Important events in history
on June 19 ^th

Events

2018
1. The 10,000,000th United States Patent is issued.
  1. Patent
    
    A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention. In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder must sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce their rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant.
2. Antwon Rose II was fatally shot in East Pittsburgh by East Pittsburgh Police Officer Michael Rosfeld after being involved in a near-fatal drive-by shooting.
  1. Killing of Antwon Rose Jr.
    
    Antwon Rose II was a 17-year-old African-American who was fatally shot in East Pittsburgh on June 19, 2018, by police officer Michael Rosfeld after being suspected of attempted murder by participating in a drive-by shooting. Rose had an empty handgun magazine in his pocket and gunshot residue on his hand. Allegheny County Medical Examiner Daniel Wolfe said the residue was likely the result of Rose firing a gun. He was transported to McKeesport Hospital where he was later declared deceased.
  2. East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    
    East Pittsburgh is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, about 11 miles (18 km) southeast of the confluence of the Monongahela and the Allegheny rivers at Pittsburgh. The population in 1900 stood at 2,883, and in 1910, at 5,615. As of the 2020 census, the borough population was 1,927, having fallen from 6,079 in 1940. George Westinghouse erected large works there which supplied equipment to the great power plants at Niagara Falls and for the elevated and rapid-transit systems of New York. Nearby, the George Westinghouse Bridge over Turtle Creek is a prominent fixture in the area, which is very near the borough of Braddock.
2012
1. Facing allegations of sexual assault in Sweden, Julian Assange (pictured), the founder of WikiLeaks, requested asylum at the Ecuadorian embassy in London.
  1. Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority
    
    Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority were the set of legal proceedings in the United Kingdom concerning the requested extradition of Julian Assange to Sweden for a "preliminary investigation" into accusations of sexual offences. The proceedings began in 2012. On 12 August 2015, Swedish prosecutors announced that they had dropped their investigation into three of the allegations against Assange, because the statute of limitations had expired. The investigation into the rape allegation was dropped by Swedish authorities on 19 May 2017. Assange said in these proceedings that he feared he would ultimately be extradited to the United States if he were sent to Sweden.
  2. Julian Assange
    
    Julian Paul Assange is an Australian editor, publisher, and activist who founded WikiLeaks in 2006. WikiLeaks came to international attention in 2010 when it published a series of leaks provided by U.S. Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning. These leaks included the Baghdad airstrike Collateral Murder video, the Afghanistan war logs, the Iraq war logs, and Cablegate. After the 2010 leaks, the United States government launched a criminal investigation into WikiLeaks.
  3. WikiLeaks
    
    WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources. Its website stated in 2015 that it had released online 10 million documents since beginning in 2006 in Iceland. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is generally described as its founder and director and is currently fighting extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks. Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief.
  4. Right of asylum
    
    The right of asylum is an ancient juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, like a second country or another entity which in medieval times could offer sanctuary. This right was recognized by the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, from whom it was adopted into Western tradition. René Descartes fled to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, and Thomas Hobbes to France, because each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners.
  5. Embassy of Ecuador, London
    
    The Embassy of Ecuador in London is the diplomatic mission of Ecuador in the United Kingdom. It is headed by the ambassador of Ecuador to the United Kingdom. It is located in the Knightsbridge area of London, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is in an apartment building which also houses the Embassy of Colombia as well as a number of residential apartments, near Harrods, Hyde Park, and Hans Place, at 3 Hans Crescent at the intersection with Basil Street, and it is close to Knightsbridge Underground station.
2. WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange requested asylum in London's Ecuadorian Embassy for fear of extradition to the US after publication of previously classified documents including footage of civilian killings by the US army.
  1. WikiLeaks
    
    WikiLeaks is an international non-profit organisation that publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous sources. Its website stated in 2015 that it had released online 10 million documents since beginning in 2006 in Iceland. Julian Assange, an Australian Internet activist, is generally described as its founder and director and is currently fighting extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks. Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief.
  2. Julian Assange
    
    Julian Paul Assange is an Australian editor, publisher, and activist who founded WikiLeaks in 2006. WikiLeaks came to international attention in 2010 when it published a series of leaks provided by U.S. Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning. These leaks included the Baghdad airstrike Collateral Murder video, the Afghanistan war logs, the Iraq war logs, and Cablegate. After the 2010 leaks, the United States government launched a criminal investigation into WikiLeaks.
  3. Extradition
    
    Extradition is an action wherein one jurisdiction delivers a person accused or convicted of committing a crime in another jurisdiction, over to the other's law enforcement. It is a cooperative law enforcement procedure between the two jurisdictions and depends on the arrangements made between them. In addition to legal aspects of the process, extradition also involves the physical transfer of custody of the person being extradited to the legal authority of the requesting jurisdiction.
  4. Classified information
    
    Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected. Access is restricted by law or regulation to particular groups of people with the necessary security clearance and need to know, and mishandling of the material can incur criminal penalties.
  5. July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike
    
    On July 12, 2007, a series of air-to-ground attacks were conducted by a team of two U.S. AH-64 Apache helicopters in Al-Amin al-Thaniyah, New Baghdad, during the Iraqi insurgency which followed the invasion of Iraq. On April 5, 2010, the attacks received worldwide coverage and controversy following the release of 39 minutes of gunsight footage by the Internet whistleblower website WikiLeaks. The footage was portrayed as classified, but the individual who leaked it, U.S. Army soldier Chelsea Manning, testified in 2013 that the video was not classified. The video, which WikiLeaks titled Collateral Murder, showed the crew firing on a group of men and killing several of them, then laughing at some of the casualties, all of whom were civilians, including two Reuters journalists. An anonymous U.S. military official confirmed the authenticity of the footage, which provoked global discussion on the legality and morality of the attacks.
2010
1. The royal wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling took place in Stockholm Cathedral.
  1. Wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling
    
    The wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling took place on 19 June 2010 in Stockholm Cathedral. It has been described as "Europe's biggest royal wedding since the Prince of Wales married Lady Diana Spencer in 1981." Westling thereby acquired Victoria's ducal title, becoming a Swedish prince and Duke of Västergötland. In time for the wedding, a joint monogram of their initials was created.
  2. Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
    
    Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland is the heir apparent to the Swedish throne, as the eldest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf. If she ascends to the throne as expected, she would be Sweden's fourth queen regnant and the first since 1720. Her inheritance is secured by Sweden's 1979 Act of Succession, the first law in Western Europe to adopt royal absolute primogeniture.
  3. Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland
    
    Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland, is a member of the Swedish royal family. Prior to his marriage to the heir apparent, Crown Princess Victoria, he was a personal trainer and gym owner and ran a company called Balance Training with three gyms in central Stockholm.
  4. Storkyrkan
    
    Storkyrkan, also called Stockholms domkyrka and Sankt Nikolai kyrka, is the oldest church in Stockholm. Storkyrkan lies in the centre of Stockholm in Gamla stan, between Stockholm Palace and Stortorget, the old main square of Stockholm. It was consecrated to Saint Nicholas in 1306 but construction of the church probably started in the 13th century. Inside, Storkyrkan still maintains much of its late medieval appearance in the form of a hall church with a vaulted ceiling supported by brick pillars. The exterior of the church is however uniformly Baroque in appearance, the result of extensive changes made in the 18th century. The church played an important role during the Reformation in Sweden as the place where Mass was celebrated in Swedish for the first time. It currently serves as the seat of the Bishop of Stockholm within the Church of Sweden since the creation of the Diocese of Stockholm in 1942.
2009
1. Mass rioting broke out in Shishou, China, over the dubious circumstances surrounding the death of a local chef.
  1. Shishou incident
    
    The Shishou Incident was a popular protest and riot in the city of Shishou, Hubei Province, in central China between June 19–21, 2009. The protests were the result of dubious circumstances surrounding the death of 24-year-old chef Tu Yuangao (涂遠高) of the local Yonglong Hotel (永隆大酒店).
  2. Shishou
    
    Shishou is a county-level city under the administration of the prefectural-level city Jingzhou, in the south of Hubei province, near its border with Hunan province, and is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The Swan Islet Wetland of the Yangtze River in this area is the world's largest national natural reserve both for wild elks(Milu, or David Deer) and for Chinese river dolphins. The Shishou City National Baiji Reserve for Chinese river dolphins is nearby. It shares its name with a stream flowing into the Yangtze River. In addition, the area enjoys convenient transportation, with an hour's drive from Yueyang East Railway Station on the Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway line, and 70 kilometers (43 mi) from Jingzhou Railway Station on the Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu high-speed railway line. Moreover, Shishou boasts a diversified landscape, including mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, terraces and plains, as well as abundant resources such as rice, cotton, oil plants, eggs, fish, and lotus roots.
2. War in Afghanistan: British forces began Operation Panther's Claw, in which more than 350 troops made an aerial assault on Taliban positions in Southern Afghanistan.
  1. War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
    
    The War in Afghanistan was an armed conflict in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021. It began when an international military coalition, led by the United States, launched an invasion of Afghanistan, subsequently toppling the Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate and establishing the internationally recognized Islamic Republic three years later. The nearly 20-year-long conflict ultimately ended with the 2021 Taliban offensive, which overthrew the Islamic Republic, and re-established the Islamic Emirate. It was the longest war in the military history of the United States, surpassing the length of the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by approximately six months.
  2. Operation Panther's Claw
    
    Operation Panchai Palang, or Panther's Claw, was a British-led military operation of the War in Afghanistan in Helmand Province in southern Afghanistan. It aimed to secure various canal and river crossings to establish a permanent International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) presence in the area. The commander of the operation declared the first stage a success on 27 July 2009.
  3. Taliban
    
    The Taliban, which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist, militant Islamist, jihadist, and Pashtun nationalist political movement in Afghanistan. It ruled approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001, before being overthrown following the United States invasion. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 after nearly 20 years of insurgency, and currently controls all of the country, although its government has not yet been recognized by any country. The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting human rights in Afghanistan, including the right of women and girls to work and to have an education.
3. Mass riots involving over 10,000 people and 10,000 police officers break out in Shishou, China, over the dubious circumstances surrounding the death of a local chef.
  1. Shishou incident
    
    The Shishou Incident was a popular protest and riot in the city of Shishou, Hubei Province, in central China between June 19–21, 2009. The protests were the result of dubious circumstances surrounding the death of 24-year-old chef Tu Yuangao (涂遠高) of the local Yonglong Hotel (永隆大酒店).
  2. Shishou
    
    Shishou is a county-level city under the administration of the prefectural-level city Jingzhou, in the south of Hubei province, near its border with Hunan province, and is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The Swan Islet Wetland of the Yangtze River in this area is the world's largest national natural reserve both for wild elks(Milu, or David Deer) and for Chinese river dolphins. The Shishou City National Baiji Reserve for Chinese river dolphins is nearby. It shares its name with a stream flowing into the Yangtze River. In addition, the area enjoys convenient transportation, with an hour's drive from Yueyang East Railway Station on the Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway line, and 70 kilometers (43 mi) from Jingzhou Railway Station on the Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu high-speed railway line. Moreover, Shishou boasts a diversified landscape, including mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, terraces and plains, as well as abundant resources such as rice, cotton, oil plants, eggs, fish, and lotus roots.
4. War in North-West Pakistan: The Pakistani Armed Forces open Operation Rah-e-Nijat against the Taliban and other Islamist rebels in the South Waziristan area of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
  1. Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
    
    The insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, also known as the War in North-West Pakistan or Pakistan's war on terror, is an ongoing armed conflict involving Pakistan, and Islamist militant groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Jundallah, Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI), TNSM, al-Qaeda, and their Central Asian allies such as the ISIL–Khorasan (ISIL), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, East Turkistan Movement, Emirate of Caucasus, and elements of organized crime. Formerly a war, it is now a low-level insurgency as of 2017.
  2. Pakistan Armed Forces
    
    The Pakistan Armed Forces are the military forces of Pakistan. It is the world's sixth-largest military measured by active military personnel and consist of three formally uniformed services—the Army, Navy, and the Air Force, which are backed by various constitutionally−sanctioned paramilitary forces. According to Global Firepower, the Pakistan Armed Forces are ranked as the 9th most powerful military in the world. A critical component to the armed forces' structure is the Strategic Plans Division Force, which is responsible for the maintenance and safeguarding of Pakistan's tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile and assets. The President of Pakistan is the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces and the chain of command is organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC) alongside the respective Chiefs of staffs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. All branches are systemically coordinated during joint operations and missions under the Joint Staff Headquarters (JSHQ).
  3. Operation Rah-e-Nijat
    
    The Operation Rah-e-Nijat was a strategic offensive military operation by the unified command of Pakistan Armed Forces against the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and their extremist allies in the South Waziristan area of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas that began on June 19, 2009; a major ground-air offensive was subsequently launched on October 17. It became the integral part of the war in Western fronts which led to the encirclement and destruction of Taliban forces in the region, although the Taliban leadership escaped to lawless areas of neighboring Afghanistan.
  4. Taliban
    
    The Taliban, which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist, militant Islamist, jihadist, and Pashtun nationalist political movement in Afghanistan. It ruled approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001, before being overthrown following the United States invasion. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 after nearly 20 years of insurgency, and currently controls all of the country, although its government has not yet been recognized by any country. The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting human rights in Afghanistan, including the right of women and girls to work and to have an education.
  5. Islamism
    
    Islamism is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is conceived as a revival or a return to authentic Islamic practice in its totality.
  6. South Waziristan District
    
    South Waziristan District was a district in Dera Ismail Khan Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa before splitting in to Lower South Waziristan District and Upper South Waziristan District and the southern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, that covers some 11,585 km2 (4,473 mi²). Waziristan comprises the area west and southwest of Peshawar between the Tochi River to the north and the Gomal River to the south. The region was an independent tribal territory from 1893, remaining outside of British-ruled empire and Afghanistan. Tribal raiding into British-ruled territory was a constant problem for the British, requiring frequent punitive expeditions between 1860 and 1945. Troops of the British Raj coined a name for this region "Hell's Door Knocker" in recognition of the fearsome reputation of the local fighters and inhospitable terrain. The capital city of South Waziristan is Wanna. South Waziristan is divided into the three administrative subdivisions of Ladha, Sarwakai, and Wanna. These three subdivisions are further divided into eight Tehsils: Ladha, Makin, Sararogha, Sarwakai, Tiarza, Wanna, Barmal, and Toi Khula.
  7. Federally Administered Tribal Areas
    
    The Federally Administered Tribal Areas was a semi-autonomous tribal region in north-western Pakistan that existed from 1947 until being merged with neighbouring province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018 with the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed by the Parliament as well as Provincial Assembly of KPK. It consisted of seven tribal agencies (districts) and six Frontier Regions, and were directly governed by Pakistan's federal government through a special set of laws called the Frontier Crimes Regulations.
2007
1. The al-Khilani Mosque bombing in Baghdad leaves 78 people dead and another 218 injured.
  1. 2007 al-Khilani mosque bombing
    
    The al-Khilani mosque bombing occurred on 19 June 2007 when a truck bomb exploded in front of the Shia Al-Khilani Mosque in Baghdad, Iraq. At least 78 people were killed and another 218 injured in the blast. The explosion occurred just two days after a four-day curfew banning vehicle movement in the city was lifted after the al-Askari Mosque bombing (2007), and just hours after 10,000 US troops began the Arrowhead Ripper offensive to the north of Baghdad. Because the site was a Shia mosque, the bombing is presumed to have been the work of Sunnis. The Sinak area where the explosion took place was also the targeted by a suicide car bomber on 28 May 2007, which resulted in 21 deaths.
2006
1. The ceremonial "first stone" of the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a facility established to preserve a wide variety of plant seeds from locations worldwide in an underground cavern in Spitsbergen, Norway, was laid.
  1. Cornerstone
    
    The cornerstone is the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation. All other stones will be set in reference to this stone, thus determining the position of the entire structure.
  2. Svalbard Global Seed Vault
    
    The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a secure backup facility for the world's crop diversity on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago. The Seed Vault provides long-term storage of duplicates of seeds conserved in genebanks around the world. This provides security of the world's food supply against the loss of seeds in genebanks due to mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts, war, sabotage, disease and natural disasters. The Seed Vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement among the Norwegian Government, the Crop Trust, and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen).
  3. Seed
    
    A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
  4. Spitsbergen
    
    Spitsbergen is the largest and only permanently populated island of the Svalbard archipelago in northern Norway.
2005
1. Only six race cars competed in the United States Grand Prix at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana, after all the Michelin-shod entrants were withdrawn due to safety concerns.
  1. Auto racing
    
    Auto racing is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition.
  2. 2005 United States Grand Prix
    
    The 2005 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on June 19, 2005, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and was the ninth race of the 2005 Formula One World Championship. The event is one of the most notorious motor races in motor sports history. Out of the 20 cars that entered the race, only the six cars from the teams using Bridgestone tyres competed. The remaining fourteen entrants, all using Michelin tyres, completed the formation lap, but retired to the pit lane before the race started.
  3. Indianapolis Motor Speedway
    
    The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is an automobile racing circuit located in Speedway, Indiana in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Verizon 200, and formerly the home of the United States Grand Prix. It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, approximately six miles (9.7 km) west of Downtown Indianapolis.
  4. Indianapolis
    
    Indianapolis, colloquially known as Indy, is the state capital and most-populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County in 2020 was 977,203. The "balance" population, which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County, was 887,642. It is the 15th most populous city in the U.S., the third-most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago and Columbus, Ohio, and the fourth-most populous state capital after Phoenix, Arizona; Austin, Texas; and Columbus. The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 33rd most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S., with 2,111,040 residents. Its combined statistical area ranks 28th, with a population of 2,431,361. Indianapolis covers 368 square miles (950 km2), making it the 18th largest city by land area in the U.S.
  5. Michelin
    
    Michelin is a French multinational tyre manufacturing company based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région of France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world behind Bridgestone and larger than both Goodyear and Continental. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the Kléber tyres company, Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company, SASCAR, Bookatable and Camso brands. Michelin is also notable for its Red and Green travel guides, its roadmaps, the Michelin stars that the Red Guide awards to restaurants for their cooking, and for its company mascot Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man.
2. Following a series of Michelin tire failures during the United States Grand Prix weekend at Indianapolis, and without an agreement being reached, 14 cars from seven teams in Michelin tires withdrew after completing the formation lap, leaving only six cars from three teams on Bridgestone tires to race.
  1. Michelin
    
    Michelin is a French multinational tyre manufacturing company based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région of France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world behind Bridgestone and larger than both Goodyear and Continental. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the Kléber tyres company, Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company, SASCAR, Bookatable and Camso brands. Michelin is also notable for its Red and Green travel guides, its roadmaps, the Michelin stars that the Red Guide awards to restaurants for their cooking, and for its company mascot Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man.
  2. Tire
    
    A tire or tyre is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, are pneumatically inflated structures, which also provide a flexible cushion that absorbs shock as the tire rolls over rough features on the surface. Tires provide a footprint, called a contact patch, that is designed to match the weight of the vehicle with the bearing strength of the surface that it rolls over by providing a bearing pressure that will not deform the surface excessively.
  3. 2005 United States Grand Prix
    
    The 2005 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on June 19, 2005, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and was the ninth race of the 2005 Formula One World Championship. The event is one of the most notorious motor races in motor sports history. Out of the 20 cars that entered the race, only the six cars from the teams using Bridgestone tyres competed. The remaining fourteen entrants, all using Michelin tyres, completed the formation lap, but retired to the pit lane before the race started.
  4. Indianapolis Motor Speedway
    
    The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is an automobile racing circuit located in Speedway, Indiana in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Verizon 200, and formerly the home of the United States Grand Prix. It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, approximately six miles (9.7 km) west of Downtown Indianapolis.
  5. Bridgestone
    
    Bridgestone Corporation is a Japanese multinational auto and truck parts manufacturer founded in 1931 by Shojiro Ishibashi (1889–1976) in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. The name Bridgestone comes from a calque translation and transposition of ishibashi, meaning 'stone bridge' in Japanese.
1991
1. The last Soviet army units in Hungary are withdrawn.
  1. Southern Group of Forces
    
    The Southern Group of Forces (YUGV) was a Soviet Armed Forces formation formed twice following the Second World War, most notably around the time of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.
1990
1. The current international law defending indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, is ratified for the first time by Norway.
  1. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
    
    The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 is an International Labour Organization Convention, also known as ILO Convention 169, or C169. It is the major binding international convention concerning indigenous peoples and tribal peoples, and a forerunner of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
2. The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is founded in Moscow.
  1. Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
    
    The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, often referred to as the Russian Communist Party or the Communist Party of Russia, was a communist political party in the Russian SFSR. The Communist Party of the Russian SFSR was founded in 1990. At this point, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR being the republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, organized around 58% of the total Communist Party membership. Politically, it became a centre for communist opponents of Gorbachev's leadership.
1988
1. Pope John Paul II canonizes 117 Vietnamese Martyrs.
  1. Pope John Paul II
    
    Pope John Paul II was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in April 2005, and was later canonised as Pope Saint John Paul II.
  2. Vietnamese Martyrs
    
    The Vietnamese Martyrs, also known as the Martyrs of Annam, Martyrs of Tonkin and Cochinchina, Martyrs of Indochina, or Andrew Dung-Lac and Companions, are saints on the General Roman Calendar who were canonized by Pope John Paul II. On June 19, 1988, thousands of Overseas Vietnamese worldwide gathered at the Vatican for the Celebration of the Canonization of 117 Vietnamese Martyrs, an event chaired by Monsignor Tran Van Hoai. Their memorial is on November 24.
1987
1. Basque separatist group ETA detonated a car bomb at the Hipercor shopping centre in Barcelona, killing 21 people and injuring 45 others.
  1. Basque nationalism
    
    Basque nationalism is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques, today scattered between Spain and France. Since its inception in the late 19th century, Basque nationalism has included separatist movements.
  2. ETA (separatist group)
    
    ETA, an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, was an armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization in the Basque Country. The group was founded in 1959 and later evolved from a group promoting traditional Basque culture to a paramilitary group engaged in a violent campaign of bombing, assassinations, and kidnappings in the Southern Basque Country and throughout Spanish territory. Its goal was gaining independence for the Basque Country. ETA was the main group within the Basque National Liberation Movement and was the most important Basque participant in the Basque conflict.
  3. Hipercor bombing
    
    The Hipercor bombing was a car bomb attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA, which was classified as a terrorist group. It took place on 19 June 1987 at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana, Barcelona, Spain. The bombing killed 21 people and injured 45, the deadliest attack in ETA's history. Controversy surrounded the timing of telephone warnings made before the attack and the authorities' response to them.
  4. Hipercor
    
    Hipercor S.A. is an upscale chain of hypermarkets in Spain, belonging to the same group as El Corte Inglés. It has its head office in the El Corte Inglés head office building in Madrid.
2. Basque separatist group ETA commits one of its most violent attacks, in which a bomb is set off in a supermarket, Hipercor, killing 21 and injuring 45.
  1. ETA (separatist group)
    
    ETA, an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, was an armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization in the Basque Country. The group was founded in 1959 and later evolved from a group promoting traditional Basque culture to a paramilitary group engaged in a violent campaign of bombing, assassinations, and kidnappings in the Southern Basque Country and throughout Spanish territory. Its goal was gaining independence for the Basque Country. ETA was the main group within the Basque National Liberation Movement and was the most important Basque participant in the Basque conflict.
  2. Hipercor bombing
    
    The Hipercor bombing was a car bomb attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA, which was classified as a terrorist group. It took place on 19 June 1987 at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana, Barcelona, Spain. The bombing killed 21 people and injured 45, the deadliest attack in ETA's history. Controversy surrounded the timing of telephone warnings made before the attack and the authorities' response to them.
  3. Hipercor
    
    Hipercor S.A. is an upscale chain of hypermarkets in Spain, belonging to the same group as El Corte Inglés. It has its head office in the El Corte Inglés head office building in Madrid.
1985
1. Members of the Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers, dressed as Salvadoran soldiers, attack the Zona Rosa area of San Salvador.
  1. Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers
    
    The Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers was a political party in Central America.
  2. El Salvador
    
    El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. The country's population in 2021 is estimated to be 6.8 million.
  3. 1985 Zona Rosa attacks
    
    The Zona Rosa attack was a guerrilla attack that took place in the Zona Rosa restaurant area of San Salvador, El Salvador at approximately 21:30 on June 19, 1985, during the Salvadoran Civil War. The attack was conducted by gunmen dressed as Salvadoran soldiers, and in total twelve people were killed: four United States Marines, two United States businessmen, a Guatemalan, a Chilean, and four Salvadorans. A left-wing guerrilla group, the Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers, and its armed wing, the Mardoqueo Cruz Urban Commando claimed responsibility for the attack.
  4. San Salvador
    
    San Salvador is the capital and the largest city of El Salvador and its eponymous department. It is the country's political, cultural, educational and financial center. The Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, which comprises the capital itself and 13 of its municipalities, has a population of 2,404,097. The urban area of San Salvador has a population of 1,600,000 inhabitants.
1978
1. Garfield's first comic strip, originally published locally as Jon in 1976, goes into nationwide syndication.
  1. Garfield
    
    Garfield is an American comic strip created by Jim Davis. Originally published locally as Jon in 1976, then in nationwide syndication from 1978 as Garfield, it chronicles the life of the title character Garfield the cat, his human owner Jon Arbuckle, and Odie the dog. As of 2013, it was syndicated in roughly 2,580 newspapers and journals, and held the Guinness World Record for being the world's most widely syndicated comic strip.
  2. Comic strip
    
    A comic strip is a sequence of drawings, often cartoons, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. Traditionally, throughout the 20th and into the 21st century, these have been published in newspapers and magazines, with daily horizontal strips printed in black-and-white in newspapers, while Sunday papers offered longer sequences in special color comics sections. With the advent of the internet, online comic strips began to appear as webcomics.
  3. Print syndication
    
    Print syndication distributes news articles, columns, political cartoons, comic strips and other features to newspapers, magazines and websites. The syndicates offer reprint rights and grant permissions to other parties for republishing content of which they own and/or represent copyrights. Other terms for the service include a newspaper syndicate, a press syndicate, and a feature syndicate.
1970
1. The international Patent Cooperation Treaty was signed, providing a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states.
  1. Patent Cooperation Treaty
    
    The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international patent law treaty, concluded in 1970. It provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an international application, or PCT application.
  2. Patent application
    
    A patent application is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for an invention described in the patent specification and a set of one or more claims stated in a formal document, including necessary official forms and related correspondence. It is the combination of the document and its processing within the administrative and legal framework of the patent office.
1965
1. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, the head of the South Vietnam Air Force, was appointed prime minister at the head of a military regime, ending two years of short-lived military juntas.
  1. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
    
    Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was a South Vietnamese military officer and politician who served as the chief of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force in the 1960s, before leading the nation as the prime minister of South Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967. Then, until his retirement from politics in 1971, he served as vice president to bitter rival General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, in a nominally civilian administration.
  2. South Vietnam Air Force
    
    The South Vietnam Air Force, officially the Republic of Vietnam Air Force was the aerial branch of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces, the official military of the Republic of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975.
  3. Prime Minister of Vietnam
    
    The prime minister of Vietnam, officially styled as the Prime Minister of the Government of the Socialist Republic, is the head of government of Vietnam who presides over the meetings of the Central Government. The prime minister directs the work of government members, and may propose deputy prime ministers to the National Assembly.
2. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ becomes Prime Minister of South Vietnam at the head of a military junta; General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu becomes the figurehead chief of state.
  1. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
    
    Nguyễn Cao Kỳ was a South Vietnamese military officer and politician who served as the chief of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force in the 1960s, before leading the nation as the prime minister of South Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967. Then, until his retirement from politics in 1971, he served as vice president to bitter rival General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, in a nominally civilian administration.
  2. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  3. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
    
    Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was a South Vietnamese military officer and politician who was the president of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. He was a general in the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF), became head of a military junta in 1965, and then president after winning an election in 1967. He established rule over South Vietnam until he resigned and left the nation and relocated to Taipei, Taiwan a few days before the fall of Saigon and the ultimate North Vietnamese victory.
1964
1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is approved after surviving an 83-day filibuster in the United States Senate.
  1. Civil Rights Act of 1964
    
    The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and public accommodations, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history".
  2. Filibuster
    
    A filibuster is a political procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent decision. It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out a bill", and is characterized as a form of obstruction in a legislature or other decision-making body.
  3. United States Senate
    
    The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
1961
1. Kuwait declares independence from the United Kingdom.
  1. Kuwait
    
    Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait also shares maritime borders with Iran. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately 500 km (311 mi). Most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of the capital city Kuwait City. As of 2022, Kuwait has a population of 4.67 million people of which 1.45 million are Kuwaiti citizens while the remaining 2.8 million are foreign nationals from over 100 countries.
1960
1. The first NASCAR race was held at Charlotte Motor Speedway.
  1. NASCAR
    
    The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC (NASCAR) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock car racing. The privately owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948, and his son, Jim France, has been the CEO since August 2018. The company is headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida. Each year, NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 48 US states as well as in Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Europe.
  2. Charlotte Motor Speedway
    
    Charlotte Motor Speedway is a motorsport complex located in Concord, North Carolina, 13 mi (21 km) outside Charlotte. The complex features a 1.5 mi (2.4 km) quad oval track that hosts NASCAR racing including the prestigious Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day weekend, and the Bank of America Roval 400. The speedway was built in 1959 by Bruton Smith and is considered the home track for NASCAR with many race teams located in the Charlotte area. The track is owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports with Greg Walter as track president.
1953
1. Americans Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed as spies who passed U.S. nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviet Union.
  1. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
    
    Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were convicted of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime.
  2. Nuclear weapon
    
    A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion reactions, producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.
2. Cold War: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed at Sing Sing, in New York.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
    
    Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were convicted of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime.
  3. Sing Sing
    
    Sing Sing Correctional Facility, formerly Ossining Correctional Facility, is a maximum-security prison operated by the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision in the village of Ossining, New York. It is about 30 miles (48 km) north of New York City on the east bank of the Hudson River. It holds about 1,700 inmates and housed the execution chamber for the State of New York until the abolition of capital punishment in New York in 2004.
1947
1. Pan Am Flight 121 crashes in the Syrian Desert near Mayadin, Syria, killing 15 and injuring 21.
  1. Pan Am Flight 121
    
    Pan Am Flight 121 was a scheduled Pan American World Airways flight from Karachi to Istanbul. On the evening of June 18, 1947, the Lockheed L-049 Constellation serving the flight, known as the Clipper Eclipse, suffered an engine failure. This led to the overheating of the remaining engines until one caught fire, which spread to the aircraft. The heat from burning magnesium parts caused the engine to fall from the aircraft, leaving it unable to maintain altitude. Early in the morning of June 19, 1947 the plane crashed in the Syrian desert 4 miles from the town of Mayadin. Fifteen people were killed, including 7 crew and 8 passengers. The three surviving crew members were third officer Gene Roddenberry, the chief purser, and one flight attendant. After rescuing passengers from the burning wreckage, Roddenberry took control as the ranking flight officer and organized scout parties to find aid. By midday, the Syrian Army took the survivors to the hospital at Deir ez-Zor. The majority returned to the United States quickly while Roddenberry remained in Syria for two weeks to answer questions about the crash from the local government.
  2. Syrian Desert
    
    The Syrian Desert, also known as the North Arabian Desert, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badiya, is a region of desert, semi-desert and steppe covering 500,000 square kilometers of the Middle East, including parts of southern Syria, eastern Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and western Iraq. It accounts for 85% of the land area of Jordan and 55% of Syria. To the south it borders and merges into the Arabian Desert. The land is open, rocky or gravelly desert pavement, cut with occasional wadis.
  3. Mayadin
    
    Mayadin is a town in eastern Syria. It is the capital of the Mayadin District, part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. Mayadin is about 44 kilometers southeast of Deir ez-Zor. The Euphrates River flows through the town. In the 2004 census, the population was 44,028, making it the second most populous town in the governorate.
1943
1. The Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL merge for one season due to player shortages caused by World War II.
  1. Philadelphia Eagles
    
    The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team plays its home games at Lincoln Financial Field in the South Philadelphia Sports Complex.
  2. Pittsburgh Steelers
    
    The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh. The Steelers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) North division. Founded in 1933, the Steelers are the seventh-oldest franchise in the NFL, and the oldest franchise in the AFC.
  3. National Football League
    
    The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league that consists of 32 teams, divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The NFL is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada and the highest professional level of American football in the world. Each NFL season begins with a three-week preseason in August, followed by the 18-week regular season which runs from early September to early January, with each team playing 17 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, seven teams from each conference advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament that culminates in the Super Bowl, which is contested in February and is played between the AFC and NFC conference champions. The league is headquartered in New York City.
  4. Steagles
    
    The Steagles were the team created by the temporary merger of Pennsylvania's two National Football League (NFL) teams, the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Philadelphia Eagles, during the 1943 season. The two franchises were compelled to field a single combined team because both had lost many players to military service during World War II. The league's official record book refers to the team as "Phil-Pitt Combine", but the unofficial "Steagles", despite never being registered by the NFL, has become the enduring moniker.
1939
1. American baseball player Lou Gehrig was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, now commonly known in the United States as "Lou Gehrig's Disease".
  1. Lou Gehrig
    
    Henry Louis Gehrig was an American professional baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees (1923–1939). Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability, which earned him his nickname "the Iron Horse". He was an All-Star seven consecutive times, a Triple Crown winner once, an American League (AL) Most Valuable Player twice, and a member of six World Series champion teams. He had a career .340 batting average, .632 slugging average, and a .447 on base average. He hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in (RBI). He still has the highest ratio of runs scored plus runs batted in per 100 plate appearances (35.08) and per 100 games (156.7) among Hall of Fame players. In 1939, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his uniform number (4) retired by a team.
  2. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    
    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that results in the progressive loss of motor neurons that control voluntary muscles. ALS is the most common type of motor neuron disease. Early symptoms of ALS include stiff muscles, muscle twitches, and gradual increasing weakness and muscle wasting. Limb-onset ALS begins with weakness in the arms or legs, while bulbar-onset ALS begins with difficulty speaking or swallowing. Half of the people with ALS develop at least mild difficulties with thinking and behavior, and about 15% develop frontotemporal dementia. Most people experience pain. The affected muscles are responsible for chewing food, speaking, and walking. Motor neuron loss continues until the ability to eat, speak, move, and finally the ability to breathe is lost. ALS eventually causes paralysis and early death, usually from respiratory failure.
1934
1. The Communications Act of 1934 establishes the United States' Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
  1. Communications Act of 1934
    
    The Communications Act of 1934 is a United States federal law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 19, 1934 and codified as Chapter 5 of Title 47 of the United States Code, 47 U.S.C. § 151 et seq. The Act replaced the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). It also transferred regulation of interstate telephone services from the Interstate Commerce Commission to the FCC.
  2. Federal Communications Commission
    
    The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access, fair competition, radio frequency use, media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security.
1921
1. The village of Knockcroghery, Ireland, was burned by British forces.
  1. Knockcroghery
    
    Knockcroghery is a village and townland in County Roscommon, Ireland. It is located on the N61 road between Athlone and Roscommon town, near Lough Ree on the River Shannon. The townland of Knockcroghery is in the civil parish of Killinvoy and the historical barony of Athlone North.
  2. Ireland
    
    Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.
1913
1. Natives Land Act, 1913 in South Africa implemented.
  1. Natives Land Act, 1913
    
    The Natives Land Act, 1913 was an Act of the Parliament of South Africa that was aimed at regulating the acquisition of land. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica: "The Natives’ Land Act of 1913 defined less than one-tenth of South Africa as Black “reserves” and prohibited any purchase or lease of land by Blacks outside the reserves. The law also restricted the terms of tenure under which Blacks could live on white-owned farms."
1910
1. The first Father's Day is celebrated in Spokane, Washington.
  1. Father's Day
    
    Father's Day is a holiday of honoring fatherhood and paternal bonds, as well as the influence of fathers in society. In Catholic countries of Europe, it has been celebrated on 19 March as Saint Joseph's Day since the Middle Ages. In the United States, Father's Day was founded by Sonora Smart Dodd, and celebrated on the third Sunday of June for the first time in 1910. The day is held on various dates across the world, and different regions maintain their own traditions of honoring fatherhood.
  2. Spokane, Washington
    
    Spokane is the largest city and county seat of Spokane County, Washington, United States. It is in eastern Washington, along the Spokane River, adjacent to the Selkirk Mountains, and west of the Rocky Mountain foothills, 92 miles (148 km) south of the Canadian border, 18 miles (30 km) west of the Washington–Idaho border, and 279 miles (449 km) east of Seattle, along I-90.
1903
1. Benito Mussolini, at the time a radical Socialist, is arrested by Bern police for advocating a violent general strike.
  1. Benito Mussolini
    
    Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 1943, and "Duce" of Italian Fascism from the establishment of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919 until his execution in 1945 by Italian partisans. As dictator of Italy and principal founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired and supported the international spread of fascist movements during the inter-war period.
  2. Bern
    
    Bern or Berne is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city". With a population of about 133,000, Bern is the fifth-most populous city in Switzerland, behind Zurich, Geneva, Basel and Lausanne. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000.
1875
1. The Herzegovinian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire begins.
  1. Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
    
    The Herzegovina uprising was an uprising led by Christian Serb population, against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina, from where it spread into Bosnia and Raška. It broke out in the summer of 1875, and lasted in some regions up to the beginning of 1878. It was followed by the Bulgarian Uprising of 1876, and coincided with Serbian-Turkish wars (1876–1878), all of those events being part of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878).
  2. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
1867
1. Second French intervention in Mexico: Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico was executed by firing squad in Querétaro City.
  1. Second French intervention in Mexico
    
    The Second French Intervention in Mexico, also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), was an invasion of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico, launched in late 1862 by the Second French Empire at the invitation of Mexican conservatives. It helped replace the republic with a monarchy, known as the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by the Mexican Emperor Maximilian I. Mexican monarchists came up with the initial plan to return Mexico to a monarchical form of government, as it had been pre-independence and at its inception as an independent country. They invited Napoleon III to aid in their cause and help create the monarchy, which would, in his estimations, lead to a country more favorable to French interests, but which was not always the case.
  2. Maximilian I of Mexico
    
    Maximilian I was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor of the Second Mexican Empire from 10 April 1864 until his execution on 19 June 1867. A member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Maximilian was the younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. He had a distinguished career as commander-in-chief of the Imperial Austrian Navy.
  3. Execution by firing squad
    
    Execution by firing squad, in the past sometimes called fusillading, is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are usually readily available and a gunshot to a vital organ, such as the brain or heart, most often will kill relatively quickly.
  4. Querétaro City
    
    Santiago de Querétaro, known simply as Querétaro City, is the capital and largest city of the state of Querétaro, located in central Mexico. It is part of the macroregion of Bajío. It is 213 kilometers (132 mi) northwest of Mexico City, 63 kilometers (39 mi) southeast of San Miguel de Allende and 200 kilometers (120 mi) south of San Luis Potosí. It is also the seat of the municipality of Querétaro, divided into seven boroughs. In 1996, the historic center of Querétaro was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.
2. Maximilian I of the Second Mexican Empire is executed by a firing squad in Querétaro, Querétaro.
  1. Maximilian I of Mexico
    
    Maximilian I was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor of the Second Mexican Empire from 10 April 1864 until his execution on 19 June 1867. A member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Maximilian was the younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. He had a distinguished career as commander-in-chief of the Imperial Austrian Navy.
  2. Second Mexican Empire
    
    The Second Mexican Empire, officially the Mexican Empire, was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists with support mainly from the Second French Empire referred to as the Second French intervention in Mexico. Emperor Napoleon III of France, with the support of the Mexican conservatives, clergy, and nobility, established a monarchist ally in the Americas intended as a restraint upon the growing power of the United States. It has been viewed as both an independent monarchy and as a client state of France. Elected as the emperor of Mexico was Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, whose ancestors had previously ruled Mexico. His wife and empress consort of Mexico was the Belgian princess Charlotte of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, known as ‘Carlota’.
  3. Execution by firing squad
    
    Execution by firing squad, in the past sometimes called fusillading, is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war. Some reasons for its use are that firearms are usually readily available and a gunshot to a vital organ, such as the brain or heart, most often will kill relatively quickly.
  4. Querétaro City
    
    Santiago de Querétaro, known simply as Querétaro City, is the capital and largest city of the state of Querétaro, located in central Mexico. It is part of the macroregion of Bajío. It is 213 kilometers (132 mi) northwest of Mexico City, 63 kilometers (39 mi) southeast of San Miguel de Allende and 200 kilometers (120 mi) south of San Luis Potosí. It is also the seat of the municipality of Querétaro, divided into seven boroughs. In 1996, the historic center of Querétaro was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.
1865
1. Over two years after the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves in Galveston, Texas, United States, are officially informed of their freedom. The anniversary was officially celebrated in Texas and other states as Juneteenth. On June 17, 2021, Juneteenth officially became a federal holiday in the United States.
  1. Emancipation Proclamation
    
    The Emancipation Proclamation, officially Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. The Proclamation changed the legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the secessionist Confederate states from enslaved to free. As soon as slaves escaped the control of their enslavers, either by fleeing to Union lines or through the advance of federal troops, they were permanently free. In addition, the Proclamation allowed for former slaves to "be received into the armed service of the United States."
  2. Galveston, Texas
    
    Galveston is a coastal resort city and port off the Southeast Texas coast on Galveston Island and Pelican Island in the U.S. state of Texas. The community of 209.3 square miles (542 km2), with a population of 47,743 in 2010, is the county seat of surrounding Galveston County and second-largest municipality in the county. It is also within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area at its southern end on the northwestern coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
  3. Texas
    
    Texas is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population. Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast.
  4. Juneteenth
    
    Juneteenth is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the emancipation of enslaved African Americans. Juneteenth marks the anniversary of General Order No. 3 by Major General Gordon Granger on June 19, 1865, proclaiming freedom for slaves in Texas. Originating in Galveston, the holiday has since been observed annually on June 19 in various parts of the United States, often broadly celebrating African-American culture. The day was first recognized as a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law after the efforts of Lula Briggs Galloway, Opal Lee, and others.
  5. Federal holidays in the United States
    
    Federal holidays in the United States are the eleven calendar dates that are designated by the U.S. government as holidays. On U.S. federal holidays, non-essential federal government offices are closed and federal government employees are paid for the holiday.
1862
1. The U.S. Congress prohibits slavery in United States territories, nullifying Dred Scott v. Sandford.
  1. United States Congress
    
    The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The vice president of the United States has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.
  2. Slavery
    
    Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave, who is someone forbidden to quit their service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as their property. Slavery typically involves the enslaved person being made to perform some form of work while also having their location or residence dictated by the enslaver. Many historical cases of enslavement occurred when the enslaved broke the law, became indebted, or suffered a military defeat; other forms of slavery were instituted along demographic lines such as race. The duration of a person's enslavement might be for life, or for a fixed period of time, after which freedom would be granted. Although most forms of slavery are explicitly involuntary and involve the coercion of the enslaved, there also exists voluntary slavery, entered into by the enslaved to pay a debt or obtain money because of poverty. In the course of human history, slavery was a typical feature of civilization, legal in most societies, but it is now outlawed in most countries of the world, except as a punishment for a crime.
  3. Dred Scott v. Sandford
    
    Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that held the United States Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, enslaved or free; thus, they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens. The Supreme Court's decision has been widely denounced, both for its overt racism and for its crucial role in the start of the American Civil War four years later. Legal scholar Bernard Schwartz said that it "stands first in any list of the worst Supreme Court decisions". Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes called it the Court's "greatest self-inflicted wound".
1850
1. Princess Louise of the Netherlands marries Crown Prince Karl of Sweden–Norway.
  1. Louise of the Netherlands
    
    Louise of the Netherlands was Queen of Sweden and Norway from 8 July 1859 until her death in 1871 as the wife of King Charles XV & IV.
  2. Charles XV
    
    Charles XV also Carl ; Swedish: Karl XV and Norwegian: Karl IV was King of Sweden and Norway, there often referred to as Charles IV, from 8 July 1859 until his death in 1872. Though known as King Charles XV in Sweden, he was actually the ninth Swedish king by that name, as his predecessor Charles IX had adopted a numeral according to a fictitious history of Sweden. Charles XV was the third Swedish monarch from the House of Bernadotte and the first one to be born in Sweden.
  3. Union between Sweden and Norway
    
    Sweden and Norway or Sweden–Norway, officially the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and known as the United Kingdoms, was a personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway under a common monarch and common foreign policy that lasted from 1814 until its peaceful dissolution in 1905.
1846
1. The first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history using modern rules was played in Hoboken, New Jersey, with the "New York Nine" defeating the New York Knickerbockers 23–1.
  1. Baseball
    
    Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game is live when the umpire signals to the pitcher either verbally or by pointing, indicating that the ball is now in play. A player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball that a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat. The objective of the offensive team is to hit the ball into the field of play, away from the other team's players, allowing its players to run the bases, having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called "runs". The objective of the defensive team is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around the bases. A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate.
  2. Hoboken, New Jersey
    
    Hoboken is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city's population was 60,417. Among cities with a population above 50,000, Hoboken was ranked as the third-most densely populated municipality in the United States, with more than 42,400 people per square mile. Hoboken is part of the New York metropolitan area and is the site of Hoboken Terminal, a major transportation hub for the tri-state region.
  3. New York Knickerbockers
    
    The New York Knickerbockers were one of the first organized baseball teams which played under a set of rules similar to the game today. Founded as the "Knickerbocker Base Ball Club" by Alexander Cartwright in 1845, the team remained active until the early 1870s.
2. The first officially recorded, organized baseball game is played under Alexander Cartwright's rules on Hoboken, New Jersey's Elysian Fields with the New York Base Ball Club defeating the Knickerbockers 23–1. Cartwright umpired.
  1. History of baseball in the United States
    
    The history of baseball in the United States dates to the 18th century, when boys and amateur enthusiasts played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using homemade equipment. The popularity of the sport grew and amateur men's ball clubs were formed in the 1830–50s. Semi-professional baseball clubs followed in the 1860s, and the first professional leagues arrived in the post-American Civil War 1870s.
  2. Alexander Cartwright
    
    Alexander Joys Cartwright Jr. was a founding member of the New York Knickerbockers Base Ball Club in the 1840s. Although he was an inductee of the Baseball Hall of Fame and he was sometimes referred to as a "father of baseball," the importance of his role in the development of the game has been disputed.
  3. Hoboken, New Jersey
    
    Hoboken is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city's population was 60,417. Among cities with a population above 50,000, Hoboken was ranked as the third-most densely populated municipality in the United States, with more than 42,400 people per square mile. Hoboken is part of the New York metropolitan area and is the site of Hoboken Terminal, a major transportation hub for the tri-state region.
1821
1. Decisive defeat of the Filiki Eteria by the Ottomans at Drăgășani (in Wallachia).
  1. Filiki Eteria
    
    Filiki Eteria or Society of Friends was a secret organization founded in 1814 in Odessa, whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule of Greece and establish an independent Greek state. Society members were mainly young Phanariot Greeks from Constantinople and the Russian Empire, local political and military leaders from the Greek mainland and islands, as well as several Orthodox Christian leaders from other nations that were under Hellenic influence, such as Karađorđe from Serbia, Tudor Vladimirescu from Romania, and Arvanite military commanders. One of its leaders was the prominent Phanariote Prince Alexander Ypsilantis. The Society initiated the Greek War of Independence in the spring of 1821.
  2. Drăgășani
    
    Drăgășani is a city in Vâlcea County, Romania, near the right bank of the Olt river, and on the railway between Caracal and Râmnicu Vâlcea. The city is well known for the vineyards on the neighboring hills that produce some of the best Wallachian wines.
  3. Wallachia
    
    Wallachia or Walachia is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia is traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia and Oltenia. Dobruja could sometimes be considered a third section due to its proximity and brief rule over it. Wallachia as a whole is sometimes referred to as Muntenia through identification with the larger of the two traditional sections.
1816
1. Battle of Seven Oaks between North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
  1. Battle of Seven Oaks
    
    The Battle of Seven Oaks was a violent confrontation in the Pemmican War between the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the North West Company (NWC), rivals in the fur trade, that took place on 19 June 1816, the climax of a long dispute in western Canada. The Métis people fought for the North West Company, and they called it "the Victory of Frog Plain".
  2. North West Company
    
    The North West Company was a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the Hudson's Bay Company in what is present-day Western Canada and Northwestern Ontario. With great wealth at stake, tensions between the companies increased to the point where several minor armed skirmishes broke out, and the two companies were forced by the British government to merge.
  3. Hudson's Bay Company
    
    The Hudson's Bay Company is a Canadian retail business group. A fur trading business for much of its existence, HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada. The company's namesake business division is Hudson's Bay, commonly referred to as The Bay.
  4. Winnipeg
    
    Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. As of 2021, Winnipeg had a city population of 749,607 and a metropolitan population of 834,678, making it the sixth-largest city, and eighth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.
  5. Manitoba
    
    Manitoba is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province, with a population of 1,342,153 as of 2021, of widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grassland in the central and southern regions.
1800
1. War of the Second Coalition Battle of Höchstädt results in a French victory over Austria.
  1. War of the Second Coalition
    
    The War of the Second Coalition was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
  2. Battle of Höchstädt (1800)
    
    The Battle of Höchstädt was fought on 19 June 1800 on the north bank of the Danube near Höchstädt, and resulted in a French victory under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians under Baron Pál Kray. The Austrians were subsequently forced back into the fortress town of Ulm. Instead of attacking the heavily fortified, walled city, which would result in massive losses of personnel and time, Moreau dislodged Kray's supporting forces defending the Danube passage further east. As a line of retreat eastward disappeared, Kray quickly abandoned Ulm, and withdrew into Bavaria. This opened the Danube pathway toward Vienna.
1770
1. New Church Day: Emanuel Swedenborg wrote: "The Lord sent forth His twelve disciples, who followed Him in the world into the whole spiritual world to preach the Gospel that the Lord God Jesus Christ reigns. This took place on the 19th day of June, in the year 1770."
  1. New Church Day
    
    The nineteenth day of June is celebrated as a holiday by some branches of the New Church. The holiday commemorates events reported by Emanuel Swedenborg in the work True Christian Religion and it is considered by some to be the "birthday" of the New Church.
  2. Emanuel Swedenborg
    
    Emanuel Swedenborg was a Swedish pluralistic-Christian theologian, scientist, philosopher and mystic. He became best known for his book on the afterlife, Heaven and Hell (1758).
1718
1. At least 73,000 people died in the 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake due to landslides in the Qing dynasty.
  1. 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake
    
    The 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake occurred on June 19, 1718, in Tongwei County, Gansu Province, Qing dynasty, present-day China. The estimated surface wave magnitude (Ms ) 7.5 earthquake was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), causing tremendous damage and killing 73,000 people.
  2. Qing dynasty
    
    The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria. It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multiethnic Qing empire lasted for almost three centuries and assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With 419,264,000 citizens in 1907, it was the world's most populous country at the time.
1586
1. English colonists leave Roanoke Island, after failing to establish England's first permanent settlement in North America.
  1. Roanoke Island
    
    Roanoke Island is an island in Dare County, bordered by the Outer Banks of North Carolina, United States. It was named after the historical Roanoke, a Carolina Algonquian people who inhabited the area in the 16th century at the time of English colonization.
  2. Roanoke Colony
    
    The establishment of the Roanoke Colony was an attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The English, led by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, had briefly claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first English territory in North America at the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, but Gilbert was lost at sea on his return journey to England.
1306
1. The Earl of Pembroke's army defeats Bruce's Scottish army at the Battle of Methven.
  1. Earl of Pembroke
    
    Earl of Pembroke is a title in the Peerage of England that was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title, which is associated with Pembroke, Pembrokeshire in West Wales, has been recreated ten times from its original inception. Due to the number of creations of the Earldom, the original seat of Pembroke Castle is no longer attached to the title.
  2. Robert the Bruce
    
    Robert I, popularly known as Robert the Bruce, was King of Scots from 1306 to his death in 1329. One of the most renowned warriors of his generation, Robert eventually led Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. He fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place as an independent kingdom and is now revered in Scotland as a national hero.
  3. Battle of Methven
    
    The Battle of Methven took place at Methven, Scotland on 19 June 1306, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The battlefield was researched to be included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009, but was excluded due to the uncertainty of its location.
1179
1. The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle changes the tide of the civil wars.
  1. Trondheim
    
    Trondheim, historically Kaupangen, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. As of 2020, it had a population of 205,332, was the third most populous municipality in Norway, and was the fourth largest urban area. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva. Among the major technology-oriented institutions headquartered in Trondheim are the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), and St. Olavs University Hospital.
  2. Earl
    
    Earl is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. The title originates in the Old English word eorl, meaning "a man of noble birth or rank". The word is cognate with the Scandinavian form jarl, and meant "chieftain", particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king's stead. After the Norman Conquest, it became the equivalent of the continental count. Alternative names for the rank equivalent to "earl" or "count" in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as the hakushaku (伯爵) of the post-restoration Japanese Imperial era.
  3. Erling Skakke
    
    Erling Skakke was a Norwegian Jarl during the 12th century. He was the father of Magnus V, who reigned as King of Norway from 1161 to 1184.
  4. Civil war era in Norway
    
    The civil war era in Norway began in 1130 and ended in 1240. During this time in Norwegian history, some two dozen rival kings and pretenders waged wars to claim the throne.
325
1. The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.
  1. Nicene Creed
    
    The original Nicene Creed was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople. The amended form is also referred to as the Nicene Creed, or the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed for disambiguation.
  2. First Council of Nicaea
    
    The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325.

Births & Deaths

2019
1. Etika, American YouTuber and streamer (b. 1990) deaths
  1. Etika
    
    Desmond Daniel Amofah, better known as Etika, was an American YouTuber and online streamer. He was best known for his highly energetic reactions to Super Smash Bros. character reveals and Nintendo Direct presentations, and for playing and reacting to various games. He was a son of Ghanaian politician Owuraku Amofah, and a resident of Brooklyn, New York, for most of his life.
  2. YouTuber
    
    A YouTuber is an online personality and/or influencer who produces videos on the video-sharing platform YouTube, typically posting to their personal YouTube channel. The term was first used in the English language in 2006.
  3. Online streamer
    
    An online streamer or live streamer is a person who broadcasts themselves online through a live stream to an audience.
2018
1. Koko, western lowland gorilla and user of American Sign Language (b. 1971) deaths
  1. Koko (gorilla)
    
    Hanabiko "Koko" was a female western lowland gorilla. Koko was born in San Francisco Zoo, and lived most of her life at The Gorilla Foundation's preserve in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The name "Hanabiko" (花火子), lit. 'fireworks child', is of Japanese origin and is a reference to her date of birth, the Fourth of July. Koko gained public attention upon a report of her having adopted a kitten as a pet and naming him "All Ball", which the public perceived as her ability to rhyme.
  2. Western lowland gorilla
    
    The western lowland gorilla is one of two Critically Endangered subspecies of the western gorilla that lives in montane, primary and secondary forest and lowland swampland in central Africa in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. It is the nominate subspecies of the western gorilla, and the smallest of the four gorilla subspecies.
  3. American Sign Language
    
    American Sign Language (ASL) is a natural language that serves as the predominant sign language of Deaf communities in the United States of America and most of Anglophone Canada. ASL is a complete and organized visual language that is expressed by employing both manual and nonmanual features. Besides North America, dialects of ASL and ASL-based creoles are used in many countries around the world, including much of West Africa and parts of Southeast Asia. ASL is also widely learned as a second language, serving as a lingua franca. ASL is most closely related to French Sign Language (LSF). It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF, although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages, such as agglutinative morphology.
2017
1. Otto Warmbier, American college student detained in North Korea (b. 1994) deaths
  1. Otto Warmbier
    
    Otto Frederick Warmbier was an American college student who was imprisoned and suspected tortured in North Korea in 2016 on a charge of subversion. In June 2017, he was released by North Korea in a vegetative state and died soon afterward.
2016
1. Anton Yelchin, American actor (b. 1989) deaths
  1. Anton Yelchin
    
    Anton Viktorovich Yelchin was an American film and television actor. Born in the Soviet Union to a Russian Jewish family, he emigrated to the United States with his parents at the age of six months. He began his career as a child actor, appearing as the lead of the mystery drama film Hearts in Atlantis (2001) and a series regular on the Showtime comedy-drama Huff (2004–2006). Yelchin landed higher profile film roles in 2009, portraying Pavel Chekov in the Star Trek reboot and Kyle Reese in Terminator Salvation. With the former, he returned for the sequels Into Darkness (2013) and Beyond (2016).
2015
1. James Salter, American novelist and short-story writer (b. 1925) deaths
  1. James Salter
    
    James Arnold Horowitz, better known as James Salter, his pen name and later-adopted legal name, was an American novelist and short-story writer. Originally a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, he resigned from the military in 1957 following the successful publication of his first novel, The Hunters.
2014
1. Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt, German general (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt
    
    Oskar-Hubert Dennhardt was a German Major in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.
2. Gerry Goffin, American songwriter (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Gerry Goffin
    
    Gerald Goffin was an American lyricist. Collaborating initially with his first wife, Carole King, he co-wrote many international pop hits of the early and mid-1960s, including the US No.1 hits "Will You Love Me Tomorrow", "Take Good Care of My Baby", "The Loco-Motion", and "Go Away Little Girl". It was later said of Goffin that his gift was "to find words that expressed what many young people were feeling but were unable to articulate."
3. Ibrahim Touré, Ivorian footballer (b. 1985) deaths
  1. Ibrahim Touré (footballer, born 1985)
    
    Ibrahim Obyala Touré was a professional footballer who played as a striker.
2013
1. Vince Flynn, American author (b. 1966) deaths
  1. Vince Flynn
    
    Vincent Joseph Flynn was an American author of political thriller novels featuring the fictional assassin Mitch Rapp. He was a story consultant for the fifth season of the television series 24. He died on June 19, 2013, after three years with prostate cancer.
2. James Gandolfini, American actor and producer (b. 1961) deaths
  1. James Gandolfini
    
    James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Tony Soprano, the Italian-American Mafia crime boss in HBO's television series The Sopranos, for which he won three Emmy Awards, five Screen Actors Guild Awards, and one Golden Globe Award. Gandolfini's portrayal of Tony Soprano has been described as one of the greatest and most influential performances in television history.
3. Gyula Horn, Hungarian politician, 37th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Gyula Horn
    
    Gyula János Horn was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1994 to 1998.
  2. Prime Minister of Hungary
    
    The prime minister of Hungary is the head of government of Hungary. The prime minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The current holder of the office is Viktor Orbán, leader of the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance, who has served since 29 May 2010.
4. Dave Jennings, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Dave Jennings (American football)
    
    David Tuthill Jennings was an American football punter who played in the National Football League (NFL) from 1974 to 1987. He played for the New York Giants and the New York Jets. He later worked as a radio color commentator for Jets and Giants games until 2007. He died of complications with Parkinson's disease in 2013.
5. Filip Topol, Czech singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Filip Topol
    
    Filip Topol was a Czech singer, songwriter, pianist and writer. He was best known as leader of the alternative rock band Psí vojáci, but he also performed as a solo artist. Topol was the younger brother of the writer Jáchym Topol, son of the playwright and dissident Josef Topol and grandchild of the writer Karel Schulz.
6. Slim Whitman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Slim Whitman
    
    Ottis Dewey Whitman Jr., known as Slim Whitman, was an American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist known for his yodeling abilities and his use of falsetto. He claimed he had sold in excess of 120 million records, although the recorded sales figures give 70 million, during a career that spanned over seven decades, and consisted of a prolific output of over 100 albums and around 500 recorded songs, that not only consisted of country music, but also of contemporary gospel, Broadway show tunes, love songs and standards. In the 1950s, Whitman toured with Elvis Presley as the opening act.
2012
1. Norbert Tiemann, American soldier and politician, 32nd Governor of Nebraska (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Norbert Tiemann
    
    Norbert Theodore "Nobby" Tiemann was an American Republican politician from Wausa, Nebraska, and was the 32nd Governor of Nebraska, serving from 1967 to 1971.
  2. List of governors of Nebraska
    
    The governor of Nebraska is the head of government of the U.S. state of Nebraska as provided by the fourth article of the Constitution of Nebraska. The officeholder is elected to a four-year term, with elections held two years after presidential elections. The governor may be elected any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. The current officeholder is Pete Ricketts, a Republican, who was sworn in on January 8, 2015. The current Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska is Mike Foley, who also assumed office on January 8, 2015.
2010
1. Manute Bol, Sudanese-American basketball player and activist (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Manute Bol
    
    Manute Bol was a Sudanese-American professional basketball player and political activist. Listed at 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) or 7 ft 7 in (2.31 m) tall, Bol was tied with Gheorghe Mureșan as the tallest player in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
2. Anthony Quinton, Baron Quinton, English philosopher and academic (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Anthony Quinton
    
    Anthony Meredith Quinton, Baron Quinton, FBA was a British political and moral philosopher, metaphysician, and materialist philosopher of mind. He served as President of Trinity College, Oxford from 1978 to 1987; and as chairman of the board of the British Library from 1985 to 1990. He is also remembered as a presenter of the BBC Radio programme, Round Britain Quiz.
3. Carlos Monsiváis, Mexican writer, journalist and political activist (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Carlos Monsiváis
    
    Carlos Monsiváis Aceves was a Mexican philosopher, writer, critic, political activist, and journalist. He also wrote political opinion columns in leading newspapers within the country's progressive sectors. His generation of writers includes Elena Poniatowska, José Emilio Pacheco, and Carlos Fuentes. Monsiváis won more than 33 awards, including the 1986 Jorge Cuesta Prize, the 1989 Mazatlán Prize, and the 1996 Xavier Villaurrutia Award. Considered a leading intellectual of his time, Monsiváis documented contemporary Mexican themes, values, class struggles, and societal change in his essays, books and opinion pieces. He was a staunch critic of the long-ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), leaned towards the left-wing, and was ubiquitous in disseminating his views on radio and television. As a founding member of "Gatos Olvidados", Monsiváis wanted his and other "forgotten cats" to be provided for beyond his lifetime.
2009
1. Tomoji Tanabe, Japanese engineer and surveyor (b. 1895) deaths
  1. List of the verified oldest people
    
    These are lists of the 100 known verified oldest people sorted in descending order by age in years and days.
2008
1. Barun Sengupta, Bengali journalist, founded Bartaman (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Barun Sengupta
    
    Barun Sengupta, the founder-editor of Bartaman newspaper, was a Bengali journalist and popular political critic. He is remembered for his bold and simple diction of political analysing that made him extremely well liked among the common readers in West Bengal.
  2. Bartaman
    
    Bartaman Patrika is an Indian Bengali daily newspaper published from Kolkata, West Bengal, India, by Bartaman Pvt. Ltd. Apart from the Kolkata edition, the newspaper has three other simultaneous editions, published daily from three major towns of West Bengal: Siliguri, Burdwan, and Midnapore. Bartaman is the second-most widely circulated Bengali newspaper in West Bengal after Anandabazar Patrika.
2007
1. Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer-songwriter, actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Antonio Aguilar
    
    José Pascual Antonio Aguilar Márquez Barraza was a Mexican singer, actor, songwriter, equestrian, film producer, and screenwriter with a dominating career in music and was a star of classic Mexican films during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. He recorded over 150 albums, which sold 25 million copies, and acted in more than 120 films. He was given the honorific nickname "El Charro de México" because he is credited with popularizing the Mexican equestrian sport la charrería to international audiences.
2. Alberto Mijangos, Mexican-American painter and educator (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Alberto Mijangos
    
    Alberto Mijangos was a Mexican-American artist and painter.
3. Terry Hoeppner, American football player and coach (b. 1947) deaths
  1. Terry Hoeppner
    
    Terry Lee Hoeppner was an American college football coach who served as head coach of the Miami RedHawks from 1999 to 2004 and the Indiana Hoosiers from 2005 to 2006. Shortly after announcing that he would be on medical leave for the 2007 season, he died of brain cancer.
4. Ze'ev Schiff, Israeli journalist and author (b. 1932) deaths
  1. Ze'ev Schiff
    
    Ze'ev Schiff was an Israeli journalist and military correspondent for Haaretz.
2004
1. Millie Gibson, English actress births
  1. Millie Gibson
    
    Amelia Eve Gibson is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Indira in the CBBC series Jamie Johnson (2017–2018) and Kelly Neelan in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street (2019–2022). For her portrayal of Kelly, Gibson won the British Soap Award for Best Young Actor in 2022. In November 2022, it was announced Gibson would join the cast of Doctor Who as new companion Ruby Sunday.
2. Clayton Kirkpatrick, journalist and newspaper editor (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Clayton Kirkpatrick
    
    Clayton Kirkpatrick was the editor of the Chicago Tribune newspaper from 1969 until 1979. He is credited with modernizing the Tribune, shifting its news coverage and editorial page away from reflexive partisanship and—in a famous editorial—calling for the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974.
2001
1. Stanley Mosk, American lawyer, jurist, and politician (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Stanley Mosk
    
    Morey Stanley Mosk was an American jurist, politician, and attorney. He served as Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court for 37 years (1964–2001), the longest tenure in that court's history.
2. John Heyer, Australian director and producer (b. 1916) deaths
  1. John Heyer
    
    John Whitefoord Heyer was an Australian documentary filmmaker, who is often described as the father of Australian documentary film.
1995
1. Peter Townsend, Burmese-English captain and pilot (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Peter Townsend (RAF officer)
    
    Group Captain Peter Wooldridge Townsend, was a British Royal Air Force officer, flying ace, courtier and author. He was equerry to King George VI from 1944 to 1952 and held the same position for Queen Elizabeth II from 1952 to 1953. Townsend notably had a romance with Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister.
1993
1. Olajide Olatunji, English YouTuber births
  1. KSI
    
    Olajide Olayinka Williams "JJ" Olatunji, known professionally as KSI, is an English YouTuber and rapper. He is a co-founder and member of the British YouTube group known as the Sidemen. He is the CEO of Misfits Boxing and the co-owner of Prime Hydration energy drink, XIX Vodka and a restaurant chain known as Sides.
2. William Golding, British novelist, playwright, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911) deaths
  1. William Golding
    
    Sir William Gerald Golding was a British novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his debut novel Lord of the Flies (1954), he published another twelve volumes of fiction in his lifetime. In 1980, he was awarded the Booker Prize for Rites of Passage, the first novel in what became his sea trilogy, To the Ends of the Earth. He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Literature.
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1992
1. Keaton Jennings, South African-English cricketer births
  1. Keaton Jennings
    
    Keaton Kent Jennings is a South African-born English cricketer who plays for Lancashire County Cricket Club and has represented England. He is a left-handed opening batsman who also bowls right-arm medium-fast. He made his international debut for England in December 2016.
2. C. J. Mosley, American football player births
  1. C. J. Mosley (linebacker)
    
    Clint Mosley Jr. is an American football linebacker for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama, and was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft.
1991
1. Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Jean Arthur
    
    Jean Arthur was an American Broadway and film actress whose career began in silent films in the early 1920s and lasted until the early 1950s.
1990
1. Moa Hjelmer, Swedish sprinter births
  1. Moa Hjelmer
    
    Moa Elin Marianne Hjelmer is a Swedish athlete who competes in the 200 metres and 400 metres. Hjelmer was born in Stockholm. She won a silver medal in the Junior European Championships in 2011 in Ostrava. She beat the Swedish record time on 400 metres on 14 August 2011, then beat it twice during the European Championship in Helsinki in 2012. On 29 June 2012 she won a gold medal at the 2012 European Athletics Championships in Helsinki when she won the 400 metres final on a new Swedish record time of 51.13 seconds. She had set the previous record time at the previous day's semi final race.
2. Xavier Rhodes, American football player births
  1. Xavier Rhodes
    
    Xavier Rhodes is an American football cornerback for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida State, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft. With the Vikings, Rhodes made three Pro Bowls and was a first-team All-Pro selection.
3. George Addes, American trade union leader, co-founded United Automobile Workers (b. 1911) deaths
  1. George Addes
    
    George F. Addes was a founder of the United Automobile Workers of America (UAW) union and its secretary-treasurer from 1936 until 1947. Along with R. J. Thomas and Richard Frankensteen, he was a leader of the pro-Communist left-wing faction of the UAW.
  2. United Auto Workers
    
    The International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, better known as the United Auto Workers (UAW), is an American labor union that represents workers in the United States and Canada. It was founded as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in the 1930s and grew rapidly from 1936 to the 1950s. The union played a major role in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party under the leadership of Walter Reuther. It was known for gaining high wages and pensions for auto workers, but it was unable to unionize auto plants built by foreign-based car makers in the South after the 1970s, and it went into a steady decline in membership; reasons for this included increased automation, decreased use of labor, movements of manufacturing, and increased globalization.
4. Isobel Andrews, New Zealand writer (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Isobel Andrews
    
    Isabella Smith Andrews, known professionally as Isobel Andrews, was a Scottish-born New Zealand playwright, novelist, short-story writer and poet. She wrote over sixty plays, many of which were published, and was associated with the New Zealand branch of the British Drama League. She won the League's annual playwrighting competition four times. Her plays, particularly The Willing Horse, have continued to be performed into the 21st century.
1989
1. Betti Alver, Estonian author and poet (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Betti Alver
    
    Elisabet "Betti" Alver, was one of Estonia's most notable poets. She was among the first generation to be educated in schools of an independent Estonia. She went to grammar school in Tartu.
1988
1. Jacob deGrom, American baseball player births
  1. Jacob deGrom
    
    Jacob Anthony deGrom, is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the New York Mets. Prior to playing professionally, deGrom attended Stetson University and played college baseball for the Stetson Hatters.
2. Fernand Seguin, Canadian biochemist and academic (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Fernand Seguin
    
    Fernand Seguin, was a Canadian biochemist, professor and host of science programs on radio and television.
3. Gladys Spellman, American lawyer and politician (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Gladys Spellman
    
    Gladys Noon Spellman was an American educator who served as the U.S. Representative for Maryland's 5th congressional district from January 3, 1975, to February 24, 1981, when her seat was declared vacant after she fell into a coma the previous year. She was a member of the Democratic Party.
1987
1. Rashard Mendenhall, American football player births
  1. Rashard Mendenhall
    
    Rashard Jamal Mendenhall is a former American football running back and current television writer who played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons. He played college football at Illinois and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He won Super Bowl XLIII with the Steelers against the Arizona Cardinals, for whom he later played one season.
2. Margaret Carver Leighton, American author (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Margaret Carver Leighton
    
    Margaret Carver Leighton was an American children's author.
1986
1. Aoiyama Kōsuke, Bulgarian sumo wrestler births
  1. Aoiyama Kōsuke
    
    Aoiyama Kōsuke is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler or rikishi from Elhovo, Bulgaria. He made his professional debut in 2009, reaching the top division two years later, debuting in the November 2011 tournament. Aoiyama has won four Fighting Spirit awards, one Technique award and one kinboshi for defeating a yokozuna. He has twice been runner-up in a tournament. His highest rank has been sekiwake. Aoiyama is one of the heaviest competitors in sumo, weighing around 200 kg for most tournaments. In March 2022, he obtained Japanese citizenship.
2. Lázaro Borges, Cuban pole vaulter births
  1. Lázaro Borges
    
    Lázaro Eduardo Borges Reid is Cuban pole vaulter.
3. Marvin Williams, American basketball player births
  1. Marvin Williams
    
    Marvin Gaye Williams Jr. is an American former professional basketball player. He played one season of college basketball for North Carolina before being drafted second overall by the Atlanta Hawks in the 2005 NBA draft.
4. Len Bias, American basketball player (b. 1963) deaths
  1. Len Bias
    
    Leonard Kevin Bias was an American college basketball player who attended the University of Maryland. During his four years playing for Maryland, he was named a first-team All-American. Two days after being selected by the Boston Celtics with the second overall pick in the 1986 NBA draft, Bias died from cardiac arrhythmia induced by a cocaine overdose. In 2021, Bias was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame.
1985
1. Ai Miyazato, Japanese golfer births
  1. Ai Miyazato
    
    Ai Miyazato is a former Japanese professional golfer who competed on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and the LPGA of Japan Tour (JLPGA). She was the top-ranked golfer in the Women's World Golf Rankings on three occasions in 2010.
2. José Ernesto Sosa, Argentinian footballer births
  1. José Sosa
    
    José Ernesto Sosa is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Argentina Primera Division club Estudiantes de La Plata.
3. Dire Tune, Ethiopian runner births
  1. Dire Tune
    
    Dire Tune Arissi is an Ethiopian professional long-distance runner.
1984
1. Paul Dano, American actor births
  1. Paul Dano
    
    Paul Franklin Dano is an American actor. He began his career on Broadway before making his film debut in The Newcomers (2000). He won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Debut Performance for his role in L.I.E. (2001) and received accolades for his role as Dwayne Hoover in Little Miss Sunshine (2006). For his dual roles as Paul and Eli Sunday in Paul Thomas Anderson's There Will Be Blood (2007), he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor.
2. Wieke Dijkstra, Dutch field hockey player births
  1. Wieke Dijkstra
    
    Wieke Elisabeth Henriëtte Dijkstra is a Dutch field hockey player, who plays as midfielder for Dutch club Laren.
3. Andri Eleftheriou, Cypriot sport shooter births
  1. Andri Eleftheriou
    
    Andri Eleftheriou is a Cypriot sport shooter, and a member of the women's national shooting team of Cyprus.
4. Lee Krasner, American painter and educator (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Lee Krasner
    
    Lenore "Lee" Krasner was an American abstract expressionist painter, with a strong speciality in collage. She was married to Jackson Pollock. Although there was much cross-pollination between their two styles, the relationship somewhat overshadowed her contribution for some time. Krasner's training, influenced by George Bridgman and Hans Hofmann, was the more formalized, especially in the depiction of human anatomy, and this enriched Pollock's more intuitive and unstructured output.
1983
1. Macklemore, American rapper births
  1. Macklemore
    
    Benjamin Hammond Haggerty, better known by his stage name Macklemore, is an American rapper. A native of Seattle, Washington, he has collaborated with producer Ryan Lewis as the duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis. His releases to date include one mixtape, three EPs, and four albums.
2. Aidan Turner, Irish actor births
  1. Aidan Turner
    
    Aidan Turner is an Irish actor. He played the roles of Ross Poldark in the 2015–2019 BBC adaptation of The Poldark Novels by Winston Graham, Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Desperate Romantics, Ruairí McGowan in The Clinic, and John Mitchell in the supernatural drama series Being Human. He played Kíli in The Hobbit film series (2012-2014).
1982
1. Alexander Frolov, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Alexander Frolov
    
    Alexander Alexandrovich Frolov is a Russian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Daemyung Killer Whales of the Asia League Ice Hockey (ALIH). In an eight-year National Hockey League (NHL) career, he played with the Los Angeles Kings and the New York Rangers. After Frolov's NHL career ended, he moved to the KHL with Avangard Omsk and CSKA Moscow.
2. Chris Vermeulen, Australian motorcycle racer births
  1. Chris Vermeulen
    
    Chris Vermeulen is a retired Australian motorcycle racer who last competed in the World Superbike Championship for the works Kawasaki team, perhaps best-known for winning the 2007 French Grand Prix in MotoGP.
3. Michael Yarmush, American actor births
  1. Michael Yarmush
    
    Michael Lawrence Yarmush is an American actor. He is known for providing the original voice of Arthur Read in the PBS children's animated television series Arthur.
1981
1. Mohammed Al-Khuwalidi, Saudi Arabian long jumper births
  1. Mohammed Al-Khuwalidi
    
    Mohamed Salman Al-Khuwalidi is a Saudi Arabian long jumper. His personal best is 8.48 metres, achieved in July 2006 in Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France. This is also the current Asian record.
2. Moss Burmester, New Zealand swimmer births
  1. Moss Burmester
    
    Moss James Burmester is a New Zealand swimmer and diver. His specialist event is the 200m butterfly in which he holds the Commonwealth record of 1:54.35 set at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
3. Anya Phillips, Chinese-American band manager (b. 1955) deaths
  1. Anya Phillips
    
    Anya Phillips was an American fashion designer and the co-founder of legendary New York nightclub the Mudd Club along with Steve Maas and Diego Cortez. Phillips had an influence on the fashion, sound and look of the New York-based no wave scene of the late 1970s. She was also the manager and girlfriend of New York-based musician James Chance.
4. Subhash Mukherjee, Indian scientist and physician who created India's first, and the world's second, child using in-vitro fertilisation (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Subhash Mukhopadhyay (physician)
    
    Subhash Mukherjee was an Indian scientist, physician from Hazaribagh, Bihar and Orissa Province, British India, who created the world's second and India's first child using in-vitro fertilisation. Kanupriya Agarwal (Durga), who was born in 1978, just 67 days after the first IVF baby in United Kingdom. Afterwards, Dr. Subhash Mukherjee was harassed by the then West Bengal state government and Indian Government and not allowed to share his achievements with the international scientific community. Dejected, he committed suicide on 19 June 1981.
1980
1. Jean Carroll, Irish cricketer births
  1. Jean Carroll (cricketer)
    
    Jean Christine Carroll is an Irish former cricketer who played as a wicket-keeper. She appeared in eight One Day Internationals and five Twenty20 Internationals for Ireland between 2007 and 2009.
2. Dan Ellis, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Dan Ellis
    
    Daniel Ellis is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently a goaltending scout for the Chicago Blackhawks.
3. Robbie Neilson, Scottish footballer and manager births
  1. Robbie Neilson
    
    Robbie Neilson is a Scottish professional football manager and former player who is currently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Heart of Midlothian.
4. Nuno Santos, Portuguese footballer births
  1. Nuno Santos (footballer, born 1980)
    
    Nuno Filipe Oliveira dos Santos is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a forward but also as a full back.
1979
1. José Kléberson, Brazilian footballer births
  1. José Kléberson
    
    José Kléberson Pereira, commonly known as José Kléberson or simply Kléberson, is a Brazilian football coach and former player who is currently the assistant coach of New York City FC. He previously played for Brazil 32 times and was part of the squad that won the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
2. Paul Popenoe, American explorer and scholar, founded Relationship counseling (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Paul Popenoe
    
    Paul Bowman Popenoe was an American agricultural explorer and eugenicist. He was an influential advocate of the compulsory sterilization of mentally ill people and people with mental disabilities, and the father of marriage counseling in the United States.
  2. Couples therapy
    
    Couples therapy attempts to improve romantic relationships and resolve interpersonal conflicts.
1978
1. Dirk Nowitzki, German basketball player births
  1. Dirk Nowitzki
    
    Dirk Werner Nowitzki is a German former professional basketball player who is a special advisor for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Listed at 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m), he is widely regarded as one of the greatest power forwards of all time and is considered by many to be the greatest European player of all time. In 2021, he was selected to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team.
2. Zoe Saldana, American actress births
  1. Zoe Saldaña
    
    Zoë Yadira Saldaña-Perego is an American-Dominican actress. She has appeared in three of the five highest-grossing films of all time, a feat not achieved by any other performer. Her films have grossed more than $11 billion worldwide, and she is the second-highest-grossing film actress of all time as of 2019.
3. Claudio Vargas, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Claudio Vargas
    
    Claudio Vargas Almonte is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He has previously played for the Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals, Arizona Diamondbacks, Milwaukee Brewers, New York Mets, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He has both started games and also pitched in both middle and long relief during his career.
1977
1. Ali Shariati, Iranian sociologist and philosopher (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Ali Shariati
    
    Ali Shariati Mazinani was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century and has been called the "ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", although his ideas did not end up forming the basis of the Islamic Republic.
1976
1. Anar Baghirov, Azerbaijani lawyer births
  1. Anar Baghirov
    
    Anar Ramiz Baghirov is a lawyer and is president of the Azerbaijan Bar Association, a member of the Judicial Legal Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan, a member of Azerbaijan Republic Commission on Combating Corruption, acting dean of the faculty of "Professional Admission and Qualification of Lawyers" under the Justice Academy, and a member of the Board of Education of the Justice Academy. Baghirov holds a Ph.D. degree in law. On 19 May 2015 by decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baghirov was awarded the "Tereggi" (Progress) medal for his endeavors in the activity of the Judges Selection Committee.
2. Dennis Crowley, American businessman, co-founded Foursquare births
  1. Dennis Crowley
    
    Dennis Crowley is an American Internet entrepreneur who co-founded the social networking sites Dodgeball and Foursquare.
  2. Foursquare (company)
    
    Foursquare Labs Inc., commonly known as Foursquare, is an American-based technology company and data cloud platform. The company's location platform is the foundation of several business and consumer products, including the Foursquare City Guide and Foursquare Swarm apps. Foursquare’s products include: Pilgrim SDK, Places, Visits, Attribution, Audience, Proximity, and Unfolded Studio.
3. Bryan Hughes, English footballer and manager births
  1. Bryan Hughes
    
    Bryan Hughes is an English football manager and former professional footballer.
4. Anita Wilson, American singer-songwriter and producer births
  1. Anita Wilson
    
    Anita M. Wilson is an American gospel music singer, songwriter, and music producer.
1975
1. Hugh Dancy, English actor and model births
  1. Hugh Dancy
    
    Hugh Michael Horace Dancy is an English actor who rose to prominence for his role as the titular character in the television film adaptation of David Copperfield (2000) as well as for roles in feature films as Kurt Schmid in Black Hawk Down (2001) and Prince Charmont in Ella Enchanted (2004). Other film roles include Joe Conner in Shooting Dogs (2005), Grigg Harris in The Jane Austen Book Club (2007), Luke Brandon in Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009), Adam Raki in Adam (2009) and Ted in Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011). On television, he portrayed criminal profiler Will Graham in the NBC television series Hannibal (2013–2015), Cal Roberts in the Hulu original series The Path (2016–2018) and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, in the Channel 4 miniseries Elizabeth I (2005), the latter role earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. Dancy currently portrays Senior Assistant District Attorney Nolan Price on NBC's revival of the original Law & Order (2022–present).
2. Anthony Parker, American basketball player births
  1. Anthony Parker
    
    Anthony Michael Parker is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as well as in Italy and Israel. He is one of the most beloved and successful players in Maccabi Tel Aviv history.
3. Sam Giancana, American mob boss (b. 1908) deaths
  1. Sam Giancana
    
    Salvatore Mooney Giancana was an American mobster who was boss of the Chicago Outfit from 1957 to 1966.
1974
1. Doug Mientkiewicz, American baseball player, coach, and manager births
  1. Doug Mientkiewicz
    
    Douglas Andrew Mientkiewicz is an American former professional baseball first baseman, who most recently served as the manager for the Toledo Mud Hens. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He is one of five players to win both an Olympic gold medal and a World Series championship, which he won at the 2000 Summer Olympics and with the 2004 Boston Red Sox, respectively.
2. Mustaque Ahmed Ruhi, Bangladeshi member of parliament births
  1. Mustaque Ahmed Ruhi
    
    Mustaque Ahmed Ruhi is a Public Figure and member of the 9th Parliament. In 2008, he was elected as a member of the Bangladesh Awami League nominee in the general election. He is a former AGS and VP consecutively of Ananda Mohan College Central Students Union(AMUCSU)
1973
1. Jahine Arnold, American football player births
  1. Jahine Arnold
    
    Jahine Amid Arnold is a former National Football League wide receiver.
2. Yuko Nakazawa, Japanese singer births
  1. Yuko Nakazawa
    
    Yuko Nakazawa is a Japanese pop and enka singer, and actress, best known as one of the original members of the all-female J-pop group Morning Musume. She is also a member of Japanese pop group Dream Morning Musume.
3. Yasuhiko Yabuta, Japanese baseball player births
  1. Yasuhiko Yabuta
    
    Yasuhiko Yabuta is a Japanese former baseball pitcher.
1972
1. Jean Dujardin, French actor births
  1. Jean Dujardin
    
    Jean Edmond Dujardin is a French actor and comedian. He began his career as a stand-up comedian in Paris before guest starring in comedic television programmes and films. He first came to prominence with the cult TV series Un gars, une fille, in which he starred alongside his lover Alexandra Lamy, before gaining success in film with movies such as Brice de Nice, Michel Hazanavicius's OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies and its sequel OSS 117: Lost in Rio, as well as 99 Francs.
2. Ilya Markov, Russian race walker births
  1. Ilya Markov
    
    Ilya Vladislavovich Markov is a Russian race walker.
3. Brian McBride, American soccer player and coach births
  1. Brian McBride
    
    Brian Robert McBride is an American former soccer player who played as a forward for Columbus Crew, Fulham and Chicago Fire. He is the fifth-highest all-time leading goalscorer for the United States national team.
4. Robin Tunney, American actress births
  1. Robin Tunney
    
    Robin Tunney is an American actress. Tunney made her film debut in the comedy Encino Man (1992) and rose to prominence with leading roles in the cult films Empire Records (1995) and The Craft (1996). Her performance in Niagara, Niagara (1997) won her acclaim and the Volpi Cup for Best Actress. She had leading roles in the films End of Days (1999), Supernova and Vertical Limit. Tunney earned critical acclaim for playing Veronica Donovan on Prison Break (2005–2006) and Teresa Lisbon on the television series The Mentalist (2008–2015).
1971
1. José Emilio Amavisca, Spanish footballer births
  1. José Amavisca
    
    José Emilio Amavisca Gárate is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a left midfielder or left winger.
2. Chris Armstrong, English footballer births
  1. Chris Armstrong (footballer, born 1971)
    
    Christopher Peter Armstrong is an English former footballer who played professionally as a striker from 1989 to 2005.
1970
1. Rahul Gandhi, Indian politician births
  1. Rahul Gandhi
    
    Rahul Gandhi is an Indian politician and a member of the Indian Parliament, representing the constituency of Wayanad, Kerala in the 17th Lok Sabha. A member of the Indian National Congress, he served as the president of the Indian National Congress from 16 December 2017 to 3 July 2019. Gandhi is the chairperson of the Indian Youth Congress, the National Students Union of India also a trustee of Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and the Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust.
2. Quincy Watts, American sprinter and football player births
  1. Quincy Watts
    
    Quincy D. Watts is an American former athlete, and two time gold medallist at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
3. Brian Welch, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Brian Welch
    
    Brian Philip Welch, also known by his stage name Head, is an American musician. He is one of the guitarists and founding member of the nu metal band Korn and his solo project Love and Death, where he also provides vocals. Along with fellow Korn guitarist James "Munky" Shaffer, Welch helped develop Korn's distinctive sound that defined the nu metal aesthetic beginning in the mid-'90s.
1968
1. Alastair Lynch, Australian footballer and sportscaster births
  1. Alastair Lynch
    
    Alastair Graeme Lynch is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is best known as a three-time premiership full-forward for the Brisbane Lions.
2. Timothy Morton, American philosopher and academic births
  1. Timothy Morton
    
    Timothy Bloxam Morton is a professor and Rita Shea Guffey Chair in English at Rice University. A member of the object-oriented philosophy movement, Morton's work explores the intersection of object-oriented thought and ecological studies. Morton's use of the term 'hyperobjects' was inspired by Björk's 1996 single 'Hyperballad' although the term 'Hyper-objects' has also been used in computer science since 1967. Morton uses the term to explain objects so massively distributed in time and space as to transcend localization, such as climate change and styrofoam. Their recent book Humankind: Solidarity with Non-Human People explores the separation between humans and non-humans and from an object-oriented ontological perspective, arguing that humans need to radically rethink the way in which they conceive of, and relate to, non-human animals and nature as a whole, going on to explore the political implications of such a change. Morton has also written extensively about the literature of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley, Romanticism, diet studies, and ecotheory. Morton is faculty in the Synthetic Landscapes postgraduate program at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc).
3. Kimberly Anne "Kim" Walker, American film and television actress (d. 2001) births
  1. Kim Walker (actress)
    
    Kimberly Anne Walker was an American film and television actress. One of her best known roles was that of Heather Chandler in the 1988 comedy Heathers. Walker's only starring role was in the 1995 independent drama film A Reason to Believe, where she played the character of Judith.
4. James Joseph Sweeney, American bishop (b. 1898) deaths
  1. James Joseph Sweeney
    
    James Joseph Sweeney was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the first Bishop of Honolulu, serving from 1941 until his death in 1968.
1967
1. Bjørn Dæhlie, Norwegian skier and businessman births
  1. Bjørn Dæhlie
    
    Bjørn Erlend Dæhlie is a Norwegian businessman and retired cross-country skier. From 1992 to 1999, Dæhlie won the Nordic World Cup six times, finishing second in 1994 and 1998. Dæhlie won a total of 29 medals in the Olympics and World Championships between 1991 and 1999, making him the most successful male cross-country skier in history.
1966
1. Michalis Romanidis, Greek basketball player births
  1. Michalis Romanidis
    
    Michalis Romanidis is a retired Greek professional basketball player. At 1.99 m tall, he played at the small forward and power forward positions.
2. Ed Wynn, American actor and comedian (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Ed Wynn
    
    Isaiah Edwin Leopold, better known as Ed Wynn, was an American actor and comedian. He was noted for his Perfect Fool comedy character, his pioneering radio show of the 1930s, and his later career as a dramatic actor.
1965
1. Sabine Braun, German heptathlete births
  1. Sabine Braun
    
    Sabine Braun is a German former athlete in track and field. Because she had talents in several disciplines, Sabine Braun competed in the heptathlon and had a number of successes. Her international sport career began in August 1983 with the European Junior Championships where she won second place.
2. Sadie Frost, English actress and producer births
  1. Sadie Frost
    
    Sadie Liza Frost is an English actress, producer and fashion designer, who ran fashion label Frost French and a film production company.
1964
1. Brent Goulet, American soccer player and manager births
  1. Brent Goulet
    
    Brent Goulet is a retired American soccer forward who later coached SV Elversberg from 2004 to 2008. He began his career in the United States before moving to England and Germany, and also earned eight caps with the U.S. national team. He was the 1987 U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year and was a member of the United States Olympic Soccer team at the. Member of 1989 U.S. Futsal World Championship Bronze Medal winning team in Holland. 2018 Walt Chysowych Distinguished Playing Career Award recipient.
2. Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and former Mayor of London births
  1. Boris Johnson
    
    Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson is a British politician, writer, and journalist who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2019 to 2022. He previously served as Foreign Secretary from 2016 to 2018 and as Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016. Johnson has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Uxbridge and South Ruislip since 2015, having previously been MP for Henley from 2001 to 2008. His political positions have sometimes been described as following one-nation conservatism, and commentators have characterised his political style as opportunistic, populist, or pragmatic.
  2. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    
    The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.
  3. Mayor of London
    
    The mayor of London is the chief executive of the Greater London Authority. The role was created in 2000 after the Greater London devolution referendum in 1998, and was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom.
3. Brian Vander Ark, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Brian Vander Ark
    
    Brian Vander Ark is an American singer-songwriter best known as lead singer for the band The Verve Pipe.
1963
1. Laura Ingraham, American radio host and author births
  1. Laura Ingraham
    
    Laura Anne Ingraham is an American conservative television host. She has been the host of The Ingraham Angle on Fox News Channel since October 2017, and is the editor-in-chief of LifeZette. She formerly hosted the nationally syndicated radio show The Laura Ingraham Show.
2. Margarita Ponomaryova, Russian hurdler births
  1. Margarita Ponomaryova
    
    Margarita Anatolyevna Ponomaryova, also known as Margarita Khromova, was a hurdler from Russia, best known for setting the world record in the women's 400 metres hurdles in 1984 with 53.58 secs.
3. Rory Underwood, English rugby player, lieutenant, and pilot births
  1. Rory Underwood
    
    Rory Underwood, is an English former rugby union player, he is England's record international try scorer with 49 tries in 85 internationals between 1984 and 1996. Underwood's principal position was wing and he played 236 games for Leicester Tigers between 1983 and 1997, he also played for Middlesbrough, Bedford Blues and the Royal Air Force. Underwood toured with the British and Irish Lions in 1989 and 1993 playing in six tests and scoring one try. In 1992 Underwood played for England alongside his younger brother Tony Underwood, becoming the first brothers to play together for England since 1937.
1962
1. Paula Abdul, American singer-songwriter, dancer, actress, and presenter births
  1. Paula Abdul
    
    Paula Julie Abdul is an American singer, dancer, choreographer, actress, and television personality. She began her career as a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 18 and later became the head choreographer for the Laker Girls, where she was discovered by The Jacksons. After choreographing music videos for Janet Jackson, Abdul became a choreographer at the height of the music video era and soon thereafter she was signed to Virgin Records. Her debut studio album Forever Your Girl (1988) became one of the most successful debut albums at that time, selling seven million copies in the United States and setting a record for the most number-one singles from a debut album on the Billboard Hot 100 chart: "Straight Up", "Forever Your Girl", "Cold Hearted", and "Opposites Attract". Her second album Spellbound (1991) scored her two more Billboard Hot 100 chart toppers: "Rush Rush" and "The Promise of a New Day". Her six number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her with Ariana Grande and Diana Ross for seventh among the female solo performers who have topped the chart.
2. Jeremy Bates, English tennis player births
  1. Jeremy Bates (tennis)
    
    Michael Jeremy Bates is a British former professional tennis player. He was ranked UK number 1 in 1987 and from 1989 to 1994. He reached a career-high ATP world ranking of 54 from 17 April 1995 to 23 April 1995.
3. Ashish Vidyarthi, Indian actor births
  1. Ashish Vidyarthi
    
    Ashish Vidyarthi is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, English, Odia, Marathi and Bengali films. He is noted for his antagonist and character roles. In 1995, he received the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for Drohkaal.
4. Frank Borzage, American film director and actor (b. 1894) deaths
  1. Frank Borzage
    
    Frank Borzage was an Academy Award-winning American film director and actor, known for directing 7th Heaven (1927), Street Angel (1928), Bad Girl (1931), A Farewell to Arms (1932), Man's Castle (1933), History Is Made at Night (1937), The Mortal Storm (1940) and Moonrise (1948).
1960
1. Andrew Dilnot, English economist and academic births
  1. Andrew Dilnot
    
    Sir Andrew William Dilnot, is a Welsh economist and broadcaster. He was formerly the Director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies from 1991 to 2002, and was Principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford between 2002 and 2012. As of September 2012 he is Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford. He served as Chair of the UK Statistics Authority from April 2012 until March 2017.
2. Johnny Gray, American runner and coach births
  1. Johnny Gray
    
    John Lee Gray Jr. is a retired American world class 800 meter runner from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s and the holder of the 600m world best. A four-time-Olympian (1984-1996) in 1985 he set the US record of 1:42.60 at a meet in Koblenz. That time puts Gray as the nineteenth fastest performer of all time. He came seventh in the 1984 Summer Olympics, fifth in 1988, and won the bronze medal at the Barcelona Olympics of 1992. In 1993 Gray was one of the favourites to win a gold medal at the World Championships in Stuttgart as he had won the A-race at the prestigious meeting in Zurich. However, he failed to qualify for the final in Stuttgart. He also set the world 600 meter record in 1986 at 1:12.81. In 1992 and 1993 Gray came close to breaking the world indoor record over 800 m several times. He held the US indoor record at 1:45.00 till February 2019.
3. Luke Morley, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer births
  1. Luke Morley
    
    Luke Morley is the guitarist, chief songwriter and producer for the hard rock band Thunder from 1989 to present. Previous to that he was a member of 1980s group, Terraplane who subsequently became Thunder.
4. Patti Rizzo, American golfer births
  1. Patti Rizzo
    
    Patrice M. "Patti" Rizzo is an American professional golfer and golf instructor.
1959
1. Mark DeBarge, American singer-songwriter and trumpet player births
  1. Mark DeBarge
    
    Mark "Marty" DeBarge is an American R&B/soul singer-songwriter, drummer, percussionist, and plays a variety of wind instruments, such as the saxophone, flugelhorn, trumpet, and flute. He is best known for his work as member of 1980s Motown singing family group DeBarge. He is also known for writing the group's popular album track, "Stay With Me", later covered by the likes of The Notorious B.I.G., Ashanti and Mariah Carey.
2. Christian Wulff, German lawyer and politician, 10th President of Germany births
  1. Christian Wulff
    
    Christian Wilhelm Walter Wulff is a retired German politician and lawyer who served as President of Germany from 2010 to 2012. A member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he previously served as minister president of the state of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2010. He was elected to the presidency in the 30 June 2010 presidential election, defeating opposition candidate Joachim Gauck and taking office immediately, although he was not sworn in until 2 July. With the age of 51, he became Germany's youngest president.
  2. President of Germany
    
    The president of Germany, officially the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany, is the head of state of Germany.
1958
1. Sergei Makarov, Russian-American ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Sergei Makarov (ice hockey)
    
    Sergei Mikhailovich Makarov is a Russian former ice hockey right wing and two-time Olympic gold medalist. He was voted one of six players to the International Ice Hockey Federation's (IIHF) Centennial All-Star Team in a poll conducted by a group of 56 experts from 16 countries.
1957
1. Anna Lindh, Swedish politician, 39th Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2003) births
  1. Anna Lindh
    
    Ylva Anna Maria Lindh was a Swedish Social Democratic politician and lawyer who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1998 until her death. She was also a Member of the Riksdag for Södermanland County until her assassination. On 10 September 2003, four days before a referendum on replacing the Swedish krona with the euro as currency, Lindh was stabbed by Mijailo Mijailović at the NK department store in central Stockholm; she died the next morning at Karolinska University Hospital. Anna Lindh had been seen as a likely candidate to succeed Göran Persson as Social Democratic party leader. Her greatest commitment was to international cooperation and solidarity, as well as to environmental issues. She worked on these issues throughout her career, serving as Environment Minister from 1994 to 1998, and then as Foreign Minister for the last five years of her life.
  2. Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)
    
    The Minister for Foreign Affairs is the foreign minister of Sweden and the head of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
2. Jean Rabe, American journalist and author births
  1. Jean Rabe
    
    Jean Rabe is an American journalist, editor, gamer and writer of fantasy and mystery. After a career as a newspaper reporter, she was employed by TSR, Inc. for several years as head of the Role Playing Game Association and editor of the Polyhedron magazine. Rabe began a career as a novelist for TSR and Wizards of the Coast, and over the last 30 years has produced over three dozen books and scores of short stories, at first in the genres of game-related fantasy and science fiction and later as an author of mystery novels.
1956
1. Thomas J. Watson, American businessman (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Thomas J. Watson
    
    Thomas John Watson Sr. was an American businessman who served as the chairman and CEO of IBM. He oversaw the company's growth into an international force from 1914 to 1956. Watson developed IBM's management style and corporate culture from John Henry Patterson's training at NCR. He turned the company into a highly effective selling organization, based largely on punched card tabulating machines. A leading self-made industrialist, he was one of the richest men of his time and was called the world's greatest salesman when he died in 1956.
1955
1. Mary O'Connor, New Zealand runner births
  1. Mary O'Connor (runner)
    
    Mary Theresa O'Connor is a retired long-distance runner from New Zealand. She competed for her native country at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There she ended up in 27th place in the women's marathon. O'Connor set her personal best in the classic distance (2:28.20) in 1983.
2. Mary Schapiro, American lawyer and politician births
  1. Mary Schapiro
    
    Mary Lovelace Schapiro served as the 29th Chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). She was appointed by President Barack Obama, unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate, and assumed the Chairship on January 27, 2009. She is the first woman to be the permanent Chair of the SEC. In 2009, Forbes ranked her the 56th most powerful woman in the world.
1954
1. Mike O'Brien, English lawyer and politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales births
  1. Mike O'Brien (British politician)
    
    Michael O'Brien KC is a British lawyer and former Labour Party politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for North Warwickshire from 1992 to 2010, serving in a number of ministerial posts.
  2. Solicitor General for England and Wales
    
    His Majesty's Solicitor General for England and Wales, known informally as the Solicitor General, is one of the law officers of the Crown in the government of the United Kingdom. They are the deputy of the Attorney General, whose duty is to advise the Crown and Cabinet on the law. They can exercise the powers of the Attorney General in the Attorney General's absence. Despite the title, the position is usually held by a barrister as opposed to a solicitor.
2. Lou Pearlman, American music producer and fraudster (d. 2016) births
  1. Lou Pearlman
    
    Louis Jay Pearlman was an American record producer. He was the person behind many successful 1990s boy bands, having formed and funded the Backstreet Boys. After their massive success, he then developed NSYNC.
3. Kathleen Turner, American actress births
  1. Kathleen Turner
    
    Mary Kathleen Turner is an American singer as well as voice, stage and film actress, widely known for receiving two Golden Globe Awards, an Academy Award nomination and two Tony Awards.
4. Richard Wilkins, New Zealand-Australian journalist and television presenter births
  1. Richard Wilkins (TV presenter)
    
    Richard Stephen Wilkins is a New Zealander-Australian television and radio presenter. He is the entertainment editor for the Nine Network, co-host of Weekend Today and weekend announcer on smoothfm, and master of ceremonies.
1953
1. Ethel Rosenberg, American spy (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
    
    Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were convicted of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime.
2. Julius Rosenberg, American spy (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
    
    Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg were American citizens who were convicted of spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. The couple were convicted of providing top-secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and valuable nuclear weapon designs. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime.
1952
1. Bob Ainsworth, English politician, Secretary of State for Defence births
  1. Bob Ainsworth
    
    Robert William Ainsworth is a British Labour Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry North East from 1992 to 2015, and was the Secretary of State for Defence from 2009 to 2010. Following the general election in 2010 he was the Shadow Defence Secretary, but was replaced by Jim Murphy following the election of Labour leader Ed Miliband.
  2. Secretary of State for Defence
    
    The secretary of state for defence, also referred to as the defence secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the business of the Ministry of Defence. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, sixth in the ministerial ranking.
1951
1. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Egyptian terrorist (d. 2022) births
  1. Ayman al-Zawahiri
    
    Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri was an Egyptian-born terrorist, and physician who served as the second emir of al-Qaeda from June 16, 2011, until his death.
2. Francesco Moser, Italian cyclist births
  1. Francesco Moser
    
    Francesco Moser, nicknamed "Lo sceriffo", is an Italian former professional road bicycle racer. He finished on the podium of the Giro d'Italia six times including his win in the 1984 edition.
3. Angelos Sikelianos, Greek poet and playwright (b. 1884) deaths
  1. Angelos Sikelianos
    
    Angelos Sikelianos was a Greek lyric poet and playwright. His themes include Greek history, religious symbolism as well as universal harmony in poems such as The Moonstruck, Prologue to Life, Mother of God, and Delphic Utterance. His plays include Sibylla, Daedalus in Crete, Christ in Rome, The Death of Digenis, The Dithyramb of the Rose and Asklepius. Although occasionally his grandiloquence blunts the poetic effect of his work, some of Sikelianos finer lyrics are among the best in Western literature. Every year from 1946 to 1951, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature.
1950
1. Neil Asher Silberman, American archaeologist and historian births
  1. Neil Asher Silberman
    
    Neil Asher Silberman is an American archaeologist and historian with a special interest in biblical archaeology. He is the author of several books, including The Hidden Scrolls, The Message and the Kingdom: How Jesus and Paul Ignited a Revolution and Transformed the Ancient World, The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, and Digging for God and Country. A graduate of Wesleyan University, he studied Near Eastern archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Awarded a 1991 Guggenheim Fellowship, he is a contributing editor to Archaeology and a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Cultural Property. He served as the president of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Interpretation and Presentation (ICIP) and was a member of the ICOMOS International Advisory Committee and Scientific Council from 2005-2015. In 2015 he was named a Fellow of US/ICOMOS.
2. Ann Wilson, American singer-songwriter and musician births
  1. Ann Wilson
    
    Ann Dustin Wilson is an American singer best known as the lead singer of the rock band Heart.
1949
1. Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian philosopher and academic (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Syed Zafarul Hasan
    
    Syed Zafarul Hasan was a prominent twentieth-century Pakistani Muslim philosopher.
1948
1. Nick Drake, English singer-songwriter (d. 1974) births
  1. Nick Drake
    
    Nicholas Rodney Drake was an English singer-songwriter known for his acoustic guitar-based songs. He did not find a wide audience during his lifetime, but his work gradually achieved wider notice and recognition. Drake signed to Island Records when he was 20 years old and a student at the University of Cambridge. He released his debut album, Five Leaves Left, in 1969. He recorded two more albums—Bryter Layter (1971) and Pink Moon (1972). Neither sold more than 5,000 copies on initial release. His reluctance to perform live, or be interviewed, contributed to his lack of commercial success. There is no known video footage of the adult Drake; he was only ever captured in still photographs and in home footage from his childhood.
2. Phylicia Rashad, American actress births
  1. Phylicia Rashad
    
    Phylicia Rashad is an American actress, singer and director who is dean of the College of Fine Arts at Howard University. She is best known for her role as Clair Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1984–1992) which earned her Emmy Award nominations in 1985 and 1986. She also played Ruth Lucas on Cosby (1996–2000). She was dubbed "The Mother of the Black Community" at the 2010 NAACP Image Awards.
1947
1. Salman Rushdie, Indian-English novelist and essayist births
  1. Salman Rushdie
    
    Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie is an Indian-born British-American novelist. His work often combines magic realism with historical fiction and primarily deals with connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations, typically set on the Indian subcontinent.
2. John Ralston Saul, Canadian philosopher and author births
  1. John Ralston Saul
    
    John Ralston Saul is a Canadian writer, political philosopher, and public intellectual. Saul is most widely known for his writings on the nature of individualism, citizenship and the public good; the failures of manager-led societies; the confusion between leadership and managerialism; military strategy, in particular irregular warfare; the role of freedom of speech and culture; and critiques of the prevailing economic paradigm. He is a champion of freedom of expression and was the International President of PEN International, an association of writers. Saul is the co-founder and co-chair of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship, a national charity promoting the inclusion of new citizens. He is also the co-founder and co-chair of 6 Degrees, the global forum for inclusion. Saul is also the husband to the former governor general Adrienne Clarkson, making him the Viceregal consort of Canada during most of her service (1999–2005).
1946
1. Jimmy Greenhoff, English footballer and manager births
  1. Jimmy Greenhoff
    
    James Greenhoff is an English former footballer. He was a skilful forward and although capped five times at under-23 level, once as an over-age player, he never played for the full side, and is labelled as the finest English player never to play for England. He made nearly 600 appearances in league football. His younger brother Brian was also a professional footballer.
1945
1. Radovan Karadžić, Serbian-Bosnian politician and convicted war criminal, 1st President of Republika Srpska births
  1. Radovan Karadžić
    
    Radovan Karadžić is a Bosnian Serb politician, psychiatrist and poet. He was convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He served as the president of Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War.
  2. List of presidents of Republika Srpska
    
    This article lists the presidents of Republika Srpska.
2. Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese politician, Nobel Prize laureate births
  1. Aung San Suu Kyi
    
    Aung San Suu Kyi is a Burmese politician, diplomat, author, and a 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate who served as State Counsellor of Myanmar and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2021. She has served as the chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD) since 2011, having been the general secretary from 1988 to 2011. She played a vital role in Myanmar's transition from military junta to partial democracy in the 2010s.
  2. Nobel Peace Prize
    
    The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
3. Tobias Wolff, American short story writer, memoirist, and novelist births
  1. Tobias Wolff
    
    Tobias Jonathan Ansell Wolff is an American short story writer, memoirist, novelist, and teacher of creative writing. He is known for his memoirs, particularly This Boy's Life (1989) and In Pharaoh's Army (1994). He has written four short story collections and two novels including The Barracks Thief (1984), which won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. Wolff received a National Medal of Arts from President Barack Obama in September 2015.
4. Peter Bardens, British keyboardist births
  1. Peter Bardens
    
    Peter Bardens was an English keyboardist and a founding member of the British progressive rock group Camel. He played keyboards, sang, and wrote songs with Andrew Latimer. During his career, Bardens worked alongside Rod Stewart, Peter Green, Mick Fleetwood and Van Morrison. He recorded eleven solo albums.
1944
1. Chico Buarque, Brazilian singer, composer, writer and poet births
  1. Chico Buarque
    
    Francisco Buarque de Hollanda, popularly known simply as Chico Buarque, is a Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist, composer, playwright, writer, and poet. He is best known for his music, which often includes social, economic, and cultural reflections on Brazil.
1942
1. Merata Mita, New Zealand director and producer (d. 2010) births
  1. Merata Mita
    
    Merata Mita was a New Zealand filmmaker, producer, and writer, and a key figure in the growth of the Māori screen industry.
1941
1. Václav Klaus, Czech economist and politician, 2nd President of the Czech Republic births
  1. Václav Klaus
    
    Václav Klaus is a Czech economist and politician who served as the second president of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. From July 1992 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in January 1993, he served as the second and last prime minister of the Czech Republic while it was a federal subject of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, and then as the first prime minister of the newly independent Czech Republic from 1993 to 1998.
  2. President of the Czech Republic
    
    The president of the Czech Republic is the head of state of the Czech Republic and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic.
2. C. V. Hartman, Swiss botanist and anthropologist (b. 1862) deaths
  1. Carl Vilhelm Hartman
    
    Carl Vilhelm Hartman, was a Swedish botanist and anthropologist.
3. Otto Hirsch, German jurist and politician (b. 1885) deaths
  1. Otto Hirsch
    
    Otto Hirsch was a German and Jewish jurist and politician during the Weimar Republic. He was born in Stuttgart, Germany and died in Mauthausen concentration camp.
1940
1. Maurice Jaubert, French composer and conductor (b. 1900) deaths
  1. Maurice Jaubert
    
    Maurice Jaubert was a French composer. A prolific composer, he scored some of the most important films of the early sound era in France, including Jean Vigo’s Zero for Conduct and L’Atalante, and René Clair’s Quatorze Juillet and Le Dernier Milliardaire. Serving in both world wars, he died in action during World War II at the age of 40.
1939
1. Bernd Hoss, German footballer and manager (d. 2016) births
  1. Bernd Hoss
    
    Bernd Hoss was a German football manager.
2. John F. MacArthur, American minister and theologian births
  1. John MacArthur (American pastor)
    
    John Fullerton MacArthur Jr. is an American Protestant pastor and author known for his internationally syndicated Christian teaching radio and television program Grace to You. He has been the pastor of Grace Community Church, a non-denominational church in Sun Valley, California since February 9, 1969. He is currently the chancellor emeritus of The Master's University in Santa Clarita and The Master's Seminary.
3. Grace Abbott, American social worker and activist (b. 1878) deaths
  1. Grace Abbott
    
    Grace Abbott was an American social worker who specifically worked in improving the rights of immigrants and advancing child welfare, especially the regulation of child labor. Her elder sister, Edith Abbott, who was a social worker, educator and researcher, had professional interests that often complemented those of Grace's.
1938
1. Wahoo McDaniel, American football player and wrestler (d. 2002) births
  1. Wahoo McDaniel
    
    Edward Hugh McDaniel was an American Choctaw-Chickasaw professional American football player and professional wrestler better known by his ring name Wahoo McDaniel. He is notable for having held the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship five times. McDaniel was a major star in the American Wrestling Association and prominent National Wrestling Alliance affiliated promotions such as Championship Wrestling from Florida, Georgia Championship Wrestling, NWA Big Time Wrestling and, most notably, Jim Crockett Promotions.
1937
1. André Glucksmann, French philosopher and author (d. 2015) births
  1. André Glucksmann
    
    André Glucksmann was a French philosopher, activist and writer. He was a leading figure of the new philosophers.
2. J. M. Barrie, Scottish novelist and playwright (b. 1860) deaths
  1. J. M. Barrie
    
    Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, was a Scottish novelist and playwright, best remembered as the creator of Peter Pan. He was born and educated in Scotland and then moved to London, where he wrote several successful novels and plays. There he met the Llewelyn Davies boys, who inspired him to write about a baby boy who has magical adventures in Kensington Gardens, then to write Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, a 1904 West End "fairy play" about an ageless boy and an ordinary girl named Wendy who have adventures in the fantasy setting of Neverland.
1936
1. Marisa Galvany, American soprano and actress births
  1. Marisa Galvany
    
    Marisa Galvany is an American soprano who had an active international career performing in operas and concerts up into the early 2000s. Known for the great intensity of her performances, Galvany particularly excelled in portraying Verdi heroines. She was notably a regular performer at the New York City Opera between 1972 and 1983.
1934
1. Gérard Latortue, Haitian politician, 12th Prime Minister of Haiti births
  1. Gérard Latortue
    
    Gérard Latortue is a Haitian politician and diplomat who served as the prime minister of Haiti from 12 March 2004 to 9 June 2006. He was an official in the United Nations for many years, and briefly served as foreign minister of Haiti during the short-lived 1988 administration of Leslie Manigat.
  2. Prime Minister of Haiti
    
    The prime minister of Haiti is the head of government of Haiti. The office was created under the 1987 Constitution; previously, all executive power was held by the president or head of state, who appointed and chaired the Council of Ministers. The current prime minister of Haiti is Ariel Henry, who was sworn into office on 20 July 2021.
1933
1. Viktor Patsayev, Kazakh engineer and astronaut (d. 1971) births
  1. Viktor Patsayev
    
    Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 11 mission and was part of the third space crew to die during a space flight. On board the space station Salyut 1 he operated the Orion 1 Space Observatory ; he became the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth's atmosphere.
1932
1. Pier Angeli, Italian actress (d. 1971) births
  1. Pier Angeli
    
    Pier Angeli, also credited under her real name, Anna Maria Pierangeli, was an Italian-born television and film actress who starred in American, British and European films throughout her career. Her American motion picture debut was in the starring role of the film Teresa (1951), for which she won a Golden Globe Award for Young Star of the Year - Actress. She also worked as a singer and model.
2. José Sanchis Grau, Spanish author and illustrator (d. 2011) births
  1. José Sanchis Grau
    
    José Sanchis Grau was a Spanish comic book writer. He also worked for Editorial Bruguera and Spanish children comics in general. He was the creator of strips like Pumby (1954) and Robín Robot (1972).
3. Marisa Pavan, Italian actress births
  1. Marisa Pavan
    
    Marisa Pavan is an Italian actress who first became known as the twin sister of film star Pier Angeli before achieving success in her own screen career.
4. Sol Plaatje, South African journalist and activist (b. 1876) deaths
  1. Sol Plaatje
    
    Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje was a South African intellectual, journalist, linguist, politician, translator and writer. Plaatje was a founding member and first General Secretary of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC), which became the African National Congress (ANC). The Sol Plaatje Local Municipality, which includes the city of Kimberley, is named after him, as is the Sol Plaatje University in that city, which opened its doors in 2014.
1930
1. Gena Rowlands, American actress births
  1. Gena Rowlands
    
    Virginia Cathryn "Gena" Rowlands is an American retired actress, whose career in film, stage, and television has spanned seven decades. A four-time Emmy and two-time Golden Globe winner, she is known for her collaborations with her late actor-director husband John Cassavetes in ten films, including A Woman Under the Influence (1974) and Gloria (1980), which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She also won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for Opening Night (1977). She is also known for her performances in Woody Allen's Another Woman (1988), and her son, Nick Cassavetes's film, The Notebook (2004). In 2021, Richard Brody of The New Yorker said, “The most important and original movie actor of the past half century-plus is Gena Rowlands.” In November 2015, Rowlands received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her unique screen performances.
1928
1. Tommy DeVito, American singer and guitarist (d. 2020) births
  1. Tommy DeVito (musician)
    
    Gaetano "Tommy" DeVito was an American musician and singer, best known as a founding member, vocalist, and lead guitarist of rock band the Four Seasons.
2. Nancy Marchand, American actress (d. 2000) births
  1. Nancy Marchand
    
    Nancy Lou Marchand was an American actress. She began her career in theatre in 1951. She was most famous for her television portrayals of Margaret Pynchon on Lou Grant and Livia Soprano on The Sopranos.
1927
1. Luciano Benjamín Menéndez, Argentine general and human rights violator (d. 2018) births
  1. Luciano Benjamín Menéndez
    
    Luciano Benjamín Menéndez was an Argentine general and convicted human rights violator and murderer. Commander of the Third Army Corps (1975–79), he played a prominent role in the murders of social activists.
1926
1. Erna Schneider Hoover, American mathematician and inventor births
  1. Erna Schneider Hoover
    
    Erna Schneider Hoover is an American mathematician notable for inventing a computerized telephone switching method which "revolutionized modern communication" according to several reports. It prevented system overloads by monitoring call center traffic and prioritizing tasks on phone switching systems to enable more robust service during peak calling times. At Bell Laboratories where she worked for over 32 years, Hoover was described as an important pioneer for women in the field of computer technology.
1923
1. Bob Hank, Australian footballer and coach (d. 2012) births
  1. Bob Hank
    
    Robert William "Bob" Hank grew up in and lived in Lockleys and was an Australian rules footballer who played for West Torrens in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).
1922
1. Aage Bohr, Danish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009) births
  1. Aage Bohr
    
    Aage Niels Bohr was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". Starting from Rainwater's concept of an irregular-shaped liquid drop model of the nucleus, Bohr and Mottelson developed a detailed theory that was in close agreement with experiments.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physics
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for humankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony.
2. Marilyn P. Johnson, American educator and diplomat, 8th United States Ambassador to Togo births
  1. Marilyn P. Johnson
    
    Marilyn Priscilla Johnson was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Togo. She was appointed to that position on September 23, 1978, and left her post on July 29, 1981.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to Togo
    
    This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to Togo.
3. Hitachiyama Taniemon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 19th Yokozuna (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Hitachiyama Taniemon
    
    Hitachiyama Taniemon was a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture. He was the sport's 19th yokozuna from 1903 till 1914. His great rivalry with Umegatani Tōtarō II created the "Ume-Hitachi Era" and did much to popularise sumo. He is remembered as much for his exploits in promoting the sport as for his strength on the dohyō. In his later years as head coach of Dewanoumi stable he trained hundreds of wrestlers, including three yokozuna. Many consider him the most honorable yokozuna in sumo history, which earned him the nickname "Kakusei" (角聖), or "sumo saint".
  2. Makuuchi
    
    Makuuchi (幕内), or makunouchi (幕の内), is the top division of the six divisions of professional sumo. Its size is fixed at 42 wrestlers (rikishi), ordered into five ranks according to their ability as defined by their performance in previous tournaments.
1921
1. Louis Jourdan, French-American actor and singer (d. 2015) births
  1. Louis Jourdan
    
    Louis Jourdan was a French film and television actor. He was known for his suave roles in several Hollywood films, including Alfred Hitchcock's The Paradine Case (1947), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), Gigi (1958), The Best of Everything (1959), The V.I.P.s (1963) and Octopussy (1983). He played Dracula in the 1977 BBC television production Count Dracula.
2. Ramón López Velarde, Mexican poet and author (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Ramón López Velarde
    
    Ramón López Velarde was a Mexican poet. His work was a reaction against French-influenced modernismo which, as an expression of a purely Mexican subject matter and emotional experience, is unique. He achieved great fame in his native land, to the point of being considered Mexico's national poet.
1920
1. Yves Robert, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2002) births
  1. Yves Robert
    
    Yves Robert was a French actor, screenwriter, director, and producer.
1919
1. Pauline Kael, American film critic (d. 2001) births
  1. Pauline Kael
    
    Pauline Kael was an American film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine from 1968 to 1991. Known for her "witty, biting, highly opinionated and sharply focused" reviews, Kael's opinions often ran contrary to those of her contemporaries.
1918
1. Francesco Baracca, Italian fighter pilot (b. 1888) deaths
  1. Francesco Baracca
    
    Count Francesco Baracca was Italy's top fighter ace of World War I. He was credited with 34 aerial victories. The emblem he wore side by side on his plane of a black horse prancing on its two rear hooves inspired Enzo Ferrari to use it on his racing car and later in his automotive company.
1917
1. Joshua Nkomo, Zimbabwean guerrilla leader and politician, Vice President of Zimbabwe (d. 1999) births
  1. Joshua Nkomo
    
    Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo was a Zimbabwean revolutionary and Matabeleland politician who served as Vice-President of Zimbabwe from 1990 until his death in 1999. He founded and led the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) from 1961 until it merged in 1987 with Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) to form ZANU–PF after an internal military crackdown that claimed more than 20,000 of ZAPU supporters.
  2. Vice-President of Zimbabwe
    
    The vice-president of Zimbabwe is the second highest political position obtainable in Zimbabwe. Currently there is a provision for two vice-presidents, who are appointed by the president of Zimbabwe. The vice-presidents are designated as "First" and "Second" in the Constitution of Zimbabwe; the designation reflects their position in the presidential order of succession.
1915
1. Pat Buttram, American actor (d. 1994) births
  1. Pat Buttram
    
    Maxwell Emmett Buttram, professionally known as Pat Buttram, was an American character actor. He was known for playing the sidekick of Gene Autry and for playing the character of Mr. Haney in the television series Green Acres. He had a distinctive voice that, in his own words, "never quite made it through puberty."
2. Julius Schwartz, American publisher and agent (d. 2004) births
  1. Julius Schwartz
    
    Julius "Julie" Schwartz was a comic book editor, and a science fiction agent and prominent fan. He was born in The Bronx, New York. He is best known as a longtime editor at DC Comics, where at various times he was primary editor over the company's flagship superheroes, Superman and Batman.
1914
1. Alan Cranston, American journalist and politician (d. 2000) births
  1. Alan Cranston
    
    Alan MacGregor Cranston was an American politician and journalist who served as a United States Senator from California from 1969 to 1993, and as a President of the World Federalist Association from 1949 to 1952.
2. Lester Flatt, American bluegrass singer-songwriter, guitarist, and mandolin player (d. 1979) births
  1. Lester Flatt
    
    Lester Raymond Flatt was an American bluegrass guitarist and mandolinist, best known for his collaboration with banjo picker Earl Scruggs in the duo Flatt and Scruggs.
1913
1. Helene Madison, American swimmer (d. 1970) births
  1. Helene Madison
    
    Helene Emma Madison was an American competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder.
1912
1. Don Gutteridge, American baseball player and manager (d. 2008) births
  1. Don Gutteridge
    
    Donald Joseph Gutteridge was an American infielder, coach, manager and scout in Major League Baseball. Primarily a second baseman and third baseman, he was a member of the St. Louis Cardinals, St. Louis Browns, Boston Red Sox and Pittsburgh Pirates over 12 seasons between 1936 and 1948, and later managed the Chicago White Sox in 1969–1970. He was the regular second baseman of the 1944 Browns, the only St. Louis entry to win an American League pennant.
2. Virginia MacWatters, American soprano and actress (d. 2005) births
  1. Virginia MacWatters
    
    Virginia MacWatters was an American coloratura soprano and university professor.
1910
1. Sydney Allard, English race car driver, founded the Allard Company (d. 1966) births
  1. Sydney Allard
    
    Sydney Herbert Allard was the founder of the Allard car company and a successful rally driver and hillclimb driver in cars of his own manufacture.
  2. Allard Motor Company
    
    Allard Motor Company Limited was a London-based low-volume car manufacturer founded in 1945 by Sydney Allard in small premises in Clapham, south-west London. Car manufacture almost ceased within a decade. It produced approximately 1900 cars before it became insolvent and ceased trading in 1958. Before the war, Allard supplied some replicas of a Bugatti-tailed special of his own design from Adlards Motors in Putney.
2. Paul Flory, American chemist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) births
  1. Paul Flory
    
    Paul John Flory was an American chemist and Nobel laureate who was known for his work in the field of polymers, or macromolecules. He was a leading pioneer in understanding the behavior of polymers in solution, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules".
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
3. Abe Fortas, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1982) births
  1. Abe Fortas
    
    Abraham Fortas was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1965 to 1969. Born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee, Fortas graduated from Rhodes College and Yale Law School. He later became a law professor at Yale Law School and then an advisor for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Fortas worked at the Department of the Interior under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was appointed by President Harry S. Truman to delegations that helped set up the United Nations in 1945.
1909
1. Osamu Dazai, Japanese author (d. 1948) births
  1. Osamu Dazai
    
    Osamu Dazai was a Japanese author. A number of his most popular works, such as The Setting Sun (Shayō) and No Longer Human, are considered modern-day classics.
2. Rūdolfs Jurciņš, Latvian basketball player (d. 1948) births
  1. Rūdolfs Jurciņš
    
    Rūdolfs Jurciņš was a Latvian basketball player. He played as a center.
1907
1. Clarence Wiseman, Canadian 10th General of the Salvation Army (d. 1985) births
  1. Clarence Wiseman
    
    Clarence Dexter Wiseman, was the tenth General of The Salvation Army from 1974 to 1977.
  2. General of The Salvation Army
    
    General is the title of the international leader and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers. The General is elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army and serves a term of five years, which may be extended to seven years. Brian Peddle, the current general, assumed the position in August 2018 upon the retirement of Andre Cox. The organisation's founder, William Booth, was the first and longest-serving general. There have been 21 generals as of 2018.
1906
1. Ernst Boris Chain, German-Irish biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) births
  1. Ernst Chain
    
    Sir Ernst Boris Chain was a German-born British biochemist best known for being a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
2. Knut Kroon, Swedish footballer (d. 1975) births
  1. Knut Kroon
    
    Knut "Knutte" Kroon was a Swedish footballer who played as a striker.
3. Walter Rauff, German SS officer (d. 1984) births
  1. Walter Rauff
    
    Walter (Walther) Rauff was a mid-ranking SS commander in Nazi Germany. From January 1938, he was an aide of Reinhard Heydrich firstly in the Security Service, later in the Reich Security Main Office. He worked for the Federal Intelligence Service of West Germany (Bundesnachrichtendienst) between 1958 and 1962, and was subsequently employed by the Mossad, the Israeli secret service. His funeral in Santiago, Chile, was attended by several former Nazis.
  2. Schutzstaffel
    
    The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
1905
1. Mildred Natwick, American actress (d. 1994) births
  1. Mildred Natwick
    
    Mildred Natwick was an American actress. She won a Primetime Emmy Award and was nominated for an Academy Award and two Tony Awards.
1903
1. Mary Callery, American-French sculptor and academic (d. 1977) births
  1. Mary Callery
    
    Mary Callery was an American artist known for her Modern and Abstract Expressionist sculpture. She was part of the New York School art movement of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.
2. Lou Gehrig, American baseball player (d. 1941) births
  1. Lou Gehrig
    
    Henry Louis Gehrig was an American professional baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees (1923–1939). Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability, which earned him his nickname "the Iron Horse". He was an All-Star seven consecutive times, a Triple Crown winner once, an American League (AL) Most Valuable Player twice, and a member of six World Series champion teams. He had a career .340 batting average, .632 slugging average, and a .447 on base average. He hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in (RBI). He still has the highest ratio of runs scored plus runs batted in per 100 plate appearances (35.08) and per 100 games (156.7) among Hall of Fame players. In 1939, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his uniform number (4) retired by a team.
3. Wally Hammond, English cricketer and coach (d. 1965) births
  1. Wally Hammond
    
    Walter Reginald Hammond was an English first-class cricketer who played for Gloucestershire in a career that lasted from 1920 to 1951. Beginning as a professional, he later became an amateur and was appointed captain of England. Primarily a middle-order batsman, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack described him in his obituary as one of the four best batsmen in the history of cricket. He was considered to be the best English batsman of the 1930s by commentators and those with whom he played; they also said that he was one of the best slip fielders ever. Hammond was an effective fast-medium pace bowler and contemporaries believed that if he had been less reluctant to bowl, he could have achieved even more with the ball than he did.
4. Hans Litten, German lawyer (d. 1938) births
  1. Hans Litten
    
    Hans Achim Litten was a German lawyer who represented opponents of the Nazis at important political trials between 1929 and 1932, defending the rights of workers during the Weimar Republic.
5. Herbert Vaughan, English cardinal (b. 1832) deaths
  1. Herbert Vaughan
    
    Herbert Alfred Henry Vaughan, MHM was an English prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1892 until his death in 1903, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1893. He was the founder in 1866 of St Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society, known best as the Mill Hill Missionaries. He also founded the Catholic Truth Society and St. Bede's College, Manchester. As Archbishop of Westminster, he led the capital campaign and construction of Westminster Cathedral.
1902
1. Guy Lombardo, Canadian-American violinist and bandleader (d. 1977) births
  1. Guy Lombardo
    
    Gaetano Alberto "Guy" Lombardo was an Italian-Canadian-American bandleader, violinist, and hydroplane racer.
1897
1. Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) births
  1. Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
    
    Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood was a British physical chemist and expert in chemical kinetics. His work in reaction mechanisms earned the 1956 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
2. Moe Howard, American comedian (d. 1975) births
  1. Moe Howard
    
    Moses Harry Horwitz, known professionally as Moe Howard, was an American comedian and actor. He is best known as the leader of The Three Stooges, the farce comedy team who starred in motion pictures and television for four decades. That group initially started out as Ted Healy and His Stooges, an act that toured the vaudeville circuit. Moe's distinctive hairstyle came about when he was a boy and cut off his curls with a pair of scissors, producing an irregular shape approximating a bowl cut.
1896
1. Rajani Palme Dutt, English journalist and politician (d. 1974) births
  1. R. Palme Dutt
    
    Rajani Palme Dutt, generally known as R. Palme Dutt, was a leading journalist and theoretician in the Communist Party of Great Britain. His classic book India Today heralded the Marxist approach in Indian historiography.
2. Wallis Simpson, American wife of Edward VIII (d. 1986) births
  1. Wallis Simpson
    
    Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, was an American socialite and wife of the former King-Emperor Edward VIII. Their intention to marry and her status as a divorcée caused a constitutional crisis that led to Edward's abdication.
  2. Edward VIII
    
    Edward VIII, later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 20 January 1936 until his abdication in December of the same year.
1891
1. John Heartfield, German photographer and activist (d. 1968) births
  1. John Heartfield
    
    John Heartfield was a 20th century German visual artist who pioneered the use of art as a political weapon. Some of his most famous photomontages were anti-Nazi and anti-fascist statements. Heartfield also created book jackets for book authors, such as Upton Sinclair, as well as stage sets for contemporary playwrights, such as Bertolt Brecht and Erwin Piscator.
1888
1. Arthur Massey Berry, Canadian soldier and pilot (d. 1970) births
  1. Arthur Massey Berry
    
    Arthur Massey "Matt" Berry was a pioneering Canadian bush pilot.
1886
1. Finley Hamilton, American lawyer and politician (d. 1940) births
  1. Finley Hamilton
    
    Finley Hamilton was a United States representative from Kentucky. He was born in Vincent, Owsley County, Kentucky. He attended the public schools and Berea College. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1915 and commenced practice in London, Kentucky.
1884
1. Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes, French painter and historian (d. 1974) births
  1. Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes
    
    Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes was a French writer and artist associated with the Dada movement. He was born in Montpellier and died in Saint-Jeannet.
2. Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentinian-French politician and diplomat (b. 1810) deaths
  1. Juan Bautista Alberdi
    
    Juan Bautista Alberdi was an Argentine political theorist and diplomat. Although he lived most of his life in exile in Montevideo, Uruguay and in Chile, he influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853.
1883
1. Gladys Mills Phipps, American horse breeder (d. 1970) births
  1. Gladys Mills Phipps
    
    Gladys Mills Phipps was a United States socialite, sportsperson, and a thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder who began the Phipps family dynasty in American horse racing. She was known as the "first lady of the turf".
1881
1. Maginel Wright Enright, American illustrator (d. 1966) births
  1. Maginel Wright Enright
    
    Maginel Wright Enright Barney was an American children's book illustrator and graphic artist. She was the younger sister of Frank Lloyd Wright, architect, and the mother of Elizabeth Enright, children's book writer and illustrator.
1877
1. Charles Coburn, American actor (d. 1961) births
  1. Charles Coburn
    
    Charles Douville Coburn was an American actor and theatrical producer. He was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award three times – in The Devil and Miss Jones (1941), The More the Merrier (1943), and The Green Years (1946) – winning for his performance in The More the Merrier. He was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 for his contribution to the film industry.
1876
1. Nigel Gresley, Scottish-English engineer (d. 1941) births
  1. Nigel Gresley
    
    Sir Herbert Nigel Gresley was a British railway engineer. He was one of Britain's most famous steam locomotive engineers, who rose to become Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). He was the designer of some of the most famous steam locomotives in Britain, including the LNER Class A1 and LNER Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific engines. An A1 Pacific, Flying Scotsman, was the first steam locomotive officially recorded over 100 mph in passenger service, and an A4, number 4468 Mallard, still holds the record for being the fastest steam locomotive in the world (126 mph).
1874
1. Peder Oluf Pedersen, Danish physicist and engineer (d. 1941) births
  1. Peder Oluf Pedersen
    
    Peder Oluf Pedersen was a Danish engineer and physicist. He is notable for his work on electrotechnology and his cooperation with Valdemar Poulsen on the developmental work on Wire recorders, which he called a telegraphone, and the arc converter known as the Poulsen Arc Transmitter.
2. Ferdinand Stoliczka, Moravian palaeontologist and ornithologist (b. 1838) deaths
  1. Ferdinand Stoliczka
    
    Ferdinand Stoliczka was a Moravian palaeontologist who worked in India on paleontology, geology and various aspects of zoology, including ornithology, malacology, and herpetology. He died of high altitude sickness in Murgo during an expedition across the Himalayas.
1872
1. Theodore Payne, English-American gardener and botanist (d. 1963) births
  1. Theodore Payne
    
    Theodore Payne, was an English horticulturist, gardener, landscape designer, and botanist. His best known work was done over his adult life in Southern California.
1871
1. Alajos Szokolyi, Hungarian hurdler, jumper, and physician (d. 1932) births
  1. Alajos Szokolyi
    
    Alajos János Szokolyi was a Hungarian athlete, sports organizer, sports manager, archivist and physician.
1867
1. Miguel Miramón, Unconstitutional president of Mexico, 1859-1860 (b. 1832) deaths
  1. Miguel Miramón
    
    Miguel Gregorio de la Luz Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo, known as Miguel Miramón, was a Mexican conservative general who became president of Mexico at the age of 27 during the Reform War, serving between February 1859 and December 1860. He was the first Mexican president to be born after the Mexican War of Independence.
2. Maximilian I of Mexico (b. 1832) deaths
  1. Maximilian I of Mexico
    
    Maximilian I was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor of the Second Mexican Empire from 10 April 1864 until his execution on 19 June 1867. A member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Maximilian was the younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. He had a distinguished career as commander-in-chief of the Imperial Austrian Navy.
1865
1. May Whitty, English actress (d. 1948) births
  1. May Whitty
    
    Dame Mary Louise Webster,, known professionally as May Whitty and later, for her charity work, Dame May Whitty, was an English stage and film actress. She was one of the first two women entertainers to become a Dame. The British actors' union Equity was established in her home. After a successful career she moved over to Hollywood films at the age of 72. She went to live in the United States, where she remained for the remainder of her life, appearing in films.
2. Evangelos Zappas, Greek-Romanian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1800) deaths
  1. Evangelos Zappas
    
    Evangelos or Evangelis Zappas was a Greek patriot, philanthropist and businessman who spent most of his life in Romania. He is recognized today as one of the founders of the modern Olympic Games, which were held in 1859, 1870, 1875, and 1888 and preceded the Olympic Games that came under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee. These Games, known at the time simply as Olympics, came before the founding of the International Olympic Committee itself. The legacy of Evangelis Zappas, as well as the legacy of his cousin Konstantinos Zappas, was also used to fund the Olympic Games of 1896.
1864
1. Richard Heales, English-Australian politician, 4th Premier of Victoria (b. 1822) deaths
  1. Richard Heales
    
    Richard Heales, Victorian colonial politician, was the 4th Premier of Victoria.
  2. Premier of Victoria
    
    The premier of Victoria is the head of government in the Australian state of Victoria. The premier is appointed by the governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the political party able to secure a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly.
2. Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, American soldier (b. 1843) deaths
  1. Sarah Rosetta Wakeman
    
    Sarah Rosetta Wakeman was an American female soldier who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War under the male name of Lyons Wakeman. Wakeman served with Company H, 153rd New York Volunteer Infantry. Her letters written during her service remained unread for nearly a century because they were stored in the attic of her relatives.
1861
1. Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, Scottish-English field marshal (d. 1928) births
  1. Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
    
    Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, was a senior officer of the British Army. During the First World War, he commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front from late 1915 until the end of the war. He was commander during the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, the Third Battle of Ypres, the German Spring Offensive, and the Hundred Days Offensive.
2. Émile Haug, French geologist and paleontologist (d. 1927) births
  1. Émile Haug
    
    Gustave Émile Haug was a French geologist and paleontologist known for his contribution to the geosyncline theory.
3. José Rizal, Filipino journalist, author, and poet (d. 1896) births
  1. José Rizal
    
    José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is considered the national hero of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement, which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain.
1858
1. Sam Walter Foss, American poet and librarian (d. 1911) births
  1. Sam Walter Foss
    
    Sam Walter Foss was an American librarian and poet whose works included The House by the Side of the Road and The Coming American.
1855
1. George F. Roesch, American lawyer and politician (d. 1917) births
  1. George F. Roesch
    
    George Francis Roesch was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
1854
1. Alfredo Catalani, Italian composer and academic (d. 1893) births
  1. Alfredo Catalani
    
    Alfredo Catalani was an Italian operatic composer. He is best remembered for his operas Loreley (1890) and La Wally (1892). La Wally was composed to a libretto by Luigi Illica, and features Catalani's most famous aria "Ebben? Ne andrò lontana." This aria, sung by American soprano Wilhelmenia Fernandez, was at the heart of Jean-Jacques Beineix's 1981 film Diva. Catalani's other operas were much less successful.
2. Hjalmar Mellin, Finnish mathematician and theorist (d. 1933) births
  1. Hjalmar Mellin
    
    Robert Hjalmar Mellin was a Finnish mathematician and function theorist.
1851
1. Billy Midwinter, English-Australian cricketer (d. 1890) births
  1. Billy Midwinter
    
    William Evans Midwinter was a cricketer who played four Test matches for England, sandwiched in between eight Tests that he played for Australia. Midwinter holds a unique place in cricket history as the only cricketer to have played for both Australia and England in Test Matches against each other.
2. Silvanus P. Thompson, English physicist, engineer, and academic (d. 1916) births
  1. Silvanus P. Thompson
    
    Silvanus Phillips Thompson was a professor of physics at the City and Guilds Technical College in Finsbury, England. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1891 and was known for his work as an electrical engineer and as an author. Thompson's most enduring publication is his 1910 text Calculus Made Easy, which teaches the fundamentals of infinitesimal calculus, and is still in print. Thompson also wrote a popular physics text, Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism, as well as biographies of Lord Kelvin and Michael Faraday.
1850
1. David Jayne Hill, American historian and politician, 24th United States Assistant Secretary of State (d. 1932) births
  1. David Jayne Hill
    
    Rev. David Jayne Hill was an American academic, diplomat and author.
  2. United States Assistant Secretary of State
    
    Assistant Secretary of State (A/S) is a title used for many executive positions in the United States Department of State, ranking below the under secretaries. A set of six assistant secretaries reporting to the under secretary for political affairs manage diplomatic missions within their designated geographic regions, plus one assistant secretary dealing with international organizations. Assistant secretaries usually manage individual bureaus of the Department of State. When the manager of a bureau or another agency holds a title other than assistant secretary, such as "director," it can be said to be of "assistant secretary equivalent rank." Assistant secretaries typically have a set of deputies, referred to as deputy assistant secretaries (DAS).
1846
1. Antonio Abetti, Italian astronomer and academic (d. 1928) births
  1. Antonio Abetti
    
    Antonio Abetti was an Italian astronomer.
1845
1. Cléophas Beausoleil, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1904) births
  1. Cléophas Beausoleil
    
    Cléophas Beausoleil was a Canadian journalist, publisher, office holder, lawyer, and politician.
1844
1. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, French zoologist and biologist (b. 1772) deaths
  1. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
    
    Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition". He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and expanded and defended Lamarck's evolutionary theories. Geoffroy's scientific views had a transcendental flavor and were similar to those of German morphologists like Lorenz Oken. He believed in the underlying unity of organismal design, and the possibility of the transmutation of species in time, amassing evidence for his claims through research in comparative anatomy, paleontology, and embryology. He is considered as a predecessor of the evo-devo evolutionary concept.
1843
1. Mary Sibbet Copley, American philanthropist (d. 1929) births
  1. Mary Sibbet Copley
    
    Mary Sibbet Copley Thaw was an American philanthropist and charity worker.
1840
1. Georg Karl Maria Seidlitz, German entomologist and academic (d. 1917) births
  1. Georg Karl Maria Seidlitz
    
    Georg Karl Maria von Seidlitz was a German doctor and entomologist. He was a zoology teacher in Dorpat (1868–77), then in Königsberg, (1877–88), where he became a fishery expert. He later specialised in Coleoptera, describing many new species and he wrote Fauna Baltica. Die Käfer (Coleoptera) der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. Dorpat, 1875. His general beetle collection is conserved in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München, his Baltic Coleoptera are in the zoology museum in Kaliningrad.
1834
1. Charles Spurgeon, English pastor and author (d. 1892) births
  1. Charles Spurgeon
    
    Charles Haddon Spurgeon was an English Particular Baptist preacher.
1833
1. Mary Tenney Gray, American editorial writer, club-woman, philanthropist, and suffragette (d. 1904) births
  1. Mary Tenney Gray
    
    Mary Tenney Gray was a 19th-century American editorial writer, clubwoman, philanthropist, and suffragist from Pennsylvania, who later became a resident of Kansas. She lived in Kansas City, Kansas for more than twenty years and during that time, was identified with almost every woman's movement. She served on the editorial staff of several publications including the New York Teacher, the Leavenworth Home Record, and the Kansas Farmer. Gray's paper on "Women and Kansas City's Development" was awarded the first prize in the competition held by the Women's Auxiliary to the Manufacturers' Association of Kansas City, Missouri.
1820
1. Joseph Banks, English botanist and author (b. 1743) deaths
  1. Joseph Banks
    
    Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, was an English naturalist, botanist, and patron of the natural sciences.
1816
1. William H. Webb, American shipbuilder and philanthropist, founded the Webb Institute (d. 1899) births
  1. William H. Webb
    
    William Henry Webb was a 19th-century New York City shipbuilder and philanthropist, who has been called America's first true naval architect.
  2. Webb Institute
    
    Webb Institute is a private college focused on engineering and located in Glen Cove, New York. Each graduate of Webb Institute earns a Bachelor of Science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering. Successful candidates for admission receive full tuition for four years. Webb Institute is noted in the marine industry for its unique emphasis on ship design, systems engineering, and practical work experience.
1815
1. Cornelius Krieghoff, Dutch-Canadian painter (d. 1872) births
  1. Cornelius Krieghoff
    
    Cornelius David Krieghoff was a Dutch-born Canadian-American painter of the 19th century. Krieghoff is most famous for his paintings of Canadian landscapes and Canadian life outdoors, which were as sought after in his own time as they are today. He is particularly famous for his winter scenes, some of which he painted in a number of variants.
1805
1. Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée, French painter and educator (b. 1724) deaths
  1. Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée
    
    Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée was a French rococo painter and student of Carle van Loo. He won the Grand Prix de Rome for painting in 1749 and was elected a member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in 1755. His younger brother Jean-Jacques Lagrenée was also a painter.
1797
1. Hamilton Hume, Australian explorer (d. 1873) births
  1. Hamilton Hume
    
    Hamilton Hume was an early explorer of the present-day Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria. In 1824, along with William Hovell, Hume participated in an expedition that first took an overland route from Sydney to Port Phillip. Along with Sturt in 1828, he was part of an expedition of the first Europeans to find the Darling River.
1795
1. James Braid, Scottish-English surgeon (d. 1860) births
  1. James Braid (surgeon)
    
    James Braid was a Scottish surgeon, natural philosopher, and "gentleman scientist".
1793
1. Joseph Earl Sheffield, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1882) births
  1. Joseph Earl Sheffield
    
    Joseph Earle Sheffield was an American railroad magnate and philanthropist.
1786
1. Nathanael Greene, American general (b. 1742) deaths
  1. Nathanael Greene
    
    Nathanael Greene was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He emerged from the war with a reputation as General George Washington's most talented and dependable officer, and is known for his successful command in the southern theater of the war.
1783
1. Friedrich Sertürner, German chemist and pharmacist (d. 1841) births
  1. Friedrich Sertürner
    
    Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner was a German pharmacist and a pioneer of alkaloid chemistry. He is best known for his discovery of morphine in 1804.
1776
1. Francis Johnson, American lawyer and politician (d. 1842) births
  1. Francis Johnson (congressman)
    
    Francis Johnson was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.
1771
1. Joseph Diaz Gergonne, French mathematician and philosopher (d. 1859) births
  1. Joseph Diez Gergonne
    
    Joseph Diez Gergonne was a French mathematician and logician.
1768
1. Benjamin Tasker Sr., American soldier and politician, 10th Colonial Governor of Maryland (b. 1690) deaths
  1. Benjamin Tasker Sr.
    
    Benjamin Tasker Sr. was the 21st Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1752 to 1753. He also occupied a number of other significant colonial offices, including, on various occasions, being elected Mayor of Annapolis.
  2. List of colonial governors of Maryland
    
    Maryland began as a proprietary colony of the Catholic Calvert family, the Lords Baltimore under a royal charter, and its first eight governors were appointed by them. When the Catholic King of England, James II, was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution, the Calverts lost their charter and Maryland became a royal colony. It was governed briefly by local Protestants before the arrival of the first of 12 governors appointed directly by the English crown. The royal charter was restored to the Calverts in 1715 and governors were again appointed by the Calverts through the American Revolution.
1764
1. José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan general and politician (d. 1850) births
  1. José Gervasio Artigas
    
    José Gervasio Artigas Arnal was a political leader, military general, statesman and national hero of Uruguay and the broader Río de la Plata region.
1762
1. Johann Ernst Eberlin, German organist and composer (b. 1702) deaths
  1. Johann Ernst Eberlin
    
    Johann Ernst Eberlin was a German composer and organist whose works bridge the baroque and classical eras. He was a prolific composer, chiefly of church organ and choral music. Marpurg claims he wrote as much and as rapidly as Alessandro Scarlatti and Georg Philipp Telemann, a claim also repeated by Leopold Mozart - though ultimately Eberlin did not live nearly as long as either of those two composers.
1747
1. Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer and educator (b. 1669) deaths
  1. Alessandro Marcello
    
    Alessandro Ignazio Marcello was an Italian nobleman and composer.
2. Nader Shah, Persian leader (b. 1688) deaths
  1. Nader Shah
    
    Nader Shah Afshar was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful rulers in Iranian history, ruling as shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747, when he was assassinated during a rebellion. He fought numerous campaigns throughout the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and South Asia, such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, Kirkuk, Yeghevārd, Khyber Pass, Karnal, and Kars. Because of his military genius, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia, the Sword of Persia, or the Second Alexander. Nader belonged to the Turkoman Afshars, a semi-nomadic tribe settled in Khorasan in northeastern Iran, which had supplied military power to the Safavid dynasty since the time of Shah Ismail I.
1731
1. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Portuguese sculptor (d. 1822) births
  1. Joaquim Machado de Castro
    
    Joaquim Machado de Castro was one of Portugal's foremost sculptors. He wrote extensively on his works and the theory behind them, including a full-length discussion of the statue of King Joseph I entitled Descripção analytica da execução da estatua equestre, Lisbon 1810.
1701
1. François Rebel, French violinist and composer (d. 1775) births
  1. François Rebel
    
    François Rebel was a French composer of the Baroque era. Born in Paris, the son of the leading composer Jean-Féry Rebel, he was a child prodigy who became a violinist in the orchestra of the Paris Opera at the age of 13. As a composer he is best known for his close collaboration with François Francoeur.
1650
1. Matthäus Merian, Swiss-German engraver and publisher (b. 1593) deaths
  1. Matthäus Merian the Elder
    
    Matthäus Merian der Ältere was a Swiss-born engraver who worked in Frankfurt for most of his career, where he also ran a publishing house. He was a member of the patrician Basel Merian family.
1633
1. Philipp van Limborch, Dutch author and theologian (d. 1712) births
  1. Philipp van Limborch
    
    Philipp van Limborch was a Dutch Remonstrant theologian.
1623
1. Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1662) births
  1. Blaise Pascal
    
    Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.
1608
1. Alberico Gentili, Italian lawyer and jurist (b. 1551) deaths
  1. Alberico Gentili
    
    Alberico Gentili was an Italian-English jurist, a tutor of Queen Elizabeth I, and a standing advocate to the Spanish Embassy in London, who served as the Regius professor of civil law at the University of Oxford for 21 years. He is heralded as the founder of the science of international law alongside Francisco de Vitoria and Hugo Grotius, and thus known as the "Father of international law". Gentili has been the earliest writer on public international law. In 1587, he became the first non-English person to be a Regius Professor.
1606
1. James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish soldier and politician, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (d. 1649) births
  1. James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton
    
    James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, KG, PC, known as The 3rd Marquess of Hamilton from March 1625 until April 1643, was a Scottish nobleman and influential political and military leader during the Thirty Years' War and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
  2. Lord Chancellor of Scotland
    
    The Lord Chancellor of Scotland was a Great Officer of State in the Kingdom of Scotland.
1598
1. Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1677) births
  1. Gilbert Sheldon
    
    Gilbert Sheldon was an English religious leader who served as the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1663 until his death.
1595
1. Hargobind, sixth Sikh guru (d. 1644) births
  1. Guru Hargobind
    
    Gurū Hargobind, revered as the sixth Nānak, was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He had become Guru at the young age of eleven, after the execution of his father, Guru Arjan, by the Mughal emperor Jahangir.
  2. Sikh gurus
    
    The Sikh gurus are the spiritual masters of Sikhism, who established this religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469. The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. He was succeeded by nine other human gurus until, in 1708, the Guruship was finally passed on by the tenth guru to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith.
1590
1. Philip Bell, British colonial governor (d. 1678) births
  1. Philip Bell (colonial administrator)
    
    Philip Bell was Governor of Bermuda from 1626 to 1629, of the Providence Island colony from 1629 to 1636, and of Barbados from 1640 to 1650 during the English Civil War. During his terms of office in Providence and Barbados, the colonies moved from using indentured English workers to slaves imported from West Africa. The Providence Island colony, despite its puritan ideals, became a haven for privateers attacking ships in the Spanish Main.
1567
1. Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg (b. 1507) deaths
  1. Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg
    
    Anna of Brandenburg was a Duchess consort of Mecklenburg.
1566
1. James VI and I of the United Kingdom (d. 1625) births
  1. James VI and I
    
    James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.
1545
1. Abraomas Kulvietis, Lithuanian-Russian lawyer and jurist (b. 1509) deaths
  1. Abraomas Kulvietis
    
    Abraomas Kulvietis was a Lithuanian Lutheran jurist and a professor at Königsberg Albertina University, as well as a reformer of the church.
1542
1. Leo Jud, Swiss theologian and reformer (b. 1482) deaths
  1. Leo Jud
    
    Leo Jud, known to his contemporaries as Meister Leu, was a Swiss reformer who worked with Huldrych Zwingli in Zürich.
1504
1. Bernhard Walther, German astronomer and humanist (b. 1430) deaths
  1. Bernhard Walther
    
    Bernhard Walther was a German merchant, humanist and astronomer based in Nuremberg, Germany.
1417
1. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (d. 1468) births
  1. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta
    
    Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta was an Italian condottiero and nobleman, a member of the House of Malatesta and lord of Rimini and Fano from 1432. He was widely considered by his contemporaries as one of the most daring military leaders in Italy and commanded the Venetian forces in the 1465 campaign against the Ottoman Empire. He was also a poet and patron of the arts.
  2. Rimini
    
    Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. It sprawls along the Adriatic Sea, on the coast between the rivers Marecchia and Ausa. It is one of the most notable seaside resorts in Europe with revenue from both internal and international tourism forming a significant portion of the city's economy. It is also near San Marino, a small nation within Italy. The first bathing establishment opened in 1843. Rimini is an art city with ancient Roman and Renaissance monuments, and is also the birthplace of the film director Federico Fellini.
1364
1. Elisenda of Montcada, queen consort and regent of Aragon (b. 1292) deaths
  1. Elisenda of Montcada
    
    Elisenda de Montcada was queen consort of Aragon as the fourth and last spouse of James II of Aragon. She served as Regent or "Queen-Lieutenant" of Aragon during the absence of her spouse from 1324 until 1327. She was a daughter of Pere II Ramon de Montcada and Elisenda de Pinos. She and James II founded the Monastery of Pedralbes, a Franciscan convent of the Poor Clares. After James II's death in 1327, Elisenda lived adjacent to the monastery for the remaining 37 years of her life.
1341
1. Juliana Falconieri, Italian nun and saint (b. 1270) deaths
  1. Juliana Falconieri
    
    Juliana Falconieri, O.S.M., was the Italian foundress of the Religious Sisters of the Third Order of Servites.
1312
1. Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, English politician (b. 1284) deaths
  1. Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall
    
    Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall was an English nobleman of Gascon origin, and the favourite of Edward II of England.
1301
1. Prince Morikuni, shōgun of Japan (d. 1333) births
  1. Prince Morikuni
    
    Prince Morikuni was the ninth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan.
  2. Shogun
    
    Shogun , officially Sei-i Taishōgun , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamakura period, shoguns were themselves figureheads. The office of shogun was in practice hereditary, though over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position. The title was originally held by military commanders during Heian period in the eighth and ninth centuries. When Minamoto no Yoritomo gained political ascendency over Japan in 1185, the title was revived to regularize his position, making him the first shogun in the usually understood sense.
1282
1. Eleanor de Montfort, Welsh princess (b. 1252) deaths
  1. Eleanor de Montfort
    
    Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon was an English noble and Welsh Princess. She was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and Eleanor of England. She was also the second woman who can be shown to have used the title Princess of Wales.
1185
1. Taira no Munemori, Japanese soldier (b. 1147) deaths
  1. Taira no Munemori
    
    Taira no Munemori was heir to Taira no Kiyomori, and one of the Taira clan's chief commanders in the Genpei War.
1027
1. Romuald, Italian mystic and saint (b. 951) deaths
  1. Romuald
    
    Romuald was the founder of the Camaldolese order and a major figure in the eleventh-century "Renaissance of eremitical asceticism". Romuald spent about 30 years traversing Italy, founding and reforming monasteries and hermitages.
930
1. Xiao Qing, chancellor of Later Liang (b. 862) deaths
  1. Xiao Qing
    
    Xiao Qing (蕭頃), courtesy name Zicheng (子澄), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and its successor states Later Liang and Later Tang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, serving as a chancellor during Later Liang.
  2. Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
    
    Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang or the Zhu Liang, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen, after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour. The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.
626
1. Soga no Umako, Japanese son of Soga no Iname (b. 551) deaths
  1. Soga no Umako
    
    Soga no Umako was the son of Soga no Iname and a member of the powerful Soga clan of Japan.
  2. Soga no Iname
    
    Soga no Iname was a leader of the Soga clan and a statesman during the reign of Emperor Kinmei in the Asuka period. He was the first person to hold the position of Ōomi that can be verified with reasonable accuracy, in 536 A.D. Essentially what this means: Japan's first head of government with the Ōkimi as head of state.
404
1. Huan Xuan, Jin-dynasty warlord and emperor of Huan Chu (b. 369) deaths
  1. AD 404
    
    Year 404 (CDIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Aristaenetus. The denomination 404 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Huan Xuan
    
    Huan Xuan (桓玄), courtesy name Jingdao (敬道), nickname Lingbao (靈寶), formally Emperor Wudao of Chu (楚武悼帝), was a Jin Dynasty warlord who briefly took over the imperial throne from Emperor An of Jin and declared his own state of Chu in 403, but was defeated by an uprising led by the general Liu Yu in 404 and killed. He was the youngest son of Huan Wen.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Deodatus (or Didier) of Nevers (or of Jointures)
1. Deodatus of Nevers
  
  Deodatus of Nevers was a bishop of Nevers from 655. Deodatus lived with Arbogast in the monastery of Ebersheim, established by Childeric II near Sélestat in the forest of Haguenau.
Christian feast day: Gervasius and Protasius (Catholic Church)
1. Gervasius and Protasius
  
  Saints Gervasius and Protasius are venerated as Christian martyrs, probably of the 2nd century. They are the patron saints of Milan and of haymakers and are invoked for the discovery of thieves. Their feast day in the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church is 19 June, the day marking the translation of their relics. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and in the Eastern Rites of the Catholic Church, their feast takes place on 14 October (O.S.)/24 October (N.S.), the traditional day of their death. In Christian iconography their emblems are the scourge, the club and the sword.
2. Catholic Church
  
  The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2019. As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 sui iuris churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The bishopric of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small enclave of the Italian city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.
Christian feast day: Hildegrim of Châlons
1. Hildegrim of Châlons
  
  Hildegrim was Bishop of Châlons from 804 to 810 and the second abbot of Werden Abbey, after his elder brother Ludger, from 809 until his death.
Christian feast day: Juliana Falconieri
1. Juliana Falconieri
  
  Juliana Falconieri, O.S.M., was the Italian foundress of the Religious Sisters of the Third Order of Servites.
Christian feast day: Romuald
1. Romuald
  
  Romuald was the founder of the Camaldolese order and a major figure in the eleventh-century "Renaissance of eremitical asceticism". Romuald spent about 30 years traversing Italy, founding and reforming monasteries and hermitages.
Christian feast day: Ursicinus of Ravenna
1. Ursicinus of Ravenna
  
  Saint Ursicinus of Ravenna is venerated as a martyr by the Catholic Church. He was said to be a physician of Ravenna. His legend is connected with that of Saint Vitalis, who is said to have encouraged the wavering Ursicinus after the physician was sentenced to death for his faith. After he was beheaded, Vitalis buried him in Ravenna.
Christian feast day: Zosimus
1. Zosimus (martyr)
  
  Zosimus was a Christian martyr who was executed in Spoleto, Umbria, Italy, during the reign of Emperor Trajan. His feast day is June 19.
Christian feast day: June 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. June 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  June 18 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 20
New Church feast day New Church Day
1. New Church Day
  
  The nineteenth day of June is celebrated as a holiday by some branches of the New Church. The holiday commemorates events reported by Emanuel Swedenborg in the work True Christian Religion and it is considered by some to be the "birthday" of the New Church.
Day of the Independent Hungary (Hungary)
1. Public holidays in Hungary
  
  A number of public holidays and special events take place each year in Hungary.
Feast of Forest (Palawan)
1. Public holidays in the Philippines
  
  Public holidays in the Philippines are of two types, regular holidays and special non-working days.
2. Palawan
  
  Palawan, officially the Province of Palawan, is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa. It is the largest province in the country in terms of total area of 14,649.73 km2 (5,656.29 sq mi). The capital city is Puerto Princesa. Palawan is known as the Philippines' Last Frontier and as the Philippines' Best Island.
Juneteenth (United States)
1. Juneteenth
  
  Juneteenth is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the emancipation of enslaved African Americans. Juneteenth marks the anniversary of General Order No. 3 by Major General Gordon Granger on June 19, 1865, proclaiming freedom for slaves in Texas. Originating in Galveston, the holiday has since been observed annually on June 19 in various parts of the United States, often broadly celebrating African-American culture. The day was first recognized as a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law after the efforts of Lula Briggs Galloway, Opal Lee, and others.
Labour Day (Trinidad and Tobago)
1. Labour Day
  
  Labour Day is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements of workers. Labour Day has its origins in the labour union movement, specifically the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest.
Laguna Day (Laguna)
1. Public holidays in the Philippines
  
  Public holidays in the Philippines are of two types, regular holidays and special non-working days.
2. Laguna (province)
  
  Laguna, officially the Province of Laguna, is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz while its largest city is the City of Calamba and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila, south of the province of Rizal, west of Quezon, north of Batangas and east of Cavite. Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. As of the 2020 census, the province's total population is 3,382,193 . It is the seventh richest province in the country.
Birthday of Jose Gervasio Artigas (Uruguay)
1. José Gervasio Artigas
  
  José Gervasio Artigas Arnal was a political leader, military general, statesman and national hero of Uruguay and the broader Río de la Plata region.
2. Uruguay
  
  Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. It is part of the Southern Cone region of South America. Uruguay covers an area of approximately 181,034 square kilometers (69,898 sq mi) and has a population of an estimated 3.4 million, of whom around 2 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo.
World Sickle Cell Day (International)
1. Sickle cell disease
  
  Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents. The most common type is known as sickle cell anaemia. It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. Problems in sickle cell disease typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age. A number of health problems may develop, such as attacks of pain, anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections and stroke. Long-term pain may develop as people get older. The average life expectancy in the developed world is 40 to 60 years.
2. Lists of holidays
  
  Lists of holidays by various categorizations.

Important events in history on June 19 th

Events

Patent

Killing of Antwon Rose Jr.

East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority

Julian Assange

WikiLeaks

Right of asylum

Embassy of Ecuador, London

WikiLeaks

Julian Assange

Extradition

Classified information

July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike

Wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling

Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden

Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland

Storkyrkan

Shishou incident

Shishou

War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

Operation Panther's Claw

Taliban

Shishou incident

Shishou

Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Pakistan Armed Forces

Operation Rah-e-Nijat

Taliban

Islamism

South Waziristan District

Federally Administered Tribal Areas

2007 al-Khilani mosque bombing

Cornerstone

Svalbard Global Seed Vault

Seed

Spitsbergen

Auto racing

2005 United States Grand Prix

Indianapolis Motor Speedway

Indianapolis

Michelin

Michelin

Tire

2005 United States Grand Prix

Indianapolis Motor Speedway

Bridgestone

Southern Group of Forces

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989

Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Pope John Paul II

Vietnamese Martyrs

Basque nationalism

ETA (separatist group)

Hipercor bombing

Hipercor

ETA (separatist group)

Hipercor bombing

Hipercor

Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers

El Salvador

1985 Zona Rosa attacks

San Salvador

Garfield

Comic strip

Print syndication

Patent Cooperation Treaty

Patent application

Nguyễn Cao Kỳ

South Vietnam Air Force

Prime Minister of Vietnam

Nguyễn Cao Kỳ

South Vietnam

Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Filibuster

United States Senate

Kuwait

NASCAR

Important events in history
on June 19 ^th