Important events in history
on March 21 ^st

Events

2022
1. China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 crashes in Guangxi, China, killing 132 people.
  1. China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735
    
    China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight in China from Kunming to Guangzhou. On 21 March 2022, the Boeing 737-89P aircraft operating the service descended steeply mid-flight and struck the ground at high speed in Teng County, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, killing all 123 passengers and 9 crew members. Multiple reports are asserting that the airplane was deliberately crashed, but the official investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) is ongoing. It is the third deadliest air crash in China after China Southern Airlines Flight 3943 and China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303.
  2. Guangxi
    
    Guangxi, officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam and the Gulf of Tonkin. Formerly a province, Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning.
  3. China
    
    China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. China also has a narrow maritime boundary with the disputed Taiwan. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.
2019
1. A major explosion at a chemical plant in Yancheng, China, killed 78 people and injured 617 others.
  1. 2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion
    
    On 21 March 2019, a major explosion occurred at a chemical plant in Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park, Chenjiagang, Xiangshui County, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China. According to reports published on March 25, 78 people were killed and 617 injured.
  2. Yancheng
    
    Yancheng is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. As the city with the largest jurisdictional area in Jiangsu, Yancheng borders Lianyungang to the north, Huai'an to the west, Yangzhou and Taizhou to the southwest, Nantong to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the east. Formerly a county, the current Yancheng city was founded on January 18, 1983.
2. The 2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion occurs, killing at least 47 people and injuring 640 others.
  1. 2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion
    
    On 21 March 2019, a major explosion occurred at a chemical plant in Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park, Chenjiagang, Xiangshui County, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China. According to reports published on March 25, 78 people were killed and 617 injured.
2006
1. A man smashed the statue of Phra Phrom at the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok, Thailand, with a hammer, and was subsequently beaten to death by bystanders.
  1. Phra Phrom
    
    Phra Phrom is the Thai representation of the Hindu creator god Brahma. In modern Thailand, Phra Phrom is often worshipped outside of Hindu contexts by regular Buddhists, and, like many other Hindu deities, has usually come to represent guardian spirits in sastana phi /thai folk beliefs, which coexist alongside Buddhist practices. He is regarded as the deity of good fortune and protection. The concept of Brahma is also represented in Buddhist cosmology as Brahmā or Mahabrahma, the lord of Brahmaloka, which may also be represented as Phra Phrom.
  2. Erawan Shrine
    
    The Erawan Shrine, formally the Thao Maha Phrom Shrine, is a shrine in Bangkok, Thailand, which houses a statue of Phra Phrom, the Thai representation of Brahma, the Hindu god of creation. The name might also refer to Mahabrahma, the ruler of the Brahma realm in Asian mythology.
  3. Bangkok
    
    Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated population of 10.539 million as of 2020, 15.3 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy.
2. The social media site Twitter is founded.
  1. Social media
    
    Social media are interactive media technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. While challenges to the definition of social media arise due to the variety of stand-alone and built-in social media services currently available, there are some common features:Social media are interactive Web 2.0 Internet-based applications. User-generated content—such as text posts or comments, digital photos or videos, and data generated through all online interactions—is the lifeblood of social media. Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the social media organization. Social media helps the development of online social networks by connecting a user's profile with those of other individuals or groups.
  2. Twitter
    
    Twitter is a microblogging, social networking service owned by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, while unregistered users only have the ability to read public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs. Before April 2020, services were accessible via SMS. Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but the limit was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017. Audio and video tweets remain limited to 140 seconds for most accounts.
2000
1. Pope John Paul II makes his first ever pontifical visit to Israel.
  1. Pope John Paul II
    
    Pope John Paul II was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in April 2005, and was later canonised as Pope Saint John Paul II.
  2. Roman Pontifical
    
    The Roman Pontifical, in Latin Pontificale Romanum, is the pontifical as used by the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. It is the liturgical book that contains the rites and ceremonies usually performed by bishops of the Roman Rite.
  3. Israel
    
    Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest; it is also bordered by the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.
1999
1. Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.
  1. Bertrand Piccard
    
    Bertrand Piccard FRSGS is a Swiss explorer, psychiatrist and environmentalist. Along with Brian Jones, he was the first to complete a non-stop balloon flight around the globe, in a balloon named Breitling Orbiter 3. He was the initiator, chairman, and pilot, with André Borschberg, of Solar Impulse, the first successful round-the-world solar-powered flight. In 2012 Piccard was designated as a Champions of the Earth by the UN Environment Programme. He is the founder and chairman of the Solar Impulse Foundation.
  2. Brian Jones (aeronaut)
    
    Brian George Jones is an English balloonist.
  3. Circumnavigation
    
    Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical body. This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth.
  4. Hot air balloon
    
    A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket, which carries passengers and a source of heat, in most cases an open flame caused by burning liquid propane. The heated air inside the envelope makes it buoyant, since it has a lower density than the colder air outside the envelope. As with all aircraft, hot air balloons cannot fly beyond the atmosphere. The envelope does not have to be sealed at the bottom, since the air inside the envelope is at about the same pressure as the surrounding air. In modern sport balloons the envelope is generally made from nylon fabric, and the inlet of the balloon is made from a fire-resistant material such as Nomex. Modern balloons have been made in many shapes, such as rocket ships and the shapes of various commercial products, though the traditional shape is used for most non-commercial and many commercial applications.
1994
1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change enters into force.
  1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
    
    The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established an international environmental treaty to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system", in part by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It established a Secretariat headquartered in Bonn, Germany, and entered into force on 21 March 1994.
1990
1. Namibia becomes independent after 75 years of South African rule.
  1. Namibia
    
    Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU) and the Commonwealth of Nations.
  2. South Africa
    
    South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini. It also completely enclaves the country Lesotho. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World, and the second-most populous country located entirely south of the equator, after Tanzania. South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot, with unique biomes, plant and animal life. With over 60 million people, the country is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres. South Africa has three capital cities, with the executive, judicial and legislative branches of government based in Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and Cape Town respectively. The largest city is Johannesburg.
1989
1. Transbrasil Flight 801 crashes into a slum near São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport, killing 25 people.
  1. Transbrasil Flight 801
    
    Transbrasil Flight 801 (TR801/TBA801) was a scheduled cargo flight from Eduardo Gomes International Airport to São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport that crashed on 21 March 1989. The Boeing 707 crashed into a heavily populated slum in Guarulhos 2 kilometres from the runway. The crash resulted in the death of all 3 crew members and 22 people on the ground. 200 people were injured.
  2. Slum
    
    A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily inhabited by impoverished people. Although slums are usually located in urban areas, in some countries they can be located in suburban areas where housing quality is low and living conditions are poor. While slums differ in size and other characteristics, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, law enforcement, and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally built dwellings which, because of poor-quality construction or lack of basic maintenance, have deteriorated.
  3. São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport
    
    São Paulo/Guarulhos – Governor André Franco Montoro International Airport is the primary international airport serving São Paulo. It is popularly known locally as either Cumbica Airport, after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that exists at the airport complex, or Guarulhos Airport, after the municipality of Guarulhos, in the São Paulo metropolitan area, where it is located. Since November 28, 2001, the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro (1916–1999), former Governor of São Paulo state. The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012.
1986
1. Debi Thomas became the first African American to win the World Figure Skating Championships
  1. Debi Thomas
    
    Debra Janine Thomas is an American former figure skater and physician. She is the 1986 World champion, the 1988 Olympic bronze medalist, and a two-time U.S. national champion. Her rivalry with East Germany's Katarina Witt at the 1988 Calgary Olympics was known as the Battle of the Carmens.
  2. World Figure Skating Championships
    
    The World Figure Skating Championships ("Worlds") is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union. Medals are awarded in the categories of men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Generally held in March, the World Championships are considered the most prestigious of the ISU Figure Skating Championships. With the exception of the Olympic title, a world title is considered to be the highest competitive achievement in figure skating.
1983
1. The first cases of the 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic begin; Israelis and Palestinians accuse each other of poison gas, but the cause is later determined mostly to be psychosomatic.
  1. 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic
    
    The 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic occurred in late March and early April 1983. Researchers point to mass hysteria as the most likely explanation. Large numbers of Palestinians complained of fainting and dizziness, the vast majority of whom were teenage girls with a smaller number of female Israeli soldiers in multiple West Bank towns, leading to 943 hospitalizations.
  2. Israel
    
    Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest; it is also bordered by the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is unrecognized internationally.
  3. State of Palestine
    
    Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a state located in Western Asia. Officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), it claims the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip as its territory, though the entirety of that territory has been occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War. As a result of the Oslo Accords of 1993–1995, the West Bank is currently divided into 165 Palestinian enclaves that are under partial Palestinian National Authority (PNA) rule; the remainder, including 200 Israeli settlements, is under full Israeli control. The Gaza Strip has been ruled by the militant Islamic group Hamas and has been subject to a long-term blockade by Egypt and Israel since 2007.
  4. Somatic symptom disorder
    
    Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) is a is a DSM 5 mental health diagnosis which might be given to an individual who suffers from chronic somatic symptoms and experiences a characteristic pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviours related to their health concerns, which contributes to distress, and a disruption in daily functioning. The term Somatic Symptom disorder (SSD) was introduced in 2013, replacing the old terms related to “somatoform”.
1980
1. Dallas aired its "A House Divided" episode, which led to eight months of international speculation regarding "Who shot J.R.?"
  1. Dallas (1978 TV series)
    
    Dallas is an American prime time television soap opera that aired on CBS from April 2, 1978, to May 3, 1991. The series revolves around an affluent and feuding Texas family, the Ewings, who own the independent oil company Ewing Oil and the cattle-ranching land of Southfork. The series originally focused on the marriage of Bobby Ewing and Pamela Barnes, whose families were sworn enemies with each other. As the series progressed, Bobby's elder brother, oil tycoon J.R. Ewing, became the show's breakout character, whose schemes and dirty business became the show's trademark. When the show ended on May 3, 1991, J.R. was the only character to have appeared in every episode.
  2. A House Divided (Dallas)
    
    "A House Divided" is the 25th and final episode of the third season and 54th overall of the American television series Dallas. It is the episode known for spawning the eight-month "Who shot J.R.?" phenomenon. The episode ended with the mysterious shooting of J.R. Ewing in his office by an assailant that would not be revealed until the following season. The mystery was resolved in the fourth episode of the following season, entitled "Who Done It", which remains the second most-watched episode in American TV history.
2. U.S. President Jimmy Carter announces a United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow to protest the Soviet–Afghan War.
  1. Jimmy Carter
    
    James Earl Carter Jr. is an American former politician who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 and as a Georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967. Since leaving office, Carter has remained engaged in political and social projects, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his humanitarian work.
  2. 1980 Summer Olympics boycott
    
    The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and its allies later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
  3. 1980 Summer Olympics
    
    The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad and commonly known as Moscow 1980, were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The games were the first to be staged in an Eastern Bloc country, as well as the first Olympic Games and only Summer Olympics to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country. They were also the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in a self-proclaimed communist country until the 2008 Summer Olympics held in China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin before he was succeeded by Juan Antonio Samaranch, a Spaniard, shortly afterwards. Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games, the smallest number since 1956. Led by the United States, 66 countries boycotted the games entirely, because of the Soviet–Afghan War. Several alternative events were held outside of the Soviet Union. Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries participated in the games under the Olympic Flag. The Soviet Union later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals, and together with East Germany more than half of the available gold and overall medals.
  4. Moscow
    
    Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million residents within the city limits, over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area. The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi), and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi). Moscow is among the world's largest cities; being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent.
  5. Soviet–Afghan War
    
    The Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) was a nine-year guerrilla war fought by insurgent groups known collectively as the Mujahideen, as well as smaller Maoist groups, against the military occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union and their satellite state, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). The conflict lasted throughout the 1980s and fighting took place mostly in the Afghan countryside.
1970
1. The first Earth Day proclamation is issued by Joseph Alioto, Mayor of San Francisco.
  1. Earth Day
    
    Earth Day is an annual event on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First held on April 22, 1970, it now includes a wide range of events coordinated globally by EarthDay.org including 1 billion people in more than 193 countries. The official theme for 2022 is Invest In Our Planet.
  2. Joseph Alioto
    
    Joseph Lawrence Alioto was an American politician who served as the 36th mayor of San Francisco, California, from 1968 to 1976.
  3. Mayor of San Francisco
    
    The mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the San Francisco city and county government. The officeholder has the duty to enforce city laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch. The mayor serves a four-year term and is limited to two successive terms. Because of San Francisco's status as a consolidated city-county, the mayor also serves as the head of government of the county; both entities have been governed together by a combined set of governing bodies since 1856.
2. San Diego Comic-Con, the largest pop and culture festival in the world, hosts its inaugural event.
  1. San Diego Comic-Con
    
    San Diego Comic-Con International is a comic book convention and nonprofit multi-genre entertainment event held annually in San Diego, California since 1970. The name, as given on its website, is Comic-Con International: San Diego; but it is commonly known simply as Comic-Con or the San Diego Comic-Con or SDCC.
  2. Comic book convention
    
    A comic book convention or comic-con is an event with a primary focus on comic books and comic book culture, in which comic book fans gather to meet creators, experts, and each other. Commonly, comic conventions are multi-day events hosted at convention centers, hotels, or college campuses. They feature a wide variety of activities and panels, with a larger number of attendees participating in cosplay than most other types of fan conventions. Comic book conventions are also used as a vehicle for industry, in which publishers, distributors, and retailers represent their comic-related releases. Comic book conventions may be considered derivatives of science-fiction conventions, which began in the late 1930s.
1968
1. War of Attrition: The Battle of Karameh took place between the Israel Defense Forces and allied troops of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Jordanian Armed Forces.
  1. War of Attrition
    
    The War of Attrition involved fighting between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and their allies from 1967 to 1970.
  2. Battle of Karameh
    
    The Battle of Karameh was a 15-hour military engagement between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and combined forces of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) in the Jordanian town of Karameh on 21 March 1968, during the War of Attrition. It was planned by Israel as one of two concurrent raids on PLO camps, one in Karameh and one in the distant village of Safi—codenamed Operation Inferno and Operation Asuta, respectively—but the former turned into a full-scale battle.
  3. Israel Defense Forces
    
    The Israel Defense Forces, alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym Tzahal (צה״ל), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and the Israeli Navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security apparatus, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel. The IDF is headed by the Chief of the General Staff, who is subordinate to the Israeli Defense Minister.
  4. Palestine Liberation Organization
    
    The Palestine Liberation Organization is a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, in opposition to the State of Israel. In 1993, alongside the Oslo I Accord, the PLO's aspiration for Arab statehood was revised to be specifically for the Palestinian territories under an Israeli occupation since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War. It is headquartered in the city of Al-Bireh in the West Bank, and is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by over 100 countries that it has diplomatic relations with. As the official recognized government of the de jure State of Palestine, it has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations (UN) since 1974. Due to its militant activities, including acts of violence primarily aimed at Israeli civilians, the PLO was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987, although a later presidential waiver has permitted American contact with the organization since 1988. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted Resolution 242 of the United Nations Security Council, and rejected "violence and terrorism". In response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as a legitimate authority representing the Palestinian people. However, despite its participation in the Oslo Accords, the PLO continued to employ tactics of violence in the following years, particularly during the Second Intifada of 2000–2005. On 29 October 2018, the Palestinian Central Council suspended the Palestinian recognition of Israel, and subsequently halted all forms of security and economic cooperation with it.
  5. Jordanian Armed Forces
    
    The Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF), also referred to as the Arab Army, are the military forces of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. They consist of the ground forces, air force, and navy. They are under the direct control of the King of Jordan who is the Supreme Commander of the Jordanian Armed Forces. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is Major General Yousef Huneiti, who is also the King's military adviser.
2. Battle of Karameh in Jordan between the Israel Defense Forces and the combined forces of the Jordanian Armed Forces and PLO.
  1. Battle of Karameh
    
    The Battle of Karameh was a 15-hour military engagement between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and combined forces of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) in the Jordanian town of Karameh on 21 March 1968, during the War of Attrition. It was planned by Israel as one of two concurrent raids on PLO camps, one in Karameh and one in the distant village of Safi—codenamed Operation Inferno and Operation Asuta, respectively—but the former turned into a full-scale battle.
  2. Jordan
    
    Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the northeast, Syria to the north, and the Palestinian West Bank, Israel, and the Dead Sea to the west. It has a 26 km (16 mi) coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the southwest. The Gulf of Aqaba separates Jordan from Egypt. Amman is Jordan's capital and largest city, as well as its economic, political, and cultural centre.
  3. Israel Defense Forces
    
    The Israel Defense Forces, alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym Tzahal (צה״ל), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, and the Israeli Navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security apparatus, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel. The IDF is headed by the Chief of the General Staff, who is subordinate to the Israeli Defense Minister.
  4. Jordanian Armed Forces
    
    The Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF), also referred to as the Arab Army, are the military forces of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. They consist of the ground forces, air force, and navy. They are under the direct control of the King of Jordan who is the Supreme Commander of the Jordanian Armed Forces. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is Major General Yousef Huneiti, who is also the King's military adviser.
  5. Palestine Liberation Organization
    
    The Palestine Liberation Organization is a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, in opposition to the State of Israel. In 1993, alongside the Oslo I Accord, the PLO's aspiration for Arab statehood was revised to be specifically for the Palestinian territories under an Israeli occupation since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War. It is headquartered in the city of Al-Bireh in the West Bank, and is recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by over 100 countries that it has diplomatic relations with. As the official recognized government of the de jure State of Palestine, it has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations (UN) since 1974. Due to its militant activities, including acts of violence primarily aimed at Israeli civilians, the PLO was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987, although a later presidential waiver has permitted American contact with the organization since 1988. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted Resolution 242 of the United Nations Security Council, and rejected "violence and terrorism". In response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as a legitimate authority representing the Palestinian people. However, despite its participation in the Oslo Accords, the PLO continued to employ tactics of violence in the following years, particularly during the Second Intifada of 2000–2005. On 29 October 2018, the Palestinian Central Council suspended the Palestinian recognition of Israel, and subsequently halted all forms of security and economic cooperation with it.
1965
1. Ranger program: NASA launches Ranger 9, the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes.
  1. Ranger program
    
    The Ranger program was a series of unmanned space missions by the United States in the 1960s whose objective was to obtain the first close-up images of the surface of the Moon. The Ranger spacecraft were designed to take images of the lunar surface, transmitting those images to Earth until the spacecraft were destroyed upon impact. A series of mishaps, however, led to the failure of the first six flights. At one point, the program was called "shoot and hope". Congress launched an investigation into "problems of management" at NASA Headquarters and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. After two reorganizations of the agencies, Ranger 7 successfully returned images in July 1964, followed by two more successful missions.
  2. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  3. Ranger 9
    
    Ranger 9 was a Lunar probe, launched in 1965 by NASA. It was designed to achieve a lunar impact trajectory and to transmit high-resolution photographs of the lunar surface during the final minutes of flight up to impact. The spacecraft carried six television vidicon cameras—two wide-angle and four narrow-angle —to accomplish these objectives. The cameras were arranged in two separate chains, or channels, each self-contained with separate power supplies, timers, and transmitters so as to afford the greatest reliability and probability of obtaining high-quality television pictures. These images were broadcast live on television to millions of viewers across the United States. No other experiments were carried on the spacecraft.
  4. Space probe
    
    A space probe is an artificial satellite that travels through space to collect scientific data. A space probe may orbit Earth; approach the Moon; travel through interplanetary space; flyby, orbit, or land or fly on other planetary bodies; or enter interstellar space.
2. Martin Luther King Jr. leads 3,200 people on the start of the third and finally successful civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.
  1. Martin Luther King Jr.
    
    Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist, one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. An African American church leader and the son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination.
  2. Selma to Montgomery marches
    
    The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile (87 km) highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. The marches were organized by nonviolent activists to demonstrate the desire of African-American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist repression; they were part of a broader voting rights movement underway in Selma and throughout the American South. By highlighting racial injustice, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of the civil rights movement.
  3. Selma, Alabama
    
    Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, in the Black Belt region of south central Alabama and extending to the west. Located on the banks of the Alabama River, the city has a population of 17,971 as of the 2020 census. About 80% of the population is African-American.
  4. Montgomery, Alabama
    
    Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County. Named for Richard Montgomery, it stands beside the Alabama River, on the coastal Plain of the Gulf of Mexico. In the 2020 Census, Montgomery's population was 200,603. It is the second most populous city in Alabama, after Huntsville, and is the 119th most populous in the United States. The Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area's population in 2020 was 386,047; it is the fourth largest in the state and 142nd among United States metropolitan areas.
1963
1. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, California—one of the world's most notorious and best known prisons—was closed.
  1. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
    
    United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, also known simply as Alcatraz or The Rock was a maximum security federal prison on Alcatraz Island, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States, the site of a fort since the 1850s; the main prison building was built in 1910–1912 as a United States Army military prison.
  2. Alcatraz Island
    
    Alcatraz Island is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, and a military prison. In 1934, the island was converted into a federal prison, Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. The strong currents around the island and cold water temperatures made escape nearly impossible, and the prison became one of the most notorious in American history. The prison closed in 1963, and the island is now a major tourist attraction.
  3. San Francisco Bay
    
    San Francisco Bay is a large tidal estuary in the U.S. state of California, and gives its name to the San Francisco Bay Area. It is dominated by the big cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland.
  4. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
2. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary (in California) closes.
  1. Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
    
    United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, also known simply as Alcatraz or The Rock was a maximum security federal prison on Alcatraz Island, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States, the site of a fort since the 1850s; the main prison building was built in 1910–1912 as a United States Army military prison.
  2. California
    
    California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
1960
1. Police in Sharpeville, South Africa, opened fire on a group of unarmed black demonstrators who were protesting pass laws, killing 69 people and wounding 180 others.
  1. Sharpeville
    
    Sharpeville is a township situated between two large industrial cities, Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging, in southern Gauteng, South Africa. Sharpeville is one of the oldest of six townships in the Vaal Triangle. It was named after John Lillie Sharpe who came to South Africa from Glasgow, Scotland, as secretary of Stewarts & Lloyds. Sharpe was elected to the Vereeniging City Council in 1932 and held the position of mayor from 1934 to 1937.
  2. Sharpeville massacre
    
    The Sharpeville massacre occurred on 21 March 1960 at the police station in the township of Sharpeville in the then Transvaal Province of the then Union of South Africa. After demonstrating against pass laws, a crowd of about 7,000 protesters went to the police station. Sources disagree as to the behaviour of the crowd; some state that the crowd was peaceful, while others state that the crowd had been hurling stones at the police, and that the mood had turned "ugly". The South African Police (SAP) opened fire on the crowd when the crowd started advancing toward the fence around the police station, and tear-gas had proved ineffectual. There were 249 victims in total, including 29 children, with 69 people killed and 180 injured. Some were shot in the back as they fled.
  3. Pass laws
    
    In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization, and allocate migrant labor. Also known as the natives' law, pass laws severely limited the movements of not only black African citizens, but other people as well by restricting them to designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws were one of the dominant features of the country's apartheid system until it was effectively ended in 1986.
2. Apartheid: Sharpeville massacre, South Africa: Police open fire on a group of black South African demonstrators, killing 69 and wounding 180.
  1. Apartheid
    
    Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed by Indians and Coloureds, then black Africans. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day.
  2. Sharpeville massacre
    
    The Sharpeville massacre occurred on 21 March 1960 at the police station in the township of Sharpeville in the then Transvaal Province of the then Union of South Africa. After demonstrating against pass laws, a crowd of about 7,000 protesters went to the police station. Sources disagree as to the behaviour of the crowd; some state that the crowd was peaceful, while others state that the crowd had been hurling stones at the police, and that the mood had turned "ugly". The South African Police (SAP) opened fire on the crowd when the crowd started advancing toward the fence around the police station, and tear-gas had proved ineffectual. There were 249 victims in total, including 29 children, with 69 people killed and 180 injured. Some were shot in the back as they fled.
1952
1. The Moondog Coronation Ball (poster pictured), generally considered to be the first major rock and roll concert, took place at the Cleveland Arena in Cleveland, Ohio.
  1. Moondog Coronation Ball
    
    The Moondog Coronation Ball was a concert held at the Cleveland Arena in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 21, 1952. It is generally accepted as the first major rock and roll concert.
  2. Rock and roll
    
    Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It originated from African-American music such as jazz, rhythm and blues, boogie woogie, and gospel, as well as country music. While rock and roll's formative elements can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.
  3. Cleveland Arena
    
    Cleveland Arena was an arena in Cleveland, Ohio. It was built and privately financed by local businessman Albert C. Sutphin during the height of the Great Depression in 1937 as a playing site for Sutphin's AHL team, the Cleveland Barons. The arena was at 3717 Euclid Avenue, and seated over 10,000 in the stands and over 12,500 for events such as boxing, where floor seating was available.
  4. Cleveland
    
    Cleveland, officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles west of Pennsylvania.
2. Alan Freed presents the Moondog Coronation Ball, the first rock and roll concert, in Cleveland, Ohio.
  1. Alan Freed
    
    Albert James "Alan" Freed was an American disc jockey. He also produced and promoted large traveling concerts with various acts, helping to spread the importance of rock and roll music throughout North America.
  2. Moondog Coronation Ball
    
    The Moondog Coronation Ball was a concert held at the Cleveland Arena in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 21, 1952. It is generally accepted as the first major rock and roll concert.
  3. Rock and roll
    
    Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It originated from African-American music such as jazz, rhythm and blues, boogie woogie, and gospel, as well as country music. While rock and roll's formative elements can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.
  4. Cleveland
    
    Cleveland, officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles west of Pennsylvania.
1946
1. The Los Angeles Rams signed Kenny Washington, making him the first African-American player in the National Football League since 1933.
  1. Los Angeles Rams
    
    The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Rams compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Rams play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, which they share with the Los Angeles Chargers.
  2. Kenny Washington (American football)
    
    Kenneth Stanley Washington was an American professional football player who was the first African-American to sign a contract with a National Football League (NFL) team in the modern era. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins.
  3. National Football League
    
    The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league that consists of 32 teams, divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The NFL is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada and the highest professional level of American football in the world. Each NFL season begins with a three-week preseason in August, followed by the 18-week regular season which runs from early September to early January, with each team playing 17 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, seven teams from each conference advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament that culminates in the Super Bowl, which is contested in February and is played between the AFC and NFC conference champions. The league is headquartered in New York City.
2. The Los Angeles Rams sign Kenny Washington, making him the first African American player in professional American football since 1933.
  1. Los Angeles Rams
    
    The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Rams compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Rams play their home games at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, which they share with the Los Angeles Chargers.
  2. Kenny Washington (American football)
    
    Kenneth Stanley Washington was an American professional football player who was the first African-American to sign a contract with a National Football League (NFL) team in the modern era. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins.
  3. African Americans
    
    African Americans are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of enslaved Africans who are from the United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African-American, the majority of first generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin.
  4. Black players in professional American football
    
    Details of the history of black players in professional American football depend on the professional football league considered, which includes the National Football League (NFL); the American Football League (AFL), a rival league from 1960 through 1969 which eventually merged with the NFL; and the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), which existed from 1946 to 1949.
  5. American football
    
    American football, also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with possession of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it, while the defense, the team without possession of the ball, aims to stop the offense's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays; if they fail, they turn over the football to the defense, but if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive. Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.
1945
1. World War II: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Mandalay
    
    Mandalay is the second-largest city in Myanmar, after Yangon. Located on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, 631km north of Yangon, the city has a population of 1,225,553.
  3. Myanmar
    
    Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, also known as Burma, is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia, and has a population of about 54 million as of 2017. Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).
2. World War II: Operation Carthage: Royal Air Force planes bomb Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen, Denmark. They also accidentally hit a school, killing 125 civilians.
  1. Operation Carthage
    
    Operation Carthage, on 21 March 1945, was a British air raid on Copenhagen, Denmark during the Second World War which killed 145 civilians. The target of the raid was the Shellhus, the Gestapo headquarters in the city centre. It was used for the storage of dossiers and the torture of Danish citizens during interrogations. The Danish Resistance had long requested the British conduct a raid against the site. The building was destroyed, 18 prisoners were freed and Nazi anti-resistance activities were disrupted. Part of the raid was mistakenly directed against a school which was roughly 1.6 km (1 mi) to the west-southwest; the raid caused 125 civilian deaths, including 86 schoolchildren and 18 adults at the school. The Aarhus Air Raid was a similar attack against the Gestapo headquarters in Aarhus on 31 October 1944, which succeeded.
  2. Royal Air Force
    
    The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). Following the Allied victory over the Central Powers in 1918, the RAF emerged as the largest air force in the world at the time. Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history. In particular, it played a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain.
  3. Gestapo
    
    The Geheime Staatspolizei, abbreviated Gestapo, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
  4. Copenhagen
    
    Copenhagen is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.3m. and the Copenhagen metropolitan area 2,057,142. Copenhagen is on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.
3. World War II: Bulgaria and the Soviet Union successfully complete their defense of the north bank of the Drava River as the Battle of the Transdanubian Hills concludes.
  1. Kingdom of Bulgaria
    
    The Tsardom of Bulgaria, also referred to as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, sometimes translated in English as Kingdom of Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October 1908, when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a Tsardom.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Drava
    
    The Drava or Drave is a river in southern Central Europe. With a length of 710 kilometres (440 mi), 724 kilometres (450 mi) including the Sextner Bach source, it is the fifth or sixth longest tributary of the Danube, after the Tisza, Sava, Prut, Mureș and perhaps Siret. The Drava drains an area of about 40,154 km2 (15,504 sq mi). Its mean annual discharge is seasonally 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s) to 670 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s). Its source is near the market town of Innichen/San Candido, in the Puster Valley of South Tyrol/Alto Adige, Italy. The river flows eastwards through East Tirol and Carinthia in Austria into the Styria region of Slovenia. It then turns southeast, passing through Croatia and, after merging with its main tributary Mur, forms most of the border between Croatia and Hungary, before it joins the Danube near Osijek.
  4. Battle of the Transdanubian Hills
    
    The Battle of the Transdanubian Hills was a defensive operation of the Bulgarian First Army during Bulgaria's participation in World War II against German Wehrmacht forces, who were trying to capture the north bank of the Drava river as part of Operation Spring Awakening.
1943
1. Wehrmacht officer Rudolf von Gersdorff plots to assassinate Adolf Hitler by using a suicide bomb, but the plan falls through; von Gersdorff is able to defuse the bomb in time and avoid suspicion.
  1. Wehrmacht
    
    The Wehrmacht was the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe. The designation "Wehrmacht" replaced the previously used term Reichswehr and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted.
  2. Rudolf-Christoph von Gersdorff
    
    Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff was an officer in the German Army. He attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler by suicide bombing on 21 March 1943; the plan failed when Hitler left early, but Gersdorff was undetected. That same month, soldiers from his unit discovered the mass graves of the Soviet-perpetrated Katyn massacre.
  3. Adolf Hitler
    
    Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. During his dictatorship, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust: the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.
1937
1. A police squad, acting under orders from Governor of Puerto Rico Blanton Winship, opened fire on demonstrators protesting the arrest of Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos, killing 21 people and injuring 235 others.
  1. Blanton Winship
    
    Blanton C. Winship was an American military lawyer and veteran of both the Spanish–American War and World War I. During his career, he served both as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army and as the governor of Puerto Rico. An investigation led by the United States Commission on Civil Rights blamed him for the Ponce massacre, which killed 21 people.
  2. Ponce massacre
    
    The Ponce massacre was an event that took place on Palm Sunday, March 21, 1937, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, when a peaceful civilian march turned into a police shooting in which 19 civilians and two policemen were killed, and more than 200 civilians wounded. None of the civilians were armed and most of the dead were reportedly shot in their backs. The march had been organized by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to commemorate the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873, and to protest the U.S. government's imprisonment of the Party's leader, Pedro Albizu Campos, on sedition charges.
  3. Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
    
    The Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico is a Puerto Rican political party founded on September 17, 1922, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Its primary goal is to work for Puerto Rico's independence. The Party's selection in 1930 of Pedro Albizu Campos as its president brought a radical change to the organization and its tactics.
  4. Pedro Albizu Campos
    
    Pedro Albizu Campos was a Puerto Rican attorney and politician, and the leading figure in the Puerto Rican independence movement. Gifted in languages, he spoke six. He graduated from Harvard Law School with the highest grade point average in his law class, an achievement that earned him the right to give the valedictorian speech at his graduation ceremony. However, animus towards his mixed racial heritage led to his professors delaying two of his final exams in order to keep Albizu Campos from graduating on time. During his time at Harvard University he became involved in the Irish struggle for independence.
2. Pope Pius XII's encyclical Mit brennender Sorge, condemning antisemitism and criticizing Nazism, was read from the pulpits of all Catholic churches in Germany.
  1. Pope Pius XII
    
    Pope Pius XII, born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his election to the papacy, he served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany, and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, such as the Reichskonkordat with the German Reich.
  2. Encyclical
    
    An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from the Late Latin encyclios. The term has been used by Catholics, Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
  3. Mit brennender Sorge
    
    Mit brennender Sorge On the Church and the German Reich is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, issued during the Nazi era on 10 March 1937. Written in German, not the usual Latin, it was smuggled into Germany for fear of censorship and was read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches on one of the Church's busiest Sundays, Palm Sunday.
  4. Antisemitism
    
    Antisemitism is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
  5. Nazism
    
    Nazism, the common name in English for National Socialism, is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitlerism. The later related term "neo-Nazism" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the Second World War.
3. Ponce massacre: Nineteen unarmed civilians in Ponce, Puerto Rico are gunned down by police in a terrorist attack ordered by the US-appointed Governor, Blanton C. Winship.
  1. Ponce massacre
    
    The Ponce massacre was an event that took place on Palm Sunday, March 21, 1937, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, when a peaceful civilian march turned into a police shooting in which 19 civilians and two policemen were killed, and more than 200 civilians wounded. None of the civilians were armed and most of the dead were reportedly shot in their backs. The march had been organized by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to commemorate the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873, and to protest the U.S. government's imprisonment of the Party's leader, Pedro Albizu Campos, on sedition charges.
  2. Ponce, Puerto Rico
    
    Ponce is both a city and a municipality on the southern coast of Puerto Rico. The city is the seat of the municipal government.
  3. Blanton Winship
    
    Blanton C. Winship was an American military lawyer and veteran of both the Spanish–American War and World War I. During his career, he served both as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army and as the governor of Puerto Rico. An investigation led by the United States Commission on Civil Rights blamed him for the Ponce massacre, which killed 21 people.
1935
1. Shah of Iran Reza Shah Pahlavi formally asks the international community to call Persia by its native name, Iran.
  1. List of monarchs of Persia
    
    This is a list of monarchs of Persia, which are known by the royal title Shah or Shahanshah. This list starts from the establishment of the Medes around 671 BCE until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979 CE.
  2. Reza Shah
    
    Reza Shah Pahlavi was an Iranian military officer, politician, and first shah of the House of Pahlavi of the Imperial State of Iran and father of the last shah of Iran. He reigned from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941. Reza Shah introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the modern Iranian state. Therefore, he is regarded as the founder of modern Iran.
  3. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
  4. Name of Iran
    
    In the Western world, Persia was historically the common name used for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah officially asked foreign delegates to use the Persian term Iran, the endonym of the country, in formal correspondence. Subsequently, the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from Persian to Iranian. In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" can be used interchangeably, in formal correspondence. However, the issue is still debated among Iranians.
1928
1. Charles Lindbergh is presented with the Medal of Honor for the first solo trans-Atlantic flight.
  1. Charles Lindbergh
    
    Charles Augustus Lindbergh was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, and activist. On May 20–21, 1927, Lindbergh made the first nonstop flight from New York City to Paris, a distance of 3,600 miles (5,800 km), flying alone for 33.5 hours. His aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis, was designed and built by the Ryan Airline Company specifically to compete for the Orteig Prize for the first flight between the two cities. Although not the first transatlantic flight, it was the first solo transatlantic flight, the first nonstop transatlantic flight between two major city hubs, and the longest by over 1,900 miles (3,000 km). It is known as one of the most consequential flights in history and ushered in a new era of air transportation between parts of the globe.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1925
1. The Butler Act prohibits the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee.
  1. Butler Act
    
    The Butler Act was a 1925 Tennessee law prohibiting public school teachers from denying the Biblical account of mankind's origin. The law also prevented the teaching of the evolution of man from what it referred to as lower orders of animals in place of the Biblical account. The law was introduced by Tennessee House of Representatives member John Washington Butler, from whom the law got its name. It was enacted as Tennessee Code Annotated Title 49 (Education) Section 1922, having been signed into law by Tennessee governor Austin Peay.
  2. Human evolution
    
    Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, which includes the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language, as well as interbreeding with other hominins, which indicate that human evolution was not linear but a web.
  3. Tennessee
    
    Tennessee, officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 16th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the southwest, and Missouri to the northwest. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three Grand Divisions of East, Middle, and West Tennessee. Nashville is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, and Clarksville. Tennessee's population as of the 2020 United States census is approximately 6.9 million.
2. Syngman Rhee is removed from office after being impeached as the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.
  1. Syngman Rhee
    
    Syngman Rhee was a South Korean politician who served as the first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960.
  2. Impeachment
    
    Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.
  3. Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
    
    The Korean Provisional Government (KPG), formally the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, was a partially recognized Korean government-in-exile based in Shanghai, China, and later in Chongqing, during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Korea.
1921
1. The New Economic Policy is implemented by the Bolshevik Party in response to the economic failure as a result of war communism.
  1. New Economic Policy
    
    The New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient. Lenin characterized the NEP in 1922 as an economic system that would include "a free market and capitalism, both subject to state control," while socialized state enterprises would operate on "a profit basis."
  2. Bolsheviks
    
    The Bolsheviks, also known in English as the Bolshevists, were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898, at its Second Party Congress in 1903.
  3. War communism
    
    War communism or military communism was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921.
1919
1. The Hungarian Soviet Republic is established becoming the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia.
  1. Hungarian Soviet Republic
    
    The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary, literally the Republic of Councils in Hungary was a short-lived Communist state that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919, succeeding the First Hungarian Republic. The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a small communist rump state. When the Republic of Councils in Hungary was established, it controlled only approximately 23% of the Hungary's historic territory. The head of government was Sándor Garbai, but the influence of the foreign minister Béla Kun from the Hungarian Communist Party was much stronger. Unable to reach an agreement with the Triple Entente, which maintained an economic blockade in Hungary, tormented by neighboring countries for territorial disputes, and invested by profound internal social changes, the soviet republic failed in its objectives and was abolished a few months after its existence. The presentation of the Vix Note led to the fall of the liberal Count Mihály Károlyi's government, which was by then devoid of significant support, and the proclamation of the soviet republic by 12 March. Its main figure was the Communist Béla Kun, despite the fact that in the first days the majority of the new government was Socialist. The new system effectively concentrated power in the governing councils, which exercised it in the name of the working class.
  2. Communism
    
    Communism is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society. Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist state followed by the withering away of the state.
  3. October Revolution
    
    The October Revolution, officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd on 7 November 1917 [O.S. 25 October]. It was the precipitating event of the Russian Civil War.
  4. Russian Empire
    
    The Russian Empire was the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity.
1918
1. First World War: The German Army opened the Spring Offensive with Operation Michael, attempting to break through the Allied lines and to seize ports on the English Channel.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. German spring offensive
    
    The German spring offensive, or Kaiserschlacht, also known as the Ludendorff offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources. The German Army had gained a temporary advantage in numbers as nearly 50 divisions had been freed by the Russian defeat and withdrawal from the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
  3. Operation Michael
    
    Operation Michael was a major German military offensive during the First World War that began the German Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918. It was launched from the Hindenburg Line, in the vicinity of Saint-Quentin, France. Its goal was to break through the Allied (Entente) lines and advance in a north-westerly direction to seize the Channel Ports, which supplied the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and to drive the BEF into the sea. Two days later General Erich Ludendorff, the chief of the German General Staff, adjusted his plan and pushed for an offensive due west, along the whole of the British front north of the River Somme. This was designed to first separate the French and British Armies before continuing with the original concept of pushing the BEF into the sea. The offensive ended at Villers-Bretonneux, to the east of the Allied communications centre at Amiens, where the Allies managed to halt the German advance; the German Army had suffered many casualties and was unable to maintain supplies to the advancing troops.
  4. Allies of World War I
    
    The Allies of World War I, Entente Powers, or Allied Powers were a coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and their colonies during the First World War (1914–1918).
  5. English Channel
    
    The English Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busiest shipping area in the world.
2. World War I: The first phase of the German Spring Offensive, Operation Michael, begins.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. German spring offensive
    
    The German spring offensive, or Kaiserschlacht, also known as the Ludendorff offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources. The German Army had gained a temporary advantage in numbers as nearly 50 divisions had been freed by the Russian defeat and withdrawal from the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
  3. Operation Michael
    
    Operation Michael was a major German military offensive during the First World War that began the German Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918. It was launched from the Hindenburg Line, in the vicinity of Saint-Quentin, France. Its goal was to break through the Allied (Entente) lines and advance in a north-westerly direction to seize the Channel Ports, which supplied the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and to drive the BEF into the sea. Two days later General Erich Ludendorff, the chief of the German General Staff, adjusted his plan and pushed for an offensive due west, along the whole of the British front north of the River Somme. This was designed to first separate the French and British Armies before continuing with the original concept of pushing the BEF into the sea. The offensive ended at Villers-Bretonneux, to the east of the Allied communications centre at Amiens, where the Allies managed to halt the German advance; the German Army had suffered many casualties and was unable to maintain supplies to the advancing troops.
1913
1. Over 360 were killed and 20,000 homes destroyed in the Great Dayton Flood in Dayton, Ohio, U.S.
  1. Great Dayton Flood
    
    The Great Dayton Flood of 1913 resulted from flooding by the Great Miami River reaching Dayton, Ohio, and the surrounding area, causing the greatest natural disaster in Ohio history. In response, the General Assembly passed the Vonderheide Act to enable the formation of conservancy districts. The Miami Conservancy District, which included Dayton and the surrounding area, became one of the first major flood control districts in Ohio and the United States.
  2. Dayton, Ohio
    
    Dayton is the sixth-largest city in the state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater Dayton was estimated to be at 814,049 residents. The Combined Statistical Area (CSA) was 1,086,512. This makes Dayton the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Ohio and 73rd in the United States. Dayton is within Ohio's Miami Valley region, 50 miles (80 km) north of the Greater Cincinnati area.
1871
1. Otto von Bismarck is appointed as the first Chancellor of the German Empire.
  1. Otto von Bismarck
    
    Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg, born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, was a conservative German statesman and diplomat. From his origins in the upper class of Junker landowners, Bismarck rose rapidly in Prussian politics, and from 1862 to 1890 he was the minister president and foreign minister of Prussia. Before his rise to the executive, he was the Prussian ambassador to Russia and France and served in both houses of the Prussian Parliament. He masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and served as the first Chancellor of the German Empire until 1890, in which capacity he dominated European affairs. He had served as the chancellor of the North German Confederation from 1867 to 1871, alongside his responsibilities in the Kingdom of Prussia. He cooperated with King Wilhelm I of Prussia to unify the various German states, a partnership that would last for the rest of Wilhelm's life. The King granted Bismarck the titles of Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen in 1865 and Prince of Bismarck in 1871. Bismarck provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Following the victory against Austria, he abolished the supranational German Confederation and instead formed the North German Confederation as the first German national state, aligning the smaller North German states behind Prussia, while excluding Austria. Receiving the support of the independent South German states in the Confederation's defeat of France, he formed the German Empire – which also excluded Austria – and united Germany.
  2. Chancellor of Germany
    
    The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the German Armed Forces during wartime. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the federal president and without debate.
2. Journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his trek to find the missionary and explorer David Livingstone.
  1. Henry Morton Stanley
    
    Sir Henry Morton Stanley was a Welsh-American explorer, journalist, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of Central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?". Besides his discovery of Livingstone, he is mainly known for his search for the sources of the Nile and Congo rivers, the work he undertook as an agent of King Leopold II of the Belgians which enabled the occupation of the Congo Basin region, and his command of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. He was knighted in 1897, and served in Parliament as a Liberal Unionist member for Lambeth North from 1895 to 1900.
  2. David Livingstone
    
    David Livingstone was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, and pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era. David was the husband of Mary Moffat Livingstone, from the prominent 18th Century missionary family, Moffat. He had a mythic status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of British commercial and colonial expansion.
1861
1. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, gave an extemporaneous speech laying out the Confederacy's rationale for seceding from the United States.
  1. Alexander H. Stephens
    
    Alexander Hamilton Stephens was an American politician who served as the vice president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865, and later as the 50th governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state of Georgia in the United States House of Representatives before and after the Civil War prior to becoming governor.
  2. Confederate States of America
    
    The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States, the Confederacy, or "the South", was an unrecognized breakaway republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States during the American Civil War. Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky, and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation.
  3. Cornerstone Speech
    
    The Cornerstone Speech, also known as the Cornerstone Address, was an oration given by Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, at the Athenaeum in Savannah, Georgia, on March 21, 1861. The speech, delivered extemporaneously a few weeks before the Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, defended slavery as a fundamental and just result of the supposed inferiority of the black race, explained the fundamental differences between the constitutions of the Confederate States and that of the United States, enumerated contrasts between Union and Confederate ideologies, and laid out the Confederacy's rationale for seceding from the U.S.
  4. Secession in the United States
    
    In the context of the United States, secession primarily refers to the voluntary withdrawal of one or more states from the Union that constitutes the United States; but may loosely refer to leaving a state or territory to form a separate territory or new state, or to the severing of an area from a city or county within a state. Advocates for secession are called disunionists by their contemporaries in various historical documents.
2. Alexander Stephens gives the Cornerstone Speech.
  1. Alexander H. Stephens
    
    Alexander Hamilton Stephens was an American politician who served as the vice president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865, and later as the 50th governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented the state of Georgia in the United States House of Representatives before and after the Civil War prior to becoming governor.
  2. Cornerstone Speech
    
    The Cornerstone Speech, also known as the Cornerstone Address, was an oration given by Alexander H. Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, at the Athenaeum in Savannah, Georgia, on March 21, 1861. The speech, delivered extemporaneously a few weeks before the Civil War began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, defended slavery as a fundamental and just result of the supposed inferiority of the black race, explained the fundamental differences between the constitutions of the Confederate States and that of the United States, enumerated contrasts between Union and Confederate ideologies, and laid out the Confederacy's rationale for seceding from the U.S.
1844
1. The Baháʼí calendar begins. This is the first day of the first year of the Baháʼí calendar. It is annually celebrated by members of the Baháʼí Faith as the Baháʼí New Year or Náw-Rúz.
  1. Baháʼí calendar
    
    The Badíʻ calendar used in the Baháʼí Faith is a solar calendar consisting of 19 months and 4-5 Intercalary Days, with new year at the moment of Northern spring equinox. Each month is named after virtues, as are the days of the week. The first year is dated from 1844 CE, the year in which the Báb began teaching.
  2. Baháʼí Faith
    
    The Baháʼí Faith is a relatively new religion teaching the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people. Established by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, it initially developed in Iran and parts of the Middle East, where it has faced ongoing persecution since its inception. The religion is estimated to have 5–8 million adherents, known as Baháʼís, spread throughout most of the world's countries and territories.
  3. Baháʼí Naw-Rúz
    
    Naw-Rúz is the first day of the Baháʼí calendar year and one of eleven holy days for adherents of the Baháʼí Faith. It occurs on the vernal equinox, on or near March 21, which is the traditional Iranian New Year.
1821
1. Greek War of Independence: Greek revolutionaries seize Kalavryta.
  1. Greek War of Independence
    
    The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
  2. Kalavryta
    
    Kalavryta is a town and a municipality in the mountainous east-central part of the regional unit of Achaea, Greece. The town is located on the right bank of the river Vouraikos, 24 kilometres south of Aigio, 40 km southeast of Patras and 62 km northwest of Tripoli. Notable mountains in the municipality are Mount Erymanthos in the west and Aroania or Chelmos in the southeast. Kalavryta is the southern terminus of the Diakopto-Kalavryta rack railway, built by Italian engineers between 1885 and 1895.
1814
1. War of the Sixth Coalition: At the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube in north-central France, Napoleon suddenly realized that his French army was vastly outnumbered by Allied forces, and hurriedly ordered a retreat.
  1. War of the Sixth Coalition
    
    In the War of the Sixth Coalition, sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia of 1812 in which they had been forced to support France, Prussia and Austria joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Portugal, and the rebels in Spain who were already at war with France.
  2. Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
    
    The Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube saw an Imperial French army under Napoleon face a much larger Allied army led by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg during the War of the Sixth Coalition. On the second day of fighting, Emperor Napoleon suddenly realized he was massively outnumbered, and immediately ordered a masked retreat. By the time the Austrian Field Marshal Schwarzenberg realized Napoleon was retreating, most of the French had already disengaged and the Allied pursuit afterwards failed to prevent the remaining French army from safely withdrawing to the north. This was Napoleon's penultimate battle before his abdication and exile to Elba, the last being the Battle of Saint-Dizier.
  3. Napoleon
    
    Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, but between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars.
2. Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube.
  1. Napoleonic Wars
    
    The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars consisting of the War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). The Napoleonic Wars are often described as five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1803–1806), the Fourth (1806–1807), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813–1814), and the Seventh (1815) plus the Peninsular War (1807–1814) and the French invasion of Russia (1812).
  2. Austrian Empire
    
    The Austrian Empire was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom. Along with Prussia, it was one of the two major powers of the German Confederation. Geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the First French Empire.
  3. First French Empire
    
    The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815.
  4. Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
    
    The Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube saw an Imperial French army under Napoleon face a much larger Allied army led by Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg during the War of the Sixth Coalition. On the second day of fighting, Emperor Napoleon suddenly realized he was massively outnumbered, and immediately ordered a masked retreat. By the time the Austrian Field Marshal Schwarzenberg realized Napoleon was retreating, most of the French had already disengaged and the Allied pursuit afterwards failed to prevent the remaining French army from safely withdrawing to the north. This was Napoleon's penultimate battle before his abdication and exile to Elba, the last being the Battle of Saint-Dizier.
1804
1. Code Napoléon is adopted as French civil law.
  1. Napoleonic Code
    
    The Napoleonic Code, officially the Civil Code of the French is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force, although frequently amended.
  2. Civil law (legal system)
    
    Civil law is a legal system originating in mainland Europe and adopted in much of the world. The civil law system is intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, and with core principles codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law. The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in medieval England. Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes, the law in common law systems historically came from uncodified case law that arose as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally-binding precedent.
1801
1. The Battle of Alexandria is fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis near Alexandria in Egypt.
  1. Battle of Alexandria (1801)
    
    The Battle of Alexandria, or Battle of Canope, was fought on 21 March 1801 between the army of Napoleon's French First Republic under General Jacques-François Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby. The battle took place near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Abukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Abukir on 8 March and Mandora on 13 March. The fighting was part of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1798.
  2. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in the British Isles that existed between 1801 and 1922, when it included all of Ireland. It was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into a unified state. The establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927.
  3. French First Republic
    
    In the history of France, the First Republic, sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, and officially the French Republic, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire on 18 May 1804 under Napoléon Bonaparte, although the form of the government changed several times.
  4. Alexandria
    
    Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great, Alexandria grew rapidly and became a major centre of Hellenic civilisation, eventually replacing Memphis, in present-day Greater Cairo, as Egypt's capital. During the Hellenistic period, it was home to the Lighthouse of Alexandria, which ranked among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, as well as the storied Library of Alexandria. Today, the library is reincarnated in the disc-shaped, ultramodern Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Its 15th-century seafront Qaitbay Citadel is now a museum. Called the "Bride of the Mediterranean" by locals, Alexandria is a popular tourist destination and an important industrial centre due to its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez.
  5. Egypt
    
    Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world.
1800
1. With the church leadership driven out of Rome during an armed conflict, Pius VII is crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.
  1. Papal States
    
    The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy, between 1859 and 1870.
  2. Rome
    
    Rome is the capital city of Italy. It is also the capital of the Lazio region, the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome, and a special comune named Comune di Roma Capitale. With 2,860,009 residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), Rome is the country's most populated comune and the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous metropolitan city in Italy. Its metropolitan area is the third-most populous within Italy. Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber. Vatican City is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the City of Seven Hills due to its geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be the "cradle of Western civilization and Christian culture", and the centre of the Catholic Church.
  3. Pope Pius VII
    
    Pope Pius VII, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 March 1800 to his death in August 1823. Chiaramonti was also a monk of the Order of Saint Benedict in addition to being a well-known theologian and bishop.
  4. Papal coronation
    
    A papal coronation is the formal ceremony of the placing of the papal tiara on a newly elected pope. The first recorded papal coronation was of Pope Nicholas I in 858. The most recent was the 1963 coronation of Paul VI, who soon afterwards abandoned the practice of wearing the tiara. To date, none of his successors have used the tiara, and their papal inauguration celebrations have included no coronation ceremony, although any future pope may elect to restore the use of the tiara at any point during his pontificate.
  5. Venice
    
    Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The islands are in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay lying between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers. In 2020, around 258,685 people resided in greater Venice or the Comune di Venezia, of whom around 55,000 live in the historical island city of Venice and the rest on the mainland (terraferma). Together with the cities of Padua and Treviso, Venice is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million.
  6. List of papal tiaras in existence
    
    The papal tiara is the crown worn by popes of the Catholic Church for centuries, until 1978 when Pope John Paul I declined a coronation, opting instead for an inauguration. The tiara is still used as a symbol of the papacy. It features on the coat of arms of the Holy See and of the Vatican City State, though not on the pope's personal coat of arms since Pope Benedict XVI replaced the tiara on his official coat of arms with a traditional bishop's mitre. A tiara is used to crown a statue of Saint Peter in St. Peter's Basilica every year on his feast day.
1788
1. A large fire destroyed 856 of the 1,100 structures in New Orleans.
  1. Great New Orleans Fire (1788)
    
    The Great New Orleans Fire (1788) was a fire that destroyed 856 of the 1,100 structures in New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 21, 1788, spanning the south central Vieux Carré from Burgundy to Chartres Street, almost to the Mississippi River front buildings. An additional 212 buildings were destroyed in a later citywide fire, on December 8, 1794.
  2. New Orleans
    
    New Orleans is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a population of 383,997 according to the 2020 U.S. census, it is the most populous city in Louisiana and the twelfth-most populous city in the Southeastern United States. Serving as a major port, New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States.
2. A fire in New Orleans leaves most of the town in ruins.
  1. Great New Orleans Fire (1788)
    
    The Great New Orleans Fire (1788) was a fire that destroyed 856 of the 1,100 structures in New Orleans, Louisiana, on March 21, 1788, spanning the south central Vieux Carré from Burgundy to Chartres Street, almost to the Mississippi River front buildings. An additional 212 buildings were destroyed in a later citywide fire, on December 8, 1794.
1556
1. Former Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, one of the founders of Anglicanism, was burnt at the stake for heresy in Oxford, England.
  1. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
  2. Thomas Cranmer
    
    Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation also called Protestant Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of royal supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.
  3. Anglicanism
    
    Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.
  4. Heresy in Christianity
    
    Heresy in Christianity denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faith as defined by one or more of the Christian churches.
  5. Oxford
    
    Oxford is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of London, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of Birmingham and 61 miles (98 km) north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, information technology and science.
2. On the day of his execution in Oxford, former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer deviates from the scripted sermon by renouncing the recantations he has made and adds, "And as for the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and Antichrist with all his false doctrine."
  1. Oxford
    
    Oxford is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of London, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of Birmingham and 61 miles (98 km) north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, information technology and science.
  2. Archbishop of Canterbury
    
    The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the "Apostle to the English", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.
  3. Thomas Cranmer
    
    Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation also called Protestant Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of royal supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.
  4. Antichrist
    
    In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist refers to people prophesied by the Bible to oppose Jesus Christ and substitute themselves in Christ's place before the Second Coming. The term Antichrist is found five times in the New Testament, solely in the First and Second Epistle of John. The Antichrist is announced as the one "who denies the Father and the Son."
1180
1. Emperor Antoku accedes to the throne of Japan.
  1. Emperor Antoku
    
    Emperor Antoku was the 81st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1180 through 1185.
1152
1. Annulment of the marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  1. Louis VII of France
    
    Louis VII, called the Younger, or the Young, was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI and married Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the Capetian lands to the Pyrenees.
  2. Eleanor of Aquitaine
    
    Eleanor was Queen of France from 1137 to 1152 as the wife of King Louis VII, Queen of England from 1154 to 1189 as the wife of King Henry II, and Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right from 1137 until her death in 1204. As the heiress of the House of Poitiers, which controlled much of southwestern France, she was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the High Middle Ages. She was a patron of poets such as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn. She was a key leading figure in the unsuccessful Second Crusade.
717
1. Battle of Vincy between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid.
  1. Battle of Vincy
    
    The Battle of Vincy was a battle of the Frankish civil war of 715–18 fought near Cambrai, in the modern département of Nord. It was a contest between Charles Martel and the Austrasians on one side and the king of the Franks, Chilperic II, and his mayor of the palace, Ragenfrid, on the other.
  2. Charles Martel
    
    Charles Martel was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. He was a son of the Frankish statesman Pepin of Herstal and Pepin's mistress, a noblewoman named Alpaida. Charles, also known as "The Hammer", successfully asserted his claims to power as successor to his father as the power behind the throne in Frankish politics. Continuing and building on his father's work, he restored centralized government in Francia and began the series of military campaigns that re-established the Franks as the undisputed masters of all Gaul. According to a near-contemporary source, the Liber Historiae Francorum, Charles was "a warrior who was uncommonly [...] effective in battle".
  3. Ragenfrid
    
    Ragenfrid was the mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy from 715, when he filled the vacuum in Neustria caused by the death of Pepin of Heristal, until 718, when Charles Martel finally established himself over the whole Frankish kingdom.
630
1. Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem.
  1. Heraclius
    
    Heraclius, was Eastern Roman emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas.
  2. True Cross
    
    The True Cross is the cross upon which Jesus was said to have been crucified, particularly as an object of religious veneration. There are no early accounts that the apostles or early Christians preserved the physical cross themselves, although protective use of the sign of the cross was common by at least the 2nd century. Post-Nicene historians such as Socrates of Constantinople relate that Helena, the mother of the Roman emperor Constantine I, travelled to the Holy Land in the years 326–328, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. The late 4th-century historians Gelasius of Caesarea and Tyrannius Rufinus claimed that while there she discovered the hiding place of three crosses that were believed to have been used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves, St. Dismas and Gestas, executed with him. To one cross was affixed the titulus bearing Jesus's name, but according to Rufinus, Helena was not sure until a miracle revealed that this was the True Cross.
  3. Relic
    
    In religion, a relic is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangible memorial. Relics are an important aspect of some forms of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, shamanism, and many other religions. Relic derives from the Latin reliquiae, meaning "remains", and a form of the Latin verb relinquere, to "leave behind, or abandon". A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or more religious relics.
  4. Jerusalem
    
    Jerusalem is a city in Western Asia. Situated on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, it is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered to be a holy city for the three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Because of this dispute, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.
537
1. Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the Vivarium, by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius.
  1. Siege of Rome (537–538)
    
    The First Siege of Rome during the Gothic War lasted for a year and nine days, from 2 March 537 to 12 March 538. The city was besieged by the Ostrogothic army under their king Vitiges; the defending East Romans were commanded by Belisarius, one of the most famous and successful Roman generals. The siege was the first major encounter between the forces of the two opponents, and played a decisive role in the subsequent development of the war.
  2. Vitiges
    
    Vitiges or Vitigis or Witiges was king of Ostrogothic Italy from 536 to 540.
  3. Aurelian Walls
    
    The Aurelian Walls are a line of city walls built between 271 AD and 275 AD in Rome, Italy, during the reign of the Roman Emperors Aurelian and Probus. They superseded the earlier Servian Wall built during the 4th century BC.
  4. Porta Maggiore
    
    The Porta Maggiore, or Porta Prenestina, is one of the eastern gates in the ancient but well-preserved 3rd-century Aurelian Walls of Rome. Through the gate ran two ancient roads: the Via Praenestina and the Via Labicana. The Via Prenestina was the eastern road to the ancient town of Praeneste. The Via Labicana heads southeast from the city.
  5. Vivarium (Rome)
    
    The Vivarium was the location where the ancient Romans kept wild animals used in their entertainments. It was near the Prenestina Gate of Rome. During the first siege of Rome in the Gothic Wars, the Goths broke part of the wall of the Vivarium in an attempt to enter the city. This attempt failed because the regular city wall manned by Roman soldiers was behind the Vivarium wall and Belisarius attacked the rear of the Goths near the Prenestina Gate.
  6. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
  7. Bessas (magister militum)
    
    Bessas was an East Roman (Byzantine) general of Gothic origin from Thrace, primarily known for his career in the wars of Justinian I. He distinguished himself against the Sassanid Persians in the Iberian War and under the command of Belisarius in the Gothic War, but after Belisarius' departure from Italy he failed to confront the resurgent Goths and was largely responsible for the loss of Rome in 546. Returning east in disgrace, despite his advanced age he was appointed as commander in the Lazic War. There he redeemed himself with the recapture of Petra, but his subsequent idleness led Justinian to dismiss him and exile him to Abasgia.
  8. Peranius the Iberian
    
    Peranius was a Georgian prince from Iberia and a military commander in Roman (Byzantine) service. According to Procopius, he was the eldest son of the Iberian king Gurgenes. Gurgenes can be identified with Vakhtang I of Iberia of the Georgian sources; and Peranius might have been his brother rather than a son as suggested by Procopius. He was the father of Pacurius and uncle of Phazas, two other Iberian generals of the Roman army. According to Cyril Toumanoff, he may have been a scion of King Sauromaces II of Iberia.

Births & Deaths

2021
1. Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian secularist, feminist (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Nawal El Saadawi
    
    Nawal El Saadawi was an Egyptian feminist writer, activist and physician. She wrote many books on the subject of women in Islam, paying particular attention to the practice of female genital mutilation in her society. She was described as "the Simone de Beauvoir of the Arab World", and as "Egypt's most radical woman".
2019
1. Victor Hochhauser CBE, British music promoter (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Victor Hochhauser
    
    Victor Hochhauser was a British music promoter.
2. Gonzalo Portocarrero, Peruvian sociologist (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Gonzalo Portocarrero
    
    Gonzalo Javier Enrique Portocarrero Maisch was a Peruvian sociologist, social scientist and essayist.
2017
1. Chuck Barris, American game show host and producer (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Chuck Barris
    
    Charles Hirsch Barris was an American game show creator, producer, and host. Barris was known for hosting The Gong Show and creating The Dating Game and The Newlywed Game. He was also a songwriter who wrote "Palisades Park", recorded by Freddy Cannon and also recorded by Ramones. Barris wrote an autobiography titled Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, which was made into the film of the same name and directed by George Clooney.
2. Colin Dexter, English author (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Colin Dexter
    
    Norman Colin Dexter was an English crime writer known for his Inspector Morse series of novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as an ITV television series, Inspector Morse, from 1987 to 2000. His characters have spawned a sequel series, Lewis, and a prequel series, Endeavour.
3. Martin McGuinness, Irish republican and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland (b. 1950) deaths
  1. Martin McGuinness
    
    James Martin Pacelli McGuinness was an Irish republican politician and statesman from Sinn Féin and a leader within the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) during The Troubles. McGuinness was the deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to January 2017.
  2. First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland
    
    The First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland are the joint heads of government of the Northern Ireland Executive and have overall responsibility for the running of the Executive Office. Despite the different titles for the two offices, the two positions have the same governmental power, resulting in a duumvirate; the deputy First Minister is not subordinate to the First Minister. Created under the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, both were initially nominated and appointed by members of the Northern Ireland Assembly on a joint ticket by a cross-community vote, using consociational principles. That process was changed following the 2006 St Andrews Agreement, meaning that the First Minister is nominated by the largest party overall, and the deputy First Minister is nominated by the largest party in the next largest community designation.
4. Mike Hall, British cyclist (b. 1981) deaths
  1. Mike Hall (cyclist)
    
    Michael Richard Hall was a British cyclist and race organiser who specialised in self-supported ultra-distance cycling races. In 2012, he won the inaugural World Cycle Race. In 2013 and 2016, he won the Tour Divide ultra-endurance mountain bike race across the Rocky Mountains in Canada and the United States. In 2014, he won the inaugural Trans Am Bike Race, a road-based event from the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast in the United States. From 2013, he was the principal organiser of the Transcontinental Race, an event similar to the TransAm Bicycle Race, but that traverses Europe. Michael Hall was also featured in the cycling film Inspired to Ride a film directed by Mike Dion.
2015
1. Ishaya Bakut, Nigerian general and politician, Governor of Benue State (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Ishaya Bakut
    
    Ishaya Bakut was Military Governor of Benue State in Nigeria from September 1986 to December 1987 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. He was Field Commander in Liberia of the ECOMOG West African multinational force from September 1991 to December 1992.
  2. List of governors of Benue State
    
    The governor of Benue state leads the executive branch.He appoints heads of the state ministries .He is also the chief security officer of the state.The current governor is Samuel Ortom.This is a list of administrators and governors of Benue State. Benue State of Nigeria was formed on 03 February 1976 when Benue-Plateau State was divided into Benue and Plateau states.
2. Chuck Bednarik, American lieutenant and football player (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Chuck Bednarik
    
    Charles Philip Bednarik, nicknamed "Concrete Charlie", was an American professional football player in the National Football League (NFL). He has been ranked one of the hardest hitting tacklers in NFL history and was one of the league's last two-way players. His November 20, 1960 tackle of Frank Gifford in an Eagles game against the New York Giants at Yankee Stadium, known simply as The Hit, is widely considered one of the hardest tackles and most notable plays in NFL history.
3. James C. Binnicker, American sergeant (b. 1938) deaths
  1. James C. Binnicker
    
    James C. Binnicker was a senior enlisted non-commissioned officer in the United States Air Force who served as the 9th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force from 1986 to 1990.
4. Hans Erni, Swiss painter, sculptor, and illustrator (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Hans Erni
    
    Hans Erni was a Swiss graphic designer, painter, illustrator, engraver and sculptor.
5. Jørgen Ingmann, Danish singer and guitarist (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Jørgen Ingmann
    
    Jørgen Ingmann was a Danish jazz and pop guitarist from Copenhagen. He was popular in Europe and had a wider international hit in 1961 with his version of "Apache". He and his wife Grethe Ingmann won the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Dansevise".
6. Alberta Watson, Canadian actress (b. 1955) deaths
  1. Alberta Watson
    
    Faith Susan Alberta Watson, better known as Alberta Watson, was a Canadian film and television actress.
2014
1. Qoriniasi Bale, Fijian lawyer and politician, 25th Attorney-General of Fiji (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Qoriniasi Bale
    
    Qoriniasi Babitu Bale was a lawyer and politician who served twice as Fiji's Minister for Justice and Attorney-General, most recently from 2001 to 2006, when he was deposed in the military coup of 5 December. Like many of Fiji's most influential leaders, Bale was a native of Levukana in Vanua Balavu in the Lau Islands.
  2. Attorney-General of Fiji
    
    The Attorney-General is a political and legal officer in Fiji. The attorney-general is the chief law officer of the State, and has responsibility for supervising Fijian law and advising the government on legal matters. Like other members of the Fijian Cabinet, the attorney-general is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.
2. Bill Boedeker, American football player and soldier (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Bill Boedeker
    
    William Henry Boedeker, Jr. was a halfback in the All-America Football Conference and National Football League who played for the Chicago Rockets, the Cleveland Browns, the Philadelphia Eagles and the Green Bay Packers.
3. Jack Fleck, American golfer (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Jack Fleck
    
    Jackson Donald Fleck was an American professional golfer, best known for winning the U.S. Open in 1955 in a playoff over Ben Hogan.
4. Simeon Oduoye, Nigerian police officer and politician (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Simeon Oduoye
    
    Simeon Olasukanmi OduoyeListen was a Nigerian police officer and administrator of Niger State and Ebonyi State. He was elected senator for Osun Central in April 2007 on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform.
5. James Rebhorn, American actor (b. 1948) deaths
  1. James Rebhorn
    
    James Robert Rebhorn was an American character actor who appeared in over 100 films, television series, and plays. At the time of his death, he had recurring roles in the series White Collar and Homeland. He also appeared in films such as Scent of a Woman, The Game, Carlito's Way, Independence Day, My Cousin Vinny, and Meet the Parents.
6. Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Iraqi patriarch (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Ignatius Zakka I
    
    Ignatius Zakka I Iwas was the 122nd reigning Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East and, as such, Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church. Also known by his traditional episcopal name, Severios, he was enthroned as patriarch on 14 September 1980 in St. George's Patriarchal Cathedral in Damascus. He succeeded Ignatius Ya`qub III. As is traditional for the head of the church, Mor Severios adopted the name Ignatius.
2013
1. Chinua Achebe, Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Chinua Achebe
    
    Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as the dominant figure of modern African literature. His first novel and magnum opus, Things Fall Apart (1958), occupies a pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read African novel. Along with Things Fall Apart, his No Longer at Ease (1960) and Arrow of God (1964) complete the so-called "African Trilogy"; later novels include A Man of the People (1966) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). He is often referred to as the "father of African literature", although he vigorously rejected the characterization.
2. Rick Hautala, American author and screenwriter (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Rick Hautala
    
    Rick Hautala was an American speculative fiction and horror writer. He graduated from the University of Maine in 1974, where he received a Master of Art in English Literature. Rick arrived on the horror scene in 1980 with many of his early novels published by Zebra books. He has written and published over 90 novels and short stories since the early 1980s. Many of his books have been translated to other languages and sold internationally. Cold Whisper, published in October, 1991 by Zebra Books, Inc. was also published in Finnish as Haamu by Werner Söderström, Helsinki, Finland, in August, 1994. Toward the end of his life, many of his works were published with specialty press and small press publishers like Cemetery Dance Publications and Dark Harvest. His novel The Wildman (2008), was chosen to be Full Moon Press' debut limited edition title.
3. Harlon Hill, American football player and coach (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Harlon Hill
    
    Harlon Junius Hill was an American professional football player who was an end for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Hill played for the Chicago Bears, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Detroit Lions. He was the NFL Rookie of the Year in 1954 and winner of the Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL Player of the Year in 1955. The Harlon Hill Trophy, named in his honor, is awarded annually to the nation's best NCAA Division II football player. After his playing career, he became a coach and educator.
4. Pietro Mennea, Italian sprinter and politician (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Pietro Mennea
    
    Pietro Paolo Mennea, nicknamed la Freccia del Sud, was an Italian sprinter and politician. He was most successful in the 200m event, winning a gold medal at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and set a world record at 19.72 seconds in September 1979. This record stood for almost 17 years – the longest duration in the event history – and is still the European record.
5. Giancarlo Zagni, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Giancarlo Zagni
    
    Giancarlo Zagni was an Italian director and screenwriter.
2012
1. Albrecht Dietz, German economist and businessman (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Albrecht Dietz
    
    Albrecht Dietz was a German entrepreneur and scientist who founded the first leasing company in Germany. He was considered to be one of the pioneers and founding fathers of the German leasing industry. His publications on economic subjects ranged from leasing and corporate management to institutions and evolutionary economics.
2. Ron Erhardt, American football player and coach (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Ron Erhardt
    
    Ronald Peter Erhardt was an American football coach at both the collegiate and professional levels. From 1979 to 1981 he served as head coach of the National Football League's New England Patriots.
3. Robert Fuest, English director, screenwriter, and production designer (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Robert Fuest
    
    Robert Fuest was an English film director, screenwriter, and production designer who worked mostly in the horror, fantasy and suspense genres.
4. Tonino Guerra, Italian poet and screenwriter (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Tonino Guerra
    
    Antonio "Tonino" Guerra was an Italian poet, writer and screenwriter who collaborated with some of the most prominent film directors in the world.
5. Irving Louis Horowitz, American sociologist, author, and academic (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Irving Louis Horowitz
    
    Irving Louis Horowitz was an American sociologist, author, and college professor who wrote and lectured extensively in his field, and his later years came to fear that it risked being seized by left-wing ideologues. He proposed a quantitative index for measuring a country's quality of life, and helped to popularize "Third World" as a term for the poorer nations of the Non-Aligned Movement. He was considered by many to be a neoconservative, although he maintained that he had no political adherence.
6. Yuri Razuvaev, Russian chess player and trainer (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Yuri Razuvaev
    
    Yuri Sergeyevich Razuvaev Russian: Ю́рий Серге́евич Разува́ев was a Russian chess player and trainer.
7. Marina Salye, Russian geologist and politician (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Marina Salye
    
    Marina Yevgenyevna Salye was a Russian geologist and politician, being the former deputy of the legislative assembly of Leningrad. She was also a people's deputy in the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR until September 1993, when the congress was dissolved. Salye was one of the leaders of the radical pro-reform group called Radical Democrats.
2011
1. Loleatta Holloway, American singer-songwriter (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Loleatta Holloway
    
    Loleatta Holloway was an American singer known for disco songs such as "Hit and Run" and "Love Sensation". In December 2016, Billboard named her the 95th most successful dance artist of all time. According to the Independent, Holloway is the most sampled female singer in popular music, used in house and dance tracks such as the 1989 single "Ride on Time".
2. Gerd Klier, German footballer (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Gerd Klier
    
    Gerd Klier was a professional German footballer.
3. Ladislav Novák, Czech footballer and manager (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Ladislav Novák
    
    Ladislav Novák was a Czech football defender and later a football manager. He played 75 matches for Czechoslovakia, 71 of them as a team captain.
4. Pinetop Perkins, American singer and pianist (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Pinetop Perkins
    
    Joe Willie "Pinetop" Perkins was an American blues pianist. He played with some of the most influential blues and rock-and-roll performers of his time and received numerous honors, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and induction into the Blues Hall of Fame.
2010
1. Wolfgang Wagner, German director and manager (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Wolfgang Wagner
    
    Wolfgang Wagner was a German opera director. He is best known as the director (Festspielleiter) of the Bayreuth Festival, a position he initially assumed alongside his brother Wieland in 1951 until the latter's death in 1966. From then on, he assumed total control until he retired in 2008, although many of the productions which he commissioned were severely criticized in their day. He had been plagued by family conflicts and criticism for many years. He was the son of Siegfried Wagner, who was the son of Richard Wagner, and the great-grandson of Franz Liszt.
2009
1. Mohit Sharma, Indian army officer (b. 1978) deaths
  1. Mohit Sharma (soldier)
    
    Major Mohit Sharma was an Indian Army Officer who was posthumously awarded the Ashoka Chakra, India's highest peace-time military decoration. Maj Sharma was from the elite 1st Para SF.
2. Walt Poddubny, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1960) deaths
  1. Walt Poddubny
    
    Walter Michael Poddubny was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger and coach who played eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1981–82 until 1991–92. He played 468 career NHL games, scoring 184 goals and 238 assists for 422 points.
2008
1. Denis Cosgrove, English-American geographer and academic (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Denis Cosgrove
    
    Denis Edmund Cosgrove was a distinguished British cultural geographer and Professor of Geography at the University of California, Los Angeles. Before this, he was Professor of Human Geography and Dean of the Graduate School at Royal Holloway, University of London. In 1998, he received the prestigious Back Award from the Royal Geographical Society.
2. Guillermo Jullian de la Fuente, Chilean architect and academic (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Guillermo Jullian de la Fuente
    
    Guillermo Jullian de la Fuente was a Chilean architect and painter. After finishing his studies of architecture at the Catholic University of Valparaiso, Jullian left his country for Europe, with the declared desire to work with the Swiss architect Le Corbusier.
3. John List, American murderer (b. 1925) deaths
  1. John List (murderer)
    
    John Emil List was an American mass murderer and long-time fugitive. On November 9, 1971, he killed his wife, mother, and three children at their home in Westfield, New Jersey, and then disappeared; he had planned the murders so meticulously that nearly a month passed before anyone suspected that anything was amiss.
2007
1. Drew Hayes, American author and illustrator (b. 1969) deaths
  1. Drew Hayes
    
    Lawrence Andrew "Drew" Hayes was a writer and graphic artist who is best known as the creator of the long-running independent comic book series Poison Elves.
2. Sven O. Høiby, Norwegian hurdler and journalist (b. 1936) deaths
  1. Sven O. Høiby
    
    Sven Olaf Bjarte Høiby was the father of Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway. After his daughter married the Crown Prince, he became a national celebrity due to a number of articles in the yellow press, especially Se og Hør.
2005
1. Barney Martin, American police officer and actor (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Barney Martin
    
    Barney Martin was an American actor, best known for playing Morty Seinfeld, father of Jerry, on the sitcom Seinfeld (1991-1998). He also played supporting roles in Mel Brooks' The Producers (1967), and the Dudley Moore comedy Arthur (1981). He also originated the role of Amos Hart in the 1976 Broadway production of Chicago.
2. Bobby Short, American singer and pianist (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Bobby Short
    
    Robert Waltrip Short was an American cabaret singer and pianist, who interpreted songs by popular composers from the first half of the 20th century such as Rodgers and Hart, Cole Porter, Jerome Kern, Harold Arlen, Richard A. Whiting, Vernon Duke, Noël Coward and George and Ira Gershwin.
2004
1. Ludmilla Tchérina, French actress, dancer, and choreographer (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Ludmilla Tchérina
    
    Ludmilla Tchérina was a French prima ballerina, sculptor, actress, painter, choreographer and author of two novels.
2003
1. Natalie Garcia, Canadian rhythmic gymnast births
  1. Natalie Garcia (gymnast)
    
    Natalie Garcia is a Canadian rhythmic gymnast.
2. Shivani, Indian author (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Shivani
    
    Gaura Pant, better known as Shivani, was a Hindi writer of the 20th century and a pioneer in writing Indian women-centric fiction. She was awarded the Padma Shri for her contribution to Hindi literature in 1982.
3. Umar Wirahadikusumah, Indonesian general and politician, 4th Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Umar Wirahadikusumah
    
    Umar Wirahadikusumah was an Indonesian politician and former army general, who served as the fourth Vice President of Indonesia, serving from 1983 until 1988. Previously, he was chair of the Audit Board of Indonesia from 1973 until 1983, and Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army from 1969 until 1973. Born on 10 October 1924, to a noble Sundanese family. He was educated at the Europeesche Lagere School Tasikmalaya and Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs Pasundan. He entered the military in 1943, during the Japanese occupation. He would go on to serve in the Indonesian Army during and after the Indonesian National Revolution, seeing combat in the Madiun Affair and the PRRI rebellion.
  2. Vice President of Indonesia
    
    The vice president of the Republic of Indonesia is second-highest officer in the executive branch of the Indonesian government, after the president, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. Since 2004, the president and vice president are directly elected to a five-year term.
2002
1. Herman Talmadge, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 70th Governor of Georgia (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Herman Talmadge
    
    Herman Eugene Talmadge was an American politician who served as governor of Georgia in 1947 and from 1948 to 1955 and as a U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1957 to 1981. Talmadge, a Democrat, served during a time of political transition, both in Georgia and nationally. Talmadge began his career as a staunch segregationist and was known for his opposition to civil rights, ordering schools to be closed rather than desegregated. By the later stages of his career, however, Talmadge had modified his earlier views. His life eventually encapsulated the emergence of his native Georgia from entrenched white supremacy into a political culture where white voters regularly elect black Congressmen.
  2. Governor of Georgia
    
    The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature, and the power to convene the legislature. The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.
2001
1. Chung Ju-yung, South Korean businessman, founded Hyundai (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Chung Ju-yung
    
    Chung Ju-yung or Jung Joo-young, was a South Korean entrepreneur, businessman and the founder of Hyundai Groups, one of the largest chaebols in South Korea. Raised as the eldest son of a poor Korean farmer, he became the richest man in South Korea. Chung was an integral part to the rapid development of Korea's economy, growing Hyundai Heavy Industries to be the largest ship builder in the world, as well as growing Hyundai Motor Group into the largest automobile manufacturer in Korea, and the third largest in the world. Chung was also a vital contributor to the development of South Korea's infrastructure after the Korean War's destruction of infrastructure, such as constructing the Gyeongbu Expressway in 1970, connecting the capital, Seoul, to the port city of Busan, in alliance with the President Park Chung Hee.
  2. Hyundai Group
    
    Hyundai Group is a South Korean conglomerate founded by Chung Ju-yung. The first company in the group was founded in 1947 as a construction company. With government assistance, Chung and his family members rapidly expanded into various industries, eventually becoming South Korea's second chaebol. Chung Ju-yung was directly in control of the company until his death in 2001.
2. Anthony Steel, English actor and singer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Anthony Steel (actor)
    
    Anthony Maitland Steel was a British actor and singer who appeared in British war films of the 1950s such as The Wooden Horse (1950) and Where No Vultures Fly. He was also known for his tumultuous marriage to Anita Ekberg.
2000
1. Jace Norman, American actor births
  1. Jace Norman
    
    Jace Lee Norman is an American actor. He starred as Henry Hart in the Nickelodeon television series Henry Danger from 2014 to 2020.
1999
1. Jean Guitton, French philosopher and author (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Jean Guitton
    
    Jean Guitton was a French Catholic philosopher and theologian.
2. Ernie Wise, English comedian and actor (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Ernie Wise
    
    Ernest Wiseman,, known by his stage name Ernie Wise, was an English comedian, best known as one half of the comedy duo Morecambe and Wise, who became a national institution on British television, especially for their Christmas specials.
1998
1. Galina Ulanova, Russian ballerina (b. 1910) deaths
  1. Galina Ulanova
    
    Galina Sergeyevna Ulanova was a Russian ballet dancer. She is frequently cited as being one of the greatest ballerinas of the 20th century.
1997
1. Martina Stoessel, Argentine actress births
  1. Tini (singer)
    
    Martina Stoessel Muzlera, known professionally as Tini, is an Argentine singer, songwriter, actress, dancer and model. She began her career by appearing on the Argentine children's television series Patito Feo (2007). She rose to prominence for her lead role as Violetta Castillo in the Disney Channel Latin America original telenovela, Violetta (2012–2015), and afterwards portrayed the same character in the series' sequel film Tini: The Movie (2016).
2. Wilbert Awdry, English cleric and author, created The Railway Series, the basis for Thomas the Tank Engine (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Wilbert Awdry
    
    Wilbert Vere Awdry was an English Anglican minister, railway enthusiast, and children's author. He was best known for creating Thomas the Tank Engine. Thomas and several other characters he created appeared in his Railway Series.
  2. The Railway Series
    
    The Railway Series is a series of British books about a railway known as the North Western Railway, located on the fictional Island of Sodor. There are 42 books in the series, the first published in May 1945 by the Rev. Wilbert Awdry. Twenty-five more books were written by Awdry, the final one being written in October 1972. Sixteen more were written by his son, Christopher Awdry, between September 1983 and July 2011. The series features many anthropomorphic vehicles, including Thomas the Tank Engine. Thomas became the most popular character in the series and the titular character of the television series Thomas & Friends from 1984 to 2021. Many characters and stories from the books formed the basis of the children's television series.
  3. Thomas the Tank Engine
    
    Thomas the Tank Engine is an anthropomorphised fictional tank locomotive in the British Railway Series books by Wilbert Awdry and his son, Christopher, published from 1945. He became the most popular and famous character in the series, and is the titular protagonist in the accompanying television adaptation series Thomas & Friends and its reboot Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go.
1996
1. Aurora Mikalsen, Norwegian footballer births
  1. Aurora Mikalsen
    
    Aurora Watten Mikalsen is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Toppserien club Brann. She has represented the Norway national team at multiple youth levels and received her first senior call-up in February 2018.
1994
1. Margaret Lu, American fencer births
  1. Margaret Lu
    
    Margaret Lu is an American fencer.
2. Macdonald Carey, American actor (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Macdonald Carey
    
    Edward Macdonald Carey was an American actor, best known for his role as the patriarch Dr. Tom Horton on NBC's soap opera Days of Our Lives. For almost three decades, he was the show's central cast member.
3. Lili Damita, French-American actress and singer (b. 1904) deaths
  1. Lili Damita
    
    Lili Damita was a French-American actress and singer who appeared in 33 films between 1922 and 1937.
4. Aleksandrs Laime, Latvian-born explorer (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Aleksandrs Laime
    
    Aleksandrs Laime was a famous Latvian-born explorer. He is most noted for being the first recorded human to reach Angel Falls, located in Venezuela, by foot. He also established, together with Charles Baughan, the tourist camp of Canaima, created solely for the purpose of bringing tourists to Angel Falls.
  2. Latvia
    
    Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the Baltic states; and is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi), with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Riga. Latvians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts; and speak Latvian, one of the only two surviving Baltic languages. Russians are the most prominent minority in the country, at almost a quarter of the population.
1993
1. Jake Bidwell, English footballer births
  1. Jake Bidwell
    
    Jake Brian Bidwell is an English professional footballer who plays as a left back for Coventry City. He began his career in the academy at Premier League side Everton and was capped by England at age-group level.
2. Jesse Joronen, Finnish footballer births
  1. Jesse Joronen
    
    Jesse Pekka Joronen is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie B club Venezia. He made his senior debut for Finland in 2013.
1992
1. Lehlogonolo Masalesa, South African footballer births
  1. Lehlogonolo Masalesa
    
    Lehlogonolo Masalesa is a South African footballer who last played for Black Leopards as a midfielder.
2. Karolína Plíšková, Czech tennis player births
  1. Karolína Plíšková
    
    Karolína Hrdličková is a Czech professional tennis player. She is a former world No. 1 in singles, reaching the top of the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) rankings on 17 July 2017 and holding the position for eight weeks. On 31 October 2016, she peaked at world No. 11 in the doubles rankings. Known for her powerful serve and forehand, Plíšková has won 16 singles and five doubles titles on the WTA tour, 10 singles and six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit, and over $20 million in prize money. She has reached two Grand Slam singles finals at the 2016 US Open and the 2021 Wimbledon Championships. As a junior, Plíšková won the girls' singles event at the 2010 Australian Open. She has also played for the Czech Republic in Fed Cup competition.
3. Kristýna Plíšková, Czech tennis player births
  1. Kristýna Plíšková
    
    Kristýna Plíšková is an inactive Czech professional tennis player. Plíšková has won one singles and four doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as nine singles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 31 July 2017, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 35. On 14 June 2021, she peaked at No. 44 in the doubles rankings. Plíšková won the 2010 Wimbledon Championships junior tournament, beating Sachie Ishizu in straight sets. She currently holds the record for the most aces (31) in a match on the WTA Tour, which she set in a second-round match against Monica Puig at the 2016 Australian Open.
4. John Ireland, Canadian-American actor and director (b. 1914) deaths
  1. John Ireland
    
    John Benjamin Ireland was a Canadian actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in All the King's Men (1949), making him the first Vancouver-born actor to receive an Oscar nomination.
5. Natalie Sleeth, American pianist and composer (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Natalie Sleeth
    
    Natalie Allyn Sleeth was an American composer of hymns and choral music.
1991
1. Luke Chapman, English footballer births
  1. Luke Chapman
    
    Luke Richard Chapman is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder.
2. Antoine Griezmann, French footballer births
  1. Antoine Griezmann
    
    Antoine Griezmann is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the France national team. A versatile player, Griezmann is known for his attacking, passing, and supportive defence, and has played as an attacking midfielder, winger, and striker in his career.
3. Vedat Dalokay, Turkish architect and politician, Mayor of Ankara (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Vedat Dalokay
    
    Vedat Dalokay was a renowned Turkish architect and a former mayor of Ankara.
  2. List of mayors of Ankara
    
    This is a list of mayors of Ankara, Turkey in the Republican era.
4. Leo Fender, American businessman, founded Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (b. 1909) deaths
  1. Leo Fender
    
    Clarence Leonidas Fender was an American inventor known for designing the Fender Stratocaster. He also founded the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. In January 1965, he sold Fender to CBS, and later founded two other musical instrument companies, Music Man and G&L Musical Instruments.
  2. Fender (company)
    
    The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation is an American manufacturer of instruments and amplifiers. Fender produces acoustic guitars, bass amplifiers and public address equipment, however it is best known for its solid-body electric guitars and bass guitars, particularly the Stratocaster, Telecaster, Jaguar, Jazzmaster, Precision Bass, and the Jazz Bass. The company was founded in Fullerton, California by Clarence Leonidas "Leo" Fender in 1946. Its headquarters are in Los Angeles, California.
1990
1. Mandy Capristo, German singer-songwriter and dancer births
  1. Mandy Capristo
    
    Mandy Grace Capristo, also known mononymously as Mandy, is a German singer and songwriter.
2. Ryann Krais, American runner and heptathlete births
  1. Ryann Krais
    
    Ryann Krais is an American athlete. She is a gold and bronze medalist from the 2007 World Youth Championships.
3. Alex Nimo, Liberian-American soccer player births
  1. Alex Nimo
    
    Alexander "Alex" Frank Nimo is a Liberian-born American soccer player.
1989
1. Jordi Alba, Spanish footballer births
  1. Jordi Alba
    
    Jordi Alba Ramos is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for La Liga club Barcelona and the Spain national team. He is often regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation.
2. Nicolás Lodeiro, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Nicolás Lodeiro
    
    Marcelo Nicolás Lodeiro Benítez, commonly known as Nicolás Lodeiro, is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for MLS club Seattle Sounders FC and the Uruguay national team.
3. Takeru Satoh, Japanese actor births
  1. Takeru Satoh
    
    Takeru Satoh is a Japanese actor. He is best known for his leading role as Ryotaro Nogami in the Kamen Rider Den-O franchise, and as Himura Kenshin in the live-action Rurouni Kenshin film and its sequels.
1988
1. Kateřina Čechová, Czech sprinter births
  1. Kateřina Čechová
    
    Kateřina Čechová is a Czech athlete who specialises in the 100 m and 200 m sprints.
2. Erik Johnson, American ice hockey player births
  1. Erik Johnson
    
    Erik Robert Johnson is an American ice hockey defenseman for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL). Nicknamed the "Condor", Johnson previously played for the St. Louis Blues, who selected him with the first overall pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. Additionally, he has represented the United States in numerous tournaments. Johnson won the Stanley Cup with the Avalanche in 2022.
3. Eric Krüger, German sprinter births
  1. Eric Krüger
    
    Eric Krüger is a German athlete who competes in the sprint with a personal best time of 45.77 seconds over 400 metres.
4. Michael Madl, Austrian footballer births
  1. Michael Madl
    
    Michael Madl is an Austrian professional football coach and a former player who played as a defender. He works as a coach with the Austria Wien academy. He represented the Austria under-21 team.
1987
1. Carlos Carrasco, Venezuelan baseball pitcher births
  1. Carlos Carrasco (baseball)
    
    Carlos Luis Carrasco, nicknamed "Cookie", is a Venezuelan-born American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut with the Cleveland Indians in 2009. Listed at 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) and 224 pounds (102 kg), he throws and bats right-handed.
2. Walter L. Gordon, Canadian accountant, lawyer, and politician, 22nd Canadian Minister of Finance (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Walter L. Gordon
    
    Walter Lockhart Gordon was a Canadian accountant, businessman, politician, and writer.
  2. Minister of Finance (Canada)
    
    The minister of finance is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for overseeing the Department of Finance and presenting the federal government's budget each year. It is one of the most important positions in the Cabinet.
3. Robert Preston, American captain, actor, and singer (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Robert Preston (actor)
    
    Robert Preston Meservey was an American stage and film actor and singer of Broadway and cinema, best known for his collaboration with composer Meredith Willson and originating the role of Professor Harold Hill in the 1957 musical The Music Man and the 1962 film adaptation; the film earned him his first of two Golden Globe Award nominations. Preston collaborated twice with filmmaker Blake Edwards, first in S.O.B. (1981) and again in Victor/Victoria (1982). For portraying Carroll "Toddy" Todd in the latter, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 55th Academy Awards.
1986
1. Scott Eastwood, American actor births
  1. Scott Eastwood
    
    Scott Eastwood is an American actor. His notable films are Flags of Our Fathers (2006), Gran Torino (2008), Invictus (2009), The Forger (2012), Trouble with the Curve (2012), Texas Chainsaw (2013), Fury (2014), The Perfect Wave (2014), The Longest Ride (2015), Mercury Plains (2016), Suicide Squad (2016), Snowden (2016), Walk of Fame (2017), The Fate of the Furious (2017), Overdrive (2017), Pacific Rim Uprising (2018), The Outpost (2020), Wrath of Man (2021) and Dangerous (2021). He is the son of actor and filmmaker Clint Eastwood.
2. Michu, Spanish footballer births
  1. Michu
    
    Miguel Pérez Cuesta, known as Michu, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a striker or attacking midfielder.
3. Romanos Alyfantis, Greek swimmer births
  1. Romanos Alyfantis
    
    Romanos Iasonas Alyfantis is a breaststroke swimmer from Greece. He won a silver medal at the 2005 Mediterranean Games, and represented his native country at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics.
4. Nikoleta Kyriakopoulou, Greek pole vaulter births
  1. Nikoleta Kyriakopoulou
    
    Nikoleta 'Nikol' Kyriakopoulou is a Greek pole vaulter. Nikoleta was 8th at the Olympics Games in Tokyo 2021. She also won the bronze medal at the World Championships in Beijing in 2015 jumping 4.80m. During the 2015 season, she set five Greek records raising the bar to 4,83 meters. The same year, she became the first Greek athlete to win the IAAF Diamond League.
1985
1. Ryan Callahan, American ice hockey player births
  1. Ryan Callahan
    
    Ryan G. Callahan is an American former professional ice hockey right winger who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers and the Tampa Bay Lightning. He currently serves as a studio and game analyst for the NHL on ESPN.
2. Adrian Peterson, American football player births
  1. Adrian Peterson
    
    Adrian Lewis Peterson is an American football running back who is a free agent. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest running backs in football history. He played college football at Oklahoma, where he set the freshman rushing record with 1,925 yards during the 2004 season. Named a unanimous All-American that year, he became the first freshman to finish as a runner-up in the Heisman Trophy balloting. Peterson finished his college football career as the Sooners' third all-time leading rusher.
3. Michael Redgrave, English actor, director, and manager (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Michael Redgrave
    
    Sir Michael Scudamore Redgrave CBE was an English stage and film actor, director, manager and author. He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Mourning Becomes Electra (1947), as well as two BAFTA nominations for Best British Actor for his performances in The Night My Number Came Up (1955) and Time Without Pity (1957).
1984
1. Tiago dos Santos Roberto, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Tiago (footballer, born 1984)
    
    Tiago full name Tiago dos Santos Roberto is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward.
2. Guillermo Daniel Rodríguez, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Guillermo Rodríguez (footballer)
    
    Guillermo Daniel Rodríguez Pérez is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Sud América.
1983
1. Lucila Pascua, Spanish basketball player births
  1. Lucila Pascua
    
    María Lucila Pascua Suárez is a Spanish basketball center.
2. Jean Ondoa, Cameroonian footballer births
  1. Jean Ondoa
    
    Jean Chrisostome Mekongo Ondoa is a Cameroonian footballer.
1982
1. Maria Elena Camerin, Italian tennis player births
  1. Maria Elena Camerin
    
    Maria Elena Camerin is a former professional tennis player from Italy.
2. Ejegayehu Dibaba, Ethiopian runner births
  1. Ejegayehu Dibaba
    
    Ejegayehu Dibaba Keneni ; born 21 March 1982, in Bekoji) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner. She won the silver medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Ejegayehu earned bronze medals for the 5000 metres and 10,000 m at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics. She took gold medals in the 10,000 m at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games and All-Africa Games.
3. Aaron Hill, American baseball player births
  1. Aaron Hill (baseball)
    
    Aaron Walter Hill is an American former professional baseball second baseman. Hill was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the first round of the 2003 MLB draft and made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with them in 2005. He also played for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Milwaukee Brewers, Boston Red Sox and San Francisco Giants. Hill is one of only five players in MLB history to hit for the cycle twice in one season.
4. Colin Turkington, Northern Irish race car driver births
  1. Colin Turkington
    
    Colin Henry Turkington is a British racing driver from Northern Ireland who competes in the British Touring Car Championship for Team BMW. He is a 4 time BTCC champion, winning the title in 2009, 2014, 2018 and 2019, having made his debut in the series in 2002.
1981
1. Germano Borovicz Cardoso Schweger, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Germano (footballer, born 1981)
    
    Germano Borovicz Cardozo Schweger or simply Germano, is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
2. Sébastien Chavanel, French cyclist births
  1. Sébastien Chavanel
    
    Sébastien Chavanel is a retired French professional road bicycle racer who last rode for UCI ProTeam FDJ. He is a younger brother, by just under 2 years, to fellow professional cyclist Sylvain Chavanel.
3. Glenn Hall, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Glenn Hall (rugby league)
    
    Glenn Hall is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. He played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, the South Sydney Rabbitohs, the Sydney Roosters, the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles, with which he won the 2008 NRL premiership and 2009 World Club Challenge with and the North Queensland Cowboys in the National Rugby League, while also had a stint in the Super League with the Bradford Bulls. He primarily played as a second-row and prop.
4. Jason King, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Jason King (rugby league)
    
    Jason King is a sports administrator who currently works for the NRL. King is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. A New South Wales State of Origin representative front row forward, King played his club football in Sydney for the Northern Eagles and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, with whom he won the 2008 NRL Premiership. He also represented City Origin.
5. Todd Polglase, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Todd Polglase
    
    Todd Polglase, born 21 March 1981 is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. He played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, South Sydney Rabbitohs and Newcastle Knights in the National Rugby League competition.
1980
1. Ronaldinho, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Ronaldinho
    
    Ronaldo de Assis Moreira, commonly known as Ronaldinho Gaúcho or simply Ronaldinho, is a Brazilian retired professional footballer who played mostly as an attacking midfielder, but was also deployed as a winger. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldinho won two FIFA World Player of the Year awards and a Ballon d'Or. A global icon of the sport, he was renowned for his technical skills, creativity, dribbling ability and accuracy from free-kicks, his use of tricks, feints, no-look passes and overhead kicks, as well as his ability to score and create goals, all prominent characteristics of his early-age background playing futsal.
2. Marit Bjørgen, Norwegian skier births
  1. Marit Bjørgen
    
    Marit Bjørgen is a former Norwegian cross-country skier. She is ranked first in the all-time Cross-Country World Cup rankings with 114 individual victories. Bjørgen is also the most successful sprinter in Cross-Country World Cup history, with 29 victories. She headed the medal table at the 2010 Winter Olympics by winning five medals, including three gold. A five-time Olympian, her five Olympic medals at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games brought her total number of medals up to a record 15, the most by any athlete in Winter Olympics history.
3. Lee Jin, South Korean singer and actress births
  1. Lee Jin
    
    Lee Jin is a South Korean singer and actress. She made her entertainment debut as a member of the K-pop girl group Fin.K.L, along with Lee Hyori, Ock Joo-hyun, and Sung Yu-ri. After Fin.K.L came to an unofficial end in 2002, Lee became an actress.
4. Deryck Whibley, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer births
  1. Deryck Whibley
    
    Deryck Jason Whibley, nicknamed Bizzy D, is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for his work as the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, keyboardist, main songwriter, producer, founder and only constant member of the rock band Sum 41.
5. Peter Stoner, American mathematician and astronomer (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Peter Stoner
    
    Peter Stoner was a Christian writer and Chairman of the departments of mathematics and astronomy at Pasadena City College until 1953; Chairman of the science division, Westmont College, 1953–57; Professor Emeritus of Science, Westmont College; and Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Astronomy, Pasadena City College.
1978
1. Sally Barsosio, Kenyan runner births
  1. Sally Barsosio
    
    Sally Barsosio is a Kenyan distance runner. As of 2015, Barsosio is the youngest ever medallist at the World Junior Championships in Athletics, at 14 years and 182 days.
2. Joyce Jimenez, Filipino movie and TV actress births
  1. Joyce Jimenez
    
    Joyce Herrín Reintegrado-Egbalic, popularly known by her screen name Joyce Jimenez is an American-born Filipino former actress who stars in movies in the Philippines.
3. Charmaine Dragun, Australian journalist (d. 2007) births
  1. Charmaine Dragun
    
    Charmaine Margaret Dragun was an Australian broadcast journalist and presenter. She was a co-anchor on Ten Eyewitness News. Dragun, who had been diagnosed with depression and had a history of anorexia, died by suicide on 2 November 2007.
4. Cristian Guzmán, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Cristian Guzmán
    
    Cristian Antonio Guzmán is a Dominican former professional baseball shortstop. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins, Washington Nationals, and Texas Rangers.
5. Mohammad Rezaei, Iranian wrestler births
  1. Mohammad Rezaei (wrestler, born 1978)
    
    Mohammad Rezaei is an Iranian wrestler.
6. Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, President of Ireland (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh
    
    Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician, judge and barrister who served as the fifth president of Ireland from December 1974 to October 1976.
1977
1. Bruno Cirillo, Italian footballer births
  1. Bruno Cirillo
    
    Bruno "Brunillo" Cirillo is a former Italian footballer who played as a centre-back.
2. Jamie Delgado, English tennis player births
  1. Jamie Delgado
    
    Jamie Delgado is a British tennis coach and former professional player. Delgado has represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup, most recently in 2006.
1976
1. Rachael MacFarlane, American voice actress and singer births
  1. Rachael MacFarlane
    
    Rachael Ann MacFarlane Laudiero is an American voice actress and singer. Her voice credits include Hayley Smith on the animated television show American Dad!, Supreme Leader Numbuh 362 in the television series Codename: Kids Next Door, and Kate Lockwell in the video game Starcraft II. She is the younger sister of Seth MacFarlane.
2. Bamboo Mañalac, Filipino singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Bamboo Mañalac
    
    Francisco Gaudencio Lope Belardo Mañalac, popularly known as Bamboo Mañalac or simply by the mononym Bamboo, is a Filipino-American musician and singer-songwriter. He began his career as vocalist and original frontman of Rivermaya and later fronted his own band, Bamboo. Bamboo band disbanded in 2011 and Mañalac then pursued a solo career and released his first solo album, No Water, No Moon.
3. Tekin Sazlog, German-Turkish footballer births
  1. Tekin Sazlog
    
    Tekin Sazlog is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a striker.
1975
1. Yacoub Al-Mohana, Kuwaiti director and producer births
  1. Yacoub Al-Mohana
    
    Yacoub Yousef Al-Mohana is a Kuwaiti film and musical director. He had worked musical videos of the Persian Gulf region's popular vocalists such as Rashed Al-Majed, Rahma Mezher and Ali Al Badr. He was noted for his many works of art, including paintings and poetry, and being a very well versed musician, as he acquired skills from his well-versed family of musicians. He has worked on many television commercials, documentaries and concerts. His recent clip was from a notably famous singer from Saudi Arabian artist Rashed Al-Majed song entitled "El Batool".
2. Corne Krige, South African rugby player births
  1. Corné Krige
    
    Cornelius Petrus Johannes "Corné" Krige is a retired South African rugby union player. He played flanker for Western Province in the Currie Cup, the Stormers in Super Rugby and captained the South African national side, the Springboks.
3. Fabricio Oberto, Argentinian-Italian basketball player births
  1. Fabricio Oberto
    
    Fabricio Raúl Jesús Oberto is an Argentine-Italian color analyst and former professional basketball player. At 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m), he played as a center and power forward. With the LNB club Atenas, in his native Argentina, Oberto began playing professionally in 1993, and later played overseas with teams in Spain and Greece. In 2005, Oberto signed with the San Antonio Spurs, a team of the American National Basketball Association (NBA), and won a championship with the Spurs in 2007. He is also a former member of the senior Argentina national basketball team.
4. Vitaly Potapenko, Ukrainian basketball player and coach births
  1. Vitaly Potapenko
    
    Vitaly Nikolaevich Potapenko is a Ukrainian former professional basketball player who is currently an assistant coach for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at Wright State University and was selected 12th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 1996 NBA draft, also the last pick before Kobe Bryant, believed by many as the best player from the 1996 draft. Nicknamed "The Ukraine Train", he played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, the Boston Celtics, the Seattle SuperSonics, and the Sacramento Kings of the NBA, as well as MMT Estudiantes in the Spanish ACB.
5. Mark Williams, Welsh snooker player births
  1. Mark Williams (snooker player)
    
    Mark James Williams is a Welsh professional snooker player who is a three-time World Champion, winning in 2000, 2003 and 2018. Often noted for his single-ball long potting ability, Williams has earned the nickname "The Welsh Potting Machine".
6. Joe Medwick, American baseball player and coach (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Joe Medwick
    
    Joseph Michael Medwick, nicknamed "Ducky" and "Muscles", was an American Major League Baseball player. A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s, he also played with the Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Giants (1943–1945), and Boston Braves (1945). Medwick is the last National League player to win the Triple Crown Award (1937).
1974
1. Rhys Darby, New Zealand comedian and actor births
  1. Rhys Darby
    
    Rhys Montague Darby is a New Zealand actor and comedian, known for his energetic physical comedy routines, telling stories accompanied with mime and sound effects of things such as machinery and animals. He was nominated for the Billy T Award in 2001 and 2002. He also won the 2012 Fred (Dagg) award at the New Zealand International Comedy Festival, for best NZ show.
2. Dejima Takeharu, Japanese sumo wrestler births
  1. Dejima Takeharu
    
    Dejima Takeharu is a former sumo wrestler from Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. A former amateur champion, he made his professional debut in 1996, reaching the top makuuchi division the following year. In July 1999 he won the yūshō or tournament championship and earned promotion to the second highest rank of ōzeki. He lost the rank in 2001 and, for the most part, remained a maegashira until his retirement in 2009. He won ten special prizes and six gold stars over his long career. He wrestled for Musashigawa stable. He is now an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Ōnaruto Oyakata.
3. Edsel Dope, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Edsel Dope
    
    Brian Ebejer, known professionally as Edsel Dope, is an American musician who is the lead singer, rhythm guitarist and main songwriter for nu metal/industrial metal band Dope. Dope was founded in 1997 by Edsel and his brother Simon (keyboards) in New York City.
4. Ted Kravitz, British presenter and Formula One pit-lane reporter births
  1. Ted Kravitz
    
    Ted Kravitz is a British Formula One pit-lane reporter who works for Sky Sports F1.
  2. Formula One
    
    Formula One is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The World Drivers' Championship, which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981, has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950. The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants' cars must conform. A Formula One season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, which take place worldwide on both purpose-built circuits and closed public roads.
5. Kevin Leahy, American drummer births
  1. Kevin Leahy (musician)
    
    Kevin Leahy is a drummer/percussionist who has recorded and performed with Shawn Mullins, Billy Pilgrim, BoDeans, Jennifer Nettles, Ellis Paul and other American folk rock artists. He studied classical percussion at the Manhattan School of Music and Indiana University School of Music, where he was a student of Kenny Aronoff. While studying at Indiana University, Leahy played in the bands; Flattus Flattus, Fambooey Fambooey, and Hipmotize Hipmotize. He is a member of the band Yonder Orphans.
6. Conor Woodman, Irish journalist and author births
  1. Conor Woodman
    
    Conor Thomas Patrick Woodman is an Irish author and broadcaster, best known as the host of Scam City and Around the World in 80 Trades.
1973
1. Ananda Lewis, American television host births
  1. Ananda Lewis
    
    Ananda Lewis is an American television host, carpenter, former model, and social activist. She was an MTV veejay from the late 1990s until 2001, when she left the network to host her own broadcast syndicated television talk show, The Ananda Lewis Show. She was a correspondent for The Insider from 2004 to 2005. She then became a carpenter. She hosted the 2019 revival of While You Were Out on TLC.
2. Stuart Nethercott, English footballer and manager births
  1. Stuart Nethercott
    
    Stuart Nethercott is an English football manager and former professional footballer.
3. Large Professor, American rapper and producer births
  1. Large Professor
    
    William Paul Mitchell, better known by the stage name of Large Professor, is an American rapper and record producer. Based in New York City, he is known as a founding member of the underground hip hop group Main Source and as mentor and frequent collaborator of Nas. About.com ranked Large Professor at No. 13 on its Top 25 Hip-Hop Producers list.
1972
1. Chris Candido, American wrestler (d. 2005) births
  1. Chris Candido
    
    Christopher Barrett Candito was an American professional wrestler. Candito is best remembered for his tenures with promotions such as World Championship Wrestling, Extreme Championship Wrestling, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and Smoky Mountain Wrestling, where he performed under the ring name Chris Candido, as well as for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation under the ring name Skip, one-half of the tag team The Bodydonnas. For much of his career, he performed alongside his real-life partner, Tammy "Sunny" Sytch, who acted as his valet.
2. Balázs Kiss, Hungarian hammer thrower births
  1. Balázs Kiss (athlete)
    
    Balázs Kiss is a retired Hungarian hammer thrower. He is the 1996 Olympic champion and the 1998 European Championships silver medalist, and has two fourth places from World Championships. His personal best throw was 83.00 metres, achieved during the 1998 Golden League circuit.
3. Derartu Tulu, Ethiopian runner births
  1. Derartu Tulu
    
    Derartu Tulu NL COL is an Ethiopian former long-distance runner, who competed in track, cross country running, and road running up to the marathon distance. She won 10,000 metres titles at the 1992 Barcelona and 2000 Sydney Olympics, and a bronze in the event at the 2004 Athens Olympics. At the World Championships in Athletics, Derartu took silver in the 10,000 m in 1995, and a gold in 2001. She was a three-time IAAF World Cross Country champion.
4. Graeme Welch, English cricketer births
  1. Graeme Welch
    
    Graeme Welch is a former English cricket player and coach born in Durham. He played for two county teams, Derbyshire and Warwickshire.
1971
1. Zsolt Kürtösi, Hungarian decathlete births
  1. Zsolt Kürtösi
    
    Zsolt István Kürtösi is a Hungarian decathlete and bobsledder.
1970
1. Shiho Niiyama, Japanese voice actress (d. 2000) births
  1. Shiho Niiyama
    
    Shiho Niiyama was a Japanese voice actress from Matsuyama, Ehime. She was attached to Aoni Production at the time of her death. Niiyama was most known for the roles of Kou Seiya/Sailor Star Fighter in the Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon series, Risa Kanzaki in Neighborhood Story, Suou Takamura in Clamp School Detectives and Deedlit in Record of Lodoss War: Chronicles of the Heroic Knight. She was also involved in one voice actor group, Virgo, who are the voice actresses of the anime and game, Ojōsama Sōsamō.
2. Cenk Uygur, Turkish-American political activist births
  1. Cenk Uygur
    
    Cenk Kadir Uygur is a Turkish-American progressive political commentator, media host, attorney, and journalist. Uygur is the creator of The Young Turks, an American left-wing, sociopolitical, progressive news and commentary program. Before beginning his career as a political commentator, he worked briefly as an associate attorney in Washington, D.C. and New York City. As a young man, Uygur supported social conservative positions but as his views evolved he began to identify as a progressive. Uygur also co-founded the progressive political action committee Justice Democrats along with Zack Exley, Saikat Chakrabarti, and Kyle Kulinski.
3. Manolis Chiotis, Greek singer-songwriter and bouzouki player (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Manolis Chiotis
    
    Manolis Chiotis was a Greek rebetiko and laiko composer, singer, and bouzouki player. He is considered one of the greatest bouzouki soloists of all time. He popularised the four-course bouzouki (tetrachordo) and introduced the guitar-like tuning, who found it better suited to the kind of virtuoso playing he was famous for.
  2. Bouzouki
    
    The bouzouki, also spelled buzuki or buzuci, is a musical instrument popular in Greece. It is a member of the long-necked lute family, with a round body with a flat top and a long neck with a fretted fingerboard. It has steel strings and is played with a plectrum producing a sharp metallic sound, reminiscent of a mandolin but pitched lower. There are two main types of bouzouki: the trichordo (three-course) has three pairs of strings and the tetrachordo (four-course) has four pairs of strings. The instrument was brought to Greece in the early 1900s by Greek refugees from Anatolia, and quickly became the central instrument to the rebetiko genre and its music branches. It is now an important element of modern Laïko pop Greek music.
1969
1. Jonah Goldberg, American journalist and author births
  1. Jonah Goldberg
    
    Jonah Jacob Goldberg is an American conservative syndicated columnist, author, political analyst, and commentator. The founding editor of National Review Online, from 1998 until 2019 he was an editor at National Review. Goldberg writes a weekly column about politics and culture for the Los Angeles Times. In October 2019, Goldberg became founding editor of the online opinion and news publication The Dispatch. Goldberg has authored the No. 1 New York Times bestseller Liberal Fascism, released in January 2008; The Tyranny of Cliches: How Liberals Cheat in the War of Ideas, released in 2012; and Suicide of the West, which was published in April 2018 and also became a New York Times bestseller, reaching No. 5 on the list the following month.
1968
1. Cameron Clyne, Australian businessman births
  1. Cameron Clyne
    
    Cameron Clyne is an Australian businessman, who served Group CEO of the National Australia Bank Group.
2. Andrew Copeland, American singer and guitarist births
  1. Sister Hazel
    
    Sister Hazel is an American alternative rock band from Gainesville, Florida, whose style blends elements of jangle pop, folk rock, classic rock, and southern rock.
3. Gary Walsh, English football coach and former footballer births
  1. Gary Walsh
    
    Gary Walsh is an English football coach and professional former footballer who is the head goalkeeping coach at West Bromwich Albion.
  2. Association football
    
    Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45 minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries, it is considered the world's most popular sport.
4. Greg Ellis, English actor, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Greg Ellis (actor)
    
    Greg Ellis is a British actor.
5. Tolunay Kafkas, Turkish footballer and manager births
  1. Tolunay Kafkas
    
    Hakkı Tolunay Kafkas is a UEFA Pro Licensed Turkish professional football manager and former player. He is manager of Turkey U-21.
6. Scott Williams, American basketball player and sportscaster births
  1. Scott Williams (basketball)
    
    Scott Christopher Williams is a retired American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Standing at 6' 10", he was capable of playing as a power forward or a center. Williams contributed off the bench during the Chicago Bulls' first three-peat championships (1991–93) early in his professional career. He developed into a front-court reserve during his fifteen seasons in the NBA, where he was known for his hustle and strong defense. Since his retirement, Williams has coached in the NBA Development League and NBA as well as commentating for a variety of NBA teams. Williams is currently the color analyst for the Grand Canyon Antelopes men's basketball team.
1967
1. Carwyn Jones, Welsh lawyer and politician, First Minister of Wales births
  1. Carwyn Jones
    
    Carwyn Howell Jones is a Welsh politician who served as First Minister of Wales and Leader of Welsh Labour from 2009 to 2018. He served as Counsel General for Wales from 2007 to 2009. Jones served as the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Bridgend from 1999 to 2021.
  2. First Minister of Wales
    
    The first minister of Wales is the leader of the Welsh Government and keeper of the Welsh Seal. The first minister chairs the Welsh Cabinet and is primarily responsible for the formulation, development and presentation of Welsh Government policy. Additional functions of the first minister include promoting and representing Wales in an official capacity, at home and abroad, and responsibility for constitutional affairs, as they relate to devolution and the Welsh Government.
2. Mirela Rupic, American costume and fashion designer births
  1. Mirela Rupic
    
    Mirela Rupic is an American costume and fashion designer. Her costume designing career took off after she was included in a minor TV series, which followed with her involvement in the movie Fight Club in 1999. She is also known for being the lead costume designer in the 2007 TV series Chuck.
1966
1. Benito Archundia, Mexican footballer, referee, lawyer, and economist births
  1. Benito Archundia
    
    Benito Armando Archundia Téllez is a Mexican former football referee. He is known in Mexico as Armando Archundia, but appears as Benito Archundia in FIFA records. He has been a professional referee since 1985 and has had his FIFA referee permission since 1993. His first fixture as an international referee was the 1994 match between USA and Greece.
2. Hauke Fuhlbrügge, German runner births
  1. Hauke Fuhlbrügge
    
    Hauke Fuhlbrügge is a former German middle distance runner.
3. Matthew Maynard, English cricketer and coach births
  1. Matthew Maynard
    
    Matthew Peter Maynard, is an English cricket coach and former cricketer. He played in four Tests and fourteen ODIs for England.
4. Moa Matthis, Swedish author births
  1. Moa Matthis
    
    Moa Matthis, is a Swedish literature critic and author. She writes for Dagens Nyheter, and she writes articles and books mostly for a feminist angle.
1965
1. Xavier Bertrand, French businessman and politician, French Minister of Social Affairs births
  1. Xavier Bertrand
    
    Xavier Bertrand is a French politician who has been serving as president of the regional council of Hauts-de-France since the 2015 regional elections.
  2. Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)
    
    The Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion, commonly just referred to as Minister of Labour, is a cabinet member in the Government of France. The minister is responsible for employment, labour legislation as well as the integration of foreigners.
2. Thomas Frank, American author, historian and political analyst births
  1. Thomas Frank
    
    Thomas Carr Frank is an American political analyst, historian, and journalist. He co-founded and edited The Baffler magazine. Frank is the author of the books What's the Matter with Kansas? (2004) and Listen, Liberal (2016), among others. From 2008 to 2010 he wrote "The Tilting Yard", a column in The Wall Street Journal.
1964
1. Ieuan Evans, Welsh rugby player births
  1. Ieuan Evans
    
    Ieuan Cennydd Evans is a former rugby union player who played on the wing for Wales and the British and Irish Lions. He is the fourth highest try scorer for Wales behind Shane Williams, George North and Gareth Thomas and joint 24th in the world on the all-time test try scoring list. Evans held the record for the most Wales caps as captain with 28, a record overtaken by Ryan Jones in 2012.
2. Jesper Skibby, Danish cyclist births
  1. Jesper Skibby
    
    Jesper Skibby is a retired professional road racing cyclist. He won at least one stage at each of the major tours. He was one of the most popular in Denmark, not only because of his talent, but also because of his wit and his constant banter. He rode for the Dutch TVM from 1989 to 1997, but switched to the Danish team Team home - Jack & Jones in 1998, where he ended his active career in 2000.
1963
1. Shawon Dunston, American baseball player births
  1. Shawon Dunston
    
    Shawon Donnell Dunston is an American retired professional baseball player. A shortstop, Dunston played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1985 through 2002.
2. Ronald Koeman, Dutch footballer and manager births
  1. Ronald Koeman
    
    Ronald Koeman is a Dutch professional football manager and former player, who was most recently the manager of La Liga club Barcelona. He is the younger brother of his former international teammate Erwin Koeman and the son of former Dutch international Martin Koeman. Koeman was capable of playing both as a defender and as a midfielder; he frequently played as a sweeper, although he was equally known for his goalscoring, long–range shooting, and accuracy from free kicks and penalties.
3. Shawn Lane, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (d. 2003) births
  1. Shawn Lane
    
    Shawn Lane was an American musician who released two studio albums and collaborated with a variety of musicians including Ringo Starr, Kris Kristofferson, Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, Reggie Young, Joe Walsh, Jonas Hellborg, Anders Johansson, Jens Johansson and many others. After studying the piano, he mastered the guitar, which he played with exceptional speed.
4. Share Pedersen, American bass player births
  1. Share Ross
    
    Sharon June "Share" Ross is an American musician. She was the bass player of the female hard rock band, Vixen, from whom she has been on hiatus since February 2022.
1962
1. Matthew Broderick, American actor births
  1. Matthew Broderick
    
    Matthew Broderick is an American actor. His roles include the Golden Globe-nominated portrayal of the title character in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), the voice of adult Simba in Disney's The Lion King (1994), and Leo Bloom in both the Broadway musical The Producers and its 2005 film adaptation. Other films he had starring credits in include WarGames (1983), Glory (1989), The Freshman (1990), The Cable Guy (1996), Godzilla (1998), Inspector Gadget (1999), You Can Count on Me (2000) and The Last Shot (2004). Broderick also directed himself in Infinity (1996) and provided voice work in Good Boy! (2003), Bee Movie (2007), and The Tale of Despereaux (2008).
2. Kathy Greenwood, Canadian actress and screenwriter births
  1. Kathy Greenwood
    
    Kathryn Greenwood is a Canadian actress and comedian. She appeared on the American version of Whose Line Is It Anyway? numerous times, and played Grace Bailey on the Canadian television drama series Wind at My Back.
3. Rosie O'Donnell, American actress, producer, and talk show host births
  1. Rosie O'Donnell
    
    Roseann O'Donnell is an American comedian, television producer, actress, author, and television personality. She began her comedy career as a teenager and received her breakthrough on the television series Star Search in 1984. After a series of television and film roles that introduced her to a larger national audience, O'Donnell hosted her own syndicated daytime talk show, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, between 1996 and 2002, which won several Daytime Emmy Awards. During this period, she developed the nickname "Queen of Nice", as well as a reputation for philanthropic efforts.
4. Mark Waid, American author births
  1. Mark Waid
    
    Mark Waid is an American comic book writer best known for his work on DC Comics titles The Flash, Kingdom Come and Superman: Birthright as well as his work on Captain America, Fantastic Four and Daredevil for Marvel. From August 2007 to December 2010, Waid served as Editor-in-Chief and later Chief Creative Officer of Boom! Studios, where he also published his creator-owned series Irredeemable and Incorruptible. In October 2018, Waid joined Humanoids Publishing as Director of Creative Development before being promoted to Publisher in February 2020. In addition to that, Waid has written for a variety of comics publishers, including Fantagraphics, Event, Top Cow, Dynamite and Archie Comics.
1961
1. Lothar Matthäus, German footballer and manager births
  1. Lothar Matthäus
    
    Lothar Herbert Matthäus is a German football pundit and former professional player and manager. After captaining West Germany to victory in the 1990 FIFA World Cup where he lifted the World Cup trophy, he was awarded the Ballon d'Or. In 1991, he was named the first FIFA World Player of the Year, and remains the only German to have received the award. He was also included in the Ballon d'Or Dream Team in 2020.
2. Gary O'Reilly, English footballer births
  1. Gary O'Reilly
    
    Gary Mills O'Reilly is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Tottenham Hotspur, Brighton & Hove Albion, Crystal Palace and Birmingham City as a central defender.
3. Kassie DePaiva, American actress births
  1. Kassie DePaiva
    
    Katherine Virginia "Kassie" DePaiva is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Bobby Joe in the horror film Evil Dead II (1987) and her work in American daytime soap operas. She’s also well known for her 20-year portrayal of Blair Cramer on ABC's One Life to Live. Other roles included Chelsea Reardon on Guiding Light and Eve Donovan on NBC's Days of Our Lives, receiving 2 Daytime Emmy nominations for the latter.
4. Slim Jim Phantom, American rock drummer births
  1. Slim Jim Phantom
    
    James McDonnell, known by the stage name Slim Jim Phantom, is the drummer for Stray Cats. Alongside bandmates Brian Setzer and Lee Rocker, he spearheaded the neo-rockabilly movement of the early 1980s.
5. Kim Turner, American hurdler births
  1. Kim Turner
    
    Kimberly "Kim" Seals is an American former athlete who competed mainly in the 100 meter hurdles. She won the 1984 US Olympic trials and went on to win a bronze medal at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. She also won the 1988 US national title.
1960
1. Marwan Farhat, Syrian actor and voice actor births
  1. Marwan Farhat
    
    Marwan Farhat is a Syrian television actor and voice actor.
2. Benito T. de Leon, Filipino general births
  1. Benito T. de Leon
    
    Benito Antonio Templo de León is a retired military officer of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). While a Roman Catholic, he was conferred the rare Muslim-Maranao honorary title of Sultan a Romapunut for his peace efforts. De León held the Army rank of Major General and was the commander of the Philippine Army 5th Infantry Division until his designation as Inspector General of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. He retired in 2016 after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 56.
3. Raivo Puusepp, Estonian architect births
  1. Raivo Puusepp
    
    Raivo Puusepp is an Estonian architect.
4. Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (d. 1994) births
  1. Ayrton Senna
    
    Ayrton Senna da Silva was a Brazilian racing driver who won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1988, 1990, and 1991. Senna is one of three Formula One drivers from Brazil to win the World Championship and won 41 Grands Prix and 65 pole positions, with the latter being the record until 2006. He died in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, driving for the Williams team. Senna is considered by media, commentators and fans to be one of the greatest F1 drivers in the history of the sport.
5. Robert Sweet, American drummer and producer births
  1. Robert Sweet (musician)
    
    Robert Lee Sweet is the drummer of the Christian metal band Stryper. He and his brother Michael founded the band as Roxx or Roxx Regime. Robert became known as the "Visual Time Keeper" for his wild drumming and captivating drum kits. Unlike most drummers, Sweet faces in the direction of stage left or right while playing, not straight ahead, so that the audience can see him and not have their view of him obscured by his drumkit. He began using a sideways setup in 1978 as a way to enhance his showmanship and connect with the audience. Sweet also played a key role in the visual direction of the band itself as well as being a significant contributor to the group.
1959
1. Sarah Jane Morris, English singer-songwriter births
  1. Sarah Jane Morris (singer)
    
    Sarah Jane Morris is an English singer of pop, jazz, rock and R&B and a songwriter.
2. Yuval Rotem, Israeli diplomat births
  1. Yuval Rotem
    
    Yuval Rotem is an Israeli diplomat who is currently the Director General of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
3. Nobuo Uematsu, Japanese keyboard player and composer births
  1. Nobuo Uematsu
    
    Nobuo Uematsu is a Japanese composer and keyboardist best known for his contributions to the Final Fantasy video game series by Square Enix. A self-taught musician, he began playing the piano at the age of twelve, with English singer-songwriter Elton John as one of his biggest influences. Uematsu joined Square in 1986, where he first met Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. The two later worked together on many games at the company, most notably in the Final Fantasy series. After nearly two decades with Square, Uematsu left in 2004 to create his own production company and music label, Dog Ear Records. He has since composed music as a freelancer for other games, including ones developed by Square Enix and Sakaguchi's development studio, Mistwalker.
1958
1. Marlies Göhr, German sprinter births
  1. Marlies Göhr
    
    Marlies Göhr is a former East German track and field athlete, the winner of the 100 metres at the inaugural World Championships in 1983. She ranked in the top 10 of the 100 m world rankings for twelve straight years, ranking first in six of those years. During this time she won many medals as a sprinter at major international championships and set several world records.
2. Brad Hall, American comedian, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Brad Hall
    
    William Bradford Hall is an American actor, comedian and filmmaker. He is best known as a Weekend Update news anchor on Saturday Night Live and for creating the sitcoms The Single Guy and Watching Ellie.
3. Gary Oldman, English actor, filmmaker, musician and author births
  1. Gary Oldman
    
    Gary Leonard Oldman is an English actor and filmmaker. Known for his versatility and intense acting style, he has received various accolades, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and three British Academy Film Awards. His films have grossed over $11 billion worldwide, making him one of the highest-grossing actors of all time.
4. Cyril M. Kornbluth, American soldier and author (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Cyril M. Kornbluth
    
    Cyril M. Kornbluth was an American science fiction author and a member of the Futurians. He used a variety of pen-names, including Cecil Corwin, S. D. Gottesman, Edward J. Bellin, Kenneth Falconer, Walter C. Davies, Simon Eisner, Jordan Park, Arthur Cooke, Paul Dennis Lavond, and Scott Mariner. The "M" in Kornbluth's name may have been in tribute to his wife, Mary Byers; Kornbluth's colleague and collaborator Frederik Pohl confirmed Kornbluth's lack of any actual middle name in at least one interview.
1956
1. Dick Beardsley, American runner births
  1. Dick Beardsley
    
    Dick Beardsley is an American long-distance runner best known for tying for first place with Inge Simonsen in the inaugural 1981 London Marathon and his close finish with Alberto Salazar in the 1982 Boston Marathon.
2. Guy Chadwick, German-English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Guy Chadwick
    
    Guy Stephen Chadwick is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the frontman of alternative band the House of Love for which he wrote the majority of the band's material.
3. Richard H. Kirk, English guitarist, keyboard player, composer, and producer (d. 2021) births
  1. Richard H. Kirk
    
    Richard Harold Kirk was an English musician who specialised in electronic music. His career began as a co-founder of the influential industrial music band Cabaret Voltaire, formed in 1973. He subsequently released projects under his own name and a number of aliases, and was a member of various groups such as Sweet Exorcist. Kirk was considered a major figure in the creation of industrial music.
4. Ingrid Kristiansen, Norwegian runner births
  1. Ingrid Kristiansen
    
    Ingrid Kristiansen is a Norwegian former athlete. She was one of the best female long-distance runners during the 1980s. She is a former world record holder in the 5000 metres, 10,000 metres and the marathon. Kristiansen was a World Champion on the track, roads and cross-country, becoming the first athlete to win World titles on all three surfaces. At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, she finished fourth in the first women's Olympic marathon. At the 1988 Seoul Olympics, she dropped out of the 10,000 metres final while leading. Early in her career, she was also an elite cross country skier, winning several Norwegian titles and a European junior championships.
5. Hatı Çırpan, Turkish politician (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Hatı Çırpan
    
    Hatı Çırpan was a Turkish politician, one of the first female members of the parliament in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, elected in the 1935 general elections.
1955
1. Fadi Abboud, Lebanese economist and politician births
  1. Fadi Abboud
    
    Fadi Abboud is a Lebanese politician and businessman.
2. Jair Bolsonaro, Brazilian politician and retired military officer, 38th President of Brazil births
  1. Jair Bolsonaro
    
    Jair Messias Bolsonaro is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who has been the 38th president of Brazil since 1 January 2019. He was elected in 2018 as a member of the Social Liberal Party, which he turned into a conservative party, before cutting ties with it. In 2021, he joined the Liberal Party. From 1991 to 2018, Bolsonaro served in Brazil's Chamber of Deputies, representing the state of Rio de Janeiro.
3. Bob Bennett, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Bob Bennett (singer-songwriter)
    
    Bob Bennett is an American contemporary Christian music singer, guitarist and songwriter from Downey, California. Bennett is known for his distinctive baritone voice, Christian lyrics and folk-inspired guitar playing.
4. Dimitrios Papadimoulis, Greek politician births
  1. Dimitrios Papadimoulis
    
    Dimitrios Papadimoulis is a Greek politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) as a member of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left.
5. Bärbel Wöckel, East German sprinter births
  1. Bärbel Wöckel
    
    Bärbel Wöckel is a retired East German sprinter. She never ran a world record in the individual disciplines. However, she ran several world records as part of relay teams with Doris Maletzki, Renate Stecher and Christina Heinich over 4 x 100 meters, the last time on September 8, 1974, in Rome. At the GDR Championships she took first place in the 4 x 100 meter relay in 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981 to 1984. In 1976 she won third place with the team. During this time she was in the state-organized doping program.
1954
1. Prayut Chan-o-cha, Thai politician, Prime Minister of Thailand births
  1. Prayut Chan-o-cha
    
    Prayut Chan-o-cha is a Thai politician and retired army officer who has served as the Prime Minister of Thailand since he seized power in a military coup in 2014. He is concurrently the Minister of Defence, a position he has held in his own government since 2019. Prayut served as Commander in Chief of Royal Thai Army from 2010 to 2014 and led the 2014 Thai coup d'état which installed the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), the military junta which governed Thailand between 22 May 2014 and 10 July 2019.
  2. Prime Minister of Thailand
    
    The prime minister of Thailand is the head of government of Thailand. The prime minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed since the Revolution of 1932, when the country became a constitutional monarchy. Prior to the coup d'état, the prime minister was nominated by a vote in the Thai House of Representatives by a simple majority, and is then appointed and sworn-in by the king of Thailand. The house's selection is usually based on the fact that either the prime minister is the leader of the largest political party in the lower house or the leader of the largest coalition of parties. In accordance with the 2017 Constitution, the Prime Minister can hold the office for no longer than eight years, consecutively or not. The post of Prime Minister is currently held by retired general Prayut Chan-o-cha, since the 2014 coup d'état.
1953
1. Steve Furber, English computer scientist and academic births
  1. Steve Furber
    
    Stephen Byram Furber is a British computer scientist, mathematician and hardware engineer, currently the ICL Professor of Computer Engineering in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester, UK. After completing his education at the University of Cambridge, he spent the 1980s at Acorn Computers, where he was a principal designer of the BBC Micro and the ARM 32-bit RISC microprocessor. As of 2018, over 100 billion copies of the ARM processor have been manufactured, powering much of the world's mobile computing and embedded systems.
2. Paul Martin Lester, American photographer, author, and educator births
  1. Paul Martin Lester
    
    Paul Martin Lester is a Clinical Professor at the School of Arts, Technology, and Emerging Communication (ATEC) and a Professor Emeritus from California State University, Fullerton.
3. David Wisniewski, English-American author and illustrator (d. 2002) births
  1. David Wisniewski
    
    David R. Wisniewski, was an American writer and illustrator best known for children's books.
4. Ed Voss, American basketball player (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Ed Voss
    
    Ed Voss was an American basketball player.
1951
1. Conrad Lozano, American bass player births
  1. Conrad Lozano
    
    Conrad R. Lozano is an American musician and the bass player for Los Lobos.
2. Russell Thompkins Jr., American soul singer births
  1. Russell Thompkins Jr.
    
    Russell Allen Thompkins Jr. is an American soul singer. Best known as the original lead singer of the vocal group The Stylistics and noted for his high tenor, countertenor, and falsetto vocals. With Russell as lead singer, The Stylistics had 12 straight Top 10 Billboard R&B singles, and 5 gold singles from 1971 through 1974.
3. Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor and composer (b. 1871) deaths
  1. Willem Mengelberg
    
    Joseph Wilhelm Mengelberg was a Dutch conductor, famous for his performances of Beethoven, Brahms, Mahler and Strauss with the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest symphonic conductors of the 20th century.
1950
1. Roger Hodgson, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player births
  1. Roger Hodgson
    
    Charles Roger Pomfret Hodgson is an English musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the former co-frontman and founding member of progressive rock band Supertramp. Hodgson composed and sang the majority of the band’s hits, including "Dreamer", "Give a Little Bit", "Take the Long Way Home", "The Logical Song", "It's Raining Again", and "Breakfast in America."
2. Ron Oden, American minister and politician, 19th Mayor of Palm Springs births
  1. Ron Oden
    
    Ron Oden is an American politician. In November 2003, he was elected the first gay African-American mayor of Palm Springs, California, after serving eight years on the city council. He became the first Black openly gay man to be a mayor of a U.S. city. His ground breaking election opened a door and: he was also "the first gay African-American elected to lead a California city." The community's outlook and fortune was transformed. The Palm Spring City Council made history once again: in December 2017, Palm Springs elected "America's first all-LGBTQ city council."
  2. List of mayors of Palm Springs, California
    
    The Mayor of Palm Springs, California is a largely ceremonial title, elected at-large, with no executive functions. The Mayor is the chairman of the city council meetings. The legislative body is the five-member city council, which is voted into office by public elections. The Council appoints a professional manager to oversee the administrative operations, implement its policies, and advise it. The city of Palm Springs is a council-manager type government.
3. Sergey Lavrov, Russian politician and diplomat, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs births
  1. Sergey Lavrov
    
    Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov is a Russian diplomat and politician who has served as the Foreign Minister of Russia since 2004.
  2. Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
    
    The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is a high-ranking Russian government official who heads the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. The foreign minister is one of the five so-called 'presidential' ministers, along with the ministers of defense, interior, emergencies and justice. Although they are members of the Cabinet, they are directly subordinate to the President.
1949
1. Alvin Kallicharran, Guyanese cricketer and coach births
  1. Alvin Kallicharran
    
    Alvin Isaac Kallicharran is a former Indo-Guyanese cricketer of Tamil origin who played Test cricket for the West Indies between 1972 and 1981 as a left-handed batsman and right-arm off spinner.
2. Andy Love, Scottish-English politician births
  1. Andy Love
    
    Andy Love is a British Labour Co-operative politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for Edmonton from 1997 to 2015.
3. Eddie Money, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019) births
  1. Eddie Money
    
    Edward Joseph Mahoney, known professionally as Eddie Money, was an American singer and songwriter who, in the 1970s and 1980s, had eleven Top 40 songs, including "Baby Hold On", "Two Tickets to Paradise", "Think I'm in Love", "Shakin'", "Take Me Home Tonight", "I Wanna Go Back", "Walk on Water", and "The Love in Your Eyes". Critic Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times called him a working-class rocker and Kristin Hall of the Associated Press stated he had a husky voice. In 1987, he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Take Me Home Tonight".
4. Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian sociologist, philosopher, and academic births
  1. Slavoj Žižek
    
    Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian philosopher, cultural theorist and public intellectual. He is international director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities at the University of London, visiting professor at New York University and a senior researcher at the University of Ljubljana's Department of Philosophy. He primarily works on continental philosophy and political theory, as well as film criticism and theology.
1948
1. Scott Fahlman, American computer scientist and academic births
  1. Scott Fahlman
    
    Scott Elliott Fahlman is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus at Carnegie Mellon University's Language Technologies Institute and Computer Science Department. He is notable for early work on automated planning and scheduling in a blocks world, on semantic networks, on neural networks, on the programming languages Dylan, and Common Lisp, and he was one of the founders of Lucid Inc. During the period when it was standardized, he was recognized as "the leader of Common Lisp." From 2006 to 2015, Fahlman was engaged in developing a knowledge base named Scone, based in part on his thesis work on the NETL Semantic Network.
1947
1. George Johnston, Scottish footballer births
  1. George Johnston (footballer, born 1947)
    
    George Johnston is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played more than 150 matches in the English Football League.
1946
1. Timothy Dalton, Welsh-English actor births
  1. Timothy Dalton
    
    Timothy Leonard Dalton Leggett is a British actor. Beginning his career on stage, he made his film debut as Philip II of France in the 1968 historical drama The Lion in Winter. He gained international prominence as the fourth actor to portray fictional secret agent James Bond in the Eon Productions film series, starring in The Living Daylights (1987) and Licence to Kill (1989). Dalton also appeared in the films Flash Gordon (1980), The Rocketeer (1991), Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003), Hot Fuzz (2007) and The Tourist (2010). On television, Dalton played Mr. Rochester in the BBC serial Jane Eyre (1983), Rhett Butler in the CBS miniseries Scarlett (1994), Rassilon in the BBC One science fiction adventure Doctor Who (2009–2010), Sir Malcolm Murray on the Showtime horror drama Penny Dreadful (2014–2016), and the Chief on the DC Universe / HBO Max superhero comedy-drama Doom Patrol (2019–present).
2. Ray Dorset, English singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Ray Dorset
    
    Raymond Edward Dorset is a British guitarist, singer, songwriter, and founder of Mungo Jerry.
3. Joseph Mitsuaki Takami, Japanese cardinal births
  1. Joseph Mitsuaki Takami
    
    Joseph Mitsuaki Takami is a Japanese prelate of the Catholic Church who served as archbishop of Nagasaki from 2003 to 2021.
1945
1. Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner, English lawyer births
  1. Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner
    
    Anthony Stephen Grabiner, Baron Grabiner, KC is a British barrister, academic administrator, and life peer. He is head of chambers at One Essex Court, a leading set of commercial barristers in the Temple, and was the Treasurer of Lincoln's Inn for 2013. From 2014 to 2021 he served as the Master of Clare College, Cambridge and, since 2015, he has served as the President of the University of Law. Grabiner was non-executive chairman of Taveta Investments Ltd, the holding company of Sir Philip Green behind Arcadia Group from 2002 to December 2015.
2. Charles Greene, American sprinter and coach births
  1. Charles Greene (athlete)
    
    Charles Edward "Charlie" Greene was an American track and field sprinter and winner of the gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
3. Rose Stone, African-American R&B singer and keyboard player births
  1. Rose Stone
    
    Rose Stone is an American singer and keyboardist. She is best known as one of the lead singers in Sly and the Family Stone, a popular psychedelic soul/funk band founded by her brothers, Sly Stone and Freddie Stone. She often wore a platinum-colored wig while performing with the band, and was noted for her strong vocals. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993 as a member of Sly and the Family Stone.
4. Arthur Nebe, German SS officer (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Arthur Nebe
    
    Arthur Nebe was a German SS functionary who was key in the security and police apparatus of Nazi Germany and from 1941, a major perpetrator of the Holocaust.
  2. Schutzstaffel
    
    The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
1944
1. Marie-Christine Barrault, French actress births
  1. Marie-Christine Barrault
    
    Marie-Christine Barrault is a French actress. She is best known for her performance in Cousin Cousine (1975) for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 2010, she released her autobiography, titled This Long Way To Get To You.
2. Janet Daley, American-English journalist and author births
  1. Janet Daley
    
    Janet Daley is an American-born conservative journalist living and working in Britain. She is currently a columnist for The Sunday Telegraph.
3. Hideki Ishima, Japanese guitarist births
  1. Hideki Ishima
    
    Hideki Ishima is a Japanese musician, known primarily for his work with Flower Travellin' Band and for creating the sitarla instrument. A guitarist and sitar player for nearly forty years, he now exclusively plays the sitarla, an instrument he invented in 2000 that combines aspects of a sitar with an electric guitar. Guitarists Akira Takasaki, Rolly, and Mikael Åkerfeldt have cited him as an influence.
4. Mike Jackson, English general births
  1. Mike Jackson (British Army officer)
    
    General Sir Michael David Jackson, is a retired British Army officer and one of its most high-profile generals since the Second World War. Originally commissioned into the Intelligence Corps in 1963, he transferred to the Parachute Regiment in 1970, with which he served two of his three tours of duty in Northern Ireland. On his first, he was present as an adjutant at the events of the Ballymurphy massacre (1971), where eleven unarmed innocent civilians were shot dead by British troops, and then at Bloody Sunday in 1972, when British soldiers opened fire on unarmed peaceful protesters, killing fourteen. On his second, he was a company commander in the aftermath of the Warrenpoint ambush (1979), the British Army's heaviest single loss of life during the Troubles. He was assigned to a staff post at the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in 1982 before assuming command of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, in 1984. Jackson was posted to Northern Ireland for the third time, as a brigade commander, in the early 1990s.
5. David Lindley, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer births
  1. David Lindley (musician)
    
    David Perry Lindley is an American musician who founded the band El Rayo-X, and has worked with many other performers including Jackson Browne, Ry Cooder, Bonnie Raitt, Warren Zevon, Curtis Mayfield and Dolly Parton. He has mastered such a wide variety of instruments that Acoustic Guitar magazine referred to Lindley not as a multi-instrumentalist, but instead as a "maxi-instrumentalist."
6. Gaye Adegbalola, African-American singer and guitarist births
  1. Gaye Adegbalola
    
    Gaye Adegbalola is an American blues singer and guitarist, teacher, lecturer, activist, and photographer.
1943
1. István Gyulai, Hungarian sprinter and sportscaster (d. 2006) births
  1. István Gyulai
    
    István Gyulai was a former Hungarian television commentator and General Secretary of the IAAF and the AIPS. István Gyulai was a former Hungarian television commentator and General Secretary of the IAAF and the AIPS.
2. Hartmut Haenchen, German conductor births
  1. Hartmut Haenchen
    
    Hartmut Haenchen is a German conductor, known as a specialist for the music of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and for conducting operas in the leading opera houses of the world.
3. Vivian Stanshall, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and painter (d. 1995) births
  1. Vivian Stanshall
    
    Vivian Stanshall was an English singer-songwriter, musician, author, poet and wit, best known for his work with the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, for his exploration of the British upper classes in Sir Henry at Rawlinson End, and for acting as Master of Ceremonies on Mike Oldfield's album Tubular Bells.
4. Cornelia Fort, American soldier and pilot (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Cornelia Fort
    
    Cornelia Clark Fort was a United States aviator who became famous for being part of two aviation-related events. The first occurred while conducting a civilian training flight at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, when she was the first United States pilot to encounter the Japanese air fleet during the Attack on Pearl Harbor. She and her student narrowly escaped a mid-air collision with the Japanese aircraft and a strafing attack after making an emergency landing.
1942
1. Françoise Dorléac, French actress (d. 1967) births
  1. Françoise Dorléac
    
    Françoise Paulette Louise Dorléac was a French actress. She was the elder sister of Catherine Deneuve, with whom she starred in the 1967 musical, The Young Girls of Rochefort. Her other films include Philippe de Broca's movie That Man from Rio, François Truffaut's The Soft Skin, Roman Polanski's Cul-de-sac, and Val Guest's Where the Spies Are.
2. Kostas Politis, Greek basketball player and coach (d. 2018) births
  1. Kostas Politis
    
    Konstantinos "Kostas" Politis was a Greek professional basketball player and coach.
3. Amina Claudine Myers, African-American singer-songwriter and pianist births
  1. Amina Claudine Myers
    
    Amina Claudine Myers is an American jazz pianist, organist, vocalist, composer, and arranger.
4. Patcha Ramachandra Rao, India metallurgist, educator and administrator (d. 2010) births
  1. Patcha Ramachandra Rao
    
    Patcha Ramachandra Rao was a metallurgist and administrator. He has the unique distinction of being the only Vice-Chancellor (2002–05) of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) who was also a student (1963–68) and faculty (1964–92) at that institution. From 1992 to 2002, Rao was the Director of the National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur. After his tenure as Vice-Chancellor of B.H.U., in 2005, he took the reins of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) as its first Vice-Chancellor. He was to serve DIAT until his superannuation in 2007. From 2007 till the end, Rao was a Raja Ramanna Fellow at the International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
1940
1. Solomon Burke, American singer-songwriter (d. 2010) births
  1. Solomon Burke
    
    Solomon Vincent McDonald Burke was an American singer who shaped the sound of rhythm and blues as one of the founding fathers of soul music in the 1960s. He has been called "a key transitional figure bridging R&B and soul", and was known for his "prodigious output".
2. Andrea Elle, German bicyclist births
  1. Andrea Elle
    
    Andrea Elle is a former East German road bicycle racer.
1939
1. Kathleen Widdoes, American actress births
  1. Kathleen Widdoes
    
    Kathleen Effie Widdoes is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Emma Snyder in the television soap opera As the World Turns, which earned her four Daytime Emmy Award nominations.
2. Evald Aav, Estonian composer and conductor (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Evald Aav
    
    Evald Aav was an Estonian composer born in Tallinn, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire. He studied music composition there with Artur Kapp and wrote primarily vocal music to words in the Estonian language. In 1928 he composed the first national Estonian opera, Vikerlased. The opera premiered in Tallinn on 8 September 1928. He modelled his style of composition after Tchaikovsky.
3. Ali Hikmet Ayerdem, Turkish general and politician (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Ali Hikmet Ayerdem
    
    Ali Hikmet Ayerdem was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.
1938
1. Michael Foreman, English author and illustrator births
  1. Michael Foreman (illustrator)
    
    Michael Foreman is a British author and illustrator, one of the best-known and most prolific creators of children's books. He won the 1982 and 1989 Kate Greenaway Medals for British children's book illustration and he was a commended runner-up five times.
2. Grahame Thomas, Australian cricketer births
  1. Grahame Thomas
    
    Grahame Thomas is a former Australian cricketer who played in eight Tests in 1965 and 1966.
1937
1. Ann Clwyd, Welsh journalist and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Wales births
  1. Ann Clwyd
    
    Ann Clwyd Roberts is a Welsh Labour Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Cynon Valley for 35 years, from 1984 until 2019. Although she had intended to stand down in 2015, she was re-elected in that year's general election and in 2017 before standing down in 2019.
  2. Shadow Secretary of State for Wales
    
    The Shadow Secretary of State for Wales or Shadow Welsh Secretary is a member of the UK Shadow Cabinet responsible for the scrutiny of the Secretary of State for Wales and his/her department, the Wales Office. The incumbent holder of the office is Jo Stevens.
2. Tom Flores, American football player and coach births
  1. Tom Flores
    
    Thomas Raymond Flores is a former American football coach and quarterback. After his retirement as a coach, he was a radio announcer for more than twenty years.
3. Pierre-Jean Rémy, French diplomat and author (d. 2010) births
  1. Pierre-Jean Rémy
    
    Pierre-Jean Rémy is the pen-name of Jean-Pierre Angremy who was a French diplomat, novelist, and essayist. He was elected to the Académie française on 16 June 1988, and won the 1986 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for his novel Une ville immortelle.
1936
1. Ed Broadbent, Canadian pilot and politician births
  1. Ed Broadbent
    
    John Edward "Ed" Broadbent is a Canadian social-democratic politician, political scientist, and chair of the Broadbent Institute, a policy thinktank. He was leader of the New Democratic Party from 1975 to 1989. In the 2004 federal election, he returned to Parliament for an additional term as the Member of Parliament for Ottawa Centre.
2. Mike Westbrook, English pianist and composer births
  1. Mike Westbrook
    
    Michael John David Westbrook is an English jazz pianist, composer, and writer of orchestrated jazz pieces. He is married to the vocalist, librettist and painter Kate Westbrook.
3. Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer and conductor (b. 1865) deaths
  1. Alexander Glazunov
    
    Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor of the late Russian Romantic period. He was director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory between 1905 and 1928 and was instrumental in the reorganization of the institute into the Petrograd Conservatory, then the Leningrad Conservatory, following the Bolshevik Revolution. He continued as head of the Conservatory until 1930, though he had left the Soviet Union in 1928 and did not return. The best-known student under his tenure during the early Soviet years was Dmitri Shostakovich.
1935
1. Brian Clough, English footballer and manager (d. 2004) births
  1. Brian Clough
    
    Brian Howard Clough was an English football player and manager, primarily known for his successes as a manager with Derby County and Nottingham Forest. He is one of four managers to have won the English league with two different clubs.
1934
1. Al Freeman, Jr., American actor and director (d. 2012) births
  1. Al Freeman Jr.
    
    Albert Cornelius Freeman Jr. was an American actor, director, and educator. A life member of The Actors Studio, Freeman appeared in a wide variety of plays, ranging from Leroi Jones' Slave/Toilet to Joe Papp's revivals of Long Day's Journey Into Night and Troilus and Cressida, and films, including My Sweet Charlie, Finian's Rainbow, and Malcolm X, as well as television series and soap operas, such as One Life to Live, The Cosby Show, Law & Order, Homicide: Life on the Street and The Edge of Night.
2. Franz Schreker, Austrian composer and conductor (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Franz Schreker
    
    Franz Schreker was an Austrian composer, conductor, teacher and administrator. Primarily a composer of operas, Schreker developed a style characterized by aesthetic plurality, timbral experimentation, strategies of extended tonality and conception of total music theatre into the narrative of 20th-century music.
3. Lilyan Tashman, American actress (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Lilyan Tashman
    
    Lilyan Tashman was an American actress. Tashman was best known for her supporting roles as tongue-in-cheek villainesses or playing the vindictive "other woman". She made 66 films over the course of her Hollywood career, and although she never obtained superstar status, her cinematic performances are described as "sharp, clever and have aged little over the decades."
1933
1. John Hall, English businessman births
  1. John Hall (businessman)
    
    Sir John Hall is a property developer in North East England. He is also life president and former chairman of Newcastle United Football Club.
2. Michael Heseltine, Welsh businessman and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom births
  1. Michael Heseltine
    
    Michael Ray Dibdin Heseltine, Baron Heseltine, is a British politician and businessman. Having begun his career as a property developer, he became one of the founders of the publishing house Haymarket. Heseltine served as a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1966 to 2001, and was a prominent figure in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major, and served as Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State under Major.
  2. Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom is a minister of the Crown and a member of the British Cabinet. The office is not always in use, and prime ministers may use other offices, such as First Secretary of State, to indicate the seniority.
1932
1. Walter Gilbert, American physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Walter Gilbert
    
    Walter Gilbert is an American biochemist, physicist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
2. Joseph Silverstein, American violinist and conductor (d. 2015) births
  1. Joseph Silverstein
    
    Joseph Harry Silverstein was an American violinist and conductor.
1931
1. Toyonobori, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1998) births
  1. Toyonobori
    
    Michiharu Sadano , known in sumo and professional wrestling as Michiharu Toyonobori or simply Toyonobori , was a sumo wrestler from Japan. After retiring as a rikishi from sumo, he became a professional wrestler.
2. Clark L. Brundin, American-English engineer and academic (d. 2021) births
  1. Clark L. Brundin
    
    Clark Lannerdahl Brundin was a Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick, President of Templeton College, and an Oxford councillor.
3. Catherine Gibson, Scottish swimmer (d. 2013) births
  1. Catherine Gibson
    
    Catherine Gibson, later known by her married name Catherine Brown, was a Scottish swimmer. During a 16-year career she won three European Championships medals and a bronze medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics, Britain's sole swimming trophy in the home-based Games. In 2008, she was inducted into the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame.
4. Al Williamson, American illustrator (d. 2010) births
  1. Al Williamson
    
    Alfonso Williamson was an American cartoonist, comic book artist and illustrator specializing in adventure, Western, science fiction and fantasy.
1930
1. James Coco, American actor (d. 1987) births
  1. James Coco
    
    James Emil Coco was an American stage and screen actor. He was the recipient of a Primetime Emmy Award, a Drama Desk Award and three Obie Awards, as well as nominations for a Tony Award, an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards. Coco is remembered for his supporting roles in the films Man of La Mancha (1972) and Only When I Laugh (1981).
2. Otis Spann, American blues pianist, singer and composer (d. 1970) births
  1. Otis Spann
    
    Otis Spann was an American blues musician, whom many consider to be the leading postwar Chicago blues pianist.
1929
1. Maurice Catarcio, American wrestler (d. 2005) births
  1. Maurice Catarcio
    
    Maurice A. Catarcio was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for competing in the then World Wide Wrestling Federation from 1957 to 1960, under the ring-name The Matador. After being diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1991, he became an advocate for public health and fitness. He was also in The Guinness Book of World Records for his public displays of strength.
1928
1. Surya Bahadur Thapa, Nepalese politician, 24th Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2015) births
  1. Surya Bahadur Thapa
    
    Surya Bahadur Thapa was a Nepali politician and a five-time Prime Minister of Nepal. He served under three different kings in a political career lasting more than 50 years.
  2. Prime Minister of Nepal
    
    The Prime Minister of Nepal is the head of government of Nepal. The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers of Nepal and the chief adviser to the President of Nepal.
1927
1. Halton Arp, American-German astronomer and critic (d. 2013) births
  1. Halton Arp
    
    Halton Christian "Chip" Arp was an American astronomer. He was known for his 1966 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, which catalogues many examples of interacting and merging galaxies, though Arp disputed the idea, claiming apparent associations were prime examples of ejections. Arp was also known as a critic of the Big Bang theory and for advocating a non-standard cosmology incorporating intrinsic redshift.
2. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German soldier and politician, Vice-Chancellor of Germany (d. 2016) births
  1. Hans-Dietrich Genscher
    
    Hans-Dietrich Genscher was a German statesman and a member of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP), who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 1969 to 1974, and as Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1992, making him the longest-serving occupant of either post and the only person to have held one of these positions under two different Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1991 he was chairman of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
  2. Vice-Chancellor of Germany
    
    The vice-chancellor of Germany, unofficially the vice-chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, officially the deputy to the federal chancellor, is the second highest ranking German cabinet member. The chancellor is the head of government and, according to the constitution, gives this title of deputy to one of the federal ministers. It is common that the title is given to the major minister provided by the (smaller) coalition partner.
3. Thomas Oikonomou, Greek actor (b. 1864) deaths
  1. Thomas Oikonomou
    
    Thomas Oikonomou was a Greek actor and one of the first modern Greek directors.
1926
1. André Delvaux, Belgian director and screenwriter (d. 2002) births
  1. André Delvaux
    
    André Albert Auguste Delvaux was a Belgian film director. He co-founded the film school INSAS in 1962 and is regarded as the founder of the Belgian national cinema. Adapting works by writers such as Johan Daisne, Julien Gracq and Marguerite Yourcenar, he received international attention for directing magic realist films.
1925
1. Harold Ashby, American saxophonist (d. 2003) births
  1. Harold Ashby
    
    Harold Ashby was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He worked with Duke Ellington's band, replacing Jimmy Hamilton in 1968. In 1959, he recorded backing Willie Dixon on the latter's first album, Willie's Blues.
2. Peter Brook, English-French director and producer (d. 2022) births
  1. Peter Brook
    
    Peter Stephen Paul Brook was an English theatre and film director. He worked first in England, from 1945 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, from 1947 at the Royal Opera House, and from 1962 for the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). With them, he directed the first English-language production in 1964 of Marat/Sade by Peter Weiss, which was transferred to Broadway in 1965 and won the Tony Award for Best Play, and Brook was named Best Director. He also directed films such as an iconic version of Lord of the Flies in 1963.
3. Hugo Koblet, Swiss cyclist (d. 1964) births
  1. Hugo Koblet
    
    Hugo Koblet was a Swiss champion cyclist. He won the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia as well as competing in six-day and pursuit races on the track. He won 70 races as a professional. He died in a car accident amid speculation that he had committed suicide.
1924
1. Philip Abbott, American actor (d. 1998) births
  1. Philip Abbott
    
    Philip Abbott was an American character actor. He appeared in several films and numerous television series, including a lead role as Arthur Ward in the crime series The F.B.I. Abbott was also the founder of Theatre West in Los Angeles.
2. Dov Shilansky, Lithuanian-Israeli lawyer and politician (d. 2010) births
  1. Dov Shilansky
    
    Dov Shilansky was an Israeli lawyer, politician and Speaker of the Knesset from 1988 to 1992.
1923
1. Louis-Edmond Hamelin, Canadian geographer, author, and academic (d. 2020) births
  1. Louis-Edmond Hamelin
    
    Louis-Edmond Hamelin, was a Canadian geographer, professor, and author born in Saint-Didace, Quebec, Canada, best known for his studies of Northern Canada.
2. Nizar Qabbani, Syrian poet, publisher, and diplomat (d. 1998) births
  1. Nizar Qabbani
    
    Nizar Tawfiq Qabbani was a Syrian diplomat, poet, writer and publisher. He is considered to be Syria's National Poet. His poetic style combines simplicity and elegance in exploring themes of love, eroticism, feminism, religion, and Arab empowerment against foreign imperialism and local dictators. Qabbani is one of the most revered contemporary poets in the Arab world.
3. Nirmala Srivastava, Indian religious leader, founded Sahaja Yoga (d. 2011) births
  1. Nirmala Srivastava
    
    Nirmala Srivastava, also known as Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, was the founder and guru of Sahaja Yoga, which she established in 1970. For the following four decades through a multitude of talks, programs, and discourses provided to the public without cost, Shri Mataji promoted the idea that anyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, or background, could meditate. She claimed to have been born fully realised and spent her life working for peace by developing and promoting a simple technique through which people can achieve their own self-realization.
  2. Sahaja Yoga
    
    Sahaja Yoga is a religion founded in 1970 by Nirmala Srivastava (1923–2011). Nirmala Srivastava is known as Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi or, simply, as "Mother" by her followers, who are called Sahaja yogis.
4. Rezső Nyers, Hungarian politician (d. 2018) births
  1. Rezső Nyers
    
    Rezső Nyers was a Hungarian politician who served as Minister of Finance of Hungary from 1960 to 1962. For a few months in 1989, he was the country's last Communist leader.
1922
1. Russ Meyer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2004) births
  1. Russ Meyer
    
    Russell Albion Meyer was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, and editor. He is known primarily for writing and directing a series of successful sexploitation films that featured campy humor, sly satire and large-breasted women, such as Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!. Meyer often named Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970) as his definitive work.
1921
1. Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist and pianist (d. 1986) births
  1. Arthur Grumiaux
    
    Baron Arthur Grumiaux was a Belgian violinist, considered by some to have been "one of the few truly great violin virtuosi of the twentieth century". He has been noted for having a "consistently beautiful tone and flawless intonation". English music critic and broadcaster, Edward Greenfield wrote of him that he was "a master virtuoso who consistently refused to make a show of his technical prowess".
2. Antony Hopkins, English pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2014) births
  1. Antony Hopkins
    
    Antony Hopkins CBE was a composer, pianist, and conductor, as well as a writer and radio broadcaster. He was widely known for his books of musical analysis and for his radio programmes Talking About Music, broadcast by the BBC from 1954 for approaching 40 years, first on the Third Programme, later Radio 3, and then on Radio 4.
1920
1. Manolis Chiotis, Greek singer-songwriter and bouzouki player (d. 1970) births
  1. Manolis Chiotis
    
    Manolis Chiotis was a Greek rebetiko and laiko composer, singer, and bouzouki player. He is considered one of the greatest bouzouki soloists of all time. He popularised the four-course bouzouki (tetrachordo) and introduced the guitar-like tuning, who found it better suited to the kind of virtuoso playing he was famous for.
  2. Bouzouki
    
    The bouzouki, also spelled buzuki or buzuci, is a musical instrument popular in Greece. It is a member of the long-necked lute family, with a round body with a flat top and a long neck with a fretted fingerboard. It has steel strings and is played with a plectrum producing a sharp metallic sound, reminiscent of a mandolin but pitched lower. There are two main types of bouzouki: the trichordo (three-course) has three pairs of strings and the tetrachordo (four-course) has four pairs of strings. The instrument was brought to Greece in the early 1900s by Greek refugees from Anatolia, and quickly became the central instrument to the rebetiko genre and its music branches. It is now an important element of modern Laïko pop Greek music.
2. Éric Rohmer, French director, film critic, journalist, novelist and screenwriter (d. 2010) births
  1. Éric Rohmer
    
    Jean Marie Maurice Schérer or Maurice Henri Joseph Schérer, known as Éric Rohmer, was a French film director, film critic, journalist, novelist, screenwriter, and teacher.
3. Evelina Haverfield, British suffragette and aid worker (b. 1867) deaths
  1. Evelina Haverfield
    
    Evelina Haverfield was a British suffragette and aid worker.
1919
1. Douglas Warren, Australian bishop (d. 2013) births
  1. Douglas Warren (bishop)
    
    Douglas Joseph Warren was an Australian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. At the time of his death he was, at the age of 93, the oldest Australian Roman Catholic bishop.
1918
1. Patrick Lucey, American captain and politician, 38th Governor of Wisconsin (d. 2014) births
  1. Patrick Lucey
    
    Patrick Joseph Lucey was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 38th Governor of Wisconsin from 1971 to 1977. He was also independent presidential candidate John B. Anderson's running mate in the 1980 presidential election.
  2. Governor of Wisconsin
    
    The governor of Wisconsin is the head of government of Wisconsin and the commander-in-chief of the state's army and air forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Wisconsin Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment. The position was first filled by Nelson Dewey on June 7, 1848, the year Wisconsin became a state. Prior to statehood, there were four governors of Wisconsin Territory.
2. Charles Thompson, American pianist and composer (d. 2016) births
  1. Charles Thompson (jazz)
    
    Charles Phillip Thompson was an American swing and bebop pianist, organist, composer, and arranger.
1917
1. Frank Hardy, Australian journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1994) births
  1. Frank Hardy
    
    Francis Joseph Hardy, published as Frank J. Hardy and also under the pseudonym Ross Franklyn, was an Australian novelist and writer. He is best known for his 1950 novel Power Without Glory, and for his later political activism. He brought the plight of Aboriginal Australians to international attention with the publication of his book, The Unlucky Australians, in 1968, written during the Gurindji Strike. He ran unsuccessfully for the Australian parliament twice as a Communist Party of Australia candidate.
1916
1. Bismillah Khan, Indian shehnai player (d. 2006) births
  1. Bismillah Khan
    
    Bismillah Khan, often referred to by the title Ustad, was an Indian musician credited with popularizing the shehnai, a reeded woodwind instrument. While the shehnai had long held importance as a folk instrument played primarily schooled in traditional ceremonies, Khan is credited with elevating its status and bringing it to the concert stage.
  2. Shehnai
    
    The shehnai is a musical instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is made of wood, with a double reed at one end and a metal or wooden flared bell at the other end. Its sound is thought to create and maintain a sense of auspiciousness and sanctity and as a result, is widely used during marriages, processions and in temples although it is also played in concerts. It was a part of the Naubat or traditional ensemble of nine instruments found in the royal court. The shehnai is similar to South India's nadaswaram.
2. Ken Wharton, English race car driver (d. 1957) births
  1. Ken Wharton
    
    Frederick Charles Kenneth Wharton was a British racing driver from Smethwick, England. He competed in off-road trials, hillclimbs, and rallying, and also raced sports cars and single-seaters. He began racing in the new National 500cc Formula in his own special, and later acquired a Cooper. His World Championship Grand Prix debut was at the 1952 Swiss event, run to Formula 2 regulations, where he started from 13th position on the grid and finished 4th. He participated in a total of 15 World Championship Grands Prix, from which he scored three championship points.
1915
1. Frederick Winslow Taylor, American golfer, tennis player, and engineer (b. 1856) deaths
  1. Frederick Winslow Taylor
    
    Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanical engineer. He was widely known for his methods to improve industrial efficiency. He was one of the first management consultants. In 1909, Taylor summed up his efficiency techniques in his book The Principles of Scientific Management which, in 2001, Fellows of the Academy of Management voted the most influential management book of the twentieth century. His pioneering work in applying engineering principles to the work done on the factory floor was instrumental in the creation and development of the branch of engineering that is now known as industrial engineering. Taylor made his name, and was most proud of his work, in scientific management; however, he made his fortune patenting steel-process improvements. As a result, scientific management is sometimes referred to as Taylorism.
1914
1. Paul Tortelier, French cellist and composer (d. 1990) births
  1. Paul Tortelier
    
    Paul Tortelier was a French cellist and composer. After an outstanding student career at the Conservatoire de Paris he played in orchestras in France and the US before the Second World War. After the war he became a well-known soloist, playing in countries round the globe. He taught at conservatoires in France, Germany and China, and gave televised masterclasses in England. He was particularly associated with the solo part in Richard Strauss's Don Quixote, cello concertos by Elgar and others, and Bach's Cello Suites.
1913
1. George Abecassis, English race car driver and pilot (d. 1991) births
  1. George Abecassis
    
    George Edgar Abecassis was a British racing driver, and co-founder of the HWM Formula One team.
2. Guillermo Haro, Mexican astronomer (d. 1988) births
  1. Guillermo Haro
    
    Guillermo Haro Barraza was a Mexican astronomer. Through his own astronomical research and the formation of new institutions, Haro was influential in the development of modern observational astronomy in Mexico. Internationally, he is best known for his contribution to the discovery of Herbig–Haro objects.
1912
1. André Laurendeau, Canadian journalist, playwright, and politician (d. 1968) births
  1. André Laurendeau
    
    Joseph-Edmond-André Laurendeau was a journalist, politician, co-chair of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and playwright in Quebec, Canada. He is usually referred to as André Laurendeau. He was active in Québécois life, in various spheres and capacities, for three decades. Laurendeau's career also "spanned the most turbulent periods in the history of Canada".
1911
1. Walter Lincoln Hawkins, African-American scientist and inventor (d. 1992) births
  1. Walter Lincoln Hawkins
    
    Walter Lincoln Hawkins was an American chemist and engineer widely regarded as a pioneer of polymer chemistry. For thirty-four years he worked at Bell Laboratories, where he was instrumental in designing a long-lasting plastic to sheath telephone cables, enabling the introduction of telephone services to thousands of Americans, especially those in rural communities. In addition to his pioneering research, Hawkins is also known for his advocacy efforts for minority students. He also served as the chairman of Montclair State University in 1973. Amongst his many awards, Hawkins was the first African-American to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1975), and, shortly before his death in 1992, he was awarded the National Medal of Technology by then-U.S. president, George H. W. Bush.
1910
1. Julio Gallo, American businessman, co-founded E & J Gallo Winery (d. 1993) births
  1. Julio Gallo
    
    Julio Gallo was one of two of the founders of the E & J Gallo Winery.
  2. E & J Gallo Winery
    
    E & J Gallo Winery is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California. It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo, and is the largest exporter of California wines. E & J Gallo Winery is the largest family-owned winery in the United States.
2. Muhammad Siddiq Khan, Bangladeshi librarian and educator (d. 1978) births
  1. Muhammad Siddiq Khan
    
    Muhammad Siddiq Khan was the librarian of the Central Library of the University of Dhaka and the founder of the university's Department of Library Science. In March 2004, the Government of Bangladesh posthumously awarded him the Independence Day Award, the country's highest civil honor.
1909
1. Harry Lane, English footballer (d. 1977) births
  1. Harry Lane (footballer, born 1909)
    
    Henry William Lane was an English professional footballer who scored 74 goals in 271 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham, Southend United and Plymouth Argyle.
1907
1. Zoltán Kemény, Hungarian sculptor (d. 1965) births
  1. Zoltán Kemény
    
    Zoltán Kemény was a sculptor.
1906
1. John D. Rockefeller III, American philanthropist (d. 1978) births
  1. John D. Rockefeller III
    
    John Davison Rockefeller III was an American philanthropist. Rockefeller was the eldest son and second child of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller as well as a grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. He was engaged in a wide range of philanthropic projects, many of which his family had launched, as well as supporting organizations related to East Asian affairs. Rockefeller was also a major supporter of the Population Council, and the committee that created the Lincoln Center in Manhattan.
2. Jim Thompson, American businessman (d. 1967) births
  1. Jim Thompson (designer)
    
    James Harrison Wilson Thompson was an American businessman who helped revitalise the Thai silk industry in the 1950s and 1960s. At the time of his disappearance he was one of the most famous Americans living in Asia. Time magazine claimed he "almost singlehanded(ly) saved Thailand's vital silk industry from extinction".
3. André Filho, Brazilian musician and songwriter (d. 1974) births
  1. André Filho
    
    Antônio André de Sá Filho, known as André Filho was a Brazilian actor, violinist, mandolinist, banjo player, guitarist, pianist, composer and singer. He worked with some of Brazil's most notable performers of the 1930s including Carmen Miranda, Mário Reis and Noel Rosa.
1905
1. Phyllis McGinley, American author and poet (d. 1978) births
  1. Phyllis McGinley
    
    Phyllis McGinley was an American author of children's books and poetry. Her poetry was in the style of light verse, specializing in humor, satiric tone and the positive aspects of suburban life. She won a Pulitzer prize in 1961.
1904
1. Jehane Benoît, Canadian journalist and author (d. 1987) births
  1. Jehane Benoît
    
    Jehane Benoît, was a Canadian culinary author, speaker, commentator, journalist and broadcaster.
2. Forrest Mars, Sr., American candy maker, created M&M's and Mars bar (d. 1999) births
  1. Forrest Mars Sr.
    
    Forrest Edward Mars Sr. was an American billionaire businessman and the driving force of the Mars candy empire. He is best known for introducing Milky Way (1924) and Mars (1932) chocolate candy bars, and M&M's (1941) chocolate candy, as well as orchestrating the launch of Uncle Ben's Rice. He was the son of candy company Mars, Inc. founder Frank C. Mars and his first wife Ethel G. Mars.
  2. M&M's
    
    M&M's are multi-colored button-shaped chocolates, each of which has the letter "m" printed in lower case in white on one side, consisting of a candy shell surrounding a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M's. The original candy has a semi-sweet chocolate filling which, upon introduction of other variations, was branded as the "plain, normal" variety. Peanut M&M's, which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate, and finally a candy shell, were the first variation to be introduced, and they remain a regular variety. Numerous other variations have been introduced, some of which are regular widespread varieties while others are limited in duration or geographic availability. M&M's are the flagship product of the Mars Wrigley Confectionery division of Mars, Incorporated.
  3. Mars (chocolate bar)
    
    Mars, commonly known as Mars bar, is the name of two varieties of chocolate bar produced by Mars, Incorporated. It was first manufactured in 1932 in Slough, England by Forrest Mars, Sr. The bar consists of caramel and nougat coated with milk chocolate.
3. Nikos Skalkottas, Greek violinist and composer (d. 1949) births
  1. Nikos Skalkottas
    
    Nikos Skalkottas was a Greek composer of 20th-century classical music. A member of the Second Viennese School, he drew his influences from both the classical repertoire and the Greek tradition. He also produced a sizeable amount of tonal music in the last phase of his musical creativity.
1902
1. Son House, American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1988) births
  1. Son House
    
    Edward James "Son" House Jr. was an American Delta blues singer and guitarist, noted for his highly emotional style of singing and slide guitar playing.
1901
1. Karl Arnold, German businessman and politician, President of the German Bundesrat (d. 1958) births
  1. Karl Arnold
    
    Karl Arnold was a German politician. He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956.
  2. President of the German Bundesrat
    
    In Germany, the President of the Bundesrat or President of the Federal Council is the chairperson (speaker) of the Bundesrat. The president is elected by the Bundesrat for a term of one year. Traditionally, the presidency of the Bundesrat rotates among the leaders of the sixteen state governments. This is however only an established practice; theoretically the Bundesrat is free to elect any member it chooses, and a president could also be re-elected. As well as acting as a chairperson, the president of the Bundesrat is ex officio deputy of the Federal President. The President of the German Federal Council is 4th in the German order of precedence. In addition, the main celebration of German Unity Day is traditionally held in the state that holds the presidency.
1899
1. Panagiotis Pipinelis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1970) births
  1. Panagiotis Pipinelis
    
    Panagiotis Pipinelis was a Greek politician and diplomat.
  2. Prime Minister of Greece
    
    The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic, colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece, is the head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of the Greek Cabinet. The incumbent prime minister is Kyriakos Mitsotakis, who took office on 8 July 2019 from Alexis Tsipras.
1897
1. Sim Gokkes, Dutch composer and conductor (d. 1943) births
  1. Sim Gokkes
    
    Simon (Sim) Gokkes was a Dutch-Jewish composer.
2. Salvador Lutteroth, Mexican wrestling promoter, founded Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (d. 1987) births
  1. Salvador Lutteroth
    
    Salvador Lutteroth González was a Mexican professional wrestling promoter of the mid-twentieth century. Lutteroth's organization, Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL), was the dominant Mexican wrestling promotional enterprise from its founding in 1933 until Lutteroth left the company in the 1950s. Under its current name of Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), it is, to date, the longest-running active professional wrestling promotion in the world presenting three weekly shows. Lutteroth was known as the "father of lucha libre," and, in his position as promoter and booker of the dominant promotion, was the most powerful man in Mexican wrestling, and one of the most powerful wrestling executives in the world. He was, in large part, responsible for the widespread fame of the most famous Mexican professional wrestlers of the mid-twentieth century, such as Octavio Gaona, the first Mexican wrestler to win the middleweight championship of the world by defeating Gus Kallio, Carlos Tarzán López, El Santo, Gory Guerrero, René Guajardo, Karloff Lagarde, Enrique Llanes, and the international league wrestler Medico Asesino, Rito Romero, Dorrel Dixon and Mil Máscaras, who wrestled in the United States, Japan, and Europe.
  2. Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
    
    Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Co., Ltd. is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico City. The promotion was previously known as Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL). Founded in 1933, it is the oldest professional wrestling promotion still in existence.
1896
1. Friedrich Waismann, Austrian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1959) births
  1. Friedrich Waismann
    
    Friedrich Waismann was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. He is best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle and one of the key theorists in logical positivism.
1891
1. Joseph E. Johnston, American general (b. 1807) deaths
  1. Joseph E. Johnston
    
    Joseph Eggleston Johnston was an American career army officer, serving with distinction in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Seminole Wars. After Virginia seceded from the Union, he entered the Confederate States Army as one of its most senior general officers.
1889
1. Jock Sutherland, American football player and coach (d. 1948) births
  1. Jock Sutherland
    
    John Bain Sutherland was an American football player and coach. He coached college football at Lafayette College (1919–1923) and the University of Pittsburgh (1924–1938) and professional football for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1940–1941) and Pittsburgh Steelers (1946–1947). He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.
1887
1. Clarice Beckett, Australian painter (d. 1935) births
  1. Clarice Beckett
    
    Clarice Marjoribanks Beckett was an Australian artist and a key member of the Australian tonalist movement. Known for her subtle, misty landscapes of Melbourne and its suburbs, Beckett developed a personal style that helped give rise to modernism in Australia. Disregarded by the art establishment during her lifetime, and largely forgotten in the decades after her death, she is now considered one of Australia's greatest artists.
2. Lajos Kassák, Hungarian poet, novelist and painter (d. 1967) births
  1. Lajos Kassák
    
    Lajos Kassák was a Hungarian poet, novelist, painter, essayist, editor, theoretician of the avant-garde, and occasional translator. He was among the first genuine working-class writers in Hungarian literature.
3. M. N. Roy, Indian philosopher and politician (d. 1954) births
  1. M. N. Roy
    
    Manabendra Nath Roy was an Indian revolutionary, radical activist and political theorist, as well as a noted philosopher in the 20th century. Roy was the founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India.
1886
1. Walter Dray, American pole vaulter (d. 1973) births
  1. Walter Dray
    
    Walter Remy Dray was an American track and field athlete who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. Dray attended Yale University, where he was the captain of the track team. He held the world record in pole vault three separate times. In 1904 he was sixth in pole vault competition. He died in Yorkville, Illinois, aged 87.
1885
1. Pierre Renoir, French actor and director (d. 1952) births
  1. Pierre Renoir
    
    Pierre Renoir was a French stage and film actor. He was the son of the impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir and elder brother of the film director Jean Renoir. He is also noted for being the first actor to play Georges Simenon's character Inspector Jules Maigret in Night at the Crossroads, directed by his brother.
1884
1. George David Birkhoff, American mathematician (d. 1944) births
  1. George David Birkhoff
    
    George David Birkhoff was an American mathematician best known for what is now called the ergodic theorem. Birkhoff was one of the most important leaders in American mathematics in his generation, and during his time he was considered by many to be the preeminent American mathematician.
2. Ezra Abbot, American scholar and academic (b. 1819) deaths
  1. Ezra Abbot
    
    Ezra Abbot was an American biblical scholar.
1882
1. Aleksander Kesküla, Estonian politician (d. 1963) births
  1. Aleksander Kesküla
    
    Aleksander Eduard Kesküla was an Estonian politician and revolutionary.
1880
1. Broncho Billy Anderson, American actor, director, and producer (d. 1971) births
  1. Broncho Billy Anderson
    
    Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson was an American actor, writer, film director, and film producer, who was the first star of the Western film genre. He was a founder and star for Essanay studios. In 1958, he received a special Academy Award for being a pioneer of the film industry.
2. Hans Hofmann, German-American painter and academic (d. 1966) births
  1. Hans Hofmann
    
    Hans Hofmann was a German-born American painter, renowned as both an artist and teacher. His career spanned two generations and two continents, and is considered to have both preceded and influenced Abstract Expressionism. Born and educated near Munich, he was active in the early twentieth-century European avant-garde and brought a deep understanding and synthesis of Symbolism, Neo-impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism when he emigrated to the United States in 1932. Hofmann's painting is characterized by its rigorous concern with pictorial structure and unity, spatial illusionism, and use of bold color for expressive means. The influential critic Clement Greenberg considered Hofmann's first New York solo show at Peggy Guggenheim’s Art of This Century in 1944 as a breakthrough in painterly versus geometric abstraction that heralded abstract expressionism. In the decade that followed, Hofmann's recognition grew through numerous exhibitions, notably at the Kootz Gallery, culminating in major retrospectives at the Whitney Museum of American Art (1957) and Museum of Modern Art (1963), which traveled to venues throughout the United States, South America, and Europe. His works are in the permanent collections of major museums around the world, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Tate Modern, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, National Gallery of Art, and Art Institute of Chicago.
1878
1. Morris H. Whitehouse, American architect (d. 1944) births
  1. Morris H. Whitehouse
    
    Morris Homans Whitehouse was an American architect whose work included the design of the Gus Solomon United States Courthouse in Portland, Oregon.
1877
1. Maurice Farman, French race car driver and pilot (d. 1964) births
  1. Maurice Farman
    
    Maurice Alain Farman was a British-French Grand Prix motor racing champion, an aviator, and an aircraft manufacturer and designer.
1876
1. Walter Tewksbury, American runner and hurdler (d. 1968) births
  1. Walter Tewksbury
    
    Walter Beardsley Tewksbury was an American track and field athlete. At the 1900 Summer Olympics, he won five medals, including two golds.
1874
1. Alfred Tysoe, English runner (d. 1901) births
  1. Alfred Tysoe
    
    Alfred Ernest Tysoe was an English athlete, and winner of two gold medals at the 1900 Olympic Games representing Great Britain.
1869
1. David Robertson, Scottish-English golfer and rugby player (d. 1937) births
  1. David Robertson (sportsman)
    
    David Donaldson Robertson was a Scottish sportsman who represented Great Britain and Ireland at golf in the 1900 Summer Olympics, and also played international rugby for the Scotland.
2. Juan Almonte, son of José María Morelos, was a Mexican soldier and diplomat who served as a regent in the Second Mexican Empire (1863-1864) (b. 1803) deaths
  1. Juan Almonte
    
    Juan Nepomuceno Almonte Ramírez was a Mexican 19th-century official, soldier and diplomat, the natural son of the Independence War hero Fr. José María Morelos. He was present at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution.
  2. José María Morelos
    
    José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón was a Mexican Catholic priest, statesman and military leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811.
  3. Regent
    
    A regent is a person appointed to govern a state pro tempore because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy, or the throne is vacant and the new monarch has not yet been determined. One variation is in the Monarchy of Liechtenstein, where a competent monarch may chose to assign regency to their of-age heir, handing over the majority of their responsibilities to prepare the heir for future succession. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency. A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or personal assistant. If the regent is holding their position due to their position in the line of succession, the compound term prince regent is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, she would be referred to as queen regent.
  4. Second Mexican Empire
    
    The Second Mexican Empire, officially the Mexican Empire, was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists with support mainly from the Second French Empire referred to as the Second French intervention in Mexico. Emperor Napoleon III of France, with the support of the Mexican conservatives, clergy, and nobility, established a monarchist ally in the Americas intended as a restraint upon the growing power of the United States. It has been viewed as both an independent monarchy and as a client state of France. Elected as the emperor of Mexico was Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, whose ancestors had previously ruled Mexico. His wife and empress consort of Mexico was the Belgian princess Charlotte of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, known as ‘Carlota’.
1867
1. Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., American director and producer (d. 1932) births
  1. Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.
    
    Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. was an American Broadway impresario, notable for his series of theatrical revues, the Ziegfeld Follies (1907–1931), inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. He also produced the musical Show Boat. He was known as the "glorifier of the American girl". Ziegfeld is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.
1866
1. Antonia Maury, American astronomer and astrophysicist (d. 1952) births
  1. Antonia Maury
    
    Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Maury was an American astronomer who was the first to detect and calculate the orbit of a spectroscopic binary. She published an important early catalog of stellar spectra using her own system of stellar classification, which was later adopted by the International Astronomical Union. She also spent many years studying the binary star Beta Lyrae. Maury was part of the Harvard Computers, a group of female astronomers and human computers at the Harvard College Observatory.
1865
1. George Owen Squier, American general (d. 1934) births
  1. George Owen Squier
    
    Major General George Owen Squier was born in Dryden, Michigan, United States. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in the Class of 1887 and received a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1893.
1863
1. Edwin Vose Sumner, American general (b. 1797) deaths
  1. Edwin Vose Sumner
    
    Edwin Vose Sumner was a career United States Army officer who became a Union Army general and the oldest field commander of any Army Corps on either side during the American Civil War. His nicknames "Bull" or "Bull Head" came both from his great booming voice and a legend that a musket ball once bounced off his head.
1859
1. Daria Pratt, American golfer (d. 1938) births
  1. Abbie Pratt
    
    Myra Abigail "Abbie" Pratt was an American golfer who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. She won the bronze medal in the women's competition.
1857
1. Alice Henry, Australian journalist and activist (d. 1943) births
  1. Alice Henry
    
    Alice Henry was an Australian suffragist, journalist and trade unionist who also became prominent in the American trade union movement as a member of the Women's Trade Union League.
1854
1. Alick Bannerman, Australian cricketer and coach (d. 1924) births
  1. Alick Bannerman
    
    Alexander Chalmers Bannerman was an Australian cricketer who played in 28 Test matches between 1879 and 1893.
2. Pedro María de Anaya, Mexican soldier. President (1847-1848) (b. 1795) deaths
  1. Pedro María de Anaya
    
    Pedro Bernardino María de Anaya y Álvarez was a Mexican soldier who served twice as interim president of Mexico during the Mexican-American War. Inbetween presidencies, he directly participated in the fighting as an officer, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Churubusco.
1843
1. Robert Southey, English poet, historian, and translator (b. 1774) deaths
  1. Robert Southey
    
    Robert Southey was an English poet of the Romantic school, and Poet laureate from 1813 until his death. Like the other Lake Poets, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Southey began as a radical but became steadily more conservative as he gained respect for Britain and its institutions. Other romantics such as Byron accused him of siding with the establishment for money and status. He is remembered especially for the poem "After Blenheim" and the original version of "Goldilocks and the Three Bears".
2. Guadalupe Victoria, Mexican general and politician, 1st President of Mexico (b. 1786) deaths
  1. Guadalupe Victoria
    
    Guadalupe Victoria, born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican general and political leader who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power following the downfall of the First Mexican Empire. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1824, Victoria was elected as the first president of the United Mexican States.
  2. President of Mexico
    
    The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.
1839
1. Modest Mussorgsky, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1881) births
  1. Modest Mussorgsky
    
    Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky was a Russian composer, one of the group known as "The Five". He was an innovator of Russian music in the Romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music.
1835
1. Thomas Hayward, English cricketer (d. 1876) births
  1. Thomas Hayward (cricketer)
    
    Thomas Hayward was an English first-class cricketer who was generally reckoned to be one of the outstanding batsmen of the 1850s and 1860s. In the early 1860s, he and Robert Carpenter, his county colleague, were rated as the two finest batsmen in England. Richard Daft was among those ranking them as equal first, though George Parr reckoned Carpenter the better of the two.
1831
1. Dorothea Beale, English suffragist, educational reformer and author (d. 1906) births
  1. Dorothea Beale
    
    Dorothea Beale LL.D. was a suffragist, educational reformer and author. As Principal of Cheltenham Ladies' College, she became the founder of St Hilda's College, Oxford.
1825
1. Alexander Mozhaysky, Russian soldier and engineer (d. 1890) births
  1. Alexander Mozhaysky
    
    Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaysky Pol. Aleksander Teodorowicz Możajski was an admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy of Polish origin aviation pioneer, researcher and designer of heavier-than-air craft.
1811
1. Nathaniel Woodard, English priest and educator (d. 1891) births
  1. Nathaniel Woodard
    
    Nathaniel Woodard was a priest in the Church of England. He founded 11 schools for the middle classes in England whose aim was to provide education based on "sound principle and sound knowledge, firmly grounded in the Christian faith". His educational principles are promoted today through the Woodard Corporation, a registered charity.
1806
1. Benito Juárez, Mexican lawyer and politician, 25th President of Mexico (d. 1872) births
  1. Benito Juárez
    
    Benito Pablo Juárez García was a Mexican liberal politician and lawyer who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in office in 1872. A Zapotec, he was the first indigenous president of Mexico and the first indigenous head of state in the postcolonial Americas.
  2. President of Mexico
    
    The president of Mexico, officially the president of the United Mexican States, is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The current president is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018.
1804
1. Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien (b. 1772) deaths
  1. Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
    
    Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien was a member of the House of Bourbon of France. More famous for his death than for his life, he was executed on charges of aiding Britain and plotting against France, shocking royalty across Europe.
1802
1. Augusta Waddington, Welsh writer and patron of the arts (d. 1896) births
  1. Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover
    
    Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover, born Augusta Waddington, was a Welsh heiress, best known as a patron of the Welsh arts.
1801
1. Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer and educator (b. 1741) deaths
  1. Andrea Luchesi
    
    Andrea Luca Luchesi was an Italian composer.
1795
1. Giovanni Arduino, Italian miner and geologist (b. 1714) deaths
  1. Giovanni Arduino (geologist)
    
    Giovanni Arduino was an Italian geologist who is known as the "Father of Italian Geology".
1772
1. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, French geographer and cartographer (b. 1703) deaths
  1. Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
    
    Jacques Nicolas Bellin was a French hydrographer, geographer, and member of the French intellectual group called the philosophes.
1768
1. Joseph Fourier, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1830) births
  1. Joseph Fourier
    
    Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician and physicist born in Auxerre and best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series, which eventually developed into Fourier analysis and harmonic analysis, and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's law of conduction are also named in his honour. Fourier is also generally credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect.
1763
1. Jean Paul, German journalist and author (d. 1825) births
  1. Jean Paul
    
    Jean Paul was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories.
1762
1. Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, French priest, astronomer, and academic (b. 1713) deaths
  1. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
    
    Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, formerly sometimes spelled de la Caille, was a French astronomer and geodesist who named 14 out of the 88 constellations. From 1750 to 1754, he studied the sky at the Cape of Good Hope in present-day South Africa. Lacaille observed over 10,000 stars using just a half-inch refracting telescope.
1752
1. Mary Dixon Kies, American inventor (d. 1837) births
  1. Mary Dixon Kies
    
    Mary Dixon Kies was an American inventor. On May 5, 1809, her patent for a new technique of weaving straw with silk and thread to make hats was signed by President James Madison.
2. Gio Nicola Buhagiar, Maltese painter (b. 1698) deaths
  1. Gio Nicola Buhagiar
    
    Gio Nicola Buhagiar was a Maltese painter.
1751
1. Johann Heinrich Zedler, German publisher (b. 1706) deaths
  1. Johann Heinrich Zedler
    
    Johann Heinrich Zedler was a bookseller and publisher. His most important achievement was the creation of a German encyclopedia, the Grosses Universal-Lexicon , the largest and most comprehensive German-language encyclopedia developed in the 18th century.
1734
1. Robert Wodrow, Scottish historian and author (b. 1679) deaths
  1. Robert Wodrow
    
    Robert Wodrow was a Scottish minister and historian, known as a chronicler and defender of the Covenanters. Robert Wodrow was born at Glasgow, where his father, James Wodrow, was a professor of divinity. Robert was educated at the university and was librarian from 1697 to 1701. From 1703 till his death, he was parish minister at Eastwood, near Glasgow. He had sixteen children, his son Patrick being the "auld Wodrow" of Burns's poem Twa Herds.
1729
1. John Law, Scottish-French economist and politician, Controller-General of Finances (b. 1671) deaths
  1. John Law (economist)
    
    John Law was a Scottish economist who distinguished money, a means of exchange, from national wealth dependent on trade. He served as Controller General of Finances under the Duke of Orleans, who was regent for the juvenile Louis XV of France. In 1716, Law set up a private Banque Générale in France. A year later it was nationalised at his request and renamed as Banque Royale. The private bank had been funded mainly by John Law and Louis XV; three-quarters of its capital consisted of government bills and government-accepted notes, effectively making it the nation's first central bank. Backed only partially by silver, it was a fractional reserve bank. Law also set up and directed the Mississippi Company, funded by the Banque Royale. Its chaotic collapse has been compared to the 17th-century tulip mania in Holland. The Mississippi bubble coincided with the South Sea bubble in England, which allegedly took ideas from it. Law was a gambler who would win card games by mentally calculating odds. He originated ideas such as the scarcity theory of value and the real bills doctrine. He held that money creation stimulated an economy, paper money was preferable to metal, and dividend-paying shares a superior form of money. The term "millionaire" was coined for beneficiaries of Law's scheme.
  2. Controller-General of Finances
    
    The Controller-General or Comptroller-General of Finances was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1661 to 1791. It replaced the former position of Superintendent of Finances, which was abolished with the downfall of Nicolas Fouquet. It did not hold any real political power until 1665, when First Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who had acted upon financial matters since Fouquet's embezzlement charge, was appointed to the office.
2. Elżbieta Sieniawska, politically influential Polish magnate (b. 1669) deaths
  1. Elżbieta Sieniawska
    
    Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska, née Lubomirska, was a Polish noblewoman, Grand Hetmaness of the Crown, and a renowned patron of the arts.
1716
1. Josef Seger, Bohemian organist, composer, and educator (d. 1782) births
  1. Josef Seger
    
    Josef Seger was a Czech organist, composer, and educator. After graduating in philosophy from the Charles University in Prague and studying music under Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, Jan Zach, and others, Seger became organist of two churches in Prague and remained there until his death.
1713
1. Francis Lewis, Welsh-American merchant and politician (d. 1803) births
  1. Francis Lewis
    
    Francis Lewis was an American merchant and a Founding Father of the United States. He was a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation as a representative of New York to the Continental Congress.
1685
1. Johann Sebastian Bach, German Baroque composer and musician (d. 1750) births
  1. Johann Sebastian Bach
    
    Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music such as the Brandenburg Concertos; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard works such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; organ works such as the Schubler Chorales and the Toccata and Fugue in D minor; and vocal music such as the St Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor. Since the 19th-century Bach revival he has been generally regarded as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music.
1676
1. Henri Sauval, French historian and author (b. 1623) deaths
  1. Henri Sauval
    
    Henri Sauval was a French historian.
1672
1. Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino, Italian poet and translator (d. 1742) births
  1. Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino
    
    Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino was an Italian poet and opera librettist. He was the son of the composer Carlo Pallavicino (1630?-1688).
1656
1. James Ussher, Irish archbishop (b. 1581) deaths
  1. James Ussher
    
    James Ussher was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland between 1625 and 1656. He was a prolific scholar and church leader, who today is most famous for his identification of the genuine letters of the church father, Ignatius of Antioch, and for his chronology that sought to establish the time and date of the creation as "the entrance of the night preceding the 23rd day of October... the year before Christ 4004"; that is, around 6 pm on 22 October 4004 BC, per the proleptic Julian calendar.
1653
1. Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha, Albanian politician, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire deaths
  1. Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha
    
    Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha was an Ottoman Albanian statesman and Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 20 June 1652 until 21 March 1653, when he was executed because of the economic reforms he initiated.
  2. List of Ottoman grand viziers
    
    The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
1626
1. Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur, Spanish saint and missionary (d. 1667) births
  1. Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur
    
    Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur y Gonzáles (Spanish: Pedro de San José de Betancur y Gonzáles, March 21, 1626 – April 25, 1667, called Hermano Pedro de San José Betancurt or more simply Peter de Betancurt, Hermano Pedro, Santo Hermano Pedro, or San Pedro de Vilaflor, was a Spanish saint and missionary in Guatemala. Known as the "Saint Francis of Assisi of the Americas", he is the first saint native to the Canary Islands, is also considered the first saint of Guatemala and Central America for having done his missionary work in those American lands. He was the founder of Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem.
1617
1. Pocahontas, Algonquian Indigenous princess (b. c. 1595) deaths
  1. Pocahontas
    
    Pocahontas was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan people, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.
1571
1. Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (b. 1517) deaths
  1. Odet de Coligny
    
    Odet de Coligny was a French aristocrat, cardinal, Bishop-elect of Beauvais, Peer of France, and member of the French Royal Council. From 1534 he was usually referred to as the Cardinal of Châtillon.
1557
1. Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel, English countess and poet (d. 1630) births
  1. Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel
    
    Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel, was an English poet, noblewoman, and religious conspirator. She lived a life devoted to her son, Thomas Howard, and religion, as she converted to Catholicism in 1582, going against society's acceptance. She was known to be a "woman of strong character, and of religious desposition…whose influence soon made itself felt upon her husband… the increasing seriousness of his thoughts led him in the direction of Romanism…". She was also known as a poet and for literary works written about her.
1556
1. Thomas Cranmer, English archbishop (b. 1489) deaths
  1. Thomas Cranmer
    
    Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation also called Protestant Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of royal supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.
1555
1. John Leveson, English politician (d. 1615) births
  1. John Leveson
    
    Sir John Leveson was an English politician. He was instrumental in putting down the Essex rebellion of 8 February 1601.
1540
1. John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, English peer and courtier (b. c. 1482) deaths
  1. John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford
    
    John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, Lord Great Chamberlain KG PC was an English peer and courtier.
1527
1. Hermann Finck, German composer and educator (d. 1558) births
  1. Hermann Finck
    
    Hermann Finck was a German composer.
1521
1. Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553) births
  1. Maurice, Elector of Saxony
    
    Maurice was Duke (1541–47) and later Elector (1547–53) of Saxony. His clever manipulation of alliances and disputes gained the Albertine branch of the Wettin dynasty extensive lands and the electoral dignity.
1501
1. Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham, English noble (d. 1558) births
  1. Anne Braye, Baroness Cobham
    
    Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham, born Anne Braye, was the wife of Sir George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham. She was the attendant horsewoman at Anne Boleyn's coronation as Queen Consort on 1 June 1533, and she was allegedly one of the first accusers of Queen Anne in 1536. Anne Braye was Baroness Cobham from 1529 until her death in 1558.
1487
1. Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss monk and saint (b. 1417) deaths
  1. Nicholas of Flüe
    
    Nicholas of Flüe was a Swiss hermit and ascetic who is the patron saint of Switzerland. He is sometimes invoked as Brother Klaus. A farmer, military leader, member of the assembly, councillor, judge and mystic, he was respected as a man of complete moral integrity. He is known for having fasted for over twenty years. Brother Klaus's counsel to the Diet of Stans (1481) helped prevent war between the Swiss cantons.
1474
1. Angela Merici, Italian educator and saint (d. 1540) births
  1. Angela Merici
    
    Angela Merici or Angela de Merici was an Italian religious educator, who is honored as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. She founded the Company of St. Ursula in 1535 in Brescia, in which women dedicated their lives to the service of the church through the education of girls. From this organisation later sprang the monastic Order of Saint Ursula, whose nuns established places of prayer and learning throughout Europe and, later, worldwide, most notably in North America.
1372
1. Rudolf VI, Margrave of Baden deaths
  1. Rudolf VI, Margrave of Baden
    
    Rudolf VI of Baden was Margrave of Baden-Baden and Count of Eberstein from 1353 to 1372.
1306
1. Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1248) deaths
  1. Robert II, Duke of Burgundy
    
    Robert II of Burgundy was Duke of Burgundy between 1272 and 1306 as well as titular King of Thessalonica. Robert was the third son of duke Hugh IV and Yolande of Dreux.
1201
1. Absalon, Danish archbishop (b. c. 1128) deaths
  1. Absalon
    
    Absalon was a Danish statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of Roskilde from 1158 to 1192 and archbishop of Lund from 1178 until his death. He was the foremost politician and church father of Denmark in the second half of the 12th century, and was the closest advisor of King Valdemar I of Denmark. He was a key figure in the Danish policies of territorial expansion in the Baltic Sea, Europeanization in close relationship with the Holy See, and reform in the relation between the Church and the public. He combined the ideals of Gregorian Reform with loyal support of a strong monarchical power.
1076
1. Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1011) deaths
  1. Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
    
    Robert I, known as Robert the Old and "Old French: Tête-Hardi, lit. 'the Headstrong'", was Duke of Burgundy from 1032 to his death. Robert was the son of King Robert II of France and Constance of Arles. His brother was Henry I of France.
1063
1. Richeza of Lotharingia (b. 995) deaths
  1. Richeza of Lotharingia
    
    Richeza of Lotharingia was a member of the Ezzonen dynasty who became queen of Poland as the wife of Mieszko II Lambert. Her Polish marriage was arranged to strengthen the ties between Mieszko and her uncle Emperor Otto III. She returned to Germany following the deposition of her husband in 1031, either divorcing or separating from him. Upon the death of her brother Duke Otto II of Swabia and the consequent extinction of the male line of her family, Richeza became a nun, worked to preserve the Ezzonen heritage, and funded the restoration of the Abbey of Brauweiler. She has been beatified.
1034
1. Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia (b. 955) deaths
  1. Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
    
    Ezzo, sometimes called Ehrenfried, a member of the Ezzonid dynasty, was Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1015 until his death. As brother-in-law of Emperor Otto III, father of Queen Richeza of Poland and several other illustrious children, he was one of the most important figures of the Rhenish history of his time.
927
1. Emperor Taizu of Song (d. 976) births
  1. Emperor Taizu of Song
    
    Emperor Taizu of Song, personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty of China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguished military general of the Later Zhou dynasty, Emperor Taizu came to power after staging a coup d'état and forcing Emperor Gong, the last Later Zhou ruler, to abdicate the throne in his favour.
867
1. Ælla, king of Northumbria deaths
  1. Ælla of Northumbria
    
    Ælla was King of Northumbria, a kingdom in medieval England, during the middle of the 9th century. Sources on Northumbrian history in this period are limited, and so Ælla's ancestry is not known and the dating of the beginning of his reign is questionable.
  2. Northumbria
    
    Northumbria was an early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now Northern England and south-east Scotland.
2. Osberht, king of Northumbria deaths
  1. Osberht of Northumbria
    
    Osberht was king of Northumbria in the middle of the 9th century. Sources on Northumbrian history in this period are limited. Osberht's descent is not known and the dating of his reign is problematic.

Holidays

Arbor Day (Portugal)
1. Arbor Day
  
  Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
2. Portugal
  
  Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe, and its Iberian portion is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Its two archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. Lisbon is the capital and largest city by population.
Birth of Benito Juárez, a Fiestas Patrias (Mexico)
1. Fiestas Patrias (Mexico)
  
  Fiestas Patrias in Mexico originated in the 19th century and are observed today as five public holidays.
Christian feast day: Benedetta Cambiagio Frassinello
1. Benedetta Cambiagio Frassinello
  
  Benedetta Cambiagio Frassinello was an Italian Roman Catholic professed religious and the founder of the Benedictine Sisters of Providence. Frassinello married to appease her parents in 1816 but the couple decided to lead a chaste life and both pursued a call to the religious life with Frassinello joining the Ursulines in Capriolo at Brescia. But husband and wife later reunited after setting out to establish schools for the education of girls and the pair moved back to Genoa where she founded her order in 1838 based on the Benedictine charism.
Christian feast day: Passing of Saint Benedict (Order of Saint Benedict, pre-1970 Calendar)
1. Benedict of Nursia
  
  Benedict of Nursia was an Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian who is venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion and Old Catholic Churches. He is a patron saint of Europe.
2. Benedictines
  
  The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict, are a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church following the Rule of Saint Benedict. They are also sometimes called the Black Monks, in reference to the colour of their religious habits. They were founded by Benedict of Nursia, a 6th-century monk who laid the foundations of Benedictine monasticism through the formulation of his Rule of Saint Benedict.
Christian feast day: Birillus
1. Birillus
  
  Birillus of Antioch was an early Christian saint. He was ordained to the priesthood by Saint Peter and became the first evangelizer and the first bishop of Catania in Sicily.
Christian feast day: Enda of Aran
1. Enda of Aran
  
  Saint Enda of Aran is an Irish saint. His feast day is 21 March.
Christian feast day: Nicholas of Flüe
1. Nicholas of Flüe
  
  Nicholas of Flüe was a Swiss hermit and ascetic who is the patron saint of Switzerland. He is sometimes invoked as Brother Klaus. A farmer, military leader, member of the assembly, councillor, judge and mystic, he was respected as a man of complete moral integrity. He is known for having fasted for over twenty years. Brother Klaus's counsel to the Diet of Stans (1481) helped prevent war between the Swiss cantons.
Christian feast day: Serapion of Thmuis
1. Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis
  
  The Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis is a work of Saint Serapion, bishop of Thmuis in the Nile Delta and a prominent supporter of Athanasius in the struggle against Arianism. He is sometimes called Serapion the Scholastic for his learning. He is best known in connection with this prayer-book or sacramentary (euchologion) intended for the use of bishops.
Christian feast day: Thomas Cranmer (Anglicanism)
1. Thomas Cranmer
  
  Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation also called Protestant Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of royal supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.
2. Calendar of saints (Church of England)
  
  The Church of England commemorates many of the same saints as those in the General Roman Calendar, mostly on the same days, but also commemorates various notable Christians who have not been canonised by Rome, with a particular though not exclusive emphasis on those of English origin. There are differences in the calendars of other churches of the Anglican Communion.
Christian feast day: March 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. March 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  March 20 – Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar – March 22
Education Freedom Day
1. Education Freedom Day
  
  Education Freedom Day (EFD) is an international event launched by the Digital Freedom Foundation in 2013. It's annually observed on March 21. It is similar to other Freedom Days, namely Software, Hardware and Culture Freedom Day. The goal of EDF is spread knowledge and awareness regarding the benefits of using free software and free educational resources for education.
Harmony Day (Australia)
1. Harmony Day
  
  Harmony Day is celebrated annually on 21 March in Australia. Harmony Day began in 1999, coinciding with the United Nations International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
2. Australia
  
  Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi), Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, and mountain ranges in the south-east.
Human Rights Day (South Africa)
1. Human Rights Day
  
  Human Rights Day is celebrated annually around the world on 10 December every year.
2. South Africa
  
  South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini. It also completely enclaves the country Lesotho. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World, and the second-most populous country located entirely south of the equator, after Tanzania. South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot, with unique biomes, plant and animal life. With over 60 million people, the country is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres. South Africa has three capital cities, with the executive, judicial and legislative branches of government based in Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and Cape Town respectively. The largest city is Johannesburg.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Namibia from South African mandate in 1990
1. Public holidays in Namibia
2. Namibia
  
  Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU) and the Commonwealth of Nations.
International Colour Day (International)
1. International Colour Day
  
  International Colour Day is an annual event held on March 21 to celebrate colour.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (International)
1. International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
  
  The International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is observed annually on 21 March. On that day, in 1960, police opened fire at a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, South Africa, against the apartheid pass laws; 69 people were killed, and 180 were injured. Proclaiming the day in 1966, the United Nations General Assembly called on the international community to redouble its efforts to eliminate all forms of racial discrimination.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
International Day of Forests (International), by proclamation of the United Nations General Assembly
1. International Day of Forests
  
  The International Day of Forests was established on the 21st day of March, by resolution of the United Nations General Assembly on November 28, 2013. Each year, various events celebrate and raise awareness of the importance of all types of forests, and trees outside forests, for the benefit of current and future generations. Countries are encouraged to undertake efforts to organize local, national, and international activities involving forests and trees, such as tree planting campaigns, on International Day of Forests. The Secretariat of the United Nations Forum on Forests, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization, facilitates the implementation of such events in collaboration with governments, the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, and international, regional and subregional organizations. International Day of Forests was observed for the first time on March 21, 2013.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
3. United Nations General Assembly
  
  The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Currently in its 77th session, its powers, composition, functions, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing the non-permanent members to the Security Council, appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports from other parts of the UN system, and making recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ wherein all member states have equal representation.
Mother's Day (most of the Arab world)
1. Mother's Day
  
  Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March or May. It complements similar celebrations, largely pushed by commercial interests, honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.
2. Arab world
  
  The Arab world, formally the Arab homeland, also known as the Arab nation, the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, refers to a vast group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa, that linguistically or culturally share an Arab identity. A majority of people in these countries are either ethnically Arab or are Arabized, speaking the Arabic language, which is used as the lingua franca throughout the Arab world.
National Tree Planting Day (Lesotho)
1. Arbor Day
  
  Arbor Day is a secular day of observance in which individuals and groups are encouraged to plant trees. Today, many countries observe such a holiday. Though usually observed in the spring, the date varies, depending on climate and suitable planting season.
2. Lesotho
  
  Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked as an enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the highest mountains in Southern Africa. It has an area of over 30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) and has a population of about 2 million.
Newroz (Iran, Kurdistan, Mesopotamia)
1. Newroz as celebrated by Kurds
  
  Newroz or Nawroz is the Kurdish celebration of Nowruz; the arrival of spring and new year in Kurdish culture. The lighting of the fires at the beginning of the evening of March 21 is the main symbol of Newroz among the Kurds.
2. Iran
  
  Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
3. Kurdistan
  
  Kurdistan or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges.
4. Mesopotamia
  
  Mesopotamia is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Today, Mesopotamia occupies modern Iraq. In the broader sense, the historical region included present-day Iraq and Kuwait and parts of present-day Iran, Syria and Turkey.
Oltenia Day (Romania)
1. Oltenia Day
  
  The Oltenia Day is a public holiday of Romania celebrated every 21 March that commemorates the entry in Bucharest on 21 March 1821 of the Romanian revolutionary Tudor Vladimirescu, who started the Wallachian uprising of 1821 in Oltenia, where he was born. The holiday was promulgated on 13 April 2017 by Law No. 65/2017 by the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and published in the Monitorul Oficial on the same day. Previously, the project to establish the holiday had been approved by the Senate of Romania on 1 November 2016 and by the Chamber of Deputies of Romania on 21 March 2017. The ones that first proposed the holiday were a group of 27 deputies and senators belonging to different Romanian political parties.
2. Romania
  
  Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi), with a population of around 19 million. Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
Rosie the Riveter Day (United States)
1. Rosie the Riveter
  
  Rosie the Riveter is an allegorical cultural icon in the United States who represents the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who joined the military. Rosie the Riveter is used as a symbol of American feminism and women's economic advantage.
2. United States
  
  The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or informally America, is a country in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. It is the third-largest country by both land and total area. The United States shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south. It has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 331 million, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city and financial center is New York City.
Truant's Day (Poland, Faroe Islands)
1. Truancy
  
  Truancy is any intentional, unjustified, unauthorised, or illegal absence from compulsory education. It is a deliberate absence by a student's own free will and usually does not refer to legitimate excused absences, such as ones related to medical conditions. Truancy is usually explicitly defined in the school's handbook of policies and procedures. Attending school but not going to class is called internal truancy. Some children whose parents claim to homeschool have also been found truant in the United States. In some schools, truancy may result in not being able to graduate or to receive credit for classes attended, until the time lost to truancy is made up through a combination of detention, fines, or summer school.
2. Poland
  
  Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.
3. Faroe Islands
  
  The Faroe Islands, or simply the Faroes, are a North Atlantic archipelago island country and self-governing nation under the external sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark.
Vernal equinox related observances (see March 20)
1. March equinox
  
  The March equinox or northward equinox is the equinox on the Earth when the subsolar point appears to leave the Southern Hemisphere and cross the celestial equator, heading northward as seen from Earth. The March equinox is known as the vernal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and as the autumnal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.
World Down Syndrome Day (International)
1. World Down Syndrome Day
  
  World Down Syndrome Day (WDSD) is marked each year on March 21, beginning in 2006. The 21st day of March was selected to signify the uniqueness of the triplication (trisomy) of the 21st chromosome which causes Down syndrome.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
World Poetry Day (International)
1. World Poetry Day
  
  World Poetry Day is celebrated on 21 March, and was declared by UNESCO in 1999, "with the aim of supporting linguistic diversity through poetic expression and increasing the opportunity for endangered languages to be heard". Its purpose is to promote the reading, writing, publishing and teaching of poetry throughout the world and, as the original UNESCO declaration says, to "give fresh recognition and impetus to national, regional and international poetry movements".
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
World Puppetry Day (International)
1. World Puppetry Day
  
  World Puppetry Day is March 21. The idea came from the puppet theater artist Javad Zolfaghari from Iran. In 2000 at the XVIII Congress of the Union Internationale de la Marionnette, (UNIMA) in Magdeburg, he made the proposal for discussion. Two years later, at a meeting of the International Council of UNIMA in June 2002 in Atlanta, the date of the celebration was identified. The first celebration was in 2003.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.
Youth Day (Tunisia)
1. Youth Day
  
  National Youth Day is a holiday dedicated to the youths of a country. It is observed by 18 countries, on many dates throughout the year. The United Nations agreed on the date of 12 August in 1999 in South Africa.
2. Tunisia
  
  Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of Carthage dating back to the 9th century, as well as the Great Mosque of Kairouan. Known for its ancient architecture, souks and blue coasts, it covers 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi), and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert; much of its remaining territory is arable land. Its 1,300 km (810 mi) of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, Cape Angela; and its capital and largest city is Tunis, which is located on its northeastern coast, and lends the country its name.