretary for two terms and was the director of a small law school in Mexico City for sixteen years.
1853
1. Dan Brouthers, American baseball player and manager (d. 1932) births
  1. Dan Brouthers
    
    Dennis Joseph "Dan" Brouthers was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball whose career spanned the period from 1879 to 1896, with a brief return in 1904. Nicknamed "Big Dan" for his size, he was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) and weighed 207 pounds (94 kg), which was large by 19th-century standards.
2. Jan Roothaan, Dutch priest, 21st Superior General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1785) deaths
  1. Jan Roothaan
    
    Jan Philipp Roothaan was a Dutch Jesuit, elected twenty-first Superior-General of the Society of Jesus.
  2. Superior General of the Society of Jesus
    
    The superior general of the Society of Jesus is the leader of the Society of Jesus, the Catholic religious order also known as the Jesuits. He is generally addressed as Father General. The position sometimes carries the nickname of the Black Pope, because of his responsibility for the largest male religious order, in contrast with the white garb of the pope. The thirty-first and current superior general is Fr Arturo Sosa, elected by the 36th General Congregation on 14 October 2016.
1850
1. Ross Barnes, American baseball player and manager (d. 1915) births
  1. Ross Barnes
    
    Charles Roscoe Barnes was one of the stars of baseball's National Association (1871–1875) and the early National League (1876–1881), playing second base and shortstop. He played for the dominant Boston Red Stockings teams of the early 1870s, along with Albert Spalding, Cal McVey, George Wright, Harry Wright, Jim O'Rourke, and Deacon White. Despite playing for these star-studded teams, many claim that Ross was the most valuable to his teams.
1846
1. Oscar Hammerstein I, American businessman and composer (d. 1919) births
  1. Oscar Hammerstein I
    
    Oscar Hammerstein I was a German-born businessman, theater impresario, and composer in New York City. His passion for opera led him to open several opera houses, and he rekindled opera's popularity in America. He was the grandfather of American playwright/lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II and the father of theater manager William Hammerstein and American producer Arthur Hammerstein.
1842
1. Emil Christian Hansen, Danish physiologist and mycologist (d. 1909) births
  1. Emil Christian Hansen
    
    Emil Christian Hansen was a Danish mycologist and fermentation physiologist.
2. Jules Dumont d'Urville, French admiral and explorer (b. 1790) deaths
  1. Jules Dumont d'Urville
    
    Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville was a French explorer and naval officer who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. As a botanist and cartographer, he gave his name to several seaweeds, plants and shrubs, and places such as d'Urville Island in New Zealand.
1839
1. Adolphe-Basile Routhier, Canadian judge, author, and songwriter (d. 1920) births
  1. Adolphe-Basile Routhier
    
    Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier was a Canadian judge, author, and lyricist. He wrote the lyrics of the original French version of the Canadian national anthem "O Canada". He was born in Saint-Placide, Quebec, to Charles Routhier and Angélique Lafleur.
1837
1. Alexander Balashov, Russian general and politician, Russian Minister of Police (b. 1770) deaths
  1. Alexander Balashov
    
    Alexander Dmitriyevich Balashov was a Russian general and statesman.
  2. Ministry of Police of the Russian Empire
    
    Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia was created in the course of Government reform of Alexander I in 1810 and existed till 1819.
1835
1. Bertalan Székely, Hungarian painter and academic (d. 1910) births
  1. Bertalan Székely
    
    Bertalan Székely was a Hungarian history and portrait painter who worked in the Romantic and Academic styles.
1829
1. Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American pianist and composer (d. 1869) births
  1. Louis Moreau Gottschalk
    
    Louis Moreau Gottschalk was an American composer and pianist, best known as a virtuoso performer of his own romantic piano works. He spent most of his working career outside the United States.
1828
1. Henry Dunant, Swiss businessman and activist, co-founded the Red Cross, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1910) births
  1. Henry Dunant
    
    Henry Dunant, also known as Henri Dunant, was a Swiss humanitarian, businessman, and social activist. He was the visionary, promoter, and co-founder of the Red Cross. In 1901, he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy. Dunant was the first Swiss Nobel laureate.
  2. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
    
    The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering. Within it there are three distinct organisations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations.
  3. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
2. Charbel Makhluf, Lebanese monk and saint (d. 1898) births
  1. Charbel Makhlouf
    
    Charbel Makhlouf, O.L.M., born Youssef Antoun Makhlouf and venerated as Saint Charbel, was a Maronite monk and priest from Lebanon. During his life, he obtained a wide reputation for holiness, and for his ability to unite Christians and Muslims. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church.
3. Mauro Giuliani, Italian guitarist, cellist, and composer (b. 1781) deaths
  1. Mauro Giuliani
    
    Mauro Giuseppe Sergio Pantaleo Giuliani was an Italian guitarist, cellist, singer, and composer. He was a leading guitar virtuoso of the early 19th century.
1825
1. George Bruce Malleson, English-Indian colonel and author (d. 1898) births
  1. George Bruce Malleson
    
    Colonel George Bruce Malleson was an English officer in India and author.
1824
1. William Walker, American physician, lawyer, journalist and mercenary (d. 1860) births
  1. William Walker (filibuster)
    
    William Walker was an American physician, lawyer, journalist, and mercenary. In the era of the expansion of the United States, driven by the doctrine of "manifest destiny", Walker organized unauthorized military expeditions into Mexico and Central America with the intention of establishing private colonies. Such an enterprise was known at the time as "filibustering".
1822
1. John Stark, American general (b. 1728) deaths
  1. John Stark
    
    John Stark was a New Hampshire native who served as an officer in the British Army during the French and Indian war and a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He became widely known as the "Hero of Bennington" for his exemplary service at the Battle of Bennington in 1777.
1821
1. William Henry Vanderbilt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1885) births
  1. William Henry Vanderbilt
    
    William Henry Vanderbilt was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the eldest son of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, an heir to his fortune and a prominent member of the Vanderbilt family. Vanderbilt became the richest American after he took over his father's fortune in 1877 until his own death in 1885, passing on a substantial part of the fortune to his wife and children, particularly to his sons Cornelius II and William. He inherited nearly $100 million from his father. The fortune had doubled when he died less than nine years later.
1819
1. Kamehameha I, king of the Hawaiian Islands (b. 1738) deaths
  1. Kamehameha I
    
    Kamehameha I, also known as Kamehameha the Great, was the conqueror and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii. The state of Hawaii gave a statue of him to the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C. as one of two statues it is entitled to install there.
1818
1. Samuel Leonard Tilley, Canadian pharmacist and politician, 3rd Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1896) births
  1. Samuel Leonard Tilley
    
    Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley was a Canadian politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation. Tilley was descended from United Empire Loyalists on both sides of his family. As a pharmacist, he went into business as a druggist.
  2. List of premiers of New Brunswick
    
    The Canadian province of New Brunswick was a British crown colony before it joined Canada in 1867. It had a system of responsible government beginning in 1854, and has kept its own legislature to deal with provincial matters. New Brunswick has a unicameral Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the premier is the leader of the party that has the confidence of the Legislative Assembly to form a government. The premier is New Brunswick's head of government, and the king of Canada is its head of state and is represented by the lieutenant governor of New Brunswick. The premier picks a cabinet from the elected members to form the Executive Council of New Brunswick, and presides over that body.
1815
1. Edward Tompkins, American lawyer and politician (d. 1872) births
  1. Edward Tompkins
    
    Edward Tompkins (1815–1872) was an American lawyer. He is best known for endowing a chair at the University of California where he had been elected to the board of regents.
1794
1. Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist and biologist (b. 1743) deaths
  1. Antoine Lavoisier
    
    Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
1788
1. Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian physician and botanist (b. 1723) deaths
  1. Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
    
    Giovanni Antonio Scopoli was an Italian physician and naturalist. His biographer Otto Guglia named him the "first anational European" and the "Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire".
1786
1. John Vianney, French priest and saint (d. 1859) births
  1. John Vianney
    
    John Vianney, venerated as Saint John Vianney, was a French Catholic priest who is venerated in the Catholic Church as a saint and as the patron saint of parish priests. He is often referred to as the "Curé d'Ars", internationally known for his priestly and pastoral work in his parish in Ars, France, because of the radical spiritual transformation of the community and its surroundings. Catholics attribute this to his saintly life, mortification, persevering ministry in the sacrament of confession, and ardent devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. His feast day is August 4.
1785
1. Étienne François, duc de Choiseul, French general and politician, Prime Minister of France (b. 1719) deaths
  1. Étienne François, duc de Choiseul
    
    Étienne François, Marquis de Stainville, Duc de Choiseul, KOHS, OGF was a French military officer, diplomat and statesman. From 1758 to 1761 and from 1766 to 1770, he was Foreign Minister of France and had a strong influence on France's global strategy throughout the period. He is closely associated with France's defeat in the Seven Years' War and subsequent efforts to rebuild French prestige.
  2. Prime Minister of France
    
    The prime minister of France, officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.
2. Pietro Longhi, Italian painter (b. 1701) deaths
  1. Pietro Longhi
    
    Pietro Longhi was a Venetian painter of contemporary genre scenes of life.
1782
1. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese politician, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1699) deaths
  1. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal
    
    Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras, known as the Marquis of Pombal, was a Portuguese statesman and diplomat who effectively ruled the Portuguese Empire from 1750 to 1777 as chief minister to King Joseph I. A liberal reformer influenced by the Age of Enlightenment, Pombal led Portugal's recovery from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and modernized the kingdom's administrative, economic, and ecclesiastical institutions. During his lengthy ministerial career, Pombal accumulated and exercised autocratic power.
  2. Prime Minister of Portugal
    
    The prime minister of Portugal is the head of government of Portugal. As head of government, the prime minister coordinates the actions of ministers, represents the Government of Portugal to the other bodies of state, is accountable to parliament and keeps the president informed. The prime minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries.
1781
1. Richard Jago, English priest and poet (b. 1715) deaths
  1. Richard Jago
    
    Richard Jago was an English clergyman poet and minor landscape gardener from Warwickshire. Although his writing was not highly regarded by contemporaries, some of it was sufficiently novel to have several imitators.
1773
1. Ali Bey al-Kabir, Egyptian sultan (b. 1728) deaths
  1. Ali Bey al-Kabir
    
    Ali Bey al-Kabir was a Mamluk leader in Egypt. Nicknamed Jinn Ali and Bulut Kapan ("Cloud-Catcher"), Ali Bey rose to prominence in 1768 when he rebelled against his Ottoman rulers, making the Egypt Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire independent for a short time. His rule ended following the insubordination of his most trusted general, Abu al-Dahab, which led to Ali Bey's downfall and death.
1766
1. Samuel Chandler, English minister and author (b. 1693) deaths
  1. Samuel Chandler
    
    Samuel Chandler was an English Nonconformist minister and pamphleteer. He has been called the "uncrowned patriarch of Dissent" in the latter part of George II's reign.
1753
1. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Mexican priest and rebel leader (d. 1811) births
  1. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
    
    Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor , more commonly known as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or Miguel Hidalgo, was a Catholic priest, leader of the Mexican War of Independence and recognized as the Father of the Nation.
1745
1. Carl Stamitz, German violinist and composer (d. 1801) births
  1. Carl Stamitz
    
    Carl Philipp Stamitz was a German composer of partial Czech ancestry. He was the most prominent representative of the second generation of the Mannheim School.
1737
1. Edward Gibbon, English historian and politician (d. 1794) births
  1. Edward Gibbon
    
    Edward Gibbon was an English historian, writer, and member of parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788, is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its polemical criticism of organised religion.
1735
1. Nathaniel Dance-Holland, English painter and politician (d. 1811) births
  1. Nathaniel Dance-Holland
    
    Sir Nathaniel Dance-Holland, 1st Baronet was an English portrait painter and later a politician.
1720
1. William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1764) births
  1. William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
    
    William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire,, styled Lord Cavendish before 1729, and Marquess of Hartington between 1729 and 1755, was a British Whig statesman and nobleman who was briefly nominal 5th Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was the first son of William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire and his wife, Catherine Hoskins. He is also a great-great-great-great-great-grandfather of King Charles III through the king's maternal great-grandmother.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1698
1. Henry Baker, English naturalist (d. 1774) births
  1. Henry Baker (naturalist)
    
    Henry Baker was a British naturalist.
1670
1. Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire (d. 1726) births
  1. Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans
    
    Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans, KG was an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England by his mistress Nell Gwyn.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire
    
    This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire. Since 1689, all Lords Lieutenant have also been Custos Rotulorum of Berkshire.
1668
1. Catherine of St. Augustine, French-Canadian nun and saint (b. 1632) deaths
  1. Catherine of St. Augustine
    
    Mary Catherine of St. Augustine, OSA, was a French canoness regular who was instrumental in the development of the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec in service to the colony of New France. She has been beatified by the Catholic Church.
1653
1. Claude Louis Hector de Villars, French general and politician, French Minister of Defence (d. 1734) births
  1. Claude Louis Hector de Villars
    
    Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Prince de Martigues, Marquis then Duc de Villars, Vicomte de Melun was a French military commander and an illustrious general of Louis XIV of France. He was one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France.
  2. Minister of the Armed Forces (France)
    
    The Minister of the Armed Forces is the leader and most senior official of the French Ministry of the Armed Forces, tasked with running the French Armed Forces. The minister is the third highest civilian having authority over France's military, behind only the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister. Based on the governments, they may be assisted by a minister or state secretary for veterans' affairs.
1641
1. Nicolaes Witsen, Mayor of Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 1717) births
  1. Nicolaes Witsen
    
    Nicolaes Witsen was a Dutch statesman who was mayor of Amsterdam thirteen times, between 1682 and 1706. In 1693 he became administrator of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). In 1689 he was extraordinary-ambassador to the English court and became Fellow of the Royal Society. In his free time, he was cartographer, maritime writer, and an authority on shipbuilding. His books on the subject are important sources on Dutch shipbuilding in the 17th century. Furthermore, he was an expert on Russian affairs. He was the first to describe Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia in his study Noord en Oost Tartarye [North and East Tartary].
1639
1. Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian artist (d. 1709) births
  1. Giovanni Battista Gaulli
    
    Giovanni Battista Gaulli, also known as Baciccio or Baciccia, was an Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods. He is best known for his grand illusionistic vault frescos in the Church of the Gesù in Rome, Italy. His work was influenced by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
1632
1. Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming, German field marshal and politician (d. 1706) births
  1. Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming
    
    Heino Heinrich Reichsgraf von Flemming was a Saxon, later Brandenburger army leader and Field Marshal and Governor of Berlin.
1629
1. Niels Juel, Norwegian-Danish admiral (d. 1697) births
  1. Niels Juel
    
    Niels Juel was a Danish admiral and a naval hero. He served as supreme command of the Dano-Norwegian Navy during the late 17th century and oversaw development of the Danish-Norwegian Navy.
1628
1. Angelo Italia, Sicilian Jesuit and architect (d. 1700) births
  1. Angelo Italia
    
    Angelo Italia was an Italian Jesuit and Baroque architect, who was born in Licata and died in Palermo. He designed a number of churches in Sicily, and later worked to reconstruct three cities following the 1693 Sicily earthquake.
1622
1. Claes Rålamb, Swedish politician (d. 1698) births
  1. Claes Rålamb
    
    Claes Rålamb was a Swedish statesman. In 1660 he was appointed Governor of Uppland County and in 1664 he served in the Privy Council. Between 1673 and 1678, he served as the Over-Governor of Stockholm.
1587
1. Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1637) births
  1. Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy
    
    Victor Amadeus I was the Duke of Savoy from 1630 to 1637. He was also known as the Lion of Susa.
1551
1. Thomas Drury, English government informer and swindler (d. 1603) births
  1. Thomas Drury (1551–1603)
    
    Thomas Drury was a British government informer, messenger and swindler, who is noted for having been one of the main people responsible for accusations of heresy, blasphemy and seditious atheism on the part of the Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe given to the Privy Council in May 1593. Within a couple of weeks, Marlowe—at just 29 the same age as William Shakespeare, but one of the single greatest influences upon his work—was dead.
2. Barbara Radziwiłł, queen of Poland (b. 1520) deaths
  1. Barbara Radziwiłł
    
    Barbara Radziwiłł was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as consort of Sigismund II Augustus, the last male monarch of the Jagiellon dynasty. Barbara, a great beauty and already widowed, became a royal mistress most likely in 1543 and they married in secret in July or August 1547. The marriage caused a scandal; it was vehemently opposed by Polish nobles, including Queen mother Bona Sforza. Sigismund Augustus, assisted by Barbara's cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł and brother Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, worked tirelessly to gain recognition of their marriage and to crown Barbara as Queen of Poland. They succeeded and Barbara's coronation was held on 7 December 1550 at Wawel Cathedral. However, her health was already failing and she died just five months later. Even though it was brief, her reign propelled the Radziwiłł family to new heights of political power and influence.
1538
1. Edward Foxe, English bishop and academic (b. 1496) deaths
  1. Edward Foxe
    
    Edward Foxe was an English churchman, Bishop of Hereford. He played a major role in Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and he assisted in drafting the Ten Articles of 1536.
1521
1. Peter Canisius, Dutch-Swiss priest and saint (d. 1597) births
  1. Peter Canisius
    
    Peter Canisius was a renowned Dutch Jesuit Catholic priest. He became known for his strong support for the Catholic faith during the Protestant Reformation in Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Switzerland and the British Isles. The restoration of the Catholic Church in Germany after the Protestant Reformation is largely attributed to the work there of the Society of Jesus, which he led. He is venerated in the Catholic Church as a saint and as a Doctor of the Church.
1508
1. Charles Wriothesley, English Officer of Arms (d. 1562) births
  1. Charles Wriothesley
    
    Charles Wriothesley was a long-serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. He was the last member of a dynasty of heralds that started with his grandfather—Garter Principal King of Arms John Writhe.
1492
1. Andrea Alciato, Italian jurist and writer (d. 1550) births
  1. Andrea Alciato
    
    Andrea Alciato, commonly known as Alciati, was an Italian jurist and writer. He is regarded as the founder of the French school of legal humanists.
1473
1. John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (b. 1420) deaths
  1. John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire
    
    John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire KG, KB was an English nobleman, the youngest son of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham. In 1461 he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath.
1460
1. Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536) births
  1. Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
    
    Frederick I of Ansbach and Bayreuth was born at Ansbach as the eldest son of Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg by his second wife Anna, daughter of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony. His elder half-brother was the Elector John Cicero of Brandenburg. Friedrich succeeded his father as Margrave of Ansbach in 1486 and his younger brother Siegmund as Margrave of Bayreuth in 1495.
1427
1. John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1470) births
  1. John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
    
    John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester KG, was an English nobleman and scholar who served as Lord High Treasurer, Lord High Constable of England and Lord Deputy of Ireland. He was known as "the Butcher of England" to his Tudor detractors.
1326
1. Joan I, Countess of Auvergne (d. 1360) births
  1. Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
    
    Joan I was ruling Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne from 1332 to 1360 and Queen of France by her marriage to King John II.
1319
1. Haakon V, king of Norway (b. 1270) deaths
  1. Haakon V
    
    Haakon V Magnusson was king of Norway from 1299 until 1319.
1278
1. Duan Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1269) deaths
  1. Emperor Duanzong
    
    Emperor Duanzong of Song, personal name Zhao Shi, was the 17th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the eighth and penultimate emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was the fifth son of Emperor Duzong and an elder brother of his predecessor, Emperor Gong and successor Zhao Bing.
1220
1. Richeza of Denmark, queen of Sweden deaths
  1. Richeza of Denmark
    
    Richeza of Denmark was Queen of Sweden as the wife of King Eric X, and the mother of King Eric XI.
1192
1. Ottokar IV, duke of Styria (b. 1163) deaths
  1. Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria
    
    Ottokar IV, a member of the Otakar dynasty, was Margrave of Styria from 1164 and Duke from 1180, when Styria, previously a margraviate subordinated to the stem duchy of Bavaria, was raised to the status of an independent duchy.
1157
1. Ahmed Sanjar, Seljuk sultan (b. 1086) deaths
  1. Ahmad Sanjar
    
    Ahmad Senjer was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until in 1118, when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled until his death in 1157.
997
1. Tai Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 939) deaths
  1. Emperor Taizong of Song
    
    Zhao Jiong, known as Zhao Guangyi from 960 to 977 and Zhao Kuangyi before 960, also known by his temple name Taizong after his death, was the second emperor of the Song dynasty of China. He reigned from 976 to his death in 997. He was a younger brother of his predecessor Emperor Taizu, and the father of his successor Emperor Zhenzong.
685
1. Pope Benedict II deaths
  1. Pope Benedict II
    
    Pope Benedict II was the bishop of Rome from 26 June 684 to his death. Pope Benedict II's feast day is 8 May.
615
1. Pope Boniface IV (b. 550) deaths
  1. Pope Boniface IV
    
    Pope Boniface IV was the bishop of Rome from 608 to his death. Boniface had served as a deacon under Pope Gregory I, and like his mentor, he ran the Lateran Palace as a monastery. As pope, he encouraged monasticism. With imperial permission, he converted the Pantheon into a church. In 610, he conferred with Bishop Mellitus of London regarding the needs of the English Church. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church with a universal feast day on 8 May.
535
1. Pope John II deaths
  1. Pope John II
    
    Pope John II, born Mercurius, was the bishop of Rome from 2 January 533 to his death. As a priest at St. Clement's Basilica, he endowed that church with gifts and commissioned stone carvings for it. Mercurius became the first pope to adopt a new Papal name upon his elevation to the office. During his pontificate, John II notably removed Bishop Contumeliosus of Riez from his office, convened a council on the readmission of Arian clergy, and approved an edict of emperor Justinian, promulgating doctrine opposed by his predecessor, Pope Hormisdas.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Amato Ronconi
1. Amato Ronconi
  
  Amato Ronconi was an Italian Catholic who became a professed member of the Secular Franciscan Order. Ronconi lived a life of penitence and dedicated all his works to the poor through the construction of chapels and hospitals – one such hospital still exists in his home of Rimini. His good deeds never went unnoticed for the townspeople hailed Ronconi as a saint in their midst even in the face of a slanderous accusation a jealous sister-in-law spread.
Christian feast day: Apparition of Saint Michael
1. Michael (archangel)
  
  Michael, also called Saint Michael the Archangel, Saint Michael the Taxiarch in Orthodoxy and Archangel Michael is an archangel in Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i faith. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in 3rd- and 2nd-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the angels and archangels and responsible for the care of Israel. Christianity adopted nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him, and he is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7–12, where he does battle with Satan, and in the Epistle of Jude, where the author denounces heretics by contrasting them with Michael.
Christian feast day: Arsenius the Great
1. Arsenius the Great
  
  Saint Arsenius the Deacon, sometimes known as Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, Arsenius the Roman or Arsenius the Great, was a Roman imperial tutor who became an anchorite in Egypt, one of the most highly regarded of the Desert Fathers, whose teachings were greatly influential on the development of asceticism and the contemplative life.
Christian feast day: Desideratus
1. Desideratus
  
  Desideratus was a French saint from Soissons in the Christian church.
Christian feast day: Blessed Catherine of St. Augustine
1. Catherine of St. Augustine
  
  Mary Catherine of St. Augustine, OSA, was a French canoness regular who was instrumental in the development of the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec in service to the colony of New France. She has been beatified by the Catholic Church.
Christian feast day: Julian of Norwich (Anglican, Lutheran)
1. Julian of Norwich
  
  Julian of Norwich, also known as Juliana of Norwich, Dame Julian or Mother Julian, was an English mystic and anchoress of the Middle Ages. Her writings, now known as Revelations of Divine Love, are the earliest surviving English language works by a woman, although it is possible that some anonymous works may have had female authors. They are also the only surviving English language works by an anchoress.
2. Anglicanism
  
  Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.
3. Lutheranism
  
  Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation. The reaction of the government and church authorities to the international spread of his writings, beginning with the Ninety-five Theses, divided Western Christianity. During the Reformation, Lutheranism became the state religion of numerous states of northern Europe, especially in northern Germany, Scandinavia and the then Livonian Order. Lutheran clergy became civil servants and the Lutheran churches became part of the state.
Christian feast day: Magdalene of Canossa
1. Magdalene of Canossa
  
  Magdalena di Canossa was an Italian professed religious and foundress of the two Canossian congregations. Magdalena was a leading advocate for the poor in her region after she witnessed first hand the plight of the poor following the spillover effects of the French Revolution into the Italian peninsula through the Napoleonic invasion of the northern territories. Canossa collaborated with humanitarians such as Leopoldina Naudet and Antonio Rosmini in her mission of promoting the needs of the poor and setting a new method of religious life for both men and women.
Christian feast day: Our Lady of Luján
1. Our Lady of Luján
  
  Our Lady of Luján is a celebrated 16th-century statue of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ. The image, also known as the Virgin of Luján, is on display in the Basilica of Luján in Argentina. The feast day of Our Lady of Luján is May 8.
Christian feast day: Peter II of Tarentaise
1. Peter II of Tarentaise
  
  Peter, usually known as Peter of Tarentaise, was a Cistercian monk who served as the archbishop of Tarentaise from 1141 until his death.
Christian feast day: Blessed Teresa Demjanovich (Ruthenian Catholic Church)
1. Teresa Demjanovich
  
  Miriam Teresa Demjanovich, SC was an American Ruthenian Catholic Sister of Charity who has been beatified by the Catholic Church. The beatification ceremony was the first to take place in the United States.
2. Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
  
  The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, also known in the United States simply as the Byzantine Catholic Church, is an Eastern Catholic church that uses the Byzantine Rite for its liturgies, laws, and cultural identity. It is one of the 23 sui juris Eastern Catholic churches that are in full communion with the Holy See and the rest of the Catholic Church. There are significant, culturally distinct communities in the United States, Canada, and Europe. In the United States, the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh is self-governing. In Europe, Ruthenian jurisdictions are exempt, i.e. dependent directly on the Holy See. The European branch has an eparchy in Ukraine and another in the Czech Republic.
Christian feast day: May 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. May 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  May 7 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 9
Earliest day on which Mother's Day can fall, while May 14 is the latest; celebrated on the second Sunday of May. (United States and others)
1. Mother's Day
  
  Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March or May. It complements similar celebrations, largely pushed by commercial interests, honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.
Earliest day on which State Flag and State Emblem Day can fall, while May 14 is the latest; celebrated on the second Sunday of May. (Belarus)
1. Public holidays in Belarus
  
  National holidays in Belarus are classified into state holidays and other holidays and commemorative days, including religious holidays. Nine of them are non-working days.
2. Belarus
  
  Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.4 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.
Earliest day on which World Fair Trade Day can fall, while May 14 is the latest; celebrated on the second Saturday of May (site of the WFTO) (International)
1. World Fair Trade Organization
  
  The World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), is a global association of 401 organizations who are committed to improving the livelihoods of economically marginalised producers. WFTO has members in 76 countries. Members are primarily fair trade enterprises, whose business model is verified by independent audit and peer review. Verification is at enterprise level, which covers all aspects of the business and supply chain. WFTO verification should not be confused with commodity certification systems, such as Fairtrade certification, where only a component of the product is covered. The WFTO product label can only be used by verified fair trade enterprises, which consist of producer cooperatives and associations, export marketing companies, importers, retailers, national and regional fair trade networks and Fair Trade Support Organizations. WFTO is democratically run on a one member one vote basis. WFTO was created in 1989 and was formerly the International Federation of Alternative Traders ("IFAT").
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
Emancipation Day (Columbus, Mississippi)
1. Emancipation Day
  
  Emancipation Day is observed in many former European colonies in the Caribbean and areas of the United States on various dates to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent.
2. Columbus, Mississippi
  
  Columbus is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County, on the eastern border of Mississippi, United States, located primarily east, but also north and northeast of the Tombigbee River, which is also part of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. It is approximately 146 miles (235 km) northeast of Jackson, 92 miles (148 km) north of Meridian, 63 miles (101 km) south of Tupelo, 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and 120 miles (193 km) west of Birmingham, Alabama.
Furry Dance (Helston, UK)
1. Furry Dance
  
  The most famous Furry Dance takes place in Helston, Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is one of the oldest British customs still practised today. The earliest mention seems to be in a letter to the Gentleman's Magazine for 1790 where the writer says "At Helstone, a genteel and populus borough town in Cornwall, it is customary to dedicate the 8th May to revelry. It is called Furry Day". The dance is very well attended every year and people travel from all over the world to see it: Helston Town Band play all the music for the dances.
2. Helston
  
  Helston is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated at the northern end of the Lizard Peninsula approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of Penzance and 9 miles (14 km) south-west of Falmouth. Helston is the most southerly town on the island of Great Britain and is around 1.5 miles (2.4 km) farther south than Penzance. The population in 2011 was 11,700.
Liberation Day (Czech Republic)
1. Liberation Day
  
  Liberation Day is a day, often a public holiday, that marks the liberation of a place, similar to an independence day. Liberation marks the date of either a revolution, as in Cuba, the fall of a dictatorship, as in Portugal, or the end of an occupation by another state, as in the Netherlands, thereby differing from original independence day or creation of statehood.
2. Czech Republic
  
  The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec.
Miguel Hidalgo's birthday (Mexico)
1. Public holidays in Mexico
  
  In Mexico there are three major kinds of public holidays:Statutory holiday: Holidays observed all around Mexico. Employees are entitled to a day off with regular pay and schools are closed for the day. Civic holiday: These holidays are observed nationwide, but employees are not entitled to a day off with pay and schools still continue. Festivities: These are traditional holidays to honor religious events, such as Carnival, Holy Week, Easter, etc. or public celebrations, such as Mother's Day, Father's Day, Valentine's Day, etc.
Parents' Day (South Korea)
1. Parents' Day
  
  Parents' Day is observed in South Korea on May 8 and in the United States. The South Korean designation was established in 1973, replacing the Mother's Day previously marked on May 8, and includes public and private celebrations. The United States day was created in 1994 under President Bill Clinton. June 1 has also been proclaimed as "Global Day of Parents" by the United Nations as a mark of appreciation for the commitment of parents towards their children. In the Philippines, while it is not strictly observed or celebrated, the first Monday of December each year is proclaimed as Parents' Day.
Truman Day (Missouri)
1. Truman Day
  
  Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008–2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the holiday. For Missouri state employees, this is a paid holiday.
2. Missouri
  
  Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states : Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska to the west. In the south are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Missouri River, after which the state is named, flows through the center into the Mississippi River, which makes up the eastern border. With more than six million residents, it is the 19th-most populous state of the country. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City.
Veterans Day (Norway)
1. Veterans Day (Norway)
  
  Veterans Day in Norway on May 8 was first observed in 2011. It recognizes the efforts of veterans of World War II, United Nations peacekeeping initiatives and other international operations.
Victory in Europe Day, and its related observances (Europe): Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War, continues to May 9
1. Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War
  
  The Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War is an annual international day of remembrance designated by Resolution 59/26 of the United Nations General Assembly on November 22, 2004. The resolution urges 'Member States, organizations of the United Nations system, non-governmental organizations and individuals' to pay tribute to the victims of World War II.
White Lotus Day (Theosophy)
1. White Lotus Day
  
  White Lotus Day is a celebration of Theosophists. It is celebrated 8 May, the anniversary of the death of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, founder of the Theosophical Society. Though there are several theosophical organisations, this is one celebration they have in common.
2. Theosophy
  
  Theosophy is a religion established in the United States during the late 19th century. It was founded primarily by the Russian Helena Blavatsky and draws its teachings predominantly from Blavatsky's writings. Categorized by scholars of religion as both a new religious movement and as part of the occultist stream of Western esotericism, it draws upon both older European philosophies such as Neoplatonism and Asian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day (International)
1. World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day
  
  World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day is an annual celebration of the principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. World Red Cross Red Crescent Day is celebrated on 8 May each year. This date is the anniversary of the birth of Jean-Henry Dunant, who was born on 8 May 1828. He was the founder of International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the recipient of the first Nobel Peace Prize.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.