Important events in history
on July 27 ^th

Events

2015
1. At least seven people are killed and many injured after gunmen attack an Indian police station in Punjab.
  1. 2015 Gurdaspur attack
    
    On 27 July 2015, three gunmen dressed in army uniforms opened fire on a bus and then attacked the Dina Nagar police station in Gurdaspur district of Punjab, India. The attack resulted in the death of three civilians and four policemen, including a superintendent of police; fifteen others were injured. In addition, five bombs were found planted on the Amritsar–Pathankot line on a rail-bridge near Parmanand railway station, five kilometers from the site of the attack. All three attackers were killed in the operation, which lasted almost 12 hours.
  2. Punjab, India
    
    Punjab is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest; by the Indian union territories of Chandigarh to the east and Jammu and Kashmir to the north. It shares an international border with Punjab, a province of Pakistan to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, which is 1.53% of India's total geographical area, making it the 19th-largest Indian state by area out of 28 Indian states. With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest Indian state by population, comprising 23 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and the official language of the state. The main ethnic groups are the Punjabis, with Sikhs and Hindus as the dominant religious groups. The state capital is Chandigarh, a union territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region takes its name are the Sutlej, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum. Of these, the first three flow through Indian Punjab, while the latter two flow entirely through Punjab, Pakistan.
2011
1. Police found the mummified remains of Sogen Kato, who would have been tokyo's oldest man, leading to widespread inquiries into the status of isolated elderly people in Japan.
  1. Mummy
    
    A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 AD.
  2. Sogen Kato
    
    Sogen Kato was a Japanese man thought to have been Tokyo's oldest man until July 2010, when his mummified corpse was found in his bedroom. It was concluded he had likely died in November 1978, aged 79, and his family had never announced his death. Relatives had rebuffed attempts by ward officials to see Kato in preparations for Respect for the Aged Day later that year, citing many reasons from him being a "human vegetable" to becoming a Sokushinbutsu. The cause of death was not determined due to the state of Kato's body.
2007
1. While covering a police pursuit in Phoenix, Arizona, two news helicopters collided in mid-air, killing both crews.
  1. Car chase
    
    A car chase, also known as a vehicle pursuit, is the vehicular overland chase of one party by another, involving at least one automobile or other wheeled motor vehicle in pursuit—commonly hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcement. The rise of the automotive industry in the 20th century increased car ownership, leading to a growing number of criminals attempting to evade police in their own vehicle or a stolen car. Car chases may, instead involve other parties in pursuit of a criminal suspect or intended victim, or simply in an attempt to make contact with a moving person for non-conflict reasons.
  2. Phoenix, Arizona
    
    Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arizona, with 1,608,139 residents as of 2020. It is the fifth-most populous city in the United States, and the only U.S. state capital with a population of more than one million residents.
  3. Phoenix news helicopter collision
    
    On July 27, 2007, two AS-350 AStar helicopters from television stations KNXV-TV and KTVK collided in mid-air over Phoenix, Arizona, while covering a police pursuit. On board the two aircraft were four people in total – pilot Craig Smith and photographer Rick Krolak from KNXV-TV, and pilot Scott Bowerbank and photographer Jim Cox from KTVK – all of whom were killed, while no casualties were reported on the ground.
2005
1. After an incident during STS-114, NASA grounds the Space Shuttle, pending an investigation of the continuing problem with the shedding of foam insulation from the external fuel tank.
  1. STS-114
    
    STS-114 was the first "Return to Flight" Space Shuttle mission following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Discovery launched at 10:39 EDT, July 26, 2005. The launch, 907 days after the loss of Columbia, was approved despite unresolved fuel sensor anomalies in the external tank that had prevented the shuttle from launching on July 13, its originally scheduled date.
  2. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  3. Space Shuttle
    
    The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development. The first (STS-1) of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights (STS-5) beginning in 1982. Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), conducted science experiments in orbit, participated in the Shuttle-Mir program with Russia, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The Space Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1,323 days.
  4. Space Shuttle external tank
    
    The Space Shuttle external tank (ET) was the component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that contained the liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer. During lift-off and ascent it supplied the fuel and oxidizer under pressure to the three RS-25 main engines in the orbiter. The ET was jettisoned just over 10 seconds after main engine cut-off (MECO) and it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. Unlike the Solid Rocket Boosters, external tanks were not re-used. They broke up before impact in the Indian Ocean, away from shipping lanes and were not recovered.
2002
1. Ukraine airshow disaster: A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes during an air show at Lviv, Ukraine killing 77 and injuring more than 500 others, making it the deadliest air show disaster in history.
  1. Sknyliv air show disaster
    
    The Sknyliv air show disaster occurred on Saturday, 27 July 2002, when a Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 piloted by Volodymyr Toponar and co-piloted by Yuriy Yegorov crashed during an aerobatics presentation at Sknyliv airfield near Lviv, Ukraine. The accident killed 77 people and injured 543, 100 of whom were hospitalized. It is the deadliest air show accident in history.
  2. Sukhoi Su-27
    
    The Sukhoi Su-27 is a Soviet-origin twin-engine supermaneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large US fourth-generation jet fighters such as the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, with 3,530-kilometre (1,910 nmi) range, heavy aircraft ordnance, sophisticated avionics and high maneuverability. The Su-27 was designed for air superiority missions, and subsequent variants are able to perform almost all aerial warfare operations. It was designed with the Mikoyan MiG-29 as its complement.
  3. Lviv
    
    Lviv is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of 717,510. It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine. It was named in honour of Leo, the eldest son of Daniel, King of Ruthenia.
  4. Ukraine
    
    Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately 600,000 square kilometres (230,000 sq mi). Prior to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, it was the eighth-most populous country in Europe, with a population of around 41 million people. It is also bordered by Belarus to the north; by Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; and by Romania and Moldova to the southwest; with a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov to the south and southeast. Kyiv is the nation's capital and largest city. Ukraine's official and national language is Ukrainian; most people are also fluent in Russian.
1997
1. About 50 people are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria.
  1. Si Zerrouk massacre
    
    The Si Zerrouk massacre took place in the Si Zerrouk neighborhood in the south of Larbaa in Algeria on 27 July 1997. About 50 people were killed.
  2. Algeria
    
    Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered to be a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, being more than 200 times as large as the smallest country in the continent, The Gambia. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.
1996
1. In Atlanta, United States, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics.
  1. Atlanta
    
    Atlanta is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the seat of Fulton County, the most populous county in Georgia, but its territory falls in both Fulton and DeKalb counties. With a population of 498,715 living within the city limits, it is the eighth most populous city in the Southeast and 38th most populous city in the United States according to the 2020 U.S. census. It is the core of the much larger Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to more than 6.1 million people, making it the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Situated among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains at an elevation of just over 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level, it features unique topography that includes rolling hills, lush greenery, and the most dense urban tree coverage of any major city in the United States.
  2. Centennial Olympic Park bombing
    
    The Centennial Olympic Park bombing was a domestic terrorist pipe bombing attack on Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 27, 1996, during the Summer Olympics. The blast directly killed one person and injured 111 others; another person later died of a heart attack. It was the first of four bombings committed by Eric Rudolph. Security guard Richard Jewell discovered the bomb before detonation and began clearing spectators out of the park.
  3. 1996 Summer Olympics
    
    The 1996 Summer Olympics were an international multi-sport event held from July 19 to August 4, 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. These were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States, and marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games. These were also the first Summer Olympics since 1924 to be held in a different year than the Winter Olympics, as part of a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating, even-numbered years. The 1996 Games were the first of the two consecutive Summer Olympics to be held in a predominantly English-speaking country preceding the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. These were also the last Summer Olympics to be held in North America until 2028, when Los Angeles will host the games for the third time.
1995
1. The Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.
  1. Korean War Veterans Memorial
    
    The Korean War Veterans Memorial is located in Washington, D.C.'s West Potomac Park, southeast of the Lincoln Memorial and just south of the Reflecting Pool on the National Mall. It memorializes those who served in the Korean War.
  2. Washington, D.C.
    
    Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.
1990
1. Jamaat al Muslimeen, a radical Islamic group, began a coup attempt against the government of Trinidad and Tobago by taking hostages, including Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson, before surrendering five days later.
  1. Jamaat al Muslimeen
    
    The Jamaat al Muslimeen is a radical extremist Islamist fundamentalist group in Trinidad and Tobago.
  2. Islamic extremism
    
    Islamic extremism, Islamist extremism, or radical Islam, is used in reference to extremist beliefs and behaviors which are associated with the Islamic religion. These are controversial terms with varying definitions, ranging from academic understandings to the idea that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior to Islam. These terms can also be used in reference to other sects of Islam that do not share such beliefs. Political definitions of Islamic extremism include the one which is used by the government of the United Kingdom, which understands Islamic extremism as any form of Islam that opposes "democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs". In 2019, the U.S. Institute for Peace released an important report on extremism in fragile states that developed recommendations focused on adopting a shared understanding, operationalize a prevention framework, and rallying the international community.
  3. Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt
    
    The Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt was an attempt to overthrow the government of Trinidad and Tobago, instigated on Friday, 27 July 1990. Over the course of six days, Jamaat al Muslimeen, a radical extremist Islamist group, held hostages at the Red House and at the headquarters of the state-owned national television broadcaster, Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT). On 1 August, the insurgents surrendered. They were charged with treason, but were ordered released by the Court of Appeal. Twenty four people were killed and many more were injured in the coup.
  4. A. N. R. Robinson
    
    Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson, was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime Minister, serving in that capacity from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991. He is recognized for his proposal that eventually led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.
2. The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day is celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence is moved to June 3.
  1. Supreme Soviet
    
    The Supreme Soviet was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). These soviets were modeled after the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, established in 1938, and were nearly identical.
  2. Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
    
    The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia, was a republic of the Soviet Union (USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1922, and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR, with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991. The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians. Other names for Byelorussia included White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
  3. Belarus
    
    Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.4 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.
  4. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  5. 1996
    
    1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1996th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 996th year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1990s decade.
  6. 1996 Belarusian referendum
    
    A seven-question referendum was held in Belarus on 24 November 1996. Four questions were put forward by President Alexander Lukashenko on changing the date of the country's independence day, amending the constitution, changing laws on the sale of land and the abolition of the death penalty. The Supreme Council put forward three questions on constitutional amendments by the Communist and Agrarian factions, local elections and the national finances.
  7. Independence
    
    Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory. The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of foreign colonialism; free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations.
3. The Jamaat al Muslimeen attempt a coup d'état in Trinidad and Tobago.
  1. Jamaat al Muslimeen
    
    The Jamaat al Muslimeen is a radical extremist Islamist fundamentalist group in Trinidad and Tobago.
  2. Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt
    
    The Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt was an attempt to overthrow the government of Trinidad and Tobago, instigated on Friday, 27 July 1990. Over the course of six days, Jamaat al Muslimeen, a radical extremist Islamist group, held hostages at the Red House and at the headquarters of the state-owned national television broadcaster, Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT). On 1 August, the insurgents surrendered. They were charged with treason, but were ordered released by the Court of Appeal. Twenty four people were killed and many more were injured in the coup.
  3. Trinidad and Tobago
    
    Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated 130 kilometres south of Grenada and 11 kilometres off the coast of northeastern Venezuela. It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast, Grenada to the northwest and Venezuela to the south and west. Trinidad and Tobago is generally considered to be part of the West Indies. The island country's capital is Port of Spain, while its largest and most populous city is San Fernando.
1989
1. While attempting to land at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, Korean Air Flight 803 crashes just short of the runway. Seventy-five of the 199 passengers and crew and four people on the ground are killed, in the second accident involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks, the first being United Airlines Flight 232.
  1. Tripoli International Airport
    
    Tripoli International Airport is a closed international airport built to serve Tripoli, the capital city of Libya. The airport is located in the area of Qasr bin Ghashir, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from central Tripoli. It used to be the hub for Libyan Airlines, Afriqiyah Airways, and Buraq Air.
  2. Korean Air Flight 803
    
    On 27 July 1989, Korean Air Flight 803, a DC-10 crashed while attempting to land in Tripoli, Libya. 75 of the 199 passengers and crew on board plus 4 people on the ground were killed in the crash. The crash was the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Libya at the time.
  3. McDonnell Douglas DC-10
    
    The McDonnell Douglas DC-10 is an American trijet wide-body aircraft manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. The DC-10 was intended to succeed the DC-8 for long-range flights. It first flew on August 29, 1970; it was introduced on August 5, 1971, by American Airlines.
  4. United Airlines Flight 232
    
    United Airlines Flight 232 was a regularly scheduled United Airlines flight from Stapleton International Airport in Denver to O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, continuing to Philadelphia International Airport. On July 19, 1989, the DC-10 serving the flight crash-landed at Sioux City, Iowa, after suffering a catastrophic failure of its tail-mounted engine due to an unnoticed manufacturing defect in the engine's fan disk, which led to the loss of many flight controls. Of the 296 passengers and crew on board, 112 died during the accident, while 184 people survived. It is also the deadliest single-aircraft accident in the history of United Airlines.
1983
1. American musician Madonna released her self-titled debut album, which set the standard for the genre of dance-pop for decades.
  1. Madonna
    
    Madonna Louise Ciccone is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Widely referred to as the "Queen of Pop", Madonna has been praised for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, and visual presentation. She has pushed the boundaries of artistic expression in mainstream music, while maintaining control over every aspect of her career. Her works, which incorporate social, political, sexual, and religious themes, have generated both controversy and critical acclaim. A prominent cultural figure crossing the 20th and 21st centuries, Madonna remains one of the most "well-documented figures of the modern age", with a broad amount of scholarly reviews and literature works on her, as well as an academic mini subdiscipline devoted to her named Madonna studies.
  2. Madonna (Madonna album)
    
    Madonna is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on July 27, 1983, by Sire Records. After having established herself as a singer in downtown New York City, Madonna was signed by Sire president Seymour Stein, due to the club success of her debut single, "Everybody" (1982). She became the sole writer for most of the album's tracks, and chose Reggie Lucas as its primary producer. Unhappy with Lucas's production outputs, she invited John "Jellybean" Benitez to complete the album; he remixed three tracks and produced "Holiday".
  3. Dance-pop
    
    Dance-pop is a popular music subgenre that originated in the late 1970s to early 1980s. It is generally uptempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable but also suitable for contemporary hit radio. Developing from a combination of dance and pop with influences of disco, post-disco and synth-pop, it is generally characterised by strong beats with easy, uncomplicated song structures which are generally more similar to pop music than the more free-form dance genre, with an emphasis on melody as well as catchy tunes. The genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions.
2. Black July: Eighteen Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days.
  1. Black July
    
    Black July was an anti-Tamil pogrom that occurred in Sri Lanka during July 1983. The pogrom was premeditated, and was finally triggered by a deadly ambush on 23 July 1983, which caused the death of 13 Sri Lanka Army soldiers, by the Tamil militant group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Although initially orchestrated by members of the ruling UNP, the pogrom soon escalated into mass violence with significant public participation.
  2. Sri Lankan Tamils
    
    Sri Lankan Tamils, also known as Ceylon Tamils or Eelam Tamils, are Tamils native to the South Asian island state of Sri Lanka. Today, they constitute a majority in the Northern Province, live in significant numbers in the Eastern Province and are in the minority throughout the rest of the country. 70% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.
  3. Welikada
    
    Welikada is a suburb in Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is the location of the Welikada Maximum Security Prison.
  4. Welikada Prison
    
    The Welikada Prison is a maximum security prison and the largest prison in Sri Lanka. It was built in 1841 by the British colonial government under Governor Cameron. The prison covers an area of 48 acres (190,000 m2). It is overcrowded with about 1700 detainees exceeding the actual number that could be accommodated. The prison also has a gallows and its own hospital. The prison is administered by the Department of Prisons.
  5. Colombo
    
    Colombo is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. According to the Brookings Institution, Colombo metropolitan area has a population of 5.6 million, and 752,993 in the Municipality. It is the financial centre of the island and a tourist destination. It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to the Greater Colombo area which includes Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, the legislative capital of Sri Lanka, and Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia. Colombo is often referred to as the capital since Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is itself within the urban/suburban area of Colombo. It is also the administrative capital of the Western Province and the district capital of Colombo District. Colombo is a busy and vibrant city with a mixture of modern life, colonial buildings and monuments.
  6. Welikada prison massacre
    
    The Welikada Prison Massacre took place during the 1983 Black July pogrom against Sri Lankan Tamil minority in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Fifty-three prisoners were killed inside a high-security prison. No one has been convicted of crimes relating to these incidents.
  7. Sinhalese people
    
    Sinhalese people are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to the island of Sri Lanka. They were historically known as Hela people. They constitute about 75% of the Sri Lankan population and number more than 16.2 million. The Sinhalese identity is based on language, cultural heritage and nationality. The Sinhalese people speak Sinhala, an insular Indo-Aryan language, and are predominantly Theravada Buddhists, although a minority of Sinhalese follow branches of Christianity and other religions. Since 1815, they were broadly divided into two respective groups: The 'Up-country Sinhalese' in the central mountainous regions, and the 'Low-country Sinhalese' in the coastal regions; although both groups speak the same language, they are distinguished as they observe different cultural customs.
1981
1. While landing at Chihuahua International Airport, Aeromexico Flight 230 overshoots the runway. Thirty-two of the 66 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 are killed.
  1. Chihuahua International Airport
    
    General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport is an international airport located in Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, Mexico. Operated by Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte, it handles national and international air traffic of the city of Chihuahua.
  2. Aeroméxico Flight 230
    
    Aeroméxico Flight 230 experienced a hard landing at Chihuahua Airport on July 27, 1981. Thirty-two people were killed when the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 jet aircraft was heavily damaged by impact with the ground and fire on approach in high winds.
  3. Runway excursion
    
    A runway excursion is a runway safety incident where an aircraft makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. Runway excursions include runway overruns, where an aircraft is unable to stop before it reaches the end of the runway. Runway excursions can happen because of pilot error, poor weather, or a fault with the aircraft.
  4. McDonnell Douglas DC-9
    
    The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 is an American five-abreast single-aisle aircraft designed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was initially produced by the developer company as the Douglas DC-9 until August 1967 and then by McDonnell Douglas. After introducing its heavy DC-8 in 1959, Douglas approved the smaller, all-new DC-9 for shorter flights on April 8, 1963. The DC-9-10 first flew on February 25, 1965, and gained its type certificate on November 23, to enter service with Delta Air Lines on December 8. The aircraft has two rear-mounted Pratt & Whitney JT8D low-bypass turbofans under a T-tail for a cleaner wing aerodynamic, a two-person flight deck and built-in airstairs.
1975
1. Mayor of Jaffna and former MP Alfred Duraiappah is shot dead.
  1. List of mayors of Jaffna
    
    The Mayor of Jaffna is the head of the Jaffna Municipal Council, the local authority for the city of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka.
  2. Alfred Duraiappah
    
    Alfred Thangarajah Duraiappah was a Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer, politician, Mayor of Jaffna and Member of Parliament.
1974
1. Watergate scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon.
  1. Watergate scandal
    
    The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continual attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972, break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C., Watergate Office Building.
  2. United States House of Representatives
    
    The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
  3. United States House Committee on the Judiciary
    
    The U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, also called the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is charged with overseeing the administration of justice within the federal courts, administrative agencies and Federal law enforcement entities. The Judiciary Committee is also the committee responsible for impeachments of federal officials. Because of the legal nature of its oversight, committee members usually have a legal background, but this is not required.
  4. Impeachment
    
    Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. It may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.
  5. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
  6. Richard Nixon
    
    Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the first manned Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
1964
1. Vietnam War: Five thousand more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  3. Vietnam
    
    Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and largest city Ho Chi Minh City
1963
1. The Puijo observation tower is opened to the general public at Puijo Hill in Kuopio, Finland.
  1. Puijo tower
    
    The Puijo tower is an observation tower at the top of Puijo hill in Kuopio, Eastern Finland. Opened in 1963, the tower is 75 metres (246 ft) tall and has a revolving restaurant with 100 seats. It was the first tower with a revolving restaurant in the Nordic countries. The restaurant was an inspiration to Erkki Lindfors, the mayor of Tampere, who got the idea to build a similar one in his home town, resulting in the Näsinneula tower, which opened in 1971. The current Puijo tower has been visited by over 5.5 million tourists.
  2. Puijo (hill)
    
    Puijo is a 150-metre-high (490 ft) hill, the famous landmark of city of Kuopio in Finland and a tourist attraction. It is located near the Puijonlaakso district.
  3. Kuopio
    
    Kuopio is a Finnish city and municipality located in the region of Northern Savonia. It has a population of 121,557, which makes it the 8th most populous municipality in Finland. Along with Joensuu, Kuopio is one of the major urban, economic, and cultural hubs of Eastern Finland. At the end of 2018, its urban area had a population of 89,307.
1959
1. The Continental League is announced as baseball's "third major league" in the United States.
  1. Continental League
    
    The Continental League of Professional Baseball Clubs was a proposed third major league for baseball in the United States and Canada. The league was announced in 1959 and scheduled to begin play in the 1961 season. Unlike predecessor competitors such as the Players' League and the Federal League, it sought membership within organized baseball's existing organization and acceptance within Major League Baseball. The league disbanded in August 1960 without playing a single game as a concession by William A. Shea as part of his negotiations with Major League Baseball to expand to incorporate at least eight new teams.
1955
1. The Austrian State Treaty came into effect, ending the Allied occupation of Austria, although the country was not free of Allied troops until October.
  1. Austrian State Treaty
    
    The Austrian State Treaty or Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state. It was signed on 15 May 1955 in Vienna, at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers and the Austrian government. The neighbouring Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia acceded to the treaty subsequently. It officially came into force on 27 July 1955.
  2. Allied-occupied Austria
    
    The Allied occupation of Austria started on 8 May 1945 with the fall of Nazi Germany and ended with the Austrian State Treaty on 27 July 1955.
2. After straying into Bulgarian airspace, El Al Flight 402 was shot down by two MiG-15 fighter jets, resulting in the deaths of all 58 on board.
  1. El Al Flight 402
    
    El Al Flight 402 was an international passenger flight from London to Tel Aviv via Vienna and Istanbul. On 27 July 1955, the flight, operated by a Lockheed Constellation registered as 4X-AKC, strayed into then-Communist Bulgarian airspace and was attacked by two Bulgarian MiG-15 jet fighters, crashing near Petrich. All 7 crew and 51 passengers on board the airliner were killed. The crash took place amid highly strained relations between the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc and was the deadliest involving the Constellation up to that time.
  2. Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
    
    The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union. The MiG-15 was one of the first successful jet fighters to incorporate swept wings to achieve high transonic speeds. In aerial combat during the Korean War, it outclassed straight-winged jet day fighters, which were largely relegated to ground-attack roles. In response to the MiG-15’s appearance and in order to counter it, the United States Air Force rushed the North American F-86 Sabre to Korea.
3. The Austrian State Treaty restores Austrian sovereignty.
  1. Austrian State Treaty
    
    The Austrian State Treaty or Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state. It was signed on 15 May 1955 in Vienna, at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers and the Austrian government. The neighbouring Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia acceded to the treaty subsequently. It officially came into force on 27 July 1955.
4. El Al Flight 402 is shot down by two fighter jets after straying into Bulgarian air space. All 58 people onboard are killed.
  1. El Al Flight 402
    
    El Al Flight 402 was an international passenger flight from London to Tel Aviv via Vienna and Istanbul. On 27 July 1955, the flight, operated by a Lockheed Constellation registered as 4X-AKC, strayed into then-Communist Bulgarian airspace and was attacked by two Bulgarian MiG-15 jet fighters, crashing near Petrich. All 7 crew and 51 passengers on board the airliner were killed. The crash took place amid highly strained relations between the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc and was the deadliest involving the Constellation up to that time.
1953
1. An armistice was signed (pictured) to end hostilities in the Korean War, officially making the division of Korea indefinite by creating an approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) wide demilitarized zone across the Korean Peninsula.
  1. Korean Armistice Agreement
    
    The Korean Armistice Agreement is an armistice that brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by United States Army Lieutenant General William Harrison Jr. and General Mark W. Clark representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korea leader Kim Il-sung and General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and Peng Dehuai representing the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and was designed to "ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved."
  2. Korean War
    
    The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.
  3. Division of Korea
    
    The division of Korea began with the defeat of Japan in World War II. During the war, the Allied leaders considered the question of Korea's future after Japan's surrender in the war. The leaders reached an understanding that Korea would be liberated from Japan but would be placed under an international trusteeship until the Koreans would be deemed ready for self-rule. In the last days of the war, the U.S. proposed dividing the Korean peninsula into two occupation zones with the 38th parallel as the dividing line. The Soviets accepted their proposal and agreed to divide Korea.
  4. Korean Demilitarized Zone
    
    The Korean Demilitarized Zone is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula near the 38th parallel north. The demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a border barrier that divides the peninsula roughly in half. It was established to serve as a buffer zone between the countries of North Korea and South Korea under the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953, an agreement between North Korea, China, and the United Nations Command.
2. Cessation of hostilities is achieved in the Korean War when the United States, China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice.
  1. Korean War
    
    The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United States and allied countries. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.
  2. Korean Armistice Agreement
    
    The Korean Armistice Agreement is an armistice that brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by United States Army Lieutenant General William Harrison Jr. and General Mark W. Clark representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korea leader Kim Il-sung and General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and Peng Dehuai representing the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and was designed to "ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved."
  3. Syngman Rhee
    
    Syngman Rhee was a South Korean politician who served as the first president of South Korea from 1948 to 1960.
  4. President of South Korea
    
    The president of the Republic of Korea, also known as the president of South Korea, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Korea. The president leads the State Council, and is the chief of the executive branch of the national government as well as the commander-in-chief of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.
1949
1. The de Havilland Comet, the world's first commercial jet airliner to reach production, made its maiden flight.
  1. De Havilland Comet
    
    The de Havilland DH.106 Comet was the world's first commercial jet airliner. Developed and manufactured by de Havilland in the United Kingdom, the Comet 1 prototype first flew in 1949. It featured an aerodynamically clean design with four de Havilland Ghost turbojet engines buried in the wing roots, a pressurised cabin, and large square windows. For the era, it offered a relatively quiet, comfortable passenger cabin and was commercially promising at its debut in 1952.
  2. Jet airliner
    
    A jet airliner or jetliner is an airliner powered by jet engines. Airliners usually have two or four jet engines; three-engined designs were popular in the 1970s but are less common today. Airliners are commonly classified as either the large wide-body aircraft, medium narrow-body aircraft and smaller regional jet.
2. Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner.
  1. De Havilland Comet
    
    The de Havilland DH.106 Comet was the world's first commercial jet airliner. Developed and manufactured by de Havilland in the United Kingdom, the Comet 1 prototype first flew in 1949. It featured an aerodynamically clean design with four de Havilland Ghost turbojet engines buried in the wing roots, a pressurised cabin, and large square windows. For the era, it offered a relatively quiet, comfortable passenger cabin and was commercially promising at its debut in 1952.
1947
1. In Vatican City, Rome, canonization of Catherine Labouré, the saint whose apparitions of the Virgin Mary originated the worldwide diffusion of the Miraculous Medal.
  1. Canonization
    
    Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of saints, or authorized list of that communion's recognized saints.
  2. Catherine Labouré
    
    Catherine Labouré was a French member of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and a Marian visionary. She is believed to have relayed the request from the Blessed Virgin Mary to create the famous Miraculous Medal of Our Lady of Graces worn by millions of people around the world. Labouré spent forty years caring for the aged and infirm. For this, she is called the patroness of seniors.
1942
1. Second World War: Allied forces halted the Axis invasion of Egypt at the First Battle of El Alamein.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Allies of World War II
    
    The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.
  3. Western Desert campaign
    
    The Western Desert campaign took place in the deserts of Egypt and Libya and was the main theatre in the North African campaign of the Second World War. Military operations began in June 1940 with the Italian declaration of war and the Italian invasion of Egypt from Libya in September. Operation Compass, a five-day raid by the British in December 1940, was so successful that it led to the destruction of the Italian 10th Army over the following two months. Benito Mussolini sought help from Adolf Hitler, who sent a small German force to Tripoli under Directive 22. The Afrika Korps was formally under Italian command, as Italy was the main Axis power in the Mediterranean and North Africa.
  4. First Battle of El Alamein
    
    The First Battle of El Alamein was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought in Egypt between Axis forces of the Panzer Army Africa and Allied forces of the Eighth Army.
2. World War II: Allied forces successfully halt the final Axis advance into Egypt.
  1. World War II
    
    World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries.
  2. Allies of World War II
    
    The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during the Second World War (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Its principal members by 1941 were the United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, and China.
  3. First Battle of El Alamein
    
    The First Battle of El Alamein was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought in Egypt between Axis forces of the Panzer Army Africa and Allied forces of the Eighth Army.
  4. Axis powers
    
    The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion.
1940
1. The animated short A Wild Hare is released, introducing the character of Bugs Bunny.
  1. A Wild Hare
    
    A Wild Hare is a 1940 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Tex Avery. The short subject features Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny, the latter making what is considered his first official appearance.
  2. Bugs Bunny
    
    Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character created in the late 1930s by Leon Schlesinger Productions and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. Though an early iteration of the character first appeared in the WB cartoon Porky's Hare Hunt (1938) and a few subsequent shorts, the definitive characterization of Bugs Bunny is widely credited to have debuted in Tex Avery's Oscar-nominated film A Wild Hare (1940). Bob Givens is credited for Bugs' initial character design, though Robert McKimson is credited for what became Bugs' definitive design just a few years later.
1929
1. The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations.
  1. Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)
    
    The Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War was signed at Geneva, July 27, 1929. Its official name is the Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva July 27, 1929. It entered into force 19 June 1931. It is this version of the Geneva Conventions which covered the treatment of prisoners of war during World War II. It is the predecessor of the Third Geneva Convention signed in 1949.
1921
1. Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar.
  1. University of Toronto
    
    The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution. As a collegiate university, it comprises eleven colleges each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history. The university maintains three campuses, the oldest of which, St. George, is located in downtown Toronto. The other two satellite campuses are located in Scarborough and Mississauga.
  2. Biochemist
    
    Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. They study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. Biochemists study DNA, proteins and cell parts. The word "biochemist" is a portmanteau of "biological chemist."
  3. Frederick Banting
    
    Sir Frederick Grant Banting was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential.
  4. Hormone
    
    A hormone is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi. Due to the broad definition of a hormone, numerous kinds of molecules can be classified as hormones. Among the substances that can be considered hormones, are eicosanoids, steroids, amino acid derivatives, protein or peptides, and gases.
  5. Insulin
    
    Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the INS gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism, especially of reserve body fat.
  6. Blood sugar level
    
    Glycaemia, also known as blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the measure of glucose concentrated in the blood of humans or other animals. Approximately 4 grams of glucose, a simple sugar, is present in the blood of a 70 kg (154 lb) human at all times. The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen; in fasting individuals, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle.
1919
1. Red Summer: Race riots erupted in Chicago after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries.
  1. Red Summer
    
    Red Summer was a period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States, and in one rural county in Arkansas. The term "Red Summer" was coined by civil rights activist and author James Weldon Johnson, who had been employed as a field secretary by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) since 1916. In 1919, he organized peaceful protests against the racial violence.
  2. Chicago race riot of 1919
    
    The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict between white Americans and black Americans that began on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, on July 27 and ended on August 3, 1919. During the riot, 38 people died. Over the week, injuries attributed to the episodic confrontations stood at 537, two thirds black and one third white; and between 1,000 and 2,000 residents, most of them black, lost their homes. Due to its sustained violence and widespread economic impact, it is considered the worst of the scores of riots and civil disturbances across the United States during the "Red Summer" of 1919, so named because of its racial and labor violence. It was also one of the worst riots in the history of Illinois.
  3. South Side, Chicago
    
    The South Side is an area of Chicago, Illinois, U.S. It lies south of the city's Loop area in the downtown. Geographically, it is the largest of the three Sides of the city that radiate from downtown-the other Sides of the city being the North Side and the West Side.
2. The Chicago Race Riot erupts after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period.
  1. Chicago race riot of 1919
    
    The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict between white Americans and black Americans that began on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, on July 27 and ended on August 3, 1919. During the riot, 38 people died. Over the week, injuries attributed to the episodic confrontations stood at 537, two thirds black and one third white; and between 1,000 and 2,000 residents, most of them black, lost their homes. Due to its sustained violence and widespread economic impact, it is considered the worst of the scores of riots and civil disturbances across the United States during the "Red Summer" of 1919, so named because of its racial and labor violence. It was also one of the worst riots in the history of Illinois.
  2. South Side, Chicago
    
    The South Side is an area of Chicago, Illinois, U.S. It lies south of the city's Loop area in the downtown. Geographically, it is the largest of the three Sides of the city that radiate from downtown-the other Sides of the city being the North Side and the West Side.
1917
1. World War I: The Allies reach the Yser Canal at the Battle of Passchendaele.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Allies of World War I
    
    The Allies of World War I, Entente Powers, or Allied Powers were a coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and their colonies during the First World War (1914–1918).
  3. Yser
    
    The Yser is a river that rises in French Flanders, enters the Belgian province of West Flanders and flows through the Ganzepoot and into the North Sea at the town of Nieuwpoort.
  4. Battle of Passchendaele
    
    The Third Battle of Ypres, also known as the Battle of Passchendaele, was a campaign of the First World War, fought by the Allies against the German Empire. The battle took place on the Western Front, from July to November 1917, for control of the ridges south and east of the Belgian city of Ypres in West Flanders, as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. Passchendaele lies on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 mi (8.0 km) from Roulers, a junction of the Bruges-(Brugge)-to-Kortrijk railway. The station at Roulers was on the main supply route of the German 4th Army. Once Passchendaele Ridge had been captured, the Allied advance was to continue to a line from Thourout to Couckelaere (Koekelare).
1916
1. First World War: British mariner Charles Fryatt was executed in Bruges, Belgium, after a German court-martial found him guilty of being a franc-tireur.
  1. World War I
    
    World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, and referred to by some Anglophone authors as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars", was a global conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918, and is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.
  2. Charles Fryatt
    
    Charles Algernon Fryatt was a British merchant seaman who was court martialled by the Imperial German Navy for attempting to ram a German U-boat in 1915. When his ship, the SS Brussels, was captured off occupied Belgium in 1916, Captain Fryatt was court-martialled under German military law and sentenced to death for "illegal civilian warfare". International outrage followed his execution by firing squad near Bruges, Belgium. In 1919, his body was reburied with full honours in the United Kingdom.
  3. Bruges
    
    Bruges is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country, and the sixth-largest city of the country by population.
  4. Court-martial
    
    A court-martial or court martial is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment. In addition, courts-martial may be used to try prisoners of war for war crimes. The Geneva Conventions require that POWs who are on trial for war crimes be subject to the same procedures as would be the holding military's own forces. Finally, courts-martial can be convened for other purposes, such as dealing with violations of martial law, and can involve civilian defendants.
  5. Francs-tireurs
    
    Francs-tireurs were irregular military formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). The term was revived and used by partisans to name two major French Resistance movements set up to fight against the Germans during World War II.
1900
1. Kaiser Wilhelm II makes a speech comparing Germans to Huns; for years afterwards, "Hun" would be a disparaging name for Germans.
  1. Wilhelm II, German Emperor
    
    Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. Despite strengthening the German Empire's position as a great power by building a powerful navy, his tactless public statements and erratic foreign policy greatly antagonized the international community and are considered by many to be one of the underlying causes of World War I. When the German war effort collapsed after a series of crushing defeats on the Western Front in 1918, he was forced to abdicate, thereby marking the end of the German Empire and the House of Hohenzollern's 300-year reign in Prussia and 500-year reign in Brandenburg.
  2. Hun speech
    
    The Hun speech was delivered by German emperor Wilhelm II on 27 July 1900 in Bremerhaven, on the occasion of the farewell of parts of the German East Asian Expeditionary Corps. The expeditionary corps were sent to Imperial China to quell the Boxer Rebellion.
1890
1. Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later.
  1. Vincent van Gogh
    
    Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history. In a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of which date from the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. Not commercially successful, he struggled with severe depression and poverty, eventually leading to his suicide at age thirty-seven.
1880
1. Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand: Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan.
  1. Second Anglo-Afghan War
    
    The Second Anglo-Afghan War was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. The war was part of the Great Game between the British and Russian empires.
  2. Battle of Maiwand
    
    The Battle of Maiwand, fought on 27 July 1880, was one of the principal battles of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under the leadership of Ayub Khan, the Afghan forces defeated a much smaller British force consisting of two brigades of British and Indian troops under Brigadier-General George Burrows, albeit at a high price: between 2,050 and 2,750 Afghan warriors were killed, and probably about 1,500 wounded. British and Indian forces suffered 969 soldiers killed and 177 wounded.
  3. Afghanistan
    
    Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. As of 2021, its population is 40.2 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital.
  4. Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)
    
    Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan also known as The Victor of Maiwand or The Afghan Prince Charlie was, for a while, the governor of Herat Province in the Emirate of Afghanistan. He was Emir of Afghanistan from 12 October, 1879 to 31 May, 1880. He also led the Afghan troops during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and defeated the British Indian Army at the Battle of Maiwand. Following his defeat at the Battle of Kandahar, Ayub Khan was deposed and exiled to British India. However, Ayub Khan fled to Persia. After negotiations in 1888 with Sir Mortimer Durand, the ambassador at Tehran, Ayub Khan became a pensioner of the British Raj and traveled to British India in 1888, where he lived until his death in 1914 in Lahore, Punjab. He was buried in Peshawar and had eleven wives, fifteen sons, and ten daughters. Two of his grandsons, Sardar Hissam Mahmud el-Effendi and Sardar Muhammad Ismail Khan, served as brigadiers in the Pakistan Army.
  5. Maiwand
    
    Maiwand is a village in Afghanistan within the Maywand District of Kandahar Province. It is located 50 miles northwest of Kandahar, on the main Kandahar–Lashkargah road.
1866
1. The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, stretching from Valentia Island, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland.
  1. Transatlantic telegraph cable
    
    Transatlantic telegraph cables were undersea cables running under the Atlantic Ocean for telegraph communications. Telegraphy is now an obsolete form of communication, and the cables have long since been decommissioned, but telephone and data are still carried on other transatlantic telecommunications cables. The first cable was laid in the 1850s from Valentia Island off the west coast of Ireland to Bay of Bulls, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. The first communications occurred on 16 August 1858, but the line speed was poor, and efforts to improve it caused the cable to fail after three weeks.
  2. Valentia Island
    
    Valentia Island is one of Ireland's most westerly points. It lies off the Iveragh Peninsula in the southwest of County Kerry. It is linked to the mainland by the Maurice O'Neill Memorial Bridge at Portmagee. A car ferry also departs from Reenard Point to Knightstown, the island's main settlement, from April to October. Another, smaller village named Chapeltown sits at roughly the midpoint of the island, three kilometres from the bridge. Valentia Island's permanent population is 665. It is about 11 kilometres long by almost three kilometres wide, making it the fifth-biggest island off the Irish coast.
  3. Heart's Content, Newfoundland and Labrador
    
    Heart's Content is an incorporated town in Trinity Bay on the Bay de Verde Peninsula of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
  4. Newfoundland (island)
    
    Newfoundland is a large island off the east coast of the North American mainland and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has 29 percent of the province's land area. The island is separated from the Labrador Peninsula by the Strait of Belle Isle and from Cape Breton Island by the Cabot Strait. It blocks the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, creating the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuary. Newfoundland's nearest neighbour is the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
1865
1. Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina.
  1. Y Wladfa
    
    Y Wladfa, also occasionally Y Wladychfa Gymreig, refers to the establishment of settlements by Welsh immigrants in Patagonia, beginning in 1865, mainly along the coast of the lower Chubut Valley. In 1881, the area became part of the Chubut National Territory of Argentina which, in 1955, became Chubut Province.
  2. Chubut River
    
    The Chubut River is located in the Patagonia region of southern Argentina. Its name comes from the Tehuelche word chupat, which means "transparent". The Argentine Chubut Province, through which the river flows, is named after it. Welsh settlers called the river "Afon Camwy", meaning "twisting river".
  3. Argentina
    
    Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2 (1,073,500 sq mi), making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica.
1857
1. Indian Rebellion: Sixty-eight men hold out for eight days against a force of 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying sepoys and 8,000 irregular forces.
  1. Siege of Arrah
    
    The siege of Arrah took place during the Indian Mutiny. It was the eight-day defence of a fortified outbuilding, occupied by a combination of 18 civilians and 50 members of the Bengal Military Police Battalion, against 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying Bengal Native Infantry sepoys from three regiments and an estimated 8,000 men from irregular forces commanded by Kunwar Singh, the local zamindar or chieftain who controlled the Jagdishpur estate.
1816
1. Seminole Wars: The Battle of Negro Fort ends when a hot shot cannonball fired by US Navy Gunboat No. 154 explodes the fort's Powder Magazine, killing approximately 275. It is considered the deadliest single cannon shot in US history.
  1. Negro Fort
    
    Negro Fort was a short-lived fortification built by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812, in a remote part of what was at the time Spanish Florida. It was intended to support a never-realized British attack on the U.S. via its southwest border, by means of which they could "free all these Southern Countries [states] from the Yoke of the Americans."
1794
1. French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the Revolution".
  1. French Revolution
    
    The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.
  2. Maximilien Robespierre
    
    Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer and statesman who became one of the best-known, influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he campaigned for universal manhood suffrage, the right to vote for people of color, Jews, actors, domestic staff and the abolition of both clerical celibacy and French involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. In 1791, Robespierre was elected as "public accuser" and became an outspoken advocate for male citizens without a political voice, for their unrestricted admission to the National Guard, to public offices, and to the commissioned ranks of the army, for the right to petition and the right to bear arms in self defence. Robespierre played an important part in the agitation which brought about the fall of the French monarchy on 10 August 1792 and the summoning of a National Convention. His goal was to create a one and indivisible France, equality before the law, to abolish prerogatives and to defend the principles of direct democracy. He earned the nickname "the incorruptible" for his adherence to strict moral values.
  3. Thermidorian Reaction
    
    The Thermidorian Reaction is the common term, in the historiography of the French Revolution, for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespierre on 9 Thermidor II, or 27 July 1794, and the inauguration of the French Directory on 2 November 1795.
1789
1. The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State).
  1. Federal government of the United States
    
    The federal government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a federal district, five major self-governing territories and several island possessions. The federal government, sometimes simply referred to as Washington, is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the president and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.
  2. United States Department of State
    
    The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other nations, its primary duties are advising the U.S. president on international relations, administering diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, and representing the U.S. at the United Nations. The department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building, a few blocks from the White House, in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C.; "Foggy Bottom" is thus sometimes used as a metonym.
1778
1. The Battle of Ushant, the first encounter between the French and British fleets in the American Revolutionary War, ended indecisively and led to political disputes in both countries.
  1. Battle of Ushant (1778)
    
    The Battle of Ushant took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought during the American Revolutionary War between French and British fleets 100 miles (160 km) west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France. "Ushant" is the Anglicised pronunciation of "Ouessant".
  2. American Revolutionary War
    
    The American Revolutionary War, also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, secured American independence from Great Britain. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, and the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and, to a lesser extent, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
2. American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
  1. American Revolution
    
    The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America as the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy.
  2. Battle of Ushant (1778)
    
    The Battle of Ushant took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought during the American Revolutionary War between French and British fleets 100 miles (160 km) west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France. "Ushant" is the Anglicised pronunciation of "Ouessant".
  3. Kingdom of Great Britain
    
    The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament at the Palace of Westminster, but distinct legal systems – English law and Scots law – remained in use.
1775
1. Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing "an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men."
  1. Army Medical Department (United States)
    
    The Army Medical Department of the U.S. Army (AMEDD), formerly known as the Army Medical Service (AMS), encompasses the Army's six medical Special Branches. It was established as the "Army Hospital" in July 1775 to coordinate the medical care required by the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. The AMEDD is led by the Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, a lieutenant general.
  2. Second Continental Congress
    
    The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolutionary War. The Congress was creating a new country it first named "United Colonies" and in 1776 renamed "United States of America." It convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with representatives from 12 of the colonies. This came shortly after the Battles of Lexington and Concord and was in succession to the First Continental Congress which met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. The Second Congress functioned as a de facto national government at the outset of the Revolutionary War by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and writing petitions such as the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms and the Olive Branch Petition. All thirteen colonies were represented by the time the Congress adopted the Lee Resolution which declared independence from Britain on July 2, 1776, and the congress agreed to the Declaration of Independence two days later.
  3. Continental Army
    
    The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was established by a resolution of Congress on June 14, 1775. The Continental Army was created to coordinate military efforts of the Colonies in their war for independence against the British, who sought to keep their American lands under control. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.
1714
1. The Great Northern War: The first significant victory of the Russian Navy in the naval battle of Gangut against the Swedish Navy near the Hanko Peninsula.
  1. Great Northern War
    
    The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony–Poland–Lithuania. Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden, under Charles XII, and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava. George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715.
  2. Russian Navy
    
    The Russian Navy is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. It has existed in various forms since 1696; its present iteration was formed in January 1992 when it succeeded the Navy of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
  3. Battle of Gangut
    
    The Battle of Gangut took place on 27 JulyJul./ 7 August 1714Greg. during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), in the waters of Riilahti Bay, north of the Hanko Peninsula, near the site of the modern-day city of Hanko, Finland, between the Swedish Navy and Imperial Russian Navy. It was the first important victory of the Russian fleet in its history.
  4. Swedish Navy
    
    The Swedish Navy is the naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. It is composed of surface and submarine naval units – the Fleet – as well as marine units, the Amphibious Corps.
  5. Hanko Peninsula
    
    The Hanko Peninsula, also spelled Hango, is the southernmost point of mainland Finland. The soil is a sandy moraine, the last tip of the Salpausselkä ridge, and vegetation consists mainly of pine and low shrubs. The peninsula is known for its beautiful archipelago and long sandy beaches.
1694
1. A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England.
  1. Royal charter
    
    A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. Historically, they have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the English Magna Carta of 1215, but since the 14th century have only been used in place of private acts to grant a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as boroughs, universities and learned societies.
  2. Bank of England
    
    The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, and still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom, it is the world's eighth-oldest bank. It was privately owned by stockholders from its foundation in 1694 until it was nationalised in 1946 by the Attlee ministry.
1689
1. First Jacobite rising: Scottish and Irish Jacobites defeated Williamite forces at Killiecrankie, Scotland.
  1. Jacobite rising of 1689
    
    The Jacobite rising of 1689 was a revolt seeking to restore James VII, following his deposition in November 1688. Supporters of the exiled House of Stuart were known as 'Jacobites', the associated political movement known as Jacobitism.
  2. Jacobitism
    
    Jacobitism was a political movement that supported the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. The name derives from the first name of James II and VII, which in Latin translates as Jacobus. When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England argued that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II, and her husband William III. In April, the Scottish Convention held that he "forfeited" the throne of Scotland by his actions, listed in the Articles of Grievances.
  3. Battle of Killiecrankie
    
    The Battle of Killiecrankie, also referred to as the Battle of Rinrory, took place on 27 July 1689 during the 1689 Scottish Jacobite rising. An outnumbered Jacobite force under John Graham, Viscount Dundee and Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel defeated a government army commanded by General Hugh Mackay.
  4. Williamite
    
    A Williamite was a follower of King William III of England who deposed King James II and VII in the Glorious Revolution. William, the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, replaced James with the support of English Whigs.
  5. Killiecrankie
    
    Killiecrankie (; is a village in Perth and Kinross, Scotland on the River Garry. It lies at the Pass of Killiecrankie, by the A9 road which has been bypassed since 1986. The village is home to a power station forming part of the Tummel Hydro-Electric Power Scheme. Much of the riverbank is owned by the National Trust for Scotland. The nearby 10 arch railway viaduct, which runs for 109 yards along the north-east bank of the River Garry, was built in 1863 from a design by Joseph Mitchell.
2. Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.
  1. Glorious Revolution
    
    The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Glorieuze Overtocht or Glorious Crossing in the Netherlands, is the sequence of events leading to the deposition of King James II and VII of England and Scotland in November 1688, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her husband and James's nephew William III of Orange, de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic. A term first used by John Hampden in late 1689, it has been notable in the years since for having been described as the last successful invasion of England as well as an internal coup, with differing interpretations from the Dutch and English perspectives respectively.
  2. Battle of Killiecrankie
    
    The Battle of Killiecrankie, also referred to as the Battle of Rinrory, took place on 27 July 1689 during the 1689 Scottish Jacobite rising. An outnumbered Jacobite force under John Graham, Viscount Dundee and Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel defeated a government army commanded by General Hugh Mackay.
1663
1. The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act.
  1. Parliament of England
    
    The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain. Parliament evolved from the great council of bishops and peers that advised the English monarch. Great councils were first called Parliaments during the reign of Henry III. By this time, the king required Parliament's consent to levy taxation.
  2. Navigation Acts
    
    The Navigation Acts, or more broadly the Acts of Trade and Navigation, were a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies. The laws also regulated England's fisheries and restricted foreigners' participation in its colonial trade. While based on earlier precedents, they were first enacted in 1651 under the Commonwealth.
  3. Thirteen Colonies
    
    The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th centuries, they began fighting the American Revolutionary War in April 1775 and formed the United States of America by declaring full independence in July 1776. Just prior to declaring independence, the Thirteen Colonies in their traditional groupings were: New England ; Middle ; Southern. The Thirteen Colonies came to have very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, dominated by Protestant English-speakers. The first of these colonies was Virginia Colony in 1607, a Southern colony. While all these colonies needed to become economically viable, the founding of the New England colonies, as well as the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania, were substantially motivated by their founders' concerns related to the practice of religion. The other colonies were founded for business and economic expansion. The Middle Colonies were established on an earlier Dutch colony, New Netherland. All the Thirteen Colonies were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included territory in Canada, Florida, and the Caribbean.
  4. Acts of Union 1707
    
    The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act 1707 passed by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. By the two Acts, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland—which at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch—were, in the words of the Treaty, "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".
1549
1. The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan.
  1. Jesuits
    
    The Society of Jesus abbreviated SJ, also known as the Jesuits, is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.
  2. Francis Xavier
    
    Francis Xavier, venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Navarrese Catholic missionary and saint who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.
1302
1. Byzantine–Ottoman wars: The Ottoman sultanate gained its first major victory against the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Bapheus in Bithynia.
  1. Byzantine–Ottoman wars
    
    The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive conflicts between the Ottoman Turks and Byzantines that led to the final destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. In 1204 the Byzantine capital of Constantinople was sacked and occupied by the Fourth Crusaders, an important moment of the Christian East–West Schism. The Byzantine Empire, already weakened by misrule, was left divided and in chaos.
  2. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
  3. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
  4. Battle of Bapheus
    
    The Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302, between a Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Ottomans.
  5. Bithynia
    
    Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It bordered Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Pontic coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.
2. Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest.
  1. Battle of Bapheus
    
    The Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302, between a Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Ottomans.
  2. Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror.
  3. Byzantine Empire
    
    The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. The terms "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" were coined after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire, and to themselves as Romans—a term which Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from its earlier incarnation because it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
  4. Bithynia
    
    Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It bordered Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Pontic coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.
1299
1. According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state.
  1. Edward Gibbon
    
    Edward Gibbon was an English historian, writer, and member of parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788, is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its polemical criticism of organised religion.
  2. Osman I
    
    Osman I or Osman Ghazi, sometimes transliterated archaically as Othman, was the founder of the Ottoman Empire. While initially a small Turkoman principality during Osman's lifetime, his descendants transformed into a world empire in the centuries after his death. It existed until shortly after the end of World War I.
  3. Nicomedia
    
    Nicomedia was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire, a status which the city maintained during the Tetrarchy system (293–324).
  4. Government of the classical Ottoman Empire
    
    The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were just as often earned. Positions were perceived as titles, such as viziers and aghas. Military service was a key to many problems.
1214
1. Philip II of France decisively won the Battle of Bouvines (pictured), the conclusive battle of the 1213–1214 Anglo-French War.
  1. Philip II of France
    
    Philip II, byname Philip Augustus, was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks, but from 1190 onward, Philip became the first French monarch to style himself "King of France". The son of King Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed Dieudonné (God-given) because he was a first son and born late in his father's life. Philip was given the epithet "Augustus" by the chronicler Rigord for having extended the crown lands of France so remarkably.
  2. Battle of Bouvines
    
    The Battle of Bouvines was fought on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders. It was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. Although estimates on the number of troops vary considerably among modern historians, at Bouvines, a French army commanded by King Philip Augustus routed a larger Allied army led by Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV in one of the rare pitched battles of the High Middle Ages and one of the most decisive medieval engagements.
  3. Anglo-French War (1213–1214)
    
    The Anglo-French War was a major medieval conflict which pitted the Kingdom of France against the Kingdom of England and various other states. It was fought in an attempt to curb the rising power of King Philip II of France and regain the Angevin continental possessions King John of England lost to him a decade earlier. It is widely regarded as the very first anti-French coalition war and came to an end at the decisive Battle of Bouvines, where Philip defeated England and its allies.
2. Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England's Angevin Empire.
  1. Battle of Bouvines
    
    The Battle of Bouvines was fought on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders. It was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. Although estimates on the number of troops vary considerably among modern historians, at Bouvines, a French army commanded by King Philip Augustus routed a larger Allied army led by Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV in one of the rare pitched battles of the High Middle Ages and one of the most decisive medieval engagements.
  2. Philip II of France
    
    Philip II, byname Philip Augustus, was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks, but from 1190 onward, Philip became the first French monarch to style himself "King of France". The son of King Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed Dieudonné (God-given) because he was a first son and born late in his father's life. Philip was given the epithet "Augustus" by the chronicler Rigord for having extended the crown lands of France so remarkably.
  3. Holy Roman Empire
    
    The Holy Roman Empire, also known after 1512 as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a political entity in Western, Central and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
  4. Kingdom of England
    
    The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.
  5. County of Flanders
    
    The County of Flanders was a historic territory in the Low Countries.
  6. John, King of England
    
    John was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.
  7. Angevin Empire
    
    The Angevin Empire describes the possessions of the House of Plantagenet during the 12th and 13th centuries, when they ruled over an area covering roughly half of France, all of England, and parts of Ireland and Wales, and had further influence over much of the remaining British Isles. It may be described as an early example of a composite monarchy. The empire was established by Henry II of England, who succeeded his father Geoffrey Plantagenet as Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou. Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, becoming her royal consort, and inherited his mother Empress Matilda's claim to the English throne, succeeding his rival Stephen, in 1154. Although their title of highest rank came from the Kingdom of England, the Plantagenets held court primarily on the continent at Angers in Anjou, and at Chinon in Touraine.
1202
1. Georgian–Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum.
  1. Georgian–Seljuk wars
    
    Georgian–Seljuk wars, also known as Georgian Crusade, is a long series of battles and military clashes that took place from c. 1048 until 1213, between the Kingdom of Georgia and the different Seljuqid states that occupied most of Transcaucasia. The conflict is preceded by deadly raids in the Caucasus by the Turks in the 11th century, known in Georgian historiography as the Great Turkish Invasion.
  2. Battle of Basiani
    
    The Battle of Basiani was fought, in the 13th century, between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuqid Sultanate of Rum in the Basiani valley, 60 km northeast of the city of Erzurum in what is now northeast Republic of Turkey. The battle is variously dated between 1202 and 1205, but 1203 or 1204 has lately been given preference. The contemporary Muslim chronicler Ibn Bibi places the battle in 598 AH. The modern Turkish historians identify the castle of Micingerd (Mazankert) as the location of the battle.
  3. Kingdom of Georgia
    
    The Kingdom of Georgia, also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from 11th to 13th centuries. Georgia became one of the pre-eminent nations of the Christian East and its pan-Caucasian empire and network of tributaries stretching from Eastern Europe to Anatolia and northern frontiers of Iran, while also maintaining religious possessions abroad, such as the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem and the Monastery of Iviron in Greece. It was the principal historical precursor of present-day Georgia.
  4. Sultanate of Rum
    
    The Sultanate of Rum was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples (Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071). The name Rûm was a synonym for the medieval Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. The name is derived from the Aramaic (rhπmÈ) and Parthian (frwm) names for ancient Rome, itself ultimately a loan from Greek Ῥωμαῖοι.
1189
1. Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade.
  1. Frederick Barbarossa
    
    Frederick Barbarossa, also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. Two years later, the term sacrum ("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which means "Emperor Redbeard" in English. The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career.
  2. Niš
    
    Niš is the third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District. It is located in southern part of Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 183,164, while its administrative area has a population of 260,237 inhabitants.
  3. Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)
    
    The Kingdom of Serbia, or the Serbian Kingdom, was a medieval Serbian state that existed from 1217 to 1346 and was ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty. The Grand Principality of Serbia was elevated with the regal coronation of Stefan Nemanjić as king, after the reunification of Serbian lands. In 1219, Serbian Orthodox Church was reorganized as an autocephalous archbishopric, headed by Saint Sava. The kingdom was proclaimed an empire in 1346, but kingship was not abolished as an institution, since the title of a king was used as an official designation for a co-ruler of the emperor.
  4. Stefan Nemanja
    
    Stefan Nemanja was the Grand Prince of the Serbian Grand Principality from 1166 to 1196. A member of the Vukanović dynasty, Nemanja founded the Nemanjić dynasty, and is remembered for his contributions to Serbian culture and history, founding what would evolve into the Serbian Empire, as well as the national church. According to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Nemanja is also among the most remarkable Serbs for his literary contributions and altruistic attributes.
  5. Third Crusade
    
    The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by three European monarchs of Western Christianity to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187. For this reason, the Third Crusade is also known as the Kings' Crusade.
1054
1. During his invasion of Scotland, Siward, Earl of Northumbria, defeated Macbeth, King of Scotland, in an engagement north of the Firth of Forth.
  1. Siward, Earl of Northumbria
    
    Siward or Sigurd was an important earl of 11th-century northern England. The Old Norse nickname Digri and its Latin translation Grossus are given to him by near-contemporary texts. It is possible Siward may have been of Scandinavian or Anglo-Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of Earl Ulf, although this is speculative and unclear. He emerged as a powerful regional strongman in England during the reign of Cnut. Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of the many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath of that conquest. Siward subsequently rose to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest Siward was in control of southern Northumbria, that is, present-day Yorkshire, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf.
  2. Macbeth, King of Scotland
    
    Macbeth c. 1005 – 15 August 1057) was King of Scots from 1040 until his death. He ruled over the Kingdom of Alba, which covered only a portion of present-day Scotland.
  3. Firth of Forth
    
    The Firth of Forth is the estuary, or firth, of several Scottish rivers including the River Forth. It meets the North Sea with Fife on the north coast and Lothian on the south.
2. Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
  1. Siward, Earl of Northumbria
    
    Siward or Sigurd was an important earl of 11th-century northern England. The Old Norse nickname Digri and its Latin translation Grossus are given to him by near-contemporary texts. It is possible Siward may have been of Scandinavian or Anglo-Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of Earl Ulf, although this is speculative and unclear. He emerged as a powerful regional strongman in England during the reign of Cnut. Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of the many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath of that conquest. Siward subsequently rose to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest Siward was in control of southern Northumbria, that is, present-day Yorkshire, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf.
  2. Macbeth, King of Scotland
    
    Macbeth c. 1005 – 15 August 1057) was King of Scots from 1040 until his death. He ruled over the Kingdom of Alba, which covered only a portion of present-day Scotland.
  3. Firth of Forth
    
    The Firth of Forth is the estuary, or firth, of several Scottish rivers including the River Forth. It meets the North Sea with Fife on the north coast and Lothian on the south.
678
1. Unable to penetrate the city's defences, the Sclaveni were forced to give up their siege of the Byzantine city of Thessalonica.
  1. Sclaveni
    
    The Sclaveni or Sklabenoi were early Slavic tribes that raided, invaded and settled the Balkans in the Early Middle Ages and eventually became the progenitors of modern South Slavs. They were mentioned by early Byzantine chroniclers as barbarians having appeared at the Byzantine borders along with the Antes, another Slavic group. The Sclaveni were differentiated from the Antes and Wends ; however, they were described as kin. Eventually, most South Slavic tribes accepted Byzantine or Frankish suzerainty, and came under their cultural influences and Chalcedonian Christianity. The term was widely used as general catch-all term until the emergence of separate tribal names by the 10th century.
  2. Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)
    
    The siege of Thessalonica in 676–678 was an attempt by the local Slavic tribes to capture the Byzantine city of Thessalonica, taking advantage of the preoccupation of the Byzantine Empire with the repulsion of the First Arab Siege of Constantinople. The events of the siege are described in the second book of the Miracles of Saint Demetrius.
  3. Thessaloniki
    
    Thessaloniki, also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. It is also known in Greek as η Συμπρωτεύουσα, literally "the co-capital", a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα or "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire alongside Constantinople.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Tony Dow, American actor, film producer, director, and sculptor (b. 1945) deaths
  1. Tony Dow
    
    Anthony Lee Dow was an American actor, film producer, director and sculptor. He portrayed Wally Cleaver in the iconic television sitcom Leave It to Beaver from 1957 to 1963. From 1983 to 1989, Dow reprised his role as Wally in a television movie and in The New Leave It to Beaver.
2018
1. Marco Aurelio Denegri, Peruvian literature critic, television host and sexologist deaths
  1. Marco Aurelio Denegri
    
    Marco Aurelio Denegri Santagadea was a Peruvian intellectual, literary critic, television host and sexologist.
2017
1. Sam Shepard, American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director (b.1943) deaths
  1. Sam Shepard
    
    Samuel Shepard Rogers III was an American actor, playwright, author, screenwriter, and director whose career spanned half a century. He won 10 Obie Awards for writing and directing, the most by any writer or director. He wrote 58 plays as well as several books of short stories, essays, and memoirs. Shepard received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in the 1983 film The Right Stuff. He received the PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award as a master American dramatist in 2009. New York magazine described Shepard as "the greatest American playwright of his generation."
2016
1. Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer (b.1928) deaths
  1. Einojuhani Rautavaara
    
    Einojuhani Rautavaara was a Finnish composer of classical music. Among the most notable Finnish composers since Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), Rautavaara wrote a great number of works spanning various styles. These include eight symphonies, nine operas and twelve concertos, as well as numerous vocal and chamber works. Having written early works using 12-tone serial techniques, his later music may be described as neo-romantic and mystical. His major works include his first piano concerto (1969), Cantus Arcticus (1972) and his seventh symphony, Angel of Light (1994).
2. James Alan McPherson, American short story writer and essayist (b. 1943) deaths
  1. James Alan McPherson
    
    James Alan McPherson was an American essayist and short-story writer. He was the first African-American writer to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and was included among the first group of artists who received a MacArthur Fellowship. At the time of his death, McPherson was a professor emeritus of fiction at the Iowa Writers' Workshop.
3. Jerry Doyle, American actor and talk show host (b. 1956) deaths
  1. Jerry Doyle
    
    Jerry Doyle was an American talk radio host, right-libertarian political commentator, television actor and founder of the content platform EpicTimes. His nationally syndicated talk show, The Jerry Doyle Show, aired throughout the United States on Talk Radio Network. As an actor, Doyle was best known as security chief Michael Garibaldi in the science fiction series Babylon 5 (1994–1998).
4. Piet de Jong, Dutch politician and naval officer, Minister of Defence), Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Piet de Jong
    
    Petrus Jozef Sietse "Piet" de Jong was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and naval officer who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 5 April 1967 to 6 July 1971.
  2. Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)
    
    The Ministry of Defence is the Dutch Ministry responsible for the armed forces of the Netherlands and Veterans Affairs. The Ministry was created in 1813 as the "Ministry of War" and in 1928 was combined with the "Ministry of the Navy". After World War II in the ministries were separated again, in this period the Minister of War and Minister of the Navy were often the same person and the State secretary for the Navy was responsible for daily affairs of the Royal Dutch Navy. In 1959 the ministries were merged. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Defence, currently Kajsa Ollongren, assisted by the Chief of the Defence of the Netherlands, Onno Eichelsheim since April 2021.
  3. Prime Minister of the Netherlands
    
    The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands. Although the monarch is the de jure head of government, the prime minister de facto occupies this role as the officeholder chairs the Council of Ministers and coordinates its policy with the rest of the cabinet. The current prime minister has been Mark Rutte since 14 October 2010, whose fourth cabinet was inaugurated on 10 January 2022.
2015
1. Rickey Grundy, American singer-songwriter (b. 1959) deaths
  1. Rickey Grundy
    
    Ricky R. Grundy, who went by the stage name Rickey Grundy, was an American gospel musician and leader of The Rickey Grundy Chorale. He started his music career, in 1988, with Sparrow Records releasing Spirit Come Down, and they have released the two albums that placed on the Billboard magazine Gospel Albums chart. Grundy died on July 27, 2015, after a season of health complications.
2. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Indian engineer, academic, and politician, 11th President of India (b. 1931) deaths
  1. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
    
    Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.
  2. President of India
    
    The president of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022.
3. Samuel Pisar, Polish-born American lawyer and author (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Samuel Pisar
    
    Samuel Pisar was a Polish-American lawyer, author, and a Holocaust survivor.
4. Anthony Shaw, English general (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Anthony Shaw (British Army officer)
    
    Major General Anthony John Shaw was a senior British Army officer, who was Director General of the Army Medical Services from 1988 to 1990.
2014
1. Richard Bolt, New Zealand air marshal and pilot (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Richard Bolt (RNZAF officer)
    
    Air Marshal Sir Richard Bruce Bolt, was a bomber pilot in the Second World War and a senior Royal New Zealand Air Force officer in the post-war years. He was Chief of the Air Staff from 1974 to 1976 and Chief of the Defence Staff from 1976 to 1980, when he retired from the military.
2. George Freese, American baseball player and coach (b. 1926) deaths
  1. George Freese
    
    George Walter Freese was a third baseman in Major League Baseball. He played for the Detroit Tigers in 1953, Pittsburgh Pirates in 1955 and Chicago Cubs in 1961. Freese attended West Virginia University, where he played college baseball for the Mountaineers in 1947. While at West Virginia he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.
3. Wallace Jones, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Wallace Jones
    
    Wallace Clayton "Wah Wah" Jones was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1949 to 1952 with the Indianapolis Olympians.
4. Francesco Marchisano, Italian cardinal (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Francesco Marchisano
    
    Francesco Marchisano was an Italian Cardinal who worked in the Roman Curia from 1956 until his death.
5. Paul Schell, American lawyer and politician, 50th Mayor of Seattle (b. 1937) deaths
  1. Paul Schell
    
    Paul E. S. Schell was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 50th mayor of Seattle, Washington from 1998 to 2002.
  2. Mayor of Seattle
    
    The Mayor of Seattle is the head of the executive branch of the city government of Seattle, Washington. The mayor is authorized by the city charter to enforce laws enacted by the Seattle City Council, as well as direct subordinate officers in city departments.
2013
1. Fernando Alonso, Cuban dancer, co-founded the Cuban National Ballet (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Fernando Alonso (dancer)
    
    Fernando Alonso was a Cuban ballet dancer. He is a co-founder of the Cuban National Ballet and was part of the American Ballet Theatre company between 1940 until 1948.
  2. Cuban National Ballet
    
    The Cuban National Ballet is a classical ballet company based at Great Theatre of Havana in Havana, Cuba, founded by the Cuban prima ballerina assoluta, Alicia Alonso in 1948. The official school of the company is the Cuban National Ballet School.
2. Lindy Boggs, American politician and diplomat, 5th United States Ambassador to the Holy See (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Lindy Boggs
    
    Marie Corinne Morrison Claiborne Boggs was a politician who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and later as United States Ambassador to the Holy See. She was the first woman elected to Congress from Louisiana. She was also a permanent chairwoman of the 1976 Democratic National Convention, which met in New York City to nominate the Carter-Mondale ticket. She was the first woman to preside over a major party convention.
  2. List of ambassadors of the United States to the Holy See
    
    The ambassador of the United States to the Holy See is the official representative of the United States of America to the Holy See, the leadership of the Catholic Church. The official representation began with the formal opening of diplomatic relations with the Holy See by President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II in 1984.
3. Bud Day, American colonel and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Bud Day
    
    George Everette "Bud" Day was a United States Air Force officer, aviator, and veteran of World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. He was also a prisoner of war, and recipient of the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. As of 2016, he is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and Air Force Cross. He was posthumously advanced to the rank of brigadier general effective March 27, 2018, as directed by the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
4. Kidd Kraddick, American radio host (b. 1959) deaths
  1. Kidd Kraddick
    
    David Peter Cradick was an American radio host and television personality, known as Kidd Kraddick. His nationally syndicated morning radio show, The Kidd Kraddick Morning Show, is based in Irving, Texas, and aired throughout the United States, syndicated by Kraddick's company, YEA Networks. He was also seen on the nationally syndicated Dish Nation television show weeknights around the United States.
5. Ilya Segalovich, Russian businessman, co-founded Yandex (b. 1964) deaths
  1. Ilya Segalovich
    
    Ilya Valentinovich Segalovich was a co-founder of Russian company Yandex. He was CTO and director of Yandex since 2000 until his death in 2013. Segalovich proposed the name “Yandex” for the search engine, derived from the idea of “Yet Another iNDEX”.
  2. Yandex
    
    Yandex LLC is a Russian multinational technology company providing Internet-related products and services, including an Internet search engine, information services, e-commerce, transportation, maps and navigation, mobile applications, and online advertising. It primarily serves audiences in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States of the former Soviet Union, and has more than 30 offices worldwide.
2012
1. Norman Alden, American actor (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Norman Alden
    
    Norman Alden was an American character actor who performed in television programs and motion pictures. He first appeared on television on The 20th Century Fox Hour in 1957. He provided the voice of Kay in The Sword in the Stone (1963), and had a notable role in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. His acting career began in 1957 and lasted nearly 50 years. He is also known for playing Kranix and Arblus in The Transformers: The Movie (1986). He retired from acting in 2006. He died on 27 June 2012 at the age of 87.
2. R. G. Armstrong, American actor and playwright (b. 1917) deaths
  1. R. G. Armstrong
    
    Robert Golden Armstrong Jr. was an American character actor and playwright. A veteran performer who appeared in dozens of Westerns during his 40-year career, he may be best remembered for his work with director Sam Peckinpah.
3. Darryl Cotton, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Darryl Cotton
    
    Darryl Grant Cotton was an Australian pop, rock singer-songwriter, television presenter and actor. He was a founding member of Australian rock group Zoot in 1965, with Beeb Birtles, and were later joined by Rick Brewer and Rick Springfield. As a solo artist Cotton released the albums, Best Seat in the House (1980), It's Rock 'n' Good Fun (1984) and Let the Children Sing (1994). In April 1980 his biggest solo hit, "Same Old Girl", which was co-written by Cotton, peaked at No. 6 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart. He acted in the TV soap opera, The Young Doctors (1979), and on stage as Joseph in the theatre production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat (1983). He presented TV shows, Summer Rock and The Early Bird Show. In 1996 he formed Burns Cotton & Morris with fellow 1960s pop singers, Ronnie Burns and Russell Morris. In 2000 Burns retired from the trio and, with Jim Keays, they became Cotton Keays & Morris. In May 2012, Cotton was diagnosed with liver cancer and died on 27 July 2012, aged 62.
4. Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Geoffrey Hughes (actor)
    
    Geoffrey Hughes DL was an English actor. Hughes provided the voice of Paul McCartney in the animated film Yellow Submarine (1968), and rose to fame for portraying much-loved bin man Eddie Yeats in the long-running British soap opera Coronation Street from 1974 to 1983, making a return to the show in 1987. He is well known for playing loveable slob Onslow in the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances (1990–1995); and 'Twiggy' in the sitcom The Royle Family, playing the part from 1998 to 2000, and reprising his role for the specials in 2006 and 2008.
5. Tony Martin, American actor and singer (b. 1913) deaths
  1. Tony Martin (American singer)
    
    Alvin Morris, known professionally as Tony Martin, was an American actor and popular singer.
6. Jack Taylor, English footballer and referee (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Jack Taylor (referee)
    
    John Keith Taylor was an English football referee. Later described by the Football League as "perhaps the finest English referee of all time", Taylor was famous for officiating in the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final during which he awarded two penalties in the first 30 minutes. The first of these penalty kicks, awarded after just a minute of play, was the first penalty kick awarded in a World Cup final.
2010
1. Maury Chaykin, American-Canadian actor (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Maury Chaykin
    
    Maury Alan Chaykin was an American–Canadian actor, best known for his portrayal of detective Nero Wolfe, as well as for his work as a character actor in many films and television programs.
2. Jack Tatum, American football player (b. 1948) deaths
  1. Jack Tatum
    
    John David Tatum was an American football safety. He played 10 seasons, from 1971 through 1980, with the Oakland Raiders and Houston Oilers in the National Football League (NFL). He was popularly known as "the Assassin" because of his playing style. Tatum was voted to three consecutive Pro Bowls (1973–1975) and was a member of one Super Bowl-winning team in his nine seasons with the Raiders. He is also known for a hit he made against New England Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley in a 1978 preseason game, that paralyzed Stingley from the chest down.
2008
1. Youssef Chahine, Egyptian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Youssef Chahine
    
    Youssef Chahine was an Egyptian film director. He was active in the Egyptian film industry from 1950 until his death. He directed twelve films that were listed in the Top 100 Egyptian films list. A winner of the Cannes 50th Anniversary Award, Chahine was credited with launching the career of actor Omar Sharif. A well-regarded director with critics, he was often present at film festivals during the earlier decades of his work. Chahine gained his largest international audience as one of the co-directors of 11'9"01 September 11 (2002).
2. Horst Stein, German-born Swiss conductor (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Horst Stein
    
    Horst Walter Stein was a German conductor.
3. Isaac Saba Raffoul, Mexican businessman (b. 1923) deaths
  1. Isaac Saba Raffoul
    
    Isaac Saba Raffoul was a Mexican businessman of Syrian Jewish descent; his father emigrated from Aleppo, Syria to Veracruz, Mexico where he started a rag business which the family built on. Isaac Saba Raffoul was one of the wealthiest persons in the world according to Forbes magazine. He had been married with wife Rebecca for over 40 years and had three sons: Moises, Manuel and Alberto.
2007
1. James Oyebola, Nigerian-English boxer (b. 1961) deaths
  1. James Oyebola
    
    James Oyebola was a Nigerian and British heavyweight boxer who won a bronze medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in the super heavyweight division. Oyebola was the British heavyweight champion from 1994 to 1996.
2006
1. Maryann Mahaffey, American academic and politician (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Maryann Mahaffey
    
    Maryann Mahaffey was born in Burlington, Iowa. Mahaffey attended, and graduated from Cornell College in 1946. While in college, during the summer of 1945, Mahaffey worked at Poston Internment Camp as a Recreation Director. In this work, she became aware that the internment camp's real was to hold American citizens because of their ethnicity and not because of any crimes they had committed. Influenced by her early work experiences, Mahaffey decided to attend the University of Southern California to obtain a master's degree in Social Work. While a student in the School of Social Work, she met Herman (Hy) Dooha, whom she married in June 1950. After Mahaffey and Dooha graduated in 1951, they moved to Indianapolis where Mahaffey began work with Girl Scouts of the United States of America. She successfully ran for election in 1973 for Detroit City Council. Mahaffey was one of a few members of the Democratic Socialists of America to be elected to public office.
2005
1. Al Held, American painter and academic (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Al Held
    
    Al Held was an American Abstract expressionist painter. He was particularly well known for his large scale Hard-edge paintings. As an artist, multiple stylistic changes occurred throughout his career, however, none of these occurred at the same time as any popular emerging style or acted against a particular art form. In the 1950s his style reflected the abstract expressionist tone and then transitioned to a geometric style in the 1960s. During the 1980s, there was a shift into painting that emphasized bright geometric space that's deepness reflected infinity. From 1963 to 1980 he was a professor of art at Yale University.
2. Marten Toonder, Dutch author and illustrator (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Marten Toonder
    
    Marten Toonder was a Dutch comic strip creator, born in Rotterdam. He was probably the most successful comic artist in the Netherlands and had a great influence on the Dutch language by introducing new words and expressions. He is most famous for his series Tom Puss and Panda.
2003
1. Elvina Kalieva, American tennis player births
  1. Elvina Kalieva
    
    Elvina Kalieva is an American tennis player.
2. Vance Hartke, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Vance Hartke
    
    Rupert Vance Hartke was an American politician who served as a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana from 1959 until 1977. Hartke won election to the Senate after serving as the mayor of Evansville, Indiana. In the Senate, he supported the Great Society and became a prominent opponent of the Vietnam War. Hartke ran for president in the 1972 Democratic primaries but withdrew after the first set of primaries. He left the Senate after being defeated in his 1976 re-election campaign by Richard Lugar.
3. Bob Hope, English-American actor, comedian, television personality, and businessman (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Bob Hope
    
    Leslie Townes "Bob" Hope was a British-American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer and dancer. With a career that spanned nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in more than 70 short and feature films, with 54 feature films with Hope as star, including a series of seven Road to ... musical comedy movies with Bing Crosby as Hope's top-billed partner.
2001
1. Rhonda Sing, Canadian wrestler (b. 1961) deaths
  1. Rhonda Sing
    
    Rhonda Ann Singh was a Canadian professional wrestler. After training with Mildred Burke, she wrestled in Japan under the name Monster Ripper. In 1987, she returned to Canada and began working with Stampede Wrestling, where she was their first Stampede Women's Champion. In 1995, she worked in the World Wrestling Federation as the comedic character Bertha Faye, winning the WWF Women's Championship. She also wrestled in World Championship Wrestling to help generate interest in their women's division.
2. Leon Wilkeson, American bass player and songwriter (b. 1952) deaths
  1. Leon Wilkeson
    
    Leon Russell Wilkeson was the bassist of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1972 until his death in 2001.
2000
1. Gordon Solie, American sportscaster (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Gordon Solie
    
    Gordon Solie, was an American Florida-based professional wrestling play-by-play announcer working for Georgia Championship Wrestling, Championship Wrestling from Florida, USA Championship Wrestling, Continental Championship Wrestling, and World Championship Wrestling. He is regarded by many as one of the greatest and most influential wrestling announcers. Jim Ross cites him as the most significant influence on his career as an announcer.
1999
1. Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Russian mathematician, physicist, and mountaineer (b. 1912) deaths
  1. Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov
    
    Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov was a Soviet/Russian mathematician, physicist, philosopher and mountaineer.
2. Harry Edison, American trumpet player (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Harry Edison
    
    Harry "Sweets" Edison was an American jazz trumpeter and a member of the Count Basie Orchestra. His most important contribution was as a Hollywood studio musician, whose muted trumpet can be heard backing singers, most notably Frank Sinatra.
1998
1. Binnie Barnes, English-American actress (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Binnie Barnes
    
    Gertrude Maud Barnes, known professionally as Binnie Barnes, was an English actress whose career in films spanned from 1923 to 1973.
1995
1. Melih Esenbel, Turkish politician and diplomat, 20th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Melih Esenbel
    
    Melih Rauf Esenbel was a Turkish diplomat and former Minister of Foreign Affairs.
  2. List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
    
    This is a list of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
2. Rick Ferrell, American baseball player and coach (b. 1905) deaths
  1. Rick Ferrell
    
    Richard Benjamin Ferrell was an American professional baseball player, coach, scout, and executive. He played for 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a catcher for the St. Louis Browns, Boston Red Sox, and Washington Senators, from 1929 through 1947. His brother, Wes Ferrell, was a major league pitcher for 15 seasons, and they were teammates from 1933 through part of 1938 on the Red Sox and Senators. Following his three seasons in minor league baseball, he appealed to the Commissioner of Baseball to become a free agent, claiming that he was being held in the minors though he deserved promotion. The Commissioner agreed, and he was granted free agency; he signed with the St. Louis Browns.
3. Miklós Rózsa, Hungarian-American composer and conductor (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Miklós Rózsa
    
    Miklós Rózsa was a Hungarian-American composer trained in Germany (1925–1931) and active in France (1931–1935), the United Kingdom (1935–1940), and the United States (1940–1995), with extensive sojourns in Italy from 1953 onward. Best known for his nearly one hundred film scores, he nevertheless maintained a steadfast allegiance to absolute concert music throughout what he called his "double life".
1994
1. Kevin Carter, South African photographer and journalist (b. 1960) deaths
  1. Kevin Carter
    
    Kevin Carter was a South African photojournalist and member of the Bang-Bang Club. He was the recipient in 1994 of a Pulitzer Prize for his photograph depicting the 1993 famine in Sudan. He died by suicide at the age of 33. His story is depicted in the book The Bang-Bang Club, written by Greg Marinovich and João Silva and published in 2000.
1993
1. Reagan Campbell-Gillard, Australian rugby league player births
  1. Reagan Campbell-Gillard
    
    Reagan Campbell-Gillard, also known by the nicknames of "Reggie" or "RCG", is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Parramatta Eels in the NRL. He has also represented both Fiji and Australia at international level.
2. Max Power, English footballer births
  1. Max Power (footballer)
    
    Max McAuley Power is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Wigan Athletic. He began his career with Tranmere Rovers and then spent time with Wigan Athletic and Sunderland, making more than 100 Football League appearances with each club, before rejoining Wigan in 2021.
3. Jordan Spieth, American golfer births
  1. Jordan Spieth
    
    Jordan Alexander Spieth is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour and former world number one in the Official World Golf Ranking. He is a three-time major winner and the 2015 FedEx Cup champion.
4. Reggie Lewis, American basketball player (b. 1965) deaths
  1. Reggie Lewis
    
    Reginald C. Lewis was an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993.
1992
1. Max Dupain, Australian photographer and educator (b. 1911) deaths
  1. Max Dupain
    
    Maxwell Spencer Dupain AC OBE was an Australian modernist photographer.
2. Tzeni Karezi, Greek actress and screenwriter deaths
  1. Tzeni Karezi
    
    Tzeni Karezi ; also known as Jenny Karezi, was a Greek film and stage actress.
1991
1. Wandy Peralta, Dominican baseball player births
  1. Wandy Peralta
    
    Wandy Luis Peralta Dominguez is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Cincinnati Reds and San Francisco Giants. Peralta signed with the Reds as an amateur free agent in 2010 and made his MLB debut in 2016.
2. John Friedrich, German-Australian engineer and conman (b. 1950) deaths
  1. John Friedrich (fraudster)
    
    Johann Friedrich Hohenberger OAM, also known as John Friedrich, was executive director of the National Safety Council of Australia during the 1980s. He was the subject of Victoria's biggest fraud case and known as "Australia's greatest conman".
1990
1. Nick Hogan, American race car driver and actor births
  1. Nick Hogan
    
    Nicholas Allan Bollea, formerly known as Nick Hogan, is an American reality television personality known for his appearances on the reality show Hogan Knows Best alongside his father, mother, and older sister.
2. Paolo Hurtado, Peruvian footballer births
  1. Paolo Hurtado
    
    Cristopher Paolo César Hurtado Huertas, commonly known as Paolo Hurtado, is a Peruvian professional footballer who last played for Chilean club Unión Española as a winger.
3. Cheyenne Kimball, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Cheyenne Kimball
    
    Cheyenne Nichole Kimball is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and mandolinist. Her debut album, The Day Has Come, was released in July 2006, coinciding with an MTV reality series following her entry into the music industry. This album produced a chart single on the Billboard Hot 100 in "Hanging On." From 2008 to 2011, she was a member of the country music band Gloriana, which made its chart debut in 2009.
4. Stephen Li-Chung Kuo, Taiwanese-American figure skater births
  1. Stephen Li-Chung Kuo
    
    Stephen Li-Chung Kuo is a Taiwanese-American figure skater who represented Taiwan in men's singles. He is a two-time Taiwanese national champion (2010–2011) and competed in the free skate at three ISU Championships.
5. Kriti Sanon, Indian actress births
  1. Kriti Sanon
    
    Kriti Sanon is an Indian actress who works in Hindi and Telugu-language films. After pursuing a degree in engineering from the Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, she briefly worked as a fashion model. Sanon began her acting career by playing the leading lady in the 2014 action films 1: Nenokkadine and Heropanti. The latter earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut.
6. Bobby Day, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1928) deaths
  1. Bobby Day
    
    Robert James Byrd, known by the stage name Bobby Day, was an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, and songwriter. He is best known for his hit record "Rockin' Robin", written by Leon René under the pseudonym Jimmie Thomas.
7. René Toribio, Guadeloupean politician (b. 1912) deaths
  1. René Toribio
    
    René Toribio was a French politician and was a member of the French Senate representing Guadeloupe from 1959 to 1968.
1989
1. Maya Ali, Pakistani actress births
  1. Maya Ali
    
    Maryam Tanveer, known by her stage name Maya Ali, is a Pakistani actress. She made her debut with a brief role in telenovela Durr-e-Shehwar and later received praise for portraying the titular characters in Aik Nayee Cinderella and Aun Zara both (2012). Ali got breakthrough for her performance as Manahil Javed in Hum TV's romance Mann Mayal. In 2018 she made her film debut with Teefa In Trouble.
1988
1. Adam Biddle, Australian footballer births
  1. Adam Biddle (soccer)
    
    Adam Biddle is a former Australian footballer who played for Sydney FC and Bankstown City.
2. Yoervis Medina, Venezuelan baseball player births
  1. Yoervis Medina
    
    Yoervis José Medina is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners and Chicago Cubs.
3. Ryan Tannehill, American football player births
  1. Ryan Tannehill
    
    Ryan Timothy Tannehill III is an American football quarterback for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas A&M, where he was a wide receiver until his junior year, and was drafted eighth overall by the Miami Dolphins in the 2012 NFL Draft. Tannehill spent his first seven seasons as the Dolphins' primary starter before being traded to the Titans in 2019. Initially serving as a backup, Tannehill became the starter midway through the season and led the team to the AFC Championship Game. He was also named NFL Comeback Player of the Year and selected to the Pro Bowl. During his next two seasons, Tannehill helped the Titans clinch consecutive division titles.
4. Frank Zamboni, American inventor and businessman, founded the Zamboni Company (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Frank Zamboni
    
    Frank Joseph Zamboni Jr. was an American inventor and engineer whose most famous invention is the modern ice resurfacer, with his surname being registered as a trademark for these devices.
  2. Zamboni Company
    
    Frank J. Zamboni & Company is an American manufacturer of ice resurfacing equipment based in Paramount, California. Frank J. Zamboni developed the first ice resurfacing machine in 1949, and started the Zamboni Company in 1950. Zamboni is an internationally registered trademark.
1987
1. Jacoby Ford, American football player births
  1. Jacoby Ford
    
    Jacoby Ford is a former American football wide receiver and return specialist. He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the fourth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He was also an accomplished track and field athlete. He played college football as a wide receiver and return specialist for the Clemson Tigers at Clemson University, where he competed in sprinting events. During his stint in the NFL, Ford was widely regarded as one of the fastest players in the league. He has one of the top 100 meter times by NFL players.
2. Marek Hamšík, Slovak footballer births
  1. Marek Hamšík
    
    Marek Hamšík is a Slovak professional footballer who plays as an midfielder for Süper Lig club Trabzonspor. He formerly captained the Slovakia national team.
3. Jordan Hill, American basketball player births
  1. Jordan Hill (basketball)
    
    Jordan Craig Hill is an American former professional basketball player.
4. Sarah Parsons, American ice hockey player births
  1. Sarah Parsons
    
    Sarah Sturgis Parsons is an American ice hockey player. She won a bronze medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She was a member of Dartmouth College's class of 2010.
5. Travis Jackson, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Travis Jackson
    
    Travis Calvin Jackson was an American baseball shortstop. In Major League Baseball (MLB), Jackson played for the New York Giants from 1922 through 1936, winning the 1933 World Series, and representing the Giants in the MLB All-Star Game in 1934. After his retirement as a player, Jackson managed in minor league baseball through to the 1960 season.
1986
1. DeMarre Carroll, American basketball player births
  1. DeMarre Carroll
    
    DeMarre LaEdrick Carroll is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected as the 27th overall pick by the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2009 NBA draft. Carroll played in the NBA for 11 seasons with the Grizzlies, Houston Rockets, Denver Nuggets, Utah Jazz, Atlanta Hawks, Toronto Raptors, Brooklyn Nets and San Antonio Spurs. He played college basketball for the Vanderbilt Commodores and Missouri Tigers.
2. Ryan Flaherty, American baseball player births
  1. Ryan Flaherty
    
    Ryan Edward Flaherty is an American professional baseball coach and former infielder. He is an advance scout and development coach for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for the Baltimore Orioles, Atlanta Braves, and the Cleveland Indians. Flaherty was a utility player, having played every position except for center field and catcher.
3. Ryan Griffen, Australian footballer births
  1. Ryan Griffen
    
    Ryan Leigh Griffen is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs and the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the Australian Football League (AFL).
1985
1. Husain Abdullah, American football player births
  1. Husain Abdullah
    
    Husain Ibn Muhammed Abdullah is a former American football free safety. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2008 and also played for the Kansas City Chiefs. He retired from the NFL after seven seasons due to multiple concussions sustained during his career and concern for his future health. Abdullah played college football at Washington State. He is the younger brother of former NFL safety Hamza Abdullah.
2. Matteo Pratichetti, Italian rugby player births
  1. Matteo Pratichetti
    
    Matteo Pratichetti is a former Italian rugby union player.
3. Ajmal Shahzad, English cricketer births
  1. Ajmal Shahzad
    
    Ajmal Shahzad is an English cricket coach and retired cricketer.
4. Smoky Joe Wood, American baseball player and coach (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Smoky Joe Wood
    
    Howard Ellsworth "Smoky Joe" Wood was an American professional baseball player for 14 years. He played for the Boston Red Sox from 1908 to 1915, where he was primarily a pitcher, and for the Cleveland Indians from 1917 to 1922, where he was primarily an outfielder. Wood is one of only 13 pitchers to win 30 or more games in one season since 1900.
1984
1. Antoine Bethea, American football player births
  1. Antoine Bethea
    
    Antoine Akeem Bethea is a former American football safety who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons. He played college football for Howard and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Bethea also played for the San Francisco 49ers, Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants. He was selected for the Pro Bowl three times and won Super Bowl XLI as a member of the Colts, beating the Chicago Bears.
2. Tsuyoshi Nishioka, Japanese baseball player births
  1. Tsuyoshi Nishioka
    
    Tsuyoshi Nishioka is a Japanese former professional baseball infielder. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chiba Lotte Marines and Hanshin Tigers, as well as Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Minnesota Twins.
3. Max Scherzer, American baseball player births
  1. Max Scherzer
    
    Maxwell Martin Scherzer is an American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Detroit Tigers, Washington Nationals, and Los Angeles Dodgers. A right-handed starting pitcher, Scherzer is an eight-time MLB All-Star, has won three Cy Young Awards, has pitched two no-hitters, and won the World Series with the Nationals in 2019. Known for his intensity and competitiveness during play, he is nicknamed "Mad Max" after the fictional character of the same name.
4. Taylor Schilling, American actress births
  1. Taylor Schilling
    
    Taylor Jane Schilling is an American actress. She is known for her role as Piper Chapman on the Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019), for which she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy and Best Actress – Television Series Drama. She made her film debut in the 2007 drama Dark Matter. She also starred as Nurse Veronica Flanagan Callahan in the short-lived NBC medical drama Mercy (2009–2010). Her other films include Atlas Shrugged: Part I (2011), the romantic drama The Lucky One (2012), the comedy Take Me (2017), and the science-fiction thriller The Titan (2018).
5. Kenny Wormald, American actor, dancer, and choreographer births
  1. Kenny Wormald
    
    Kenneth Edgar Wormald is an American dancer, reality television star and actor. His best known role to date is perhaps as Ren McCormack in the 2011 remake of 1984's Footloose. Wormald was a regular on the MTV reality television series Dancelife in 2007.
6. James Mason, English actor (b. 1909) deaths
  1. James Mason
    
    James Neville Mason was an English actor. He achieved considerable success in British cinema before becoming a star in Hollywood. He was the top box-office attraction in the UK in 1944 and 1945; his British films included The Seventh Veil (1945) and The Wicked Lady (1945). He starred in Odd Man Out (1947), the first recipient of the BAFTA Award for Best British Film.
1983
1. Lorik Cana, Albanian footballer births
  1. Lorik Cana
    
    Lorik Agim Cana is an Albanian former professional footballer. He is currently the Grassroots ambassador for children's football in Albania, named by the Albanian Football Association on 26 October 2017.
2. Martijn Maaskant, Dutch cyclist births
  1. Martijn Maaskant
    
    Martijn Maaskant is a retired Dutch professional road racing cyclist. Maaskant competed professionally between 2008 and 2014.
3. Goran Pandev, Macedonian footballer births
  1. Goran Pandev
    
    Goran Pandev is a Macedonian former professional footballer who played as a forward.
4. Soccor Velho, Indian footballer (d. 2013) births
  1. Soccor Velho
    
    Soccor Velho was an Indian footballer who last played for Air India in the I-League. He previously played for Cabral, Golden Gunners and Central Railway.
1982
1. Neil Harbisson, English-Catalan painter, composer, and activist births
  1. Neil Harbisson
    
    Neil Harbisson is a Catalan-born British-Irish-American cyborg artist and activist for transpecies rights. He is best known for being the first person in the world with an antenna implanted in his skull. Since 2004, international media has described him as the world's first legally recognised cyborg and as the world's first cyborg artist. His antenna sends audible vibrations through his skull to report information to him. This includes measurements of electromagnetic radiation, phone calls, and music, as well as videos or images which are translated into audible vibrations. His WiFi-enabled antenna also allows him to receive signals and data from satellites.
1981
1. Susan King Borchardt, American basketball player births
  1. Susan King Borchardt
    
    Susan King Borchardt is an American professional women's basketball player.
2. Collins Obuya, Kenyan cricketer births
  1. Collins Obuya
    
    Collins Omondi Obuya is a Kenyan cricketer and a former captain of Kenyan cricket team. He is a right-handed batsman and leg spin bowler. He came to prominence in the 2003 Cricket World Cup where he was one of Kenya's major performers as they reached the semi-finals. Obuya has a highest first class score of 103. He has been a prominent member of Kenya cricket team with a career spanning for about two decades since making his international debut in 2001.
3. Dash Snow, American painter and photographer (d. 2009) births
  1. Dash Snow
    
    Dashiell A. Snow was an American artist based in New York City. Snow's photographs included scenes of sex, drugs, violence, and art-world pretense; his work often depicted the decadent lifestyle of young New York City artists and their social circle.
4. Christopher Weselek, German rugby player births
  1. Christopher Weselek
    
    Christopher Weselek is a rugby coach and retired German international rugby union player, having last played for the RG Heidelberg in the Rugby-Bundesliga and the German national rugby union team. He is currently one of the successful rugby coaches in Germany.
5. William Wyler, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1902) deaths
  1. William Wyler
    
    William Wyler was a Swiss-German-American film director and producer who won the Academy Award for Best Director three times, those being for Mrs. Miniver (1942), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), and Ben-Hur (1959), all of which also won for Best Picture. In total, he holds a record twelve nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director.
6. Elizabeth Rona, Hungarian American nuclear chemist (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Elizabeth Rona
    
    Elizabeth Rona was a Hungarian nuclear chemist, known for her work with radioactive isotopes. After developing an enhanced method of preparing polonium samples, she was recognized internationally as the leading expert in isotope separation and polonium preparation. Between 1914 and 1918, during her postdoctoral study with George de Hevesy, she developed a theory that the velocity of diffusion depended on the mass of the nuclides. As only a few atomic elements had been identified, her confirmation of the existence of "Uranium-Y" was a major contribution to nuclear chemistry. She was awarded the Haitinger Prize by the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1933.
1980
1. Allan Davis, Australian cyclist births
  1. Allan Davis (cyclist)
    
    Allan Howard Davis is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist, who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica–GreenEDGE. Born in Ipswich, Queensland, Davis resides in Bundaberg, Queensland and in Spain. Known for his sprinting ability, he started competitive cycling at the age of 10, and turned professional in 2002. He is also the brother of fellow cyclist, Scott Davis, and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
2. Wesley Gonzales, Filipino basketball player births
  1. Wesley Gonzales
    
    Wesley Olan Gonzales is a Filipino former professional basketball player. Gonzales last played for the Barako Bull Energy Cola before retiring after a stellar college career and a 10-year stint in the PBA.
3. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iranian Shah (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
    
    Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, also known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the last Shah (King) of the Imperial State of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. Owing to his status, he was usually known as the Shah.
1979
1. Marielle Franco, Brazilian politician, feminist, and human rights activist (d. 2018) births
  1. Marielle Franco
    
    Marielle Franco was a Brazilian politician, sociologist, feminist, socialist and human rights activist. After earning a master's degree in public administration from the Fluminense Federal University, she served as a city councillor of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro for the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL) from January 2017 until her death.
2. Jorge Arce, Mexican boxer births
  1. Jorge Arce
    
    Jorge Armando Arce Armenta, best known as Jorge Arce, is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2014. He is a multiple-time world champion, and the second boxer from Mexico to win world titles in four weight divisions. In a storied career, Arce held the WBO light flyweight title from 1998 to 1999; the WBC and lineal light flyweight titles from 2002 to 2004; the WBO super flyweight title in 2010; the WBO junior featherweight title in 2011; and the WBO bantamweight title from 2011 to 2012. Additionally he held the WBC interim flyweight title from 2005 to 2006, the WBA interim super flyweight title from 2008 to 2009, and challenged once for the WBC featherweight title in his final fight in 2014.
3. Sidney Govou, French footballer births
  1. Sidney Govou
    
    Sidney Rodrigue Noukpo Govou is a French former professional footballer who played primarily as a winger, but was occasionally deployed as a striker. He holds the record for most Ligue 1 titles won (seven), along with Hervé Revelli and Jean-Michel Larqué of Saint-Étienne, as well as Thiago Silva and Marco Verratti of Paris Saint–Germain, and his own former teammates Grégory Coupet and Juninho of Lyon.
4. Shannon Moore, American wrestler and singer births
  1. Shannon Moore
    
    Shannon Moore is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his work with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) between 1999 and 2001 and with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for several years in the 2000s. He has also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He currently wrestles for Atomic Revolutionary Wrestling (ARW) where he is the current ARW Heavyweight Champion in his 3rd reign.
1978
1. Diarmuid O'Sullivan, Irish hurler and manager births
  1. Diarmuid O'Sullivan
    
    Diarmuid O'Sullivan is an Irish hurling coach and hurler who plays for Cork Premier Championship club Cloyne. He played for the Cork senior hurling team for 12 years, during which time he usually lined out as a full-back. A fan favourite who was noted for his swashbuckling style during his inter-county career, O'Sullivan is considered a "Cork legend".
2. Bob Heffron, New Zealand-Australian miner and politician, 30th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Bob Heffron
    
    Robert James Heffron, also known as Bob Heffron or R. J. Heffron, was a long-serving New South Wales politician, union organiser and Labor Party Premier of New South Wales from 1959 to 1964. Born in New Zealand, Heffron became involved in various Socialist and labour movements in New Zealand and later Australia before joining the Australian Labor Party. Being a prominent unionist organiser, having been gaoled at one stage for "conspiracy to strike action", he was eventually elected to the Parliament of New South Wales for Botany in 1930. However his disputes with party leader Jack Lang led to his expulsion from the ALP in 1936 and Heffron formed his own party from disgruntled Labor MPs known as the Industrial Labor Party. The success of his party enabled his readmission to the party and his prominence in a post-Lang NSW Branch which won office in 1941.
  2. Premier of New South Wales
    
    The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by his or her ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.
3. Willem van Otterloo, Dutch cellist, composer, and conductor (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Willem van Otterloo
    
    Jan Willem van Otterloo was a Dutch conductor, cellist and composer.
1977
1. Foo Swee Chin, Singaporean illustrator births
  1. Foo Swee Chin
    
    Foo Swee Chin is a Singaporean comic book artist and illustrator.
2. Björn Dreyer, German footballer births
  1. Björn Dreyer (footballer, born 1977)
    
    Björn Dreyer is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
3. Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Irish actor births
  1. Jonathan Rhys Meyers
    
    Jonathan Rhys Meyers is an Irish actor, model and musician. He is known for his roles in the films Michael Collins (1996), Velvet Goldmine (1998), Titus (1999), Bend It Like Beckham (2002), Alexander (2004), Match Point (2005), Mission: Impossible III (2006) and his television roles as Elvis Presley in the biographical miniseries Elvis (2005), for which he won a Golden Globe Award and earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, as King Henry VIII in the historical drama The Tudors (2007–10), which earned him two Golden Globe Award nominations, and in the NBC drama series Dracula (2013–14) as the title character. He also starred as Bishop Heahmund, a character inspired by the Catholic Saint of the same name, in the History Channel television series Vikings.
1976
1. Demis Hassabis, English computer scientist and academic births
  1. Demis Hassabis
    
    Demis Hassabis is a British artificial intelligence researcher and entrepreneur. In his early career he was a video game AI programmer and designer, and an expert player of board games. He is the chief executive officer and co-founder of DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs, and a UK Government AI Advisor.
2. Scott Mason, Australian cricketer (d. 2005) births
  1. Scott Mason (cricketer)
    
    Scott Robert Mason was an Australian cricketer who played first-class cricket for the Tasmanian Tigers. He was a left-handed batsman who averaged 27.21 with the bat in 28 first-class games and 9.42 with the bat in 8 one-day domestic games. In first-class cricket he scored 1252 runs with two centuries and two half-centuries with a highest score of 174. In one-day domestic cricket he scored just 66 runs with a highest score of 16.
1975
1. Serkan Çeliköz, Turkish keyboard player and songwriter births
  1. Serkan Çeliköz
    
    Serkan Çeliköz is a Turkish musician, songwriter, arranger, record producer and the original keyboard player for Turkish rock band Kargo. Towards the end of 2008, Serkan Çeliköz and Koray Candemir decided to end their involvement with Kargo due to vision and opinion differences with the other members. Together they formed their new band 'maSKott' and are currently living in Seattle while working on new projects between tour dates to promote their new album Tuval. In addition to his work with Kargo and maSKott, he is known for his ability to play many instruments and being a producer.
2. Shea Hillenbrand, American baseball player births
  1. Shea Hillenbrand
    
    Shea Matthew Hillenbrand is a former American professional baseball third baseman and first baseman, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, Arizona Diamondbacks, Toronto Blue Jays, San Francisco Giants, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Los Angeles Dodgers.
3. Fred Mascherino, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Fred Mascherino
    
    Frederick Paul Mascherino is an American musician best known for his work as lead guitarist and co-lead vocalist in alternative rock band Taking Back Sunday. He is currently active with the band The Color Fred, and also known for working with Terrible Things. He also runs the record label Heading East Records.
4. Alessandro Pistone, Italian footballer births
  1. Alessandro Pistone
    
    Alessandro Pistone is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a fullback. During his career, he played for Vicenza, Internazionale, Newcastle United, Everton and RAEC Mons, as well as the Italy Under-21 national team, whom he represented in the 1996 Olympics.
5. Alex Rodriguez, American baseball player births
  1. Alex Rodriguez
    
    Alexander Emmanuel Rodriguez, nicknamed "A-Rod", is an American former professional baseball shortstop and third baseman, businessman and philanthropist. Rodriguez played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners (1994–2000), Texas Rangers (2001–2003), and New York Yankees (2004–2016). Rodriguez is the chairman and chief executive officer of A-Rod Corp as well as the chairman of Presidente beer. He is part owner of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) Minnesota Timberwolves.
6. Alfred Duraiappah, Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and politician (d. 1926) deaths
  1. Alfred Duraiappah
    
    Alfred Thangarajah Duraiappah was a Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer, politician, Mayor of Jaffna and Member of Parliament.
1974
1. Eason Chan, Hong Kong singer, actor, and producer births
  1. Eason Chan
    
    Eason Chan Yick Shun is a Hong Kong singer and actor. Chan was ranked sixth in the 2013 Forbes China Celebrity Top 100 List.
2. Pete Yorn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Pete Yorn
    
    Peter Joseph Yorn is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He first gained international recognition after his debut record, Musicforthemorningafter, was released to critical and commercial acclaim in 2001. He is known for playing the bulk of the instruments on his records. Spin magazine, in a career retrospective article dated March 26, 2021, recognized Yorn as one of his generation's best songwriters. Yorn’s 10th full length album, Hawaii, was released on June 17, 2022.
1973
1. Cassandra Clare, American journalist and author births
  1. Cassandra Clare
    
    Judith Lewis, better known by her pen name Cassandra Clare, is an American author of young adult fiction, best known for her bestselling series The Mortal Instruments.
2. Erik Nys, Belgian long jumper births
  1. Erik Nys
    
    Erik Nys is a retired Belgian long jumper.
3. Gorden Tallis, Australian rugby league player and coach births
  1. Gorden Tallis
    
    Gorden James Tallis, also known by the nickname of "Raging Bull" for his on-field aggression, is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. A Queensland State of Origin and Australian international representative second-row forward, he captained both these teams as well as the Brisbane Broncos with whom he won the 1997, 1998 and 2000 Grand Finals, after starting his career with the St. George Dragons in Sydney. At the peak of his career Tallis was considered as the best second-row forward in the world and in 2008 was named in an Indigenous Australian rugby league team of the century. He is currently a commentator and pundit for the Fox Sports network. He served as a National Rugby League board member and was a member of the board of directors for the North Queensland Cowboys. Tallis also worked on the coaching staff of the South Sydney Rabbitohs.
1972
1. Clint Robinson, Australian kayaker births
  1. Clint Robinson (canoeist)
    
    Clint David Robinson, OAM is an Australian sprint kayaker and surf lifesaver who has won a complete set of medals at the Summer Olympics.
2. Maya Rudolph, American actress births
  1. Maya Rudolph
    
    Maya Khabira Rudolph is an American actress, comedian, and singer. In 2000, she became a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL), and later played supporting roles in the films 50 First Dates (2004), A Prairie Home Companion (2006), and Idiocracy (2006).
3. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Malaysian surgeon and astronaut births
  1. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor
    
    Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Al Masrie bin Sheikh Mustapha is the first Malaysian astronaut. He launched to the International Space Station aboard Soyuz TMA-11 with the Expedition 16 crew on 10 October 2007. Sheikh Muszaphar flew under an agreement with Russia through the Angkasawan program, and returned to Earth on 21 October 2007, aboard Soyuz TMA-10 with the Expedition 15 crew members, Fyodor Yurchikhin and Oleg Kotov.
1971
1. Matthew Johns, Australian rugby league player, sportscaster and television host births
  1. Matthew Johns
    
    Matthew James Johns is an Australian rugby league media personality, commentator and former professional player. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative five-eighth, Johns played his club football primarily with the Newcastle Knights, alongside his younger brother, Andrew. Since March 2011, Johns has been a co-host on the Triple M Sydney breakfast show called The Grill Team with Mark Geyer. Since 2012, Johns has been a part of the Fox Sports NRL coverage. He had his own show on Channel 7 for one season in 2010, The Matty Johns Show and since 2013 has hosted a rugby league analysis and light entertainment show on Foxtel airing two nights each week.
2. Anna Menconi, Italian Paralympic archer births
  1. Anna Menconi
    
    Anna Menconi is an Italian Paralympic archer.
3. Charlie Tully, Irish footballer and manager (b. 1924) deaths
  1. Charlie Tully
    
    Charles Patrick Tully was a Northern Irish football player and manager who played for Celtic.
1970
1. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Danish actor and producer births
  1. Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
    
    Nikolaj William Coster-Waldau is a Danish actor and producer. He graduated from the Danish National School of Performing Arts in Copenhagen in 1993, and had his breakthrough role in Denmark with the film Nightwatch (1994). He played Jaime Lannister in the HBO fantasy drama series Game of Thrones, for which he received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.
2. David Davies, English-Welsh politician births
  1. David TC Davies
    
    David Thomas Charles Davies is a British politician who has served as Secretary of State for Wales since 2022 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Monmouth since 2005. A member of the Conservative Party, he chaired the Welsh Affairs Select Committee from 2010 to 2019. Davies also served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Wales from 2019 to 2022.
3. António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese economist and politician, 100th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1889) deaths
  1. António de Oliveira Salazar
    
    António de Oliveira Salazar was a Portuguese economist who served as President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 to 1968. Having come to power under the Ditadura Nacional, he reframed the regime as the Estado Novo, a corporatist dictatorship that ruled Portugal from 1933 until 1974. Salazar was a political economy professor at University of Coimbra.
  2. Prime Minister of Portugal
    
    The prime minister of Portugal is the head of government of Portugal. As head of government, the prime minister coordinates the actions of ministers, represents the Government of Portugal to the other bodies of state, is accountable to parliament and keeps the president informed. The prime minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries.
1969
1. Triple H, American wrestler and actor births
  1. Triple H
    
    Paul Michael Levesque, better known by the ring name Triple H, is an American business executive, actor, and retired professional wrestler currently serving as the chief content officer for WWE. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time.
2. Jonty Rhodes, South African cricketer and coach births
  1. Jonty Rhodes
    
    Jonathan Neil "Jonty" Rhodes is a South African professional cricket commentator and former Test and One Day International cricketer. He is regarded as one of the greatest fielders of all time and was the first South African cricketer to take 100 ODI catches. He played for the South African cricket team between 1992 and 2003. He is currently assistant coach of Punjab Kings in Indian Premier League.
1968
1. Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Italian actress and producer births
  1. Maria Grazia Cucinotta
    
    Maria Grazia Cucinotta is an Italian actress who has featured in films and television series since 1990. She has also worked as a film producer, screenwriter and model. Internationally she is best known for her roles in Il Postino and as the Bond girl, credited as "Cigar Girl", in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough.
2. Tom Goodwin, American baseball player and coach births
  1. Tom Goodwin
    
    Thomas Jones Goodwin is an American professional baseball coach and former player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 14 seasons, primarily as a center fielder, from 1991 to 2004. As a player, he was listed at 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) and 165 pounds (75 kg); he batted left-handed and threw right-handed. Goodwin has coached in MLB for the New York Mets and Boston Red Sox.
3. Sabina Jeschke, Swedish-German engineer and academic births
  1. Sabina Jeschke
    
    Sabina Jeschke is a German university professor for information sciences in mechanical engineering at the RWTH Aachen University. As of 10 November 2017, she was named member of the management board of Deutschen Bahn AG for digitalization and technology. She is also the director of the Cybernetics Lab IMA/ZLW & IfU. In the summer semester of 2017, she is on sabbatical leave to develop her research in the area of artificial consciousness, and is involved in building a think tank "Strong Artificial Intelligence" at the Volvo Car Corporation in Göteborg. Since May 2015, Jeschke has been a member of the supervisory board of Körber AG, since April 2012 chairman of the board of VDI Aachen
4. Julian McMahon, Australian actor and producer births
  1. Julian McMahon
    
    Julian Dana William McMahon is an Australian actor, former model, and the son of a former Prime Minister of Australia, Sir William McMahon. He is best known for his roles as Detective John Grant in Profiler, Cole Turner in Charmed, Christian Troy in Nip/Tuck, Doctor Doom in the Fantastic Four franchise, Jonah in Runaways, and Jess LaCroix in CBS crime drama FBI: Most Wanted.
5. Ricardo Rosset, Brazilian race car driver births
  1. Ricardo Rosset
    
    Ricardo Rosset is a Brazilian racing driver. He participated in 33 Formula One Grands Prix, making his debut at the 1996 Australian Grand Prix. He scored no championship points. He eventually quit Formula One to focus on developing a sportswear business in Brazil.
6. Babe Adams, American baseball player and manager (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Babe Adams
    
    Charles Benjamin "Babe" Adams was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1906 to 1926 who spent nearly his entire career with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Noted for his outstanding control, his career average of 1.29 walks per 9 innings pitched was the second lowest of the 20th century; his 1920 mark of 1 walk per 14.6 innings was a modern record until 2005. He shares the Pirates' franchise record for career victories by a right-hander (194), and holds the team mark for career shutouts (47); from 1926 to 1962, he held the team record for career games pitched (481).
1967
1. Rahul Bose, Indian journalist, actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. Rahul Bose
    
    Rahul Bose is an Indian actor, director, screenwriter, and social activist. Bose has appeared in Bengali films such as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, Kalpurush, Anuranan, Antaheen, Laptop and The Japanese Wife. He has also appeared in Hindi films such as Pyaar Ke Side Effects, Maan Gaye Mughal-e-Azam, Jhankaar Beats, Kucch Luv Jaisaa, Dil Dhadakne Do, Chameli and Shaurya. He also played the antagonist in the Tamil thriller Vishwaroopam (2013) and its sequel. Time magazine named him "the superstar of Indian arthouse cinema" while Maxim named him "the Sean Penn of Oriental cinema" for his work in parallel cinema films like English, August and Mr. and Mrs. Iyer. He is also notable for his social activism: he participated in the relief efforts that followed the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami and is also the founder of the anti-discrimination NGO, The Foundation.
2. Juliana Hatfield, American singer-songwriter and musician births
  1. Juliana Hatfield
    
    Juliana Hatfield is an American musician and singer-songwriter from the Boston area, formerly of the indie rock bands Blake Babies, Some Girls, and The Lemonheads. She also fronted her own band, The Juliana Hatfield Three, along with bassist Dean Fisher and drummer Todd Philips, which was active in the mid-1990s and again in the mid-2010s. It was with the Juliana Hatfield Three that she produced her best-charting work, including the critically acclaimed albums Become What You Are (1993) and Whatever, My Love (2015) and the singles "My Sister" (1993) and "Spin the Bottle" (1994).
3. Hans Mathisen, Norwegian guitarist and composer births
  1. Hans Mathisen
    
    Hans Mathisen is a Norwegian Jazz guitarist, educated on the Jazzprogram at Trondheim musikkonservatorium (1988–90), well known for his Pat Metheny and Wes Montgomery inspired performances. He is the brother of Jazz musicians Per Mathisen (bass), Nils Mathisen and Ole Mathisen.
4. Neil Smith, English cricketer births
  1. Neil Smith (cricketer, born 1967)
    
    Neil Michael Knight Smith is a former English cricketer who played in seven One Day Internationals from 1986 to 1996. He then went on to work at Warwick School for boys, Myton Road, Warwick as the Groundsman but has recently semi retired. He is the son of the former England Test captain, M J K Smith.
5. Craig Wolanin, American ice hockey player births
  1. Craig Wolanin
    
    Craig William Wolanin is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1985 until 1998.
1966
1. Steve Tilson, English footballer and manager births
  1. Steve Tilson
    
    Stephen Brian Tilson is an English football manager and former player, he is currently the manager of Heybridge Swifts.
1965
1. José Luis Chilavert, Paraguayan footballer births
  1. José Luis Chilavert
    
    José Luis Félix Chilavert González is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Sportivo Luqueño, Guaraní, San Lorenzo de Almagro, Real Zaragoza, Vélez Sarsfield, RC Strasbourg, Peñarol, and the Paraguayan national football team.
2. Daniel-Rops, French historian and author (b. 1901) deaths
  1. Daniel-Rops
    
    Henri Daniel-Rops was a French Roman Catholic writer and historian whose real name was Henri Petiot.
1964
1. Rex Brown, American bass player and songwriter births
  1. Rex Brown
    
    Rex Robert Brown is an American musician. He is best known as the longtime bassist for heavy metal band Pantera, from 1982 to their disbandment in 2003, and as of their reunion in 2022, he is the band's only constant member. Brown is also a former member of Down (2001–2011) and the former bassist for the band Kill Devil Hill. He released his debut solo album Smoke on This… in 2017. For the first time in Brown's career, the work features him not only as a bassist but also as lead vocalist and guitarist.
2. Winifred Lenihan, American actress, writer, and director (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Winifred Lenihan
    
    Winifred Lenihan was an American actress, writer, and director. She studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts before making her debut in 1918. Although she portrayed the would-be eloper Anne in The Dover Road (1921), Anne Hathaway in Will Shakespeare (1923), and the resourceful Mary Todd in White Wings (1926), she is recalled mostly as Joan of Arc in the original American production of Saint Joan (1923).
1963
1. Donnie Yen, Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer, and martial artist births
  1. Donnie Yen
    
    Donnie Yen Chi-tan is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, and action director.
2. Hooks Dauss, American baseball player (b. 1889) deaths
  1. Hooks Dauss
    
    George August "Hooks" Dauss, born George August Daus, was an American professional baseball player from 1909 to 1926. He played 15 seasons of Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for the Detroit Tigers from 1912 to 1926. He was given the nickname "Hooks", because his curveball was hard to hit. He compiled a career record of 223–182 with a 3.30 earned run average (ERA). His best years were 1915 when he had a 24–13 record, 1919 with a 21–9 record, and 1923 with a 21–13 record. Dauss continues to hold the Detroit Tigers franchise record for most wins by a pitcher with 223.
3. Garrett Morgan, American inventor (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Garrett Morgan
    
    Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. was an American inventor, businessman, and community leader. His most notable inventions were a three-position traffic signal and a smoke hood notably used in a 1916 tunnel construction disaster rescue. Morgan also discovered and developed a chemical hair-processing and straightening solution. He created a successful company based on his hair product inventions along with a complete line of haircare products and became involved in the civic and political advancement of African Americans, especially in and around Cleveland, Ohio.
1962
1. Neil Brooks, Australian swimmer births
  1. Neil Brooks
    
    Neil Brooks is an Australian former sprint freestyle swimmer best known for winning the 4 × 100 m medley relay at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow as part of the Quietly Confident Quartet. Brooks was as much known for his swimming achievements as he was for disciplinary incidents, and he often found himself in conflict with officialdom and threatened with sanctions.
2. Karl Mueller, American bass player (d. 2005) births
  1. Karl Mueller (rock musician)
    
    Karl Mueller was an American rock musician. He was the bass guitarist and a founding member of the Minneapolis alternative rock band Soul Asylum.
3. Richard Aldington, English poet and author (b. 1892) deaths
  1. Richard Aldington
    
    Richard Aldington, born Edward Godfree Aldington, was an English writer and poet, and an early associate of the Imagist movement. He was married to the poet Hilda Doolittle from 1911 to 1938. His 50-year writing career covered poetry, novels, criticism and biography. He edited The Egoist, a literary journal, and wrote for The Times Literary Supplement, Vogue, The Criterion and Poetry. His biography of Wellington (1946) won him the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. His contacts included writers T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Lawrence Durrell, C. P. Snow, and others. He championed Hilda Doolittle as the major poetic voice of the Imagist movement and helped her work gain international notice.
4. James H. Kindelberger, American pilot and businessman (b. 1895) deaths
  1. James H. Kindelberger
    
    James Howard "Dutch" Kindelberger was an American aviation pioneer. He led North American Aviation from 1934 until 1960. An extroverted character, Kindelberger was famed for his emphasis on hard work, orderliness and punctuality.
1961
1. Ed Orgeron, American football coach births
  1. Ed Orgeron
    
    Edward James Orgeron Jr. is an American football coach. He was most recently the head football coach at Louisiana State University (LSU), a position he held from midway through the 2016 season until the 2021 season. Orgeron previously served as the head football coach at the University of Mississippi from 2005 to 2007 and was the interim head coach at the University of Southern California (USC) in 2013. He led the 2019 LSU Tigers football team to a national championship, beating the defending champions Clemson in the 2020 College Football Playoff National Championship.
1960
1. Jo Durie, English tennis player and sportscaster births
  1. Jo Durie
    
    Joanna Mary Durie is a former world No. 5 tennis player from the United Kingdom. During her career, she also reached No. 9 in doubles, and won two Grand Slam titles, both in the mixed doubles with Jeremy Bates.
2. Conway Savage, Australian singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2018) births
  1. Conway Savage
    
    Conway Victor Savage was an Australian rock musician.
3. Emily Thornberry, English lawyer and politician births
  1. Emily Thornberry
    
    Emily Anne Thornberry is a British politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington South and Finsbury since 2005. A member of the Labour Party, she has served as Shadow Attorney General for England and Wales since 2021, and previously from 2011 to 2014. She has also served as Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from 2016 to 2020, Shadow First Secretary of State from 2017 to 2020 and Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade from 2020 to 2021.
4. Julie Vinter Hansen, Danish-Swiss astronomer and academic (b. 1890) deaths
  1. Julie Vinter Hansen
    
    Julie Marie Vinter Hansen was a Danish astronomer.
1959
1. Joe DeSa, American baseball player (d. 1986) births
  1. Joe DeSa
    
    Joseph DeSa was a Major League Baseball first baseman.
2. Hugh Green, American football player births
  1. Hugh Green (American football)
    
    Hugh Donell Green is a former professional American football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons during the 1980s and 1990s. He played college football for the University of Pittsburgh, and was recognized as a three-time consensus All-American. Green was selected in the first round of the 1981 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Miami Dolphins.
3. Yiannos Papantoniou, French-Greek economist and politician, Greek Minister of National Defence births
  1. Yiannos Papantoniou
    
    Yiannos Papantoniou is a former member of the National Parliament in Greece (MP) from 1988 to 2007, Minister of National Defense (2001−03), Minister of Economy and Finance (1994−2001). During his time as Economy and Finance Minister, he worked closely with his Economic and Financial Affairs Council partners to prepare for the launch of the Euro in Greece. For his achievements he was 'highly commended' by Euromoney magazine in September 1998 as Finance Minister of the Year. Prior to this, Papantoniou worked at the OECD (1978–81), served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1981 to 1984, and as Advisor to the Greek Prime Minister on EEC Affairs and Integration. He was elected as chairman of the board of Governors of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) in 1999. From 2009 to 2010, he was Visiting Senior Fellow in the Hellenic Observatory within the European Institute at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Papantoniou has published numerous articles and books on topics related to economic and political developments in Greece, Europe and the wider world scene. In November 2014, Papantoniou was convicted by an Athens court of failing to declare 1.2 million euros in a Swiss bank account held under his wife's name. In July 2017, he has filed an appeal to the European court of human rights against this decision.
  2. Minister for National Defence (Greece)
    
    The Minister for National Defence of Greece is a government minister responsible for the running of the Ministry of National Defence. The current minister is Nikos Panagiotopoulos in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
1958
1. Christopher Dean, English figure skater and choreographer births
  1. Christopher Dean
    
    Christopher Colin Dean, OBE is a British ice dancer who won a gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics with his skating partner Jayne Torvill. They also won a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
2. Kimmo Hakola, Finnish composer births
  1. Kimmo Hakola
    
    Kimmo Hannu Tapio Hakola is a Finnish composer. Born in Jyväskylä, he studied composition with Einojuhani Rautavaara and Magnus Lindberg at Sibelius Academy. He first came to prominence with his First String Quartet, which won the Unesco Composers' Rostrum in 1987.
3. Claire Lee Chennault, American general and pilot (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Claire Lee Chennault
    
    Claire Lee Chennault was an American military aviator best known for his leadership of the "Flying Tigers" and the Chinese Air Force in World War II.
1957
1. Bill Engvall, American comedian, actor, and producer births
  1. Bill Engvall
    
    William Ray Engvall Jr. is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and television host. Engvall has released a number of stand-up comedy albums through Warner Records and the defunct BNA Records. His most commercially successful album is his 1996 debut Here's Your Sign, certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album derives its name from Engvall's signature routine "here's your sign", wherein he offers "signs" to people whom he deems lacking in intellect. He has toured as a comedian both by himself and as a member of Blue Collar Comedy Tour, which included Jeff Foxworthy, Larry the Cable Guy, and Ron White. Engvall's television roles include Delta, The Jeff Foxworthy Show, The Bill Engvall Show, and Lingo.
1956
1. Carol Leifer, American actress, comedian, screenwriter, and producer births
  1. Carol Leifer
    
    Carol Leifer is an American comedian, writer, producer, and actress whose career as a stand-up comedian started in the 1970s when she was in college. She has written many television scripts including The Larry Sanders Show, Saturday Night Live and Seinfeld. She has received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for The Larry Sanders Show, Seinfeld, the 82nd Academy Awards and the 84th Academy Awards. Leifer's inner-monologue driven, observational style is often autobiographical, encompassing subjects about her Jewish ancestry and upbringing, coming out, same-sex marriage, relationships and parenting.
1955
1. Cat Bauer, American journalist, author, and playwright births
  1. Cat Bauer
    
    Catherine "Cat" Bauer is the award-winning author of contemporary novels featuring the young protagonist, Harley Columba, and is known for her unique and honest voice. Publishers Weekly said, "Bauer creates a witty and resilient narrator in...Harley Columba... Readers will be rooting for this sympathetic heroine." In the Thomson Gale biography, the authors noted that: "Readers and reviewers often found the strength of Bauer's novel in the authentic voice of its heroine, Harley. Patricia Morrow, for example, in Voice of Youth Advocates (VOYA), remarked that 'Harley's voice is true to the experience of many young people,' and that 'Although the outcomes are not unexpected, they do not follow any formulas.'"
2. Allan Border, Australian cricketer and coach births
  1. Allan Border
    
    Allan Robert Border is an Australian cricket commentator and former international cricketer. A batsman, Border was for many years the captain of the Australian team. His playing nickname was "A.B.". He played 156 Test matches in his career, a record until it was passed by fellow Australian Steve Waugh. Border formerly held the world record for the number of consecutive Test appearances of 153, before it was surpassed in June 2018 by Alastair Cook, and is second on the list of number of Tests as captain.
3. John Howell, English journalist and politician births
  1. John Howell (politician)
    
    John Michael Howell is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Henley since 2008. A member of the Conservative Party, he won a by-election to replace Boris Johnson, who resigned following his election as Mayor of London.
4. Bobby Rondinelli, American drummer births
  1. Bobby Rondinelli
    
    Robert Rondinelli is a rock drummer best known for his work with the hard rock/heavy metal bands Blue Öyster Cult, Rainbow, Quiet Riot, Black Sabbath, The Lizards, The Handful, and Rondinelli. In July 2013, Rondinelli was announced as the new drummer for the Axel Rudi Pell band, replacing previous drummer Mike Terrana. Rondinelli has played on subsequent albums and tours, and remains with the band at time of writing.
1954
1. Philippe Alliot, French race car driver and sportscaster births
  1. Philippe Alliot
    
    Philippe Alliot is a former racing driver who participated in Formula One from 1984 to 1990 and from 1993 to 1994. He raced for RAM, Ligier, Larrousse and McLaren.
2. G. S. Bali, Indian lawyer and politician births
  1. G. S. Bali
    
    Gurmukh Singh Bali was a Member of the Legislative Assembly from Nagrota Bagwan, Himachal Pradesh, India. He was born on 27 July 1954 at Kangra. He had a Diploma in Mechanical Engineering. He got married on 20 June 1977. He was the Transport, Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs and Technical Education Minister in Himachal Pradesh Cabinet.
3. Mark Stanway, English keyboard player births
  1. Mark Stanway
    
    Mark Stanway is an English musician. He was the keyboard player for the prog rock band Magnum from 1980 until the end of 2016.
4. Ricardo Uceda, Peruvian journalist and author births
  1. Ricardo Uceda
    
    Ricardo Uceda Perez is a Peruvian journalist notable for his award-winning coverage of military and government corruption.
1953
1. Chung Dong-young, South Korean journalist and politician, 31st South Korean Minister of Unification births
  1. Chung Dong-young
    
    Chung Dong-young is a politician and was the United New Democratic Party nominee for President of South Korea in 2007.
  2. Ministry of Unification
    
    The Ministry of Unification is an executive department of the South Korean government aimed at promoting Korean reunification. It was first established in 1969 as the National Unification Board, under the rule of Park Chung-hee. It gained its current status in 1998 and has played a major role in promoting inter-Korean dialogues, exchanges and cooperation.
2. Yahoo Serious, Australian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Yahoo Serious
    
    Yahoo Serious is an Australian film actor, director, and score composer. His films include the comedy films Young Einstein (1988), Reckless Kelly (1993), and Mr. Accident (2000). Serious writes, directs, produces, stars in, and has composed the scores for his movies.
1952
1. Marvin Barnes, American basketball player (d. 2014) births
  1. Marvin Barnes
    
    Marvin Jerome "Bad News" Barnes was an American professional basketball player. A forward, he was an All-American at Providence College, and played professionally in both the American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA).
2. Roxanne Hart, American actress births
  1. Roxanne Hart
    
    Roxanne Hart is an American actress, best known for her roles as Brenda Wyatt in the 1986 film Highlander, and as Nurse Camille Shutt on the CBS medical drama series Chicago Hope (1994–1998). Hart has also received Tony and Drama Desk Awards nominations for her stage work.
1951
1. Roseanna Cunningham, Scottish lawyer and politician, Minister for Community Safety and Legal Affairs births
  1. Roseanna Cunningham
    
    Roseanna Cunningham is a retired Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who served as Cabinet Secretary for Environment, Climate Change and Land Reform from 2016 to 2021. She was previously Cabinet Secretary for Fair Work, Skills and Training from 2014 until 2016.
  2. Minister for Community Safety
    
    The Minister for Community Safety is a Junior ministerial post in the Scottish Government. As a result, the minister does not attend the Scottish Cabinet. The post was created in May 1999 during the 1st Scottish Parliament as the Deputy Minister for Justice. Deputy ministers were renamed ministers after the election of the Scottish National Party in 2007. The minister reports to the Cabinet Secretary for Justice, who has overall responsibility for the portfolio, and is a member of cabinet.
2. Bob Diamond, American-English banker and businessman births
  1. Bob Diamond (banker)
    
    Robert Edward Diamond Jr. is an American banker and former chief executive officer of Barclays plc. In 2010, he became its president and deputy group chief executive; and in January 2011, succeeded John Varley as group chief executive of Barclays.
3. Rolf Thung, Dutch tennis player births
  1. Rolf Thung
    
    Rolf Thung is a retired Dutch tennis player. With Louk Sanders, he won the doubles title of the 1978 British Hard Court Championships.
4. Paul Kogerman, Estonian chemist and politician, 22nd Estonian Minister of Education (b. 1891) deaths
  1. Paul Kogerman
    
    Paul Nikolai Kogerman was an Estonian chemist and founder of modern research in oil shale.
  2. Minister of Education and Research (Estonia)
    
    The Minister of Education and Research is the senior minister at the Ministry of Education and Research in the Estonian Government. The Minister is responsible for administration and development of Estonian educational system as well as for administration and funding of research and development activities on national level.
1950
1. Simon Jones, English actor births
  1. Simon Jones (actor)
    
    Simon Jones is an English actor. He portrayed Arthur Dent, protagonist of Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy on radio in 1978 and again on television in 1981. Jones also appeared in the film The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005) in a cameo role. He also played the role of Donald Shellhammer in Miracle on 34th Street (1994), appeared in Brideshead Revisited as Lord Brideshead, and as King George V in the film Downton Abbey.
1949
1. Maury Chaykin, American-Canadian actor (d. 2010) births
  1. Maury Chaykin
    
    Maury Alan Chaykin was an American–Canadian actor, best known for his portrayal of detective Nero Wolfe, as well as for his work as a character actor in many films and television programs.
2. André Dupont, Canadian ice hockey player and coach births
  1. André Dupont
    
    André Dupont is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, St. Louis Blues, Philadelphia Flyers and Quebec Nordiques. He won back-to-back Stanley Cups while a member of Philadelphia's "Broad Street Bullies" teams in the mid-1970s. He also is often referred to by his nickname, "Moose".
3. Rory MacDonald, Scottish singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Rory MacDonald (musician)
    
    Roderick (Rory) MacDonald was the bassist of the Scottish Celtic rock band Runrig, as well as their primary songwriter with his younger brother, Calum Macdonald. Generally, Rory wrote the melodies, and Calum the lyrics. After former lead singer Donnie Munro left the band in 1997, Rory took lead vocal duties on songs in the band's catalogue written in the Scottish Gaelic language, as the band's new lead singer, Bruce Guthro, was not a Gaelic speaker.
4. Maureen McGovern, American singer and actress births
  1. Maureen McGovern
    
    Maureen Therese McGovern is an American singer and Broadway actress, well known for her renditions of the songs "The Morning After" from the 1972 film The Poseidon Adventure; "We May Never Love Like This Again" from The Towering Inferno in 1974; and her No. 1 Billboard adult contemporary hit "Different Worlds", the theme song from the television series Angie.
5. Robert Rankin, English author and illustrator births
  1. Robert Rankin
    
    Robert Fleming Rankin is a prolific British author of comedic fantasy novels. Born in Parsons Green, London, he started writing in the late 1970s, and first entered the bestsellers lists with Snuff Fiction in 1999, by which time his previous eighteen books had sold around one million copies. His books are a mix of science fiction, fantasy, the occult, urban legends, running gags, metafiction, steampunk and outrageous characters. According to the biography printed in some Corgi editions of his books, Rankin refers to his style as 'Far Fetched Fiction' in the hope that bookshops will let him have a section to himself. Many of Rankin's books are bestsellers.
1948
1. Peggy Fleming, American figure skater and sportscaster births
  1. Peggy Fleming
    
    Peggy Gale Fleming is an American former figure skater and the only American in the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France to bring home a Gold Medal. She is the 1968 Olympic Champion in Ladies' singles and a three-time World Champion (1966–1968). Fleming has been a television commentator in figure skating for over 20 years, including several Winter Olympic Games.
2. James Munby, English lawyer and judge births
  1. James Munby
    
    Sir James Lawrence Munby is a retired English judge who was President of the Family Division of the High Court of England and Wales. He was replaced by Sir Andrew McFarlane on reaching the mandatory retirement age.
3. Henny Vrienten, Dutch singer-songwriter and bass player births
  1. Henny Vrienten
    
    Henny Vrienten was a Dutch musician best known as the singer and bassist of the popular 1980s ska pop band Doe Maar. He also composed television and film scores.
4. Woolf Barnato, English race car driver and businessman (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Woolf Barnato
    
    Joel Woolf Barnato was a British financier and racing driver, one of the "Bentley Boys" of the 1920s. He achieved three consecutive wins out of three entries in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.
5. Joe Tinker, American baseball player and manager (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Joe Tinker
    
    Joseph Bert Tinker was an American professional baseball player and manager. He played from 1902 through 1916 for the Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Chicago Whales of the Federal League.
1947
1. Kazuyoshi Miura, Japanese businessman (d. 2008) births
  1. Kazuyoshi Miura (businessman)
    
    Kazuyoshi Miura was a Japanese businessman who was accused of being involved in the killing of his wife, Kazumi Miura. The prolonged legal battle, lasting decades, ended when he presumably committed suicide in October 2008.
2. Giora Spiegel, Israeli footballer and coach births
  1. Giora Spiegel
    
    Giora Spiegel, is an Israeli former footballer and coach. As a footballer, he holds the record for the longest Israeli international career, spanning 14 years and 357 days.
3. Betty Thomas, American actress, director, and producer births
  1. Betty Thomas
    
    Betty Thomas is an American actress, director, and producer. She is known for her Emmy Award-winning role as Sergeant Lucy Bates on the television series Hill Street Blues. As of March 2018, Thomas is one of just two directors to have multiple films on the list of seventeen highest-US-grossing female-directed films. Additionally, two of her films are in the top twenty-five highest-US-grossing female-directed films.
1946
1. Peter Reading, English poet and author (d. 2011) births
  1. Peter Reading
    
    Peter Reading was an English poet and the author of 26 collections of poetry. He is known for his deep interest for the nature and use of classical metres. The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry describes his verse as "strongly anti-romantic, disenchanted and usually satirical". Interviewed by Robert Potts, he described his work as a combination of "painstaking care" and "misanthropy".
2. Gertrude Stein, American novelist, poet, and playwright (b. 1874) deaths
  1. Gertrude Stein
    
    Gertrude Stein was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the Allegheny West neighborhood and raised in Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris in 1903, and made France her home for the remainder of her life. She hosted a Paris salon, where the leading figures of modernism in literature and art, such as Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson and Henri Matisse, would meet.
1944
1. Jean-Marie Leblanc, French cyclist and journalist births
  1. Jean-Marie Leblanc
    
    Jean-Marie Leblanc is a French retired professional road bicycle racer who was general director of the Tour de France from 1989 to 2007, when he reached pensionable age and was succeeded by Christian Prudhomme.
2. Barbara Thomson, English saxophonist and composer (d. 2022) births
  1. Barbara Thompson (musician)
    
    Barbara Gracey Thompson MBE was an English jazz saxophonist, flautist and composer. She studied clarinet, flute, piano and classical composition at the Royal College of Music, but the music of Duke Ellington and John Coltrane made her shift her interests to jazz and saxophone. She was married to drummer Jon Hiseman of Colosseum from 1967 until his death in 2018.
1943
1. Jeremy Greenstock, English diplomat, British Ambassador to the United Nations births
  1. Jeremy Greenstock
    
    Sir Jeremy Quentin Greenstock is a British retired diplomat, active from 1969 to 2004.
  2. Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations
    
    The Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative to the United Nations, and in charge of the United Kingdom Mission to the United Nations (UKMIS). UK permanent representatives to the UN hold the personal rank of ambassador. The full official title and style is His Britannic Majesty's Permanent Representative from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations.
1942
1. Édith Butler, Canadian singer-songwriter births
  1. Édith Butler
    
    Édith Butler is an Acadian-Canadian singer-songwriter and folklorist of from New Brunswick’s Acadian Peninsula.
2. Bobbie Gentry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Bobbie Gentry
    
    Bobbie Gentry is a retired American singer-songwriter, who was one of the first female artists in America to compose and produce her own material.
3. John Pleshette, American actor, director, and screenwriter births
  1. John Pleshette
    
    John Pleshette is an American actor and screenwriter, best known for his role as Richard Avery on the television drama Knots Landing, and for portraying Lee Harvey Oswald in the TV movie The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald. Pleshette also wrote several scripts for Knots Landing in the 1980s.
4. Dennis Ralston, American tennis player (d. 2020) births
  1. Dennis Ralston
    
    Richard Dennis Ralston was an American professional tennis player whose active career spanned the 1960s and 1970s.
5. Karl Pärsimägi, Estonian painter (b. 1902) deaths
  1. Karl Pärsimägi
    
    Karl Pärsimägi was an Estonian Fauvist painter. He was murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp after being arrested in Paris.
1941
1. Christian Boesch, Austrian opera singer births
  1. Christian Boesch
    
    Christian Boesch is an Austrian operatic baritone. He is the son of the soprano Ruthilde Boesch, and studied at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, from 1959 to 1964. He was the pupil of Alfred Jerger, and made his official debut at the Stadttheater, Bern, in 1966. He joined the Vienna Volksoper in 1975.
2. Johannes Fritsch, German viola player and composer (d. 2010) births
  1. Johannes Fritsch
    
    Johannes Georg Fritsch was a German composer.
3. Alfred Henry O'Keeffe, New Zealand painter and educator (b. 1858) deaths
  1. Alfred Henry O'Keeffe
    
    Alfred Henry O'Keeffe, was a notable New Zealand artist and art teacher, who spent the majority of his life in Dunedin. During the first quarter of the twentieth century, he was one of the few New Zealand artists to engage with new ideas while staying in New Zealand. At this time most adventurous New Zealand painters, such as Frances Hodgkins, went overseas. He has sometimes been described as a Vasari - a recorder of artists and their doings - based upon his published recollections, which are the only first hand published account of that milieu.
1940
1. Pina Bausch, German dancer and choreographer (d. 2009) births
  1. Pina Bausch
    
    Philippine "Pina" Bausch was a German dancer and choreographer who was a significant contributor to a neo-expressionist dance tradition now known as Tanztheater. Bausch's approach was noted for a stylized blend of dance movement, prominent sound design, and involved stage sets, as well as for engaging the dancers under her to help in the development of a piece, and her work had an influence on modern dance from the 1970s forward. Her work, regarded as a continuation of the European and American expressionist movements, incorporated many expressly dramatic elements and often explored themes connected to trauma, particularly trauma arising out of relationships. She created the company Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch, which performs internationally.
1939
1. William Eggleston, American photographer and academic births
  1. William Eggleston
    
    William Eggleston is an American photographer. He is widely credited with increasing recognition for color photography as a legitimate artistic medium. Eggleston's books include William Eggleston's Guide (1976) and The Democratic Forest (1989).
2. Michael Longley, Northern Irish poet and academic births
  1. Michael Longley
    
    Michael Longley,, is an Anglo-Irish poet.
3. Paulo Silvino, Brazilian comedian, composer and actor (d. 2017) births
  1. Paulo Silvino
    
    Paulo Ricardo Campos Silvino was a Brazilian comedian, composer and actor.
1938
1. Gary Gygax, American game designer, co-created Dungeons & Dragons (d. 2008) births
  1. Gary Gygax
    
    Ernest Gary Gygax was an American game designer and author best known for co-creating the pioneering role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) with Dave Arneson.
  2. Dungeons & Dragons
    
    Dungeons & Dragons is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. The game was first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). It has been published by Wizards of the Coast since 1997. The game was derived from miniature wargames, with a variation of the 1971 game Chainmail serving as the initial rule system. D&D's publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry, and also deeply influenced video games, especially the role-playing video game genre.
2. Tom Crean, Irish seaman and explorer (b. 1877) deaths
  1. Tom Crean (explorer)
    
    Thomas Crean was an Irish seaman and Antarctic explorer who was awarded the Albert Medal for Lifesaving (AM).
1937
1. Anna Dawson, English actress and singer births
  1. Anna Dawson
    
    Anna Dawson is an English actress and singer.
2. Don Galloway, American actor (d. 2009) births
  1. Don Galloway
    
    Donald Poe Galloway was an American stage, film and television actor, best known for his role as Detective Sergeant Ed Brown in the long-running crime drama series Ironside (1967–1975). He reprised the role for a made-for-TV film in 1993. He was also a politically active Libertarian and columnist.
3. Robert Holmes à Court, South African-Australian businessman and lawyer (d. 1990) births
  1. Robert Holmes à Court
    
    Michael Robert Hamilton Holmes à Court was a South African-born Australian businessman who became Australia's first billionaire, before dying suddenly of a heart attack in 1990 at the age of 53.
1936
1. J. Robert Hooper, American businessman and politician (d. 2008) births
  1. J. Robert Hooper
    
    James Robert Hooper was an American politician who served on the Maryland Senate from 1999 to 2007.
1935
1. Hillar Kärner, Estonian chess player (d. 2017) births
  1. Hillar Kärner
    
    Hillar Kärner was an Estonian chess player who won the Estonian Chess Championship seven times. He received the FIDE title of International Master (IM) in 1980.
2. Billy McCullough, Northern Irish footballer births
  1. Billy McCullough
    
    William James McCullough is a former footballer who made more than 250 appearances for Arsenal in the Football League and was capped 10 times for Northern Ireland.
1933
1. Nick Reynolds, American singer and bongo player (d. 2008) births
  1. Nick Reynolds
    
    Nicholas Wells Reynolds was an American folk musician and recording artist. Reynolds was one of the founding members of The Kingston Trio, whose folk and folk-style material captured international attention during the late Fifties and early Sixties.
2. Ted Whitten, Australian football player and journalist (d. 1995) births
  1. Ted Whitten
    
    Edward James Whitten Sr. OAM was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Footscray Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
1932
1. Forest Able, American basketball player births
  1. Forest Able
    
    Forest Edward "Frosty" Able is an American former basketball player.
2. Diane Webber, American model, dancer and actress (d. 2008) births
  1. Diane Webber
    
    Marguerite Diane Webber a.k.a. Marguerite Empey was an American model, dancer and actress.
1931
1. Khieu Samphan, Cambodian academic and politician, 28th Prime Minister of Cambodia births
  1. Khieu Samphan
    
    Khieu Samphan is a Cambodian former communist politician and economist who was the chairman of the state presidium of Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) from 1976 until 1979. As such, he served as Cambodia's head of state and was one of the most powerful officials in the Khmer Rouge movement, although Pol Pot remained the General Secretary in the party.
  2. List of prime ministers of Cambodia
    
    The prime minister of Cambodia is the head of government of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The prime minister is also the chairman of the Council of Ministers, and represents the government at home and abroad. Under the current constitution, the prime minister is elected to a five-year term, with no limits imposed on the office. Since 1945, there have been 36 prime ministers, including 4 who served in acting capacity.
2. Jerry Van Dyke, American actor (d. 2018) births
  1. Jerry Van Dyke
    
    Jerry McCord Van Dyke was an American actor and comedian. He was the younger brother of Dick Van Dyke.
3. Auguste Forel, Swiss neuroanatomist and psychiatrist (b. 1848) deaths
  1. Auguste Forel
    
    Auguste-Henri Forel was a Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and eugenicist, notable for his investigations into the structure of the human brain and that of ants. For example, he is considered a co-founder of the neuron theory. Forel is also known for his early contributions to sexology and psychology. From 1978 until 2000 Forel's image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote.
1930
1. Joy Whitby, English director, producer, and screenwriter births
  1. Joy Whitby
    
    Joy Whitby is an English television producer and executive who has specialised in children's programmes during her career.
2. Shirley Williams, English academic and politician, Secretary of State for Education (d. 2021) births
  1. Shirley Williams
    
    Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, was a British politician and academic. Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979. She was one of the "Gang of Four" rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 and, at the time of her retirement from politics, was a Liberal Democrat.
  2. Secretary of State for Education
    
    The secretary of state for education, also referred to as the education secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the work of the Department for Education. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, 14th in the ministerial ranking.
1929
1. Jean Baudrillard, French sociologist and philosopher (d. 2007) births
  1. Jean Baudrillard
    
    Jean Baudrillard was a French sociologist, philosopher and poet with interest in cultural studies. He is best known for his analyses of media, contemporary culture, and technological communication, as well as his formulation of concepts such as simulation and hyperreality. Baudrillard wrote about diverse subjects, including consumerism, gender relations, critique of economy, economics, social history, art, Western foreign policy, and popular culture. Among his best known works are Seduction (1978), Simulacra and Simulation (1981), America (1986), and The Gulf War Did Not Take Place (1991). His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and specifically post-structuralism. Nevertheless, Baudrillard has also opposed post-structuralism and had distanced himself from postmodernism.
2. Harvey Fuqua, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2010) births
  1. Harvey Fuqua
    
    Harvey Fuqua was an American rhythm and blues singer, songwriter, record producer, and record label executive.
3. Jack Higgins, English author and academic (d. 2022) births
  1. Jack Higgins
    
    Henry "Harry" Patterson, commonly known by his pen name Jack Higgins, was a British author. He was a best-selling author of popular thrillers and espionage novels. His novel The Eagle Has Landed (1975) sold more than 50 million copies and was adapted into a successful 1976 movie of the same title.
4. Marc Wilkinson, French-Australian composer and conductor births
  1. Marc Wilkinson
    
    Marc Wilkinson was an Australian-British composer and conductor best known for his film scores, including The Blood on Satan's Claw, and incidental music for the theatre, most notably for Peter Shaffer's The Royal Hunt of the Sun. His compositional approach has combined traditional techniques with elements of the avant-garde. After residing for most of his life in the United Kingdom, he retired from composition and lived in France.
1928
1. Joseph Kittinger, American colonel and pilot births
  1. Joseph Kittinger
    
    Colonel Joseph William Kittinger II is a retired officer in the United States Air Force (USAF) and a Command Pilot. His initial operational assignment was in fighter aircraft, then he participated in the Project Manhigh and Project Excelsior high-altitude balloon flight projects from 1956 to 1960 and was the first man to fully witness the curvature of the Earth. He set a world record for the highest skydive: 102,800 feet (31.3 km) on August 16, 1960.
1927
1. Guy Carawan, American singer and musicologist (d. 2015) births
  1. Guy Carawan
    
    Guy Hughes Carawan Jr. was an American folk musician and musicologist. He served as music director and song leader for the Highlander Research and Education Center in New Market, Tennessee.
2. Pierre Granier-Deferre, French director and screenwriter (d. 2007) births
  1. Pierre Granier-Deferre
    
    Pierre Granier-Deferre was a French film director and screenwriter
3. Will Jordan, American comedian and actor (d. 2018) births
  1. Will Jordan
    
    Will Jordan was an American character actor and stand-up comedian best known for his resemblance to, and impressions of, television host and newspaper columnist Ed Sullivan.
4. C. Rajadurai, Sri Lankan journalist and politician, 1st Mayor of Batticaloa births
  1. C. Rajadurai
    
    Chelliah Rajadurai is a Sri Lankan Tamil politician and former government minister, Member of Parliament and Mayor of Batticaloa.
  2. Batticaloa Municipal Council
    
    Batticaloa Municipal Council (BMC) is the local authority for the city of Batticaloa in eastern Sri Lanka. BMC is responsible for providing a variety of local public services including roads, sanitation, drains, housing, libraries, public parks and recreational facilities. It has 19 members elected using the open list proportional representation system. The territory of BMC is commensurate with that of Manmunai North Divisional Secretariat.
5. John Seigenthaler, American journalist and academic (d. 2014) births
  1. John Seigenthaler
    
    John Lawrence Seigenthaler was an American journalist, writer, and political figure. He was known as a prominent defender of First Amendment rights.
1924
1. Vincent Canby, American historian and critic (d. 2000) births
  1. Vincent Canby
    
    Vincent Canby was an American film and theatre critic who served as the chief film critic for The New York Times from 1969 until the early 1990s, then its chief theatre critic from 1994 until his death in 2000. He reviewed more than one thousand films during his tenure there.
2. Otar Taktakishvili, Georgian composer and conductor (d. 1989) births
  1. Otar Taktakishvili
    
    Otar Vasilisdze Taktakishvili was a prominent Georgian composer, teacher, conductor, and musicologist of the Soviet period. Although in the West Taktakishvili is perhaps best known for his 1968 Sonata for Flute and Piano, his works include two symphonies, four piano concertos, two violin concertos, two cello concertos, and operas. He also wrote several symphonic poems and oratorios, as well as adaptations of Georgian folk songs and a multitude of compositions for instruments and voice.
3. Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1866) deaths
  1. Ferruccio Busoni
    
    Ferruccio Busoni was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary figures of his time, and he was a sought-after keyboard instructor and a teacher of composition.
1923
1. Mas Oyama, South Korean-Japanese martial artist (d. 1994) births
  1. Mas Oyama
    
    Masutatsu Ōyama , more commonly known as Mas Oyama, was a karate master who founded Kyokushin Karate, considered the first and most influential style of full contact karate. A Zainichi Korean, he spent most of his life living in Japan and acquired Japanese citizenship in 1968.
1922
1. Adolfo Celi, Italian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1986) births
  1. Adolfo Celi
    
    Adolfo Celi was an Italian film actor and director. Born in Curcuraci, Messina, Sicily, Celi appeared in nearly 100 films, specialising in international villains. Although a prominent actor in Italian cinema and famed for many roles, he is best remembered internationally for his portrayal of Emilio Largo in the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball. Celi later spoofed his Thunderball role in the film OK Connery opposite Sean Connery's brother, Neil Connery.
2. Norman Lear, American screenwriter and producer births
  1. Norman Lear
    
    Norman Milton Lear is an American television screenwriter, film and television producer who has produced, written, created, or developed over 100 shows. Lear is known for many popular 1970s sitcoms, including the multi-award winning All in the Family as well as Maude, Sanford and Son, One Day at a Time, The Jeffersons, and Good Times.
1921
1. Garry Davis, American pilot and activist, created the World Passport (d. 2013) births
  1. Garry Davis
    
    Sol Gareth "Garry" Davis was an international peace activist best known for renouncing his American citizenship and interrupting the United Nations in 1948 to advocate for world government as a way to end nationalistic wars. His actions gained international attention, including support from intellectuals such as Albert Camus and Albert Einstein, but ridicule from Eleanor Roosevelt.
  2. World Passport
    
    The World Passport is a fantasy travel document sold by the World Service Authority, a non-profit organization founded by Garry Davis in 1954.
2. Émile Genest, Canadian-American actor (d. 2003) births
  1. Émile Genest
    
    Émile Genest was a Canadian actor.
3. Myrddin Fardd, Welsh writer and antiquarian scholar (b. 1836) deaths
  1. Myrddin Fardd
    
    John Jones, better known under his nom de plume Myrddin Fardd, was a Welsh writer and antiquarian scholar born at Tan-y-Ffordd in the village of Mynytho, Llangian, Caernarfonshire. He was a translator and a collector of folklore.
1920
1. Henry D. "Homer" Haynes, American comedian and musician (d. 1971) births
  1. Henry D. "Homer" Haynes
    
    Henry Doyle Haynes was an American comedy entertainer and musician who gained fame on radio and television as a country and jazz guitarist and as the character Homer of the country music comedy and parody duo Homer and Jethro with Kenneth C. Burns for 35 years beginning in 1936.
1918
1. Leonard Rose, American cellist and educator (d. 1984) births
  1. Leonard Rose
    
    Leonard Joseph Rose was an American cellist and pedagogue.
1917
1. Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1841) deaths
  1. Emil Theodor Kocher
    
    Emil Theodor Kocher was a Swiss physician and medical researcher who received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid. Among his many accomplishments are the introduction and promotion of aseptic surgery and scientific methods in surgery, specifically reducing the mortality of thyroidectomies below 1% in his operations.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1916
1. Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic, novelist, and short story writer (d. 2007) births
  1. Elizabeth Hardwick (writer)
    
    Elizabeth Bruce Hardwick was an American literary critic, novelist, and short story writer.
2. Skippy Williams, American saxophonist and arranger (d. 1994) births
  1. Skippy Williams
    
    Elmer, or Elbert, "Skippy" Williams was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and musical arranger.
3. Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986) births
  1. Keenan Wynn
    
    Francis Xavier Aloysius James Jeremiah Keenan Wynn was an American character actor. His expressive face was his stock-in-trade; and though he rarely carried the lead role, he had prominent billing in most of his film and television roles.
4. Charles Fryatt, English captain (b. 1872) deaths
  1. Charles Fryatt
    
    Charles Algernon Fryatt was a British merchant seaman who was court martialled by the Imperial German Navy for attempting to ram a German U-boat in 1915. When his ship, the SS Brussels, was captured off occupied Belgium in 1916, Captain Fryatt was court-martialled under German military law and sentenced to death for "illegal civilian warfare". International outrage followed his execution by firing squad near Bruges, Belgium. In 1919, his body was reburied with full honours in the United Kingdom.
5. William Jonas, English footballer (d. 1890) deaths
  1. William Jonas
    
    William Jonas, usually known as Billy or Willie, was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Clapton Orient.
1915
1. Mario Del Monaco, Italian tenor (d. 1982) births
  1. Mario Del Monaco
    
    Mario Del Monaco was an Italian operatic tenor.
2. Josef Priller, German colonel and pilot (d. 1961) births
  1. Josef Priller
    
    Josef "Pips" Priller was a German military aviator and wing commander in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 101 enemy aircraft shot down in 307 combat missions. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front, including 11 four-engine bombers and at least 68 Supermarine Spitfire fighters.
1914
1. August Sang, Estonian poet and translator (d. 1969) births
  1. August Sang
    
    August Sang was an Estonian poet and literary translator.
1913
1. George L. Street III, American captain, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2000) births
  1. George L. Street III
    
    George Levick Street III was a submariner in the United States Navy. He received the Medal of Honor during World War II.
  2. Medal of Honor
    
    The Medal of Honor (MOH) is the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration and is awarded to recognize American soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, guardians and coast guardsmen who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor. The medal is normally awarded by the president of the United States, but as it is presented "in the name of the United States Congress", it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor".
1912
1. Vernon Elliott, English bassoon player, composer, and conductor (d. 1996) births
  1. Vernon Elliott
    
    Vernon Pelling Elliott was a British bassoonist, conductor and composer.
  2. Bassoon
    
    The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family, which plays in the tenor and bass ranges. It is composed of six pieces, and is usually made of wood. It is known for its distinctive tone color, wide range, versatility, and virtuosity. It is a non-transposing instrument and typically its music is written in the bass and tenor clefs, and sometimes in the treble. There are two forms of modern bassoon: the Buffet and Heckel systems. It is typically played while sitting using a seat strap, but can be played while standing if the player has a harness to hold the instrument. Sound is produced by rolling both lips over the reed and blowing direct air pressure to cause the reed to vibrate. Its fingering system can be quite complex when compared to those of other instruments. Appearing in its modern form in the 19th century, the bassoon figures prominently in orchestral, concert band, and chamber music literature, and is occasionally heard in pop, rock, and jazz settings as well. One who plays a bassoon is called a bassoonist.
1911
1. Rayner Heppenstall, English author and poet (d. 1981) births
  1. Rayner Heppenstall
    
    John Rayner Heppenstall was a British novelist, poet, diarist, and a BBC radio producer.
1910
1. Julien Gracq, French author and critic (d. 2007) births
  1. Julien Gracq
    
    Julien Gracq was a French writer. He wrote novels, critiques, a play, and poetry. His literary works were noted for their dreamlike abstraction, elegant style and refined vocabulary. He was close to the surrealist movement, in particular its leader André Breton.
2. Lupita Tovar, Mexican-American actress (d. 2016) births
  1. Lupita Tovar
    
    Guadalupe Natalia Tovar, known professionally as Lupita Tovar, was a Mexican-born American actress best known for her starring role in the 1931 Spanish-language version of Drácula, filmed in Los Angeles by Universal Pictures at night using the same sets as the Bela Lugosi version, but with a different cast and director. She also starred in the 1932 film Santa, one of the first Mexican sound films, and one of the first commercial Spanish-language sound films.
1908
1. Joseph Mitchell, American journalist and author (d. 1996) births
  1. Joseph Mitchell (writer)
    
    Joseph Quincy Mitchell was an American writer best known for his works of creative nonfiction he published in The New Yorker. His work primarily consists of character studies, where he used detailed portraits of people and events to highlight the commonplace of the world, especially in and around New York City.
1907
1. Ross Alexander, American stage and film actor (d. 1937) births
  1. Ross Alexander
    
    Ross Alexander was an American stage and film actor.
2. Carl McClellan Hill, American educator and academic administrator (d. 1995) births
  1. Carl McClellan Hill
    
    Carl McClellan Hill was an American educator and academic administrator who served as president of Kentucky State University from 1962 to 1975, and as the 11th president of Hampton University from 1976 to 1978.
3. Irene Fischer, Austrian-American geodesist and mathematician (d. 2009) births
  1. Irene Fischer
    
    Irene Kaminka Fischer was an Austrian-American mathematician and geodesist. She was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, and inductee of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Hall of Fame. Fischer became one of two internationally known women scientists in the field of geodesy during the golden age of the Project Mercury and the Apollo program. Her Mercury datum, as well as her work on the lunar parallax, were instrumental in conducting these missions. "In his preface to the ACSM publication, Fischer's former colleague, Bernard Chovitz, referred to her as one of the most renowned geodesists of the third quarter of the twentieth century. Yet this fact alone makes her one of the most renowned geodesists of all times, because, according to Chovitz, the third quarter of the twentieth century witnessed "the transition of geodesy from a regional to a global enterprise."
1906
1. Jerzy Giedroyc, Polish author and activist (d. 2000) births
  1. Jerzy Giedroyc
    
    Jerzy Władysław Giedroyc was a Polish writer and political activist and for many years editor of the highly influential Paris-based periodical, Kultura.
2. Herbert Jasper, Canadian psychologist and neurologist (d. 1999) births
  1. Herbert Jasper
    
    Herbert Henri Jasper was a Canadian psychologist, physiologist, neurologist, and epileptologist.
1905
1. Leo Durocher, American baseball player and manager (d. 1991) births
  1. Leo Durocher
    
    Leo Ernest Durocher, nicknamed "Leo the Lip" and "Lippy", was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an infielder. Upon his retirement, he ranked fifth all-time among managers with 2,008 career victories, second only to John McGraw in National League history. Durocher still ranks tenth in career wins by a manager. A controversial and outspoken character, Durocher's half-century in baseball was dogged by clashes with authority, the baseball commissioner, the press, and umpires; his 95 career ejections as a manager trailed only McGraw when he retired, and still ranks fourth on the all-time list.
1904
1. Lyudmila Rudenko, Soviet chess player (d. 1986) births
  1. Lyudmila Rudenko
    
    Lyudmila Vladimirovna Rudenko was a Soviet chess player and the second women's world chess champion, from 1950 until 1953.
1903
1. Nikolay Cherkasov, Russian actor (d. 1966) births
  1. Nikolay Cherkasov
    
    Nikolay Konstantinovich Cherkasov was a Soviet and Russian actor. People's Artist of the USSR (1947).
2. Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek jurist and politician, President of Greece (d. 2002) births
  1. Michail Stasinopoulos
    
    Michail Stasinopoulos was a Greek jurist and politician who served as President of Greece from 18 December 1974 to 19 July 1975. A member of New Democracy, he was the first officeholder under the Third Hellenic Republic.
  2. President of Greece
    
    The president of Greece, officially the President of the Hellenic Republic, commonly referred to in Greek as the President of the Republic, is the head of state of Greece. The president is elected by the Hellenic Parliament; the role has been mainly ceremonial since the 1986 constitutional reform. The office was formally established by the Constitution of Greece in 1975, but has antecedents in the Second Hellenic Republic of 1924–1935 and the Greek junta in 1973–1974 which predated the transition to the current Third Hellenic Republic. The incumbent, since 13 March 2020, is Katerina Sakellaropoulou.
3. Mārtiņš Zīverts, Latvian playwright (d. 1990) births
  1. Mārtiņš Zīverts
    
    Mārtiņš Zīverts was a Latvian playwright.
1902
1. Yaroslav Halan, Ukrainian playwright and publicist (d. 1949) births
  1. Yaroslav Halan
    
    Yaroslav Olexandrovych Halan was a Ukrainian Soviet anti-fascist writer, playwright, publicist, member of the Communist Party of Western Ukraine since 1924, killed by nationalist insurgents in 1949.
1899
1. Percy Hornibrook, Australian cricketer (d. 1976) births
  1. Percy Hornibrook
    
    Percival Mitchell Hornibrook was an Australian cricketer who played in six Test matches from 1929 to 1930.
1896
1. Robert George, Scottish air marshal and politician, 24th Governor of South Australia (d. 1967) births
  1. Robert George (RAF officer)
    
    Air Vice Marshal Sir Robert Allingham George, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force and Governor of South Australia from 23 February 1953 until 7 March 1960. He was born in the County of Ross and Cromarty, Scotland, on 27 July 1896, and educated at Invergordon and Inverness. In May 1927, he married Sybil Elizabeth Baldwin.
  2. Governor of South Australia
    
    The governor of South Australia is the representative in South Australia of the Monarch of Australia, currently King Charles III. The governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the governor-general of Australia at the national level. In accordance with the conventions of the Westminster system of parliamentary government, the governor nearly always acts solely on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of South Australia. Nevertheless, the governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and living former governors the title 'The Honourable' for life. The first six governors oversaw the colony from proclamation in 1836, until self-government and an elected Parliament of South Australia was granted in the year prior to the inaugural 1857 election.
2. Henri Longchambon, French lawyer and politician (d. 1969) births
  1. Henri Longchambon
    
    Henri Longchambon was a French politician and scientist.
1894
1. Mientje Kling, Dutch actress (d. 1966) births
  1. Mientje Kling
    
    Mientje Kling was a Dutch theatre and film actress and radio personality.
1893
1. Ugo Agostoni, Italian cyclist (d. 1941) births
  1. Ugo Agostoni
    
    Ugo Agostoni was an Italian professional road bicycle racer. Agostoni was professional from 1911 to 1924 during which time he won the Giro dell'Emilia, a stage in the 1912 Giro d'Italia while he was riding for the Peugeot cycling team and another stage in the 1920 Giro d'Italia. Agostoni's greatest win was in Milan–San Remo in 1914. Agostoni was killed during World War II. From 1946 onwards, a race has been organized in his honor called the Coppa Ugo Agostoni which has been won by several great cycling champions such as Felice Gimondi, Franco Bitossi, Eddy Merckx, Roger De Vlaeminck, Francesco Moser, Jan Ullrich and Gianni Bugno.
1891
1. Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinarian and academic (d. 1968) births
  1. Jacob van der Hoeden
    
    Jacob van der Hoeden was a Dutch-born Israeli veterinary research scientist.
1890
1. Benjamin Miessner, American radio engineer and inventor (d. 1976) births
  1. Benjamin Miessner
    
    Benjamin Franklin Miessner was an American radio engineer and inventor. He is most known for his electronic organ, electronic piano, and other musical instruments. He was the inventor of the Cat's whisker detector.
2. Armas Taipale, Finnish discus thrower and shot putter (d. 1976) births
  1. Armas Taipale
    
    Armas Rudolf Taipale was a Finnish athlete. He competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics and won gold medals in two discus throw events, conventional and two-handed, where the total was counted as a sum of best throws with a left hand and with a right hand. After World War I he won a silver medal in the conventional discus throw at the 1920 Olympics and finished tenth in the shot put. At the 1924 Olympics he competed only in the discus throw and finished in 12th place. Taipale set two unofficial world records in the discus.
1889
1. Vera Karalli, Russian ballerina, choreographer, and actress (d. 1972) births
  1. Vera Karalli
    
    Vera Alexeyevna Karalli was a Russian ballet dancer, choreographer and silent film actress during the early years of the 20th century.
1886
1. Ernst May, German architect and urban planner (d. 1970) births
  1. Ernst May
    
    Ernst May was a German architect and city planner.
1883
1. Montgomery Blair, American lieutenant and politician, 20th United States Postmaster General (b. 1813) deaths
  1. Montgomery Blair
    
    Montgomery Blair was an American politician and lawyer from Maryland. He served in the Lincoln administration cabinet as Postmaster-General from 1861 to 1864, during the Civil War. He was the son of Francis Preston Blair, elder brother of Francis Preston Blair Jr. and cousin of B. Gratz Brown.
  2. United States Postmaster General
    
    The United States Postmaster General (PMG) is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service (USPS). The PMG is responsible for managing and directing the day-to-day operations of the agency.
1882
1. Geoffrey de Havilland, English pilot and engineer, founded the de Havilland Aircraft Company (d. 1965) births
  1. Geoffrey de Havilland
    
    Captain Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, was an English aviation pioneer and aerospace engineer. The aircraft company he founded produced the Mosquito, which has been considered the most versatile warplane ever built, and his Comet was the first jet airliner to go into production.
  2. De Havilland
    
    The de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited was a British aviation manufacturer established in late 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland at Stag Lane Aerodrome Edgware on the outskirts of north London. Operations were later moved to Hatfield in Hertfordshire.
1881
1. Hans Fischer, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945) births
  1. Hans Fischer
    
    Hans Fischer was a German organic chemist and the recipient of the 1930 Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin."
  2. Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by the Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.
1879
1. Francesco Gaeta, Italian poet (d. 1927) births
  1. Francesco Gaeta (poet)
    
    Francesco Gaeta was an Italian poet.
1877
1. Ernő Dohnányi, Hungarian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1960) births
  1. Ernst von Dohnányi
    
    Ernst von Dohnányi was a Hungarian composer, pianist and conductor. He used a German form of his name on most published compositions.
1876
1. Albertus van Raalte, Dutch-born American minister and author (b. 1811) deaths
  1. Albertus van Raalte
    
    Albertus Christiaan van Raalte was a 19th-century Dutch Reformed clergyman.
1875
1. Aleksander Kunileid, Estonian composer and educator (b. 1845) deaths
  1. Aleksander Kunileid
    
    Aleksander Kunileid, was an Estonian composer. He is one of the founding figures of Estonian choral music.
1872
1. Stanislav Binički, Serbian composer, conductor, and pedagogue. (d. 1942) births
  1. Stanislav Binički
    
    Stanislav Binički was a Serbian composer, conductor, and pedagogue. A student of German composer Josef Rheinberger, he became the first director of the Opera Sector of the National Theatre in Belgrade in 1889 and began working with the Belgrade Military Orchestra a decade later. He composed the first Serbian opera, At Dawn, in 1903. In 1911, Binički established the second Serbian Music School. He joined the Serbian Army following the outbreak of World War I and composed one of his most famous works, March on the Drina, following the Serbian victory at the Battle of Cer. He retired as head of the Opera Sector of the National Theatre in 1920 and died in Belgrade in 1942. He is considered one of the leading Serbian composers of the Generation of the 1870s.
1870
1. Hilaire Belloc, French-born British writer and historian (d. 1953) births
  1. Hilaire Belloc
    
    Joseph Hilaire Pierre René Belloc was a Franco-English writer and historian of the early twentieth century. Belloc was also an orator, poet, sailor, satirist, writer of letters, soldier, and political activist. His Catholic faith had a strong effect on his works.
1867
1. Enrique Granados, Spanish pianist and composer (d. 1916) births
  1. Enrique Granados
    
    Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados y Campiña, commonly known as Enric Granados in Catalan or Enrique Granados in Spanish, was a composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain. His most well-known works include Goyescas, the Spanish Dances, and María del Carmen.
1866
1. António José de Almeida, Portuguese physician and politician, 6th President of Portugal (d. 1929) births
  1. António José de Almeida
    
    António José de Almeida, GCTE, GCA, GCC, GCSE, was a Portuguese politician who served as the sixth president of Portugal from 1919 to 1923.
  2. President of Portugal
    
    The president of Portugal, officially the president of the Portuguese Republic, is the head of state and highest office of Portugal.
1865
1. Jean-Joseph Dassy, French painter and lithographer (b. 1791) deaths
  1. Jean-Joseph Dassy
    
    Jean-Joseph Dassy, a French historical and portrait painter, and lithographer, was born at Marseilles on December 27, 1791, and died in the same city on July 27, 1865. He studied under Goubaud and Girodet-Trioson, and commenced exhibiting at the Paris Salon in 1819. There are several pictures by him at Versailles, among which are 'The Battle of Saucourt' and 'Charibert.'
1863
1. William Lowndes Yancey, American journalist and politician (b. 1813) deaths
  1. William Lowndes Yancey
    
    William Lowndes Yancey was an American journalist, politician, orator, diplomat and an American leader of the Southern secession movement. A member of the group known as the Fire-Eaters, Yancey was one of the most-effective agitators for secession and rhetorical defenders of slavery. An early critic of John C. Calhoun at the time of the Nullification Crisis of 1832–33, Yancey began to identify with Calhoun and the struggle against the forces of the anti-slavery movement by the late 1830s. In 1849, Yancey was a firm supporter of Calhoun's "Southern Address" and an adamant opponent of the Compromise of 1850.
1858
1. George Lyon, Canadian golfer and cricketer (d. 1938) births
  1. George Lyon (golfer)
    
    George Seymour Lyon was a Canadian golfer, an Olympic gold medalist in golf, an eight-time Canadian Amateur Championship winner, and a member of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. He worked in the insurance industry.
1857
1. José Celso Barbosa, Puerto Rican physician, sociologist, and politician (d. 1921) births
  1. José Celso Barbosa
    
    José Celso Barbosa Alcala was a Puerto Rican physician, sociologist and political leader. Known as the father of the statehood movement in Puerto Rico, Barbosa was the first Puerto Rican, and one of the first persons of African descent to earn a medical degree in the United States.
2. Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge, English Egyptologist, Orientalist, and philologist (d.1934) births
  1. E. A. Wallis Budge
    
    Sir Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge was an English Egyptologist, Orientalist, and philologist who worked for the British Museum and published numerous works on the ancient Near East. He made numerous trips to Egypt and the Sudan on behalf of the British Museum to buy antiquities, and helped it build its collection of cuneiform tablets, manuscripts, and papyri. He published many books on Egyptology, helping to bring the findings to larger audiences. In 1920, he was knighted for his service to Egyptology and the British Museum.
1854
1. Takahashi Korekiyo, Japanese accountant and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936) births
  1. Takahashi Korekiyo
    
    Viscount Takahashi Korekiyo was a Japanese politician who served as a member of the House of Peers, as Prime Minister of Japan from 1921 to 1922, and as the head of the Bank of Japan and Ministry of Finance.
  2. Prime Minister of Japan
    
    The prime minister of Japan is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of State. The prime minister also serves as the civilian commander-in-chief of the Japan Self Defence Forces and as a sitting member of the House of Representatives. The individual is appointed by the emperor of Japan after being nominated by the National Diet and must retain the nomination of the lower house and answer to parliament to remain in office.
1853
1. Vladimir Korolenko, Ukrainian journalist, author, and activist (d. 1921) births
  1. Vladimir Korolenko
    
    Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko was a Ukrainian-born Russian writer, journalist, human rights activist and humanitarian of Ukrainian and Polish origin. His best-known work include the short novel The Blind Musician (1886), as well as numerous short stories based upon his experience of exile in Siberia. Korolenko was a strong critic of the Tsarist regime and in his final years of the Bolsheviks.
2. Elizabeth Plankinton, American philanthropist (d. 1923) births
  1. Elizabeth Plankinton
    
    Elizabeth Ann or Anne Plankinton was an American philanthropist in the early 20th century, the daughter of Milwaukee businessman John Plankinton. She was also known as "Miss Lizzie" and the people of Milwaukee called Plankinton the "municipal patroness" because of her generosity. She made a large donation that built the first YWCA in Milwaukee. She also purchased an elaborate large-scale pipe organ for the newly constructed city auditorium.
1848
1. Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian physicist and politician, Minister of Education of Hungary (d. 1919) births
  1. Loránd Eötvös
    
    Baron Loránd Eötvös de Vásárosnamény, also called Baron Roland von Eötvös in English literature, was a Hungarian physicist. He is remembered today largely for his work on gravitation and surface tension, and the invention of the torsion pendulum.
  2. Minister of Education (Hungary)
    
    The Minister of Human Capacities of Hungary is a member of the Hungarian cabinet and the head of the Ministry of Human Capacities. The current minister of human capacities is Miklós Kásler.
2. Friedrich Ernst Dorn, German physicist (d.1916) births
  1. Friedrich Ernst Dorn
    
    Friedrich Ernst Dorn was a German physicist who was the first to discover that a radioactive substance, later named radon, is emitted from radium.
1844
1. John Dalton, English physicist, meteorologist, and chemist (b. 1776) deaths
  1. John Dalton
    
    John Dalton was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist. He is best known for introducing the atomic theory into chemistry, and for his research into colour blindness, which he had. Colour blindness is known as Daltonism in several languages, being named after him.
1841
1. Mikhail Lermontov, Russian poet and painter (b. 1814) deaths
  1. Mikhail Lermontov
    
    Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", the most important Russian poet after Alexander Pushkin's death in 1837 and the greatest figure in Russian Romanticism. His influence on later Russian literature is still felt in modern times, not only through his poetry, but also through his prose, which founded the tradition of the Russian psychological novel.
1835
1. Giosuè Carducci, Italian poet and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907) births
  1. Giosuè Carducci
    
    Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci was an Italian poet, writer, literary critic and teacher. He was very noticeably influential, and was regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy. In 1906, he became the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. Excerpt from the Swedish Academy's motivation: "[...] not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces".
  2. Nobel Prize in Literature
    
    The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018 as of May 2022.
1834
1. Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian admiral (d. 1879) births
  1. Miguel Grau Seminario
    
    Miguel María Grau Seminario was the most renowned Peruvian naval officer and hero of the naval battle of Angamos during the War of the Pacific (1879–1884). He was known as el Caballero de los Mares for his kind and chivalrous treatment of defeated enemies and is esteemed by both Peruvians and Chileans. He is an iconic figure for the Peruvian Navy, and one of the most famous merchant marine and naval military leaders of the Americas.
1833
1. Thomas George Bonney, English geologist, mountaineer, and academic (d. 1923) births
  1. Thomas George Bonney
    
    Thomas George Bonney was an English geologist, president of the Geological Society of London.
1824
1. Alexandre Dumas, fils, French novelist and playwright (d. 1895) births
  1. Alexandre Dumas fils
    
    Alexandre Dumas fils was a French author and playwright, best known for the romantic novel La Dame aux Camélias, published in 1848, which was adapted into Giuseppe Verdi's 1853 opera La traviata, as well as numerous stage and film productions, usually titled Camille in English-language versions.
1818
1. Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest and saint (d. 1902) births
  1. Agostino Roscelli
    
    Agostino Roscelli, also known as Augustine Roscelli, and Augustin Roscelli, was an Italian priest who inspired social change in Genoa, Italy for children and disadvantaged women. He was canonized a saint in the Catholic Church in 2001 by Pope John Paul II.
1812
1. Thomas Lanier Clingman, American general and politician (d. 1897) births
  1. Thomas Lanier Clingman
    
    Thomas Lanier Clingman, known as the "Prince of Politicians," was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1845 and from 1847 to 1858, and U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina between 1858 and 1861. During the Civil War he refused to resign his Senate seat and was one of ten senators expelled from the Senate in absentia. He then served as a general in the Confederate States Army.
1784
1. Denis Davydov, Russian general and poet (d. 1839) births
  1. Denis Davydov
    
    Denis Vasilyevich Davydov was a Russian soldier-poet of the Napoleonic Wars who invented the genre of hussar poetry, characterised by hedonism and bravado. He used events from his own life to illustrate such poetry. He suggested and successfully pioneered guerrilla warfare in the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon.
1781
1. Mauro Giuliani, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1828) births
  1. Mauro Giuliani
    
    Mauro Giuseppe Sergio Pantaleo Giuliani was an Italian guitarist, cellist, singer, and composer. He was a leading guitar virtuoso of the early 19th century.
1777
1. Thomas Campbell, Scottish-French poet and academic (d. 1844) births
  1. Thomas Campbell (poet)
    
    Thomas Campbell was a Scottish poet. He was a founder and the first President of the Clarence Club and a co-founder of the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland; he was also one of the initiators of a plan to found what became University College London. In 1799 he wrote "The Pleasures of Hope", a traditional 18th-century didactic poem in heroic couplets. He also produced several patriotic war songs—"Ye Mariners of England", "The Soldier's Dream", "Hohenlinden" and, in 1801, "The Battle of the Baltic", but was no less at home in delicate lyrics such as "At Love's Beginning".
2. Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, English general (d. 1853) births
  1. Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre
    
    Henry Otway Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, CB was a British peer and soldier.
1773
1. Jacob Aall, Norwegian economist and politician (d. 1844) births
  1. Jacob Aall
    
    Jacob Aall was a Norwegian politician, historian, landowner and government economist.
1770
1. Robert Dinwiddie, Scottish merchant and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1693) deaths
  1. Robert Dinwiddie
    
    Robert Dinwiddie was a British colonial administrator who served as lieutenant governor of colonial Virginia from 1751 to 1758, first under Governor Willem Anne van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle, and then, from July 1756 to January 1758, as deputy for John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun. Since the governors at that time were largely absentee, he was the de facto head of the colony for much of the time. Dinwiddie is credited for starting the military career of George Washington.
  2. List of colonial governors of Virginia
    
    This is a list of colonial governors of Virginia.
1768
1. Charlotte Corday, French assassin of Jean-Paul Marat (d. 1793) births
  1. Charlotte Corday
    
    Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont, known as Charlotte Corday, was a figure of the French Revolution. In 1793, she was executed by guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was in part responsible for the more radical course the Revolution had taken through his role as a politician and journalist. Marat had played a substantial role in the political purge of the Girondins, with whom Corday sympathized. His murder was depicted in the painting The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David, which shows Marat's dead body after Corday had stabbed him in his medicinal bath. In 1847, writer Alphonse de Lamartine gave Corday the posthumous nickname l'ange de l'assassinat.
  2. Jean-Paul Marat
    
    Jean-Paul Marat was a French political theorist, physician, and scientist. A journalist and politician during the French Revolution, he was a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes, a radical voice, and published his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers. His periodical L'Ami du peuple made him an unofficial link with the radical Jacobin group that came to power after June 1793.
2. Joseph Anton Koch, Austrian painter (d. 1839) births
  1. Joseph Anton Koch
    
    Joseph Anton Koch was an Austrian painter of Neoclassicism and later the German Romantic movement; he is perhaps the most significant neoclassical landscape painter.
1759
1. Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1698) deaths
  1. Pierre Louis Maupertuis
    
    Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was a French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters. He became the Director of the Académie des Sciences, and the first President of the Prussian Academy of Science, at the invitation of Frederick the Great.
1752
1. Samuel Smith, American general and politician (d. 1839) births
  1. Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)
    
    Samuel Smith was a United States Senator and Representative from Maryland, a mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, and a general in the Maryland militia. He was the brother of cabinet secretary Robert Smith.
1741
1. François-Hippolyte Barthélémon, French-English violinist and composer (d. 1808) births
  1. François-Hippolyte Barthélémon
    
    François Hippolyte Barthélemon was a French violinist, pedagogue, and composer active in England.
1740
1. Jeanne Baré, French explorer (d. 1803) births
  1. Jeanne Baret
    
    Jeanne Baret was a member of Louis Antoine de Bougainville's expedition on the ships La Boudeuse and Étoile in 1766–1769. Baret is recognized as the first woman to have completed a voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, which she did via maritime transport.
1733
1. Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779) births
  1. Jeremiah Dixon
    
    Jeremiah Dixon FRS was an English surveyor and astronomer who is best known for his work with Charles Mason, from 1763 to 1767, in determining what was later called the Mason–Dixon line.
1689
1. John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (b. c. 1648) deaths
  1. John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee
    
    John Graham, 7th of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee was a Scottish soldier and nobleman, a Tory and an Episcopalian. He was responsible for policing southwest Scotland during and after the religious unrest and rebellion of the late 17th century, and went on to lead the Jacobite rising of 1689.
1675
1. Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, French general (b. 1611) deaths
  1. Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne
    
    Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, commonly known as Turenne [ty.ʁɛn], was a French general and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illustrious member of the La Tour d'Auvergne family, his military exploits over his five-decade career earned him a reputation as one of the greatest military commanders in history.
1667
1. Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and academic (d. 1748) births
  1. Johann Bernoulli
    
    Johann Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is known for his contributions to infinitesimal calculus and educating Leonhard Euler in the pupil's youth.
1656
1. Salomo Glassius, German theologian and critic (b. 1593) deaths
  1. Salomo Glassius
    
    Salomo Glassius was a German theologian and biblical critic born at Sondershausen, in the principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
1625
1. Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (d. 1672) births
  1. Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich
    
    Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, KG PC FRS JP was an English military officer, politician and diplomat, who fought for the Parliamentarian army during the First English Civil War and was an MP at various times between 1645 and 1660. A loyal supporter of Oliver Cromwell, he was a member of the English Council of State from 1653 to 1659 and General at sea from 1656 to 1660. Following Cromwell's death in 1658, he switched allegiance and played an important role in the Restoration of Charles II in May 1660.
1612
1. Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1640) births
  1. Murad IV
    
    Murad IV was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Murad IV was born in Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan. He was brought to power by a palace conspiracy when he was just 11 years old, and he succeeded his uncle Mustafa I. Until he assumed absolute power on 18 May 1632, the empire was ruled by his mother, Kösem Sultan, as nāʾib-i salṭanat (regent). His reign is most notable for the Ottoman–Safavid War, of which the outcome would partition the Caucasus between the two Imperial powers for around two centuries, while it also roughly laid the foundation for the current Turkey–Iran–Iraq borders.
  2. List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
    
    The sultans of the Ottoman Empire, who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty, ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to rebel in the south and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Administered at first from the city of Söğüt since before 1280 and then from the city of Bursa since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I and then to Constantinople in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II.
1578
1. Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond (d. 1639) births
  1. Frances Stewart, Duchess of Lennox
    
    Frances Stewart, Duchess of Lennox and Richmond, Countess of Hertford was the daughter of a younger son of the Duke of Norfolk. An orphan of small fortune, she rose to be the only duchess at the court of James I of England. She married the son of a London alderman who died in 1599, leaving her a wealthy widow at a young age. She became, for 20 years, the third wife of the ageing Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, nephew of Jane Seymour, third queen consort of Henry VIII. Within months of Edward's death she married a cousin of James I, Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox and 1st Duke of Richmond. One of the great beauties of the Jacobean court, she was also the patron of Captain John Smith of the Virginia Colony.
1502
1. Francesco Corteccia, Italian composer (d. 1571) births
  1. Francesco Corteccia
    
    Francesco Corteccia was an Italian composer, organist, and teacher of the Renaissance. Not only was he one of the best known of the early composers of madrigals, and an important native Italian composer during a period of domination by composers from the Low Countries, but he was the most prominent musician in Florence for several decades during the reign of Cosimo I de' Medici.
1469
1. William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (b. 1423) deaths
  1. William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)
    
    William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke KG, known as "Black William", was a Welsh nobleman, soldier, politician, and courtier.
1452
1. Ludovico Sforza, Italian son of Francesco I Sforza (d. 1508) births
  1. Ludovico Sforza
    
    Ludovico Maria Sforza, also known as Ludovico il Moro. "Arbiter of Italy", according to the expression used by Guicciardini, was an Italian Renaissance nobleman who ruled as Duke of Milan from 1494 to 1499.
  2. Francesco I Sforza
    
    Francesco I Sforza was an Italian condottiero who founded the Sforza dynasty in the duchy of Milan, ruling as its (fourth) duke from 1450 until his death. In the 1420s, he participated in the War of L'Aquila and in the 1430s fought for the Papal States and Milan against Venice. Once war between Milan and Venice ended in 1441 under mediation by Sforza, he successfully invaded southern Italy alongside René of Anjou, pretender to the throne of Naples, and after that returned to Milan. He was instrumental in the Treaty of Lodi (1454) which ensured peace in the Italian realms for a time by ensuring a strategic balance of power. He died in 1466 and was succeeded as duke by his son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza. While Sforza was recognized as duke of Milan, his son Ludovico would be the first to have formal investiture under the Holy Roman Empire by Maximilian I in 1494.
2. Lucrezia Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza (d. 1508) births
  1. Lucrezia Crivelli
    
    Lucrezia Crivelli was a mistress of Ludovico Sforza "il Moro", Duke of Milan. She was the mother of Sforza's son, Giovanni Paolo I Sforza, Marquess of Caravaggio. Crivelli has been thought to be the subject of Leonardo da Vinci's painting, La belle ferronnière.
1382
1. Joanna I of Naples (b. 1326) deaths
  1. Joanna I of Naples
    
    Joanna I, also known as Johanna I, was Queen of Naples, and Countess of Provence and Forcalquier from 1343 to 1382; she was also Princess of Achaea from 1373 to 1381.
1365
1. Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1339) deaths
  1. Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria
    
    Rudolf IV, also called Rudolf the Founder, was a scion of the House of Habsburg who ruled as duke of Austria, Styria and Carinthia from 1358, as well as count of Tyrol from 1363 and as the first duke of Carniola from 1364 until his death. After the Habsburgs received nothing from the decree of the Golden Bull in 1356, he gave order to draw up the "Privilegium Maius", a fake document to empower the Austrian rulers.
1276
1. James I of Aragon (b. 1208) deaths
  1. James I of Aragon
    
    James I the Conqueror was King of Aragon and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276; King of Majorca from 1231 to 1276; and Valencia from 1238 to 1276 and Count of Barcelona. His long reign—the longest of any Iberian monarch—saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon in three directions: Languedoc to the north, the Balearic Islands to the southeast, and Valencia to the south. By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he achieved the renunciation of any possible claim of French suzerainty over the County of Barcelona and the other Catalan counties, while he renounced northward expansion and taking back the once Catalan territories in Occitania and vassal counties loyal to the County of Barcelona, lands that were lost by his father Peter II of Aragon in the Battle of Muret during the Albigensian Crusade and annexed by the Kingdom of France, and then decided to turn south. His great part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia. One of the main reasons for this formal renunciation of most of the once Catalan territories in Languedoc and Occitania and any expansion into them is the fact that he was raised by the Knights Templar crusaders, who had defeated his father fighting for the Pope alongside the French, so it was effectively forbidden for him to try to maintain the traditional influence of the Count of Barcelona that previously existed in Occitania and Languedoc.
1158
1. Geoffrey VI, Count of Anjou (b. 1134) deaths
  1. Geoffrey, Count of Nantes
    
    Geoffrey VI was Count of Nantes from 1156 to 1158. He was also known as Geoffrey of Anjou and Geoffrey FitzEmpress. He was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Empress Matilda. His brothers were Henry II of England and William FitzEmpress.
1144
1. Salomea of Berg, High Duchess consort of Poland deaths
  1. Salomea of Berg
    
    Salomea of Berg was a German noblewoman and, by marriage with Prince Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1115, High Duchess of Poland until her husband's death in 1138.
1101
1. Conrad II, king of Italy (b. 1074) deaths
  1. Conrad II of Italy
    
    Conrad II of Italy, also known as Conrad (III), was the Duke of Lower Lorraine (1076–1087), King of Germany (1087–1098) and King of Italy (1093–1098). He was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Bertha of Savoy, and their eldest son to reach adulthood, his older brother Henry having been born and died in the same month of August 1071. Conrad's rule in Lorraine and Germany was nominal. He spent most of his life in Italy and there he was king in fact as well as in name.
2. Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester (b. c. 1047) deaths
  1. Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester
    
    Hugh d'Avranches, nicknamed le Gros or Lupus, was from 1071 the second Norman Earl of Chester and one of the great magnates of early Norman England.
1061
1. Nicholas II, pope of the Catholic Church deaths
  1. Pope Nicholas II
    
    Pope Nicholas II, otherwise known as Gerard of Burgundy, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1059 until his death in 27 July 1061. At the time of his election, he was bishop of Florence. During his Papacy, Nicholas II successfully expanded the influence of the papacy in Milan and southern Italy. He was also responsible for passing papal election reforms which resulted in greater papal influence in electing new Popes.
959
1. Chai Rong, emperor of Later Zhou deaths
  1. Chai Rong
    
    Chai Rong, later known as Guo Rong (郭榮), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, was the second emperor of the Later Zhou dynasty of China, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned from 954 until his death in 959. He succeeded his uncle-in-law Guo Wei, whose surname he had adopted.
903
1. Abdallah II of Ifriqiya, Aghlabid emir deaths
  1. Abdallah II of Ifriqiya
    
    Abu 'l-Abbas Abdallah II was the Emir of Ifriqiya from 902 to 903.
774
1. Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, founder of Esoteric (Shingon) Buddhism (d. 835) births
  1. Kūkai
    
    Kūkai, born Saeki no Mao, posthumously called Kōbō Daishi , was a Japanese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, and poet who founded the esoteric Shingon school of Buddhism. He travelled to China, where he studied Tangmi under the monk Huiguo. Upon returning to Japan, he founded Shingon—the Japanese branch of Vajrayana Buddhism. With the blessing of several Emperors, Kūkai was able to preach Shingon teachings and found Shingon temples. Like other influential monks, Kūkai oversaw public works and constructions. Mount Kōya was chosen by him as a holy site, and he spent his later years there until his death in 835 C.E.
  2. Shingon Buddhism
    
    Shingon Buddhism is one of the major schools of Buddhism in Japan and one of the few surviving Vajrayana lineages in East Asia, originally spread from India to China through traveling monks such as Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra.

Holidays

Christian feast day: Arethas (Western Christianity)
1. Arethas (martyr)
  
  Arethas or Aretas was the leader of the Christian community of Najran in the early 6th century, was executed during the persecution of Christians by the Jewish king Dhu Nuwas in 523.
2. Western Christianity
  
  Western Christianity is one of two sub-divisions of Christianity. Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the Old Catholic Church, Independent Catholicism and Restorationism.
Christian feast day: Aurelius and Natalia and companions of the Martyrs of Córdoba.
1. Aurelius and Natalia
  
  Aurelius and Natalie were Christian martyrs who were put to death during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II, Emir of Córdoba, and are counted among the Martyrs of Córdoba.
2. Martyrs of Córdoba
  
  The Martyrs of Córdoba were forty-eight Christian martyrs who were executed under the rule of Muslim administration in Al-Andalus. The hagiographical treatise written by the Iberian Christian and Latinist scholar Eulogius of Córdoba describes in detail the executions of the martyrs for capital violations of Islamic law (sharīʿa), including apostasy and blasphemy. The martyrdoms recorded by Eulogius took place between 850 and 859 AD, which according to the Mālikī judges of al-Andalus broke the treaty signed between Muslims and their Christian subjects.
Christian feast day: Maurus, Pantalemon, and Sergius
1. Maurus, Pantalemon and Sergius
  
  Saints Maurus, Pantelemon and Sergius are 2nd century Christian martyrs venerated at Bisceglie on the Adriatic. Tradition holds that Maurus was from Bethlehem and was sent to be the first bishop of Bisceglie by Saint Peter. They were killed during the persecutions of Christians under the Roman emperor Trajan.
Christian feast day: Pantaleon
1. Saint Pantaleon
  
  Saint Pantaleon, counted in the West among the late-medieval Fourteen Holy Helpers and in the East as one of the Holy Unmercenary Healers, was a martyr of Nicomedia in Bithynia during the Diocletianic Persecution of 305 AD.
Christian feast day: Seven Sleepers of Ephesus (Roman Martyrology) National Sleepy Head Day (Finland)
1. National Sleepy Head Day
  
  National Sleepy Head Day is a yearly celebration in Finland observed July 27. This holiday is related to the legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, but rather than a religious festival, it is more of an informal celebration. The tradition of the Sleepy Head Day traces back to the Middle Ages, when the belief was that the person in the household who slept late on this day would be lazy and non-productive for the rest of the year. In the old days, the last person sleeping in the house could be woken up by using water, either by being thrown into a lake or the sea, or by having water thrown on them.
2. Finland
  
  Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
Christian feast day: Theobald of Marly
1. Theobald of Marly
  
  Theobald of Marly was a French abbot and saint. He was born at the castle of Marly, Montmorency, and was trained as a knight. He served as a knight at the court of Philip Augustus, though he later entered the Cistercian monastery of Vaux-de-Cernay in 1220. He was elected prior in 1230 and ninth abbot in 1235. He was held in high esteem by Saint Louis.
Christian feast day: Titus Brandsma, O.Carm.
1. Titus Brandsma
  
  Titus Brandsma, OCarm was a Dutch Carmelite friar, Catholic priest and professor of philosophy. Brandsma was vehemently opposed to Nazi ideology and spoke out against it many times before the Second World War. He was imprisoned at the Dachau concentration camp, where he was murdered. He was beatified by the Catholic Church in November 1985 a martyr of the faith and canonized as a saint on 15 May 2022 by Pope Francis.
2. Carmelites
  
  The Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel, known as the Carmelites or sometimes by synecdoche known simply as Carmel, is a Roman Catholic mendicant religious order for men and women. Historical records about its origin remain uncertain, but it was probably founded in the 12th century on Mount Carmel in the Crusader States. Berthold of Calabria, as well as Albert of Vercelli have traditionally been associated with the founding of the order, but few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived. The order of Carmelite nuns was formalised in 1452.
Christian feast day: July 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. July 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  July 26 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 28
Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War (North Korea)
1. Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War
  
  The Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War is a national holiday in North Korea celebrated on July 27 to mark the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement which brought a cease fire to the Fatherland Liberation War that took place between 1950–1953. On this day ceremonies are held at the Victorious Fatherland Liberation War Memorial.
2. North Korea
  
  North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu (Amnok) and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The country's western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.
Iglesia ni Cristo Day (the Philippines)
1. Public holidays in the Philippines
  
  Public holidays in the Philippines are of two types, regular holidays and special non-working days.
2. Philippines
  
  The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City; both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila.
José Celso Barbosa Day (Puerto Rico)
1. Public holidays in Puerto Rico
  
  Puerto Rico celebrates all official U.S holidays, and a number of other official holidays established by the Commonwealth government. Additionally, many municipalities celebrate their own Patron Saint Festivals, as well as festivals honoring cultural icons like Bomba y plena, danza, salsa, hamacas (hammocks), and popular crops such as plantains and coffee.
2. Puerto Rico
  
  Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, between the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques. It has roughly 3.2 million residents, and its capital and most populous city is San Juan. Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government, though Spanish predominates.
Martyrs and Wounded Soldiers Day (Vietnam)
1. Public holidays in Vietnam
2. Vietnam
  
  Vietnam or Viet Nam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 311,699 square kilometres (120,348 sq mi) and population of 96 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and largest city Ho Chi Minh City

Important events in history on July 27 th

Events

2015 Gurdaspur attack

Punjab, India

Mummy

Sogen Kato

Car chase

Phoenix, Arizona

Phoenix news helicopter collision

STS-114

NASA

Space Shuttle

Space Shuttle external tank

Sknyliv air show disaster

Sukhoi Su-27

Lviv

Ukraine

Si Zerrouk massacre

Algeria

Atlanta

Centennial Olympic Park bombing

1996 Summer Olympics

Korean War Veterans Memorial

Washington, D.C.

Jamaat al Muslimeen

Islamic extremism

Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt

A. N. R. Robinson

Supreme Soviet

Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

Belarus

Soviet Union

1996

1996 Belarusian referendum

Independence

Jamaat al Muslimeen

Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt

Trinidad and Tobago

Tripoli International Airport

Korean Air Flight 803

McDonnell Douglas DC-10

United Airlines Flight 232

Madonna

Madonna (Madonna album)

Dance-pop

Black July

Sri Lankan Tamils

Welikada

Welikada Prison

Colombo

Welikada prison massacre

Sinhalese people

Chihuahua International Airport

Aeroméxico Flight 230

Runway excursion

McDonnell Douglas DC-9

List of mayors of Jaffna

Alfred Duraiappah

Watergate scandal

United States House of Representatives

United States House Committee on the Judiciary

Impeachment

President of the United States

Richard Nixon

Vietnam War

South Vietnam

Vietnam

Puijo tower

Puijo (hill)

Kuopio

Continental League

Austrian State Treaty

Allied-occupied Austria

El Al Flight 402

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

Austrian State Treaty

El Al Flight 402

Korean Armistice Agreement

Korean War

Division of Korea

Important events in history
on July 27 ^th