Important events in history
on March 27 ^th

Events

2020
1. North Macedonia becomes the 30th member of NATO.
  1. North Macedonia
    
    North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It is a landlocked country bordering Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south, and Albania to the west. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's 1.83 million people. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Romani, Serbs, Bosniaks, Aromanians and a few other minorities.
  2. NATO
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implemented the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the perceived threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is animus in consulendo liber.
2016
1. A suicide blast in Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, Lahore claims over 70 lives and leaves almost 300 others injured. The target of the bombing are Christians celebrating Easter.
  1. 2016 Lahore suicide bombing
    
    On 27 March 2016, on Easter Sunday, at least 75 people were killed, and over 340 were injured, in a suicide bombing that hit the main entrance of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, one of the largest parks in Lahore, Pakistan. The attack targeted Christians who were celebrating Easter. The majority of the victims were women and children. Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, a group affiliated with the Pakistani Taliban, claimed responsibility for the attack. The attack led to worldwide condemnation, and national mourning throughout Pakistan. Pakistan also launched a widespread counter-terrorism operation in South Punjab, arresting more than 200 people who may have had possible connection to the attack.
  2. Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park
    
    The Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park is a large park and recreational space in Lahore, Pakistan. With an area of over 67 acres (0.27 km2), the park is one of the largest in the city. It is situated in the suburban locality of Allama Iqbal Town. The name Gulshan-e-Iqbal is literally translated as "the garden of Iqbal," referring to Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan. It has many recreational rides for children and adults making it a popular venue for families. It also features a vast artificial lake and a mini-zoo.
  3. Lahore
    
    Lahore is the second most populous city in Pakistan after Karachi and 26th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 13 million. It is the capital of the province of Punjab where it is the largest city. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial and economic hubs, with an estimated GDP (PPP) of $84 billion as of 2019. It is the largest city as well as historic and cultural capital of the wider Punjab region, and is one of Pakistan's most socially liberal, progressive, and cosmopolitan cities. It is situated in north-east of the country, close to the International border with India.
  4. Christianity in Pakistan
    
    Christianity is the third largest religion in Pakistan, making up about 1.27% of the population according to the 2017 Census. Of these, approximately half are Catholic and half Protestant. A small number of Eastern Orthodox Christians, and Oriental Orthodox Christians also live in Pakistan.
  5. Easter
    
    Easter, also called Pascha or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus Christ, preceded by Lent, a 40-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance.
2015
1. Himeji Castle, the largest and most popular castle in Japan, re-opened after five years of restorative work.
  1. Himeji Castle
    
    Himeji Castle is a hilltop Japanese castle complex situated in the city of Himeji which is located in the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan. The castle is regarded as the finest surviving example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture, comprising a network of 83 rooms with advanced defensive systems from the feudal period. The castle is frequently known as Hakuro-jō or Shirasagi-jō because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight.
2. Al-Shabab militants attack and temporarily occupy a Mogadishu hotel leaving at least 20 people dead.
  1. Al-Shabaab (militant group)
    
    Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen, more commonly known as al-Shabaab, is an Islamic fundamentalist Salafi jihadist group which is based in Somalia and active elsewhere in East Africa. It is actively involved in the ongoing Somali Civil War. Even though its membership incorporates Somali nationalist elements, al-Shabaab's central aims are Salafi jihadist. Allegiant to the militant pan-Islamist organization al-Qaeda since 2012, it has also been suspected of forging ties with Boko Haram, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
  2. Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack
    
    On 27 March 2015, Al-Shabaab militants launched an attack on the Makka al-Mukarama hotel in Mogadishu, Somalia. The siege ended a few hours later on 28 March, after a special forces unit of the Somali Armed Forces stormed the premises, recaptured it, and killed all five of the attackers. According to the Ministry of Information, around 20 people died during the standoff, including the perpetrators, security forces, hotel security guards and some civilians, with around 28 wounded. The special forces also rescued more than 50 hotel guests. President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud ordered an investigation into the attack, and the Ministry of Information announced that the federal government was slated to pass new laws to curb illicit firearms. On 8 May, the Makka al-Mukarama hotel officially reopened after having undergone renovations.
  3. Mogadishu
    
    Mogadishu, locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port connecting traders across the Indian Ocean for millennia, and has an estimated population of 2,388,000 (2021). Mogadishu is located in the coastal Banadir region on the Indian Ocean, which unlike other Somali regions, is considered a municipality rather than a maamul goboleed.
2014
1. Philippines signs a peace accord with the largest Muslim rebel group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, ending decades of conflict.
  1. Government of the Philippines
    
    The government of the Philippines is the national government of the Philippines. It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system.
  2. Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro
    
    The Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro (CAB) is a final peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front on March 27, 2014 at the Malacañang Palace in Manila. Under the agreement, the Islamic separatists would turn over their firearms to a third party, which would be selected by the rebels and the Philippine government. The MILF agreed to decommission its armed wing, the Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces (BIAF). In return, the government would establish an autonomous Bangsamoro. Power sharing was a central point to the autonomy redesign.
  3. Moro Islamic Liberation Front
    
    The Moro Islamic Liberation Front is a group based in Mindanao seeking an autonomous region of the Moro people from the central government. The group has a presence in the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, Palawan, Basilan, and other neighbouring islands. The armed wing of the group was the Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces (BIAF), although the name of its parent organization, the MILF, was often used to refer to the BIAF. In July, 2018, the Philippine government passed the Bangsamoro Organic Law, giving more autonomy to Muslims. In return, MILF announced that it would disarm its 30,000 fighters.
  4. Moro conflict
    
    The Moro conflict is an insurgency in the Mindanao region of the Philippines, which has involved multiple armed groups, and has been ongoing since March 1968. Peace deals have been signed between the Philippine government and two major armed groups, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), but other smaller armed groups continue to exist.
2009
1. A failure of the dam holding Situ Gintung, an artificial lake in Tangerang District, Indonesia, resulted in floods killing at least 100 people.
  1. Situ Gintung
    
    Situ Gintung is an artificial lake near to the town of Cirendeu in the city of South Tangerang, Indonesia. It was formed by a dam up to 16 metres (52 ft) high which was built by Dutch colonial authorities in 1933. The dam failed on 27 March 2009, draining the lake, with resulting floods killing at least 100 people.
  2. Reservoir
    
    A reservoir is an enlarged lake behind a dam. Such a dam may be either artificial, built to store fresh water or it may be a natural formation.
  3. Tangerang
    
    Tangerang is a city in the province of Banten, Indonesia. Located on the western border of Jakarta, it is the third largest urban centre in the Greater Jakarta metropolitan area after Jakarta and Bekasi; the sixth largest city proper in the nation; and the largest city in Banten province. It has an area of 164.55 square kilometres and an official 2010 Census population of 1,798,601, which had risen to 1,895,486 at the 2020 Census. – making it the eighth most populated suburb in the world at the latter date; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 1,911,914. It has not only functioned as a dormitory city, as there are many industrial areas such as Jatake, and several business districts, including CBD Alam Sutera in the area. Located just next to Jakarta on the west with many road access and improved infrastructure, such as new toll road, it is one of the favorite location for property seekers and investors in the Bodetabek area.
2. The dam forming Situ Gintung, an artificial lake in Indonesia, fails, killing at least 99 people.
  1. Situ Gintung
    
    Situ Gintung is an artificial lake near to the town of Cirendeu in the city of South Tangerang, Indonesia. It was formed by a dam up to 16 metres (52 ft) high which was built by Dutch colonial authorities in 1933. The dam failed on 27 March 2009, draining the lake, with resulting floods killing at least 100 people.
  2. Indonesia
    
    Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres. With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
2004
1. HMS Scylla, a decommissioned Leander-class frigate, is sunk as an artificial reef off Cornwall, the first of its kind in Europe.
  1. HMS Scylla (F71)
    
    HMS Scylla (F71) was a Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy (RN). She was built at Devonport Royal Dockyard, the last RN frigate to be built there as of 2016. Scylla was commissioned in 1970, taken out of service in 1993 in accordance with Options for Change, and sunk as an artificial reef in 2004 off Whitsand Bay, Cornwall.
  2. Leander-class frigate
    
    The Leander-class, or Type 12I (Improved) frigates, comprising twenty-six vessels, was among the most numerous and long-lived classes of frigate in the Royal Navy's modern history. The class was built in three batches between 1959 and 1973. It had an unusually high public profile, due to the popular BBC television drama series Warship. The Leander silhouette became synonymous with the Royal Navy through the 1960s until the 1980s.
  3. Cornwall
    
    Cornwall is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, with the River Tamar forming the border between them. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain. The southwesternmost point is Land's End and the southernmost Lizard Point. Cornwall has a population of 568,210 and an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The county has been administered since 2009 by the unitary authority, Cornwall Council. The ceremonial county of Cornwall also includes the Isles of Scilly, which are administered separately. The administrative centre of Cornwall is Truro, its only city.
2002
1. Second Intifada: A suicide bomber killed around 30 Israeli civilians and injured about 140 others in Netanya, triggering Operation Defensive Shield, a large-scale counter-terrorist military incursion into the West Bank.
  1. Second Intifada
    
    The Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major Palestinian uprising against Israel. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centred around the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, which was expected to reach a final agreement on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process in July 2000. Outbreaks of violence began in September 2000, after Ariel Sharon, then the Israeli opposition leader, made a provocative visit to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem; the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that were put down by Israeli police with rubber bullets and tear gas.
  2. Passover massacre
    
    The Passover massacre was a suicide bombing carried out by Hamas at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel on 27 March 2002, during a Passover seder. Thirty civilians were killed in the attack and 140 were injured. It was the deadliest attack against Israelis during the Second Intifada.
  3. Netanya
    
    Netanya is a city in the Northern Central District of Israel, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is 30 km (18.6 mi) north of Tel Aviv, and 56 km (34.8 mi) south of Haifa, between Poleg stream and Wingate Institute in the south and the Avihayil stream in the north. Netanya was named in honor of Nathan Straus, a prominent Jewish American merchant and philanthropist in the early 20th century who was the co-owner of Macy's department store.
  4. Operation Defensive Shield
    
    Operation "Defensive Shield" was a large-scale military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces in 2002 during the Second Intifada. It was the largest military operation in the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War. The stated goal of the operation was to stop terrorist attacks. The operation was a direct response to the Passover massacre on March 27 at the Park Hotel in the Israeli resort city of Netanya when a Palestinian suicide bomber killed 30 vacationers.
  5. West Bank
    
    The West Bank is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediterranean in Western Asia that forms the main bulk of the Palestinian territories. It is bordered by Jordan and the Dead Sea to the east and by Israel to the south, west, and north. Under an Israeli military occupation since 1967, its area is split into 165 Palestinian "islands" that are under total or partial civil administration by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and 230 Israeli settlements into which Israeli law is "pipelined". The West Bank includes East Jerusalem.
2. Passover massacre: A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 29 people at a Passover seder in Netanya, Israel.
  1. Passover massacre
    
    The Passover massacre was a suicide bombing carried out by Hamas at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel on 27 March 2002, during a Passover seder. Thirty civilians were killed in the attack and 140 were injured. It was the deadliest attack against Israelis during the Second Intifada.
  2. Palestinians
    
    Palestinians or Palestinian people, also referred to as Palestinian Arabs, are an ethnonational group descending from peoples who have inhabited the region of Palestine over the millennia, and who are today culturally and linguistically Arab.
  3. Suicide attack
    
    A suicide attack is any violent attack, usually entailing the attacker detonating an explosive, where the attacker has accepted their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout history, often as part of a military campaign, and more recently as part of terrorist campaigns.
  4. Passover Seder
    
    The Passover Seder is a ritual feast at the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted throughout the world on the eve of the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar. The day falls in late March or in April of the Gregorian calendar; Passover lasts for seven days in Israel and eight days outside Israel. Jews traditionally observe one seder if in Israel and two if in the Jewish diaspora. The Seder is a ritual involving a retelling of the story of the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt, taken from the Book of Exodus (Shemot) in the Jewish Torah. The Seder itself is based on the Biblical verse commanding Jews to retell the story of the Exodus from Egypt: "You shall tell your child on that day, saying, 'It is because of what the LORD did for me when I came out of Egypt.'" At the seder, Jews read the text of the Haggadah, an ancient Tannaitic work. The Haggadah contains the narrative of the Israelite exodus from Egypt, special blessings and rituals, Talmudic commentaries, and Passover songs.
  5. Netanya
    
    Netanya is a city in the Northern Central District of Israel, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is 30 km (18.6 mi) north of Tel Aviv, and 56 km (34.8 mi) south of Haifa, between Poleg stream and Wingate Institute in the south and the Avihayil stream in the north. Netanya was named in honor of Nathan Straus, a prominent Jewish American merchant and philanthropist in the early 20th century who was the co-owner of Macy's department store.
3. Nanterre massacre: In Nanterre, France, a gunman opens fire at the end of a town council meeting, resulting in the deaths of eight councilors; 19 other people are injured.
  1. Nanterre massacre
    
    The Nanterre massacre was a mass murder that occurred on 27 March 2002, in Nanterre, France. Gunman Richard Durn opened fire at the end of a town council meeting, resulting in the deaths of eight councillors and the injury of nineteen others. Durn committed suicide the following day, by leaping from a police station window during questioning.
  2. Nanterre
    
    Nanterre is the prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department in the western suburbs of Paris. It is located some 11 km (6.8 mi) northwest of the centre of Paris. In 2018, the commune had a population of 96,807.
2000
1. A Phillips Petroleum plant explosion in Pasadena, Texas kills one person and injures 71 others.
  1. 2000 Phillips explosion
    
    At approximately 1:22 p.m. CT on March 27, 2000, an explosion and fire responsible for one death and 71 injuries occurred at Phillips Petroleum's Houston Chemical Complex at 1400 Jefferson Road in Pasadena, Texas. The fire produced huge plumes of black smoke that spread over the heavily industrialized Houston Ship Channel and neighboring residential areas.
  2. Pasadena, Texas
    
    Pasadena is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the city's population was 151,950, making it the twentieth most populous city in the state of Texas, as well as the second-largest city in Harris County. The area was founded in 1893 by John H. Burnett of Galveston, who named the area after Pasadena, California, because of the perceived lush vegetation.
1999
1. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, an Army of Yugoslavia unit shot down a U.S. Air Force F-117 stealth aircraft.
  1. NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
    
    The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) carried out an aerial bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. The air strikes lasted from 24 March 1999 to 10 June 1999. The bombings continued until an agreement was reached that led to the withdrawal of Yugoslav armed forces from Kosovo, and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, a UN peacekeeping mission in Kosovo. The official NATO operation code name was Operation Allied Force whereas the United States called it Operation Noble Anvil; in Yugoslavia the operation was incorrectly called Merciful Angel, possibly as a result of a misunderstanding or mistranslation.
  2. Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro
    
    The Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro included ground forces with internal and border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces, and civil defense. Preceding the VSCG was the Yugoslav Army from the remnants of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), the military of SFR Yugoslavia. The state, then named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, participated in the Yugoslav Wars with limited direct intervention of its own armed forces. Following the end of the Wars and the constitutional reforms of 2003 by which the state was renamed "Serbia and Montenegro", the military accordingly changed its name. The military was heavily involved in combating Albanian separatists during the Kosovo War and Preševo Valley conflict, and also engaged NATO airplanes during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
  3. 1999 F-117A shootdown
    
    On 27 March 1999, during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, a Yugoslav Army unit shot down an F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft of the United States Air Force by firing a S-125 Neva/Pechora surface-to-air missile. The pilot ejected safely and was rescued by U.S. Air Force PJs conducting search and rescue.
  4. Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk
    
    The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is a retired American single-seat, twin-engine stealth attack aircraft developed by Lockheed's secretive Skunk Works division and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). It was the first operational aircraft to be designed with stealth technology.
2. Kosovo War: An American Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk is shot down by a Yugoslav Army SAM, the first and only Nighthawk to be lost in combat.
  1. Kosovo War
    
    The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started 28 February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The conflict ended when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervened by beginning air strikes in March 1999 which resulted in Yugoslav forces withdrawing from Kosovo.
  2. Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk
    
    The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is a retired American single-seat, twin-engine stealth attack aircraft developed by Lockheed's secretive Skunk Works division and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). It was the first operational aircraft to be designed with stealth technology.
  3. 1999 F-117A shootdown
    
    On 27 March 1999, during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, a Yugoslav Army unit shot down an F-117 Nighthawk stealth aircraft of the United States Air Force by firing a S-125 Neva/Pechora surface-to-air missile. The pilot ejected safely and was rescued by U.S. Air Force PJs conducting search and rescue.
  4. Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro
    
    The Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro included ground forces with internal and border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces, and civil defense. Preceding the VSCG was the Yugoslav Army from the remnants of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), the military of SFR Yugoslavia. The state, then named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, participated in the Yugoslav Wars with limited direct intervention of its own armed forces. Following the end of the Wars and the constitutional reforms of 2003 by which the state was renamed "Serbia and Montenegro", the military accordingly changed its name. The military was heavily involved in combating Albanian separatists during the Kosovo War and Preševo Valley conflict, and also engaged NATO airplanes during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
1998
1. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the drug sildenafil, better known by the trade name Viagra, for use as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, the first pill to be approved for this condition in the United States.
  1. Food and Drug Administration
    
    The United States Food and Drug Administration is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products.
  2. Sildenafil
    
    Sildenafil, sold under the brand name Viagra, among others, is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is unclear if it is effective for treating sexual dysfunction in women. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. Onset is typically within twenty minutes and lasts for about two hours.
  3. Erectile dysfunction
    
    Erectile dysfunction (ED), also called impotence, is the type of sexual dysfunction in which the penis fails to become or stay erect during sexual activity. It is the most common sexual problem in men. Through its connection to self-image and to problems in sexual relationships, erectile dysfunction can cause psychological harm.
2. The Food and Drug Administration approves Viagra for use as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, the first pill to be approved for this condition in the United States.
  1. Food and Drug Administration
    
    The United States Food and Drug Administration is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products.
  2. Sildenafil
    
    Sildenafil, sold under the brand name Viagra, among others, is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is unclear if it is effective for treating sexual dysfunction in women. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. Onset is typically within twenty minutes and lasts for about two hours.
  3. Erectile dysfunction
    
    Erectile dysfunction (ED), also called impotence, is the type of sexual dysfunction in which the penis fails to become or stay erect during sexual activity. It is the most common sexual problem in men. Through its connection to self-image and to problems in sexual relationships, erectile dysfunction can cause psychological harm.
1993
1. Jiang Zemin is appointed President of the People's Republic of China.
  1. Jiang Zemin
    
    Jiang Zemin was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as president of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was the core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership, one of only four core leaders alongside Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Xi Jinping.
  2. President of the People's Republic of China
    
    The president of the People's Republic of China, commonly called the president of China, is the head of state and the second highest political office of the People's Republic of China. The presidency is constitutionally a largely ceremonial office with very limited power in China's political system. However, the post has been held by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 1993, who is China's de facto leader.
2. Italian former minister and Christian Democracy leader Giulio Andreotti is accused of mafia allegiance by the tribunal of Palermo.
  1. Christian Democracy (Italy)
    
    Christian Democracy was a Christian democratic political party in Italy. The DC was founded on 15 December 1943 in the Italian Social Republic as the ideal successor of the Italian People's Party, which had the same symbol, a crusader shield. As a Catholic-inspired, centrist, catch-all party comprising both centre-right and centre-left political factions, the DC played a dominant role in the politics of Italy for fifty years, and had been part of the government from soon after its inception until its final demise on 16 January 1994 amid the Tangentopoli scandals. Christian Democrats led the Italian government continuously from 1946 until 1981. The party was nicknamed the "White Whale" due to its huge organization and official color. During its time in government, the Italian Communist Party was the largest opposition party.
  2. Giulio Andreotti
    
    Giulio Andreotti was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the 41st prime minister of Italy in seven governments and leader of the Christian Democracy party; he was the sixth-longest-serving prime minister since the Italian unification and the second-longest-serving post-war prime minister. Andreotti is widely considered the most powerful and prominent politician of the so-called First Republic.
  3. Sicilian Mafia
    
    The Sicilian Mafia, also simply known as the Mafia and frequently referred to as Cosa nostra by its members, is an Italian Mafia-terrorist-type organized crime syndicate and criminal society originating in the region of Sicily and dating to at least the 19th century. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organisational structure and code of conduct and honor and present themselves to the public under a common brand. The basic group is known as a "family", "clan", or cosca. Each family claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village or a neighbourhood (borgata) of a larger city, in which it operates its rackets. Its members call themselves "men of honour", although the public often refers to them as mafiosi. By the 20th century, following wide-scale emigration from Sicily, mafiosi established gangs in North and South America which replicate the traditions and methods of their Sicilian ancestors. The Mafia's core activities are protection racketeering, the arbitration of disputes between criminals, and the organizing and oversight of illegal agreements and transactions.
  4. Palermo
    
    Palermo is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is in the northwest of the island of Sicily, by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
1990
1. The United States begins broadcasting anti-Castro propaganda to Cuba on TV Martí.
  1. Cuban dissident movement
    
    The Cuban dissident movement is a political movement in Cuba whose aim is to replace the current government with a liberal democracy. According to Human Rights Watch, the Cuban government represses nearly all forms of political dissent.
  2. Cuba
    
    Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the American state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi) but a total of 350,730 km² including the exclusive economic zone. Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.
  3. Radio y Televisión Martí
    
    Radio Televisión Martí is an American state-run radio and television international broadcaster based in Miami, Florida, financed by the federal government of the United States through the U.S. Agency for Global Media, which transmits news in Spanish to Cuba. Its broadcasts can also be heard and viewed worldwide through their website and on shortwave radio frequencies.
1986
1. A car bomb explodes outside Russell Street Police HQ in Melbourne, Australia, killing one police officer and injuring 21 people.
  1. Car bomb
    
    A car bomb, bus bomb, lorry bomb, or truck bomb, also known as a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED), is an improvised explosive device designed to be detonated in an automobile or other vehicles.
  2. Russell Street bombing
    
    The Russell Street bombing was the 27 March 1986 bombing of the Russell Street Police Headquarters complex in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The explosion killed Angela Rose Taylor, the first Australian policewoman to be killed in the line of duty. The materials for the bomb were stolen from Tyrconnel Mine. Several men were arrested for suspected involvement with the bombing. Stanley Taylor and Craig Minogue were convicted of murder and various other offences related to the bombing. Peter Reed and Rodney Minogue were acquitted of any offences related to the bombing but Reed was convicted of a number of offences related to his arrest, which involved a shootout with police officers in which he and an officer were wounded. He was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment.
  3. Melbourne
    
    Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a 9,993 km2 (3,858 sq mi) metropolitan area known as Greater Melbourne, comprising an urban agglomeration of 31 local municipalities, although the name is also used specifically for the local municipality of City of Melbourne based around its central business area. The metropolis occupies much of the northern and eastern coastlines of Port Phillip Bay and spreads into the Mornington Peninsula, West Gippsland, as well as the hinterlands towards the Yarra Valley, the Dandenong and Macedon Ranges. It has a population over 5 million, mostly residing to the east side of the city centre, and its inhabitants are commonly referred to as "Melburnians".
  4. Australia
    
    Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi), Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, and mountain ranges in the south-east.
1981
1. The Solidarity movement in Poland staged a warning strike, the largest in the history of the Eastern Bloc, in which at least 12 million Poles walked off their jobs for four hours.
  1. Solidarity (Polish trade union)
    
    Solidarity, full name Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity", is a Polish trade union founded in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland. Subsequently, it was the first independent trade union in a Warsaw Pact country to be recognised by the state. The union's membership peaked at 10 million in September 1981, representing one-third of the country's working-age population. Solidarity's leader Lech Wałęsa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 and the union is widely recognised as having played a central role in the end of Communist rule in Poland.
  2. 1981 warning strike in Poland
    
    In the early spring of 1981 in Poland, during the Bydgoszcz events, several members of the Solidarity movement, including Jan Rulewski, Mariusz Łabentowicz and Roman Bartoszcze, were brutally beaten by the security services, such as Milicja Obywatelska and ZOMO. The Bydgoszcz events soon became widely known across Poland, and on 24 March 1981 Solidarity decided to go on a nationwide strike in protest against the violence. The strike was planned for Tuesday, 31 March 1981. On 25 March, Lech Wałęsa met Deputy Prime Minister Mieczysław Rakowski of the Polish United Workers' Party, but their talks were fruitless. Two days later, a four-hour national warning strike took place. It was the biggest strike in the history of not only Poland but of the Warsaw Pact itself. According to several sources, between 12 million and 14 million Poles took part.
  3. Eastern Bloc
    
    The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc and the Soviet Bloc, was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America under the influence of the Soviet Union that existed during the Cold War (1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of Marxism–Leninism, in opposition to the capitalist Western Bloc. The Eastern Bloc was often called the Second World, whereas the term "First World" referred to the Western Bloc and "Third World" referred to the non-aligned countries that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but notably also included former pre-1948 Soviet ally SFR Yugoslavia, which was located in Europe.
2. The Solidarity movement in Poland stages a warning strike, in which at least 12 million Poles walk off their jobs for four hours.
  1. Solidarity (Polish trade union)
    
    Solidarity, full name Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity", is a Polish trade union founded in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland. Subsequently, it was the first independent trade union in a Warsaw Pact country to be recognised by the state. The union's membership peaked at 10 million in September 1981, representing one-third of the country's working-age population. Solidarity's leader Lech Wałęsa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 and the union is widely recognised as having played a central role in the end of Communist rule in Poland.
  2. 1981 warning strike in Poland
    
    In the early spring of 1981 in Poland, during the Bydgoszcz events, several members of the Solidarity movement, including Jan Rulewski, Mariusz Łabentowicz and Roman Bartoszcze, were brutally beaten by the security services, such as Milicja Obywatelska and ZOMO. The Bydgoszcz events soon became widely known across Poland, and on 24 March 1981 Solidarity decided to go on a nationwide strike in protest against the violence. The strike was planned for Tuesday, 31 March 1981. On 25 March, Lech Wałęsa met Deputy Prime Minister Mieczysław Rakowski of the Polish United Workers' Party, but their talks were fruitless. Two days later, a four-hour national warning strike took place. It was the biggest strike in the history of not only Poland but of the Warsaw Pact itself. According to several sources, between 12 million and 14 million Poles took part.
1980
1. Brothers Nelson Bunker Hunt and William Herbert Hunt failed in their attempt to corner the world silver market, causing panic in commodity and futures exchanges.
  1. Nelson Bunker Hunt
    
    Nelson Bunker Hunt was an American oil company executive. He was a billionaire whose fortune collapsed after he and his brothers William Herbert and Lamar tried to corner the world market in silver but were prevented by government intervention. He was also a thoroughbred horse breeder. and a major sponsor of the John Birch Society.
  2. William Herbert Hunt
    
    William Herbert Hunt is an American oil billionaire, who along with his brothers Nelson Bunker Hunt and Lamar Hunt tried but failed to corner the world market in silver. According to Forbes, as of January 2015 his net worth is estimated at $2.0 billion.
  3. Cornering the market
    
    In finance, cornering the market consists of obtaining sufficient control of a particular stock, commodity, or other asset in an attempt to manipulate the market price. One definition of cornering a market is "having the greatest market share in a particular industry without having a monopoly".
  4. Silver Thursday
    
    Silver Thursday was an event that occurred in the United States silver commodity markets on Thursday, March 27, 1980, following the attempt by brothers Nelson Bunker Hunt, William Herbert Hunt and Lamar Hunt to corner the silver market. A subsequent steep fall in silver prices led to panic on commodity and futures exchanges.
  5. Commodity market
    
    A commodity market is a market that trades in the primary economic sector rather than manufactured products, such as cocoa, fruit and sugar. Hard commodities are mined, such as gold and oil. Futures contracts are the oldest way of investing in commodities. Commodity markets can include physical trading and derivatives trading using spot prices, forwards, futures, and options on futures. Farmers have used a simple form of derivative trading in the commodity market for centuries for price risk management.
  6. Futures exchange
    
    A futures exchange or futures market is a central financial exchange where people can trade standardized futures contracts defined by the exchange. Futures contracts are derivatives contracts to buy or sell specific quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a specified price with delivery set at a specified time in the future. Futures exchanges provide physical or electronic trading venues, details of standardized contracts, market and price data, clearing houses, exchange self-regulations, margin mechanisms, settlement procedures, delivery times, delivery procedures and other services to foster trading in futures contracts. Futures exchanges can be organized as non-profit member-owned organizations or as for-profit organizations. Futures exchanges can be integrated under the same brand name or organization with other types of exchanges, such as stock markets, options markets, and bond markets. Non-profit member-owned futures exchanges benefit their members, who earn commissions and revenue acting as brokers or market makers. For-profit futures exchanges earn most of their revenue from trading and clearing fees.
2. The Norwegian oil platform Alexander L. Kielland collapses in the North Sea, killing 123 of its crew of 212.
  1. Alexander L. Kielland (platform)
    
    Alexander L. Kielland was a Norwegian semi-submersible drilling rig that, on 27 March 1980, capsized in the Ekofisk oil field in the North Sea, killing 123 people. The capsize was the worst disaster in Norwegian waters since the Second World War. The rig, located approximately 320 km east of Dundee, Scotland, was owned by the Stavanger Drilling Company of Norway and was on hire to the U.S. company Phillips Petroleum at the time of the disaster. The rig was named after the Norwegian writer Alexander Lange Kielland.
  2. North Sea
    
    The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, covering 570,000 square kilometres (220,000 sq mi).
1977
1. Two Boeing 747 airliners collided on a foggy runway at Los Rodeos Airport on the island of Tenerife, killing 583 people in the worst aircraft accident in aviation history.
  1. Boeing 747
    
    The Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States. After introducing the 707 in October 1958, Pan Am wanted a jet 2+1⁄2 times its size, to reduce its seat cost by 30% to democratize air travel. In 1965, Joe Sutter left the 737 development program to design the 747, the first twin-aisle airliner. In April 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 Boeing 747-100 aircraft and in late 1966, Pratt & Whitney agreed to develop its JT9D engine, a high-bypass turbofan. On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the custom-built Everett Plant, the world's largest building by volume. The first flight took place on February 9, 1969, and the 747 was certified in December of that year. It entered service with Pan Am on January 22, 1970. The 747 was the first airplane dubbed "Jumbo Jet", the first wide-body airliner.
  2. Tenerife airport disaster
    
    The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on 27 March 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger jets collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on the Spanish island of Tenerife. The collision occurred when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway. The impact and resulting fire killed everyone on board KLM 4805 and most of the occupants of Pan Am 1736, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the aircraft. Resulting in 583 fatalities, the disaster is the deadliest accident in aviation history.
  3. Tenerife North–Ciudad de La Laguna Airport
    
    Tenerife North–Ciudad de La Laguna Airport, formerly Los Rodeos Airport, is the smaller of the two international airports on the island of Tenerife, Spain. It is located in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 11 km (7 mi) by road from Santa Cruz and at an elevation of 633 metres (2,077 ft). It handled 3,717,944 passengers in 2012. Combined with Tenerife South Airport, the island gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands, with 12,248,673 passengers, surpassing Gran Canaria Airport. Today TFN is an inter-island hub connecting all seven of the main Canary Islands with connections to the Iberian Peninsula and Europe.
  4. Tenerife
    
    Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands. It is home to 43% of the total population of the archipelago. With a land area of 2,034 square kilometres (785 sq mi) and a population of 978,100 inhabitants as of January 2022, it is also the most populous island of Spain and of Macaronesia.
  5. Aviation accidents and incidents
    
    An aviation accident is defined by the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place from the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until all such persons have disembarked, and in which a) a person is fatally or seriously injured, b) the aircraft sustains significant damage or structural failure, or c) the aircraft goes missing or becomes completely inaccessible. Annex 13 defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety of operation.
2. Tenerife airport disaster: Two Boeing 747 airliners collide on a foggy runway on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, killing 583 (all 248 on KLM and 335 on Pan Am). Sixty-one survived on the Pan Am flight. This is the deadliest aviation accident in history.
  1. Tenerife airport disaster
    
    The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on 27 March 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger jets collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on the Spanish island of Tenerife. The collision occurred when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway. The impact and resulting fire killed everyone on board KLM 4805 and most of the occupants of Pan Am 1736, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the aircraft. Resulting in 583 fatalities, the disaster is the deadliest accident in aviation history.
  2. Boeing 747
    
    The Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States. After introducing the 707 in October 1958, Pan Am wanted a jet 2+1⁄2 times its size, to reduce its seat cost by 30% to democratize air travel. In 1965, Joe Sutter left the 737 development program to design the 747, the first twin-aisle airliner. In April 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 Boeing 747-100 aircraft and in late 1966, Pratt & Whitney agreed to develop its JT9D engine, a high-bypass turbofan. On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the custom-built Everett Plant, the world's largest building by volume. The first flight took place on February 9, 1969, and the 747 was certified in December of that year. It entered service with Pan Am on January 22, 1970. The 747 was the first airplane dubbed "Jumbo Jet", the first wide-body airliner.
  3. Airliner
    
    An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an airplane intended for carrying multiple passengers or cargo in commercial service. The largest of them are wide-body jets which are also called twin-aisle because they generally have two separate aisles running from the front to the back of the passenger cabin. These are usually used for long-haul flights between airline hubs and major cities. A smaller, more common class of airliners is the narrow-body or single-aisle. These are generally used for short to medium-distance flights with fewer passengers than their wide-body counterparts.
  4. Tenerife
    
    Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands. It is home to 43% of the total population of the archipelago. With a land area of 2,034 square kilometres (785 sq mi) and a population of 978,100 inhabitants as of January 2022, it is also the most populous island of Spain and of Macaronesia.
  5. Canary Islands
    
    The Canary Islands, also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are 100 kilometres west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and they are the most populous special territory of the European Union.
  6. KLM
    
    KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, legally Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V., is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM is headquartered in Amstelveen, with its hub at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. It is part of the Air France–KLM group and a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance. Founded in 1919, KLM is the oldest operating airline in the world, and has 35,488 employees with a fleet of 110 as of 2021. KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to 145 destinations.
  7. Pan Am
    
    Pan American World Airways, originally founded as Pan American Airways and commonly known as Pan Am, was an American airline that was the principal and largest international air carrier and unofficial overseas flag carrier of the United States for much of the 20th century. It was the first airline to fly worldwide and pioneered numerous innovations of the modern airline industry such as jumbo jets, and computerized reservation systems. Until its dissolution in 1991, Pan Am "epitomized the luxury and glamour of intercontinental travel", and it remains a cultural icon of the 20th century, identified by its blue globe logo, the use of the word "Clipper" in its aircraft names and call signs, and the white uniform caps of its pilots.
1976
1. The Washington Metro, the second-busiest rapid transit system in the U.S., opened to commuters.
  1. Washington Metro
    
    The Washington Metro, formally the Metrorail, is a rapid transit system serving the Washington metropolitan area of the United States. It is administered by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), which also operates the Metrobus and Metrorail services under the Metro name. Opened in 1976, the network now includes six lines, 97 stations, and 129 miles (208 km) of route.
  2. Rapid transit
    
    Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be called a subway, tube, or underground. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles, and which is often grade-separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.
2. The first section of the Washington Metro opens to the public.
  1. Washington Metro
    
    The Washington Metro, formally the Metrorail, is a rapid transit system serving the Washington metropolitan area of the United States. It is administered by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), which also operates the Metrobus and Metrorail services under the Metro name. Opened in 1976, the network now includes six lines, 97 stations, and 129 miles (208 km) of route.
1975
1. Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, an oil pipeline spanning the length of Alaska, began.
  1. Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
    
    The construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System included over 800 miles (1,300 km) of oil pipeline, 12 pump stations, and a new tanker port. Built largely on permafrost during 1975–77 between Prudhoe Bay and Valdez, Alaska, the $8 billion effort required tens of thousands of people, often working in extreme temperatures and conditions, the invention of specialized construction techniques, and the construction of a new road, the Dalton Highway.
  2. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
    
    The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an oil transportation system spanning Alaska, including the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. The core pipeline itself, which is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline,, is an 800-mile (1,287 km) long, 48-inch (1.22 m) diameter pipeline that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope, south to Valdez, on the shores of Prince William Sound in southcentral Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.
  3. Pipeline transport
    
    Pipeline transport is the long-distance transportation of a liquid or gas through a system of pipes—a pipeline—typically to a market area for consumption. The latest data from 2014 gives a total of slightly less than 2,175,000 miles (3,500,000 km) of pipeline in 120 countries of the world. The United States had 65%, Russia had 8%, and Canada had 3%, thus 76% of all pipeline were in these three countries.
  4. Alaska
    
    Alaska is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and the Yukon territory to the east; it also shares a maritime border with the Russian Federation's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west, just across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest.
2. Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System begins.
  1. Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
    
    The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is an oil transportation system spanning Alaska, including the trans-Alaska crude-oil pipeline, 11 pump stations, several hundred miles of feeder pipelines, and the Valdez Marine Terminal. TAPS is one of the world's largest pipeline systems. The core pipeline itself, which is commonly called the Alaska pipeline, trans-Alaska pipeline, or Alyeska pipeline,, is an 800-mile (1,287 km) long, 48-inch (1.22 m) diameter pipeline that conveys oil from Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska's North Slope, south to Valdez, on the shores of Prince William Sound in southcentral Alaska. The crude oil pipeline is privately owned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company.
1964
1. The 9.2 Mw Good Friday earthquake, the strongest in U.S. history, and subsequent tsunamis devastated Anchorage, Alaska, killing over 130 people.
  1. Moment magnitude scale
    
    The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.
  2. 1964 Alaska earthquake
    
    The 1964 Alaskan earthquake, also known as the Great Alaskan earthquake and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at 5:36 PM AKST on Good Friday, March 27. Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures, and tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 131 deaths.
  3. Tsunami
    
    A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are in turn generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event.
  4. Anchorage, Alaska
    
    Anchorage is the largest city in the U.S. state of Alaska by population. With a population of 291,247 in 2020, it contains nearly 40% of the state's population. The Anchorage metropolitan area, which includes Anchorage and the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough, had a population of 398,328 in 2020, accounting for more than half the state's population. At 1,706 sq mi (4,420 km2) of land area, the city is the fourth-largest by area in the United States and larger than the smallest state, Rhode Island, which has 1,212 sq mi (3,140 km2).
2. The Good Friday earthquake, the most powerful earthquake recorded in North American history at a magnitude of 9.2 strikes Southcentral Alaska, killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of Anchorage.
  1. 1964 Alaska earthquake
    
    The 1964 Alaskan earthquake, also known as the Great Alaskan earthquake and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at 5:36 PM AKST on Good Friday, March 27. Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures, and tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 131 deaths.
  2. North America
    
    North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as a part of North America geographically.
  3. Moment magnitude scale
    
    The moment magnitude scale is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based on its seismic moment. It was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude scale (ML ) defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales.
  4. Southcentral Alaska
    
    Southcentral Alaska is the portion of the U.S. state of Alaska consisting of the shorelines and uplands of the central Gulf of Alaska. Most of the population of the state lives in this region, concentrated in and around the city of Anchorage.
  5. Anchorage, Alaska
    
    Anchorage is the largest city in the U.S. state of Alaska by population. With a population of 291,247 in 2020, it contains nearly 40% of the state's population. The Anchorage metropolitan area, which includes Anchorage and the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough, had a population of 398,328 in 2020, accounting for more than half the state's population. At 1,706 sq mi (4,420 km2) of land area, the city is the fourth-largest by area in the United States and larger than the smallest state, Rhode Island, which has 1,212 sq mi (3,140 km2).
1958
1. Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, assumed the office of premier.
  1. Nikita Khrushchev
    
    Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev stunned the communist world with his denunciation of Stalin's crimes, and embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization with his key ally Anastas Mikoyan. He sponsored the early Soviet space program, and enactment of moderate reforms in domestic policy. After some false starts, and a narrowly avoided nuclear war over Cuba, he conducted successful negotiations with the United States to reduce Cold War tensions. In 1964, the Kremlin leadership stripped him of power, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
  2. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
    
    The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, more commonly called the General Secretary was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1929 until the union's dissolution in 1991, the officeholder was the recognized leader of the Soviet Union. Officially, the General Secretary solely controlled the Communist Party directly. However, since the party had a monopoly on political power, the General Secretary had executive control of the Soviet government. Because of the office's ability to direct both the foreign and domestic policies of the state and preeminence over the Soviet Communist Party, it was the de facto highest office of the Soviet Union.
  3. Premier of the Soviet Union
    
    The Premier of the Soviet Union was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The office had four different names throughout its existence: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1923–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1991), Prime Minister and Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy. Long before 1991, most non-Soviet sources referred to the post as "Premier" or "Prime Minister."
2. Nikita Khrushchev becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union.
  1. Nikita Khrushchev
    
    Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev stunned the communist world with his denunciation of Stalin's crimes, and embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization with his key ally Anastas Mikoyan. He sponsored the early Soviet space program, and enactment of moderate reforms in domestic policy. After some false starts, and a narrowly avoided nuclear war over Cuba, he conducted successful negotiations with the United States to reduce Cold War tensions. In 1964, the Kremlin leadership stripped him of power, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
  2. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
    
    The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union was the head of the government of the Soviet Union during the existence of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1991.
1945
1. World War II: The United States Army Air Forces began Operation Starvation, laying naval mines in many of Japan's vital water routes and ports to disrupt enemy shipping.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. United States Army Air Forces
    
    The United States Army Air Forces was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and de facto aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II (1941–1945). It was created on 20 June 1941 as successor to the previous United States Army Air Corps and is the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force, today one of the six armed forces of the United States. The AAF was a component of the United States Army, which on 2 March 1942 was divided functionally by executive order into three autonomous forces: the Army Ground Forces, the United States Army Services of Supply, and the Army Air Forces. Each of these forces had a commanding general who reported directly to the Army Chief of Staff.
  3. Operation Starvation
    
    Operation Starvation was a naval mining operation conducted in World War II by the United States Army Air Forces to disrupt Japanese shipping.
  4. Naval mine
    
    A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, any vessel or a particular vessel type, akin to anti-infantry vs. anti-vehicle mines. Naval mines can be used offensively, to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a harbour; or defensively, to protect friendly vessels and create "safe" zones. Mines allow the minelaying force commander to concentrate warships or defensive assets in mine-free areas giving the adversary three choices: undertake an expensive and time-consuming minesweeping effort, accept the casualties of challenging the minefield, or use the unmined waters where the greatest concentration of enemy firepower will be encountered.
2. World War II: Operation Starvation, the aerial mining of Japan's ports and waterways begins. Argentina declares war on the Axis Powers.
  1. Operation Starvation
    
    Operation Starvation was a naval mining operation conducted in World War II by the United States Army Air Forces to disrupt Japanese shipping.
  2. Argentina during World War II
    
    Before the start of World War II in 1939, Argentina had maintained a long tradition of neutrality regarding European wars, which had been upheld and defended by all major political parties since the 19th century. One of the main reasons for this policy was related to Argentina's economic position as one of the world's leading exporters of foodstuffs and agricultural products, to Europe in general and to the United Kingdom in particular. Relations between Britain and Argentina had been strong since the mid-19 century, due to the large volume of trade between both countries, the major presence of British investments particularly in railroads and banking, as well as British immigration, and the policy of neutrality had ensured the food supply of Britain during World War I against the German U-boat campaign. At the same time, British influence over the Argentine economy was resented by nationalistic groups, while German and Italian influence in Argentina was strong and growing mainly due to increased interwar trade and investment, and the presence of numerous immigrants from both countries, which, together with the refusal to break relations with the Axis as the war progressed, furthered the belief that the Argentine government was sympathetic to the German cause. Because of strong divisions and internal disputes between members of the Argentine military, Argentina remained neutral for most of World War II, despite pressure from the United States to join the Allies. However, Argentina eventually gave in to the Allies' pressure, broke relations with the Axis powers on 26 January 1944, and declared war on 27 March 1945.
1943
1. World War II: Battle of the Komandorski Islands: In the Aleutian Islands the battle begins when United States Navy forces intercept Japanese attempting to reinforce a garrison at Kiska.
  1. Battle of the Komandorski Islands
    
    The Battle of the Komandorski Islands was a naval battle between American and Imperial Japanese forces which took place on 27 March 1943 in the North Pacific, south of the Soviet Komandorski Islands. The battle was a daylight surface engagement in which air support played no role and in which the inferior American force escaped greater damage after the Japanese chose to withdraw.
  2. Aleutian Islands
    
    The Aleutian Islands, also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller islands. Most of the Aleutian Islands belong to the U.S. state of Alaska, but some belong to the Russian federal subject of Kamchatka Krai. They form part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying a land area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km2) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900 km) westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, and act as a border between the Bering Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Crossing longitude 180°, at which point east and west longitude end, the archipelago contains both the westernmost part of the United States by longitude and the easternmost by longitude. The westernmost U.S. island in real terms, however, is Attu Island, west of which runs the International Date Line. While nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and is usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", at the extreme western end, the small, geologically related Commander Islands belong to Russia.
  3. Garrison
    
    A garrison is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a military base or fortified military headquarters. A garrison is usually in a city, town, fort, castle, ship, or similar site. "Garrison town" is a common expression for any town that has a military base nearby.
  4. Kiska
    
    Kiska is one of the Rat Islands, a group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. It is about 22 miles (35 km) long and varies in width from 1.5 to 6 miles. It is part of Aleutian Islands Wilderness and as such, special permission is required to visit it. The island has no permanent population.
1942
1. The Holocaust: Nazi Germany and Vichy France begin the deportation of 65,000 Jews from Drancy internment camp to German extermination camps.
  1. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
  2. Nazi Germany
    
    Nazi Germany was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
  3. Vichy France
    
    Vichy France, officially the French State, was the authoritarian French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under harsh terms of the armistice, it adopted a policy of collaboration with Nazi Germany, which occupied the northern and western portions before occupying the remainder of Metropolitan France in November 1942. Though Paris was ostensibly its capital, the collaborationist Vichy government established itself in the resort town of Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone", where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its colonies.
  4. Drancy internment camp
    
    Drancy internment camp was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German occupation of France during World War II. Originally conceived and built as a modernist urban community under the name La Cité de la Muette, it was located in Drancy, a northeastern suburb of Paris, France.
  5. Extermination camp
    
    Nazi Germany used six extermination camps, also called death camps, or killing centers, in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million people – mostly Jews – in the Holocaust. The victims of death camps were primarily murdered by gassing, either in permanent installations constructed for this specific purpose, or by means of gas vans. The six extermination camps were Chełmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Auschwitz and Majdanek death camps also used extermination through labour in order to kill their prisoners.
1941
1. World War II: A group of Serbian-nationalist officers of the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force carried out a coup d'état after Yugoslavia joined the Axis powers.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Serbian nationalism
    
    Serbian nationalism asserts that Serbs are a nation and promotes the cultural and political unity of Serbs. It is an ethnic nationalism, originally arising in the context of the general rise of nationalism in the Balkans under Ottoman rule, under the influence of Serbian linguist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and Serbian statesman Ilija Garašanin. Serbian nationalism was an important factor during the Balkan Wars which contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, during and after World War I when it contributed to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and again during the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s.
  3. Royal Yugoslav Air Force
    
    The Royal Yugoslav Air Force, was the aerial warfare service component of the Royal Yugoslav Army. It was formed in 1918 and existed until 1941 and the Invasion of Yugoslavia during World War II.
  4. Yugoslav coup d'état
    
    The Yugoslav coup d'état took place on 27 March 1941 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, when the regency led by Prince Paul of Yugoslavia was overthrown and King Peter II fully assumed monarchical powers. The coup was planned and conducted by a group of pro-Western Serbian-nationalist Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force officers formally led by the Air Force commander, General Dušan Simović, who had been associated with several putsch plots from 1938 onwards. Brigadier General of Military Aviation Borivoje Mirković, Major Živan Knežević of the Yugoslav Royal Guards, and his brother Radoje Knežević were the main organisers in the overthrow of the government. In addition to Radoje Knežević, some other civilian leaders were probably aware of the takeover before it was launched and moved to support it once it occurred, but they were not among the organisers. Peter II himself was surprised by the coup, and heard of the declaration of his coming-of-age for the first time on the radio.
  5. Kingdom of Yugoslavia
    
    The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but the term "Yugoslavia" was its colloquial name due to its origins. The official name of the state was changed to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929.
  6. Axis powers
    
    The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion.
2. World War II: Yugoslav Air Force officers topple the pro-Axis government in a bloodless coup.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Yugoslav Air Force
    
    The Air Force and Air Defence, was one of three branches of the Yugoslav People's Army, the Yugoslav military. Commonly referred-to as the Yugoslav Air Force, at its height it was among the largest in Europe. The branch was disbanded in 1992 after the Breakup of Yugoslavia. In the year 1990, the Air Force had more than 32,000 personnel, but as a result of its more technical requirements, the Air Force had less than 4,000 conscripts.
  3. Axis powers
    
    The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion.
  4. Yugoslav coup d'état
    
    The Yugoslav coup d'état took place on 27 March 1941 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, when the regency led by Prince Paul of Yugoslavia was overthrown and King Peter II fully assumed monarchical powers. The coup was planned and conducted by a group of pro-Western Serbian-nationalist Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force officers formally led by the Air Force commander, General Dušan Simović, who had been associated with several putsch plots from 1938 onwards. Brigadier General of Military Aviation Borivoje Mirković, Major Živan Knežević of the Yugoslav Royal Guards, and his brother Radoje Knežević were the main organisers in the overthrow of the government. In addition to Radoje Knežević, some other civilian leaders were probably aware of the takeover before it was launched and moved to support it once it occurred, but they were not among the organisers. Peter II himself was surprised by the coup, and heard of the declaration of his coming-of-age for the first time on the radio.
1938
1. Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Taierzhuang begins, resulting several weeks later in the war's first major Chinese victory over Japan.
  1. Second Sino-Japanese War
    
    The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War. The beginning of the war is conventionally dated to the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937, when a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops in Peking escalated into a full-scale invasion. Some Chinese historians believe that the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 18 September 1931 marks the start of the war. This full-scale war between the Chinese and the Empire of Japan is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia.
  2. Battle of Taierzhuang
    
    The Battle of Taierzhuang was a battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938, which was fought between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The battle was that war's first major Chinese victory. It humiliated the Japanese military and its reputation as an invincible force; for the Chinese, it represented a tremendous morale boost.
1918
1. The National Council of Bessarabia proclaims union with the Kingdom of Romania.
  1. Bessarabia
    
    Bessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Bessarabia lies within modern-day Moldova, with the Ukrainian Budjak region covering the southern coastal region and part of the Ukrainian Chernivtsi Oblast covering a small area in the north.
  2. Union of Bessarabia with Romania
    
    The union of Bessarabia with Romania was proclaimed on April 9 [O.S. March 27] 1918 by Sfatul Țării, the legislative body of the Moldavian Democratic Republic. This state had the same borders of the region of Bessarabia, which was annexed by the Russian Empire following the Treaty of Bucharest of 1812 and organized first as an Oblast and later as a Governorate. Under Russian rule, many of the native Tatars were expelled from parts of Bessarabia and replaced with Moldavians, Wallachians, Bulgarians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Russians, Lipovans, Cossacks, Gagauzes and other peoples, although colonization was not limited to formerly Tatar-inhabited lands. Russia also tried to integrate the region by imposing the Russian language in administration and restricting education in other languages.
  3. Kingdom of Romania
    
    The Kingdom of Romania was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March (O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I, until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania and the Romanian parliament's proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic.
1915
1. Mary Mallon (pictured), the first person to be identified as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever, was placed into quarantine in New York City, where she spent the rest of her life.
  1. Mary Mallon
    
    Mary Mallon, commonly known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish-born American cook believed to have infected between 51 and 122 people with typhoid fever. The infections caused three confirmed deaths, with unconfirmed estimates of up to 50. She was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhi. She persisted in working as a cook and thereby exposed others to the disease. Because of that, she was twice forcibly quarantined by authorities, eventually for the final two decades of her life. Mallon died after a total of nearly 30 years in isolation. Her popular nickname has since gained currency as a term for persons who spread disease or other misfortune, not always aware that they are doing so.
  2. Asymptomatic carrier
    
    An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms.
  3. Typhoid fever
    
    Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. This is commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases, people may experience confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Diarrhea may be severe, but is uncommon. Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected, but they are still able to spread the disease. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. S. enterica Typhi is believed to infect and replicate only within humans.
  4. Quarantine
    
    A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests. It is often used in connection to disease and illness, preventing the movement of those who may have been exposed to a communicable disease, yet do not have a confirmed medical diagnosis. It is distinct from medical isolation, in which those confirmed to be infected with a communicable disease are isolated from the healthy population. Quarantine considerations are often one aspect of border control.
2. Typhoid Mary, the first healthy carrier of disease ever identified in the United States, is put in quarantine for the second time, where she would remain for the rest of her life.
  1. Mary Mallon
    
    Mary Mallon, commonly known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish-born American cook believed to have infected between 51 and 122 people with typhoid fever. The infections caused three confirmed deaths, with unconfirmed estimates of up to 50. She was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhi. She persisted in working as a cook and thereby exposed others to the disease. Because of that, she was twice forcibly quarantined by authorities, eventually for the final two decades of her life. Mallon died after a total of nearly 30 years in isolation. Her popular nickname has since gained currency as a term for persons who spread disease or other misfortune, not always aware that they are doing so.
  2. Asymptomatic carrier
    
    An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms.
  3. Quarantine
    
    A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests. It is often used in connection to disease and illness, preventing the movement of those who may have been exposed to a communicable disease, yet do not have a confirmed medical diagnosis. It is distinct from medical isolation, in which those confirmed to be infected with a communicable disease are isolated from the healthy population. Quarantine considerations are often one aspect of border control.
1901
1. Philippine–American War: Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the First Philippine Republic, is captured by the Americans.
  1. Philippine–American War
    
    The Philippine–American War or the Filipino–American War, previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that started on February 4, 1899, and ended on July 2, 1902. The conflict arose in 1898 when the United States, rather than acknowledging the Philippines' declaration of independence, annexed the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. The war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
  2. Emilio Aguinaldo
    
    Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and is recognized as the first president of the Philippines and of an Asian constitutional republic. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).
  3. First Philippine Republic
    
    The Philippine Republic, now officially known as the First Philippine Republic, also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1897) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 22, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. It was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. It maintained governance until April 1, 1901.
1899
1. Philippine–American War: American forces defeated troops commanded by Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo at the Battle of Marilao River.
  1. Philippine–American War
    
    The Philippine–American War or the Filipino–American War, previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that started on February 4, 1899, and ended on July 2, 1902. The conflict arose in 1898 when the United States, rather than acknowledging the Philippines' declaration of independence, annexed the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. The war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
  2. Emilio Aguinaldo
    
    Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and is recognized as the first president of the Philippines and of an Asian constitutional republic. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).
  3. Battle of Marilao River
    
    The Battle of Marilao River was fought on March 27, 1899, in Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines, during the Philippine–American War. It was one of the most celebrated river crossings of the whole war, wherein American forces crossed the Marilao River, which was 80 yards (73 m) wide and too deep to ford, while under Filipino fire from the opposite bank.
2. Emilio Aguinaldo leads Filipino forces for the only time during the Philippine–American War at the Battle of Marilao River.
  1. Emilio Aguinaldo
    
    Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and is recognized as the first president of the Philippines and of an Asian constitutional republic. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).
  2. Philippine Revolutionary Army
    
    The Philippine Revolutionary Army, later renamed Philippine Republican Army, was the official armed forces of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March of 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerilla operations in the Philippine–American War.
  3. Philippine–American War
    
    The Philippine–American War or the Filipino–American War, previously referred to as the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency by the United States, was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that started on February 4, 1899, and ended on July 2, 1902. The conflict arose in 1898 when the United States, rather than acknowledging the Philippines' declaration of independence, annexed the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. The war can be seen as a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
  4. Battle of Marilao River
    
    The Battle of Marilao River was fought on March 27, 1899, in Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines, during the Philippine–American War. It was one of the most celebrated river crossings of the whole war, wherein American forces crossed the Marilao River, which was 80 yards (73 m) wide and too deep to ford, while under Filipino fire from the opposite bank.
1886
1. Geronimo, Apache warrior, surrenders to the U.S. Army, ending the main phase of the Apache Wars.
  1. Geronimo
    
    Geronimo was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people. From 1850 to 1886, Geronimo joined with members of three other Central Apache bands – the Tchihende, the Tsokanende and the Nednhi – to carry out numerous raids, as well as fight against Mexican and U.S. military campaigns in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona.
  2. Apache
    
    The Apache are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Mimbreño, Ndendahe, Salinero, Plains and Western Apache. Distant cousins of the Apache are the Navajo, with whom they share the Southern Athabaskan languages. There are Apache communities in Oklahoma and Texas, and reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. Apache people have moved throughout the United States and elsewhere, including urban centers. The Apache Nations are politically autonomous, speak several different languages, and have distinct cultures.
  3. United States Army
    
    The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. The oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed 14 June 1775 to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.
  4. Apache Wars
    
    The Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest between 1849 and 1886, though minor hostilities continued until as late as 1924. After the Mexican–American War in 1846, the United States inherited conflicted territory from Mexico which was the home of both settlers and Apache tribes. Conflicts continued as new United States citizens came into traditional Apache lands to raise livestock and crops and to mine minerals.
1884
1. Outraged by a jury's decision to convict a man of manslaughter instead of murder, a mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, began three days of rioting.
  1. Manslaughter
    
    Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder. The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker Draco in the 7th century BC.
  2. Murder
    
    Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought. This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, such as manslaughter. Manslaughter is killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent, recklessness.
  3. Cincinnati
    
    Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky. The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. With an estimated population of 2,256,884, it is Ohio's largest metropolitan area and the nation's 30th-largest, and with a city population of 309,317, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 64th in the United States. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was among the top 10 U.S. cities by population, surpassed only by New Orleans and the older, established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard, as well as being the sixth-most populous city from 1840 until 1860.
  4. Cincinnati riots of 1884
    
    The Cincinnati riots of 1884, also known as the Cincinnati Courthouse riots, were caused by public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder. A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, attempted to find and lynch the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the next few days, more than 50 people died and the courthouse was destroyed. It was one of the most destructive riots in American history.
2. A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States attacks members of a jury which had returned a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder; over the next few days the mob would riot and eventually destroy the courthouse.[citation needed]
  1. Cincinnati
    
    Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky. The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. With an estimated population of 2,256,884, it is Ohio's largest metropolitan area and the nation's 30th-largest, and with a city population of 309,317, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 64th in the United States. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was among the top 10 U.S. cities by population, surpassed only by New Orleans and the older, established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard, as well as being the sixth-most populous city from 1840 until 1860.
  2. Manslaughter
    
    Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder. The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker Draco in the 7th century BC.
  3. Murder
    
    Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought. This state of mind may, depending upon the jurisdiction, distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide, such as manslaughter. Manslaughter is killing committed in the absence of malice, brought about by reasonable provocation, or diminished capacity. Involuntary manslaughter, where it is recognized, is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent, recklessness.
  4. Cincinnati riots of 1884
    
    The Cincinnati riots of 1884, also known as the Cincinnati Courthouse riots, were caused by public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder. A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, attempted to find and lynch the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the next few days, more than 50 people died and the courthouse was destroyed. It was one of the most destructive riots in American history.
  5. Wikipedia:Citation needed
1871
1. The first international rugby football match, when Scotland defeats England in Edinburgh at Raeburn Place.
  1. 1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match
    
    The rugby union match played between Scotland and England on 27 March 1871 was the world's first international rugby match. The match was played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh in front of 4,000 spectators. Scotland won the match, scoring two tries and a goal to England's single try.
  2. Rugby football
    
    Rugby football is the collective name for the team sports of rugby union and rugby league.
  3. Scotland national rugby union team
    
    The Scotland national rugby union team represents Scotland in men's international rugby union and is administered by the Scottish Rugby Union. The team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and participates in the Rugby World Cup, which takes place every four years.
  4. England national rugby union team
    
    The England national rugby union team represents England in men's international rugby union. They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. England have won the championship on 29 occasions – winning the Grand Slam 13 times and the Triple Crown 26 times – making them the most successful outright winners in the tournament's history. They are currently the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup, having won the tournament in 2003, and have been runners-up on three other occasions.
  5. Edinburgh
    
    Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian, it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh is Scotland's second-most populous city, after Glasgow, and the seventh-most populous city in the United Kingdom.
  6. Raeburn Place
    
    Raeburn Place is the main street of the suburb of Stockbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland, and the name of the playing fields there.
1866
1. President of the United States of America Andrew Johnson vetoes the Civil Rights Act of 1866. His veto is overridden by Congress and the bill passes into law on April 9.
  1. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  2. Andrew Johnson
    
    Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.
  3. Civil Rights Act of 1866
    
    The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended, in the wake of the American Civil War, to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States.
  4. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
1850
1. San Diego, the first European settlement in present-day California, was incorporated as a city.
  1. San Diego
    
    San Diego is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is also the eighth most populous city in the United States and the seat of San Diego County, the fifth most populous county in the United States, with 3,338,330 estimated residents as of 2019. The city is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches and parks, long association with the U.S. armed forces, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center. San Diego is the second largest city in the state of California after Los Angeles.
  2. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
1836
1. At least 425 Texian prisoners of war were executed in the Goliad massacre (depicted), under orders from Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna.
  1. Republic of Texas
    
    The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846, that bordered Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America, although Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence despite the Treaties of Velasco of May 1836. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo residents of the area and of the republic became known as Texians.
  2. Goliad massacre
    
    The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425–445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas.The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. Despite appeals for clemency by General José de Urrea, the massacre was carried out by Lt. Colonel José Nicolás de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
  3. Antonio López de Santa Anna
    
    Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, usually known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna, was a Mexican politician and general. His influence on post-independence Mexican politics and government in the first half of the nineteenth century is such that historians of Mexico often refer to it as the "Age of Santa Anna". He has been called "the Man of Destiny", "a quintessential caudillo [strongman]". Although initially in the post-independence period he identified as a federalist and participated in a coup that ousted the conservatives in 1833, he became increasingly conservative. Elected President in 1833, López de Santa Anna declined to serve and retired to his home state and power base of Veracruz, a pattern that was to repeat itself until his ouster in 1855.
2. Texas Revolution: On the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican Army massacres 342 Texian Army POWs at Goliad, Texas.
  1. Texas Revolution
    
    The Texas Revolution was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. Although the uprising was part of a larger one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States.
  2. Antonio López de Santa Anna
    
    Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, usually known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna, was a Mexican politician and general. His influence on post-independence Mexican politics and government in the first half of the nineteenth century is such that historians of Mexico often refer to it as the "Age of Santa Anna". He has been called "the Man of Destiny", "a quintessential caudillo [strongman]". Although initially in the post-independence period he identified as a federalist and participated in a coup that ousted the conservatives in 1833, he became increasingly conservative. Elected President in 1833, López de Santa Anna declined to serve and retired to his home state and power base of Veracruz, a pattern that was to repeat itself until his ouster in 1855.
  3. Mexican Army
    
    The Mexican Army is the combined land and air branch and is the largest part of the Mexican Armed Forces; it is also known as the National Defense Army. The Mexican Army has an active duty force of 198,000 with 76,000 men and women of military service age. While participating in few combat operations outside of Mexican territory since the 19th century, the Mexican Army has continued to maintain an active presence as an internal security force.
  4. Goliad massacre
    
    The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425–445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas.The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. Despite appeals for clemency by General José de Urrea, the massacre was carried out by Lt. Colonel José Nicolás de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
  5. Texian Army
    
    The Texian Army, also known as the Revolutionary Army and Army of the People, was the land warfare branch of the Texian armed forces during the Texas Revolution. It spontaneously formed from the Texian Militia in October 1835 following the Battle of Gonzales. Along with the Texian Navy, it helped the Republic of Texas win independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico on May 14, 1836 at the Treaties of Velasco. Although the Texas Army was officially established by the Consultation of the Republic of Texas on November 13, 1835, it did not replace the Texian Army until after the Battle of San Jacinto.
  6. Goliad, Texas
    
    Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. It is known for the 1836 Goliad massacre during the Texas Revolution. It had a population of 1,620 at the 2020 census. Founded on the San Antonio River, it is the county seat of Goliad County. It is part of the Victoria, Texas, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
1814
1. War of 1812: In central Alabama, U.S. forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
  1. War of 1812
    
    The War of 1812 was fought by the United States of America and its indigenous allies against the United Kingdom and its allies in British North America, with limited participation by Spain in Florida. It began when the United States declared war on 18 June 1812 and, although peace terms were agreed upon in the December 1814 Treaty of Ghent, did not officially end until the peace treaty was ratified by Congress on 17 February 1815.
  2. Alabama
    
    Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.
  3. Andrew Jackson
    
    Andrew Jackson was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans.
  4. Muscogee
    
    The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Muscogee Creek, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy, are a group of related indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands in the United States of America. Their original homelands are in what now comprises southern Tennessee, much of Alabama, western Georgia and parts of northern Florida.
  5. Battle of Horseshoe Bend
    
    The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, was fought during the War of 1812 in the Mississippi Territory, now central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under Major General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War.
1809
1. Peninsular War: A combined Franco-Polish force defeats the Spanish in the Battle of Ciudad Real.
  1. Peninsular War
    
    The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. The war started when the French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 by transiting through Spain, and it escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France occupied Spain, which had been its ally. Napoleon Bonaparte forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the Bayonne Constitution. Most Spaniards rejected French rule and fought a bloody war to oust them. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation. It is also significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.
  2. First French Empire
    
    The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815.
  3. Duchy of Warsaw
    
    The Duchy of Warsaw, also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars. It comprised the ethnically Polish lands ceded to France by Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. It was the first attempt to re-establish Poland as a sovereign state after the 18th-century partitions and covered the central and southeastern parts of present-day Poland.
  4. Battle of Ciudad Real
    
    The Battle of Ciudad Real was fought on 27 March 1809 and resulted in a French victory under General Sebastiani against the Spanish under General Conde de Cartojal.
1794
1. To protect American merchant ships from Barbary pirates, Congress passed the Naval Act to authorize the building of six frigates, which eventually became the U.S. Navy.
  1. Barbary pirates
    
    The Barbary pirates, or Barbary corsairs or Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, in reference to the Berbers. Their predation extended throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard and into the North Atlantic as far north as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing merchant ships, they engaged in Razzias, raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, but also in the British Isles, the Netherlands and Iceland. The main purpose of their attacks was to capture slaves for the Ottoman slave trade as well as the general Arab slavery market in North Africa and the Middle East. Slaves in Barbary could be of many ethnicities, and of many different religions, such as Christian, Jewish, or Muslim.
  2. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  3. Naval Act of 1794
    
    The Act to Provide a Naval Armament, also known as the Naval Act of 1794, or simply, the Naval Act, was passed by the 3rd United States Congress on March 27, 1794, and signed into law by President George Washington. The act authorized the construction of six frigates at a total cost of $688,888.82. These ships were the first ships of what eventually became the present-day United States Navy.
  4. Original six frigates of the United States Navy
    
    The United States Congress authorized the original six frigates of the United States Navy with the Naval Act of 1794 on March 27, 1794, at a total cost of $688,888.82. These ships were built during the formative years of the United States Navy, on the recommendation of designer Joshua Humphreys for a fleet of frigates powerful enough to engage any frigates of the French or British navies yet fast enough to evade any ship of the line.
  5. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
2. The United States Government establishes a permanent navy and authorizes the building of six frigates.
  1. Federal government of the United States
    
    The federal government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a federal district, five major self-governing territories and several island possessions. The federal government, sometimes simply referred to as Washington, is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.
  2. United States Navy
    
    The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 allies or partner nations of the United States as of 2015. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the United States Navy is the third largest of the United States military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 2,623 operational aircraft as of June 2019.
  3. Original six frigates of the United States Navy
    
    The United States Congress authorized the original six frigates of the United States Navy with the Naval Act of 1794 on March 27, 1794, at a total cost of $688,888.82. These ships were built during the formative years of the United States Navy, on the recommendation of designer Joshua Humphreys for a fleet of frigates powerful enough to engage any frigates of the French or British navies yet fast enough to evade any ship of the line.
1782
1. The Second Rockingham ministry assumes office in Great Britain and begins negotiations to end the American War of Independence.
  1. Second Rockingham ministry
    
    This is a list of the principal holders of government office during the second premiership of the Marquess of Rockingham for four months in 1782.
  2. Kingdom of Great Britain
    
    The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.
  3. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, secured American independence from Great Britain. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
1638
1. The first of four strong earthquakes struck Calabria in southern Italy, which resulted in up to 30,000 combined deaths.
  1. 1638 Calabrian earthquakes
    
    A series of four mainshocks struck Calabria on March 27–28 and June 9, 1638. The first three earthquakes had moment magnitudes estimated to be Mw 6.6–7.1. On June 9, another mainshock estimated at Mw  6.7 struck the same region, causing further damage and casualties. The four earthquakes resulted in as many as 30,000 fatalities.
  2. Calabria
    
    Calabria, is a region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. With almost 2 million residents across a total area of approximately 15,222 square kilometres (5,877 sq mi), it is the tenth most populous and the tenth largest Italian region by area. Catanzaro is the region's capital, while Reggio Calabria is the most populous city in the region.
2. The first of four destructive Calabrian earthquakes strikes southern Italy. Measuring magnitude 6.8 and assigned a Mercalli intensity of XI, it kills 10,000–30,000 people.
  1. 1638 Calabrian earthquakes
    
    A series of four mainshocks struck Calabria on March 27–28 and June 9, 1638. The first three earthquakes had moment magnitudes estimated to be Mw 6.6–7.1. On June 9, another mainshock estimated at Mw  6.7 struck the same region, causing further damage and casualties. The four earthquakes resulted in as many as 30,000 fatalities.
  2. Southern Italy
    
    Southern Italy also known as Meridione or Mezzogiorno, is a macroregion of the Italian Republic consisting of its southern half.
  3. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
    
    The Modified Mercalli intensity scale, developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales. While shaking is caused by the seismic energy released by an earthquake, earthquakes differ in how much of their energy is radiated as seismic waves. Deeper earthquakes also have less interaction with the surface, and their energy is spread out across a larger volume. Shaking intensity is localized, generally diminishing with distance from the earthquake's epicenter, but can be amplified in sedimentary basins and certain kinds of unconsolidated soils.
1625
1. Charles I becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland as well as claiming the title King of France.
  1. Charles I of England
    
    Charles I was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France.
  2. Monarchy of the United Kingdom
    
    The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. The current monarch is King Charles III, who ascended the throne on 8 September 2022, upon the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II.
  3. English claims to the French throne
    
    From the 1340s to the 19th century, excluding two brief intervals in the 1360s and the 1420s, the kings and queens of England and Ireland also claimed the throne of France. The claim dates from Edward III, who claimed the French throne in 1340 as the sororal nephew of the last direct Capetian, Charles IV. Edward and his heirs fought the Hundred Years' War to enforce this claim, and were briefly successful in the 1420s under Henry V and Henry VI, but the House of Valois, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, was ultimately victorious and retained control of France, except for Calais and the Channel Islands. English and British monarchs continued to prominently call themselves kings of France, and the French fleur-de-lis was included in the royal arms. This continued until 1801, by which time France no longer had any monarch, having become a republic. The Jacobite claimants, however, did not explicitly relinquish the claim.
1513
1. Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León reaches the northern end of The Bahamas on his first voyage to Florida.
  1. Juan Ponce de León
    
    Juan Ponce de León was a Spanish explorer and conquistador known for leading the first official European expedition to Florida and for serving as the first governor of Puerto Rico. He was born in Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain in 1474. Though little is known about his family, he was of noble birth and served in the Spanish military from a young age. He first came to the Americas as a "gentleman volunteer" with Christopher Columbus's second expedition in 1493.
  2. The Bahamas
    
    The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.
  3. Florida
    
    Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba; it is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Spanning 65,758 square miles (170,310 km2), Florida ranks 22nd in area among the 50 states, and with a population of over 21 million, is the third-most populous. The state capital is Tallahassee and the most populous city is Jacksonville. The Miami metropolitan area, with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the ninth-most populous in the United States; other urban conurbations with over one million people are Tampa Bay, Orlando, and Jacksonville.
1329
1. Pope John XXII issues his In Agro Dominico condemning some writings of Meister Eckhart as heretical.
  1. Pope John XXII
    
    Pope John XXII, born Jacques Duèze, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in December 1334.
  2. Meister Eckhart
    
    Eckhart von Hochheim, commonly known as Meister Eckhart, Master Eckhart or Eckehart, original name Johannes Eckhart was a German Catholic theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near Gotha in the Landgraviate of Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire.
1309
1. Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
  1. Pope Clement V
    
    Pope Clement V, born Raymond Bertrand de Got, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death in April 1314. He is remembered for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and allowing the execution of many of its members. Pope Clement V was the pope who moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon, ushering in the period known as the Avignon Papacy.
  2. Excommunication
    
    Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose of the institutional act is to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular, those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.
  3. Interdict
    
    In Catholic canon law, an interdict is an ecclesiastical censure, or ban that prohibits persons, certain active Church individuals or groups from participating in certain rites, or that the rites and services of the church are banished from having validity in certain territories for a limited or extended time.
  4. Ferrara
    
    Ferrara is a city and comune in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital of the Province of Ferrara. As of 2016 it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated 44 kilometres northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Births & Deaths

2018
1. Bert Nievera, Filipino-American singer (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Bert Nievera
    
    Roberto Jose Dela Cruz Nievera was a Filipino-American singer and businessman. He rose to prominence in 1959 after winning the "Search for Johnny Mathis of the Philippines", a singing contest on the television variety show Student Canteen. He was one of the original members of the Society of Seven (SOS).
2016
1. Mother Angelica, American Roman Catholic religious leader and media personality (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Mother Angelica
    
    Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation, also known as Mother Angelica, was an American Roman Catholic nun of the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration. She was best known for the television show Mother Angelica Live. She was the founder of the international broadcast cable television network Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) and the radio network WEWN. EWTN became a voice for Catholics worldwide.
2015
1. Johnny Helms, American trumpet player, bandleader, and educator (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Johnny Helms
    
    John Newton "Johnny" Helms was an American jazz trumpet player, bandleader, and music educator from Columbia, South Carolina. He performed with Chris Potter, Tommy Newsom, Bill Watrous, Red Rodney, Woody Herman, Sam Most, and the Clark Terry Big Band among others. In 1989, he was featured along with Terry and Oscar Peterson as part of Clark Terry and Friends at Town Hall during the JVC Jazz Festival.
2. T. Sailo, Indian soldier and politician, 2nd Chief Minister of Mizoram (b. 1922) deaths
  1. T. Sailo
    
    Ṭhenphunga Sailo was a Brigadier of the Indian Army, and the second and twice the Chief Minister of Mizoram, a state in northeast India. He was the creator of Mizoram People's Conference, one of the major political parties in Mizoram. He was a recipient of Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM) and Padma Shri for his humanitarian works during his military service, and Mizo Award for his lifetime achievements.
  2. List of chief ministers of Mizoram
    
    The Chief Minister of Mizoram is the chief executive of the Indian state of Mizoram. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Mizoram Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
2014
1. Richard N. Frye, American scholar and academic (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Richard N. Frye
    
    Richard Nelson Frye was an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University. His professional areas of interest were Iranian philology and the history of Iran and Central Asia before 1000 CE.
2. James R. Schlesinger, American economist and politician, 12th United States Secretary of Defense and first United States Secretary of Energy (b. 1929) deaths
  1. James R. Schlesinger
    
    James Rodney Schlesinger was an American economist and public servant who was best known for serving as Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Prior to becoming Secretary of Defense, he served as Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1971 to 1973, and as CIA Director for a few months in 1973. He became America's first Secretary of Energy under Jimmy Carter in 1977, serving until 1979.
  2. United States Secretary of Defense
    
    The United States secretary of defense (SecDef) is the head of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the U.S. Armed Forces, and is a high ranking member of the federal cabinet. The secretary of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of the president of the United States, who is the commander-in-chief. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a defense minister in many other countries. The secretary of defense is appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council.
  3. United States Secretary of Energy
    
    The United States secretary of energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and fifteenth in the presidential line of succession. The position was created on October 1, 1977, when President Jimmy Carter signed the Department of Energy Organization Act, establishing the department. The energy secretary and the department originally focused on energy production and regulation. The emphasis soon shifted to developing technology for better and more efficient energy sources, as well as energy education. After the end of the Cold War, the department's attention also turned toward radioactive waste disposal and the maintenance of environmental quality. Former secretary of defense James Schlesinger served as the first secretary of energy. As a Republican nominated to the post by Democratic president Jimmy Carter, Schlesinger's appointment marks the only time a president has chosen a member of another political party for the position. Schlesinger is also the only secretary to be dismissed from the post. Hazel O'Leary, Bill Clinton's first secretary of energy, was the first female and first African American to hold the position. The first Hispanic to serve as Energy Secretary was Clinton's second energy secretary, Federico Peña. Spencer Abraham became the first Arab American to hold the position on January 20, 2001, serving under the administration of George W. Bush. Steven Chu became the first Asian American to hold the position on January 20, 2009, serving under president Barack Obama. Chu was also the longest-serving secretary of energy and the first individual to join the Cabinet after having received a Nobel Prize.
2013
1. Hjalmar Andersen, Norwegian speed skater (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Hjalmar Andersen
    
    Hjalmar "Hjallis" Johan Andersen was a speed skater from Norway who won three gold medals at the 1952 Winter Olympic Games of Oslo, Norway. He was the only triple gold medalist at the 1952 Winter Olympics, and as such, became the most successful athlete there.
2. Yvonne Brill, Canadian-American scientist and engineer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Yvonne Brill
    
    Yvonne Madelaine Brill was a Canadian-American rocket and jet propulsion engineer. She is responsible for inventing the fuel-efficient rocket thruster that keeps satellites in orbit today. During her career she was involved in a broad range of national space programs in the United States, including NASA and the International Maritime Satellite Organization.
3. Fay Kanin, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1917) deaths
  1. Fay Kanin
    
    Fay Kanin was an American screenwriter, playwright and producer. Kanin was President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1979 to 1983.
2012
1. Adrienne Rich, American poet, essayist and feminist (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Adrienne Rich
    
    Adrienne Cecile Rich was an American poet, essayist and feminist. She was called "one of the most widely read and influential poets of the second half of the 20th century", and was credited with bringing "the oppression of women and lesbians to the forefront of poetic discourse". Rich criticized rigid forms of feminist identities, and valorized what she coined the "lesbian continuum", which is a female continuum of solidarity and creativity that impacts and fills women's lives.
2011
1. Clement Arrindell, Nevisian judge and politician, 1st Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Clement Arrindell
    
    Sir Clement Athelston Arrindell was the first governor-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis, serving from 1983 to 1995, and also served as the country's final colonial governor, from 1981 to 1983.
  2. Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
    
    The governor-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis is the representative of the monarch of Saint Kitts and Nevis, currently King Charles III. The appointed Governor-General, currently Sir Tapley Seaton, lives in Government House, Basseterre, which serves as his official residence.
2. Farley Granger, American actor (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Farley Granger
    
    Farley Earle Granger Jr. was an American actor, best known for his two collaborations with director Alfred Hitchcock: Rope in 1948 and Strangers on a Train in 1951.
2010
1. Dick Giordano, American illustrator (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Dick Giordano
    
    Richard Joseph Giordano was an American comics artist and editor whose career included introducing Charlton Comics' "Action Heroes" stable of superheroes and serving as executive editor of DC Comics.
2009
1. Irving R. Levine, American journalist and author (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Irving R. Levine
    
    Irving Raskin Levine was an American journalist and longtime correspondent for NBC News. During his 45-year career, Levine reported from more than two dozen countries. He was the first American television correspondent to be accredited in the Soviet Union. He wrote three non-fiction books on life in the USSR, each of which became a bestseller.
2008
1. Jean-Marie Balestre, French businessman (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Jean-Marie Balestre
    
    Jean-Marie Balestre was a French auto racing administrator, who became President of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) from 1978 to 1991 and President of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) from 1985 to 1993.
2007
1. Nancy Adams, New Zealand botanist and illustrator (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Nancy Adams
    
    Jacqueline Nancy Mary Adams was a New Zealand botanical illustrator and museum curator.
2. Paul Lauterbur, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Paul Lauterbur
    
    Paul Christian Lauterbur was an American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for his work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) possible.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
2006
1. Dan Curtis, American director and producer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Dan Curtis
    
    Dan Curtis was an American director, writer, and producer of television and film, known among fans of horror films for his afternoon TV series Dark Shadows (1966–1971) and its 1991 remake, and TV films such as The Night Stalker (1972), Bram Stoker's Dracula (1974) and Trilogy of Terror (1975). He also directed three feature films – the Dark Shadows spinoffs House of Dark Shadows (1970) and Night of Dark Shadows (1971), and the supernatural horror Burnt Offerings (1976).
2. Stanisław Lem, Ukrainian-Polish author (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Stanisław Lem
    
    Stanisław Herman Lem was a Polish writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism. Many of his science fiction stories are of satirical and humorous character. Lem's books have been translated into more than 50 languages and have sold more than 45 million copies. Worldwide, he is best known as the author of the 1961 novel Solaris. In 1976 Theodore Sturgeon wrote that Lem was the most widely read science fiction writer in the world.
3. Rudolf Vrba, Czech Holocaust survivor and educator (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Rudolf Vrba
    
    Rudolf "Rudi" Vrba was a Slovak-Jewish biochemist who, as a teenager in 1942, was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. He escaped from the camp in April 1944, at the height of the Holocaust, and co-wrote a detailed report about the mass murder taking place there. Distribution of the report by George Mantello in Switzerland is credited with having halted the mass deportation of Hungary's Jews to Auschwitz in July 1944, saving more than 200,000 lives. After the war, Vrba trained as a biochemist, working mostly in England and Canada.
  2. The Holocaust
    
    The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
4. Neil Williams, English cricketer (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Neil Williams (cricketer)
    
    Neil Fitzgerald Williams was an England cricketer, who played first-class cricket for both Middlesex and Essex. In a first-class career spanning over seventeen years, he took 675 wickets and scored 4,457 runs.
2005
1. Wilfred Gordon Bigelow, Canadian soldier and surgeon (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Wilfred Gordon Bigelow
    
    Wilfred Gordon "Bill" Bigelow was a Canadian heart surgeon known for his role in developing the artificial pacemaker and the use of hypothermia in open heart surgery.
2004
1. Robert Merle, French author (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Robert Merle
    
    Robert Merle was a French novelist.
2003
1. Edwin Carr, New Zealand composer and educator (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Edwin Carr (composer)
    
    Edwin James Nairn Carr was a composer of classical music from New Zealand.
2002
1. Daria Snigur, Ukrainian tennis player births
  1. Daria Snigur
    
    Daria Serhiivna Snigur is a Ukrainian tennis player. Snigur has a career-high WTA rankings of world No. 124 in singles, achieved on 8 August 2022. She has won six singles titles at tournaments of the ITF Women's Circuit.
2. Milton Berle, American comedian and actor (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Milton Berle
    
    Milton Berle was an American actor and comedian. Berle's career as an entertainer spanned over 80 years, first in silent films and on stage as a child actor, then in radio, movies and television. As the host of NBC's Texaco Star Theatre (1948–1953), he was the first major American television star and was known to millions of viewers as "Uncle Miltie" and "Mr. Television" during the first Golden Age of Television. He was honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in both radio and TV.
3. Dudley Moore, English actor (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Dudley Moore
    
    Dudley Stuart John Moore CBE was an English actor, comedian, musician and composer. Moore first came to prominence in the UK as a leading figure in the British satire boom of the 1960s. He was one of the four writer-performers in the comedy revue Beyond the Fringe from 1960 that created a boom in satiric comedy, and with a member of that team, Peter Cook, collaborated on the BBC television series Not Only... But Also. As a popular double act, Moore’s buffoonery contrasted with Cook’s deadpan monologues. They jointly received the 1966 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance. They worked together on other projects until the mid 1970s, by which time Moore had settled in Los Angeles to concentrate on his film acting.
4. Billy Wilder, Austrian-born American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Billy Wilder
    
    Billy Wilder was an Austrian-American filmmaker. His career in Hollywood spanned five decades, and he is regarded as one of the most brilliant and versatile filmmakers of Classic Hollywood cinema. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director eight times, winning twice, and for a screenplay Academy Award 13 times, winning three times.
2000
1. George Allen, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1914) deaths
  1. George Allen (ice hockey)
    
    George Trenholm Allen was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played Left Wing in the National Hockey League, mostly for the Chicago Black Hawks, between 1938 and 1947. Allen was born in Bayfield, New Brunswick, but grew up in Kerrobert, Saskatchewan.
2. Ian Dury, English singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Ian Dury
    
    Ian Robins Dury was a British singer, songwriter and actor who rose to fame during the late 1970s, during the punk and new wave era of rock music. He was the lead singer and lyricist of Ian Dury and the Blockheads and before that of Kilburn and the High Roads.
1999
1. Michael Aris, Cuban-English author and academic (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Michael Aris
    
    Michael Vaillancourt Aris was an English historian who wrote and lectured on Bhutanese, Tibetan and Himalayan culture and history. He was the husband of Aung San Suu Kyi, who would later become State Counsellor of Myanmar.
1998
1. Giannis Bouzoukis, Greek footballer births
  1. Giannis Bouzoukis
    
    Giannis Bouzoukis is a Greek professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Super League club OFI.
2. David McClelland, American psychologist and academic (b. 1917) deaths
  1. David McClelland
    
    David Clarence McClelland was an American psychologist, noted for his work on motivation Need Theory. He published a number of works between the 1950s and the 1990s and developed new scoring systems for the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and its descendants. McClelland is credited with developing Achievement Motivation Theory, commonly referred to as "need for achievement" or n-achievement theory. A Review of General Psychology survey published in 2002, ranked McClelland as the 15th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
1997
1. Lane Dwinell, American businessman and politician, 69th Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Lane Dwinell
    
    Seymour Lane Dwinell was an American manufacturer and Republican politician from Lebanon, New Hampshire. Born in 1906 in Newport, Vermont, he served in and led both houses of the New Hampshire legislature before his tenure as the 69th governor of New Hampshire from 1955 to 1959. He died in 1997 aged 90 in Hanover, New Hampshire and is buried in Lebanon, New Hampshire.
  2. Governor of New Hampshire
    
    The governor of New Hampshire is the head of government of New Hampshire.
2. Ella Maillart, Swiss skier, sailor, field hockey player, and photographer (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Ella Maillart
    
    Ella Maillart was a Swiss adventurer, travel writer and photographer, as well as a sportswoman.
1995
1. Bill Tuiloma, New Zealand footballer births
  1. Bill Tuiloma
    
    Bill Poni Tuiloma is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a centre-back or defensive midfielder for the Portland Timbers in Major League Soccer.
2. René Allio, French director and screenwriter (b. 1924) deaths
  1. René Allio
    
    René Allio was a French film and theater director.
1994
1. Elisabeth Schmid, German archaeologist and osteologist (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Elisabeth Schmid
    
    Elisabeth Schmid was a German archaeologist and osteologist. She is best known for her work concerning the prehistoric statue, the lion-man, and for her book, Atlas of Animal Bones.
2. Lawrence Wetherby, American lawyer and politician, 48th Governor of Kentucky (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Lawrence Wetherby
    
    Lawrence Winchester Wetherby was an American politician who served as Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Kentucky. He was the first of only two governors in state history born in Jefferson County, despite the fact that Louisville is the state's most populous city. The second governor born in Jefferson County is the incumbent governor, Andy Beshear.
  2. Governor of Kentucky
    
    The governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of government of Kentucky. Sixty-two men and one woman have served as governor of Kentucky. The governor's term is four years in length; since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the state's history, four men have served two non-consecutive terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U.S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years. The current governor is Andy Beshear, who was first elected in 2019.
1993
1. Kamal Hassan Ali, Egyptian general and politician, Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Kamal Hassan Ali
    
    General Kamal Hassan Ali was an Egyptian politician and military hero.
  2. Prime Minister of Egypt
    
    The prime minister of Egypt is the head of the Egyptian government. A direct translation of the Arabic-language title is "Minister-President of Egypt" and "President of the Government". The Arabic title can also be translated as "President of the Council of Ministers", as is the case with the Prime Minister of Syria, despite the Arabic title being the same in Syria and Egypt.
2. Paul László, Hungarian-American architect and interior designer (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Paul László
    
    Paul László or Paul Laszlo was a Hungarian-born architect and interior designer whose work spanned eight decades and many countries. László built his reputation while designing interiors for houses, but in the 1960s, largely shifted his focus to the design of retail and commercial interiors.
1992
1. Marc Muniesa, Spanish footballer births
  1. Marc Muniesa
    
    Marc Muniesa Martínez is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Al-Arabi. Mainly a central defender, he can also play as a left back.
2. Colin Gibson, English footballer (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Colin Gibson (footballer, born 1923)
    
    Colin Hayward Gibson was an English footballer who scored 57 goals from 288 appearances in the Football League playing for Cardiff City, Newcastle United, Aston Villa and Lincoln City. He played as an outside or inside right.
3. Lang Hancock, Australian businessman (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Lang Hancock
    
    Langley Frederick George "Lang" Hancock was an Australian iron ore magnate from Western Australia who maintained a high profile in the spheres of business and politics. Famous initially for discovering the world's largest iron ore deposit in 1952 and becoming one of the richest men in Australia, he is now perhaps best remembered for his marriage to the much-younger Rose Porteous, a Filipino woman and his former maid. Hancock's daughter, Gina Rinehart, was bitterly opposed to Hancock's relationship with Porteous. The conflicts between Rinehart and Porteous overshadowed his final years and continued until more than a decade after his death.
4. James E. Webb, American colonel and politician, 16th Under Secretary of State (b. 1906) deaths
  1. James E. Webb
    
    James Edwin Webb was an American government official who served as Undersecretary of State from 1949 to 1952. He was the second Administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961, to October 7, 1968. Webb led NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration, thus overseeing each of the critical first manned missions throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs until days before the launch of the first Apollo mission. He also dealt with the Apollo 1 fire.
  2. United States Under Secretary of State
    
    Under Secretary of State (U/S) is a title used by senior officials of the United States Department of State who rank above the Assistant Secretaries and below the Deputy Secretary.
1991
1. Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Aldo Ray
    
    Aldo Ray was an American actor of film and television. He began his career as a contract player for Columbia Studios before achieving stardom through his roles in The Marrying Kind, Pat and Mike, Let's Do It Again, and Battle Cry. His athletic build and gruff, raspy voice saw him frequently typecast in "tough guy" roles throughout his career, which lasted well into the late 1980s. Though the latter part of his career was marked by appearances in low-budget B-movies and exploitation films, he still starred occasionally in higher-profile features, including The Secret of NIMH (1982) and The Sicilian (1987).
1990
1. Erdin Demir, Swedish-Turkish footballer births
  1. Erdin Demir
    
    Erdin Demir is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a left back. He played in Sweden, Norway, and Belgium during a career that spanned between 2008 and 2021. A full international between 2012 and 2014, he won six caps for the Sweden national team.
2. Ben Hunt, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Ben Hunt (rugby league)
    
    Ben Hunt is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who captains and plays as a halfback for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL and hooker for Australia at international level.
3. Nicolas Nkoulou, Cameroonian footballer births
  1. Nicolas Nkoulou
    
    Nicolas Julio Nkoulou Ndoubena, known as Nicolas Nkoulou, is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Super League Greece club Aris.
4. Luca Zuffi, Swiss footballer births
  1. Luca Zuffi
    
    Luca Zuffi is a Swiss footballer who plays as midfielder for FC Sion.
5. Kimbra, New Zealand musician births
  1. Kimbra
    
    Kimbra Lee Johnson, known mononymously as Kimbra, is a New Zealand singer and songwriter. Known for mixing pop with R&B, jazz and rock musical elements, her accolades include four ARIA Music Awards, two Grammy Awards and seven New Zealand Music Awards. Her musical influences range from Prince and Minnie Riperton to Björk and Jeff Buckley.
6. Brodha V, Indian Rapper and Music Producer births
  1. Brodha V
    
    Vighnesh Shivanand, better known by his stage name Brodha V, is an Indian hip-hop artist, lyricist, rapper and music producer. Born in Kanchipuram, the Karnataka-based artist started rapping at the age of 18 and took part in online rap battles on Orkut. As an independent artist, Brodha V released a mixtape called Deathpunch which had a limited release and which garnered him some attention from the hip hop fraternity and the independent music circuit in South India.
7. Percy Beard, American hurdler and coach (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Percy Beard
    
    Percy Morris Beard was an American college and international track and field athlete who specialized in the high hurdles event, and won an Olympic silver medal. Beard later became a nationally prominent college track and field coach at the University of Florida.
1989
1. Matt Harvey, American baseball player births
  1. Matt Harvey
    
    Matthew Edward Harvey, nicknamed The Dark Knight, is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Angels, Kansas City Royals, and Baltimore Orioles.
2. Camilla Lees, New Zealand netball player births
  1. Camilla Lees
    
    Camilla Lees is a New Zealand netball player.
3. May Allison, American actress (b. 1890) deaths
  1. May Allison
    
    May Allison was an American actress whose greatest success was achieved in the early part of the 20th century in silent films, although she also appeared on stage.
4. Malcolm Cowley, American novelist, poet, and literary critic (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Malcolm Cowley
    
    Malcolm Cowley was an American writer, editor, historian, poet, and literary critic. His best known works include his first book of poetry, Blue Juniata (1929), his lyrical memoir, Exile's Return, as a chronicler and fellow traveller of the Lost Generation, and as an influential editor and talent scout at Viking Press.
1988
1. Jessie J, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Jessie J
    
    Jessica Ellen Cornish, known professionally as Jessie J, is an English singer. Born and raised in London, she began her career on stage, aged 11, with a role in the West End musical Whistle Down the Wind. She studied at the BRIT School before signing with Gut Records and striking a songwriting deal with Sony/ATV Music Publishing.
2. Atsuto Uchida, Japanese footballer births
  1. Atsuto Uchida
    
    Atsuto Uchida is a Japanese former professional footballer turned coach who played as a right-back.
3. Brenda Song, American actress births
  1. Brenda Song
    
    Brenda Song is an American actress. Born in California, Song began her career at the age of six, working as a child model. She made her screen debut with a guest appearance on the sitcom Thunder Alley (1995), and went on to roles such as the children's television series Fudge (1995) and the Nickelodeon series 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd (1999). Song starred in the Disney Channel original film The Ultimate Christmas Present (2000), which won her a Young Artist Award. She subsequently signed a contract with Disney Channel and earned widespread recognition for playing the titular character in the action film Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior (2006), and London Tipton in the comedy franchise The Suite Life (2005–2011), earning her acclaim and two Young Hollywood Awards. She additionally played the character of Tia on Phil of the Future (2004–2005), and had starring roles in the television films Get a Clue (2002) and the comedy film Stuck in the Suburbs (2004).
4. Mauro Goicoechea, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Mauro Goicoechea
    
    Mauro Daniel Goicoechea Furia is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Uruguayan Primera División team Boston River.
5. Holliday Grainger, English actress births
  1. Holliday Grainger
    
    Holliday Clark Grainger, also credited as Holly Grainger, is an English screen and stage actress. Some of her prominent roles are Kate Beckett in the BAFTA award-winning children's series Roger and the Rottentrolls, Lucrezia Borgia in the Showtime series The Borgias, Robin Ellacott in Strike, DI Rachel Carey in the Peacock/BBC One crime drama The Capture and Estella in Mike Newell's adaptation of Great Expectations.
6. Charles Willeford, American author, poet, and critic (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Charles Willeford
    
    Charles Ray Willeford III was an American writer. An author of fiction, poetry, autobiography, and literary criticism, Willeford is best known for his series of novels featuring hardboiled detective Hoke Moseley. Willeford published steadily from the 1940s, but vaulted to wider attention with the first Hoke Moseley book, Miami Blues (1984), which is considered one of its era's most influential works of crime fiction. Film adaptations have been made of four of Willeford's novels: Cockfighter, Miami Blues, The Woman Chaser, and The Burnt Orange Heresy.
1987
1. Jefferson Bernárdez, Honduran footballer births
  1. Jefferson Bernárdez
    
    Jefferson Jair Bernárdez Bennett is a Honduran football forward who currently plays for Parrillas One.
2. Samuel Francis, Nigerian-Qatari sprinter births
  1. Samuel Francis (sprinter)
    
    Samuel Adelebari Francis is a sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. He was born in Port Harcourt, the capital of Rivers State, Nigeria. He is a naturalized Qatari and has competed for Qatar from July 2007. His personal best of 9.99 seconds is the former Asian record for the 100 m.
3. Polina Gagarina, Russian singer-songwriter births
  1. Polina Gagarina
    
    Polina Sergeyevna Gagarina is a Russian singer and songwriter. She represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with "A Million Voices" where she finished second with 303 points. In doing so, she became the first second placed finisher to exceed 300 points. Gagarina also participated in the Chinese reality-competition Singer in 2019, where she was one of the finalists.
4. Buster Posey, American baseball player births
  1. Buster Posey
    
    Gerald Dempsey "Buster" Posey III is an American former professional baseball catcher. Posey spent his entire twelve-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career with the San Francisco Giants, from 2009 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2021 season. In September 2022, Posey joined the Giants' ownership group.
5. William Bowers, American journalist and screenwriter (b. 1916) deaths
  1. William Bowers
    
    William Bowers was an American reporter, playwright, and screenwriter. He worked as a reporter in Long Beach, California and for Life magazine, and specialized in writing comedy-westerns. He also turned out several thrillers.
1986
1. Manuel Neuer, German footballer births
  1. Manuel Neuer
    
    Manuel Peter Neuer is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and captains both Bundesliga club Bayern Munich and the Germany national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the history of the sport. Neuer has been described as a "sweeper-keeper" because of his playing style and speed when rushing off his line to anticipate opponents, going out of the goalkeeper box. He was named the best goalkeeper of the decade from 2011 to 2020 by IFFHS.
1985
1. Dustin Byfuglien, American ice hockey player births
  1. Dustin Byfuglien
    
    Dustin Byfuglien is an American former professional ice hockey player. He previously played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Atlanta Thrashers and Winnipeg Jets. Drafted as a defenseman, he has played both forward and defense in his career, although he has generally played defense in recent years. Byfuglien helped Chicago win the Stanley Cup in 2010. Byfuglien is the first black American-born player to win the Stanley Cup.
2. Danny Vukovic, Australian footballer births
  1. Danny Vukovic
    
    Daniel Vukovic is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Central Coast Mariners in the A-League and the Australia national team. Vukovic is the holder of several A-League records: he has kept the most clean sheets of any goalkeeper in the A-League (84), he is the only goalkeeper to score in the A-League.
1984
1. Adam Ashley-Cooper, Australian rugby player births
  1. Adam Ashley-Cooper
    
    Adam Ashley-Cooper is a former Australian rugby union player who last played for the LA Giltinis of Major League Rugby (MLR). He has won 121 caps for Australia, the third most of any Australia player. His nickname is "Mr. Versatile". He is currently the senior assistant coach for backs with the LA Giltinis.
2. Ben Franks, Australian-born New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Ben Franks
    
    Ben John Franks is a New Zealand rugby union coach and former player. He played as a prop. He is one of only 21 players who have won the Rugby World Cup on multiple occasions.
3. Brett Holman, Australian footballer births
  1. Brett Holman
    
    Brett Trevor Holman is a former Australian professional footballer who last played for Brisbane Roar in the A-League as an attacking midfielder.
1983
1. Yuliya Golubchikova, Russian pole vaulter births
  1. Yuliya Golubchikova
    
    Yuliya Alekseyevna Golubchikova is a Russian pole vaulter.
2. Vasily Koshechkin, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Vasily Koshechkin
    
    Vasily Vladimirovich Koshechkin is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for Metallurg Magnitogorsk in the Kontinental Hockey League.
3. Román Martínez, Argentinian footballer births
  1. Román Martínez (footballer, born 1983)
    
    Román Fernando Martínez Scharner is an Argentine footballer who plays as a midfielder.
1982
1. Shawn Beveney, Guyanese footballer births
  1. Shawn Beveney
    
    Shawn Beveney is a Guyanese footballer who plays for Haringey Borough F.C.
2. Fazlur Khan, Bangladeshi-American engineer and architect, designed the John Hancock Center and Willis Tower (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Fazlur Rahman Khan
    
    Fazlur Rahman Khan was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect, who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers. Considered the "father of tubular designs" for high-rises, Khan was also a pioneer in computer-aided design (CAD). He was the designer of the Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998, and the 100-story John Hancock Center.
  2. John Hancock Center
    
    The John Hancock Center is a 100-story, 1,128-foot supertall skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois. Located in the Magnificent Mile district, the building was officially renamed 875 North Michigan Avenue in 2018.
  3. Willis Tower
    
    The Willis Tower is a 108-story, 1,451-foot (442.3 m) skyscraper in the Loop community area of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Designed by architect Bruce Graham and engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), it opened in 1973 as the world's tallest building, a title that it held for nearly 25 years. It is currently the third-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the 23rd-tallest in the world. Each year, more than 1.7 million people visit the Skydeck observation deck, the highest in the United States, making it one of Chicago's most popular tourist destinations.
1981
1. Terry McFlynn, Irish footballer births
  1. Terry McFlynn
    
    Terence Martin "Terry" McFlynn is a retired footballer from Northern Ireland who is most well known for playing for the A-League club Sydney FC. He is currently serving as the W-League and Academy manager for Perth Glory FC.
2. Akhil Kumar, Indian boxer births
  1. Akhil Kumar
    
    Akhil Kumar is an Indian boxer who has won several international and national boxing awards. He practices an "open guarded" boxing style. In 2005, the Indian government gave him the Arjuna Award for his achievements in international boxing. In March 2017, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, appointed Akhil Kumar along with Mary Kom as national observers for boxing.
3. Jukka Keskisalo, Finnish runner births
  1. Jukka Keskisalo
    
    Jukka Pekka Sakari Keskisalo is a Finnish athlete competing in 3000 m steeplechase and 1500 m. He won the 3000 m steeplechase at the 2006 European Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg and was also an Olympian in 2012.
4. Hilda Kibet, Kenyan runner births
  1. Hilda Kibet
    
    Hilda Kibet is a Dutch runner of Kenyan birth. She is the sister of Sylvia Kibet and the niece of Lornah Kiplagat. She obtained Dutch nationality in October 2007.
5. Cacau, Brazilian-German footballer births
  1. Cacau
    
    Claudemir Jerônimo Barreto, known as Cacau, is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in Brazil, he represented Germany at international level.
6. Jakob Ackeret, Swiss engineer and academic (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Jakob Ackeret
    
    Jakob Ackeret, FRAeS was a Swiss aeronautical engineer. He is widely viewed as one of the foremost aeronautics experts of the 20th century.
1980
1. Sean Ryan, American football player births
  1. Sean Ryan (tight end)
    
    Sean P. Ryan is a former American football tight end in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, New York Jets, Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints, San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College.
2. Michaela Paštiková, Czech tennis player births
  1. Michaela Paštiková
    
    Michaela Paštiková is a retired tennis player from the Czech Republic.
3. Maksim Shevchenko, Kazakhstani footballer births
  1. Maksim Shevchenko (footballer, born 1980)
    
    Maksim Igorevich Shevchenko is a Kazakhstani professional footballer. He also holds Russian citizenship. As of 2009, he plays for FC Kairat. He made his professional debut in the Russian Premier League in 1997 for FC KAMAZ-Chally Naberezhnye Chelny. He played 2 games in the 2001–02 UEFA Cup for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk. He is the head coach Torpedo Izhevsk in Russian Women's Football Championship
4. Steve Fisher, American author and screenwriter (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Steve Fisher (writer)
    
    Stephen Gould Fisher was an American author best known for his pulp stories, novels and screenplays. He is one of the few pulp authors to go on to enjoy success as both an author in "slick" magazines, such as the Saturday Evening Post, and as an in-demand writer in Hollywood.
1979
1. Tom Palmer, English rugby union player births
  1. Tom Palmer (rugby union)
    
    Tom Palmer is a former English rugby union player. His position is a lock
2. Mohsen Moeini, Iranian author and director births
  1. Mohsen Moeini
    
    Mohsen Moeini is an Iranian author and director. His work mainly centers around his philosophical and historical preoccupations. As well as directing his own plays, he has directed plays by foreign authors such as Peter Handke and Rainer Werner Fassbinder whose works he staged in Iran for the first time. He has directed the first play to be staged in the Milad Tower.
3. Imran Tahir, Pakistani-South African cricketer births
  1. Imran Tahir
    
    Mohammad Imran Tahir is a Pakistani-born former South African international cricketer. A spin bowler who predominantly bowls googlies and a right-handed batsman, Tahir played for South Africa in all three forms of cricket, but preferred the Twenty20 International matches.
4. Jennifer Wilson, Zimbabwean-South African field hockey player births
  1. Jennifer Wilson (field hockey)
    
    Jennifer "Jen" Wilson is the head coach for Scotland. She is a former South Africa international field hockey player.
1978
1. Gabriel Paraschiv, Romanian footballer births
  1. Gabriel Paraschiv
    
    Gabriel Ioan Paraschiv is a Romanian former football player, currently the manager of Liga III side Flacăra Moreni.
2. Marius Bakken, Norwegian runner births
  1. Marius Bakken
    
    Marius Bakken is a Norwegian runner who specializes in the 5000 metres, having run distances from 800 to 10,000 metres in his early career. He represents IL Runar.
3. Amélie Cocheteux, French tennis player births
  1. Amélie Cocheteux
    
    Amélie Cocheteux is a former professional tennis player from France. She reached her career high ranking of No. 55 in the world on 10 May 1999. She defeated world number ten Nathalie Tauziat in the Prostějov tournament in 1999. As a junior, she won the 1995 French Open title.
4. Nat Bailey, Canadian businessman, founded the White Spot (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Nat Bailey
    
    Nathaniel Ryal Bailey, better known as Nat Bailey, was an American-born Canadian restaurateur, and the founder of White Spot restaurants. He is known for building the first drive-in restaurant in Canada, in 1928, and developing the first carhop tray. His chain of restaurants continues to thrive today.
  2. White Spot
    
    White Spot is a Canadian restaurant chain based in Vancouver, British Columbia, best known for its hamburgers, Pirate Pak children's meal, triple-o sauce, and milkshakes. Along with its related Triple-O's quick service brand, the chain operates over 100 locations in British Columbia, Alberta, and Asia.
5. Kunwar Digvijay Singh, Indian field hockey (b. 1922) deaths
  1. K. D. Singh
    
    Kunwar Digvijay Singh, popularly known as "Babu", was an Indian field hockey player. He was born in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. He is widely known for his mesmerising passing ability and is considered by many to be the greatest dribbler of the game comparable only to Dhyan Chand.
6. Sverre Farstad, Norwegian speed skater (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Sverre Farstad
    
    Sverre Farstad was a Norwegian speed skater representing Sportsklubben Falken, Trondheim, as part of the Falken Trio also including Henry Wahl and Hjalmar Andersen. Farstad won one Olympic gold medal and one European Championship in his three-year international career.
1977
1. Vítor Meira, Brazilian race car driver births
  1. Vítor Meira
    
    Vítor Meira is a Brazilian auto racing driver. He formerly competed in the IndyCar Series and has twice finished second in the Indianapolis 500.
2. Ioannis Melissanidis, Greek artistic gymnast births
  1. Ioannis Melissanidis
    
    Ioannis Melissanidis is a retired Greek artistic gymnast and the 1996 Olympic champion on the floor exercise. He was also the first Greek gymnast ever to medal at the World Championships. He was named one of the 1996 Greek Male Athletes of the Year.
3. Shirley Graham Du Bois, American author, playwright, and composer (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Shirley Graham Du Bois
    
    Shirley Graham Du Bois was an American writer, playwright, composer, and activist for African-American causes, among others. She won the Messner and the Anisfield-Wolf prizes for her works.
4. Diana Hyland, American actress (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Diana Hyland
    
    Diana Hyland was an American stage, film and television actress.
5. Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten, Dutch airline pilot (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten
    
    Jacob Louis Veldhuyzen van Zanten was a Dutch aircraft captain and flight instructor. He was captain of the KLM Flight 4805 and died in the Tenerife airport disaster, the deadliest accident in aviation history. He was KLM's chief instructor and commonly appeared on advertising.
1976
1. Roberta Anastase, Romanian politician, 57th President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania births
  1. Roberta Anastase
    
    Roberta Alma Anastase is a Romanian politician and former first female President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania between 19 December 2008 and 3 July 2012.
  2. President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania
    
    The President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania is the deputy elected to preside over the meetings in the lower chamber of the Parliament of Romania. The President of the Chamber of Deputies is also the president of the Standing Bureau of the Chamber of Deputies, and the second in the presidential line of succession, after the President of the Senate.
2. Danny Fortson, American basketball player births
  1. Danny Fortson
    
    Daniel Anthony Fortson is an American former professional basketball player. He played the power forward and center position in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1997 to 2007.
3. Adrian Anca, Romanian footballer births
  1. Adrian Anca
    
    Adrian Gheorghe Anca is a former Romanian football striker and manager.
4. Georg August Zinn, German lawyer and politician, Minister President of Hesse (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Georg August Zinn
    
    Georg August Zinn was a German lawyer and a politician of the SPD. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1949 to 1951 representing Kassel, the 2nd Minister-President of Hesse from 1950 to 1969 and served as the 5th and 16th President of the Bundesrat in 1953/54 and 1964/65.
  2. List of minister-presidents of Hesse
    
    The minister-president of Hesse, also referred to as the premier or minister-president, is the head of government of the German state of Hesse. The position in its current form was created in 1946, when the provisional state of Greater Hesse was renamed. Greater Hesse had been formed in 1945 after the Second World War from the Prussian Provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau and the People's State of Hesse. The current minister-president is Volker Bouffier, heading a coalition government between the Christian Democrats and the Greens. Bouffier succeeded Roland Koch following his departure from active politics.
1975
1. Andrew Blowers, New Zealand rugby player births
  1. Andrew Blowers
    
    Andrew Francis Blowers is a rugby union player who played for Auckland Blues, Northampton Saints and Bristol. He played for the New Zealand national rugby union team between 1996 and 1999 in which he had played 11 tests and 7 games. His position is flanker.
2. Kim Felton, Australian golfer births
  1. Kim Felton
    
    Kim Felton is an Australian professional golfer.
3. Fergie, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress births
  1. Fergie (singer)
    
    Stacy Ann Ferguson, better known by her stage name Fergie, is an American singer and rapper. She first achieved chart success as part of the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. Her debut solo album, The Dutchess (2006), saw commercial success and spawned three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry". Although she vocally incorporates rapping into some of her performances, she does not consider herself a rapper.
4. Christian Fiedler, German footballer and manager births
  1. Christian Fiedler
    
    Christian Fiedler is a German football coach and former football goalkeeper who spent his entire playing career with Hertha BSC.
5. Arthur Bliss, English conductor and composer (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Arthur Bliss
    
    Sir Arthur Edward Drummond Bliss was an English composer and conductor.
1974
1. Marek Citko, Polish footballer and manager births
  1. Marek Citko
    
    Marek Citko is a retired Polish football player, who most frequently performed as an offensive midfielder. His first club was Włókniarz Białystok and his last - Polonia Warsaw. During the professional career Citko was representing numerous clubs in Poland and outside the native country: Włókniarz Białystok, Jagiellonia Białystok, Widzew Łódź, Legia Warsaw, Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Hapoel Be'er Sheva, FC Aarau, Cracovia and Polonia Warsaw.
2. George Koumantarakis, Greek-South African footballer births
  1. George Koumantarakis
    
    Georgios "George" Koumantarakis is a South African former soccer player of Greek descent. He was born in Athens, Greece but grew up in Durban, South Africa. He studied to be a lawyer and has BCom,LLB degrees from the university of Kwazulu Natal.
3. Gaizka Mendieta, Spanish footballer births
  1. Gaizka Mendieta
    
    Gaizka Mendieta Zabala is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
4. Eduardo Santos, Colombian journalist, lawyer, and politician, 15th President of Colombia (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Eduardo Santos Montejo
    
    Eduardo Santos Montejo was a leading Colombian publisher and politician, active in the Colombian Liberal Party. He owned the prominent Bogotá newspaper El Tiempo, and served as the President of Colombia from August 1938 to August 1942, having been elected without opposition. He was born and died in Bogotá, and was the great-uncle of the 32nd president of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos (2010–2018) and former Colombian Vice President Francisco Santos Calderon (2002–2010).
  2. President of Colombia
    
    The president of Colombia, officially known as the president of the Republic of Colombia or president of the nation is the head of state and head of government of Colombia. The office of president was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the Congress of Angostura, convened in December 1819, when Colombia was the "Gran Colombia". The first president, General Simón Bolívar, took office in 1819. His position, initially self-proclaimed, was subsequently ratified by Congress.
1973
1. Roger Telemachus, South African cricketer births
  1. Roger Telemachus
    
    Roger Telemachus is a former South African international cricketer. He has played 37 One Day Internationals and three Twenty20 Internationals for his country.
2. Mikhail Kalatozov, Georgian-Russian director, screenwriter, and cinematographer (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Mikhail Kalatozov
    
    Mikhail Konstantinovich Kalatozov, born Mikheil Kalatozishvili, was a Soviet film director of Georgian origin who contributed to both Georgian and Russian cinema. He is most well known for his films The Cranes Are Flying and Soy Cuba. In 1969, he was named a People's Artist of the USSR. His film The Cranes Are Flying won the Palme d'Or at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival.
1972
1. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Surinamese-Dutch footballer, coach, and manager births
  1. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
    
    Jerrel Floyd "Jimmy" Hasselbaink is a Dutch professional football manager and former player who was most recently the manager of League One club Burton Albion.
2. Charlie Haas, American professional wrestler births
  1. Charlie Haas
    
    Charles Doyle Haas II is an American professional and former amateur wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2000-2009 and Ring of Honor (ROH) from 2010-2013. In WWE he was a member of Team Angle, which later became a Tag Team duo with Shelton Benjamin known as "The World's Greatest Tag Team".
3. Lorenzo Wright, American athlete (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Lorenzo Wright
    
    Lorenzo Christopher Wright was an American athlete. A Detroit native, he started at Miller High School and Wayne State University; Wright is renowned for his noteworthy accomplishments in the sport of track and field.
1971
1. David Coulthard, Scottish race car driver and sportscaster births
  1. David Coulthard
    
    David Marshall Coulthard is a British former racing driver from Scotland, later turned presenter, commentator and journalist. Nicknamed 'DC', he competed in 15 seasons of Formula One between 1994 and 2008, taking 13 Grand Prix victories and 62 podium finishes. He was runner-up in the 2001 championship, driving for McLaren.
2. Nathan Fillion, Canadian actor births
  1. Nathan Fillion
    
    Nathan Fillion is a Canadian-American actor. He played the leading roles of Captain Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds on Firefly and its film continuation Serenity, and Richard Castle on Castle. As of 2018, he was starring as John Nolan on The Rookie.
1970
1. Leila Pahlavi, Princess of Iran (d. 2001) births
  1. Leila Pahlavi
    
    Leila Pahlavi was a princess of Iran and the youngest daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, and his third wife, Farah Pahlavi.
2. Derek Aucoin, Canadian baseball player (d. 2020) births
  1. Derek Aucoin
    
    Derek Alfred Aucoin was a Major League Baseball pitcher. Aucoin pitched in two games for the Montreal Expos in the 1996 season. He had a 0–1 record, in 2.2 innings, with a 3.38 ERA. He died from brain cancer on 26 December 2020.
3. Brent Fitz, Canadian-American multi-instrumentalist and recording artist births
  1. Brent Fitz
    
    Brent Fitz is a Canadian American musician and multi-instrumentalist. In his career, he has worked with Slash, Myles Kennedy, Theory of a Deadman, Alice Cooper, Vince Neil, Union, Gene Simmons, The Guess Who, Brad Whitford from Aerosmith, Derek St. Holmes, Ronnie Montrose, Indigenous, Lamya, Streetheart, Harlequin, and Econoline Crush.
4. Jarrod McCracken, New Zealand rugby league player births
  1. Jarrod McCracken
    
    Jarrod McCracken is a New Zealand former rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He is a former captain of the New Zealand national rugby league team and is the son of New Zealand rugby league international, Ken McCracken. McCracken played club football in Australia, captaining both the Parramatta Eels and Wests Tigers during his career which ended with a spear tackle which he successfully sued for. During his time in the game, McCracken was regarded as one of the hardest running and most damaging centres in the world.
5. Elizabeth Mitchell, American actress births
  1. Elizabeth Mitchell
    
    Elizabeth Mitchell is an American actress known for her lead role as Juliet Burke on the ABC drama mystery series Lost (2006–2010). Mitchell also had lead roles on the television series V (2009–2010), Revolution (2012–2014), and Dead of Summer (2016), as well as recurring roles as the Snow Queen on Once Upon a Time (2014) and Anna Volovodov on The Expanse.
6. Uwe Rosenberg, German game designer, created Bohnanza births
  1. Uwe Rosenberg
    
    Uwe Rosenberg is a German game designer and the co-founder of Lookout Games. He initially became known for his card game Bohnanza, which was successful both in Germany and internationally. He is known for complex economic strategy games, including Agricola and A Feast for Odin.
  2. Bohnanza
    
    Bohnanza is a German-style card game based on the game mechanics of trading and politics, designed by Uwe Rosenberg and released in 1997 by Amigo Spiele and by Rio Grande Games. It is played with a deck of cards with comical illustrations of eleven different types of beans of varying scarcity, which the players are trying to plant and sell in order to earn money. The principal restriction is that players may only farm two or three types of beans at once, but they obtain beans of all different types randomly from the deck, and so must engage in trade with the other players to be successful.
1969
1. Gianluigi Lentini, Italian footballer and manager births
  1. Gianluigi Lentini
    
    Gianluigi Lentini is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a winger, usually on the left flank.
2. Pauley Perrette, American actress births
  1. Pauley Perrette
    
    Pauley Perrette is an American retired actress and singer. She played Abby Sciuto in the television series NCIS from 2003 to 2018.
3. Mariah Carey, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress births
  1. Mariah Carey
    
    Mariah Carey is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and record producer. Referred to as the "Songbird Supreme" and "Queen of Christmas", she is noted for her five-octave vocal range, melismatic singing style, signature use of the whistle register, and songwriting. Carey rose to fame in 1990 with her eponymous debut album. She was the first artist to have her first five singles reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100, from "Vision of Love" to "Emotions".
1968
1. Irina Belova, Russian heptathlete births
  1. Irina Belova (heptathlete)
    
    Irina Nikolaevna Belova is a retired heptathlete from Russia. In her early career she represented USSR, with a fourth place at the 1990 European Championships and a bronze medal at the 1991 World Championships. Her career highlight came in 1992 as she won an Olympic silver medal. In February the same year she set the world record in indoor pentathlon with 4991 points. She originally won the pentathlon at the 1993 World Indoor Championships, but failed a drug test and received a four-year suspension. Upon returning she won two silver medals at the European and World Indoor Championships respectively. She retired after the 2001 season.
2. Yuri Gagarin, Russian colonel, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Yuri Gagarin
    
    Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space. Travelling in the Vostok 1 capsule, Gagarin completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961. By achieving this major milestone in the Space Race he became an international celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour.
3. Vladimir Seryogin, Russian soldier and pilot (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Vladimir Seryogin
    
    Vladimir Sergeyevich Seryogin was a Soviet test pilot.
1967
1. Talisa Soto, American actress births
  1. Talisa Soto
    
    Miriam Talisa Soto is an American former actress and former model. She is known for portraying Bond girl Lupe Lamora in the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill, and as Kitana in the 1995 fantasy action film Mortal Kombat and its 1997 sequel Mortal Kombat: Annihilation. Prior to her acting career, Soto worked as a model, appearing in magazines such as Mademoiselle, Glamour and Elle.
2. Jaroslav Heyrovský, Czech chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Jaroslav Heyrovský
    
    Jaroslav Heyrovský was a Czech chemist and inventor. Heyrovský was the inventor of the polarographic method, father of the electroanalytical method, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in 1959 for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis. His main field of work was polarography.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1966
1. Žarko Paspalj, Serbian basketball player births
  1. Žarko Paspalj
    
    Žarko Paspalj is a retired Serbian professional basketball player and sports administrator. The EuroLeague Final Four MVP in 1994, his sixteen and a half seasons career was mostly spent in Yugoslavia and Greece, along with several short stints in the NBA, France, and Italy. Since 2009, he has been vice-president of the Serbian Olympic Committee.
1965
1. Gregor Foitek, Swiss race car driver births
  1. Gregor Foitek
    
    Gregor Foitek is a Swiss former racing driver. He won the 1986 Swiss Formula 3 Championship. Moving up to Formula 3000 he was widely blamed for causing a race-stopping crash at Brands Hatch in 1988, the restart of which led to a second major crash on the first lap in which Johnny Herbert sustained major leg injuries. Foitek participated in 22 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 26 March 1989. He scored no championship points. He later made two CART starts for Foyt Enterprises in 1992 but was knocked out of both races by mechanical issues.
1963
1. Cory Blackwell, American basketball player births
  1. Cory Blackwell
    
    Cory Blackwell is an American former professional basketball player who was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the 1984 NBA draft. A 6'6" forward from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
2. Randall Cunningham, American football player, coach, and pastor births
  1. Randall Cunningham
    
    Randall Wade Cunningham Sr. is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons. He spent the majority of his career with the Philadelphia Eagles and is also known for his Minnesota Vikings tenure. A four-time Pro Bowl selection, Cunningham is third in quarterback rushing yards.
3. Georgios Katrougalos, Greek jurist and politician[citation needed] births
  1. Georgios Katrougalos
    
    Georgios Katrougalos is a Greek jurist and politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from February to July 2019. He previously served as an Alternate Minister of Foreign Affairs from 5 November 2016 to 15 February 2019, as the Minister of Labour and Social Solidarity from 23 September 2015 to 5 November 2016 and from 18 July 2015 to 28 August 2015. From 27 January 2015 to 17 July 2015 he served as an Alternate Minister of Interior and Administrative Reconstruction in Tsipras's first cabinet
  2. Wikipedia:Citation needed
4. Filippos Sachinidis, Greek-Canadian economist and politician births
  1. Filippos Sachinidis
    
    Filippos Sachinidis is a Greek politician of the Movement for Change. Elected on the list of his former party PASOK, he served as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament from 2007 to 2014. In 2012, he briefly served as Minister of Finance in the Coalition Cabinet of Lucas Papademos.
5. Gary Stevens, English-Australian footballer and physiotherapist births
  1. Gary Stevens (footballer, born 1963)
    
    Gary Michael Stevens is an English physiotherapist and retired footballer who played as a right-back.
6. Quentin Tarantino, American director, producer, screenwriter and actor births
  1. Quentin Tarantino
    
    Quentin Jerome Tarantino is an American film director, writer, producer, and actor. His films are characterized by frequent references to popular culture and film genres, non-linear storylines, dark humor, stylized violence, extended dialogue, pervasive use of profanity, cameos and ensemble casts. Other directorial tropes that identify his style include the use of songs from the 1960s and 70s, fictional brand parodies, and imagery of women's bare feet.
7. Xuxa, Brazilian actress, singer, businesswoman and television presenter births
  1. Xuxa
    
    Maria da Graça Xuxa Meneghel is a Brazilian television host, film actress, singer, model, and businesswoman. Known as "Queen of Little Ones", Xuxa built the largest Latin American children's entertainment empire. In the early 1990s, she presented television programs in Brazil, Argentina, Spain and the United States simultaneously, reaching around 100 million viewers daily.
1962
1. Jann Arden, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Jann Arden
    
    Jann Arden is a Canadian singer-songwriter and actress. She is famous for her signature ballads, "Could I Be Your Girl" and "Insensitive", which is her biggest hit to date.
2. Brett French, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Brett French
    
    Brett French is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. A Queensland State of Origin representative, he played club football in Brisbane, Sydney and the Gold Coast, plus in England for St Helens R.F.C. He is also the brother of fellow Queensland Maroon Ian French.
3. Rob Hollink, Dutch poker player births
  1. Rob Hollink
    
    Rob Hollink is a professional poker player based in Groningen. He has won both a European Poker Tour (EPT) title and World Series of Poker bracelet, becoming the first person from the Netherlands to do so, first was at the EPT's inaugural Grand Final of the European Poker Tour in Monte Carlo in 2005 and then he won his first bracelet at the 2008 World Series of Poker in the $10,000 Limit Hold'em World Championship, becoming the first Dutch bracelet winner.
4. John O'Farrell, English journalist and author births
  1. John O'Farrell (author)
    
    John O'Farrell is a British author, scriptwriter, and political campaigner. Previously a lead writer for such shows as Spitting Image and Have I Got News for You, he is now best known as a comic author for such books such as The Man Who Forgot His Wife and An Utterly Impartial History of Britain. He is one of a small number of British writers to have achieved best-seller status with both fiction and nonfiction. He has also published three collections of his weekly column for The Guardian and set up Britain's first daily satirical news website NewsBiscuit. With comedian Angela Barnes, he co-hosts the light-hearted historical podcast We Are History.
5. Brad Wright, American-Spanish basketball player births
  1. Brad Wright (basketball)
    
    Bradford William Wright, is an American former professional basketball player. He attended Daniel Murphy High School in Los Angeles, and played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins. Wright was drafted by the NBA's Golden State Warriors with the 49th pick of the 1985 NBA draft. He played 14 games with the New York Knicks and 2 games with the Denver Nuggets before injury.
6. Kevin J. Anderson, American science fiction writer births
  1. Kevin J. Anderson
    
    Kevin James Anderson is an American science fiction author. He has written spin-off novels for Star Wars, StarCraft, Titan A.E. and The X-Files, and with Brian Herbert is the co-author of the Dune prequel series. His original works include the Saga of Seven Suns series and the Nebula Award–nominated Assemblers of Infinity. He has also written several comic books, including the Dark Horse Star Wars series Tales of the Jedi written in collaboration with Tom Veitch, Dark Horse Predator titles, and The X-Files titles for Topps. Some of Anderson's superhero novels include Enemies & Allies, about the first meeting of Batman and Superman, and The Last Days of Krypton, telling the story of how Superman's planet Krypton came to be destroyed.
1961
1. Ellery Hanley, English rugby league player and coach births
  1. Ellery Hanley
    
    Cuthwyn Ellery Hanley MBE is an English former rugby league player and coach. Over a nineteen-year professional career (1978–1997), he played for Bradford Northern, Wigan, Balmain, Western Suburbs and Leeds. He won 36 caps for Great Britain, captaining the team from 1988 to 1992, and 2 for England. Nicknamed 'Mr Magic' and 'The Black Pearl', he played most often as a stand-off or loose forward after starting out as a centre or wing.
2. Tony Rominger, Swiss professional cyclist births
  1. Tony Rominger
    
    Tony Rominger is a Swiss former professional road racing cyclist who won the Vuelta a España in 1992, 1993 and 1994 and the Giro d'Italia in 1995.
1960
1. Hans Pflügler, German footballer births
  1. Hans Pflügler
    
    Johannes Christian "Hans" Pflügler is a German former professional footballer. He could operate as either a left-back or a central defender, and played solely for Bayern Munich, winning ten major titles and appearing in nearly 400 official games.
2. Renato Russo, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1996) births
  1. Renato Russo
    
    Renato Russo was a Brazilian singer and songwriter. He was the lead singer of the alternative rock band Legião Urbana. A Brazilian film depicting his life and career was released in 2013, called Somos Tão Jovens .
3. Gregorio Marañón, Spanish physician, philosopher, and author (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Gregorio Marañón
    
    Gregorio Marañón y Posadillo, OWL was a Spanish physician, scientist, historian, writer and philosopher. He married Dolores Moya in 1911, and they had four children.
1959
1. Andrew Farriss, Australian rock musician and multi-instrumentalist births
  1. Andrew Farriss
    
    Andrew Charles Farriss is an Australian rock musician and multi-instrumentalist best known as the keyboardist, backing vocalist, and main composer for rock band INXS. Farriss released his debut studio album in 2021.
2. Ivan Savvidis, Russian-Greek oligarch and politician births
  1. Ivan Savvidis
    
    Ivan Ignatyevich Savvidi, is a Russian-Greek oligarch and politician. Savvidis is one of Russia's wealthiest men and was a member of the Russian Parliament, closely linked to the President Vladimir Putin.
1958
1. Didier de Radiguès, Belgian race car driver and motorcycle racer births
  1. Didier de Radiguès
    
    Didier de Radiguès is a Belgian former professional motorcycle racer, auto racing driver and current artist. He also serves as a television sports color commentator for Belgium television, a Moto GP riders manager and as the owner of a motorcycle riding school. He competed in the FIM motorcycle Grand Prix world championships from 1980 to 1991.
2. Leon C. Phillips, American lawyer and politician, 11th Governor of Oklahoma (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Leon C. Phillips
    
    Leon Chase "Red" Phillips was an American attorney, a state legislator and the 11th governor of Oklahoma from 1939 to 1943. As a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, Phillips made a name for himself as an obstructionist of the proposals of governors William H. Murray and E.W. Marland, including components of the New Deal. As governor, Phillips pushed for deep cuts, but was unable to avoid an unbalanced budget.
  2. Governor of Oklahoma
    
    The governor of Oklahoma is the head of government of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Under the Oklahoma Constitution, the governor serves as the head of the Oklahoma executive branch, of the government of Oklahoma. The governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into federal use. Despite being an executive branch official, the governor also holds legislative and judicial powers. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the Oklahoma Legislature, submitting the annual state budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and that the peace is preserved. The governor's term is four years in length.
1957
1. Kostas Vasilakakis, Greek footballer and manager births
  1. Kostas Vasilakakis
    
    Kostas Vasilakakis is a Greek football manager and former footballer. His career began in 1973 at the age of 16 when he signed a contract with Panthrakikos. He was transferred to Doxa Drama in 1981 and fought in Alpha Ethniki for thirteen years. He ended his career as footballer of Doxa Drama in 1995 at the age of 38.
2. Stephen Dillane, English actor births
  1. Stephen Dillane
    
    Stephen John Dillane is a British actor. He is best known for his roles as Leonard Woolf in the 2002 film The Hours, Stannis Baratheon in Game of Thrones, and Thomas Jefferson in the 2008 HBO miniseries John Adams, a part which earned him a Primetime Emmy nomination. An experienced stage actor who has been called an "actor's actor", Dillane won a Tony Award for his lead performance in Tom Stoppard's play The Real Thing (2000) and gave critically acclaimed performances in Angels in America (1993), Hamlet (1990), and a one-man Macbeth (2005). His television work has additionally garnered him BAFTA and International Emmy Awards for best actor.
1956
1. Leung Kwok-hung, Hong Kong activist and politician births
  1. Leung Kwok-hung
    
    Leung Kwok-hung, also known by his nickname "Long Hair" (長毛), is a Hong Kong politician and social activist. He was a member of the Legislative Council, representing the New Territories East. A Trotskyist in his youth, he was a founding member of the Revolutionary Marxist League. He became a political icon with his long hair and Che Guevara T-shirt in the protests before he was elected to the Legislative Council in 2004. In 2006, he co-founded a social democratic party, the League of Social Democrats (LSD) of which he was the chairman from 2012 to 2016.
2. Thomas Wassberg, Swedish cross country skier births
  1. Thomas Wassberg
    
    Thomas Lars Wassberg is a Swedish former cross-country skier. A fast skating style – push for every leg – is still called "Wassberg" after him in several countries. Wassberg's skiing idols when growing up were Sixten Jernberg and Oddvar Brå. He has described his mental strength and physical fitness as his greatest abilities as a skier, with his main weakness being a lack of sprinting ability.
3. Évariste Lévi-Provençal, French orientalist and historian (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Évariste Lévi-Provençal
    
    Évariste Lévi-Provençal was a French medievalist, orientalist, Arabist, and historian of Islam.
1955
1. Patrick McCabe, Irish writer births
  1. Patrick McCabe (novelist)
    
    Patrick McCabe is an Irish writer. Known for his mostly dark and violent novels set in contemporary—often small-town—Ireland, McCabe has been twice shortlisted for the Booker Prize, for The Butcher Boy (1992) and Breakfast on Pluto (1998), both of which have been made into films.
2. Lefteris Pantazis, Greek singer births
  1. Lefteris Pantazis
    
    Lefteris Pantazis who is often called by the nickname LePa by the media and his fans, is a Greek singer. He was born Eleftherios Pagkozidis on 27 March 1955 to Pontic Greek parents in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, in the USSR. His parents repatriated to Greece as refugees in the 1960s.
3. Mariano Rajoy, Spanish lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Spain births
  1. Mariano Rajoy
    
    Mariano Rajoy Brey is a Spanish politician who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 2011 to 2018, when a vote of no confidence ousted his government. On 5 June 2018, he announced his resignation as People's Party leader.
  2. Prime Minister of Spain
    
    The prime minister of Spain, officially president of the Government, is the head of government of Spain. The office was established in its current form by the Constitution of 1978 and it was first regulated in 1823 as a chairmanship of the extant Council of Ministers, although it is not possible to determine when it actually originated.
4. Susan Neiman, Jewish American-German philosopher and author births
  1. Susan Neiman
    
    Susan Neiman is an American moral philosopher, cultural commentator, and essayist. She has written extensively on the juncture between Enlightenment moral philosophy, metaphysics, and politics, both for scholarly audiences and the general public. She currently lives in Germany, where she is the Director of the Einstein Forum in Potsdam.
1954
1. Gerard Batten, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Gerard Batten
    
    Gerard Joseph Batten is a British politician who served as the Leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) between 2018 and 2019. He was a founding member of the party in 1993, and served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for London between 2004 and 2019.
1953
1. Herman Ponsteen, Dutch cyclist births
  1. Herman Ponsteen
    
    Herman Ponsteen is a retired track cyclist from the Netherlands, who represented his native country twice at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1972. Four years later he won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the Men's 4.000m Individual Pursuit.
1952
1. Annemarie Moser-Pröll, Austrian skier births
  1. Annemarie Moser-Pröll
    
    Annemarie Moser-Pröll is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Austria. Born in Kleinarl, Salzburg, she was the most successful female alpine ski racer during the 1970s, with six overall titles, including five consecutive. Moser-Pröll celebrated her biggest successes in downhill, giant slalom and combined races. In 1980, her last year as a competitor, she secured her third Olympic medal at Lake Placid and won five World Cup races. Her younger sister Cornelia Pröll is also a former Olympic alpine skier.
2. Maria Schneider, French actress (d. 2011) births
  1. Maria Schneider (actress)
    
    Maria-Hélène Schneider, known professionally as Maria Schneider, was a French actress. In 1972, at the age of 19, she starred opposite Marlon Brando in Last Tango in Paris, but being traumatised by a rape scene and hounded by unsavoury publicity negatively affected her subsequent career. Although Michelangelo Antonioni's The Passenger (1975) showcased her abilities, a reputation for walking out of films mid-production resulted in her becoming unwelcome in the industry. However, she re-established stability in her personal and professional life in the early 1980s, and became an advocate for equality and improving the conditions actresses worked under. She continued acting in film and TV until a few years before she died in 2011 after a long illness.
3. Kiichiro Toyoda, Japanese businessman, founded Toyota (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Kiichiro Toyoda
    
    Kiichiro Toyoda was a Japanese businessman and the son of Toyoda Loom Works founder Sakichi Toyoda. His decision to change Toyoda's focus from automatic loom manufacture into automobile manufacturing created what would become Toyota Motor Corporation.
  2. Toyota
    
    Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. Toyota is the largest automobile manufacturer in the world, producing over 10 million vehicles per year as of 2017.
1951
1. Andrei Kozyrev, Belgian-Russian politician and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Russia births
  1. Andrei Kozyrev
    
    Andrei Vladimirovich Kozyrev is a Russian politician who served as the former and the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation under President Boris Yeltsin, in office for the Russian SFSR from October 1990 and, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, from 1992 until January 1996 for Russia. In his position, he was credited with developing Russia's foreign policy immediately after the fall of the Soviet Union, although many in Russia have criticized him for being weak and not assertive enough in defending Russian interests in the face of NATO in places such as Bosnia and Iraq.
  2. Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
    
    The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is a high-ranking Russian government official who heads the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. The foreign minister is one of the five so-called 'presidential' ministers, along with the ministers of defense, interior, emergencies and justice. Although they are members of the Cabinet, they are directly subordinate to the President.
2. Chris Stewart, English musician and author births
  1. Chris Stewart (author)
    
    Christopher Stewart is a British author who was the original drummer and a founding member of Genesis. When not writing, he runs a farm, where he lives, near Orgiva in Spain.
1950
1. Tony Banks, English keyboardist and songwriter births
  1. Tony Banks (musician)
    
    Anthony George Banks is an English musician, songwriter and film composer primarily known as the keyboardist and founding member of the rock band Genesis. Banks is also a prolific solo artist, releasing six solo albums that range through progressive rock, pop, and classical music.
2. Petros Efthymiou, Greek academic and politician, Greek Minister of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs births
  1. Petros Efthymiou
    
    Petros Efthymiou is a Greek academic and politician of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement. A former minister and MEP, he is currently the parliamentary spokesman of his party.
  2. Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs (Greece)
    
    The Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs is a government department of Greece. One of the oldest ministries, established in 1833, it is responsible for running the country's education system and for supervising the religions in Greece. The incumbent minister is Niki Kerameus.
3. Maria Ewing, African-American soprano (d. 2022) births
  1. Maria Ewing
    
    Maria Louise Ewing was an American opera singer. In the early part of her career she performed solely as a lyric mezzo-soprano; she later assumed full soprano parts as well. Her signature roles were Blanche, Carmen, Dorabella, Rosina and Salome. Some critics regarded her as one of the most compelling singing actresses of her generation.
4. Terry Yorath, Welsh international footballer and international manager births
  1. Terry Yorath
    
    Terence Charles Yorath is a Welsh former football player and manager at both club and international level. He is the father of television presenter Gabby Logan.
1949
1. Elisheva Bikhovski, Israeli-Russian poet (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Elisheva Bikhovski
    
    Elisheva Bikhovski — was a Russian-Hebrew poet, writer, literary critic and translator, often known simply by her adopted Biblical Hebrew name Elishéva. Her Russian Orthodox father, Ivan Zhirkov, was a village teacher who later became a bookseller and textbook publisher; her mother was descended from Irish Catholics who had settled in Russia after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). Elisheva wrote most of her works in Hebrew, and also translated English and Hebrew poetry into Russian.
1948
1. Jens-Peter Bonde, Danish lawyer and politician (d. 2021) births
  1. Jens-Peter Bonde
    
    Jens-Peter Rossen Bonde was a Danish politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) with the June Movement. He resigned as an MEP in May 2008. Bonde was elected to the European Parliament in the first election in 1979 with the People's Movement against the EU. He was re-elected 6 times consecutively. In 1992 he co-founded the June Movement which he chaired until his retirement in May 2008.
1947
1. Oliver Friggieri, Maltese author, critic, poet and philosopher (d. 2020) births
  1. Oliver Friggieri
    
    Oliver Friggieri was a Maltese poet, novelist, literary critic, and philosopher. He led the establishment of literary history and criticism in Maltese while teaching at the University of Malta, studying the works of Dun Karm, Rużar Briffa, and others. A prolific writer himself, Friggieri explored new genres to advocate the Maltese language, writing the libretti for the first oratorio and the first cantata in Maltese. His work aimed to promote the Maltese cultural identity, while not shying from criticism: one of his most famous novels, Fil-Parlament Ma Jikbrux Fjuri, attacked the tribalistic divisions of society caused by politics. From philosophy, he was mostly interested in epistemology and existentialism.
2. Brian Jones, English balloonist and pilot births
  1. Brian Jones (aeronaut)
    
    Brian George Jones is an English balloonist.
3. Walt Mossberg, American journalist births
  1. Walt Mossberg
    
    Walter S. Mossberg is an American technology journalist and moderator.
1946
1. Michael Aris, Cuban-English author and academic (d. 1999) births
  1. Michael Aris
    
    Michael Vaillancourt Aris was an English historian who wrote and lectured on Bhutanese, Tibetan and Himalayan culture and history. He was the husband of Aung San Suu Kyi, who would later become State Counsellor of Myanmar.
2. Karl Groos, German psychologist and philosopher (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Karl Groos
    
    Karl Groos was a German philosopher and psychologist who proposed an evolutionary instrumentalist theory of play. His 1898 book on The Play of Animals suggested that play is a preparation for later life.
1945
1. Vincent Hugo Bendix, American engineer and businessman, founded Bendix Corporation (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Vincent Hugo Bendix
    
    Vincent Hugo Bendix was an American inventor and industrialist. Vincent Bendix was a pioneer and leader in both the automotive and aviation industries during the 1920s and 1930s.
  2. Bendix Corporation
    
    Bendix Corporation is an American manufacturing and engineering company which, during various times in its existence, made automotive brake shoes and systems, vacuum tubes, aircraft brakes, aeronautical hydraulics and electric power systems, avionics, aircraft and automobile fuel control systems, radios, televisions and computers. It was also well known for the name Bendix, as used on home clothes washing machines, but never actually made these appliances.
2. Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil, Turkish author, poet, and playwright (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil
    
    Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil was a Turkish author, poet, and playwright. A part of the Edebiyat-ı Cedide movement of the late Ottoman Empire, he was the founder of and contributor to many literary movements and institutions, including his flagship Servet-i Fünun journal. He was a strong critic of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, which led to the censorship of much of his work by the Ottoman government. His many novels, plays, short stories, and essays include his 1899 romance novel Aşk-ı Memnu, which has been adapted into an internationally successful television series of the same name.
1944
1. Jesse Brown, American marine and politician, 2nd United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (d. 2002) births
  1. Jesse Brown
    
    Jesse Brown was a veteran of the United States Marine Corps who served as United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.
  2. United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs
    
    The United States secretary of veterans affairs is the head of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the department concerned with veterans' benefits, health care, and national veterans' memorials and cemeteries. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet and second to last at sixteenth in the line of succession to the presidency. Until the appointment of David Shulkin in 2017, all appointees and acting appointees to the post were United States military veterans, but that is not a requirement to fill the position.
2. Bryan Campbell, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Bryan Campbell
    
    Bryan Albert Campbell is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played 260 games in the National Hockey League and 433 games in the World Hockey Association between 1967 and 1978. He played for the Los Angeles Kings, Chicago Black Hawks, Vancouver Blazers, Cincinnati Stingers, Indianapolis Racers, and Edmonton Oilers. He retired to Boca Raton, Florida, with his wife Jo-anne.
1943
1. Mike Curtis, American football player and coach (d. 2020) births
  1. Mike Curtis (American football)
    
    James Michael Curtis was an American professional football player for the Baltimore Colts, the Seattle Seahawks and the Washington Redskins, who played 14 seasons from 1965 to 1978 in the National Football League (NFL). He was a four-time Pro Bowler in 1968, 1970, 1971 and 1974. Although sacks were not official during the time he played, Curtis was a good blitzer, recording 22 sacks, including one in which a famous photograph was taken of Curtis tackling Roman Gabriel's head. Curtis also picked off 25 passes and was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Year in 1970 by a panel of 101 sportswriters.
2. George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway, English politician, 5th Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1882) deaths
  1. George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway
    
    George Vere Arundel Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway, was a British politician. He served as the fifth Governor-General of New Zealand from 1935 to 1941.
  2. Governor-General of New Zealand
    
    The governor-general of New Zealand is the viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently King Charles III. As the King is concurrently the monarch of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in the United Kingdom, he, on the advice of his New Zealand prime minister, appoints a governor-general to carry out his constitutional and ceremonial duties within the Realm of New Zealand.
1942
1. Michael Jackson, English journalist and author (d. 2007) births
  1. Michael Jackson (writer)
    
    Michael James Jackson was an English writer and journalist. He was the author of many influential books about beer and whisky. He was a regular contributor to a number of British broadsheets, particularly The Independent and The Observer.
2. John Sulston, English biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) births
  1. John Sulston
    
    Sir John Edward Sulston was a British biologist and academic who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the cell lineage and genome of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans in 2002 with his colleagues Sydney Brenner and Robert Horvitz. He was a leader in human genome research and Chair of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the University of Manchester. Sulston was in favour of science in the public interest, such as free public access of scientific information and against the patenting of genes and the privatisation of genetic technologies.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
3. Michael York, English actor births
  1. Michael York
    
    Michael York OBE is an English film, television and stage actor. After performing on-stage with the Royal National Theatre, he had a breakthrough in films by playing Tybalt in Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet (1968). His "blond, blue-eyed boyish looks and English upper social class demeanor saw him play leading roles in several major British and Hollywood films of the 1970s. His best known roles include Konrad Ludwig in Something for Everyone (1970), Geoffrey Richter-Douglas in Zeppelin (1971), Brian Roberts in Cabaret (1972), George Conway in Lost Horizon (1973), D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers and its two sequels, Count Andrenyi in Murder on the Orient Express (1974), Logan 5 in Logan's Run (1976).
4. Julio González, Catalan sculptor and painter (b. 1876) deaths
  1. Julio González (sculptor)
    
    Julio González i Pellicer, born in Barcelona, was a Spanish sculptor and painter who developed the expressive use of iron as a medium for modern sculpture. He was from a lineage of metalsmith workers and artists. His grandfather was a goldsmith worker and his father, Concordio González, a metalsmith worker who taught him the techniques of metalsmith in his childhood years. His mother, Pilar Pellicer Fenés, came from a long line of artists.
1941
1. Ivan Gašparovič, Slovak lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Slovakia births
  1. Ivan Gašparovič
    
    Ivan Gašparovič is a Slovak politician and lawyer who was third president of Slovakia from 2004 to 2014. He was also the first and currently the only Slovak president to be re-elected.
  2. President of Slovakia
    
    The president of the Slovak Republic is the head of state of Slovakia and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The president is directly elected by the people for five years, and can be elected for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The presidency is largely a ceremonial office, but the president does exercise certain limited powers with absolute discretion. The president's official residence is the Grassalkovich Palace in Bratislava.
2. Liese Prokop, Austrian pentathlete and politician, Austrian Minister of the Interior (d. 2006) births
  1. Liese Prokop
    
    Liesel "Liese" Prokop-Sykora was an Austrian athlete who competed mainly in the pentathlon and, later in her life, a politician.
  2. Ministry of the Interior (Austria)
    
    In Austria, the Ministry of the Interior is a federal government agency serving as the interior ministry of the Austrian government. It is chiefly responsible for the public security, but also deals with matters relating to citizenship, elections, referendums, plebiscites and the alternative civilian service. The Ministry of the Interior is considered one of the most important ministries in Austria
1940
1. Sandro Munari, Italian race car driver births
  1. Sandro Munari
    
    Sandro Munari, also nicknamed 'Il Drago' is a former motor racing and rally driver from Italy.
2. Austin Pendleton, American actor, director, and playwright births
  1. Austin Pendleton
    
    Austin Campbell Pendleton is an American actor, playwright, theatre director, and instructor. He is known as a prolific character actor on the stage and screen who has appeared in films including Catch-22 (1970); What's Up, Doc? (1972); The Front Page (1974); The Muppet Movie (1979), Short Circuit (1986); Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990); My Cousin Vinny (1992); Amistad (1997); A Beautiful Mind (2001), which earned him a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination; and Finding Nemo (2003).
3. Michael Joseph Savage, Australian-New Zealand politician, 23rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Michael Joseph Savage
    
    Michael Joseph Savage was a New Zealand politician who served as the 23rd prime minister of New Zealand, heading the First Labour Government from 1935 until his death in 1940.
  2. Prime Minister of New Zealand
    
    The prime minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The incumbent prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, took office on 26 October 2017.
1939
1. Jay Kim, South Korean-American engineer and politician births
  1. Jay Kim
    
    Jay Chang Joon Kim is a Korean-American politician and former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California and ambassador for Korean-American relations. He was the first Korean American to be elected to the United States Congress.
2. Cale Yarborough, American race car driver and businessman births
  1. Cale Yarborough
    
    William Caleb "Cale" Yarborough is an American former NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver and owner, businessman, and farmer. He is one of only two drivers in NASCAR history to win three consecutive championships, winning in 1976, 1977, and 1978. He was one of the preeminent stock car drivers from the 1960s to the 1980s and also competed in IndyCar events. His fame was such that a special model of the Mercury Cyclone Spoiler II was named after him.
1938
1. William Stern, German-American psychologist and philosopher (b. 1871) deaths
  1. William Stern (psychologist)
    
    William Stern, born Ludwig Wilhelm Stern, was a German psychologist and philosopher. He is known for the development of personalistic psychology, which placed emphasis on the individual by examining measurable personality traits as well as the interaction of those traits within each person to create the self.
1937
1. Alan Hawkshaw, English keyboard player and songwriter births
  1. Alan Hawkshaw
    
    William Alan Hawkshaw was a British composer and performer, particularly of library music used as themes for movies and television programs. Hawkshaw worked extensively for the KPM production music company in the 1950s to the 1970s, composing and recording many stock tracks that have been used extensively in film and TV.
1936
1. Malcolm Goldstein, American violinist and composer births
  1. Malcolm Goldstein
    
    Malcolm Goldstein is an American-Canadian composer, violinist and improviser who has been active in the presentation of new music and dance since the early 1960s. He received an M.A. in music composition from Columbia University in 1960, having studied with Otto Luening. In the 1960s in New York City, he was a co-founder with James Tenney and Philip Corner of the Tone Roads Ensemble and was a participant in the Judson Dance Theater, the New York Festival of the Avant-Garde and the Experimental Intermedia Foundation. Since then, he has toured extensively throughout North America and Europe, with solo concerts as well as with new music and dance ensembles.
1935
1. Stanley Rother, American Roman Catholic priest and missionary (d. 1981) births
  1. Stanley Rother
    
    Stanley Francis Rother was an American Roman Catholic priest from Oklahoma who was murdered in Guatemala. Ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City in 1963, he held several parish assignments there until 1968 when he was assigned as a missionary priest to Guatemala, where he was murdered in 1981 inside his mission rectory.
2. Julian Glover, English actor births
  1. Julian Glover
    
    Julian Wyatt Glover is an English classical actor with many stage, television, and film roles since commencing his career in the 1950s. He is a recipient of the Laurence Olivier Award and has performed many times for the Royal Shakespeare Company.
1934
1. István Csurka, Hungarian journalist, author, and politician (d. 2012) births
  1. István Csurka
    
    István Csurka was a Hungarian nationalist politician, journalist and writer. He was the founder and inaugural leader of the Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) from 1993 until his death. He was also a Member of Parliament from 1990 to 1994 and from 1998 to 2002.
2. Ioannis Palaiokrassas, Greek politician (d. 2021) births
  1. Ioannis Palaiokrassas
    
    Ioannis Palaiokrassas was a Greek politician.
3. Francis William Reitz, South African lawyer and politician, 5th State President of the Orange Free State (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Francis William Reitz
    
    Francis William Reitz, Jr. was a South African lawyer, politician, statesman, publicist, and poet who was a member of parliament of the Cape Colony, Chief Justice and fifth State President of the Orange Free State, State Secretary of the South African Republic at the time of the Second Boer War, and the first president of the Senate of the Union of South Africa.
  2. State President of the Orange Free State
    
    This is a list of State Presidents of the Orange Free State.
1933
1. Lê Văn Hưng, South Vietnamese Brigadier general (d. 1975) births
  1. Lê Văn Hưng
    
    Lê Văn Hưng was an infantry general of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.
1932
1. Junior Parker, American singer and harmonica player (d. 1971) births
  1. Junior Parker
    
    Herman "Junior" Parker was an American blues singer and musician. He is best remembered for his voice which has been described as "honeyed" and "velvet-smooth". One music journalist noted, "For years, Junior Parker deserted down home harmonica blues for uptown blues-soul music". In 2001, he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Parker is also inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.
2. Bailey Olter, Micronesian politician, 3rd President of the Federated States of Micronesia (d. 1999) births
  1. Bailey Olter
    
    Bailey Olter was a Micronesian political figure. He was elected to the Senate of Micronesian Congress from Ponape district. He served as Vice President of the Federated States of Micronesia from 1983 to 1987, and as the third president of the Federated States of Micronesia from 1991 to 1996. He suffered a stroke in July 1996 ending his capacity to carry out his office; his Vice President Jacob Nena served the last year of his term.
  2. President of the Federated States of Micronesia
    
    The president of the Federated States of Micronesia is the head of state and government of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The FSM president, by virtue of his or her office, is the head of the FSM Cabinet and is in charge of the administration and operations of the National Government. The president is assisted by the vice-president, both of whom are elected by the FSM Congress from among the at-large members to serve for four-year terms. The current and ninth president of the FSM is David Panuelo, who replaced Peter Christian on 11 May 2019.
1931
1. David Janssen, American actor and screenwriter (d. 1980) births
  1. David Janssen
    
    David Janssen was an American film and television actor who is best known for his starring role as Richard Kimble in the television series The Fugitive (1963–1967). Janssen also had the title roles in three other series: Richard Diamond, Private Detective; Harry O; and O'Hara, U.S. Treasury.
2. Arnold Bennett, English author and playwright (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Arnold Bennett
    
    Enoch Arnold Bennett was an English author, best known as a novelist. He wrote prolifically: between the 1890s and the 1930s he completed 34 novels, seven volumes of short stories, 13 plays, and a daily journal totalling more than a million words. He wrote articles and stories for more than 100 newspapers and periodicals, worked in and briefly ran the Ministry of Information in the First World War, and wrote for the cinema in the 1920s. The sales of his books were substantial, and he was the most financially successful British author of his day.
1930
1. Daniel Spoerri, Romanian-Swiss photographer, writer and artist births
  1. Daniel Spoerri
    
    Daniel Spoerri is a Swiss artist and writer born in Romania. Spoerri is best known for his "snare-pictures," a type of assemblage or object art, in which he captures a group of objects, such as the remains of meals eaten by individuals, including the plates, silverware and glasses, all of which are fixed to the table or board, which is then displayed on a wall. He also is widely acclaimed for his book, Topographie Anécdotée* du Hasard, a literary analog to his snare-pictures, in which he mapped all the objects located on his table at a particular moment, describing each with his personal recollections evoked by the object.
1929
1. Anne Ramsey, American actress (d. 1988) births
  1. Anne Ramsey
    
    Angelina "Anne" Ramsey was an American actress. She is best known for her film roles as Mama Fratelli in The Goonies (1985) and as Mrs. Lift in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), the latter of which earned her nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.
2. Reg Evans, Australian actor (d. 2009) births
  1. Reg Evans
    
    Reginald Evans was a British-born actor active in Australian radio, theatre, television and cinema from the 1960s, after having started his career in his native England.
1928
1. Jean Dotto, French cyclist (d. 2000) births
  1. Jean Dotto
    
    Jean-Baptiste Dotto was the first French racing cyclist to win the Vuelta a España. He rode the Tour de France 13 times, coming fourth in 1954.
2. Leslie Stuart, English organist and composer (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Leslie Stuart
    
    Leslie Stuart born Thomas Augustine Barrett was an English composer of Edwardian musical comedy, best known for the hit show Florodora (1899) and many popular songs.
1927
1. Sylvia Anderson, English voice actress, screenwriter, and producer (d. 2016) births
  1. Sylvia Anderson
    
    Sylvia Beatrice Anderson was an English television and film producer, writer, voice actress and costume designer, best known for her collaborations with Gerry Anderson, her husband between 1960 and 1981. In addition to serving as co-creator and co-writer on their TV series during the 1960s and early 1970s, Anderson's primary contribution was character development and costume design. She regularly directed the fortnightly voice recording sessions, and provided the voices of many female and child characters. She also helped develop the shows and characters, in particular creating the iconic characters of Lady Penelope and Parker in Thunderbirds.
2. Anthony Lewis, American journalist and academic (d. 2013) births
  1. Anthony Lewis
    
    Anthony Lewis was an American public intellectual and journalist. He was twice winner of the Pulitzer Prize, and was a columnist for The New York Times. He is credited with creating the field of legal journalism in the United States.
3. Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor (d. 2007) births
  1. Mstislav Rostropovich
    
    Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich was a Russian cellist and conductor. He is considered by many to be the greatest cellist of the 20th century. In addition to his interpretations and technique, he was well known for both inspiring and commissioning new works, which enlarged the cello repertoire more than any cellist before or since. He inspired and premiered over 100 pieces, forming long-standing friendships and artistic partnerships with composers including Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Henri Dutilleux, Witold Lutosławski, Olivier Messiaen, Luciano Berio, Krzysztof Penderecki, Alfred Schnittke, Norbert Moret, Andreas Makris, Leonard Bernstein, Aram Khachaturian and Benjamin Britten.
4. Joe Start, American baseball player and manager (b. 1842) deaths
  1. Joe Start
    
    Joseph Start, nicknamed "Old Reliable", was one of the most durable regulars of baseball's earliest era, and one of the top first basemen of his time. He began his playing career in 1859, before the formation of organized leagues and before ballplayers received payment for their services. He continued to play regularly until 1886, when he was 43. Start's career spanned countless innovations that transformed the game in fundamental ways, but he adjusted and continued to play at a high level for almost three decades. Baseball historian Bill Ryczek said that Start "was the last of the pre–Civil War players to hang up his cleats."
5. Klaus Berntsen, Danish politician, Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1844) deaths
  1. Klaus Berntsen
    
    Klaus Berntsen was a Danish politician, representing the Liberal party, Venstre. He was Council President of Denmark from 5 July 1910 to 21 June 1913 as the leader of the Cabinet of Klaus Berntsen. From 5 May 1920 to 9 October 1922 he served as Defence Minister.
  2. Prime Minister of Denmark
    
    The prime minister of Denmark is the head of government in the Kingdom of Denmark comprising the three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Before the creation of the modern office, the kingdom did not initially have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the monarch, in whom the executive authority was vested. The Constitution of 1849 established a constitutional monarchy by limiting the powers of the monarch and creating the office of premierminister. The inaugural holder of the office was Adam Wilhelm Moltke.
1926
1. Frank O'Hara, American writer (d. 1966) births
  1. Frank O'Hara
    
    Francis Russell "Frank" O'Hara was an American writer, poet, and art critic. A curator at the Museum of Modern Art, O'Hara became prominent in New York City's art world. O'Hara is regarded as a leading figure in the New York School, an informal group of artists, writers, and musicians who drew inspiration from jazz, surrealism, abstract expressionism, action painting, and contemporary avant-garde art movements.
2. Kick Kelly, American baseball player, manager, and umpire (b. 1856) deaths
  1. Kick Kelly
    
    John O. "Kick" Kelly, also nicknamed "Honest John" and "Diamond John," was an American catcher, manager and umpire in Major League Baseball who went on to become a boxing referee and to run gambling houses in his native New York City. He made a notable impact on the development of umpiring, helping to pioneer the use of multiple umpires in games in the 1880s. By the time he initially retired in 1888, he held the record for most games umpired in the major leagues (587); he returned to work the last two months of the 1897 season.
3. Georges Vézina, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Georges Vézina
    
    Joseph Georges Gonzague Vézina was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played seven seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and nine in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Montreal Canadiens. After being signed by the Canadiens in 1910, Vézina played in 327 consecutive regular season games and a further 39 playoff games, before leaving early during a game in 1925 due to illness. Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and died on March 27, 1926.
1925
1. Carl Neumann, German mathematician and academic (b. 1832) deaths
  1. Carl Neumann
    
    Carl Gottfried Neumann was a German mathematician.
1924
1. Sarah Vaughan, American singer (d. 1990) births
  1. Sarah Vaughan
    
    Sarah Lois Vaughan was an American jazz singer.
2. Ian Black, Scottish international footballer and lawn bowls player (d. 2012) births
  1. Ian Black (footballer, born 1924)
    
    Ian Henderson Black was a Scottish professional footballer who made over 260 appearances in the Football League for Fulham as a goalkeeper. He also played for Southampton and was capped by Scotland at international level.
3. Margaret K. Butler, American mathematician and computer programmer (d. 2013) births
  1. Margaret K. Butler
    
    Margaret Kampschaefer Butler was a mathematician who participated in creating and updating computer software. During the early 1950s, Butler contributed to the development of early computers. Butler was the first female fellow at the American Nuclear Society and director of the National Energy Software Center at Argonne. Butler held leadership positions within multiple scientific organizations and women's groups. She was the creator and director of the National Energy Software Center. Here, Butler operated an exchange for the editing of computer programs in regards to nuclear power and developed early principles for computer technology.
1923
1. Shūsaku Endō, Japanese author (d. 1996) births
  1. Shūsaku Endō
    
    Shūsaku Endō was a Japanese author who wrote from the rare perspective of a Japanese Catholic. Internationally, he is known for his 1966 historical fiction novel Silence, which was adapted into a 2016 film of the same name by director Martin Scorsese. He was the laureate of several prestigious literary accolades, including the Akutagawa Prize and the Order of Culture, and was inducted into the Roman Catholic Order of St. Sylvester by Pope Paul VI.
2. Louis Simpson, Jamaican-American poet, translator, and academic (d. 2012) births
  1. Louis Simpson
    
    Louis Aston Marantz Simpson was an American poet born in Jamaica. He won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his work At the End of the Open Road.
3. James Dewar, Scottish chemist and physicist (b. 1842) deaths
  1. James Dewar
    
    Sir James Dewar was a British chemist and physicist. He is best known for his invention of the vacuum flask, which he used in conjunction with research into the liquefaction of gases. He also studied atomic and molecular spectroscopy, working in these fields for more than 25 years.
1922
1. Dick King-Smith, English author (d. 2011) births
  1. Dick King-Smith
    
    Ronald Gordon King-Smith OBE Hon.MEd, was an English writer of children's books, primarily using the pen name Dick King-Smith. He is best known for The Sheep-Pig. It was adapted as the movie Babe (1995) and translations have been published in fifteen languages. He was awarded an Honorary Master of Education degree by the University of the West of England in 1999 and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours. Dick and Myrle had three children – two daughters and one son (Giles). Dick King-Smith's first book, The Foxbusters, was published in 1978.
2. Stefan Wul, French author and surgeon (d. 2003) births
  1. Stefan Wul
    
    Stefan Wul was the nom de plume of the French science fiction writer Pierre Pairault, born in Paris.
3. Jules Olitski, Ukrainian-American painter, printmaker, and sculptor (d. 2007) births
  1. Jules Olitski
    
    Jevel Demikovski, known professionally as Jules Olitski, was an American painter, printmaker, and sculptor.
4. Nikolay Sokolov, Russian composer and educator (b. 1859) deaths
  1. Nikolay Sokolov (composer)
    
    Nikolay Alexandrovich Sokolov was a Russian composer of classical music and a member of the circle that grew around the publisher Mitrofan Belyayev.
1921
1. Phil Chess, Czech-American record producer, co-founded Chess Records (d. 2016) births
  1. Phil Chess
    
    Philip Chess was a Polish-born American record producer and company executive, the co-founder with his brother of Chess Records.
  2. Chess Records
    
    Chess Records was an American record company established in 1950 in Chicago, specializing in blues and rhythm and blues. It was the successor to Aristocrat Records, founded in 1947. It expanded into soul music, gospel music, early rock and roll, and jazz and comedy recordings, released on the Chess and its subsidiary labels Checker and Argo/Cadet. The Chess catalogue is owned by Universal Music Group and managed by Geffen Records.
2. Moacir Barbosa Nascimento, Brazilian footballer and coach (d. 2000) births
  1. Moacir Barbosa
    
    Moacir Barbosa do Nascimento was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. His career spanned 22 years. He was regarded as one of the world's best goalkeepers in the 1940s and 1950s, and was known for not wearing gloves, as would be typical. Barbosa is mainly associated with Brazil's defeat against underdogs Uruguay in the decisive match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, an upset dubbed the Maracanazo.
3. Harold Nicholas, American actor and dancer (d. 2000) births
  1. Harold Nicholas
    
    Harold Lloyd Nicholas was an American dancer specializing in tap. Nicholas was the younger half of the tap-dancing pair the Nicholas Brothers, known as two of the world's greatest dancers. His older brother was Fayard Nicholas. Nicholas was featured in such musicals as An All-Colored Vaudeville Show (1935), Stormy Weather (1943), The Pirate (1948), and The Five Heartbeats (1991).
4. Harry Barron, English general and politician, 16th Governor of Western Australia (b. 1847) deaths
  1. Harry Barron
    
    Major General Sir Harry Barron, was a British Army officer who served as Governor of Tasmania from 1909 to 1913, and Governor of Western Australia from 1913 to 1917.
  2. Governor of Western Australia
    
    The governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of the monarch of Australia, currently King Charles III. As with the other governors of the Australian states, the governor of Western Australia performs constitutional, ceremonial and community functions, including:presiding over the Executive Council; proroguing and dissolving the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council; issuing writs for elections; and appointing Ministers, Judges, Magistrates and Justices of the Peace.
1920
1. Colin Rowe, English-American architect, theorist and academic (d. 1999) births
  1. Colin Rowe
    
    Colin Rowe, was an American-born, American-naturalised badasss, chef, spinach and cheese ravioli enthusiast, and teacher; he is acknowledged to have been a major theoretical and critical influence in Overwatch, in the latter half of the 2010's with his thoughts on Lucio Surf. During his life he taught briefly at the University of Discord at Mythril. For most of his life he was a professor at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Many of Rowe’s students became important architects and extended his influence throughout the architecture and planning professions. In 1995 he was awarded the Gold Medal by the Royal Institute of British Architects, its highest honour. He was also awarded the Athena Medal from the Congress for the New Urbanism posthumously in 2011.
1918
1. Henry Adams, American journalist, historian, and author (b. 1838) deaths
  1. Henry Adams
    
    Henry Brooks Adams was an American historian and a member of the Adams political family, descended from two U.S. Presidents.
2. Martin Sheridan, Irish-American discus thrower and jumper (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Martin Sheridan
    
    Martin John Sheridan was a three time Olympic Games gold medallist. He was born in Bohola, County Mayo, Ireland, and died in St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, New York, the day before his 37th birthday, a very early casualty of the 1918 flu pandemic. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York. He was part of a group of Irish-American athletes known as the "Irish Whales".
1917
1. Cyrus Vance, American lawyer and politician, 57th United States Secretary of State (d. 2002) births
  1. Cyrus Vance
    
    Cyrus Roberts Vance Sr. was an American lawyer and United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. Prior to serving in that position, he was the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense in the Johnson administration. During the Kennedy administration he was Secretary of the Army and General Counsel of the Department of Defense.
  2. United States Secretary of State
    
    The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's Cabinet, and ranks the first in the U.S. presidential line of succession among Cabinet secretaries.
1915
1. Robert Lockwood, Jr., American guitarist (d. 2006) births
  1. Robert Lockwood Jr.
    
    Robert Lockwood Jr. was an American Delta blues guitarist, who recorded for Chess Records and other Chicago labels in the 1950s and 1960s. He was the only guitarist to have learned to play directly from Robert Johnson. Robert Lockwood was one of the first professional black entertainers to appear on radio in the South, on the King Biscuit Time radio show. Lockwood is known for his longtime collaboration with Sonny Boy Williamson II and for his work in the mid-1950s with Little Walter.
1914
1. Richard Denning, American actor (d. 1998) births
  1. Richard Denning
    
    Richard Denning was an American actor who starred in science fiction films of the 1950s, including Unknown Island (1948), Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), Target Earth (1954), Day the World Ended (1955), Creature with the Atom Brain (1955), and The Black Scorpion (1957). Denning also appeared in the film An Affair to Remember (1957) with Cary Grant and on radio with Lucille Ball in My Favorite Husband (1948–1951), the forerunner of television's I Love Lucy.
2. Budd Schulberg, American author, screenwriter, and producer (d. 2009) births
  1. Budd Schulberg
    
    Budd Schulberg was an American screenwriter, television producer, novelist and sports writer. He was known for his novels What Makes Sammy Run? and The Harder They Fall; his Academy Award-winning screenplay for On the Waterfront, and his screenplay for A Face in the Crowd.
1913
1. Theodor Dannecker, German SS officer (d. 1945) births
  1. Theodor Dannecker
    
    Theodor Denecke was a German SS-captain, a key aide to Adolf Eichmann in the deportation of Jews during World War II.
  2. Schutzstaffel
    
    The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
2. Richard Montgomery Gano, American minister, physician, and general (b. 1830) deaths
  1. Richard Montgomery Gano
    
    Richard Montgomery Gano was a physician, Protestant minister, and brigadier general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War.
1912
1. James Callaghan, English lieutenant and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005) births
  1. James Callaghan
    
    Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff,, commonly known as Jim Callaghan, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980. Callaghan is the only person to have held all four Great Offices of State, having served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1964 to 1967, Home Secretary from 1967 to 1970 and Foreign Secretary from 1974 to 1976. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 to 1987.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
1911
1. Veronika Tushnova, Russian poet and physician (d. 1965) births
  1. Veronika Tushnova
    
    Veronika Mikhailovna Tushnova was a Soviet poet and member of the Soviet Union of Writers. After completing her medical school studies, she found little satisfaction in being a doctor and turned her attention to writing.
1910
1. Ai Qing, Chinese poet and author (d. 1996) births
  1. Ai Qing
    
    Aì Qīng, born Jiang Zhenghan and styled Jiang Haicheng, is regarded by some as one of the finest modern Chinese poets. He was known under his pen names Linbi, Ke'a and Ejia.
2. Alexander Emanuel Agassiz, Swiss-American ichthyologist, zoologist, and engineer (b. 1835) deaths
  1. Alexander Agassiz
    
    Alexander Emmanuel Rodolphe Agassiz, son of Louis Agassiz and stepson of Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, was an American scientist and engineer.
1909
1. Golo Mann, German historian and author (d. 1994) births
  1. Golo Mann
    
    Golo Mann was a popular German historian and essayist. Having completed a doctorate in philosophy under Karl Jaspers at Heidelberg, in 1933 he fled Hitler's Germany. He followed his father, the writer Thomas Mann and other members of his family in emigrating to France, Switzerland and the United States. From the late 1950s he re-established himself in Switzerland and West Germany as a literary historian.
2. Ben Webster, American saxophonist (d. 1973) births
  1. Ben Webster
    
    Benjamin Francis Webster was an American jazz tenor saxophonist.
3. Valery Marakou, Belarusian poet and translator (d. 1937) births
  1. Valery Marakou
    
    Valery Marakou was a Belarusian poet and translator.
1906
1. Pee Wee Russell, American clarinet player, saxophonist, and composer (d. 1969) births
  1. Pee Wee Russell
    
    Charles Ellsworth "Pee Wee" Russell, was an American jazz musician. Early in his career he played clarinet and saxophones, but he eventually focused solely on clarinet.
1905
1. Leroy Carr, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 1935) births
  1. Leroy Carr
    
    Leroy Carr was an American blues singer, songwriter and pianist who developed a laid-back, crooning technique and whose popularity and style influenced such artists as Nat King Cole and Ray Charles. Music historian Elijah Wald has called him "the most influential male blues singer and songwriter of the first half of the 20th century". He first became famous for "How Long, How Long Blues", his debut recording released by Vocalion Records in 1928.
2. Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, German general (d. 1980) births
  1. Rudolf-Christoph von Gersdorff
    
    Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff was an officer in the German Army. He attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler by suicide bombing on 21 March 1943; the plan failed when Hitler left early, but Gersdorff was undetected. That same month, soldiers from his unit discovered the mass graves of the Soviet-perpetrated Katyn massacre.
3. Elsie MacGill, Canadian-American author and engineer (d. 1980) births
  1. Elsie MacGill
    
    Elizabeth Muriel Gregory "Elsie" MacGill,, known as the "Queen of the Hurricanes", was the world's first woman to earn an aeronautical engineering degree and was the first woman in Canada to receive a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. She worked as an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War and did much to make Canada a powerhouse of aircraft construction during her years at Canadian Car and Foundry (CC&F) in Fort William, Ontario. After her work at CC&F, she ran a successful consulting business. Between 1967 and 1970, she was a commissioner on the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in Canada, which reported in 1970.
1903
1. Leif Tronstad, Norwegian chemist and military leader (d. 1945) births
  1. Leif Tronstad
    
    Leif Hans Larsen Tronstad DSO, OBE was a Norwegian inorganic chemist, intelligence officer and military organizer. He graduated from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1927 and was a prolific researcher and writer of academic publications. A professor of chemistry at the Norwegian Institute of Technology from 1936, he was among the pioneers of heavy water research, and was instrumental when a heavy water plant was built at Vemork.
2. Xavier Villaurrutia, Mexican poet and playwright (d. 1950) births
  1. Xavier Villaurrutia
    
    Xavier Villaurrutia y González was a Mexican poet, playwright and literary critic whose most famous works are the short theatrical dramas called Autos profanos, compiled in the work Poesía y teatro completos, published in 1953.
1902
1. Sidney Buchman, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1975) births
  1. Sidney Buchman
    
    Sidney Robert Buchman was an American screenwriter and film producer who worked on about 40 films from the late 1920s to the early 1970s. He received four Oscar nominations and won once for Best Screenplay for fantasy romantic comedy film Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941) along with Seton I. Miller.
2. Charles Lang, American cinematographer (d. 1998) births
  1. Charles Lang
    
    Charles Bryant Lang Jr., A.S.C. was an American cinematographer.
1901
1. Carl Barks, American illustrator and screenwriter (d. 2000) births
  1. Carl Barks
    
    Carl Barks was an American cartoonist, author, and painter. He is best known for his work in Disney comic books, as the writer and artist of the first Donald Duck stories and as the creator of Scrooge McDuck. He worked anonymously until late in his career; fans dubbed him The Duck Man and The Good Duck Artist. In 1987, Barks was one of the three inaugural inductees of the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame.
2. Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963) births
  1. Erich Ollenhauer
    
    Erich Ollenhauer was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1952 until 1963. He was a key leader of the opposition to Konrad Adenauer in the Bundestag. In exile under the Nazis, he returned to Germany in February 1946, becoming vice chairman of the SPD. He was a close ally of the chairman Kurt Schumacher, and worked on party organization. Where Schumacher was a passionate intellectual, Ollenhauer was a thorough and efficient bureaucrat. He became party leader after Schumacher's death in 1952. Besides attending to organizational details, his main role was moderating the tension between the left-wing and right-wing factions. He remained party leader until his death, but yielded to the charismatic Berlin mayor Willy Brandt in 1961 as the party's candidate for chancellor.
3. Eisaku Satō, Japanese politician, Prime Minister of Japan, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975) births
  1. Eisaku Satō
    
    Eisaku Satō was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister from 1964 to 1972. He is the third-longest serving Prime Minister, and ranks second in longest uninterrupted service as Prime Minister.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
  3. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
4. Kenneth Slessor, Australian journalist and poet (d. 1971) births
  1. Kenneth Slessor
    
    Kenneth Adolphe Slessor was an Australian poet, journalist and official war correspondent in World War II. He was one of Australia's leading poets, notable particularly for the absorption of modernist influences into Australian poetry. The Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry is named after him.
1900
1. Joseph A. Campbell, American businessman, founded the Campbell Soup Company (b. 1817) deaths
  1. Joseph A. Campbell
    
    Joseph Albert Campbell was an American businessman who is best known for being the founder of Campbell Soup Company in 1869 when he partnered with Abraham Anderson.
  2. Campbell Soup Company
    
    Campbell Soup Company, doing business as Campbell's, is an American processed food and snack company. The company is most closely associated with its flagship canned soup products; however, through mergers and acquisitions, it has grown to become one of the largest processed food companies in the U.S. with a wide variety of products under its flagship Campbell's brand as well as other brands like Pepperidge Farm, Snyder's of Hanover, V8, and Swanson. Under its brands, Campbell's produces soups and other canned meals, baked goods, beverages, and snacks. It is headquartered in Camden, New Jersey.
1899
1. Francis Ponge, French poet and author (d. 1988) births
  1. Francis Ponge
    
    Francis Jean Gaston Alfred Ponge was a French essayist and poet. Influenced by surrealism, he developed a form of prose poem, minutely examining everyday objects. He was the third recipient of the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1974.
2. Herbert Arthur Stuart, German-Swiss physicist and academic (d. 1974) births
  1. Herbert Arthur Stuart
    
    Herbert Arthur Stuart was a German experimental physicist who made contributions in molecular physics research. During World War II, he was director of the experimental physics department at the Technische Hochschule Dresden. From 1955, he was the head of the high polymer physics laboratory at the University of Mainz.
3. Gloria Swanson, American actress and producer (d. 1983) births
  1. Gloria Swanson
    
    Gloria May Josephine Swanson was an American actress and producer. She first achieved fame acting in dozens of silent films in the 1920s and was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress, most famously for her 1950 return in Billy Wilder's Sunset Boulevard, which also earned her a Golden Globe Award.
1898
1. Syed Ahmad Khan, Indian philosopher and activist (b. 1817) deaths
  1. Syed Ahmad Khan
    
    Sir Syed Ahmad Khan KCSI was an Indian Muslim reformer, philosopher, and educationist in nineteenth-century British India. Though initially espousing Hindu-Muslim unity, he became the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India and is widely credited as the father of the two-nation theory, which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement. Born into a family with strong debts to the Mughal court, Ahmad studied the Quran and Sciences within the court. He was awarded an honorary LLD from the University of Edinburgh in 1889.
1897
1. Douglas Hartree, English mathematician and physicist (d. 1958) births
  1. Douglas Hartree
    
    Douglas Rayner Hartree was an English mathematician and physicist most famous for the development of numerical analysis and its application to the Hartree–Fock equations of atomic physics and the construction of a differential analyser using Meccano.
2. Fred Keating, American magician, stage and film actor (d. 1961) births
  1. Fred Keating (magician)
    
    Frederic Serrano Keating, best known as Fred Keating, was an American magician, stage and film actor.
3. Andreas Anagnostakis, Greek ophthalmologist, physician, and educator (b. 1826) deaths
  1. Andreas Anagnostakis
    
    Andreas Anagnostakis was a Greek ophthalmologist, physician, and educator. He is best known for inventing the ophthalmoscope, a handheld tool used in diagnostics and still relevant today. He is credited as the first ophthalmologist in Greece.
1895
1. Roland Leighton, English soldier and poet (d. 1915) births
  1. Roland Leighton
    
    Roland Aubrey Leighton was a British poet and soldier, made posthumously famous by his fiancée Vera Brittain's memoir, Testament of Youth.
1894
1. René Fonck, French colonel and pilot (d. 1953) births
  1. René Fonck
    
    Colonel René Paul Fonck was a French aviator who ended the First World War as the top Entente fighter ace and, when all succeeding aerial conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries are also considered, Fonck still holds the title of "all-time Allied Ace of Aces". He received confirmation for 75 victories out of 142 claims. Taking into account his probable claims, Fonck's final tally could conceivably be nearer 100 or above. He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1918 and later a Commander of the Legion of Honor after the war, and raised again to the dignity of Grand Officer.
1893
1. Karl Mannheim, Hungarian-English sociologist and academic (d. 1947) births
  1. Karl Mannheim
    
    Karl Mannheim was an influential Hungarian sociologist during the first half of the 20th century. He is a key figure in classical sociology, as well as one of the founders of the sociology of knowledge. Mannheim is best known for his book Ideology and Utopia (1929/1936), in which he distinguishes between partial and total ideologies, the latter representing comprehensive worldviews distinctive to particular social groups, and also between ideologies that provide outdated support for existing social arrangements, and utopias, which look to the future and threaten to transform a society.
2. G. Lloyd Spencer, American lieutenant and politician (d. 1981) births
  1. Lloyd Spencer
    
    George Lloyd Spencer was an American politician from Arkansas. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state in the United States Senate from 1941 to 1943.
3. George Beranger, Australian-American actor and director (d. 1973) births
  1. George Beranger
    
    George Beranger, also known as André Beranger, was an Australian silent film actor and director in Hollywood. He is also sometimes credited under the pseudonym George André de Beranger.
1892
1. Ferde Grofé, American pianist and composer (d. 1972) births
  1. Ferde Grofé
    
    Ferdinand Rudolph von Grofé, known as Ferde Grofé was an American composer, arranger, pianist and instrumentalist. He is best known for his 1931 five-movement tone poem, Grand Canyon Suite, and for having orchestrated George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue prior to its 1924 premiere.
2. Thorne Smith, American author (d. 1934) births
  1. Thorne Smith
    
    James Thorne Smith, Jr. was an American writer of humorous supernatural fantasy fiction under the byline Thorne Smith. He is best known today for the two Topper novels, comic fantasy fiction involving sex, much drinking and ghosts. With racy illustrations, these sold millions of copies in the 1930s and were equally popular in paperbacks of the 1950s.
1891
1. Lajos Zilahy, Hungarian novelist and playwright (d. 1974) births
  1. Lajos Zilahy
    
    Lajos Zilahy was a Hungarian novelist and playwright. Born in Nagyszalonta, Austria-Hungary, he studied law at the University of Budapest before serving in the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, in which he was wounded on the Eastern Front – an experience which later informed his bestselling novel Two Prisoners.
2. Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski, Belarusian-Lithuanian architect, journalist, and diplomat, created the Flag of Belarus (d. 1959) births
  1. Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski
    
    Kłaŭdziy Stsiapanavich Duzh-Dusheŭskiy was a Belarusian civil engineer, architect, diplomat and journalist. He is believed to be the creator of the Flag of Belarus in 1917.
  2. Flag of Belarus
    
    The national flag of Belarus is a red-and-green flag with a white-and-red ornament pattern placed at the hoist (staff) end. The current design was introduced in 2012 by the State Committee for Standardisation of the Republic of Belarus, and is adapted from a design approved in a May 1995 referendum. It is a modification of the 1951 flag used while the country was a republic of the Soviet Union. Changes made to the Soviet-era flag were the removal of communist symbols – the hammer and sickle and the red star – as well as the reversal of the colours in the ornament pattern. Since the 1995 referendum, several flags used by Belarusian government officials and agencies have been modelled on this national flag.
1890
1. Harald Julin, Swedish swimmer and water polo player (d. 1967) births
  1. Harald Julin
    
    Harald Sigfrid Alexander Julin was a Swedish swimmer and water polo player who competed at the 1906, 1908, 1912 and 1920 Olympics. In 100 m freestyle swimming he won a bronze medal in 1908, and failed to reach the finals in 1906 and 1912; he finished fifth in the 4×250 m freestyle relay in 1906. In water polo he won bronze medals in 1908 and 1920 and a silver at the 1912 Summer Olympics in his native Stockholm. His sons Åke and Rolf also became Olympic water polo players.
2. Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton, Scottish admiral (d. 1974) births
  1. Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton
    
    Admiral Sir Frederick Hew George Dalrymple-Hamilton KCB was a British naval officer who served in World War I and World War II. He was captain of HMS Rodney when it engaged the Bismarck on 27 May 1941.
3. Carl Jacob Löwig, German chemist and academic (b. 1803) deaths
  1. Carl Jacob Löwig
    
    Carl Jacob Löwig was a German chemist and discovered bromine independently of Antoine Jérôme Balard.
1889
1. Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Egyptian-Turkish journalist, author, and politician (d. 1974) births
  1. Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu
    
    Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu was a Turkish novelist, journalist, diplomat, and member of parliament.
2. Leonard Mociulschi, Romanian general (d. 1979) births
  1. Leonard Mociulschi
    
    Leonard Mociulschi was a Romanian Major General of Polish origin during World War II.
3. John Bright, English politician, Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills (b. 1811) deaths
  1. John Bright
    
    John Bright was a British Radical and Liberal statesman, one of the greatest orators of his generation and a promoter of free trade policies.
  2. Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
    
    The secretary of state for business, energy and industrial strategy, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, tenth in the ministerial ranking.
1888
1. George Alfred Lawrence Hearne, English-South African cricketer (d. 1978) births
  1. George Alfred Lawrence Hearne
    
    George Alfred Lawrence Hearne was an English born South African cricketer who played Test cricket.
1887
1. Väinö Siikaniemi, Finnish javelin thrower, poet, and translator (d. 1932) births
  1. Väinö Siikaniemi
    
    Väinö Villiam Siikaniemi was a Finnish athlete who competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He finished fifth in the conventional javelin throw and won the silver medal in the two-handed javelin throw, a one-time Olympic event in which the total was counted as a sum of best throws with the right hand and with the left hand.
1886
1. Sergey Kirov, Russian politician (d. 1934) births
  1. Sergei Kirov
    
    Sergei Mironovich Kirov was a Soviet politician and Bolshevik revolutionary whose assassination led to the first Great Purge.
2. Wladimir Burliuk, Ukrainian painter and illustrator (d. 1917) births
  1. Wladimir Burliuk
    
    Wladimir Davydovych Burliuk was a Russian avant-garde artist and book illustrator. He died at the age of 32 in 1917 in World War I.
3. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, German-American architect, designed IBM Plaza and Seagram Building (d. 1969) births
  1. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
    
    Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect. He was commonly referred to as Mies, his surname. Along with Alvar Aalto, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture.
  2. 330 North Wabash
    
    330 North Wabash is a skyscraper in downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States, at 330 N. Wabash Avenue, designed by the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A small bust of the architect by sculptor Marino Marini is displayed in the lobby. The 52-story building is situated on a plaza overlooking the Chicago River. At 695 feet, 330 North Wabash is the second-tallest building by Mies van der Rohe, the tallest being the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower at Toronto-Dominion Centre. It was his last American building.
  3. Seagram Building
    
    The Seagram Building is a skyscraper at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd and 53rd Streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe with minor assistance from Philip Johnson, Ely Jacques Kahn, and Robert Allan Jacobs, the tower is 515 feet (157 m) tall with 38 stories. The International Style building with a public plaza, completed in 1958, initially served as the headquarters of the Seagram Company, a Canadian distiller.
4. Henry Taylor, English poet and playwright (b. 1800) deaths
  1. Henry Taylor (dramatist)
    
    Sir Henry Taylor was an English dramatist and poet, Colonial Office official, and man of letters.
1885
1. Julio Lozano Díaz, Honduran accountant and politician, 40th President of Honduras (d. 1957) births
  1. Julio Lozano Díaz
    
    Julio Lozano Díaz, was first Vice President of Honduras (1949–1954) and then President of Honduras, from 5 December 1954 until 21 October 1956.
  2. President of Honduras
    
    The president of Honduras officially known as the President of the Republic of Honduras, is the head of state and head of government of Honduras, and the Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. According to the 1982 Constitution of Honduras, the Government of Honduras consists of three branches: Executive, Legislative and Judicial. The president is the head of the Executive branch, their primary duty being to "Execute and enforce the Constitution, treaties and conventions, laws and other legal dispositions." The President is directly elected for a four year term.
2. Reginald Fletcher, 1st Baron Winster, English navy officer and politician, Secretary of State for Transport (d. 1961) births
  1. Reginald Fletcher, 1st Baron Winster
    
    Reginald Thomas Herbert Fletcher, 1st Baron Winster, was a British Liberal then Labour politician. He was Minister of Civil Aviation under Clement Attlee between 1945 and 1946 and Governor of Cyprus between 1946 and 1949.
  2. Secretary of State for Transport
    
    The Secretary of State for Transport, also referred to as the transport secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the policies of the Department for Transport. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 16th in the ministerial ranking.
1884
1. Gordon Thomson, English rower and lieutenant (d. 1953) births
  1. Gordon Thomson (rower)
    
    Gordon Lindsay Thomson was an English rower who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics for Great Britain. During the First World War he served as a pilot in the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force.
1883
1. Marie Under, Estonian author and poet (d. 1980) births
  1. Marie Under
    
    Marie Under was one of the greatest Estonian poets. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 12 separate years.
1882
1. Thomas Graham Brown, Scottish mountaineer and physiologist (d. 1965) births
  1. Thomas Graham Brown
    
    Thomas Graham Brown FRS was a Scottish mountaineer and physiologist, most famous for finding three new routes up the east face of Mont Blanc.
1881
1. Arkady Averchenko, Russian playwright and satirist (d. 1925) births
  1. Arkady Averchenko
    
    Arkady Timofeevich Averchenko was a Russian playwright and satirist. He published his stories in the journal Satirikon, of which he was also an editor, in the series of New Satirikon, and other publications. He published a total of around 20 books. Averchenko's satirical writings can be described as liberal. After the Russian Civil War, he emigrated to Central Europe and died in Prague.
1879
1. Sándor Garbai, Hungarian politician, 19th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1947) births
  1. Sándor Garbai
    
    Sándor Garbai was a Hungarian socialist politician who served as both head of state and prime minister of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.
  2. Prime Minister of Hungary
    
    The prime minister of Hungary is the head of government of Hungary. The prime minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The current holder of the office is Viktor Orbán, leader of the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance, who has served since 29 May 2010.
2. Miller Huggins, American baseball player and manager (d. 1929) births
  1. Miller Huggins
    
    Miller James Huggins was an American professional baseball player and manager. Huggins played second base for the Cincinnati Reds (1904–1909) and St. Louis Cardinals (1910–1916). He managed the Cardinals (1913–1917) and New York Yankees (1918–1929), including the Murderers' Row teams of the 1920s that won six American League (AL) pennants and three World Series championships.
3. Edward Steichen, Luxembourger-American painter and photographer (d. 1973) births
  1. Edward Steichen
    
    Edward Jean Steichen was a Luxembourgish American photographer, painter, and curator, renowned as one of the most prolific and influential figures in the history of photography.
1878
1. Kathleen Scott, British sculptor (d. 1947) births
  1. Kathleen Scott
    
    Edith Agnes Kathleen Young, Baroness Kennet, FRBS was a British sculptor. Trained in London and Paris, Scott was a prolific sculptor, notably of portrait heads and busts and also of several larger public monuments. These included a number of war memorials plus statues of her first husband, the Antarctic explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott. Although the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes her as "the most significant and prolific British women sculptor before Barbara Hepworth", her traditional style of sculpture and her hostility to the abstract work of, for example Jacob Epstein and Henry Moore, has led to a lack of recognition for her artistic achievements.
2. George Gilbert Scott, English architect, designed the Albert Memorial and St Mary's Cathedral (b. 1811) deaths
  1. George Gilbert Scott
    
    Sir George Gilbert Scott, known as Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic Revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses. Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him.
  2. Albert Memorial
    
    The Albert Memorial, directly north of the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington Gardens, London, was commissioned by Queen Victoria in memory of her beloved husband Prince Albert, who died in 1861. Designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in the Gothic Revival style, it takes the form of an ornate canopy or pavilion 176 feet (54 m) tall, in the style of a Gothic ciborium over the high altar of a church, sheltering a statue of the prince facing south. It took over ten years to complete, the £120,000 cost met by public subscription.
  3. St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
    
    The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, commonly known as St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, is a cathedral of the Anglican Scottish Episcopal Church in Edinburgh, Scotland. Its foundation stone was laid in Palmerston Place, in the city's West End, on 21 May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and the building was consecrated on 30 October 1879.
1877
1. Oscar Grégoire, Belgian water polo player and swimmer (d. 1947) births
  1. Oscar Grégoire
    
    Oscar Grégoire Jr. was a Belgian water polo player and backstroke swimmer who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics, in the 1908 Summer Olympics, and in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Belgian water polo team and was able to win two silver and one bronze medal. In 1908 and 1912 he also participated in the 100-metre backstroke events, but was eliminated in the first round in both.
1875
1. Albert Marquet, French painter (d. 1947) births
  1. Albert Marquet
    
    Albert Marquet was a French painter, associated with the Fauvist movement. He initially became one of the Fauve painters and a lifelong friend of Henri Matisse. Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes, but also several portraits and, between 1910 and 1914, several female nude paintings.
2. Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, Peruvian soldier and politician, President of Peru (b. 1808) deaths
  1. Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
    
    Juan Crisóstomo Torrico Vargas served as the 16th President of Peru during a brief period in 1842. At age 34, he was Peru's youngest President ever.
  2. President of Peru
    
    The president of Peru, officially called the president of the Republic of Peru, is the head of state and head of government of Peru. The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of the Armed Forces and Police of Peru. The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature.
3. Edgar Quinet, French historian and academic (b. 1803) deaths
  1. Edgar Quinet
    
    Edgar Quinet was a French historian and intellectual.
1871
1. Heinrich Mann, German author and poet (d. 1950) births
  1. Heinrich Mann
    
    Luiz Heinrich Mann, best known as simply Heinrich Mann, was a German author known for his socio-political novels. From 1930 until 1933, he was president of the fine poetry division of the Prussian Academy of Arts. His fierce criticism of the growing Fascism and Nazism forced him to flee Germany after the Nazis came to power during 1933. He was the elder brother of writer Thomas Mann.
2. Joseph G. Morrison, American captain and Nazarene minister (d. 1939) births
  1. Joseph G. Morrison
    
    Joseph G. Morrison (1871–1939) was an American minister and general superintendent in the Church of the Nazarene.
3. Piet Aalberse, Dutch politician, Minister of Labour (d. 1948) births
  1. Piet Aalberse Sr.
    
    Petrus Josephus Mattheus "Piet" Aalberse Sr. was a Dutch politician of the defunct General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (ABRK) later the Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP) and later co-founder of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and jurist. He was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 31 December 1934.
  2. Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment
    
    The Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment is the Dutch ministry responsible for social affairs, relations between employers and employees, social security, trade unions and emancipation. It was established in 1918 as the Ministry of Labour and had several name changes before it became the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment in 1981. The ministry is headed by the Minister of Social Affairs and Employment, currently Karien van Gennip of the Christian Democratic Appeal.
1869
1. James McNeill, Irish politician, 2nd Governor-General of the Irish Free State (d. 1938) births
  1. James McNeill
    
    James McNeill was an Irish politician and diplomat, who served as first High Commissioner to London and second Governor-General of the Irish Free State.
  2. Governor-General of the Irish Free State
    
    The Governor-General of the Irish Free State was the official representative of the sovereign of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1936. By convention, the office was largely ceremonial. Nonetheless, it was controversial, as many Irish Nationalists regarded the existence of the office as offensive to republican principles and a symbol of continued British involvement in Irish affairs, despite the Governor-General having no connection to the British Government after 1931. For this reason, the office's role was diminished over time by the Irish Government.
2. J. R. Clynes, English trade unionist and politician, Home Secretary (d. 1949) births
  1. J. R. Clynes
    
    John Robert Clynes was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 35 years, and as Leader of the Labour Party (1921–1922), led the party in its breakthrough at the 1922 general election.
  2. Home Secretary
    
    The secretary of state for the Home Department, otherwise known as the home secretary, is a senior minister of the Crown in the Government of the United Kingdom. The home secretary leads the Home Office, and is responsible for all national security, policing and immigration policies of the United Kingdom. As a Great Office of State, the home secretary is one of the most senior and influential ministers in the government. The incumbent is a statutory member of the British Cabinet and National Security Council. The post holder is fifth in the ministerial ranking.
3. James Harper, American publisher and politician, 65th Mayor of New York City (b. 1795) deaths
  1. James Harper (publisher)
    
    James Harper, was an American publisher and politician in the early-to-mid 19th century.
  2. Mayor of New York City
    
    The mayor of New York City, officially Mayor of the City of New York, is head of the executive branch of the government of New York City and the chief executive of New York City. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.
1868
1. Patty Hill, American songwriter and educator (d. 1946) births
  1. Patty Hill
    
    Patty Smith Hill was an American composer and teacher who is perhaps best known for co-writing, with her sister Mildred Hill, the tune which later became popular as "Happy Birthday to You". She was an American nursery school, kindergarten teacher, and key founder of the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) which now exists as the National Association For the Education of Young Children (NAEYC).
1866
1. John Allan, Australian politician, 29th Premier of Victoria (d. 1936) births
  1. John Allan (Australian politician)
    
    John Allan was an Australian politician who served as the 29th Premier of Victoria. He was born near Lancefield, where his father was a farmer of Scottish origin, and educated at state schools. He took up wheat and dairy farming at Wyuna and was director of a butter factory at Kyabram. In 1892 he married Annie Stewart, with whom he had six children.
  2. Premier of Victoria
    
    The premier of Victoria is the head of government in the Australian state of Victoria. The premier is appointed by the governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly.
1864
1. Jean-Jacques Ampère, French philologist and academic (b. 1800) deaths
  1. Jean-Jacques Ampère
    
    Jean-Jacques Ampère was a French philologist and man of letters.
1863
1. Henry Royce, English engineer and businessman, founded Rolls-Royce Limited (d. 1933) births
  1. Henry Royce
    
    Sir Frederick Henry Royce, 1st Baronet, was an English engineer famous for his designs of car and aeroplane engines with a reputation for reliability and longevity. With Charles Rolls (1877–1910) and Claude Johnson (1864–1926), he founded Rolls-Royce.
  2. Rolls-Royce Limited
    
    Rolls-Royce was a British luxury car and later an aero-engine manufacturing business established in 1904 in Manchester by the partnership of Charles Rolls and Henry Royce. Building on Royce's good reputation established with his cranes, they quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering by manufacturing the "best car in the world". The business was incorporated as Rolls-Royce Limited in 1906, and a new factory in Derby was opened in 1908. The First World War brought the company into manufacturing aero-engines. Joint development of jet engines began in 1940, and they entered production. Rolls-Royce has built an enduring reputation for development and manufacture of engines for defence and civil aircraft.
1862
1. Jelena Dimitrijević, Serbian short story writer, novelist, poet, traveller, social worker, feminist and polyglot (d. 1945) births
  1. Jelena Dimitrijević
    
    Jelena Dimitrijević was a Serbian short story writer, novelist, poet, traveller, social worker, feminist, and a polyglot. She is considered to be the first woman in modern Serbian history to publish a work of travel related prose in 1894. During the years 1926 to 1927 she traveled around the world, including the Far East, East Asia, and India, where she was the guest of Rabindranath Tagore.
2. Arturo Berutti, Argentinian composer (d. 1938) births
  1. Arturo Berutti
    
    Arturo Berutti was an Argentinian composer of classical music and librettos. He was best known for his notable theme Pampa (1897). The opera was based on the life of Juan Moreira. One of the influential Argentinian opera composers of the late 19th and early 20th century and his music was influenced by the Italian opera. In 1895, he composed the opera Taras Bulba inspired on the novel by Nikolai Gogol.
1860
1. Frank Frost Abbott, American-Swiss scholar and academic (d. 1924) births
  1. Frank Frost Abbott
    
    Frank Frost Abbott was an American classical scholar.
1859
1. George Giffen, Australian cricketer and footballer (d. 1927) births
  1. George Giffen
    
    George Giffen was a cricketer who played for South Australia and Australia. An all-rounder who batted in the middle order and often opened the bowling with medium-paced off-spin, Giffen captained Australia during the 1894–95 Ashes series and was the first Australian to score 10,000 runs and take 500 wickets in first-class cricket. He was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame on 26 February 2008.
1857
1. Karl Pearson, English mathematician, eugenicist, and academic (d. 1936) births
  1. Karl Pearson
    
    Karl Pearson was an English mathematician and biostatistician. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics. He founded the world's first university statistics department at University College, London in 1911, and contributed significantly to the field of biometrics and meteorology. Pearson was also a proponent of social Darwinism, eugenics and scientific racism. Pearson was a protégé and biographer of Sir Francis Galton. He edited and completed both William Kingdon Clifford's Common Sense of the Exact Sciences (1885) and Isaac Todhunter's History of the Theory of Elasticity, Vol. 1 (1886–1893) and Vol. 2 (1893), following their deaths.
1855
1. William Libbey, American target shooter, colonel, mountaineer, geographer, geologist, and archaeologist (d. 1927) births
  1. William Libbey
    
    William A. Libbey III was an American professor of physical geography at Princeton University. He was twice a member of the U.S. Olympic Rifle Team, and rose to the rank of colonel in the New Jersey National Guard. He is also known for his first ascent of Mount Princeton in 1877. He also competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
1854
1. Giovanni Battista Grassi, Italian physician, zoologist, and entomologist (d. 1925) births
  1. Giovanni Battista Grassi
    
    Giovanni Battista Grassi was an Italian physician and zoologist, best known for his pioneering works on parasitology, especially on malariology. He was Professor of Comparative Zoology at the University of Catania from 1883, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Sapienza University of Rome from 1895 until his death. His scientific contributions covered embryological development of honey bees, on helminth parasites, the vine parasite phylloxera, on migrations and metamorphosis in eels, and on termites. He was the first to describe and establish the life cycle of the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and discovered that only female anopheline mosquitoes are capable of transmitting the disease. His works in malaria remain a lasting controversy in the history of Nobel Prizes, because a British army surgeon Ronald Ross, who discovered the transmission of malarial parasite in birds was given the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. But Grassi, who demonstrated the complete route of transmission of human Plasmodium, and correctly identified the types of malarial parasite as well as the mosquito vector, Anopheles claviger, was denied.
1852
1. Jan van Beers, Belgian painter and illustrator (d. 1927) births
  1. Jan van Beers (artist)
    
    Jean Marie Constantin Joseph "Jan" van Beers was a Belgian painter and illustrator, the son of the poet Jan van Beers. They are sometimes referred to as Jan van Beers the elder and Jan van Beers the younger. In 1884, Jan Van Beers produced the pen-and-ink sketches for the edition de luxe of his father's poetry.
1851
1. Ruperto Chapí, Spanish composer, co-founded Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (d. 1909) births
  1. Ruperto Chapí
    
    Ruperto Chapí y Lorente was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers.
  2. Sociedad General de Autores y Editores
    
    The Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers is the main collecting society for songwriters, composers and music publishers in Spain. It is similar to AGADU, ASCAP, GEMA, SADAIC, SACEM and SAYCO. The philologist, poet, composer, scriptwriter, movie and television director and producer Antón Reixa (1957) is the Chairman of the Board of Directors since May 2012. SGAE was founded in 1889 as Society of Authors of Spain. In 1995, its name changed to Society of Authors and Publishers, seeking to accommodate cultural editors.
2. Vincent d'Indy, French composer and educator (d. 1931) births
  1. Vincent d'Indy
    
    Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy was a French composer and teacher. His influence as a teacher, in particular, was considerable. He was a co-founder of the Schola Cantorum de Paris and also taught at the Paris Conservatoire. His students included Albéric Magnard, Albert Roussel, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, and Erik Satie, as well as Cole Porter.
1850
1. Wilhelm Beer, Prussian astronomer and banker (b. 1797) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Beer
    
    Wilhelm Wolff Beer was a banker and astronomer from Berlin, Prussia, and the brother of Giacomo Meyerbeer.
1849
1. Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, Irish-Canadian politician, 35th Governor General of Canada (b. 1776) deaths
  1. Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford
    
    Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford,, styled The Honourable Archibald Acheson from 1790 to 1806 and Lord Acheson from 1806 to 1807, was a British politician who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada and Governor General of British North America in the 19th century.
  2. List of governors general of Canada
    
    The following is a list of the governors and governors general of Canada. Though the present-day office of the Governor General of Canada is legislatively covered under the Constitution Act, 1867 and legally constituted by the Letters Patent, 1947, the institution is, along with the institution of the Crown it represents, the oldest continuous and uniquely Canadian institution in Canada, having existed in an unbroken line since the appointment of Samuel de Champlain in 1627.
1848
1. Gabriel Bibron, French zoologist and herpetologist (b. 1805) deaths
  1. Gabriel Bibron
    
    Gabriel Bibron was a French zoologist and herpetologist. He was born in Paris. The son of an employee of the Museum national d'histoire naturelle, he had a good foundation in natural history and was hired to collect vertebrates in Italy and Sicily. Under the direction of Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent (1778–1846), he took part in the Morea expedition to Peloponnese.
1847
1. Otto Wallach, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931) births
  1. Otto Wallach
    
    Otto Wallach was a German chemist and recipient of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on alicyclic compounds.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
1845
1. Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923) births
  1. Wilhelm Röntgen
    
    Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The unit of measurement roentgen was also named after him.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. Jakob Sverdrup, Norwegian bishop and politician, Norwegian Minister of Education and Church Affairs (d. 1899) births
  1. Jakob Sverdrup (politician)
    
    Jakob Liv Rosted Sverdrup was a Norwegian bishop and politician. Born into a prominent local family and well-educated, Jakob followed in the footsteps of his father Harald Ulrik Sverdrup and his uncle Johan Sverdrup by pursuing both a theological and political life. He served five terms in the Norwegian Parliament between 1877 and 1898, and was a cabinet member on several occasions. Originally a member of the Liberal Party, he later joined the Moderate Liberal Party, having partially been the cause of the split that formed the Moderate Liberal Party. He has been referred to as "one of the most controversial figures in modern Norwegian history".
  2. Ministry of Education and Research (Norway)
    
    The Royal Ministry of Education and Research is a Norwegian government ministry responsible for education, research, kindergartens and integration. The ministry was established in 1814 as the Royal Ministry of Church and Education Affairs.
1844
1. Adolphus Greely, American general and explorer, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1935) births
  1. Adolphus Greely
    
    Adolphus Washington Greely was a United States Army officer and polar explorer. He attained the rank of major general and was a recipient of the Medal of Honor.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1843
1. George Frederick Leycester Marshall, English colonel and entomologist (d. 1934) births
  1. George Frederick Leycester Marshall
    
    Major-General George Frederick Leycester Marshall was the son of William Marshall and his wife Louisa Sophia, also brother of C. H. T. Marshall and uncle of Guy Anstruther Knox Marshall. He became a Colonel in the Indian Army and was a naturalist interested in the birds and butterflies of India. Marshall described several new species of butterflies, along with Lionel de Nicéville, and discovered the white-tailed iora, sometimes referred to as Marshall's iIora. He wrote The butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon.
1839
1. John Ballance, Irish-New Zealand journalist and politician, 14th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1893) births
  1. John Ballance
    
    John Ballance was an Irish-born New Zealand politician who was the 14th premier of New Zealand, from January 1891 to April 1893, the founder of the Liberal Party, and a Georgist. In 1891 he led his party to its first election victory, forming the first New Zealand government along party lines, but died in office three years later. Ballance supported votes for women. He also supported land reform, though at considerable cost to Māori.
  2. Prime Minister of New Zealand
    
    The prime minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The incumbent prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, took office on 26 October 2017.
1824
1. Virginia Minor, American women's suffrage activist (d. 1894) births
  1. Virginia Minor
    
    Virginia Louisa Minor was an American women's suffrage activist. She is best remembered as the plaintiff in Minor v. Happersett, an 1875 United States Supreme Court case in which Minor unsuccessfully argued that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution gave women the right to vote.
1822
1. Henri Murger, French novelist and poet (d. 1861) births
  1. Henri Murger
    
    Louis-Henri Murger, also known as Henri Murger and Henry Murger, was a French novelist and poet.
1820
1. Edward Augustus Inglefield, English admiral and explorer (d. 1894) births
  1. Edward Augustus Inglefield
    
    Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield was a Royal Navy officer who led one of the searches for the missing Arctic explorer John Franklin during the 1850s. In doing so, his expedition charted previously unexplored areas along the northern Canadian coastline, including Baffin Bay, Smith Sound and Lancaster Sound.
1814
1. Charles Mackay, Scottish journalist, anthologist, and author (d. 1889) births
  1. Charles Mackay (author)
    
    Charles Mackay was a Scottish poet, journalist, author, anthologist, novelist, and songwriter, remembered mainly for his book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.
1811
1. Edward William Cooke, English painter and illustrator (d. 1880) births
  1. Edward William Cooke
    
    Edward William Cooke was an English landscape and marine painter, and gardener.
1809
1. Georges-Eugène Haussmann, French engineer, urban planner, and politician (d. 1891) births
  1. Georges-Eugène Haussmann
    
    Georges-Eugène Haussmann, commonly known as Baron Haussmann, was a French official who served as prefect of Seine (1853–1870), chosen by Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive urban renewal programme of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris commonly referred to as Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Critics forced his resignation for extravagance, but his vision of the city still dominates central Paris.
1802
1. Charles-Mathias Simons, German-Luxembourger jurist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1874) births
  1. Charles-Mathias Simons
    
    Charles-Mathias Simons was a Luxembourg politician and jurist. He was the third Prime Minister of Luxembourg, serving for seven years, from 1853 until 1860.
  2. List of prime ministers of Luxembourg
    
    The prime minister of Luxembourg is the head of government of Luxembourg. The prime minister leads the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and appoints its ministers.
1801
1. Alexander Barrow, American lawyer and politician (d. 1846) births
  1. Alexander Barrow
    
    Alexander Barrow I was a slave owner, lawyer and United States Senator from Louisiana. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was the half-brother of Washington Barrow, sharing the same father.
1797
1. Alfred de Vigny, French author, poet, and playwright (d. 1863) births
  1. Alfred de Vigny
    
    Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny was a French poet and early French Romanticist. He also produced novels, plays, and translations of Shakespeare.
1785
1. Louis XVII of France (d. 1795) births
  1. Louis XVII
    
    Louis XVII was the younger son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. His older brother, Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, died in June 1789, a little over a month before the start of the French Revolution. At his brother's death he became the new Dauphin, a title he held until 1791, when the new constitution accorded the heir apparent the title of Prince Royal.
1784
1. Sándor Kőrösi Csoma, Hungarian philologist, orientalist, and author (d. 1842) births
  1. Sándor Kőrösi Csoma
    
    Sándor Csoma de Kőrös was a Hungarian philologist and Orientalist, author of the first Tibetan–English dictionary and grammar book. He was called Phyi-glin-gi-grwa-pa in Tibetan, meaning "the foreign pupil", and was declared a bosatsu or bodhisattva by the Japanese in 1933. He was born in Kőrös, Grand Principality of Transylvania. His birth date is often given as 4 April, although this is actually his baptism day and the year of his birth is debated by some authors who put it at 1787 or 1788 rather than 1784. The Magyar ethnic group, the Székelys, to which he belonged believed that they were derived from a branch of Attila's Huns who had settled in Transylvania in the fifth century. Hoping to study the claim and to find the place of origin of the Székelys and the Magyars by studying language kinship, he set off to Asia in 1820 and spent his lifetime studying the Tibetan language and Buddhist philosophy. Csoma de Kőrös is considered as the founder of Tibetology. He was said to have been able to read in seventeen languages. He died in Darjeeling while attempting to make a trip to Lhasa in 1842 and a memorial was erected in his honour by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
1781
1. Alexander Vostokov, Estonian-Russian philologist and academic (d. 1864) births
  1. Alexander Vostokov
    
    Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov was one of the first Russian philologists.
1770
1. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Italian painter (b. 1696) deaths
  1. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
    
    Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, also known as Giambattista Tiepolo, was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice who painted in the Rococo style, considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school. He was prolific, and worked not only in Italy, but also in Germany and Spain.
1765
1. Franz Xaver von Baader, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1841) births
  1. Franz Xaver von Baader
    
    Franz von Baader, born Benedikt Franz Xaver Baader, was a German Catholic philosopher, theologian, physician, and mining engineer. Resisting the empiricism of his day, he denounced most Western philosophy since Descartes as trending into atheism and has been considered a revival of the Scholastic school. He was one of the most influential theologians of his age but his influence on subsequent philosophy has been less marked. Today he is thought to have re-introduced theological engagement with Meister Eckhart into academia and even Christianity and Theosophy more generally.
1757
1. Johann Stamitz, Czech violinist and composer (b. 1717) deaths
  1. Johann Stamitz
    
    Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz was a Bohemian composer and violinist. His two surviving sons, Carl and Anton Stamitz, were composers of the Mannheim school, of which Johann is considered the founding father. His music is stylistically transitional between Baroque and Classical periods.
1746
1. Michael Bruce, Scottish poet and composer (d. 1767) births
  1. Michael Bruce (poet)
    
    Michael Bruce was a Scottish poet and hymnist.
2. Carlo Buonaparte, Corsican-French lawyer and politician (d. 1785) births
  1. Carlo Buonaparte
    
    Carlo Maria Buonaparte or Charles-Marie Bonaparte was a Corsican lawyer and diplomat, best known as the father of Napoleon Bonaparte and grandfather of Napoleon III.
1745
1. Lindley Murray, American-English Quaker and grammarian (d. 1826) births
  1. Lindley Murray
    
    Lindley Murray was an American Quaker lawyer, writer and grammarian, best known for his English-language grammar books used in schools in England and the United States.
1729
1. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1679) deaths
  1. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
    
    Leopold the Good was Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690 to his death. Through his son Francis Stephen, he is the direct male ancestor of all rulers of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, including all Emperors of Austria.
1724
1. Jane Colden, American botanist and author (d. 1766) births
  1. Jane Colden
    
    Jane Colden was an American botanist, described as the "first botanist of her sex in her country" by Asa Gray in 1843. Although not acknowledged in contemporary botanical publications, she wrote a number of letters resulting in botanist John Ellis writing to Carl Linnaeus of her work applying the Linnaean system of plant identification to American flora, for which botanist Peter Collinson stated "she deserves to be celebrated". Contemporary scholarship maintains that she was the first female botanist working in America. She was regarded as a respected botanist by many prominent botanists including John Bartram, Peter Collinson, Alexander Garden, and Carl Linnaeus. Colden is most famous for her untitled manuscript, housed in the British Museum, in which she describes the flora of the Hudson Valley in the Newburgh region of New York state, including ink drawings of 340 different species.
1714
1. Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian historian and theologian (d. 1795) births
  1. Francesco Antonio Zaccaria
    
    Francesco Antonio Zaccaria was an Italian theologian, historian, and prolific writer.
1712
1. Claude Bourgelat, French surgeon and author (d. 1779) births
  1. Claude Bourgelat
    
    Claude Bourgelat was a French veterinary surgeon. He was a founder of scientifically informed veterinary medicine, and he created one of the earliest schools for training professional veterinarians.
1710
1. Joseph Abaco, Belgian cellist and composer (d. 1805) births
  1. Joseph Abaco
    
    Joseph Abaco was an Italian violoncellist and composer. He was born and baptised in Brussels, the capital of the Spanish Netherlands, on 27 March 1710, and was musically trained by his father, Evaristo Felice dall'Abaco.
1702
1. Johann Ernst Eberlin, German organist and composer (d. 1762) births
  1. Johann Ernst Eberlin
    
    Johann Ernst Eberlin was a German composer and organist whose works bridge the baroque and classical eras. He was a prolific composer, chiefly of church organ and choral music. Marpurg claims he wrote as much and as rapidly as Alessandro Scarlatti and Georg Philipp Telemann, a claim also repeated by Leopold Mozart - though ultimately Eberlin did not live nearly as long as either of those two composers.
1697
1. Simon Bradstreet, English businessman and politician, 20th Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1603) deaths
  1. Simon Bradstreet
    
    Simon Bradstreet was a colonial magistrate, businessman, diplomat, and the last governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Arriving in Massachusetts on the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, Bradstreet was almost constantly involved in the politics of the colony but became its governor only in 1679. He served on diplomatic missions and as agent to the crown in London, and also served as a commissioner to the New England Confederation. He was politically moderate, arguing minority positions in favor of freedom of speech and for accommodation of the demands of King Charles II following his restoration to the throne.
  2. List of colonial governors of Massachusetts
    
    The territory of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other New England states or of the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
1681
1. Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero, Spanish-Italian cardinal (d. 1760) births
  1. Cardinal Marquis of Almenara
    
    Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero y Mendoza, 4th Marquis of Almenara, 9th Count of Palma del Río was a Grandee of Spain who served Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor as Viceroy of Sicily and interim Viceroy of Naples, before entering the priesthood in his late forties and rising to the rank of cardinal, ending his life as Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina.
1679
1. Domenico Lalli, Italian poet and librettist (d. 1741) births
  1. Domenico Lalli
    
    Sebastiano Biancardi, known by the pseudonym Domenico Lalli, was an Italian poet and librettist. Amongst the many libretti he produced, largely for the opera houses of Venice, were those for Vivaldi's Ottone in villa and Alessandro Scarlatti's Tigrane. A member of the Accademia degli Arcadi, he also wrote under his arcadian name "Ortanio". Lalli was born and raised in Naples as the adopted son of Fulvio Caracciolo but fled the city after being implicated in a bank fraud. After two years wandering about Italy in the company of Emanuele d'Astorga, he settled in Venice in 1710 and worked as the "house poet" of the Grimani family's theatres for the rest of his career. In addition to his stage works, Lalli published several volumes of poetry and a collection of biographies of the kings of Naples. He died in Venice at the age of 62.
2. Abraham Mignon, Dutch painter (b. 1640) deaths
  1. Abraham Mignon
    
    Abraham Mignon or Minjon, was a still life painter. He is known for his flower pieces, still lifes with fruit, still lifes in forests or grottoes, still lifes of game and fish as well as his garland paintings. His works are influenced by those of Jan Davidszoon de Heem and Jacob Marrel.
1676
1. Francis II Rákóczi, Hungarian prince (b. 1676) births
  1. Francis II Rákóczi
    
    Francis II Rákóczi was a Hungarian nobleman and leader of Rákóczi's War of Independence against the Habsburgs in 1703–11 as the prince of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary. He was also Prince of Transylvania, an Imperial Prince, and a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Today he is considered a national hero in Hungary.
2. Bernardino de Rebolledo, Spanish poet, soldier, and diplomat (b. 1597) deaths
  1. Bernardino de Rebolledo
    
    Bernardino de Rebolledo y Villamizar, Earl of Rebolledo and Graf (Count) of the Holy Roman Empire was a Spanish poet, soldier and diplomat. He was a descendant of the 1st Count of Rebolledo, don Rodrigo, who received his surname and title from the king of Asturias and León don Ramiro I in 815 during the Reconquista.
1635
1. Robert Naunton, English politician (b. 1563) deaths
  1. Robert Naunton
    
    Sir Robert Naunton was an English writer and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1606 and 1626.
1627
1. Stephen Fox, English politician (d. 1716) births
  1. Stephen Fox
    
    Sir Stephen Fox of Farley in Wiltshire, of Redlynch Park in Somerset, of Chiswick, Middlesex and of Whitehall, was a royal administrator and courtier to King Charles II, and a politician, who rose from humble origins to become the "richest commoner in the three kingdoms". He made the foundation of his wealth from his tenure of the newly created office of Paymaster-General of His Majesty's Forces, which he held twice, in 1661–1676 and 1679–1680. He was the principal force of inspiration behind the founding of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, to which he contributed £13,000.
1625
1. James VI and I of the United Kingdom (b. 1566) deaths
  1. James VI and I
    
    James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.
1624
1. Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1578) deaths
  1. Ulrik of Denmark (1578–1624)
    
    Prince Ulrik John of Denmark, was a son of King Frederick II of Denmark and his consort, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. As the second-born son he bore the merely titular rank of Duke of Holstein and Schleswig, Stormarn and Ditmarsh and had no share in the royal-ducal condominial rule of Holstein and Schleswig, wielded by the heads of the houses of Oldenburg (royal) and its cadet branch Holstein-Gottorp (ducal). Since 1602 he held the religiously defunct position of Bishop of Schleswig, enjoying the revenues of the implied estates and manor. The year after he succeeded his grandfather as Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin, holding both posts until his death.
1621
1. Benedetto Giustiniani, Italian cardinal (b. 1554) deaths
  1. Benedetto Giustiniani
    
    Benedetto Giustiniani was an Italian clergyman who was made a cardinal in the consistory of 16 November 1586 by Pope Sixtus V.
1615
1. Margaret of Valois (b. 1553) deaths
  1. Margaret of Valois
    
    Margaret of Valois, popularly known as La Reine Margot, was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became Queen of Navarre by marriage to Henry III of Navarre and then also Queen of France at her husband's 1589 accession to the latter throne as Henry IV.
1613
1. Sigismund Báthory (b. 1573) deaths
  1. Sigismund Báthory
    
    Sigismund Báthory was Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and Duke of Racibórz and Opole in Silesia in 1598. His father, Christopher Báthory, ruled Transylvania as voivode of the absent prince, Stephen Báthory. Sigismund was still a child when the Diet of Transylvania elected him voivode at his dying father's request in 1581. Initially, regency councils administered Transylvania on his behalf, but Stephen Báthory made János Ghyczy the sole regent in 1585. Sigismund adopted the title of prince after Stephen Báthory died.
1598
1. Theodor de Bry, Belgian-German engraver, goldsmith, and publisher (b. 1528) deaths
  1. Theodor de Bry
    
    Theodor de Bry was an engraver, goldsmith, editor and publisher, famous for his depictions of early European expeditions to the Americas. The Spanish Inquisition forced de Bry, a Protestant, to flee his native, Spanish-controlled Southern Netherlands. He moved around Europe, starting from his birth on the city of Liège in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, then to Strasbourg, Antwerp, London and Frankfurt, where he settled.
1572
1. Girolamo Maggi, Italian polymath (b. c. 1523) deaths
  1. Girolamo Maggi
    
    Girolamo Maggi, also known by his Latin name Hieronymus Magius, was an Italian scholar, jurist, poet, military engineer, urban planner, philologist, archaeologist, mathematician, and naturalist who studied at Bologna under Francis Robortello. He authored several works, including a collection of poems on the Flemish wars,, one detailing military fortifications, and several on the subject of philosophy.
1564
1. Lütfi Pasha, Turkish historian and politician, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1488) deaths
  1. Lütfi Pasha
    
    Lütfi Pasha was an Ottoman Albanian statesman, general, and Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent from 1539 to 1541.
  2. List of Ottoman grand viziers
    
    The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
1546
1. Johannes Piscator, German theologian (d. 1625) births
  1. Johannes Piscator
    
    Johannes Piscator was a German Reformed theologian, known as a Bible translator and textbook writer.
1509
1. Wolrad II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, German nobleman (d. 1578) births
  1. Wolrad II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg
    
    Count Wolrad II ‘the Scholar’ of Waldeck-Eisenberg, German: Wolrad II. ‘der Gelehrte’ Graf von Waldeck-Eisenberg, was since 1539 Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg.
  2. 1578
    
    Year 1578 (MDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.
1482
1. Mary of Burgundy, Sovereign Duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1457) deaths
  1. Mary of Burgundy
    
    Mary, nicknamed the Rich, was a member of the House of Valois-Burgundy who ruled a collection of states that included the duchies of Limburg, Brabant, Luxembourg, the counties of Namur, Holland, Hainaut and other territories, from 1477 until her death in 1482.
  2. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
    
    Maximilian I was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. He was never crowned by the pope, as the journey to Rome was blocked by the Venetians. He proclaimed himself Elected Emperor in 1508 at Trent, thus breaking the long tradition of requiring a Papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title. Maximilian was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal. Since his coronation as King of the Romans in 1486, he ran a double government, or Doppelregierung, with his father until Frederick's death in 1493.
1472
1. Janus Pannonius, Hungarian bishop and poet (b. 1434) deaths
  1. Janus Pannonius
    
    Janus Pannonius was a Croatian-Hungarian Latinist, poet, diplomat and Bishop of Pécs. He was the most significant poet of the Renaissance in the Kingdom of Hungary and one of the better-known figures of humanist poetry in Europe.
1462
1. Vasily II of Moscow (b. 1415) deaths
  1. Vasily II of Moscow
    
    Vasily Vasiliyevich, also known as Vasily II the Blind, was the Grand Prince of Moscow whose long reign (1425–1462) was plagued by the greatest civil war of Old Russian history. At one point, Vasily was captured and blinded by his opponents, yet eventually managed to reclaim the throne. Due to his disability, he made his son, Ivan III the Great, his co-ruler in his late years.
1416
1. Francis of Paola, Italian friar and saint, founded Order of the Minims (d. 1507) births
  1. Francis of Paola
    
    Francis of Paola, O.M., was an Italian mendicant friar and the founder of the Roman Catholic Order of Minims. Unlike the majority of founders of men's religious orders, and like his patron saint, Francis was never ordained a priest.
  2. Minims (religious order)
    
    The Minims, officially known as the Order of Minims, are a Roman Catholic religious order of friars founded by Saint Francis of Paola in fifteenth-century Italy. The order soon spread to France, Germany and Spain, and continues to exist today.
1401
1. Albert III, duke of Bavaria (d. 1460) births
  1. Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
    
    Albert III the Pious of Bavaria-Munich, since 1438 Duke of Bavaria-Munich. He was born in Wolfratshausen to Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Elisabetta Visconti, daughter of Bernabò Visconti.
1378
1. Pope Gregory XI (b. 1336) deaths
  1. Pope Gregory XI
    
    Pope Gregory XI was head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1370 to his death in March 1378. He was the seventh and last Avignon pope and the most recent French pope recognized by the modern Catholic Church. In 1377, Gregory XI returned the Papal court to Rome, ending nearly 70 years of papal residency in Avignon, France. His death shortly after was followed by the Western Schism involving two Avignon-based antipopes.
1248
1. Maud Marshal, English countess (b. 1192) deaths
  1. Maud Marshal
    
    Maud Marshal, Countess of Norfolk, Countess of Surrey was an Anglo-Norman noblewoman and a wealthy co-heiress of her father William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and her mother Isabel de Clare suo jure 4th Countess of Pembroke. Maud was their eldest daughter. She had two husbands: Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, and William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey.
1184
1. Giorgi III, King of Georgia deaths
  1. George III of Georgia
    
    George III, of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 8th King of Georgia from 1156 to 1184. He became king when his father, Demetrius I, died in 1156, which was preceded by his brother's revolt against their father in 1154. His reign was part of what would be called the Georgian Golden Age – a historical period in the High Middle Ages, during which the Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its military power and development. George was the father of Queen Tamar the Great.
1045
1. Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i, Fatimid vizier deaths
  1. Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
    
    Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad al-Jarjarāʾī was a Fatimid official of Iraqi origin, who served as the Fatimid vizier from 1027 until his death on 27 March 1045.
973
1. Hermann Billung, Frankish lieutenant (b. 900) deaths
  1. Hermann Billung
    
    Hermann Billung was the margrave of the Billung March from 936 until his death. The first of the Saxon House of Billung, Hermann was a trusted lieutenant of Emperor Otto I.
965
1. Arnulf I, Count of Flanders (born c. 890) deaths
  1. Arnulf I, Count of Flanders
    
    Arnulf I, called "the Great", was the first Count of Flanders.
916
1. Alduin I, Frankish nobleman deaths
  1. Alduin I of Angoulême
    
    Alduin I was the Count of Angoulême from 886.
913
1. Du Xiao, chancellor of Later Liang deaths
  1. Du Xiao
    
    Du Xiao (杜曉), courtesy name Mingyuan (明遠), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Later Liang, serving as a chancellor during Later Liang.
  2. Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
    
    Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang or the Zhu Liang, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen, after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour. The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.
2. Zhang empress of Later Liang deaths
  1. Empress Zhang (Later Liang)
    
    Empress Zhang was the wife and empress of Zhu Yougui, who reigned briefly as the emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Liang.
853
1. Haymo of Halberstadt, German bishop and author (b. 778) deaths
  1. Haymo of Halberstadt
    
    Haymo was a German Benedictine monk who served as bishop of Halberstadt, and was a noted author.
710
1. Rupert of Salzburg, Austrian bishop and saint (b. 660) deaths
  1. Rupert of Salzburg
    
    Rupert of Salzburg was Bishop of Worms as well as the first Bishop of Salzburg and abbot of St. Peter's in Salzburg. He was a contemporary of the Frankish king Childebert III. Rupert is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Rupert is also patron saint of the Austrian state of Salzburg.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Alexander, a Pannonian soldier, martyred in 3rd century.
1. Pannonia
  
  Pannonia was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory that is now western Hungary, western Slovakia, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Christian feast day: Amador of Portugal
1. Amador of Portugal
  
  Saint Amador of Portugal or of Guarda was a hermit from Portugal. He was venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on the 27th of March.
Christian feast day: Augusta of Treviso
1. Augusta of Treviso
  
  Saint Augusta of Treviso, also known as Augusta of Ceneda, Augusta of Tarvisium, or Augusta of Serravalle, is venerated as a virgin martyr.
Christian feast day: Charles Henry Brent (Episcopal Church (USA))
1. Charles Brent
  
  Charles Henry Brent was the Episcopal Church's first Missionary Bishop of the Philippine Islands (1902–1918); Chaplain General of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I (1917–1918); and Bishop of the Episcopal Church's Diocese of Western New York (1918–1929). The historian and Episcopal minister Frederick Ward Kates characterised him as a "gallant, daring, and consecrated soldier and servant of Christ" who was "one of modern Christendom's foremost leaders, prophets, and seers."
2. Episcopal Church (United States)
  
  The Episcopal Church, based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African-American bishop to serve in that position.
Christian feast day: Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh
1. Archbishop of Armagh
  
  The Archbishop of Armagh is an archiepiscopal title which takes its name from the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. Since the Reformation, there have been parallel apostolic successions to the title: one in the Roman Catholic Church and the other in the Church of Ireland. The archbishop of each denomination also holds the title of Primate of All Ireland.
Christian feast day: John of Egypt
1. John of Egypt
  
  Saint John of Egypt,, also known as John the Hermit, John the Anchorite, or John of Lycopolis, was one of the hermits of the Nitrian Desert. He began as a carpenter but at the age of twenty-five began to live a life of solitude.
Christian feast day: Philetus
1. Philetus (martyr)
  
  Saint Philetus is, along with Saints Lydia, Macedo(n), Theoprepius (Theoprepides), Amphilochius and Cronidas (Cronides), venerated as a Christian martyr. Philetus was supposedly "...a senator who resided in the province of Illyria and was put to death during the persecution under Emperor Hadrian]..."
Christian feast day: Romulus of Nîmes, a Benedictine abbot, martyred c. 730.
1. Nîmes
  
  Nîmes is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and Cévennes, the commune of Nîmes has an estimated population of 148,561 (2019).
Christian feast day: Rupert of Salzburg
1. Rupert of Salzburg
  
  Rupert of Salzburg was Bishop of Worms as well as the first Bishop of Salzburg and abbot of St. Peter's in Salzburg. He was a contemporary of the Frankish king Childebert III. Rupert is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Rupert is also patron saint of the Austrian state of Salzburg.
Christian feast day: Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
1. Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
  
  Zanitas and Lazarus were martyrs of the Christian church in the Sasanid Empire.
Christian feast day: March 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. March 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  March 26 – Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar – March 28
Armed Forces Day (Myanmar)
1. Armed Forces Day (Myanmar)
  
  Armed Forces Day, formerly known as Resistance Day, is the professional holiday of the Tatmadaw, celebrated annually on 27 March. It commemorates the start of Burmese army's resistance to Japanese occupation in 1945.
Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania (Romania)
1. Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania
  
  The Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania is a public holiday of Romania celebrated every 27 March to commemorate the union of Bessarabia with Romania on 27 March 1918. Bessarabia is a Romanian historical region that was part of the Principality of Moldavia, which united with Wallachia to form modern Romania. The region was annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, but it became independent and united with Romania on 27 March 1918.
2. Romania
  
  Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi), with a population of around 19 million. Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
World Theatre Day (International)
1. World Theatre Day
  
  World Theatre Day (WTD) is an international observance celebrated on 27 March. It was initiated in 1961 by the International Theatre Institute.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.

Important events in history on March 27 th

Events

North Macedonia

NATO

2016 Lahore suicide bombing

Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park

Lahore

Christianity in Pakistan

Easter

Himeji Castle

Al-Shabaab (militant group)

Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack

Mogadishu

Government of the Philippines

Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro

Moro Islamic Liberation Front

Moro conflict

Situ Gintung

Reservoir

Tangerang

Situ Gintung

Indonesia

HMS Scylla (F71)

Leander-class frigate

Cornwall

Second Intifada

Passover massacre

Netanya

Operation Defensive Shield

West Bank

Passover massacre

Palestinians

Suicide attack

Passover Seder

Netanya

Nanterre massacre

Nanterre

2000 Phillips explosion

Pasadena, Texas

NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro

1999 F-117A shootdown

Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk

Kosovo War

Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk

1999 F-117A shootdown

Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro

Food and Drug Administration

Sildenafil

Erectile dysfunction

Food and Drug Administration

Sildenafil

Erectile dysfunction

Jiang Zemin

President of the People's Republic of China

Christian Democracy (Italy)

Giulio Andreotti

Sicilian Mafia

Palermo

Cuban dissident movement

Cuba

Radio y Televisión Martí

Car bomb

Russell Street bombing

Melbourne

Australia

Solidarity (Polish trade union)

1981 warning strike in Poland

Eastern Bloc

Solidarity (Polish trade union)

1981 warning strike in Poland

Nelson Bunker Hunt

William Herbert Hunt

Cornering the market

Silver Thursday

Commodity market

Futures exchange

Alexander L. Kielland (platform)

North Sea

Boeing 747

Important events in history
on March 27 ^th