Important events in history
on January 21 ^st

Events

2018
1. Rocket Lab's Electron becomes the first rocket to reach orbit using an electric pump-fed engine and deploys three CubeSats.
  1. Rocket Lab
    
    Rocket Lab is a public American aerospace manufacturer and launch service provider, with a New Zealand subsidiary. The company operates lightweight Electron orbital rockets, which provide dedicated launches for small satellites. Rocket Lab also plans to build a larger Neutron rocket as early as 2024. Electron rockets have launched 26 times from either Rocket Lab's Launch Complex 1 in New Zealand or the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in the United States. Two attempts have been made at recovery of the Electron booster. As of 2022, Rocket Lab is developing the bigger Neutron reusable unibody rocket; Photon satellite buses; and Rutherford, Curie, HyperCurie, and Archimedes rocket engines.
  2. Rocket Lab Electron
    
    Electron is a two-stage, partially recoverable orbital launch vehicle developed by Rocket Lab, an American aerospace company with a wholly owned New Zealand subsidiary. Electron was developed to service the commercial small satellite launch market. Its Rutherford engines are the first electric-pump-fed engine to power an orbital-class rocket. Electron is often flown with a kickstage or Rocket Lab's Photon spacecraft. Although the rocket was designed to be expendable, Rocket Lab has recovered the first stage twice and is working towards the capability of reusing the booster. The Flight 26 (F26) booster has featured the first helicopter catch recovery attempt.
  3. CubeSat
    
    A CubeSat is a class of miniaturized satellite based around a form factor consisting of 10 cm (3.9 in) cubes. CubeSats have a mass of no more than 2 kg (4.4 lb) per unit, and often use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components for their electronics and structure. CubeSats are put into orbit by deployers on the International Space Station, or launched as secondary payloads on a launch vehicle. As of August 2021, more than 1,600 CubeSats have been launched.
2017
1. An estimated five million people participated in the worldwide Women's March, to advocate for legislation and policies on human rights and other issues.
  1. 2017 Women's March
    
    The Women's March was a worldwide protest on January 21, 2017, the day after the inauguration of Donald Trump as US president. It was prompted by Trump's policy positions and rhetoric, which protesters called misogynistic or otherwise threatening to the rights of women. It was the largest single-day protest in U.S. history. The goal of the annual marches is to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including women's rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, disability justice, reproductive rights, the environment, LGBTQ rights, racial equality, freedom of religion, workers' rights and tolerance. According to organizers, the goal was to "send a bold message to our new administration on their first day in office, and to the world that women's rights are human rights".
  2. Human rights
    
    Human rights are moral principles or norms for certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as inalienable, fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being" and which are "inherent in all human beings", regardless of their age, ethnic origin, location, language, religion, ethnicity, or any other status. They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They are regarded as requiring empathy and the rule of law and imposing an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others, and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances.
2. Over 400 cities across America and 160+ countries worldwide participate in a large-scale women's march, on Donald Trump's first full day as President of the United States.
  1. 2017 Women's March
    
    The Women's March was a worldwide protest on January 21, 2017, the day after the inauguration of Donald Trump as US president. It was prompted by Trump's policy positions and rhetoric, which protesters called misogynistic or otherwise threatening to the rights of women. It was the largest single-day protest in U.S. history. The goal of the annual marches is to advocate legislation and policies regarding human rights and other issues, including women's rights, immigration reform, healthcare reform, disability justice, reproductive rights, the environment, LGBTQ rights, racial equality, freedom of religion, workers' rights and tolerance. According to organizers, the goal was to "send a bold message to our new administration on their first day in office, and to the world that women's rights are human rights".
  2. Donald Trump
    
    Donald John Trump is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
  3. President of the United States
    
    The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
2014
1. Rojava conflict: The Jazira Canton declares its autonomy from the Syrian Arab Republic.
  1. Rojava conflict
    
    The Rojava conflict, also known as the Rojava Revolution, is a political upheaval and military conflict taking place in northern Syria, known among Kurds as Western Kurdistan or Rojava.
  2. Jazira Region
    
    The Jazira Region, formerly Jazira Canton,, is the largest of the three original regions of the de facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES). As part of the ongoing Rojava conflict, its democratic autonomy was officially declared on 21 January 2014. The region is in the Al-Hasakah Governorate of Syria.
  3. Syria
    
    Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a Western Asian country located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It is a unitary republic that consists of 14 governorates (subdivisions), and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. Cyprus lies to the west across the Mediterranean Sea. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including the majority Syrian Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Circassians, Albanians, and Greeks. Religious groups include Muslims, Christians, Alawites, Druze, and Yazidis. The capital and largest city of Syria is Damascus. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Muslims are the largest religious group.
2011
1. Demonstrations in Tirana against alleged corruption in the Albanian government led to the killings of three protesters by the Republican Guard.
  1. 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations
    
    The 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations were a series of anti-government protests in cities around Albania following 18 months of political conflict over alleged electoral fraud by the opposition. A video surfaced which portrayed the deputy prime minister arranging a corrupt deal with the minister of economy. The public outcry over the video resulted in the resignation of the deputy prime minister. A demonstration was called by parliamentary opposition parties, which include the Socialist Party and the Unity for Human Rights Party. These were called on 21 January in order to protest the alleged corruption of the Albanian government as well as widespread unemployment and poverty in the country.
  2. Tirana
    
    Tirana is the capital and largest city of Albania. It is located in the centre of the country, enclosed by mountains and hills with Dajti rising to the east and a slight valley to the northwest overlooking the Adriatic Sea in the distance. Due to its location at the Plain of Tirana and the close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the city is particularly influenced by a Mediterranean seasonal climate. It is among the wettest and sunniest cities in Europe, with 2,544 hours of sun per year.
  3. Republican Guard (Albania)
    
    The Republican Guard is a militarized government agency of Albania mandated by law to protect high-ranking state officials, including the President of Albania, as well as certain national properties, high-ranking foreign visitors and diplomatic offices. It is mostly subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, except that the unit responsible for the president's security being under the authority of the president.
2. Anti-government demonstrations take place in Tirana, Albania. Four people lose their lives from gunshots, allegedly fired from armed police protecting the Prime Minister's office.
  1. 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations
    
    The 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations were a series of anti-government protests in cities around Albania following 18 months of political conflict over alleged electoral fraud by the opposition. A video surfaced which portrayed the deputy prime minister arranging a corrupt deal with the minister of economy. The public outcry over the video resulted in the resignation of the deputy prime minister. A demonstration was called by parliamentary opposition parties, which include the Socialist Party and the Unity for Human Rights Party. These were called on 21 January in order to protest the alleged corruption of the Albanian government as well as widespread unemployment and poverty in the country.
  2. Tirana
    
    Tirana is the capital and largest city of Albania. It is located in the centre of the country, enclosed by mountains and hills with Dajti rising to the east and a slight valley to the northwest overlooking the Adriatic Sea in the distance. Due to its location at the Plain of Tirana and the close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the city is particularly influenced by a Mediterranean seasonal climate. It is among the wettest and sunniest cities in Europe, with 2,544 hours of sun per year.
  3. Albania
    
    Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.
2009
1. Israel withdraws from the Gaza Strip, officially ending a three-week war it had with Hamas. However, intermittent fire by both sides continues in the weeks to follow.
  1. Gaza Strip
    
    The Gaza Strip, or simply Gaza, is a Palestinian exclave on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The smaller of the two Palestinian territories, it borders Egypt on the southwest for 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) and Israel on the east and north along a 51 km (32 mi) border. Together, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank make up the State of Palestine, while being under Israeli military occupation since 1967.
  2. Gaza War (2008–2009)
    
    The Gaza War, also known as Operation Cast Lead, also known in the Muslim world as the Gaza Massacre, and referred to as the Battle of al-Furqan by Hamas, was a three-week armed conflict between Gaza Strip Palestinian paramilitary groups and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) that began on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009 with a unilateral ceasefire. The conflict resulted in between 1,166 and 1,417 Palestinian and 13 Israeli deaths.
2005
1. In Belmopan, Belize, the unrest over the government's new taxes erupts into riots.
  1. Belmopan
    
    Belmopan is the capital city of Belize. Its population in 2010 was 16,451. In addition to being the smallest capital city in the continental Americas by population, Belmopan is the third-largest settlement in Belize, behind Belize City and San Ignacio. Founded as a planned community in 1970, Belmopan is one of the newest national capital cities in the world. Since 2000, Belmopan has been one of two settlements in Belize to hold official city status, along with Belize City.
  2. Belize
    
    Belize is a Caribbean country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres (8,867 sq mi) and a population of 397,621 (2020). Its mainland is about 290 km (180 mi) long and 110 km (68 mi) wide. It is the least populated and least densely populated country in Central America. Its population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second-highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is the namesake city of Belize City. Belize is often thought of as a Caribbean country in Central America because it has a history similar to that of English-speaking Caribbean nations. Indeed, Belize’s institutions and official language reflect its history as a British colony.
  3. 2005 Belize unrest
    
    The 2005 protests in Belize are two separate but related incidents of civil unrest in the Central American nation, occurring in January and April.
2004
1. NASA's MER-A (the Mars Rover Spirit) ceases communication with mission control. The problem lies in the management of its flash memory and is fixed remotely from Earth on February 6.
  1. NASA
    
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
  2. Spirit (rover)
    
    Spirit, also known as MER-A or MER-2, is a Mars robotic rover, active from 2004 to 2010. Spirit was operational on Mars for 2208 sols or 3.3 Martian years. It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover got stuck in a "sand trap" in late 2009 at an angle that hampered recharging of its batteries; its last communication with Earth was on March 22, 2010.
  3. Flash memory
    
    Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND flash, are named for the NOR and NAND logic gates. Both use the same cell design, consisting of floating gate MOSFETs. They differ at the circuit level depending on whether the state of the bit line or word lines is pulled high or low: in NAND flash, the relationship between the bit line and the word lines resembles a NAND gate; in NOR flash, it resembles a NOR gate.
2003
1. A 7.6 magnitude earthquake strikes the Mexican state of Colima, killing 29 and leaving approximately 10,000 people homeless.
  1. 2003 Colima earthquake
    
    The 2003 Colima earthquake occurred on 21 January with a moment magnitude of 7.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The epicenter was located on the Pacific coast in the Mexican state of Colima. The earthquake was felt as far away as Mexico City and in southern parts of the United States.
  2. Colima
    
    Colima, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Colima, is one of the 31 states that make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima.
2000
1. Ecuador: After the Ecuadorian Congress is seized by indigenous organizations, Col. Lucio Gutiérrez, Carlos Solorzano and Antonio Vargas depose President Jamil Mahuad. Gutierrez is later replaced by Gen. Carlos Mendoza, who resigns and allows Vice-President Gustavo Noboa to succeed Mahuad.
  1. Ecuador
    
    Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometers (621 mi) west of the mainland. The country's capital and largest city is Quito.
  2. Lucio Gutiérrez
    
    Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa served as 43rd President of Ecuador from 15 January 2003 to 20 April 2005.
  3. Jamil Mahuad
    
    Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt is an Ecuadorian lawyer, academic and former politician. He was the 41st president of Ecuador from 10 August 1998, to 21 January 2000.
  4. Gustavo Noboa
    
    Gustavo José Joaquín Noboa Bejarano was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as the 42nd president of Ecuador from 22 January 2000 to 15 January 2003. Previously he served as the vice president during Jamil Mahuad's government from 1998 until 2000. From 1983 until 1984, he also was the Governor of the province of Guayas.
1999
1. War on Drugs: In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 4,300 kilograms (9,500 lb) of cocaine on board.
  1. War on drugs
    
    The war on drugs is a global campaign, led by the United States federal government, of drug prohibition, military aid, and military intervention, with the aim of reducing the illegal drug trade in the United States. The initiative includes a set of drug policies that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive drugs that the participating governments and the United Nations have made illegal. The term was popularized by the media shortly after a press conference given on June 18, 1971, by President Richard Nixon—the day after publication of a special message from President Nixon to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control—during which he declared drug abuse "public enemy number one". That message to the Congress included text about devoting more federal resources to the "prevention of new addicts, and the rehabilitation of those who are addicted" but that part did not receive the same public attention as the term "war on drugs". Two years prior to this, Nixon had formally declared a "war on drugs" that would be directed toward eradication, interdiction, and incarceration. In 2015, the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for an end to the War on Drugs, estimated that the United States spends $51 billion annually on these initiatives, and in 2021, after 50 years of the drug war, others have estimated that the US has spent a cumulative $1 trillion on it.
  2. United States Coast Guard
    
    The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country's eight uniformed services. The service is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the United States military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its duties. It is the largest and most powerful coast guard in the world, rivaling the capabilities and size of most navies.
  3. Cocaine
    
    Cocaine is a stimulant drug obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South America, Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense. After extraction from coca leaves and further processing into cocaine hydrochloride, the drug may be snorted, heated until sublimated and then inhaled, or dissolved and injected into a vein. Cocaine stimulates the reward pathway in the brain. Mental effects may include an intense feeling of happiness, sexual arousal, loss of contact with reality, or agitation. Physical effects may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and dilated pupils. High doses can result in high blood pressure or high body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes. As cocaine also has numbing and blood vessel constriction properties, it is occasionally used during surgery on the throat or inside of the nose to control pain, bleeding, and vocal cord spasm.
1997
1. The U.S. House of Representatives voted 395–28 to reprimand Newt Gingrich for ethics violations, making him the first Speaker of the House to be so disciplined.
  1. United States House of Representatives
    
    The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
  2. Newt Gingrich
    
    Newton Leroy Gingrich is an American politician and author who served as the 50th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. representative for Georgia's 6th congressional district serving north Atlanta and nearby areas from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. In 2012, Gingrich unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for president of the United States.
  3. Professional ethics
    
    Professional ethics encompass the personal and corporate standards of behavior expected of professionals.
  4. Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
    
    The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House and is simultaneously its presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Nor does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.
2. The U.S. House of Representatives votes 395–28 to reprimand Newt Gingrich for ethics violations, making him the first Speaker of the House to be so disciplined.
  1. United States House of Representatives
    
    The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they comprise the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
  2. Newt Gingrich
    
    Newton Leroy Gingrich is an American politician and author who served as the 50th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he was the U.S. representative for Georgia's 6th congressional district serving north Atlanta and nearby areas from 1979 until his resignation in 1999. In 2012, Gingrich unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for president of the United States.
1985
1. Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 crashes near Reno–Tahoe International Airport in Reno, Nevada, killing 70 people.
  1. Galaxy Airlines Flight 203
    
    Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 was a Lockheed L-188 Electra 4-engine turboprop, registration N5532, operating as a non-scheduled charter flight from Reno, Nevada to Minneapolis, Minnesota, which crashed on January 21, 1985, shortly after takeoff. All but one of the 71 on board died.
  2. Reno–Tahoe International Airport
    
    Reno–Tahoe International Airport is a public and military airport three miles (4.8 km) southeast of downtown Reno, in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. It is the state's second busiest commercial airport after Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas. The Nevada Air National Guard has the 152nd Airlift Wing southwest of the airport's main terminal. The airport is named after both the City of Reno, Nevada and Lake Tahoe. The airspace of Reno-Tahoe Airport is controlled by the Northern California TRACON and Oakland Air Route Traffic Control Center.
  3. Reno, Nevada
    
    Reno is a city in the northwest section of the U.S. state of Nevada, along the Nevada-California border, about 22 miles (35 km) north from Lake Tahoe, known as "The Biggest Little City in the World". Known for its casino and tourism industry, Reno is the county seat and largest city of Washoe County and sits in the High Eastern Sierra foothills, in the Truckee River valley, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. The Reno metro area occupies a valley colloquially known as the Truckee Meadows which because of large-scale investments from Greater Seattle and San Francisco Bay Area companies such as Amazon, Tesla, Panasonic, Microsoft, Apple, and Google has become a new major technology center in the United States.
1981
1. The DeLorean Motor Company completed the first production car of the DMC DeLorean.
  1. DeLorean Motor Company
    
    The DeLorean Motor Company (DMC) was an American automobile manufacturer formed by automobile industry executive John DeLorean in 1975. It is remembered for the one model it produced—the stainless steel DeLorean sports car featuring gull-wing doors—and for its brief and turbulent history, ending in receivership and bankruptcy in 1982. In October 1982, John DeLorean was videotaped in a sting operation agreeing to bankroll drug trafficking, but was acquitted in the subsequent trial on the basis of entrapment.
  2. DMC DeLorean
    
    The DMC DeLorean is a rear-engine two-passenger sports car manufactured and marketed by John DeLorean's DeLorean Motor Company (DMC) for the American market from 1981 until 1983—ultimately the only car brought to market by the fledgling company. The DeLorean is sometimes referred to by its internal DMC pre-production designation, DMC-12. However, the DMC-12 name was never used in sales or marketing materials for the production model.
2. Production of the iconic DeLorean sports car begins in Dunmurry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
  1. DMC DeLorean
    
    The DMC DeLorean is a rear-engine two-passenger sports car manufactured and marketed by John DeLorean's DeLorean Motor Company (DMC) for the American market from 1981 until 1983—ultimately the only car brought to market by the fledgling company. The DeLorean is sometimes referred to by its internal DMC pre-production designation, DMC-12. However, the DMC-12 name was never used in sales or marketing materials for the production model.
  2. Dunmurry
    
    Dunmurry is an urban townland in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Dunmurry is in the Collin electoral ward for the local government district of Belfast City Council.
  3. Northern Ireland
    
    Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2021, its population was 1,903,100, making up about 27% of Ireland's population and about 3% of the UK's population. The Northern Ireland Assembly, established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the UK Government. Northern Ireland cooperates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas.
  4. United Kingdom
    
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,495 square kilometres (93,628 sq mi), with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people.
1980
1. Iran Air Flight 291 crashes in the Alborz Mountains while on approach to Mehrabad International Airport in Tehran, Iran, killing 128 people.
  1. Iran Air Flight 291
    
    Iran Air Flight 291 was a flight from Mashad Airport to Tehran-Mehrabad Airport that crashed on 21 January 1980 during its approach to Tehran-Mehrabad runway 29 in foggy and snowy weather conditions, killing all 128 people on board. At the time, Iran Air Flight 291 was the deadliest aircraft disaster in Iranian history.
  2. Alborz
    
    The Alborz range, also spelled as Alburz, Elburz or Elborz, is a mountain range in northern Iran that stretches from the border of Azerbaijan along the western and entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea and finally runs northeast and merges into the smaller Aladagh Mountains and borders in the northeast on the parallel mountain ridge Kopet Dag in the northern parts of Khorasan. All these mountains are part of the much larger Alpide belt. This mountain range is divided into the Western, Central, and Eastern Alborz Mountains. The Western Alborz Range runs south-southeastward almost along the western coast of the Caspian Sea. The Central Alborz runs from west to east along the entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea, while the Eastern Alborz Range runs in a northeasterly direction, toward the northern parts of the Khorasan region, southeast of the Caspian Sea. Mount Damavand, the highest mountain in Iran measuring 5,610.0 m, is located in the Central Alborz Mountains.
  3. Mehrabad International Airport
    
    Mehrabad International Airport, is an international airport serving Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Prior to the construction of the larger Imam Khomeini International Airport in 2007, Mehrabad was Tehran's primary airport in both international and domestic traffic, but now serves only domestic flights. Despite this, in 2016 Mehrabad Airport was the busiest airport in Iran in terms of passengers, handling 16,678,351 passengers in total. The airport is also used by the Government of Iran and is one of the bases of the Iranian Air Force.
  4. Tehran
    
    Tehran is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia, and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East, after Cairo. It is ranked 24th in the world by metropolitan area population.
  5. Iran
    
    Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of 1.64 million square kilometres, making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz.
1976
1. The Concorde supersonic transports began scheduled commercial flights to London, Paris, Bahrain, and Rio de Janeiro.
  1. Concorde
    
    The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a Franco-British supersonic airliner jointly developed and manufactured by Sud Aviation and the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Studies started in 1954, and France and the UK signed a treaty establishing the development project on 29 November 1962, as the programme cost was estimated at £70 million . Construction of the six prototypes began in February 1965, and the first flight took off from Toulouse on 2 March 1969. The market was predicted for 350 aircraft, and the manufacturers received up to 100 option orders from many major airlines. On 9 October 1975, it received its French Certificate of Airworthiness, and from the UK CAA on 5 December.
  2. Supersonic transport
    
    A supersonic transport (SST) or a supersonic airliner is a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound. To date, the only SSTs to see regular service have been Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144. The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978 and it was last flown in 1999 by NASA. Concorde's last commercial flight was in October 2003, with a November 26, 2003 ferry flight being its last airborne operation. Following the permanent cessation of flying by Concorde, there are no remaining SSTs in commercial service. Several companies have each proposed a supersonic business jet, which may bring supersonic transport back again.
2. Commercial service of Concorde begins with the London-Bahrain and Paris-Rio routes.
  1. Concorde
    
    The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a Franco-British supersonic airliner jointly developed and manufactured by Sud Aviation and the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Studies started in 1954, and France and the UK signed a treaty establishing the development project on 29 November 1962, as the programme cost was estimated at £70 million . Construction of the six prototypes began in February 1965, and the first flight took off from Toulouse on 2 March 1969. The market was predicted for 350 aircraft, and the manufacturers received up to 100 option orders from many major airlines. On 9 October 1975, it received its French Certificate of Airworthiness, and from the UK CAA on 5 December.
1972
1. Tripura, formerly part of the independent Twipra Kingdom, became a state of India.
  1. Tripura
    
    Tripura is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491.69 km2 (4,050.86 sq mi) and is bordered by Bangladesh to the north, south, and west, and the Indian states of Assam and Mizoram to the east. In 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents, constituting 0.3% of the country's population.
  2. Twipra Kingdom
    
    The Twipra Kingdom was one of the largest historical kingdoms of the Tripuri people in Northeast India.
  3. States and union territories of India
    
    India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.
1971
1. The current Emley Moor transmitting station, the tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom, begins transmitting UHF broadcasts.
  1. Emley Moor transmitting station
    
    The Emley Moor transmitting station is a telecommunications and broadcasting facility on Emley Moor, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the village centre of Emley, in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England.
  2. Ultra high frequency
    
    Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the super-high frequency (SHF) or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is strong enough for indoor reception. They are used for television broadcasting, cell phones, satellite communication including GPS, personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, walkie-talkies, cordless phones, satellite phones, and numerous other applications.
1968
1. Cold War: A B-52 bomber carrying four nuclear weapons crashed onto sea ice near Thule Air Base, Greenland, causing localized radioactive contamination.
  1. Cold War
    
    The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The term cold war is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
  2. Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
    
    The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is an American long-range, subsonic, jet-powered strategic bomber. The B-52 was designed and built by Boeing, which has continued to provide support and upgrades. It has been operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) since the 1950s. The bomber is capable of carrying up to 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) of weapons, and has a typical combat range of around 8,800 miles (14,080 km) without aerial refueling.
  3. 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
    
    On 21 January 1968, an aircraft accident, sometimes known as the Thule affair or Thule accident, involving a United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 bomber occurred near Thule Air Base in the Danish territory of Greenland. The aircraft was carrying four B28FI thermonuclear bombs on a Cold War "Chrome Dome" alert mission over Baffin Bay when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft before they could carry out an emergency landing at Thule Air Base. Six crew members ejected safely, but one who did not have an ejection seat was killed while trying to bail out. The bomber crashed onto sea ice in North Star Bay, Greenland, causing the conventional explosives aboard to detonate and the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse, resulting in radioactive contamination of the area.
  4. Sea ice
    
    Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface. Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans. Much of the world's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth's polar regions: the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean. Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent, a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology, including the ocean's ecosystems. Due to the action of winds, currents and temperature fluctuations, sea ice is very dynamic, leading to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean. Depending on location, sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs.
  5. Thule Air Base
    
    Thule Air Base, or Thule Air Base/Pituffik Airport, is the United States Space Force's northernmost base, and the northernmost installation of the U.S. Armed Forces, located 750 mi (1,210 km) north of the Arctic Circle and 947 mi (1,524 km) from the North Pole on the northwest coast of the island of Greenland. Thule's arctic environment includes icebergs in North Star Bay, two islands, a polar ice sheet, and Wolstenholme Fjord – the only place on Earth where four active glaciers join together. The base is home to a substantial portion of the global network of missile warning sensors of Space Delta 4, and space surveillance and space control sensors of Space Delta 2, providing space awareness and advanced missile detection capabilities to North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the United States Space Force, and joint partners.
  6. Radioactive contamination
    
    Radioactive contamination, also called radiological pollution, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids, or gases, where their presence is unintended or undesirable.
2. Vietnam War: The Vietnamese People's Army attacked Khe Sanh Combat Base, a U.S. Marines outpost in Quảng Trị Province, South Vietnam, starting the Battle of Khe Sanh.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. People's Army of Vietnam
    
    The People's Army of Vietnam, also recognized as the Vietnam People's Army (VPA) or the Vietnamese Army, is the military force of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the armed wing of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam. The PAVN is a part of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces and includes: Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard and Coast Guard. However, Vietnam does not have a separate Ground Force or Army branch. All ground troops, army corps, military districts and specialised arms belong to the Ministry of Defence, directly under the command of the Central Military Commission, the Minister of Defence, and the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army. The military flag of the PAVN is the flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, with the words Quyết thắng added in yellow at the top left.
  3. Khe Sanh Combat Base
    
    Khe Sanh Combat Base was a United States Marine Corps outpost south of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) used during the Vietnam War.
  4. United States Marine Corps
    
    The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combined arms, implementing its own infantry, artillery, aerial, and special operations forces. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.
  5. Quảng Trị province
    
    Quảng Trị is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam, north of the former imperial capital of Huế.
  6. South Vietnam
    
    South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon, before becoming a republic in 1955. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and 87 other nations, though it failed to gain admission into the United Nations as a result of a Soviet veto in 1957. It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975.
  7. Battle of Khe Sanh
    
    The Battle of Khe Sanh was conducted in the Khe Sanh area of northwestern Quảng Trị Province, Republic of Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. The main US forces defending Khe Sanh Combat Base (KSCB) were two regiments of the United States Marine Corps supported by elements from the United States Army and the United States Air Force (USAF), as well as a small number of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) troops. These were pitted against two to three divisional-size elements of the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN).
3. Vietnam War: Battle of Khe Sanh: One of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins.
  1. Vietnam War
    
    The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is widely considered to be a Cold War-era proxy war. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973. The conflict also spilled over into neighboring states, exacerbating the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states by 1975.
  2. Battle of Khe Sanh
    
    The Battle of Khe Sanh was conducted in the Khe Sanh area of northwestern Quảng Trị Province, Republic of Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. The main US forces defending Khe Sanh Combat Base (KSCB) were two regiments of the United States Marine Corps supported by elements from the United States Army and the United States Air Force (USAF), as well as a small number of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) troops. These were pitted against two to three divisional-size elements of the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN).
4. A B-52 bomber crashes near Thule Air Base, contaminating the area after its nuclear payload ruptures. One of the four bombs remains unaccounted for after the cleanup operation is complete.
  1. Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
    
    The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is an American long-range, subsonic, jet-powered strategic bomber. The B-52 was designed and built by Boeing, which has continued to provide support and upgrades. It has been operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) since the 1950s. The bomber is capable of carrying up to 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) of weapons, and has a typical combat range of around 8,800 miles (14,080 km) without aerial refueling.
  2. 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
    
    On 21 January 1968, an aircraft accident, sometimes known as the Thule affair or Thule accident, involving a United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 bomber occurred near Thule Air Base in the Danish territory of Greenland. The aircraft was carrying four B28FI thermonuclear bombs on a Cold War "Chrome Dome" alert mission over Baffin Bay when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft before they could carry out an emergency landing at Thule Air Base. Six crew members ejected safely, but one who did not have an ejection seat was killed while trying to bail out. The bomber crashed onto sea ice in North Star Bay, Greenland, causing the conventional explosives aboard to detonate and the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse, resulting in radioactive contamination of the area.
  3. Thule Air Base
    
    Thule Air Base, or Thule Air Base/Pituffik Airport, is the United States Space Force's northernmost base, and the northernmost installation of the U.S. Armed Forces, located 750 mi (1,210 km) north of the Arctic Circle and 947 mi (1,524 km) from the North Pole on the northwest coast of the island of Greenland. Thule's arctic environment includes icebergs in North Star Bay, two islands, a polar ice sheet, and Wolstenholme Fjord – the only place on Earth where four active glaciers join together. The base is home to a substantial portion of the global network of missile warning sensors of Space Delta 4, and space surveillance and space control sensors of Space Delta 2, providing space awareness and advanced missile detection capabilities to North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the United States Space Force, and joint partners.
1963
1. The Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad ends operation.
  1. Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad
    
    The Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad, also known as the North Shore Line, was an interurban railroad that operated passenger and freight service over an 88.9-mile (143.1 km) route between the Chicago Loop and downtown Milwaukee, as well as an 8.6-mile (13.8 km) branch line between the villages of Lake Bluff and Mundelein, Illinois. The North Shore Line also provided streetcar, city bus and motor coach services along its interurban route.
1960
1. Little Joe 1B, a Mercury spacecraft, lifts off from Wallops Island, Virginia with Miss Sam, a female rhesus monkey on board.
  1. Little Joe 1B
    
    The Little Joe 1B was a launch escape system test of the Mercury spacecraft, conducted as part of the U.S. Mercury program. The mission also carried a female rhesus monkey named Miss Sam in the Mercury spacecraft. The mission was launched January 21, 1960, from Wallops Island, Virginia. The Little Joe 1B flew to an apogee of 9.3 statute miles (15.0 km) and a range of 11.7 miles (18.9 km) out to sea. Miss Sam survived the 8 minute 35 second flight in good condition. The spacecraft was recovered by a Marine helicopter and returned to Wallops Island within about 45 minutes. Miss Sam was one of many monkeys used in space travel research.
  2. Project Mercury
    
    Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. An early highlight of the Space Race, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and return him safely, ideally before the Soviet Union. Taken over from the US Air Force by the newly created civilian space agency NASA, it conducted 20 uncrewed developmental flights, and six successful flights by astronauts. The program, which took its name from Roman mythology, cost $2.38 billion. The astronauts were collectively known as the "Mercury Seven", and each spacecraft was given a name ending with a "7" by its pilot.
  3. Wallops Island
    
    Wallops Island is a six-square-mile (16 km2) island in Accomack County, Virginia, part of the Virginia Barrier Islands that stretch along the eastern seaboard of the United States of America. It is just south of Chincoteague Island, a popular tourist destination.
  4. Virginia
    
    Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most-populous city, and Fairfax County is the most-populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population in 2020 was over 8.65 million, with 36% of them living in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.
  5. Rhesus macaque
    
    The rhesus macaque, colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally brown or grey in colour, it is 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in length with a 20.7–22.9 cm (8.1–9.0 in) tail and weighs 5.3–7.7 kg (12–17 lb). It is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia and has the widest geographic range of all non-human primates, occupying a great diversity of altitudes and a great variety of habitats, from grasslands to arid and forested areas, but also close to human settlements. Feral colonies are found in the United States, thought to be either released by humans or escapees after hurricanes destroyed zoo and wildlife park facilities.
2. Avianca Flight 671 crashes at Montego Bay, Jamaica airport, killing 37 people.
  1. Avianca Flight 671
    
    Avianca Flight 671, registration HK-177, was a Lockheed Constellation that crashed and burned on landing at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on 21 January 1960. It was and remains the worst accident in Jamaican aviation history.
  2. Montego Bay
    
    Montego Bay is the capital of the parish of St. James in Jamaica. The city is the fourth-largest urban area in the country by population, after Kingston, Spanish Town, and Portmore, all of which form the Greater Kingston Metropolitan Area, home to over half a million people. As a result, Montego Bay is the second-largest anglophone city in the Caribbean, after Kingston.
  3. Jamaica
    
    Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres (134 mi) to the north-west.
3. A coal mine collapses at Holly Country, South Africa, killing 435 miners.
  1. Coalbrook mining disaster
    
    The Coalbrook mining disaster is the worst mining accident in the history of South Africa. The disaster occurred in the Coalbrook coal mine of Clydesdale Colliery on 21 January 1960 at around 19:00 when approximately 900 pillars caved in, almost 180 metres (590 ft) underground. The mine is situated in the Northern Free State, 21 kilometres (13 mi) south west of Vereeniging. About 1,000 miners were in the mine at the time and 437 died after being trapped, while the rest escaped through an incline shaft. The miners were suffocated by methane gas and crushed to death by rockfall.
  2. Holly Country
    
    Holly Country, known as the Coalbrook Mining Village until 1996, is a town in Fezile Dabi District Municipality in the Free State province of South Africa.
1954
1. The first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched in Groton, Connecticut by Mamie Eisenhower, the First Lady of the United States.
  1. Nuclear marine propulsion
    
    Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship or submarine with heat provided by a nuclear reactor. The power plant heats water to produce steam for a turbine used to turn the ship's propeller through a gearbox or through an electric generator and motor. Nuclear propulsion is used primarily within naval warships such as nuclear submarines and supercarriers. A small number of experimental civil nuclear ships have been built.
  2. USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
    
    USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Her initial commanding officer was Eugene "Dennis" Wilkinson, a widely respected naval officer who set the stage for many of the protocols of today's Nuclear Navy of the US, and who had a storied career during military service and afterwards.
  3. Ceremonial ship launching
    
    Ceremonial ship launching involves the performance of ceremonies associated with the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a nautical tradition in many cultures, dating back thousands of years, to accompany the physical process with ceremonies which have been observed as public celebration and a solemn blessing, usually but not always, in association with the launch itself.
  4. Groton, Connecticut
    
    Groton is a town in New London County, Connecticut located on the Thames River. It is the home of General Dynamics Electric Boat, which is the major contractor for submarine work for the United States Navy. The Naval Submarine Base New London is located in Groton, and the pharmaceutical company Pfizer is also a major employer. Avery Point in Groton is home to a regional campus of the University of Connecticut. The population was 38,411 at the 2020 census.
  5. Mamie Eisenhower
    
    Mary Geneva "Mamie" Eisenhower was the first lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 as the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Born in Boone, Iowa, she was raised in a wealthy household in Colorado. She married Dwight D. Eisenhower, then a lieutenant in the Army, in 1916. She kept house and served as hostess for military officers as they moved between various postings in the United States, Panama, the Philippines, and France. Their relationship was complicated by his regular absences on duty and by the death of their firstborn son at the age of three. She became a prominent figure during World War II as the wife of General Eisenhower.
  6. First Lady of the United States
    
    The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the president of the United States, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States. Since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by official staff, now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House.
1951
1. The catastrophic eruption of Mount Lamington in Papua New Guinea claims 2,942 lives.
  1. 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington
    
    In early January 1951, a series of minor explosions and earthquakes rocked Mount Lamington, a volcano in Oro Province, Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Prior to the eruption, Mount Lamington was not recognized as a volcano due to the absence of historically-recorded eruptions and dense vegetation cover. From January 15, volcanic activity intensified, and tall eruption plumes were generated. The largest eruption occurred on the morning of January 21 when a thick black plume of ash rose 50,000 feet (15,000 m) into the atmosphere. The eruption collapsed a lava dome and produced a lethal pyroclastic flow that killed 2,942–3,466 people. In the years after the eruption, new lava domes formed and collapsed in succession. Activity persisted until July 1956. The eruption is the deadliest natural disaster in Australian history, as the region was under the rule of the Government of Australia.
1950
1. American lawyer and government official Alger Hiss is convicted of perjury.
  1. Alger Hiss
    
    Alger Hiss was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Statutes of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Before the trial Hiss was involved in the establishment of the United Nations, both as a U.S. State Department official and as a U.N. official. In later life he worked as a lecturer and author.
  2. Perjury
    
    Perjury is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding.
1948
1. The Flag of Quebec is adopted and flown for the first time over the National Assembly of Quebec. The day is marked annually as Québec Flag Day.
  1. Flag of Quebec
    
    The flag of Quebec, called the Fleurdelisé, represents the Canadian province of Quebec. It consists of a white cross on a blue background, with four white fleurs-de-lis.
  2. National Assembly of Quebec
    
    The National Assembly of Quebec is the legislative body of the province of Quebec in Canada. Legislators are called MNAs. The King in Right of Quebec, represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec and the National Assembly compose the Legislature of Quebec, which operates in a fashion similar to those of other Westminster-style parliamentary systems. The assembly has 125 members elected first past the post from single-member districts.
1943
1. As part of Operation Animals, British SOE saboteurs destroy the railway bridge over the Asopos River, and guerrillas of the Greek People's Liberation Army ambush and destroy a German convoy at the Battle of Sarantaporos.
  1. Operation Animals
    
    Operation Animals was a World War II mission by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), in cooperation with the Greek Resistance groups ELAS, Zeus, EDES, PAO and the United States Army Air Force. The operation took place between 21 June and 11 July 1943 and included an organized campaign of sabotage in Greece, to deceive the Axis Powers into believing that Greece was the target of an Allied amphibious landing, instead of Sicily. Despite the mission's success, the Greek civilian population suffered from mass reprisals and British intervention into the internal affairs of the Greek resistance exacerbated the tensions between its various components.
  2. Special Operations Executive
    
    The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British World War II organisation. It was officially formed on 22 July 1940 under Minister of Economic Warfare Hugh Dalton, from the amalgamation of three existing secret organisations. Its purpose was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers, and to aid local resistance movements.
  3. Operation Washing
    
    Operation Washing was the successful destruction of the railway bridge over the Asopos River in Central Greece by four British SOE saboteurs. It took place on 21 June 1943, as part of Operation Animals.
  4. ELAS
    
    The Greek People's Liberation Army (Greek: Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός, Ellinikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Stratós was the military arm of the left-wing National Liberation Front during the period of the Greek resistance until February 1945, when, following the Dekemvriana clashes and the Varkiza Agreement, it was disarmed and disbanded. ELAS was the largest and most significant of the military organizations of the Greek resistance.
  5. Battle of Sarantaporos (1943)
    
    The Battle of Sarantaporos on 21 June 1943 was a successful ambush by the guerrillas of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) against a column of the German 117th Jäger Division. The ambush, carried out as part of Operation Animals, was one of the most successful operations against the Germans during the Axis occupation of Greece.
1941
1. Sparked by the murder of a German officer in Bucharest, Romania the day before, members of the Iron Guard engaged in a rebellion and pogrom killing 125 Jews.
  1. Bucharest
    
    Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km (37.3 mi) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border.
  2. Romania
    
    Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi), with a population of around 19 million. Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
  3. Iron Guard
    
    The Iron Guard was a Romanian militant revolutionary fascist movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael or the Legionnaire Movement. It was strongly anti-democratic, anti-capitalist, anti-communist, and anti-Semitic. It differed from other European right-wing movements of the period due to its spiritual basis, as the Iron Guard was deeply imbued with Romanian Orthodox Christian mysticism.
  4. Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom
    
    Between 21 and 23 January 1941, a rebellion of the Iron Guard paramilitary organization, whose members were known as Legionnaires, occurred in Bucharest, Romania. As their privileges were being gradually removed by the Conducător Ion Antonescu, the Legionnaires revolted. During the rebellion and subsequent pogrom, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews, and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels. Following this, the Iron Guard movement was banned and 9,000 of its members were imprisoned.
1932
1. Finland and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression treaty.
  1. Finland
    
    Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi) with a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city, forming a larger metropolitan area with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish, alongside Swedish, are the official languages. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
  2. Soviet Union
    
    The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It was the largest country in the world, covering over 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi) and spanning eleven time zones.
  3. Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact
    
    The Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact was a non-aggression treaty signed in 1932 by representatives of Finland and the Soviet Union. The pact was unilaterally renounced by the Soviet Union in 1939 after having committed a deception operation in Mainila in which it shelled its own village and blamed Finland.
1931
1. Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.
  1. Isaac Isaacs
    
    Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs was an Australian lawyer, politician, and judge who served as the ninth Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1931 to 1936. He had previously served on the High Court of Australia from 1906 to 1931, including as Chief Justice from 1930.
  2. Governor-General of Australia
    
    The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Australia. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of government ministers. The governor-general has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force. The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers, judges, and ambassadors; giving royal assent to legislation passed by parliament; issuing writs for election; and bestowing Australian honours.
1925
1. Albania declares itself a republic.
  1. Albania
    
    Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.
1919
1. The First Dáil (members pictured) convened at the Mansion House in Dublin and adopted a declaration of independence calling for the establishment of the Irish Republic.
  1. First Dáil
    
    The First Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 1919 to 1921. It was the first meeting of the unicameral parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. In the December 1918 election to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Irish republican party Sinn Féin won a landslide victory in Ireland. In line with their manifesto, its MPs refused to take their seats, and on 21 January 1919 they founded a separate parliament in Dublin called Dáil Éireann. They declared Irish independence, ratifying the Proclamation of the Irish Republic that had been issued in the 1916 Easter Rising, and adopted a provisional constitution.
  2. Mansion House, Dublin
    
    The Mansion House on Dawson Street, Dublin, has been the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin since 1715, and was also the meeting place of the Dáil Éireann from 1919 until 1922.
  3. Irish Declaration of Independence
    
    The Declaration of Independence was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of the Irish Republic, at its first meeting in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 21 January 1919. It followed from the Sinn Féin election manifesto of December 1918. Texts of the declaration were adopted in three languages: Irish, English and French.
  4. Irish Republic
    
    The Irish Republic was an unrecognised revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom in January 1919. The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to only 21 of Ireland's 32 counties, and British state forces maintained a presence across much of the north-east, as well as Cork, Dublin and other major towns. The republic was strongest in rural areas, and through its military forces was able to influence the population in urban areas that it did not directly control.
2. A revolutionary Irish parliament is founded and declares the independence of the Irish Republic. One of the first engagements of the Irish War of Independence takes place.
  1. First Dáil
    
    The First Dáil was Dáil Éireann as it convened from 1919 to 1921. It was the first meeting of the unicameral parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. In the December 1918 election to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Irish republican party Sinn Féin won a landslide victory in Ireland. In line with their manifesto, its MPs refused to take their seats, and on 21 January 1919 they founded a separate parliament in Dublin called Dáil Éireann. They declared Irish independence, ratifying the Proclamation of the Irish Republic that had been issued in the 1916 Easter Rising, and adopted a provisional constitution.
  2. Irish Declaration of Independence
    
    The Declaration of Independence was a document adopted by Dáil Éireann, the revolutionary parliament of the Irish Republic, at its first meeting in the Mansion House, Dublin, on 21 January 1919. It followed from the Sinn Féin election manifesto of December 1918. Texts of the declaration were adopted in three languages: Irish, English and French.
  3. Irish Republic
    
    The Irish Republic was an unrecognised revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom in January 1919. The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by 1920 its functional control was limited to only 21 of Ireland's 32 counties, and British state forces maintained a presence across much of the north-east, as well as Cork, Dublin and other major towns. The republic was strongest in rural areas, and through its military forces was able to influence the population in urban areas that it did not directly control.
  4. Soloheadbeg ambush
    
    The Soloheadbeg ambush took place on 21 January 1919, when members of the Irish Volunteers ambushed Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) officers who were escorting a consignment of gelignite explosives at Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary. Two RIC officers were killed and their weapons and the explosives were seized. The Volunteers acted on their own initiative and had not sought authorisation for their action. As it happened on the same day that the revolutionary Irish parliament first met and declared Ireland's independence, it is often seen as the first engagement of the Irish War of Independence.
  5. Irish War of Independence
    
    The Irish War of Independence or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British forces: the British Army, along with the quasi-military Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and its paramilitary forces the Auxiliaries and Ulster Special Constabulary (USC). It was part of the Irish revolutionary period.
1915
1. Kiwanis International is founded in Detroit.
  1. Kiwanis
    
    Kiwanis International is an international service club founded in 1915 in Detroit, Michigan. It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, and is found in more than 80 nations and geographic areas. Since 1987, the organization has also accepted women as members. Membership in Kiwanis and its family of clubs is more than 600,000 members. Each year, Kiwanis clubs raise more than US$100 million and report more than 18.5 million volunteer hours to strengthen communities and serve children.
  2. Detroit
    
    Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at the 2020 census, making it the 27th-most populous city in the United States. The metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 4.3 million people, making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area, and the 14th-largest in the United States. Regarded as a major cultural center, Detroit is known for its contributions to music, art, architecture and design, in addition to its historical automotive background. Time named Detroit as one of the fifty World's Greatest Places of 2022 to explore.
1911
1. The first Monte Carlo Rally takes place.
  1. Monte Carlo Rally
    
    The Monte Carlo Rally or Rallye Monte-Carlo is a rallying event organised each year by the Automobile Club de Monaco. The rally now takes place along the French Riviera in Monaco and southeast France. Previously, competitors would set off from various starting points around Europe and 'rally' in Monaco to celebrate the end of a unique event. From its inception in 1911 by Prince Albert I, the rally was intended to demonstrate improvements and innovations to automobiles, and promote Monaco as a tourist resort on the Mediterranean shore.
1908
1. New York City passes the Sullivan Ordinance, making it illegal for women to smoke in public, only to have the measure vetoed by the mayor.
  1. Sullivan Ordinance
    
    The Sullivan Ordinance was a municipal law passed on January 21, 1908, in New York City by the board of aldermen, barring the management of a public place from allowing women to smoke within their venue. The ordinance did not bar women from smoking in general nor did the ordinance bar women from smoking in public, only public places. Right after the ordinance was enacted, on January 22, Katie Mulcahey, the only person cited for breaking this ordinance, was fined $5 for smoking in public and arrested for refusing to pay the fine; however, the ordinance itself did not mention fines nor does it ban women from smoking in public. She was released the next day. The mayor at the time, George B. McClellan Jr., vetoed the ordinance two weeks later.
1893
1. The Tati Concessions Land, formerly part of Matabeleland, is formally annexed to the Bechuanaland Protectorate, now Botswana.
  1. Tati Concessions Land
    
    The Tati Concession was a land and mining concession created in the western borderlands of the Matabele Kingdom. The concession was originally granted by the Matabele King, Lobengula, son of Mzilikazi, to Sir John Swinburne in exchange for gold and arms. It was administered by the territory known as the Bechuanaland Protectorate after 1893, but was formally annexed to it by Proclamation Number 2 of 1911 by the High Commissioner of Bechuanaland. It was locally administered by a Justice of the Peace.
  2. Matabeleland
    
    Matabeleland is a region located in southwestern Zimbabwe that is divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo, and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers and are further separated from Midlands by the Shangani River in central Zimbabwe. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people who were called "Amatabele"(people with long spears - Mzilikazi 's group of people who were escaping the Mfecani wars). Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Bakalanga, Venda, Nambya, Khoisan, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, and Tsonga. The population of Matabeleland is just over 20% of the Zimbabwe's total.
  3. Bechuanaland Protectorate
    
    The Bechuanaland Protectorate was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in Southern Africa. It became the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966.
  4. Botswana
    
    Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. It is connected to Zambia across the short Zambezi River border by the Kazungula Bridge.
1861
1. American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate.
  1. American Civil War
    
    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded. The central cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which was widely believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.
  2. Jefferson Davis
    
    Jefferson F. Davis was an American politician who was the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. He represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party before the American Civil War. He had previously served as the United States Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce.
  3. United States Senate
    
    The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
1854
1. The RMS Tayleur sinks off Lambay Island on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to Australia with great loss of life.
  1. RMS Tayleur
    
    RMS Tayleur was a full-rigged iron clipper ship chartered by the White Star Line. She was large, fast and technically advanced. She ran aground off Lambay Island and sank, on her maiden voyage, in 1854. Of more than 650 aboard, only 280 survived. She has been described as "the first Titanic".
  2. Lambay Island
    
    Lambay Island, often simply Lambay, is an island in the Irish Sea off the coast of north County Dublin, Ireland. The largest island off the east coast of Ireland, it is four kilometres (2 mi) offshore from the headland at Portrane, and is the easternmost point of the province of Leinster. Of volcanic origin, it has been inhabited since the prehistoric period and has been the subject of multiple archaeological studies. Lambay has notable populations of seabirds, a range of local fauna, some not found elsewhere in Ireland, and a colony of wallabies, as well as more than 300 plant varieties, and was the subject of major studies of flora and bird, and a major multidisciplinary study of flora and fauna between 1905 and 1907. The island is privately owned by a trust for members of certain branches of the Baring family and managed by the current Baron Revelstoke. It has a very small permanent population and few buildings but hosts some day visitors and short-stay guests, and there is a working farm.
1793
1. After being found guilty of treason by the French National Convention, Louis XVI of France is executed by guillotine.
  1. National Convention
    
    The National Convention was a parliament of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. The Convention sat as a single-chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795.
  2. Louis XVI
    
    Louis XVI was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months just before he was executed by guillotine. He was the son of Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir-apparent of King Louis XV, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. When his father died in 1765, he became the new Dauphin. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he became King of France and Navarre, reigning as such until 4 September 1791, when he received the title of King of the French, continuing to reign as such until the monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792.
  3. Guillotine
    
    A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass so that the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.
1789
1. The Power of Sympathy by William Hill Brown, widely considered to be the first American novel, was published.
  1. The Power of Sympathy
    
    The Power of Sympathy: or, The Triumph of Nature (1789) is an 18th-century American sentimental novel written in epistolary form by William Hill Brown and is widely considered to be the first American novel. The Power of Sympathy was Brown's first novel. The characters' struggles illustrate the dangers of seduction and the pitfalls of giving in to one's passions, while advocating the moral education of women and the use of rational thinking as ways to prevent the consequences of such actions.
  2. William Hill Brown
    
    William Hill Brown was an American novelist, the author of what is usually considered the first American novel, The Power of Sympathy (1789), and "Harriot, or the Domestic Reconciliation", as well as the serial essay "The Reformer", published in Isaiah Thomas' Massachusetts Magazine.
2. The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth by William Hill Brown, is printed in Boston.
  1. The Power of Sympathy
    
    The Power of Sympathy: or, The Triumph of Nature (1789) is an 18th-century American sentimental novel written in epistolary form by William Hill Brown and is widely considered to be the first American novel. The Power of Sympathy was Brown's first novel. The characters' struggles illustrate the dangers of seduction and the pitfalls of giving in to one's passions, while advocating the moral education of women and the use of rational thinking as ways to prevent the consequences of such actions.
  2. William Hill Brown
    
    William Hill Brown was an American novelist, the author of what is usually considered the first American novel, The Power of Sympathy (1789), and "Harriot, or the Domestic Reconciliation", as well as the serial essay "The Reformer", published in Isaiah Thomas' Massachusetts Magazine.
  3. Boston
    
    Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th-most populous city in the country. The city boundaries encompass an area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a population of 675,647 as of 2020. It is the seat of Suffolk County. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country. A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area and including Providence, Rhode Island, is home to approximately 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.
1774
1. Abdul Hamid I becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
  1. Abdul Hamid I
    
    Abdülhamid or Abdul Hamid I was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over the Ottoman Empire from 1774 to 1789.
  2. List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
    
    The sultans of the Ottoman Empire, who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty, ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to rebel in the south and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Administered at first from the city of Söğüt since before 1280 and then from the city of Bursa since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I and then to Constantinople in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II.
  3. Caliphate
    
    A caliphate or khilāfah is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph, a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world (ummah). Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires. During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all hereditary monarchies such as the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and Ayyubid Caliphate, have claimed to be caliphates.
1749
1. The Teatro Filarmonico in Verona is destroyed by fire, as a result of a torch being left behind in the box of a nobleman after a performance. It is rebuilt in 1754.
  1. Teatro Filarmonico
    
    The Teatro Filarmonico is the main opera theater in Verona, Italy, and is one of the leading opera houses in Europe. The Teatro Filarmonico is property of the Accademia Filarmonica di Verona. Having been built in 1716, and later rebuilt after a fire of January 21, 1749, and again after the allied bombing of February 23, 1945.
1720
1. Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Stockholm.
  1. Kingdom of Prussia
    
    The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin.
  2. Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)
    
    The Treaties of Stockholm are two treaties signed in 1719 and 1720 that ended the war between Sweden and an alliance of Hanover and Prussia.
1535
1. Following the Affair of the Placards, the French king leads an anti-Protestant procession through Paris.
  1. Affair of the Placards
    
    The Affair of the Placards was an incident in which anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris and in four major provincial cities, Blois, Rouen, Tours and Orléans, in the night of the 17 to 18 October 1534. One of the posters was posted on the bedchamber door of King Francis I at Amboise, an affront and a breach of security that left him shaken. The Affaire des Placards brought an end to the conciliatory policies of Francis, who had formerly attempted to protect the Protestants from the more extreme measures of the Parlement de Paris, and also of the public entreaties for moderation of Philip Melanchthon.
  2. Francis I of France
    
    Francis I was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once removed and father-in-law Louis XII, who died without a son.
1525
1. The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother in Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
  1. Switzerland
    
    Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation;, is a landlocked country located at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe. It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.
  2. Anabaptism
    
    Anabaptism is a Protestant Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation.
  3. Conrad Grebel
    
    Conrad Grebel, son of a prominent Swiss merchant and councilman, was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren movement.
  4. Felix Manz
    
    Felix Manz was an Anabaptist, a co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren congregation in Zürich, Switzerland, and the first martyr of the Radical Reformation.
  5. George Blaurock
    
    Jörg vom Haus Jacob, commonly known as George Blaurock, was an Anabaptist leader and evangelist. Along with Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz, he was a co-founder of the Swiss Brethren in Zürich, and thereby one of the founders of Anabaptism.
  6. Zürich
    
    Zürich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2020, the municipality has 434,335 inhabitants, the urban area 1.315 million (2009), and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million (2011). Zürich is a hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Both Zurich Airport and Zürich's main railway station are the largest and busiest in the country.
763
1. The Abbasid Caliphate crushed the Alid revolt when a rebel leader was mortally wounded in battle near Basra in present-day Iraq.
  1. Abbasid Caliphate
    
    The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Babylonian capital city of Babylon. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning".
  2. Alid revolt of 762–763
    
    The Alid revolt of 762–763 or Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul was an uprising by the Hasanid branch of the Alids against the newly established Abbasid Caliphate. The Hasanids, led by the brothers Muhammad and Ibrahim, rejected the legitimacy of the Abbasid family's claim to power. Reacting to mounting persecution by the Abbasid regime, in 762 they launched a rebellion, with Muhammad rising in revolt at Medina in September and Ibrahim following in Basra in November.
  3. Basra
    
    Basra is an Iraqi city located on the Shatt al-Arab. It had an estimated population of 1.4 million in 2018. Basra is also Iraq's main port, although it does not have deep water access, which is handled at the port of Umm Qasr.
2. Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
  1. Alid revolt of 762–763
    
    The Alid revolt of 762–763 or Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul was an uprising by the Hasanid branch of the Alids against the newly established Abbasid Caliphate. The Hasanids, led by the brothers Muhammad and Ibrahim, rejected the legitimacy of the Abbasid family's claim to power. Reacting to mounting persecution by the Abbasid regime, in 762 they launched a rebellion, with Muhammad rising in revolt at Medina in September and Ibrahim following in Basra in November.
  2. Isa ibn Musa
    
    ʿĪsā ibn Mūsā ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-ʿAbbās was a nephew of the first two Abbasid caliphs, as-Saffah and al-Mansur, and for a long time heir-apparent of the Caliphate, until he was superseded by al-Mansur's son al-Mahdi.

Births & Deaths

2022
1. Louie Anderson, American actor and comedian (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Louie Anderson
    
    Louis Perry Anderson was an American stand-up comedian, actor, author and game show host. Anderson created the cartoon series Life with Louie and the television sitcom The Louie Show, and wrote four books, including Hey Mom: Stories for My Mother, But You Can Read Them Too, which was published in 2018. He was the fourth host of the game show Family Feud, from 1999 to 2002, in its third run and second revival.
2. Leonor Oyarzún, Chilean socialite, First Lady of Chile (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Leonor Oyarzún
    
    Leonor Oyarzún Ivanovic was a Chilean family therapist and member of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC). She served as the First Lady of Chile from 1990 until 1994 as the wife of President Patricio Aylwin.
  2. First Lady of Chile
    
    The First Lady of Chile is the title for the wife of the president of Chile, who is traditionally responsible for directing and coordinating activities in the social field of the presidency and also accompany the president in ceremonies or official activities, for example, on state visit. Although not an official title, it is widely used in formal protocol and has been used in some decrees.
2020
1. Terry Jones, Welsh actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Terry Jones
    
    Terence Graham Parry Jones was a Welsh comedian, director, historian, actor, writer and member of the Monty Python comedy team.
2. Morgan Wootten, American high school basketball coach (b. 1931) deaths
  1. Morgan Wootten
    
    Morgan Bayard Wootten was an American high school basketball coach for 46 seasons at DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland. He led the Stags to five national championships and 33 Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC) titles. In 2000, he was the third high school coach to be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and the first high school only coach to be inducted.
2019
1. Kaye Ballard, American actress (b. 1925) deaths
  1. Kaye Ballard
    
    Kaye Ballard was an American actress, comedian, and singer.
  2. 1925
    
    1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1925th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 925th year of the 2nd millennium, the 25th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1920s decade.
2. Henri, Count of Paris, Head of the House of Orléans (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)
    
    Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France, was the Orléanist pretender to the defunct French throne as Henry VII.
  2. 1933
    
    1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1933rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 933rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 33rd year of the 20th century, and the 4th year of the 1930s decade.
3. Emiliano Sala, Argentine footballer (b. 1990) deaths
  1. Emiliano Sala
    
    Emiliano Raúl Sala Taffarel was an Argentine professional footballer who played as a striker.
  2. 1990
    
    1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1990th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 990th year of the 2nd millennium, the 90th year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 1990s decade.
4. Harris Wofford, American politician, author and civil rights activist (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Harris Wofford
    
    Harris Llewellyn Wofford Jr. was an American attorney, civil rights activist, and Democratic Party politician who represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1991 to 1995. A noted advocate of national service and volunteering, Wofford was also the fifth president of Bryn Mawr College from 1970 to 1978, served as chairman of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party in 1986 and also as Pennsylvania Secretary of Labor and Industry in the cabinet of Governor Robert P. Casey from 1987 to 1991, and was a surrogate for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. He introduced Obama in Philadelphia at the National Constitution Center before Obama's speech on race in America, "A More Perfect Union".
2016
1. Bill Johnson, American skier (b. 1960) deaths
  1. Bill Johnson (skier)
    
    William Dean Johnson was an American World Cup alpine ski racer. By winning the downhill at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, Johnson became the first American male to win an Olympic gold medal in alpine skiing and the first racer not from an Alpine country to win an Olympic downhill race.
2. Mrinalini Sarabhai, a 1992-Padma Bhushan award winner Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor. (b. 1918) deaths
  1. Mrinalini Sarabhai
    
    Mrinalini Vikram Sarabhai was an Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor. She was the founder and director of the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, an institute for imparting training in dance, drama, music and puppetry, in the city of Ahmedabad. She received Padma Bhushan in 1992 and Padma Shri in 1965. She also received many other citations in recognition of her contribution to art.
  2. Padma Bhushan
    
    The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, preceded by the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan and followed by the Padma Shri. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order...without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex." The award criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" including doctors and scientists, but exclude those working with the public sector undertakings. As of 2020, the award has been bestowed on 1270 individuals, including twenty-four posthumous and ninety-seven non-citizen recipients.
2015
1. Marcus Borg, American scholar, theologian, and author (b. 1942) deaths
  1. Marcus Borg
    
    Marcus Joel Borg was an American New Testament scholar and theologian. He was among the most widely known and influential voices in Liberal Christianity. Borg was a fellow of the Jesus Seminar and a major figure in historical Jesus scholarship. He retired as Hundere Distinguished Professor of Religion and Culture at Oregon State University in 2007. He died eight years later at the age of 72, of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Powell Butte, Oregon.
2. Leon Brittan, English lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills (b. 1939) deaths
  1. Leon Brittan
    
    Leon Brittan, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, was a British Conservative politician and barrister who served as a European Commissioner from 1989 to 1999. As a member of Parliament from 1974 to 1988, he served several ministerial roles in Margaret Thatcher's government, including Home Secretary from 1983 to 1985.
  2. Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
    
    The secretary of state for business, energy and industrial strategy, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, tenth in the ministerial ranking.
3. Johnnie Lewis, Liberian lawyer and politician, 18th Chief Justice of Liberia (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Johnnie Lewis
    
    Johnnie N. Lewis was a Liberian lawyer and politician who served as the 18th Chief Justice of Liberia from 2006 to 2012. Before his appointment to the Supreme Court, he served as a circuit judge in Liberia's judicial system.
  2. Chief Justice of Liberia
    
    The chief justice of Liberia is the head of the judicial branch of the Government of the Republic of Liberia and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Liberia.
2013
1. Ahmet Mete Işıkara, Turkish geophysicist and academic (b. 1941) deaths
  1. Ahmet Mete Işıkara
    
    Ahmet Mete Işıkara was a Turkish geophysicist and earthquake scientist, well known for his efforts to create public awareness of the need for protection and safety during earthquakes.
2. Chumpol Silpa-archa, Thai academic and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1940) deaths
  1. Chumpol Silpa-archa
    
    Chumpol Silpa-archa was a Thai politician who served in the government of Thailand as Minister of Tourism and Sports from 2008 to 2013; he was also Deputy Prime Minister from 2011 to 2013. Beginning in January 2009, he was the president of the Chartthaipattana Party. He was the younger brother of Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa.
  2. Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
    
    The deputy prime minister of Thailand (รองนายกรัฐมนตรี) is a ministerial position within the government of Thailand. Several deputy prime ministers can be appointed and serve concurrently. Such appointments are usually made by the prime minister of Thailand. This position can be combined with other ministerial portfolios. The position was first created in 1943.
3. Michael Winner, English director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1935) deaths
  1. Michael Winner
    
    Robert Michael Winner was a British filmmaker, writer, and media personality. He is known for directing numerous action, thriller, and black comedy films in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, including several collaborations with actors Oliver Reed and Charles Bronson.
2011
1. Theoni V. Aldredge, Greek-American costume designer (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Theoni V. Aldredge
    
    Theoni V. Aldredge was a Greek-American stage and screen costume designer.
2. Dennis Oppenheim, American sculptor and photographer (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Dennis Oppenheim
    
    Dennis Oppenheim was an American conceptual artist, performance artist, earth artist, sculptor and photographer. Dennis Oppenheim's early artistic practice is an epistemological questioning about the nature of art, the making of art and the definition of art: a meta-art that arose when strategies of the Minimalists were expanded to focus on site and context. As well as an aesthetic agenda, the work progressed from perceptions of the physical properties of the gallery to the social and political context, largely taking the form of permanent public sculpture in the last two decades of a highly prolific career, whose diversity could exasperate his critics.
3. E. V. V. Satyanarayana, Indian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1958) deaths
  1. E. V. V. Satyanarayana
    
    Eedara Veera Venkata Satyanarayana was an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer. He directed a total of 51 films in Telugu and Hindi and introduced many actors to Telugu cinema. He was well known for making comedy and melodrama films. In 2000, he established his own production company called as E. V .V. Cinema. He died in 2011.
2010
1. Paul Quarrington, Canadian author, playwright, guitarist, and composer (b. 1953) deaths
  1. Paul Quarrington
    
    Paul Lewis Quarrington was a Canadian novelist, playwright, screenwriter, filmmaker, musician and educator.
2009
1. Krista Kilvet, Estonian journalist, politician and diplomat (b. 1946) deaths
  1. Krista Kilvet
    
    Krista Kilvet was an Estonian radio journalist, politician and diplomat.
2006
1. Ibrahim Rugova, Kosovo journalist and politician, 1st President of Kosovo (b. 1944) deaths
  1. Ibrahim Rugova
    
    Ibrahim Rugova was a prominent Kosovo Albanian political leader, scholar, and writer, who served as the President of the partially recognised Republic of Kosova, serving from 1992 to 2000 and as President of Kosovo from 2002 until his death in 2006. He oversaw a popular struggle for independence, advocating a peaceful resistance to Yugoslav rule and lobbying for U.S. and European support, especially during the Kosovo War.
  2. President of Kosovo
    
    The president of the Republic of Kosovo, is the head of state and chief representative of the de facto Republic of Kosovo in the country and abroad.
2005
1. Theun de Vries, Dutch author and poet (b. 1907) deaths
  1. Theun de Vries
    
    Theunis Uilke (Theun) de Vries, was a Dutch writer and poet.
2. John L. Hess, American journalist and critic (b. 1917) deaths
  1. John L. Hess
    
    John L. Hess was a prominent American investigative journalist who worked for many years at The New York Times. He left the Times in 1978 and wrote a memoir about his years there, My Times: A Memoir of Dissent.
3. Kaljo Raid, Estonian cellist, composer, and pastor (b. 1921) deaths
  1. Kaljo Raid
    
    Kaljo Raid was an Estonian composer, cellist and pastor.
2004
1. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway births
  1. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway
    
    Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is the eldest child of Crown Prince Haakon and Crown Princess Mette-Marit, and the grandchild of King Harald V. She is second in line of succession to the Norwegian throne after her father. She is expected to become the country's second female monarch, after the 15th-century Queen Margaret.
2. Yordan Radichkov, Bulgarian author and playwright (b. 1929) deaths
  1. Yordan Radichkov
    
    Yordan Radichkov was a Bulgarian writer and playwright.
2003
1. Paul Haines, American-Canadian poet and songwriter (b. 1933) deaths
  1. Paul Haines (poet)
    
    Paul Haines was a poet and jazz lyricist. Born in Vassar, Michigan, Haines eventually settled in Canada after spending time in Europe, Asia, and the United States; he had a long stint as a French teacher at Fenelon Falls Secondary School, in Ontario, Canada. Active in New York City in the 60s, he recorded Albert Ayler's Ghosts. A second recording made by Ayler called "Spiritual Unity" included a printed folio with text by Paul Haines called "You and the Night and Music." Haines, a month later to produce a Michael Snow film called New York Eye and Ear Control.
2. Paul Kuusberg, Estonian journalist and author (b. 1916) deaths
  1. Paul Kuusberg
    
    Paul Kuusberg was an Estonian writer. Novellas by him include “Roostetanud kastekann” (1971) and “Võõras või õige mees” (1978), which won an award in Estonia.
2002
1. Peggy Lee, American singer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Peggy Lee
    
    Norma Deloris Egstrom, known professionally as Peggy Lee, was an American jazz and popular music singer, songwriter, composer, and actress, over a career spanning seven decades. From her beginning as a vocalist on local radio to singing with Benny Goodman's big band, Lee created a sophisticated persona, writing music for films, acting, and recording conceptual record albums combining poetry and music. Called the "Queen of American pop music," Lee recorded over 1,100 masters and composed over 270 songs.
1999
1. Rubina Ali, Indian actress births
  1. Rubina Ali
    
    Rubina Ali, also known as Rubina Qureshi, is an Indian actress who played the child version of Latika in the Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008), for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award. Following the film's success, she was cast in the Bollywood film Kal Kisne Dekha (2009).
2. Susan Strasberg, American actress (b. 1938) deaths
  1. Susan Strasberg
    
    Susan Elizabeth Strasberg was an American stage, film, and television actress. Imagined to be the next Hepburn-type ingenue, she was nominated for a Tony Award at age 18, playing the title role in The Diary of Anne Frank. She appeared on the covers of LIFE and Newsweek in 1955. A close friend of Marilyn Monroe and Richard Burton, she wrote two best-selling tell-all books. Her later career primarily consisted of slasher and horror films, followed by TV roles, by the 1980s.
1998
1. Jack Lord, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1920) deaths
  1. Jack Lord
    
    John Joseph Patrick Ryan, best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor, director and producer. He starred as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980.
1997
1. Jeremy Shada, American actor, musician and singer births
  1. Jeremy Shada
    
    Jeremy Shada is an American actor, musician and singer. He is best known for his work as the voice of Finn the Human from the American animated television series Adventure Time and Lance in Voltron: Legendary Defender. He is also known for starring as various characters in the sketch-comedy series Incredible Crew. His most recent appearance is in the 2020 Netflix original television series, Julie and the Phantoms, as Reggie Peters, one of four main cast members, including Charlie Gillespie, Owen Joyner, and Madison Reyes.
2. Ilia Topuria, German-Georgian mixed martial artist births
  1. Ilia Topuria
    
    Ilia Topuria is a German-born Georgian mixed martial artist who competes in the Lightweight and Featherweight divisions of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As of August 15, 2022, he is #14 in the UFC featherweight rankings.
1996
1. Marco Asensio, Spanish footballer births
  1. Marco Asensio
    
    Marco Asensio Willemsen is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a winger and attacking midfielder for La Liga club Real Madrid and the Spain national team.
1995
1. Yulia Belorukova, Russian cross-country skier births
  1. Yuliya Stupak
    
    Yuliya Sergeyevna Stupak is a Russian cross-country skier who competes internationally with the Russian national team.
2. Nguyễn Công Phượng, Vietnamese footballer births
  1. Nguyễn Công Phượng
    
    Nguyễn Công Phượng is a Vietnamese professional footballer who plays as a forward for V.League 1 club Hoàng Anh Gia Lai, and the Vietnam national football team. Nguyễn Công Phuợng lauded "Vietnamese Messi" by fans and the media due to his playing style and physique, Công Phượng is one of the most promising football talents in Vietnam. He is a product of HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy and was promoted to Hoàng Anh Gia Lai senior team in 2015. Công Phượng was voted in 2015 as the 'Best Young Player of the Year.
3. Marine Johannes, French basketball player births
  1. Marine Johannès
    
    Marine Johannès is a French basketball player for the New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and for Lyon Asvel Feminin in the French League. A native of Lisieux in Cavaldos, she also plays for the French national team, where she participated at the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Olympics.
4. Alanna Kennedy, Australian footballer births
  1. Alanna Kennedy
    
    Alanna Stephanie Kennedy is an Australian professional soccer player who plays as a defender for Manchester City in the English FA Women's Super League, as well as the Australia national team. Kennedy is recognized as being a versatile, technical player and is a right-footed free kick specialist. Known on the international level as a centre back, Kennedy also plays in the midfielder position.
1994
1. Amin Affane, Swedish footballer births
  1. Amin Affane
    
    Amin Tareq Affane ; born 21 January 1994) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
2. Laura Robson, Australian-English tennis player births
  1. Laura Robson
    
    Laura Robson is a British former professional tennis player. She debuted on the ITF Junior Circuit in 2007, and a year later won the Junior Wimbledon championships at the age of 14. As a junior, she also twice reached the final of the girls' singles tournament at the Australian Open, in 2009 and 2010. She won her first tournament on the ITF Women's Circuit in November 2008.
3. Bassel al-Assad, Son of the former President of the Syrian Arab Republic Hafez al-Assad (b. 1962) deaths
  1. Bassel al-Assad
    
    Bassel al-Assad was a Syrian engineer, colonel, equestrian and politician who was the eldest son of Syrian President Hafez al-Assad and the older brother of (later) President Bashar al-Assad. It was widely expected that he would succeed his father as President of Syria until he died in a car accident in 1994.
  2. Syria
    
    Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a Western Asian country located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It is a unitary republic that consists of 14 governorates (subdivisions), and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east and southeast, Jordan to the south, and Israel and Lebanon to the southwest. Cyprus lies to the west across the Mediterranean Sea. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including the majority Syrian Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Circassians, Albanians, and Greeks. Religious groups include Muslims, Christians, Alawites, Druze, and Yazidis. The capital and largest city of Syria is Damascus. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Muslims are the largest religious group.
  3. Hafez al-Assad
    
    Hafez al-Assad was a Syrian statesman and military officer who served as President of Syria from taking power in 1971 until his death in 2000. He was also Prime Minister of Syria from 1970 to 1971, as well as regional secretary of the regional command of the Syrian regional branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and secretary general of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party from 1970 to 2000. Assad participated in the 1963 Syrian coup d'état which brought the Syrian regional branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power, and the new leadership appointed him commander of the Syrian Air Force. In February 1966, Assad participated in a second coup, which toppled the traditional leaders of the Ba'ath Party. Assad was appointed defence minister by the new government. Four years later, Assad initiated a third coup which ousted the de facto leader Salah Jadid and appointed himself as leader of Syria.
1993
1. Muralha, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Muralha
    
    Luiz Philipe Lima de Oliveira, known as Muralha or Luiz Philipe Muralha, is a Brazilian football who plays as a centre midfielder for Saudi Arabian club Al-Riyadh.
2. Charlie Gehringer, American baseball player and manager (b. 1903) deaths
  1. Charlie Gehringer
    
    Charles Leonard Gehringer, nicknamed "the Mechanical Man", was an American professional baseball second baseman, coach, general manager, and team vice president, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers for 19 seasons (1924–1942). He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1949.
1992
1. Verónica Cepede Royg, Paraguayan tennis player births
  1. Verónica Cepede Royg
    
    Verónica Cepede Royg is a professional Paraguayan tennis player.
2. Sven Erik Bystrøm, Norwegian cyclist births
  1. Sven Erik Bystrøm
    
    Sven Erik Bystrøm is a Norwegian road bicycle racer, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux. He was the 2014 Under-23 World Road Race Champion.
3. James Duckworth, Australian tennis player births
  1. James Duckworth (tennis)
    
    James Duckworth is an Australian professional tennis player. He has a career-high Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles ranking of World No. 47 achieved on 8 November 2021 and No. 185 in doubles achieved on 10 February 2020. As a junior, Duckworth enjoyed a successful career which included winning three titles and reaching the semi-finals of the 2010 French Open. Duckworth represented Australia in tennis at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and the 2022 ATP Cup.
4. Kwame Karikari, Ghanaian footballer births
  1. Kwame Karikari
    
    Kwame Amponsah Karikari is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Indian Super League club Chennaiyin.
5. Nicolás Mezquida, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Nicolás Mezquida
    
    Gabriel Nicolás Mezquida Sero is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Greek Super League club Volos.
6. Roland Szolnoki, Hungarian footballer births
  1. Roland Szolnoki
    
    Roland Szolnoki is a Hungarian football player who plays as a right back for Puskás Akadémia FC and Hungary national team. A versatile international footballer, he can play with both feet. He normally plays as a defender, but he can sometimes play as a deep-lying playmaker.
1991
1. Ali Al-Busaidi, Omani footballer births
  1. Ali Al-Busaidi
    
    Ali Sulaiman Rashid Al-Busaidi, commonly known as Ali Al-Busaidi, is an Omani footballer who plays for Al-Seeb Club in the Oman Professional League.
2. Jan Hirt, Czech cyclist births
  1. Jan Hirt
    
    Jan Hirt is a Czech professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux.
3. Marta Pagnini, Italian gymnast births
  1. Marta Pagnini
    
    Marta Pagnini is a retired Italian group rhythmic gymnast from Prato, Italy.
1990
1. Arash Afshin, Iranian footballer births
  1. Arash Afshin
    
    Arash Afshin is an Iranian footballer. He is a former player of Iran national team and under-23 team.
2. Diogo Amado, Portuguese footballer births
  1. Diogo Amado
    
    Diogo Carlos Correia Amado is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for U.D. Leiria.
3. Andriy Bohdanov, Ukrainian footballer births
  1. Andriy Bohdanov
    
    Andriy Yevhenovych Bohdanov is a Ukrainian professional football midfielder who plays for Kolos Kovalivka.
4. Kelly Rohrbach, American model and actress births
  1. Kelly Rohrbach
    
    Kelly Rohrbach is an American actress and model, best known for her role as C. J. Parker in the film Baywatch.
5. André Martins, Portuguese footballer births
  1. André Martins (footballer, born 1990)
    
    André Renato Soares Martins is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Israeli Premier League club Hapoel Be'er Sheva as a central midfielder.
6. Knowledge Musona, Zimbabwean footballer births
  1. Knowledge Musona
    
    Knowledge Musona is a Zimbabwean professional footballer who plays as a left winger or forward for Al-Tai in the Saudi Professional League, and the Zimbabwe national team. Previously, he has played senior football in South Africa, Belgium and Germany.
7. Jacob Smith, American actor births
  1. Jacob Smith (actor)
    
    John Jacob Charles William Smith is an American actor. He began his career as a young child, making several guest appearances on popular TV shows before being cast as Owen Salinger on Party of Five, a role he held for two years. After the series' end, Smith went on to appear in Phantom of the Megaplex, a Disney Channel Original Movie, in 2000 and then in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, in 2003 and 2005, respectively.
8. Doni Tata Pradita, Indonesian motorcycle racer births
  1. Doni Tata Pradita
    
    Doni Tata Pradita is an Indonesian motorcycle racer who raced in the 2013 Moto2 World Championship. In 2008, he raced for Yamaha Pertamina Indonesia Team in the 2008 250cc Grand Prix World Championship. Doni is the first Indonesian rider ever to participate in a 250cc Grand Prix World Championship race & remains the only Indonesian rider to score points in intermediate class so far.
1989
1. Doğuş Balbay, Turkish basketball player births
  1. Doğuş Balbay
    
    Doğuş Balbay is a Turkish professional basketball player and the team captain for Anadolu Efes Istanbul of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL) and the EuroLeague. He is 6 ft 1 in tall and he plays at the point guard position.
2. Kayla Banwarth, American indoor volleyball player births
  1. Kayla Banwarth
    
    Kayla Banwarth is an American former volleyball player and coach. She played as a libero for the United States women's national volleyball team. Banwarth won gold with the national team at the 2014 World Championship, and bronze at the 2015 World Cup and 2016 Rio Olympic Games.
3. Férébory Doré, Congolese footballer births
  1. Férébory Doré
    
    Férébory Doré is a Congolese professional footballer who plays as a forward. Between 2010 and 2017, he made 37 appearances scoring 10 goals for the Congo national team.
4. Sergey Fesikov, Russian swimmer births
  1. Sergey Fesikov
    
    Sergey Vasilyevich Fesikov is a Russian professional swimmer. He was part of the Russian 4 × 100 m freestyle relay teams that finished in ninth and third place at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics, respectively.
5. Henrikh Mkhitaryan, Armenian footballer births
  1. Henrikh Mkhitaryan
    
    Henrikh Mkhitaryan is an Armenian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Serie A club Inter Milan.
6. Matteo Pelucchi, Italian cyclist births
  1. Matteo Pelucchi
    
    Matteo Pelucchi is an Italian former professional road cyclist, who last rode for UCI WorldTeam Team Qhubeka NextHash. He also competed in track cycling at a junior level.
7. Zhang Shuai, Chinese tennis player births
  1. Zhang Shuai
    
    Zhang Shuai is a Chinese professional tennis player.
8. Carl Furillo, American baseball player (b. 1922) deaths
  1. Carl Furillo
    
    Carl Anthony Furillo, nicknamed "The Reading Rifle" and "Skoonj", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB), spending his entire career with the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers. A member of seven National League (NL) champions from 1947 to 1959 inclusive, Furillo batted over .300 five times, winning the 1953 batting title, with a .344 average — then the highest by a right-handed hitting Dodger since 1900. Noted for his strong and accurate throwing arm, he recorded ten or more assists in nine consecutive seasons, leading the league twice, and retired with the fifth-most games in right field (1,408) in NL history.
9. Billy Tipton, American pianist and saxophonist (b. 1914) deaths
  1. Billy Tipton
    
    Billy Tipton was an American jazz musician, bandleader, and talent broker. Tipton lived and identified as a man for most of his adult life; after his death, friends and family were surprised to learn that he was transgender.
1988
1. Glaiza de Castro, Filipino actress and singer births
  1. Glaiza de Castro
    
    Glaiza Castro Galura-Rainey, known by her stage name Glaiza de Castro, is a Filipino actress, recording artist and advocate. She is recognized as the industry's "Drama Royalty" for her acting prowess and versatility.
2. Ashton Eaton, American decathlete births
  1. Ashton Eaton
    
    Ashton James Eaton is a retired American decathlete and two-time Olympic champion, who holds the world record in the indoor heptathlon event. Eaton was the second decathlete to break the 9,000-point barrier in the decathlon, with 9,039 points, a score he bettered on August 29, 2015, when he beat his own world record with a score of 9,045 points, and remains the only person to exceed 9000 points twice. His world record was broken by Frenchman Kevin Mayer on September 16, 2018, with a total of 9,126 points, who became the third man to pass the 9,000-point barrier.
3. Rolands Freimanis, Latvian basketball player births
  1. Rolands Freimanis
    
    Rolands Freimanis is a Latvian professional basketball player for Trefl Sopot of the Polish Basketball League. He plays at the power forward and center positions.
4. Vanessa Hessler, Italian-American model and actress births
  1. Vanessa Hessler
    
    Vanessa Hessler is an Italian-American model and actress. A model since she was 15, Hessler has appeared in many publications throughout Italy, Germany and France.
5. Aleksandar Lazevski, Macedonian footballer births
  1. Aleksandar Lazevski
    
    Aleksandar Lazevski is a retired Macedonian footballer.
6. Ángel Mena, Ecuadorian footballer births
  1. Ángel Mena
    
    Ángel Israel Mena Delgado is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga MX club León and the Ecuador national team.
7. Valérie Tétreault, Canadian tennis player births
  1. Valérie Tétreault
    
    Valérie Tétreault is a Canadian former professional tennis player. She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 112 in February 2010, and peaked at No. 307 in the doubles rankings in April of the same year.
8. Pieter Timmers, Belgian swimmer births
  1. Pieter Timmers
    
    Pieter Timmers is a Belgian retired competitive swimmer who specialized in sprint freestyle events. He won the silver medal in the 100 meter freestyle at the 2016 Olympics. Timmers currently holds nine Belgian records, and seven national titles in long and short course freestyle. Timmers is a resident athlete for Brabo Antwerp, and trains under his personal coach Ronald Gaastra. He stands 2.00 m, and weighs 89 kg (196 lb). He ended his career in Budapest in the second season of the International Swimming League in 2020.
9. Nemanja Tomić, Serbian footballer births
  1. Nemanja Tomić
    
    Nemanja Tomić is a Serbian footballer who currently plays for Radnički 1923. He is often described as a "tricky" winger with sublime dribbling skill.
10. Vincent Lingiari, Australian Aboriginal rights activist (b. 1919) deaths
  1. Vincent Lingiari
    
    Vincent Lingiari AM was an Australian Aboriginal rights activist and member of the Gurindji people. In his early life he started as a stockman at Wave Hill Station, where the Aboriginal workers were given no more than rations, tobacco and clothing as their payment. After the owners of the station refused to improve pay and working conditions at the cattle station and hand back some of Gurindji land, Lingiari was elected and became the leader of the workers in August 1966. He led his people in the Wave Hill walk-off, also known as the Gurindji strike.
1987
1. Ioannis Athanasoulas, Greek basketball player births
  1. Ioannis Athanasoulas
    
    Ioannis Athanasoulas is a Greek professional basketball player for Psychiko of the Greek A2 Basket League. He is a 2.02 m tall small forward–power forward.
2. Andrei Cojocari, Moldovan international footballer births
  1. Andrei Cojocari
    
    Andrei Cojocari is a Moldovan footballer who currently plays for Moldovan National Division club Dinamo-Auto Tiraspol. He also plays for the Moldova national team.
3. Aida Hadzialic, Swedish politician births
  1. Aida Hadžialić
    
    Aida Hadžialić is a Bosnian-born Swedish politician and a member of the Social Democrats. She served as Minister for Upper Secondary School, Adult Education and Training from 3 October 2014 until her resignation on 15 August 2016. Prior to joining the government she served as deputy mayor 2010–2014 in Halmstad, Halland.
4. Shaun Keeling, South African rower births
  1. Shaun Keeling
    
    Shaun Keeling is a South African rower. He won a silver medal in the men's coxless pair event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He also competed in the men's coxless pair event at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
5. Augustine Kiprono Choge, Kenyan runner births
  1. Augustine Kiprono Choge
    
    Augustine Kiprono Choge is a Kenyan middle distance and long distance runner.
6. Darren Helm, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Darren Helm
    
    Darren Helm is a Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL). He previously played for the Detroit Red Wings. Helm is a two-time Stanley Cup champion, winning with the Red Wings in 2008 and the Avalanche in 2022.
7. Will Johnson, Canadian footballer births
  1. Will Johnson (soccer)
    
    William David Johnson is a Canadian soccer player who plays for Central Florida Panthers in the National Premier Soccer League. A versatile midfielder, Johnson has represented Canada internationally.
8. Dominik Roels, German cyclist births
  1. Dominik Roels
    
    Dominik Roels is a former German professional road bicycle racer, who previously rode for German Team Milram. He announced his retirement in January 2011.
9. Maša Zec Peškirič, Slovenian tennis player births
  1. Maša Zec Peškirič
    
    Maša Zec Peškirič is a Slovenian former tennis player.
10. Ikumi Yoshimatsu, Japanese actress births
  1. Ikumi Yoshimatsu
    
    Ikumi Yoshimatsu is a Japanese actress, stunt woman, book author, opinion leader, social activist and beauty queen who was crowned Miss International 2012 in Okinawa. It was Japan's first Miss International win in the 52-year history of the pageant.
11. Charles Goodell, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (b. 1926) deaths
  1. Charles Goodell
    
    Charles Ellsworth Goodell Jr. was an American politician who represented New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1968 and the United States Senate from 1968 to 1971. In both cases he came into office following the deaths of his predecessors, first in a special election and second as a temporary appointee succeeding Robert F. Kennedy.
1986
1. César Arzo, Spanish footballer births
  1. César Arzo
    
    César Arzo Amposta is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender.
2. Edson Barboza, Brazilian mixed martial artist births
  1. Edson Barboza
    
    Edson Barboza Jr. is a Brazilian-American professional mixed martial artist and former Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the featherweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship and has formerly competed at lightweight. As of June 7, 2022, he is #13 in the UFC featherweight rankings.
3. João Gomes Júnior, Brazilian swimmer births
  1. João Gomes Júnior
    
    João Luiz Gomes Júnior is a Brazilian breaststroke swimmer.
4. Javi López, Spanish footballer births
  1. Javi López (footballer, born 1986)
    
    Javier 'Javi' López Rodríguez is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a full-back or central midfielder for Australian club Adelaide United FC.
5. Gina Mambrú, Dominican Republic volleyball player births
  1. Gina Mambrú
    
    Gina Altagracia Mambrú Casilla is a volleyball player from the Dominican Republic, who played the 2012 Olympic Games and the 2014 World Championship ranking fifth in both competitions. She won the gold medal at the 2010 and 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games and bronze at the 2015 Pan American Games.
6. Jonathan Quick, American ice hockey player births
  1. Jonathan Quick
    
    Jonathan Douglas Quick is an American professional ice hockey goaltender for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). Quick was selected in the third round, 72nd overall, by Los Angeles at the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.
7. Mike Taylor, American basketball player births
  1. Mike Taylor (basketball player)
    
    Michael Rene Taylor is an American professional basketball player for Zamalek of the Basketball Africa League (BAL). He played college basketball for Chipola College and Iowa State.
8. Óscar Vílchez, Peruvian footballer births
  1. Óscar Vílchez
    
    Óscar Christopher Vílchez Soto is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Alianza Universidad and for the Peru national football team. He is also the younger brother of footballer Walter Vílchez.
9. Sushant Singh Rajput, Indian actor (d. 2020) births
  1. Sushant Singh Rajput
    
    Sushant Singh Rajput was an Indian actor known for his work in Hindi cinema. He starred in a number of commercially successful Hindi films such as M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016), Kedarnath (2018) and Chhichhore (2019). Due to his contribution to the film industry, he received a Screen Award and was nominated for the Filmfare Awards on three occasions. He appeared on Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list twice since 2017.
1985
1. Artur Beterbiev, Russian boxer births
  1. Artur Beterbiev
    
    Artur Asilbekovich Beterbiev is a Russian-Canadian professional boxer. He is a unified light heavyweight champion, having held the IBF title since 2017, the WBC title since 2019 and the WBO title since June 2022.
2. Aura Dione, Danish singer and songwriter births
  1. Aura Dione
    
    Maria Louise Joensen, known as Aura Dione, is a Danish singer and songwriter. In 2008 she released her debut album, Columbine. The album spawned the hit single "I Will Love You Monday (365)", which reached number one in Germany, achieved over 80 million video views and was certified platinum.
3. Yumi Hara, Japanese voice actress and singer births
  1. Yumi Hara
    
    Yumi Hara is a Japanese voice actress and singer from Osaka Prefecture, Japan. In December 2017, she put her singing career on hold to focus on her voice acting career.
4. Sasha Pivovarova, Russian model and actress births
  1. Sasha Pivovarova
    
    Aleksandra Igorevna Pivovarova, is a Russian supermodel and actress. She is best known as the longest appearing fashion model for Prada, posed for 19 advertisement campaigns, a record Pivovarova has set for the brand.
5. Rodrigo San Miguel, Spanish basketball player births
  1. Rodrigo San Miguel
    
    Rodrigo San Miguel is a Spanish professional basketball player for CB San Pablo Burgos of the LEB Oro.
6. Ri Se-gwang, North Korean artistic gymnast births
  1. Ri Se-gwang
    
    Ri Se-gwang is a retired North Korean artistic gymnast, representing the April 25 Sports Club. He is often considered a specialist on vault apparatus in the sport of men’s artistic gymnastics (MAG).
7. Dmitri Sokolov, Russian basketball player births
  1. Dmitri Sokolov (basketball)
    
    Dmitry Nikolaevich Sokolov is a Russian professional basketball player for Khimki of the VTB United League. He plays at the center position.
8. Ryan Suter, American ice hockey player births
  1. Ryan Suter
    
    Ryan Suter is an American professional ice hockey defenseman for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has previously played for the Nashville Predators and Minnesota Wild.
9. James Beard, American chef and author (b. 1903) deaths
  1. James Beard
    
    James Andrews Beard was an American chef, cookbook author, teacher and television personality. He pioneered television cooking shows, taught at The James Beard Cooking School in New York City and Seaside, Oregon, and lectured widely. He emphasized American cooking, prepared with fresh, wholesome, American ingredients, to a country just becoming aware of its own culinary heritage. Beard taught and mentored generations of professional chefs and food enthusiasts. He published more than twenty books, and his memory is honored by his foundation's annual James Beard Awards.
10. Eddie Graham, American wrestler and promoter (b. 1930) deaths
  1. Eddie Graham
    
    Edward F. Gossett, better known as Eddie Graham, was an American professional wrestler. He was also the promoter and booker for Championship Wrestling from Florida and President of the NWA in the 1970s.
1984
1. Alex Koslov, Moldovan-American wrestler births
  1. Alex Koslov
    
    Alex Sherman is a Moldovan-born retired professional wrestler and color commentator, currently working for New Japan Pro-Wrestling under the ring name Alex Koslov.
2. Giannis Skarimpas, Greek playwright and poet (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Giannis Skarimpas
    
    Giannis Skarimpas, Giannis Skarimbas or Yiannis Skarimbas, was a Greek writer, dramatist, and poet.
3. Jackie Wilson, American singer (b. 1934) deaths
  1. Jackie Wilson
    
    Jack Leroy Wilson Jr. was an American singer and performer of the 1950s and 60s. He was a prominent figure in the transition of rhythm and blues into soul. Nicknamed "Mr. Excitement", he was considered a master showman and one of the most dynamic singers and performers in soul, R&B, and rock and roll history.
1983
1. Alex Acker, American basketball player births
  1. Alex Acker
    
    Alexander Maurice Acker is an American-Italian professional basketball player for Gallarate Basket of the Serie C Gold, in the Italian minor leagues. He played college basketball for Pepperdine University.
2. Svetlana Khodchenkova, Russian actress births
  1. Svetlana Khodchenkova
    
    Svetlana Viktorovna Khodchenkova is a Russian film, television and theater actress. She is an Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (2018).
3. Marieke van den Ham, Dutch water polo player births
  1. Marieke van den Ham
    
    Marieke van den Ham is a water polo player of the Netherlands who represents the Dutch national team in international competitions.
4. Maryse Ouellet, French-Canadian wrestler births
  1. Maryse Mizanin
    
    Maryse Mizanin is a Canadian professional wrestler, actress, and glamour model. She is currently signed to WWE, appearing on the Raw brand alongside her husband The Miz, under the ring name Maryse. After spending years modeling, including winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada in 2003, Ouellet participated in the WWE Diva Search competition and was hired by WWE in 2006. She spent time in developmental territories Ohio Valley Wrestling and Florida Championship Wrestling, before being assigned to the SmackDown brand in 2008. That year, Maryse won her first WWE Divas Championship.
5. Álvaro Quirós, Spanish golfer births
  1. Álvaro Quirós
    
    Álvaro Quirós García is a Spanish professional golfer.
6. Francesca Segat, Italian swimmer births
  1. Francesca Segat
    
    Francesca Segat is a butterfly swimmer from Italy who won the silver medal in the 200 m butterfly at the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2003.
7. Moritz Volz, German footballer births
  1. Moritz Volz
    
    Moritz Volz is a German former professional footballer, media pundit and scout. He is the assistant coach at RB Leipzig.
8. Kelly VanderBeek, Canadian alpine skier births
  1. Kelly VanderBeek
    
    Kelly VanderBeek is a Canadian retired alpine skier originally from Kitchener, Ontario. She currently resides in Canmore, Alberta with husband David Ford. Although she has trained at countless ski clubs over the years, she lists Chicopee Ski Club, Kitchener, Ontario as her home club.
9. Lamar Williams, American bass player (b. 1949) deaths
  1. Lamar Williams
    
    Lamar Williams was an American musician best known for serving as the bassist of The Allman Brothers Band (1972–1976) and Sea Level (1976–1980).
1982
1. Richard José Blanco, Venezuelan footballer births
  1. Richard Blanco (footballer)
    
    Richard José Blanco Delgado Spanish pronunciation: [riˈtʃaɾθ xoˈse ˈβlaŋko], is a Venezuelan footballer that currently plays for Primera División club Mineros de Guayana as striker.
2. Adriano Ferreira Martins, Brazilian footballer births
  1. Adriano (footballer, born January 1982)
    
    Adriano Ferreira Martins or simply Adriano, is a Brazilian football striker for Portuguesa-RJ.
3. Nicolas Mahut, French tennis player births
  1. Nicolas Mahut
    
    Nicolas Pierre Armand Mahut is a French professional tennis player who is a former world No. 1 in doubles.
4. Sarah Ourahmoune, French boxer births
  1. Sarah Ourahmoune
    
    Sarah Ourahmoune is a French former female boxer. She won a silver medal at the Rio Olympics in 2016 before she retired from boxing.
5. Simon Rolfes, German footballer births
  1. Simon Rolfes
    
    Simon Rolfes is a German former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
1981
1. Gillian Chung, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actress births
  1. Gillian Chung
    
    Gillian Chung Ka-lai, known by her stage name Chung Yan-tung, is a Hong Kong actress and singer. She is a member of the Cantopop duo Twins, along with Charlene Choi.
2. Wu Hanxiong, Chinese fencer births
  1. Wu Hanxiong
    
    Wu Hanxiong is a male Chinese foil fencer who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
3. Dany Heatley, Canadian ice hockey player births
  1. Dany Heatley
    
    Daniel "Dany" James Heatley is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger. Originally drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers second overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the National Hockey League (NHL) rookie of the year in 2002. However, Heatley's time with the Thrashers was derailed when he was at the wheel in a car crash in September 2003 that killed his teammate Dan Snyder. Heatley, who was also seriously injured but eventually made a full recovery, pled guilty to second-degree vehicular homicide and received probation.
4. Andy Lee, South Korean singer and actor births
  1. Andy Lee (South Korean singer)
    
    Lee Sun-ho, mononymously credited as Andy (Korean: 앤디), is a South Korean singer, rapper and the youngest member of six-member boy band Shinhwa. Besides rapping for his band, Andy has ventured out into television acting, musicals, and solo singing. Andy is also the producer of duo Jumper and boy group Teen Top, 100% and UP10TION.
5. Izabella Miko, Polish actress, dancer, and producer births
  1. Izabella Miko
    
    Izabella Miko is a Polish actress, dancer, film producer, and environmental activist. She is best known for starring in the film Coyote Ugly and the music videos "Mr. Brightside" and "Miss Atomic Bomb" by The Killers. While a dance student in Poland, Miko was recruited to study at the New York City Ballet at age 15 and later studied acting at the Lee Strasberg Institute. She made her American film debut in Coyote Ugly (2000), followed by a starring part in the vampire thriller The Forsaken (2001).
6. Shawn Redhage, American-Australian basketball player births
  1. Shawn Redhage
    
    Shawn Michael Redhage is an American-Australian former professional basketball player who is most known for his 12 seasons played with the Perth Wildcats of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played four years of college basketball for the Arizona State Sun Devils before moving to Australia in 2004 to play professionally. After spending time in the SEABL and with the New Zealand Breakers, Redhage joined the Wildcats in 2005 and went on to become one of the franchise's all-time great players.
7. Michel Teló, Brazilian singer-songwriter births
  1. Michel Teló
    
    Michel Teló is a Brazilian sertanejo singer-songwriter and actor. Before his solo act, he was a lead singer in various bands, most notably Grupo Tradição. His biggest national and international hit "Ai Se Eu Te Pego" reached number one in most European and Latin American charts.
8. Jung Ryeo-won, South Korean actress births
  1. Jung Ryeo-won
    
    Jung Ryeo-won is a South Korean-born Korean Australian actress. She began her entertainment career as a singer in the now-defunct girl group Chakra, and first rose to fame in the hit television series My Name Is Kim Sam-soon. She is also known for her roles in Two Faces of My Girlfriend, Castaway on the Moon, and History of a Salaryman.
9. David F. Sandberg, Swedish filmmaker births
  1. David F. Sandberg
    
    David F. Sandberg is a Swedish filmmaker. He is best known for his collective no-budget horror short films under the online pseudonym ponysmasher and for his 2016 directorial debut Lights Out, based on his 2013 acclaimed horror short of the same name. He also directed The Conjuring Universe spin-off horror film Annabelle: Creation (2017), and Shazam! (2019), the seventh installment in the DC Extended Universe.
1980
1. Karsten Forsterling, Australian rower births
  1. Karsten Forsterling
    
    Karsten Forsterling is an Australian former representative rower. He was a national champion, world champion, a dual Olympian and Olympic medal winner. He represented Australia at eight senior world rowing championships between 2002 and 2019 in both sculling and sweep oared boats.
2. Dave Kitson, English footballer and manager births
  1. Dave Kitson
    
    David Barry Kitson is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. He made 420 appearances in the Premier League and Football League, including 135 for Reading.
3. Lee Kyung-won, South Korean badminton player births
  1. Lee Kyung-won
    
    Lee Kyung-won is a badminton player from South Korea. Lee was the women's doubles gold medallist at the 2002 Asian Games. She competed at the Olympic Games in 2000, 2004, and 2008, winning women's doubles bronze in 2004, and silver in 2008. She captured the women's doubles gold at the Asian Championships in 2003, 2004 and 2005. Lee educated at the Sungji Girls' Middle School, Sungji Girls' High School, and graduated from the Yong In University.
4. Kevin McKenna, Canadian soccer player births
  1. Kevin McKenna
    
    Kevin James McKenna is a Canadian former professional soccer who played as a centre back and current assistant manager of 1. FC Köln. Occasionally, he also played as a central midfielder or striker.
5. Nana Mizuki, Japanese singer-songwriter and voice actress births
  1. Nana Mizuki
    
    Nana Mizuki is a Japanese voice actress, singer and narrator from Niihama, Ehime. She is represented by the agency StarCrew. Mizuki was trained as an enka singer, releasing one single under her birth name, Nana Kondō, in 1993 and made her debut as a voice actress in 1996. Her prominent roles include Hinata Hyuga in the long-running ninja series Naruto as well in Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, Tamao Tamamura in Shaman King 2001 and 2021, Colette Brunel in Tales of Symphonia, Fate Testarossa in Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha, Tsubasa Kazanari in Symphogear, Moka Akashiya in Rosario + Vampire, Tsubomi Hanasaki in Heartcatch Precure! and Ann Takamaki in Persona 5. She also had official dubbing roles in live action version of Itazura na Kiss from Korea and Taiwan, as well in Hunger Games film series as Katniss Everdeen. She is also the famous dubbing roles for Ariel Lin.
6. Xavier Pons, Spanish rally diver births
  1. Xavier Pons
    
    Xavier "Xevi" Pons Puigdillers is a Spanish rally driver who competed in the World Rally Championship from 2003 to 2014.
7. Mari Possa, El Salvadoran pornographic actress births
  1. Mari Possa
    
    Mari Possa is a Salvadoran American pornographic actress and reality TV personality.
8. Bratislav Ristić, Serbian footballer births
  1. Bratislav Ristić
    
    Bratislav Ristić is a current sports agent and former Serbian footballer who last played for FK Čelik Nikšić.
1979
1. Quinton Jacobs, Namibian footballer births
  1. Quinton Jacobs
    
    Quinton Norman Jacobs is a Namibian former footballer who played as a midfielder.
2. Melendi, Spanish singer births
  1. Melendi
    
    Ramón Melendi Espina, known as Melendi, is a Spanish singer-songwriter. His specialties are rock, flamenco, and rumba styles.
3. Brian O'Driscoll, Irish rugby player births
  1. Brian O'Driscoll
    
    Brian Gerard O'Driscoll is an Irish former professional rugby union player. He played at outside centre for the Irish provincial team Leinster and for Ireland. He captained Ireland from 2003 until 2012, and captained the British & Irish Lions for their 2005 tour of New Zealand. He is regarded by critics as one of the greatest rugby players of all time.
1978
1. Faris Al-Sultan, German triathlete births
  1. Faris Al-Sultan
    
    Faris al-Sultan is a former German triathlete who is now active as a coach. In 2005, he was the third German to win the Ironman Hawaii. He is listed in the best list of German triathletes on the Ironman distance.
2. Peter von Allmen, Swiss cross-country skier births
  1. Peter von Allmen
    
    Peter von Allmen is a Swiss cross-country skier who has been competing since 1997. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver he finished 43rd in the individual sprint event.
3. Hernán Rodrigo López, Uruguayan footballer births
  1. Rodrigo López (footballer, born 1978)
    
    Hernán Rodrigo López Mora, also known as Rodrigo López, is an Uruguayan football manager and former player who played as a forward. He is the current manager of Paraguayan club Guaraní.
4. Andrei Zyuzin, Russian ice hockey player births
  1. Andrei Zyuzin
    
    Andrei Yurievich Zyuzin is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the San Jose Sharks, Tampa Bay Lightning, New Jersey Devils, Minnesota Wild, Calgary Flames and Chicago Blackhawks.
5. Freda Utley, English scholar and author (b. 1898) deaths
  1. Freda Utley
    
    Winifred Utley, commonly known as Freda Utley, was an English scholar, political activist and best-selling author. After visiting the Soviet Union in 1927 as a trade union activist, she joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1928. Later, married and living in Moscow, she quickly became disillusioned with communism. When her Russian husband, Arcadi Berdichevsky, was arrested in 1936, she escaped to England with her young son.
1977
1. Hussein Abdulghani, Saudi Arabian footballer births
  1. Hussein Abdulghani
    
    Hussein Omar Abdulghani Sulaimani is a former Saudi Arabian football player who played as a left back in the Saudi Professional League.
2. Bradley Carnell, South African footballer births
  1. Bradley Carnell
    
    Bradley Neil Carnell is a South African former footballer who played as a defender. He is the current head coach of St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer.
3. John DeSantis, Canadian actor births
  1. John DeSantis
    
    John DeSantis, sometimes credited as John De Santis or John Desantis, is a Canadian actor, best known as Lurch on Fox Family's television of The New Addams Family. His other work includes a principal role in Disney's Touchstone Pictures film The 13th Warrior, in which he played a Viking warrior named Ragnar the Dour. He has also appeared in television series Police Academy and Supernatural.
4. Kirsten Klose, German hammer thrower births
  1. Kirsten Klose
    
    Kirsten Münchow is a German hammer thrower who won the Olympic bronze medal in 2000 with a personal best throw of 69.28 metres.
5. Denis Lunghi, Italian cyclist births
  1. Denis Lunghi
    
    Denis Lunghi is an Italian former professional racing cyclist. He rode in three editions of the Giro d'Italia.
6. Ulrike Maisch, German runner births
  1. Ulrike Maisch
    
    Ulrike Maisch is a long-distance runner from Germany, who won the women's marathon at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden. Her children are Emil Friedrich and Paul Friedrich and her husband is also running and is called Richard Friedrich who won the Munich Marathon in 2011.
7. Phil Neville, English footballer and manager births
  1. Phil Neville
    
    Philip John Neville is an English football manager and former player, who is the head coach of MLS team Inter Miami CF. He is also the co-owner of Salford City, along with several of his former Manchester United teammates.
8. Michael Ruffin, American basketball player births
  1. Michael Ruffin
    
    Michael David Ruffin is an American former professional basketball player currently working as an assistant coach for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA). At 6'8" and 248 lbs, he played as a forward/center.
9. Jerry Trainor, American actor, director, and producer births
  1. Jerry Trainor
    
    Gerald William Trainor is an American actor. He is known for playing Spencer Shay in the teen sitcom iCarly, winning three Kids' Choice Awards for his performance, and reprises the role on its revival series of the same name. He also appeared in Drake & Josh as "Crazy" Steve and T.U.F.F. Puppy as Dudley Puppy, for which he received a nomination for a Daytime Emmy Award. Since 2004, Trainor has worked primarily on the Nickelodeon network. Outside of this, he has had recurring and guest roles on young adult-oriented shows on the Disney Channel and Netflix as well as in more mature shows like Crossing Jordan and 2 Broke Girls.
10. Sandro Penna, Italian poet and journalist (b. 1906) deaths
  1. Sandro Penna
    
    Sandro Penna was an Italian poet.
1976
1. Aivaras Abromavičius, Lithuanian-Ukrainian banker and politician; 15th Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development births
  1. Aivaras Abromavičius
    
    Aivaras Abromavičius is a Lithuanian-born Ukrainian investment banker and politician. He was Ukraine's Minister of Economy and Trade starting in December 2014. He did not retain his post in the Groysman Government that was installed in 14 April 2016. Abromavičius was Director General of Ukroboronprom, Ukraine's largest defense industry enterprise, from 31 August 2019 until 6 October 2020.
  2. Ministry of Economy (Ukraine)
    
    The Ministry for Development of Economy and Trade is the main authority in the system of central government of Ukraine responsible for formation and realization of state economic and social development policies ; regulation of consumer prices; industrial, investment and trade economic policies; development of entrepreneurship; technical regulation and security of consumer rights; inter-agency coordination of economic and social cooperation of Ukraine with the European Union. In 2019-2020 it also encompassed functions of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food.
2. Raivis Belohvoščiks, Latvian cyclist births
  1. Raivis Belohvoščiks
    
    Raivis Belohvoščiks is a Latvian former professional road cyclist who specialized in individual time trial events. He is ten-time Latvian national time trial champion. In 2006 he signed a 2-year contract with UCI ProTour team Saunier Duval–Prodir, but this was not renewed for the 2009 season. In 2010, he rode for Ceramica Flaminia. He didn't achieve any major results in his first Tour de France. He was 40th in the first time trial around Metz. He was one of the major victims of the Passage du Gois in stage 2, and arrived last in stage 6 to Maubeuge. He left the race during the stage (10) to L'Alpe d'Huez.
3. Emma Bunton, English singer births
  1. Emma Bunton
    
    Emma Lee Bunton is an English singer, songwriter, actress, and media personality. She rose to fame in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Baby Spice. With over 100 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time.
4. Lars Eidinger, German actor births
  1. Lars Eidinger
    
    Lars Eidinger is a German actor. Eidinger started his career at Deutsches Theater in 1997. Before his breakthrough, he played minor roles in German television shows like Schloss Einstein (2002) and Berlin, Berlin (2003). In February 2016, he was nominated as one of the judges for the main competition section of the 66th Berlin International Film Festival. He is a member of the ensemble of the Schaubühne theatre in Berlin, with leading roles in Thomas Ostermeier productions such as Hamlet and Richard III.
5. Giorgio Frezzolini, Italian footballer births
  1. Giorgio Frezzolini
    
    Giorgio Frezzolini is a retired Italian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
6. Igors Stepanovs, Latvian footballer births
  1. Igors Stepanovs
    
    Igors Stepanovs is a Latvian former professional footballer, who played as a defender, and the manager of the Latvia under-17 national team. Stepanovs played 100 international matches and scored four goals for the Latvia national team. He made his debut in 1995, and played at Euro 2004.
1975
1. Nicky Butt, English footballer and coach births
  1. Nicky Butt
    
    Nicholas Butt is an English football coach and former player who was most recently the head of first-team development at Manchester United. He is also a co-owner and chief executive officer of Salford City.
2. Casey FitzRandolph, American speedskater births
  1. Casey FitzRandolph
    
    Casey J. FitzRandolph is an American speed skater.
3. Yuji Ide, Japanese race car driver births
  1. Yuji Ide
    
    Yuji Ide is a Japanese racing driver. He is the 2005 Formula Nippon runner-up and the 2010 Suzuka 1000km winner. He competed in Formula One with the Super Aguri team in 2006, but was demoted to third driver after four races and subsequently lost his FIA Super Licence.
4. Ito, Spanish footballer and manager births
  1. Ito (footballer, born 1975)
    
    Antonio Álvarez Pérez, known as Ito, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, and a manager.
5. Willem Korsten, Dutch footballer births
  1. Willem Korsten
    
    Willem Korsten is a former Dutch professional footballer who played as a left winger.
6. Jason Moran, American jazz pianist, composer and educator births
  1. Jason Moran (musician)
    
    Jason Moran is an American jazz pianist, composer, and educator involved in multimedia art and theatrical installations.
7. Florin Șerban, Romanian director births
  1. Florin Șerban
    
    Florin Șerban is a Romanian film director whose film If I Want to Whistle, I Whistle won the Jury Grand Prix and the Alfred Bauer Prize at the 2010 Berlin Film festival. The film was also selected as the Romanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards but it did not make the final shortlist.
8. Alyaksandr Yermakovich, Belarusian footballer and manager births
  1. Alyaksandr Yermakovich
    
    Alyaksandr Uladzimiravich Yermakovich is a Belarusian football manager and a former midfielder. He is an assistant coach of Russian club Ural Yekaterinburg.
1974
1. Malena Alterio, Spanish actress births
  1. Malena Alterio
    
    Malena Grisel Alterio Bacaicoa is an Argentine-born Spanish actress. She became well known with the Spanish TV series Aquí no hay quien viva, playing the role of Belén López Vázquez.
2. Maxwell Atoms, American animator, screenwriter and voice actor births
  1. Maxwell Atoms
    
    Adam Maxwell Burton, known professionally as Maxwell Atoms, is an American animator, screenwriter, storyboard artist, and voice actor. He is the creator of the Cartoon Network series Grim & Evil and its subsequent spin-offs, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Evil Con Carne.
3. Kim Dotcom, German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur and political activist births
  1. Kim Dotcom
    
    Kim Dotcom, also known as Kimble and Kim Tim Jim Vestor, is a German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur and political activist who resides in Glenorchy, New Zealand.
4. Arthémon Hatungimana, Burundian middle-distance runner births
  1. Arthémon Hatungimana
    
    Arthémon Hatungimana is a former middle distance runner from Burundi. In 1995, he won a silver medal in 800 metres at the World Championships in Athletics.
5. Vincent Laresca, American actor births
  1. Vincent Laresca
    
    Vincent Laresca is an American actor.
6. Ulrich Le Pen, French footballer births
  1. Ulrich Le Pen
    
    Ulrich Le Pen is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent most of his career in his native France apart from a short stint at Ipswich Town.
7. Marco Zanotti, Italian cyclist births
  1. Marco Zanotti (cyclist, born 1974)
    
    Marco Zanotti is a road bicycle racer from Italy, who was a professional rider from 1997 to 2008, with the exception of the year 1999. Zanotti most recently rodes for the UCI Professional Continental team Preti Mangimi.
1973
1. Rob Hayles, English cyclist births
  1. Rob Hayles
    
    Robert John Hayles is a former track and road racing cyclist, who rode for Great Britain and England on the track and several professional teams on the road. Hayles competed in the team pursuit and Madison events, until his retirement in 2011. He now occasionally provides studio-based analysis of cycle races for British Eurosport.
2. Chris Kilmore, American musician and DJ births
  1. Chris Kilmore
    
    Chris Kilmore is an American musician and DJ. He is the turntablist and keyboardist of the rock band Incubus since 1998.
3. Edvinas Krungolcas, Lithuanian modern pentathlete births
  1. Edvinas Krungolcas
    
    Edvinas Krungolcas is a retired Lithuanian modern pentathlete who won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
4. Flavio Maestri, Peruvian footballer births
  1. Flavio Maestri
    
    Flavio Francisco Maestri Andrade is a Peruvian retired football player.
1972
1. Billel Dziri, Algerian footballer and manager births
  1. Billel Dziri
    
    Billel Dziri is an Algerian football manager and former player. After starting off with NA Hussein Dey, Dziri played most of his career with USM Alger and had spells with Étoile Sportive du Sahel in Tunisia, CS Sedan Ardennes in France and Al-Sadd in Qatar.
2. Rick Falkvinge, Swedish businessman and politician births
  1. Rick Falkvinge
    
    Rick Falkvinge is a Swedish information technology entrepreneur and founder of the Swedish Pirate Party. He is currently a political evangelist with the party, spreading the ideas across the world.
3. Sead Kapetanović, Bosnian footballer births
  1. Sead Kapetanović
    
    Sead Kapetanović is a Bosnian retired footballer.
4. Yasunori Mitsuda, Japanese composer and producer births
  1. Yasunori Mitsuda
    
    Yasunori Mitsuda is a Japanese composer, musician, and sound producer. He is best known for his work in video games, primarily for the Chrono, Xeno, Shadow Hearts, and Inazuma Eleven franchises, among various others. Mitsuda began composing music for his own games in high school, later attending a music college in Tokyo. While still a student, he was granted an intern position at the game development studio Wolf Team.
5. Cat Power, American singer, musician and actress births
  1. Cat Power
    
    Charlyn Marie "Chan" Marshall, better known by her stage name Cat Power, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and model. Cat Power was originally the name of her first band, but has become her stage name as a solo artist.
6. Shawn Rojeski, American curler births
  1. Shawn Rojeski
    
    Shawn Rojeski is an American curler from Chisholm, Minnesota and Olympic medalist. He was born and raised in Biwabik, Minnesota and attended Mesabi East High School. Under skip Pete Fenson, he received a bronze medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, playing as the third. The team was later named the 2006 USOC Team of the Year.
7. Sabina Valbusa, Italian cross-country skier births
  1. Sabina Valbusa
    
    Sabina Valbusa is an Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1993 to 2010.
1971
1. Uni Arge, Faroese footballer and entertainer births
  1. Uni Arge
    
    Uni Jógvanson Arge is a Faroese journalist, writer, musician, singer and a former international football striker.
2. Rafael Berges, Spanish footballer births
  1. Rafael Berges
    
    Rafael Berges Martín is a Spanish former footballer who played as a left-back, currently a manager.
3. Doug Edwards, American basketball player births
  1. Doug Edwards
    
    Douglas Edwards is an American former professional basketball player who was selected by the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the 1993 NBA draft. Edwards played for the Hawks and Vancouver Grizzlies in 3 NBA seasons, averaging 2.4 ppg. He played collegiately at Florida State University. Edwards gained his nickname "Doughboy" while playing in Vancouver as a result of his soft play on the court, and supposed infatuation with the local Tim Hortons doughnut chain. On September 10, 2008, Frank Martin announced the addition of Edwards to his coaching staff at Kansas State University. He has two brothers, both former basketball players: Steven and Allen.
4. Dmitri Khlestov, Russian footballer births
  1. Dmitri Khlestov
    
    Dmitri Alekseyevich Khlestov is a former Russian football player.
5. Dylan Kussman, American actor births
  1. Dylan Kussman
    
    Dylan Kussman is an American film and television writer and actor. He played the part of Richard Cameron in the 1989 film Dead Poets Society as well as Dr. Allen Painter in The Way of the Gun in 2000. He has also appeared in such films as Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken, Leatherheads, X2, Flight and Jack Reacher, and is the writer, director, and star of the online noir drama The Steps. He also co-wrote the screenplay for the 2017 Tom Cruise film, The Mummy. In 2019, he appeared in the Clint Eastwood film Richard Jewell.
6. Sergey Klevchenya, Russian speed skater births
  1. Sergey Klevchenya
    
    Sergey Konstantinovich Klevchenya is a Russian speed skater who competed for the Unified Team in the 1992 Winter Olympics and for Russia in the 1994 Winter Olympics, in the 1998 Winter Olympics, and in the 2002 Winter Olympics.
7. Doug Weight, American ice hockey player and coach births
  1. Doug Weight
    
    Douglas Daniel Weight is an American professional ice hockey coach, executive and former player. He is also the former head coach and assistant general manager for the New York Islanders. During his 19-year National Hockey League career, he played for the New York Rangers, Edmonton Oilers, Carolina Hurricanes, Anaheim Ducks, St. Louis Blues and the New York Islanders.
1970
1. Alen Bokšić, former Croatian footballer births
  1. Alen Bokšić
    
    Alen Bokšić is a former Croatian professional footballer. A forward who spent most of his career in France and Italy, he was renowned for his technique and power, and is regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of the Croatia national football team.
2. Marina Foïs, French actress births
  1. Marina Foïs
    
    Marina Sylvie Foïs is a French actress.
3. Ken Leung, American actor births
  1. Ken Leung
    
    Kenneth Leung is an American actor. His roles include Sang in Rush Hour, Miles Straume in Lost, Admiral Statura in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, and Eric Tao in HBO's Industry.
4. Oren Peli, Israeli-American director, producer and screenwriter births
  1. Oren Peli
    
    Oren Peli is an Israeli film director, producer and screenwriter, known for directing the 2007 film Paranormal Activity.
1969
1. John Ducey, American actor births
  1. John Ducey
    
    John Joseph Ducey is an American actor who has appeared in over 20 television shows, mainly sitcoms.
2. Eduard Hämäläinen, Finnish-Belarusian decathlete births
  1. Eduard Hämäläinen
    
    Eduard Hämäläinen is a retired decathlete from Finland and Belarus.
3. Karina Lombard, French-American actress and singer births
  1. Karina Lombard
    
    Karina Lombard is a Tahitian-born actress. She appeared as Isabel Two in Legends of the Fall, as chief Nonhelema in Timeless, and as Marina Ferrer in the first season of The L Word.
4. Tsubaki Nekoi, Japanese comic artist births
  1. Tsubaki Nekoi
    
    Tsubaki Nekoi , formerly Mick Nekoi , is a member of the all-female manga-creating team Clamp. She is the co-director and her duties in the team include applying screentones and correcting manga illustrations. She was also the lead artist on Legal Drug, The One I Love, Wish, Suki and xxxHolic. As the lead artist in xxxHolic, she is in charge of drawing the male characters while Mokona is responsible for the female characters.
1968
1. Dmitry Fomin, Soviet and Russian volleyball player births
  1. Dmitry Fomin
    
    Dmitry Fomin or Dmitri Fomine is a former Russian male volleyball player. He was part of the Soviet Union men's national volleyball team at the 1990 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and was later part of the Russia men's national volleyball team at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Fomin won MVP Award in World League 1995 and World Cup 1991.
2. Ilya Smirin, Israeli chess Grandmaster births
  1. Ilya Smirin
    
    Ilya Smirin is a Byelorussian SSR-born and an Israeli chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1990.
3. Artur Dmitriev, Soviet and Russian ice skater births
  1. Artur Dmitriev
    
    Artur Valeryevich Dmitriev is a Russian former pair skater who competed internationally for the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, and Russia. He is a two-time Olympic champion, having won gold with Natalia Mishkutionok in 1992 and with Oksana Kazakova in 1998. He and Mishkutionok also won Olympic silver in 1994. Dmitriev is the only male pair skater to win the Olympics with two different partners.
4. Sébastien Lifshitz, French director births
  1. Sébastien Lifshitz
    
    Sébastien Lifshitz is a French screenwriter and director. He teaches at La Fémis, a school that focuses on the subject of image and sound. He studied at the École du Louvre, and has a bachelor's degree from the University of Paris in history of art. He is Jewish, and gay.
5. Charlotte Ross, American actress births
  1. Charlotte Ross
    
    Charlotte Ross is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Eve Donovan on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1991, and as Det. Connie McDowell on the ABC police procedural drama series NYPD Blue from 2001 to 2004.
1967
1. Artashes Minasian, Armenian chess player births
  1. Artashes Minasian
    
    Artashes Minasian is an Armenian chess grandmaster. He won the USSR Chess Championship in 1991 and is a six-time Armenian Chess Champion.
2. Alfred Jermaniš, Slovenian footballer births
  1. Alfred Jermaniš
    
    Alfred Jermaniš is a retired Slovenian football midfielder.
3. Gorō Miyazaki, Japanese film director and landscaper births
  1. Goro Miyazaki
    
    Goro Miyazaki is a Japanese director. He is the son of animator and film director Hayao Miyazaki, who is one of the co-founders of Studio Ghibli. Described as "reluctant" to follow his father's career, Goro initially worked as a landscaper for many years before entering the film business. He has directed three films—Tales from Earthsea (2006), From Up on Poppy Hill (2011), and Earwig and The Witch (2020).
4. Ann Sheridan, American actress (b. 1915) deaths
  1. Ann Sheridan
    
    Clara Lou "Ann" Sheridan was an American actress and singer. She is best known for her roles in the films San Quentin (1937) with Humphrey Bogart, Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) with James Cagney and Bogart, They Drive by Night (1940) with George Raft and Bogart, City for Conquest (1940) with Cagney and Elia Kazan, The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) with Bette Davis, Kings Row (1942) with Ronald Reagan, Nora Prentiss (1947), and I Was a Male War Bride (1949) with Cary Grant.
1965
1. Robert Del Naja, British artist, musician and singer births
  1. Robert Del Naja
    
    Robert Del Naja, also known as 3D, is a British artist, musician, singer and songwriter. He emerged as a graffiti artist and member of the Bristol collective the Wild Bunch, and later as a founding member and sole consistent member of the band Massive Attack, with which he is still active. In 2009, he received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.
2. Jam Master Jay, American DJ, rapper, and producer (d. 2002) births
  1. Jam Master Jay
    
    Jason William Mizell, better known by his stage name Jam Master Jay, was an American musician and DJ. He was the DJ of the influential hip hop group Run-DMC. During the 1980s, Run-DMC became one of the biggest hip hop groups and are credited with breaking hip hop into mainstream music.
3. Masahiro Wada, Japanese footballer births
  1. Masahiro Wada
    
    Masahiro Wada is a former Japanese football player and manager. His sons Atsuki Wada and Tomoki Wada are also footballer.
1964
1. Andreas Bauer, German ski jumper births
  1. Andreas Bauer (ski jumper)
    
    Andreas Bauer is a West German/German former ski jumper.
2. Tony Dolan, English musician and actor births
  1. Tony Dolan
    
    Tony "Demolition Man" Dolan is an English musician, best known as the bassist and vocalist of heavy metal bands Atomkraft and formerly Venom. He currently plays in Venom Inc., alongside fellow former Venom member guitarist Mantas and drummer Jeramie Kling.
3. Gérald Passi, French footballer births
  1. Gérald Passi
    
    Gérald Passi is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
4. Ricardo Serna, Spanish footballer births
  1. Ricardo Serna
    
    Ricardo Jesús Serna Orozco is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a central defender.
5. Aleksandar Šoštar, Serbian water polo player births
  1. Aleksandar Šoštar
    
    Aleksandar Šoštar is a Serbian water polo goalkeeper who played on the bronze medal squad of FR Yugoslavia at the 2000 Summer Olympics and on the gold medal squad for SFR Yugoslavia at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
6. Danny Wallace, English footballer births
  1. Danny Wallace (footballer)
    
    David Lloyd "Danny" Wallace is an English former footballer who played for Southampton, Manchester United, Millwall, Birmingham City and Wycombe Wanderers. He won one full cap for England. His football career was ended prematurely by the effects of multiple sclerosis.
1963
1. Hakeem Olajuwon, Nigerian-American basketball player births
  1. Hakeem Olajuwon
    
    Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon, nicknamed "the Dream", is a Nigerian-American former professional basketball player. From 1984 to 2002, he played center in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Houston Rockets and, in his last season, the Toronto Raptors. He led the Rockets to back-to-back NBA championships in 1994 and 1995. Olajuwon was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008 and the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2016. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest centers, as well as one of the greatest basketball players of all time.
2. Detlef Schrempf, German basketball player and coach births
  1. Detlef Schrempf
    
    Detlef Schrempf is a German-American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Washington Huskies from 1981 to 1985, and was drafted into the National Basketball Association (NBA) by the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the 1985 NBA draft, with the eighth overall pick. He was an All-NBA Third Team member in 1995, a three-time NBA All-Star and the NBA Sixth Man of the Year twice.
3. Acharya Shivpujan Sahay, Indian author, poet, and academic (b. 1893) deaths
  1. Acharya Shivpujan Sahay
    
    Acharya Shivpujan Sahay was a noted Hindi and Bhojpuri novelist, editor and prose writer. He contributed in pioneering modern trends in, as well as in fiction. His texts "Mata ka Anchal" also printed in CBSE Book. In the text Mata ka Anchal, he has shown a wonderful bond with mother. He also conferred him with Padma Bhushan award by the Government of India.
4. Spiros Xenos, Greek-Swedish painter (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Spiros Xenos
    
    Spiros George Xenos was a Greek-Swedish artist.
1962
1. Tyler Cowen, American economist and academic births
  1. Tyler Cowen
    
    Tyler Cowen is an American economist, columnist and blogger. He is a professor at George Mason University, where he holds the Holbert L. Harris chair in the economics department. He hosts the economics blog Marginal Revolution, together with co-author Alex Tabarrok. Cowen and Tabarrok also maintain the website Marginal Revolution University, a venture in online education.
2. Isabelle Nanty, French actress, director and screenwriter births
  1. Isabelle Nanty
    
    Isabelle Nanty is a French actress, film and theatre director and screenwriter.
3. Gabriele Pin, Italian footballer and coach births
  1. Gabriele Pin
    
    Gabriele Pin is an Italian football coach, and a former player. He is currently an assistant coach at Al-Ittihad Kalba.
4. Zoran Thaler, Slovenian politician births
  1. Zoran Thaler
    
    Zoran Thaler is a Slovenian politician and businessman. He is a former Slovenian foreign minister and a former member of the European Parliament.
5. Erik Verlinde, Dutch theoretical physicist births
  1. Erik Verlinde
    
    Erik Peter Verlinde is a Dutch theoretical physicist and string theorist. He is the identical twin brother of physicist Herman Verlinde. The Verlinde formula, which is important in conformal field theory and topological field theory, is named after him. His research deals with string theory, gravity, black holes and cosmology. Currently, he works at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Amsterdam.
6. Marie Trintignant, French actress (d. 2003) births
  1. Marie Trintignant
    
    Marie Trintignant was a French film and stage actress. She appeared in over 30 movies during the span of her 36-year career. Her family was deeply involved in France's film industry, as her father was an actor and her mother was a director, producer, and screenwriter.
1961
1. Kevin Cramer, American politician births
  1. Kevin Cramer
    
    Kevin John Cramer is an American politician who has served as the junior United States senator for North Dakota since 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he represented North Dakota's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2019.
2. Cornelia Pröll, Austrian alpine skier births
  1. Cornelia Pröll
    
    Cornelia Pröll is an Austrian former alpine skier who competed in the 1980 Winter Olympics.
3. Ivo Pukanić Croatian journalist (d. 2008) births
  1. Ivo Pukanić
    
    Ivo Pukanić was a Croatian journalist. He was best known as editor-in-chief of the once influential Croatian political weekly Nacional. In 2008, Pukanić was assassinated by members of Croatian and Serbian organized crime groups.
4. Gary Shaw, English footballer births
  1. Gary Shaw (footballer, born 1961)
    
    Gary Robert Shaw is an English former football striker who played for Aston Villa in the early 1980s.
5. Piotr Ugrumov, Russian cyclist births
  1. Piotr Ugrumov
    
    Piotr Ugrumov is a former Russian professional road racing cyclist who participated for Latvia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, though he was a part of the Russian delegation at the 1996 Summer Olympics. His career as a professional lasted from 1989 to 1999, he had ten victories. Ugrumov finished second at the 1994 Tour de France. Between 1990-1996 he came in the Top 10 of seven Grand Tours, four in the Giro, two in the Tour and one in the Vuelta.
6. Blaise Cendrars, Swiss author and poet (b. 1887) deaths
  1. Blaise Cendrars
    
    Frédéric-Louis Sauser, better known as Blaise Cendrars, was a Swiss-born novelist and poet who became a naturalized French citizen in 1916. He was a writer of considerable influence in the European modernist movement.
1960
1. Sidney Lowe, American basketball player births
  1. Sidney Lowe
    
    Sidney Rochell Lowe is an American former basketball player and coach. He is currently an assistant coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Lowe played college basketball and served as the head coach at North Carolina State University.
2. Mike Terrana, American hard rock and heavy metal drummer births
  1. Mike Terrana
    
    Mike Terrana is an American hard rock and heavy metal drummer. His first professional work was in 1984 with the MCA band Hanover Fist from Toronto, Canada, after which he recorded and toured with other bands, playing many styles of music in western New York state. Between 1987 and 1997, he was based in Los Angeles and worked with various virtuoso guitarists, including Yngwie Malmsteen, Tony Macalpine, and Steve Lukather, and bands like Kuni and Beau Nasty.
1959
1. Sergei Alifirenko, Russian pistol shooter births
  1. Sergei Alifirenko
    
    Sergei Gennadievich Alifirenko is a Russian pistol shooter, originally from Armenia, specializing in the 25 m Rapid Fire Pistol event.
2. Alex McLeish, Scottish footballer and manager births
  1. Alex McLeish
    
    Alexander McLeish is a Scottish professional football manager and former player. He played as a defender for Aberdeen during their 1980s glory years, making nearly 500 League appearances for the club, and won 77 caps for Scotland.
3. Cecil B. DeMille, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1881) deaths
  1. Cecil B. DeMille
    
    Cecil Blount DeMille was an American film director, producer and actor. Between 1914 and 1958, he made 70 features, both silent and sound films. He is acknowledged as a founding father of the American cinema and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their epic scale and by his cinematic showmanship. His silent films included social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, and historical pageants. He was an active Freemason and member of Prince of Orange Lodge #16 in New York City.
4. Frances Gertrude McGill, pioneering Canadian forensic pathologist (b. 1882) deaths
  1. Frances Gertrude McGill
    
    Frances Gertrude McGill was a Canadian forensic pathologist, criminologist, bacteriologist, allergologist and allergist. Nicknamed "the Sherlock Holmes of Saskatchewan" for her deductive skills and public fame, McGill influenced the development of forensic pathology in Canadian police work and was internationally noted for her expertise in the subject.
  2. Forensic pathology
    
    Forensic pathology is pathology that focuses on determining the cause of death by examining a corpse. A post mortem examination is performed by a medical examiner or forensic pathologist, usually during the investigation of criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. Coroners and medical examiners are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of remains.
5. Carl Switzer, American child actor and hunting guide (b. 1927) deaths
  1. Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer
    
    Carl Dean Switzer was an American singer, child actor, dog breeder, and guide. He was best known for his role as Alfalfa in the short subjects series Our Gang.
1958
1. Matt Salmon, American politician births
  1. Matt Salmon
    
    Matthew James Salmon is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from Arizona from 1995 to 2001 and again from 2013 until 2017. A member of the Republican Party, he retired from office after representing Arizona's 5th congressional district. The district is based in Mesa and includes most of the East Valley; he previously represented Arizona's 1st congressional district. In 2002, he lost by less than 1% to Janet Napolitano in a highly competitive gubernatorial race. He regained a congressional seat in the 2012 election.
2. Hussein Saeed, Iraqi footballer births
  1. Hussein Saeed
    
    Hussein Saeed Mohammed is a retired Iraqi footballer who played as a forward for the Iraqi Premier League club Al-Talaba and the Iraqi national team and is a former president of the Iraq Football Association. Saeed is in ninth place in the list of top international goal scorers, with 78 goals. Along with Ahmed Radhi, he is considered to be the best Iraqi player of the 20th century and features in 25th place in Asia's Best Players of the Century list. Hussein is currently the Iraqi national team's highest scoring player with 78 goals.
3. Sergei Walter, Ukrainian politician (d. 2015) births
  1. Sergei Walter
    
    Sergei Georgievich Walter was a Ukrainian politician. He was the Secretary of the City Council of Melitopol, Ukraine (2002–2010) and Mayor of Melitopol (2010–2015).
4. Michael Wincott, Canadian actor births
  1. Michael Wincott
    
    Michael Anthony Claudio Wincott is a Canadian actor. His deep, raspy voice has often led to his being cast in villainous roles.
1956
1. Robby Benson, American actor and director births
  1. Robby Benson
    
    Robby Benson is an American actor and director. He rose to prominence as a teen idol in the late 1970s, appearing in the sports films One on One (1977) and Ice Castles (1978). He subsequently garnered more fame for portraying the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast (1991) and its numerous sequels and spin-offs. He later directed television, including six episodes of the sitcom Friends.
2. Geena Davis, American actress and producer births
  1. Geena Davis
    
    Virginia Elizabeth "Geena" Davis is an American actor and producer. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.
1955
1. Peter Fleming, American tennis player births
  1. Peter Fleming (tennis)
    
    Peter Blair Fleming is an American former professional tennis player. In his doubles partnership with John McEnroe, he won 52 titles, of which seven were at Grand Slams. As a singles player, he peaked at world No. 8, winning three titles.
2. Jeff Koons, American painter and sculptor births
  1. Jeff Koons
    
    Jeffrey Lynn Koons is an American artist recognized for his work dealing with popular culture and his sculptures depicting everyday objects, including balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror-finish surfaces. He lives and works in both New York City and his hometown of York, Pennsylvania. His works have sold for substantial sums, including at least two record auction prices for a work by a living artist: US$58.4 million for Balloon Dog (Orange) in 2013 and US$91.1 million for Rabbit in 2019.
3. Nello Musumeci, Italian politician and President of Sicily births
  1. Nello Musumeci
    
    Sebastiano "Nello" Musumeci is a right-wing Italian politician. Musumeci is serving as Minister for Civil Protection and Sea Policies since 22 October 2022 in the government of Giorgia Meloni.
4. Archie Hahn, German-American runner and coach (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Archie Hahn
    
    Charles Archibald Hahn was an American track athlete and is widely regarded as one of the best sprinters of the early 20th century. He is the first athlete to win both the 100m and 200m race at the same Olympic Games.
1954
1. Thomas de Maizière, German politician of the Christian Democratic Union births
  1. Thomas de Maizière
    
    Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2011 and 2013 to 2018, as well as Federal Minister of Defence from 2011 to 2013. He previously served as Head of the Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the First Merkel cabinet from 2005 to 2009. Since 2009, he has been a member of the Bundestag for Meißen.
2. Idrissa Ouedraogo, Burkinabé director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2018) births
  1. Idrissa Ouédraogo
    
    Idrissa Ouédraogo was a Burkinabé filmmaker. His work often explored the conflict between rural and city life and tradition and modernity in his native Burkina Faso and elsewhere in Africa. He is best known for his feature film Tilaï, which won the Grand Prix at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival and Samba Traoré (1993), which was nominated for the Silver Bear award at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.
3. Phil Thompson, English footballer and coach births
  1. Phil Thompson
    
    Philip Bernard Thompson is an English retired footballer, who played as a defender for Liverpool team of the 1970s and 1980s. During this time, he also represented the England national football team on 42 occasions, and captained England on six occasions. After retiring as a player, he later served Liverpool as assistant manager and, during the 2001–02 season, acted as caretaker for 6 months while manager Gérard Houllier was ill. He was a pundit on Soccer Saturday on Sky Sports for 22 years until August 2020, does on and off work as a pundit for TV 2 (Norway), and is a regular Visiting Fellow at the University of Liverpool where he teaches on the Football Industries MBA.
1953
1. Paul Allen, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Microsoft (d. 2018) births
  1. Paul Allen
    
    Paul Gardner Allen was an American business magnate, computer programmer, researcher, investor, and philanthropist. He co-founded Microsoft Corporation with childhood friend Bill Gates in 1975, which helped spark the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s. Microsoft became the world's largest personal computer software company. Allen was ranked as the 44th-wealthiest person in the world by Forbes in 2018, with an estimated net worth of $20.3 billion at the time of his death.
  2. Microsoft
    
    Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta.
2. Felipe Yáñez, Spanish cyclist births
  1. Felipe Yáñez
    
    Felipe Yáñez is a Spanish former professional racing cyclist. He rode in two editions of the Tour de France and nine editions of the Vuelta a España.
1952
1. Marco Camenisch, Swiss activist and murderer births
  1. Marco Camenisch
    
    Marco Camenisch is a Swiss anarchist and environmental activist. He currently serving a prison sentence for the murder of a border guard in Brusio, Switzerland, in 1989.
2. Werner Grissmann, Austrian alpine skier births
  1. Werner Grissmann
    
    Werner Grissmann is a retired Austrian alpine skier. He had his best achievements in the downhill event, winning a bronze medal at the 1978 World Championships and placing seventh at the 1980 Winter Olympics. He competed in the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup in 1972–1981 with the best result of eighth place in 1975.
3. Mikhail Umansky, Russian chess player (d. 2010) births
  1. Mikhail Umansky
    
    Mikhail Markovich Umansky was a Russian chess grandmaster of correspondence chess, who was the 13th ICCF World Champion in correspondence chess between 1989 and 1998. He was also USSR Correspondence Champion in 1978.
1951
1. Eric Holder, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 82nd United States Attorney General births
  1. Eric Holder
    
    Eric Himpton Holder Jr. is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd Attorney General of the United States from 2009 to 2015. Holder, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama, was the first African American to hold the position of U.S. attorney general.
  2. United States Attorney General
    
    The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States. The attorney general serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all legal matters. The attorney general is a statutory member of the Cabinet of the United States.
1950
1. Marion Becker, German javelin thrower births
  1. Marion Becker
    
    Marion Becker is a German athlete who competed mainly in the javelin throw.
2. Gary Locke, American politician and diplomat, 36th United States Secretary of Commerce births
  1. Gary Locke
    
    Gary Faye Locke is an American politician and diplomat serving as the interim president of Bellevue College, the largest of the institutions that make up the Washington Community and Technical Colleges system. Locke served as the 21st governor of Washington (1997–2005), the 5th King County Executive (1994–1997), the 10th United States ambassador to China (2011–2014), and the United States Secretary of Commerce (2009–2011).
  2. United States Secretary of Commerce
    
    The United States secretary of commerce (SecCom) is the head of the United States Department of Commerce. The secretary serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all matters relating to commerce. The secretary reports directly to the president and is a statutory member of Cabinet of the United States. The secretary is appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. The secretary of commerce is concerned with promoting American businesses and industries; the department states its mission to be "to foster, promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce".
3. José Marín, Spanish racewalker births
  1. José Marín (racewalker)
    
    José Marín Sospedra is a retired Spanish racewalker.
4. Billy Ocean, Trinidadian-English singer-songwriter births
  1. Billy Ocean
    
    Leslie Sebastian Charles,, better known by his stage name Billy Ocean, is a Trinidadian-British recording artist who had a string of R&B international pop hits in the 1970s and 1980s. He was the most popular British R&B singer-songwriter of the early to mid-1980s. After scoring his first four UK Top 20 singles including two No. 2 hits in 1976 and 1977, seven years passed before he accumulated a series of transatlantic successes, including three US No. 1's. His 1985 hit "When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going" reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in the US. In 1985, Ocean won the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his worldwide hit "Caribbean Queen " and in 1987 was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male Artist. His 1988 hit "Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car" reached No. 1 in the US and No. 3 in the UK. His 1986 hit "There'll Be Sad Songs " also reached No. 1 in the US.
5. Agnes van Ardenne, Dutch politician and diplomat, Dutch Minister for Development Cooperation births
  1. Agnes van Ardenne
    
    Anna Maria Agnes "Agnes" van Ardenne-Van der Hoeven is a retired Dutch politician and diplomat of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
  2. Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation (Netherlands)
    
    The Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation is a Minister without Portfolio in the Netherlands. The officeholder, who is a member of the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers, is assigned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Minister is tasked with Trade and Export, Development Cooperation and International Environmental Policies. The current Minister is Liesje Schreinemacher of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) who has been in office since 10 January 2021.
6. George Orwell, British novelist, essayist, and critic (b. 1903) deaths
  1. George Orwell
    
    Eric Arthur Blair, better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and support of democratic socialism.
1949
1. Trương Tấn Sang, Vietnamese politician and 7th President of Vietnam births
  1. Trương Tấn Sang
    
    Trương Tấn Sang is a Vietnamese politician, who served as the seventh President of Vietnam from 2011 to 2016. He was one of Vietnam's top leaders, alongside prime minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng and Party general secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng. In July 2011, Trương Tấn Sang was elected state president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam by the National Assembly of Vietnam and nominated by his predecessor Nguyễn Minh Triết who retired from office.
  2. President of Vietnam
    
    The president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the head of state of Vietnam, elected by the Vietnam National Assembly from delegates of the National Assembly. Since Vietnam is a single-party state, the president is generally considered to hold the second highest position in the political system, formally after the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. In addition, the president appoints the head of government, the Prime Minister. As head of state, the President represents Vietnam both domestically and internationally, and maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country.
2. Clifford Ray, American basketball coach and player births
  1. Clifford Ray
    
    Clifford Ray is an American former professional basketball coach and player who is a consultant for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played three of his ten seasons in the NBA with the Chicago Bulls from 1971 to 1974, and the other seven with the Golden State Warriors from 1974 to 1981.
1948
1. Zygmunt Kukla, Polish footballer (d. 2016) births
  1. Zygmunt Kukla (footballer)
    
    Zygmunt Kukla was a Polish footballer. During his club career he played for Stal Mielec and Apollon Athens.
2. Hugo Tocalli, Argentine footballer births
  1. Hugo Tocalli
    
    Hugo Daniel Tocalli is an Argentine former professional football player and coach. He played over 400 games as a goalkeeper, and went on to coach a number of clubs as well as the Argentina under-20 team.
3. Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer and educator (b. 1876) deaths
  1. Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari
    
    Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari was an Italian composer and teacher. He is best known for his comic operas such as Il segreto di Susanna (1909). A number of his works were based on plays by Carlo Goldoni, including Le donne curiose (1903), I quatro rusteghi (1906) and Il campiello (1936).
1947
1. Jill Eikenberry, American actress births
  1. Jill Eikenberry
    
    Jill Susan Eikenberry is an American film, stage, and television actress. She is known for her role as lawyer Ann Kelsey on the NBC drama L.A. Law (1986–94), for which she is a five-time Emmy Award and four-time Golden Globe Award nominee, winning the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Drama Series in 1989. She received an Obie Award in 1986 for the Off-Broadway plays Lemon Sky and Life Under Water, and was nominated for a 2011 Drama Desk Award for the Off-Broadway musical The Kid. Her film appearances include Hide in Plain Sight (1980), Arthur (1981) and The Manhattan Project (1986).
2. Andrzej Bachleda, Polish former alpine skier births
  1. Andrzej Bachleda (born 1947)
    
    Andrzej Jan Bachleda-Curuś is a Polish former alpine skier who competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics and 1972 Winter Olympics. In 1968 he finished 6th in slalom race.
3. Dorian M. Goldfeld, American mathematician births
  1. Dorian M. Goldfeld
    
    Dorian Morris Goldfeld is an American mathematician working in analytic number theory and automorphic forms at Columbia University.
4. Pye Hastings, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist births
  1. Pye Hastings
    
    Julian Frederick Gordon 'Pye' Hastings is a British musician. Born in Scotland and raised in Canterbury, Kent, he is the guitarist and vocalist of the Canterbury scene band Caravan and brother of Jimmy Hastings.
5. Michel Jonasz, French singer-songwriter and actor births
  1. Michel Jonasz
    
    Michel Jonasz is a French composer-songwriter, singer and actor. His compositions include: La boîte de jazz, Joueurs de blues and Les vacances au bord de la mer.
6. Joseph Nicolosi, American clinical psychologist (d. 2017) births
  1. Joseph Nicolosi
    
    Joseph Nicolosi was an American clinical psychologist who advocated and practised "reparative therapy", a form of the pseudoscientific treatment of conversion therapy that he claimed could help people overcome or mitigate their homosexual desires and replace them with heterosexual ones. Nicolosi was a founder and president of the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH). Medical institutions warn that conversion therapy is ineffective and may be harmful, and that there is no evidence that sexual orientation can be changed by such treatments.
7. Giuseppe Savoldi, Italian footballer births
  1. Giuseppe Savoldi
    
    Giuseppe Savoldi is an Italian former professional football player and coach, who played during the sixties, seventies and eighties, as a forward. A versatile attacker, he played club football in Italy for Atalanta, Bologna and S.S.C. Napoli, and represented the Italy national side at international level.
8. Roberto Zywica, Argentine footballer births
  1. Roberto Zywica
    
    Roberto Zywica is an Argentine former football midfielder and manager.
1946
1. Ichiro Hosotani, Japanese footballer births
  1. Ichiro Hosotani
    
    Ichiro Hosotani is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.
2. Nella Martinetti, Swiss singer (d. 2011) births
  1. Nella Martinetti
    
    Nella Martinetti was a Swiss singer-songwriter, affectionately nicknamed "Bella Nella".
3. Tomás Pineda, El Salvadoran footballer births
  1. Tomás Pineda
    
    Tomás Ernesto Pineda Nieto is a retired football player from El Salvador.
4. Miguel Reina, Spanish footballer births
  1. Miguel Reina
    
    Miguel Reina Santos is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
1945
1. Pete Kircher, English drummer births
  1. Pete Kircher
    
    Peter Derek Kircher is a retired English rock/pop drummer. He played between 1982 and 1985 in the rock band Status Quo. Highlights of this period included playing at Live Aid and the National Bowl, and meeting the Prince of Wales at a benefit gig for The Prince's Trust at the Birmingham NEC, an event preserved on the 1982 album Live at the N.E.C.
2. Martin Shaw, English actor and producer births
  1. Martin Shaw
    
    Martin Shaw is an English actor. He came to national recognition as Doyle in ITV crime-action television drama series The Professionals (1977–1983). Further notable television parts include the title roles in The Chief (1993–1995), Judge John Deed (2001–2007) and Inspector George Gently (2007–2017). He has also acted on stage and in film, and has narrated numerous audiobooks and presented various television series.
3. Rash Behari Bose, founder of the Indian National Army (b. 1886) deaths
  1. Rash Behari Bose
    
    Rash Behari Bose was an Indian revolutionary leader against the British Empire. He was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar Mutiny and founded the First Indian National Army during World War 2 based on militarization policy of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. British Indian Army soldiers defected over to INA during the Japanese invasion of Singapore. He founded the Japanese branch of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1938 under the inspiration of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar who was the president of Hindu Mahasabha, India. The Indian National Army(INA) was formed in 1942 under Rash Behari Bose which he later handed over as the Indian National Army to Subhas Chandra Bose. Rash Behari Bose remained the Supreme Advisor of INA led by Subhash Chandra Bose. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was the key link between Subhash Chandra Bose and Rash Behari Bose.
  2. Indian National Army
    
    The Indian National Army was an armed force formed by Indian collaborators and Imperial Japan on 1 September 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War II. Its aim was to secure Indian independence from British rule. It fought alongside Japanese soldiers in the latter's campaign in the Southeast Asian theatre of WWII. The army was first formed in 1942 under Rash Behari Bose by Indian PoWs of the British Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan campaign and at Singapore. This first INA, which had been handed over to Rash Behari Bose, collapsed and was disbanded in December that year after differences between the INA leadership and the Japanese military over its role in Japan's war in Asia. Rash Behari Bose handed over INA to Subhas Chandra Bose. It was revived under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose after his arrival in Southeast Asia in 1943. The army was declared to be the army of Bose's Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose named the brigades/regiments of INA after Gandhi, Nehru, Maulana Azad, and himself. There was also an all-women regiment named after Rani of Jhanshi, Lakshmibai. Under Bose's leadership, the INA drew ex-prisoners and thousands of civilian volunteers from the Indian expatriate population in Malaya and Burma. This second INA fought under the Imperial Japanese Army against the British and Commonwealth forces in the campaigns in Burma: at Imphal and Kohima, and later against the Allied retaking of Burma.
1944
1. Uto Ughi, Italian violinist births
  1. Uto Ughi
    
    Bruto Diodato "Uto" Ughi is an Italian violinist and conductor. He was the music director of the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia between 1987 and 1992. He is considered one of Italy's greatest living violinists and is also active in the promotion of classical music in today's culture.
1943
1. Zdravko Hebel, Croatian water polo player (d. 2017) births
  1. Zdravko Hebel
    
    Zdravko Hebel was a Croatian water polo player notable for winning a gold medal in Mexico City in 1968, with the Yugoslavian water polo team.
2. Arnar Jónsson, Icelandic actor births
  1. Arnar Jónsson (actor)
    
    Arnar Jónsson is an Icelandic actor.
3. Alfons Peeters, Belgian footballer (d. 2015) births
  1. Alfons Peeters
    
    Alfons Peeters was a Belgian footballer. During his career he played for R.S.C. Anderlecht. He earned 4 caps for the Belgium national football team, and participated in the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
4. Kenzo Yokoyama, Japanese footballer births
  1. Kenzo Yokoyama
    
    Kenzo Yokoyama is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for, and then managed, the Japanese national team.
1942
1. Freddy Breck, German singer, producer, and news anchor (d. 2008) births
  1. Freddy Breck
    
    Freddy Breck was a German schlager singer, composer, record producer, and news anchor.
2. Eugène Camara, Prime Minister of Guinea (d. 2019) births
  1. Eugène Camara
    
    Eugène Camara was a politician from Guinea who was briefly Prime Minister of Guinea in February 2007.
3. Han Pil-hwa, North Korean speed skater births
  1. Han Pil-hwa
    
    Han Pil-hwa is a female North Korean speed skater who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics and in the 1972 Winter Olympics. She was the first woman to represent North Korea at the Olympics.
4. Mac Davis, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (d. 2020) births
  1. Mac Davis
    
    Morris Mac Davis was an American country music singer, songwriter, and actor. A native of Lubbock, Texas, he enjoyed success as a crossover artist, and during his early career he wrote for Elvis Presley, providing him with the hits "Memories", "In the Ghetto", "Don't Cry Daddy", and "A Little Less Conversation". A subsequent solo career in the 1970s produced hits such as "Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me". Davis also starred in his own variety show, a Broadway musical, and various films and TV shows.
5. Edwin Starr, American singer-songwriter (d. 2003) births
  1. Edwin Starr
    
    Charles Edwin Hatcher , known by his stage name Edwin Starr, was an American singer and songwriter. Starr was famous for his Norman Whitfield-produced Motown singles of the 1970s, most notably the number-one hit "War".
6. Michael G. Wilson, American producer and screenwriter births
  1. Michael G. Wilson
    
    Michael Gregg Wilson, is an American-British screenwriter and film producer, best known for his association with the James Bond film series.
1941
1. Sattam bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian prince (d. 2013) births
  1. Sattam bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
    
    Sattam bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was a Saudi royal and politician who served as the governor of Riyadh Province from November 2011 until his death in February 2013. He had had a long service as deputy governor of the province.
2. Plácido Domingo, Spanish tenor and conductor births
  1. Plácido Domingo
    
    José Plácido Domingo Embil is a Spanish opera singer, conductor, and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French, German, Spanish, English and Russian in the most prestigious opera houses in the world. Although primarily a lirico-spinto tenor for most of his career, especially popular for his Cavaradossi, Hoffmann, Don José and Canio, he quickly moved into more dramatic roles, becoming the most acclaimed Otello of his generation. In the early 2010s, he transitioned from the tenor repertory into exclusively baritone parts, most notably Simon Boccanegra. As of 2020, he has performed 151 different roles.
3. Richie Havens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2013) births
  1. Richie Havens
    
    Richard Pierce Havens was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. His music encompassed elements of folk, soul, and rhythm and blues. He had a rhythmic guitar style. He was the opening act at Woodstock, and also the voice-over for the GeoSafari toys.
4. Mike Medavoy, Chinese-born American film producer, co-founded Orion Pictures births
  1. Mike Medavoy
    
    Morris Mike Medavoy is an American film producer and business executive. He is the co-founder of Orion Pictures (1978), former chairman of TriStar Pictures, former head of production for United Artists (1974–1978), and the current chairman and CEO of Phoenix Pictures.
  2. Orion Pictures
    
    Orion Pictures is an American motion picture producer owned by Amazon through its Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) subsidiary. In its original operating period, the company produced and released films from 1978 until 1999 and was also involved in television production and syndication throughout the 1980s until the early 1990s. It was formed in 1978 as a joint venture between Warner Bros. and three former senior executives at United Artists. During this early period, Orion was considered a mini-major studio.
5. Ivan Putski, Polish-American wrestler and bodybuilder births
  1. Ivan Putski
    
    Józef Bednarski is a Polish former professional wrestler and bodybuilder, best known by the ring name Ivan Putski. He was given the nicknames "The Polish Hammer" and "Polish Power".
6. Elaine Showalter, American author and critic births
  1. Elaine Showalter
    
    Elaine Showalter is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. She influenced feminist literary criticism in the United States academia, developing the concept and practice of gynocritics, a term describing the study of "women as writers".
1940
1. Jack Nicklaus, American golfer and sportscaster births
  1. Jack Nicklaus
    
    Jack William Nicklaus, nicknamed The Golden Bear, is a retired American professional golfer and golf course designer. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest golfers of all time. He won 117 professional tournaments in his career. Over a quarter-century, he won a record 18 major championships, three more than second-placed Tiger Woods. Nicklaus focused on the major championships—the Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, Open Championship and PGA Championship—and played a selective schedule of regular PGA Tour events. He competed in 164 major tournaments, more than any other player, and finished with 73 PGA Tour victories, third behind Sam Snead (82) and Woods (82).
2. Patrick Robinson, British novelist births
  1. Patrick Robinson (author)
    
    Patrick Robinson is a British novelist and newspaper columnist living in Cotuit, Massachusetts, US. He is the father of Ben Robinson from the Bravo TV shows Below Deck and Below Deck Mediterranean.
1939
1. Paul Genevay, French sprinter births
  1. Paul Genevay
    
    Paul Louis Marcel Genevay was a French sprinter. He competed in the 200 m and 4 × 100 m events at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a bronze medal in the relay in 1964. He failed to reach the final in three other competitions. Genevay won two gold and one silver medals in the sprint at the 1959 Mediterranean Games. He died on 11 March 2022, at the age of 83.
2. Friedel Lutz, German footballer births
  1. Friedel Lutz
    
    Alfred "Friedel" Lutz is a former German football player.
3. Steve Paxton, American dancer and choreographer births
  1. Steve Paxton
    
    Steve Paxton is an experimental dancer and choreographer. His early background was in gymnastics while his later training included three years with Merce Cunningham and a year with José Limón. As a founding member of the Judson Dance Theater, he performed works by Yvonne Rainer and Trisha Brown. He was a founding member of the experimental group Grand Union and in 1972 named and began to develop the dance form known as Contact Improvisation, a form of dance that utilizes the physical laws of friction, momentum, gravity, and inertia to explore the relationship between dancers.
4. Viacheslav Platonov, Russian volleyball player and coach (d. 2005) births
  1. Viacheslav Platonov
    
    Viacheslav Platonov was a Russian volleyball player and coach.
1938
1. Romano Fogli, Italian footballer births
  1. Romano Fogli
    
    Romano Fogli was an Italian football player and manager who played as a midfielder.
2. Georges Méliès, French actor, director, and producer (b. 1861) deaths
  1. Georges Méliès
    
    Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès was a French illusionist, actor, and film director. He led many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema.
1937
1. Judit Ágoston-Mendelényi, Hungarian fencer (d. 2013) births
  1. Judit Ágoston-Mendelényi
    
    Judit Ágoston-Mendelényi was a Hungarian fencer. She won a gold medal in the women's team foil event at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
2. Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria, the youngest son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria births
  1. Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria
    
    Max-Emanuel Ludwig Maria Herzog in Bayern as the younger son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, is the heir presumptive to both the headship of the former Bavarian royal house and the Jacobite succession. He was born a Prince of Bavaria, as a member of the royal line of the House of Wittelsbach, but has been using the title "Herzog in Bayern" or Duke in Bavaria, since he was adopted as an adult by his grand-uncle, Duke Ludwig Wilhelm in Bavaria, the last bearer of that title of a junior branch of the House of Wittelsbach, from whom he inherited considerable estates at Tegernsee Abbey, Banz Abbey and Kreuth.
  2. Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria
    
    Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria was the son of the last crown prince of Bavaria, Rupprecht, and his first wife, Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria. He was the only child from that marriage that reached adulthood. His paternal grandfather was Ludwig III of Bavaria, the last king of Bavaria, who was deposed in 1918.
3. Marie Prevost, Canadian-American actress and singer (b. 1896) deaths
  1. Marie Prevost
    
    Marie Prevost was a Canadian-born film actress. During her 20-year career, she made 121 silent and sound films.
1936
1. Dick Davies, American basketball player (d. 2012) births
  1. Dick Davies
    
    Richard Allan Davies was an American basketball player. He played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He is also the youngest brother of Bob Davies, who was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player in 1970.
1934
1. Audrey Dalton, Irish actress births
  1. Audrey Dalton
    
    Audrey Dalton is an Irish actress who mostly worked in America during the Golden Age of Hollywood.
2. Antonio Karmany, Spanish cyclist births
  1. Antonio Karmany
    
    Antonio Karmany Mestres is a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist.
3. Alfonso Portugal, Mexican footballer (d. 2016) births
  1. Alfonso Portugal
    
    Alfonso Portugal Díaz was a Mexican football player, who played as defender for Mexico in the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
  2. 2016
    
    2016 (MMXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2016th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 16th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 7th year of the 2010s decade.
4. Ann Wedgeworth, American actress (d. 2017) births
  1. Ann Wedgeworth
    
    Elizabeth Ann Wedgeworth was an American character actress, known for her roles as Lana Shields in Three's Company, Hilda Hensley in Sweet Dreams, and Merleen Elldridge in Evening Shade. She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for Chapter Two (1978).
1933
1. Habib Thiam, Senegalese politician (d. 2017) births
  1. Habib Thiam
    
    Habib Thiam was a Senegalese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Senegal on two occasions, from 1 January 1981 to 3 April 1983, and again from 8 April 1991 until 3 July 1998.
2. Tony Marchi, English footballer births
  1. Tony Marchi
    
    Anthony Marchi was an English football player and manager.
3. George Moore, Irish author, poet, and critic (b. 1852) deaths
  1. George Moore (novelist)
    
    George Augustus Moore was an Irish novelist, short-story writer, poet, art critic, memoirist and dramatist. Moore came from a Roman Catholic landed family who lived at Moore Hall in Carra, County Mayo. He originally wanted to be a painter, and studied art in Paris during the 1870s. There, he befriended many of the leading French artists and writers of the day.
1932
1. Lytton Strachey, English writer and critic (b. 1880) deaths
  1. Lytton Strachey
    
    Giles Lytton Strachey was an English writer and critic. A founding member of the Bloomsbury Group and author of Eminent Victorians, he established a new form of biography in which psychological insight and sympathy are combined with irreverence and wit. His biography Queen Victoria (1921) was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.
1931
1. Yoshiko Kuga, Japanese actress births
  1. Yoshiko Kuga
    
    Yoshiko Kuga is a Japanese actress.
2. Felix Blumenfeld, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1863) deaths
  1. Felix Blumenfeld
    
    Felix Mikhailovich Blumenfeld was a Russian and Soviet composer, conductor of the Imperial Opera St-Petersburg, pianist, and teacher.
1930
1. Mainza Chona, Zambian lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Zambia (d. 2001) births
  1. Mainza Chona
    
    Mainza Mathias Chona was a Zambian politician and founder of UNIP who served as the third vice-president of Zambia from 1970 to 1973 and Prime Minister on two occasions: from 25 August 1973 to 27 May 1975 and from 20 July 1977 to 15 June 1978.
  2. Prime Minister of Zambia
    
    The prime minister of Zambia was the head of government of Zambia. From 1973 to 1975, Mainza Chona was the first person to hold the position following independence from the United Kingdom.
1929
1. Radley Metzger, American filmmaker (d. 2017) births
  1. Radley Metzger
    
    Radley Metzger was an American pioneering filmmaker and film distributor, most noted for popular artistic, adult-oriented films, including Thérèse and Isabelle (1968), Camille 2000 (1969), The Lickerish Quartet (1970), Score (1974), The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann (1974), The Image (1975), The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) and Barbara Broadcast (1977). According to one film reviewer, Metzger's films, including those made during the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), are noted for their "lavish design, witty screenplays, and a penchant for the unusual camera angle". Another reviewer noted that his films were "highly artistic — and often cerebral ... and often featured gorgeous cinematography". Film and audio works by Metzger have been added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City.
1928
1. Gene Sharp, American political scientist and academic, founded the Albert Einstein Institution (d. 2018) births
  1. Gene Sharp
    
    Gene Sharp was an American political scientist. He was the founder of the Albert Einstein Institution, a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the study of nonviolent action, and professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He was known for his extensive writings on nonviolent struggle, which have influenced numerous anti-government resistance movements around the world. Sharp received the 2008 Int’l Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for his lifelong commitment to the defense of freedom, democracy, and the reduction of political violence through scholarly analysis of the power of nonviolent action. Unofficial sources have claimed that Sharp was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015, and had previously been nominated three times, in 2009, 2012 and 2013. Sharp was widely considered the favorite for the 2012 award. In 2011, he was awarded the El-Hibri Peace Education Prize. In 2012, he was a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award for "developing and articulating the core principles and strategies of nonviolent resistance and supporting their practical implementation in conflict areas around the world".
  2. Albert Einstein Institution
    
    The Albert Einstein Institution (AEI) is a non-profit organization specializing in the study of the methods of nonviolent resistance in conflict. It was founded by scholar Gene Sharp in 1983, and named after Albert Einstein.
2. Reynaldo Bignone, Argentinian general and politician, 41st President of Argentina (d. 2018) births
  1. Reynaldo Bignone
    
    Reynaldo Benito Antonio Bignone was an Argentine general who served as President of Argentina from 1 July 1982, to 10 December 1983. In 2010, he was sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in the kidnapping, torture, and murder of persons suspected of opposing the government during the Dirty War.
3. George Washington Goethals, American general and engineer (b. 1858) deaths
  1. George Washington Goethals
    
    George Washington Goethals was a United States Army General and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction and the opening of the Panama Canal. He was the State Engineer of New Jersey and the Acting Quartermaster General of the United States Army.
1927
1. Rudolf Kraus, German footballer (d. 2003) births
  1. Rudolf Krause (footballer)
    
    Rudolf Krause was a German footballer and coach who won a silver medal as manager of East Germany at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
1926
1. Clive Donner, British director (d. 2010) births
  1. Clive Donner
    
    Clive Stanley Donner was a British film director who was part of the British New Wave, directing films such as The Caretaker, Nothing but the Best, What's New Pussycat?, and Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush. He also directed television movies and commercials through the mid-1990s.
2. Franco Evangelisti, Italian composer (d. 1980) births
  1. Franco Evangelisti (composer)
    
    Franco Evangelisti was an Italian composer specifically interested in the scientific theories behind sound.
3. Steve Reeves, American bodybuilder and actor (d. 2000) births
  1. Steve Reeves
    
    Stephen Lester "Steve" Reeves was an American professional bodybuilder, actor, and philanthropist. He was famous in the mid-1950s as a movie star in Italian-made sword-and-sandal films, playing the protagonist as muscular characters such as Hercules, Goliath, and Sandokan. At the peak of his career, he was the highest-paid actor in Europe. Though best known for his portrayal of Hercules, he played the character only twice: in Hercules (1958), and in its 1959 sequel Hercules Unchained. By 1960, Reeves was ranked as the number-one box-office draw in 25 countries around the world.
4. Roger Taillibert, French architect (d. 2019) births
  1. Roger Taillibert
    
    Roger Taillibert was a French architect, active as a designer from about 1963 to 1987.
5. Robert J. White, American neurosurgeon (d. 2010) births
  1. Robert J. White
    
    Robert Joseph White was an American neurosurgeon best known for his head transplants on living monkeys.
6. Camillo Golgi, Italian physician and pathologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843) deaths
  1. Camillo Golgi
    
    Camillo Golgi was an Italian biologist and pathologist known for his works on the central nervous system. He studied medicine at the University of Pavia between 1860 and 1868 under the tutelage of Cesare Lombroso. Inspired by pathologist Giulio Bizzozero, he pursued research in the nervous system. His discovery of a staining technique called black reaction in 1873 was a major breakthrough in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in anatomy and physiology are named for him, including the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1925
1. Charles Aidman, American actor (d. 1993) births
  1. Charles Aidman
    
    Charles Leonard Aidman was an American actor of stage, film, and television.
2. Alex Forbes, Scottish footballer (d. 2014) births
  1. Alex Forbes
    
    Alexander Rooney Forbes was a Scottish football player and manager.
3. Eva Ibbotson, Austrian-English author (d. 2010) births
  1. Eva Ibbotson
    
    Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson was a British novelist born in Austria to a Jewish family who fled the Nazis. She is known for her children's literature. Some of her novels for adults have been reissued for the young adult market. The historical novel Journey to the River Sea won her the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered an unusual commendation as runner-up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time of her death. Her last book, The Abominables, was among four finalists for the same award in 2012.
4. Arnold Skaaland, American wrestler and manager (d. 2007) births
  1. Arnold Skaaland
    
    Arnold Skaaland was an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager.
1924
1. Shafiga Akhundova, Azerbaijani Composer, first professional female author of an opera in the East (d. 2013) births
  1. Shafiga Akhundova
    
    Shafiga Akhundova was a prominent Azerbaijani composer, the first professional female author of an opera in the East and People’s Artist of Azerbaijan. Akhundova was born into a family of an eminent cultural figure Gulam Akhundov.
2. Benny Hill, English actor, singer, and screenwriter (d. 1992) births
  1. Benny Hill
    
    Alfred Hawthorne Hill, better known as Benny Hill, was an English comedian, actor, singer and writer. He is remembered for his television programme The Benny Hill Show, an amalgam of slapstick, burlesque and double entendre in a format that included live comedy and filmed segments, with Hill at the focus of almost every segment.
3. Vladimir Lenin, Russian lawyer and politician (b. 1870) deaths
  1. Vladimir Lenin
    
    Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Leninism.
1923
1. Lola Flores, Spanish singer, dancer, and actress (d. 1995) births
  1. Lola Flores
    
    María Dolores "Lola" Flores Ruiz was a Spanish actress, bailaora and singer. Born in Jerez de la Frontera, Flores became interested in the performing arts at a very young age. Known for her overwhelming personality onstage, she debuted as a dancer at age sixteen at the stage production Luces de España, in her hometown. After being discovered by film director Fernando Mignoni, Flores moved to Madrid to pursue a professional career in music and film, with her first gig being the lead role in Mignoni's Martingala (1940). Flores succeeded as a film and stage actress. In 1943 she obtained her breakthrough role in the musical stage production Zambra alongside Manolo Caracol, in which she sang original compositions by Rafael de León, Manuel López-Quiroga Miquel and Antonio Quintero, including "La Zarzamora" and "La Niña de Fuego", mostly singing flamenco music, copla, rumba and ranchera. She then started to receive widespread media coverage.
2. Alberto de Mendoza, Argentine actor (d. 2011) births
  1. Alberto de Mendoza
    
    Alberto Manuel Rodríguez-Gallego González de Mendoza was an Argentine film actor who appeared in some 114 films between 1930 and 2005, spanning eight decades.
3. Pahiño, Spanish footballer (d. 2012) births
  1. Pahiño
    
    Manuel Fernández Fernández, known as Pahiño, was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker.
1922
1. Lincoln Alexander, Canadian lawyer and politician, 23rd Canadian Minister of Labour (d. 2012) births
  1. Lincoln Alexander
    
    Lincoln MacCauley Alexander was a Canadian lawyer who became the first Black Canadian member of Parliament in the House of Commons, the first Black federal Cabinet Minister, the first Black Chair of the Worker's Compensation Board of Ontario, and the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1985 to 1991. He was the first person to serve five terms as Chancellor of the University of Guelph, from 1991 to 2007. Alexander was also a governor of the Canadian Unity Council.
  2. Minister of Labour (Canada)
    
    The minister of Labour is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the labour portfolio of Employment and Social Development Canada. From 2015 to 2019, the portfolio was included in that of the Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Labour, but was split in 2019 during the government of Justin Trudeau.
2. Telly Savalas, American actor (d. 1994) births
  1. Telly Savalas
    
    Aristotelis "Telly" Savalas was an American actor and singer whose career spanned four decades. Noted for his bald head and deep, resonant voice, he is perhaps best known for portraying Lt. Theo Kojak on the crime drama series Kojak (1973–1978) and James Bond archvillain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the film On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969).
3. Paul Scofield, English actor (d. 2008) births
  1. Paul Scofield
    
    David Paul Scofield was a British actor. During a six-decade career, Scofield achieved the US Triple Crown of Acting, winning an Academy Award, Emmy, and Tony for his work. He won the three awards in a seven-year span, the fastest of any performer to accomplish the feat.
4. Predrag Vranicki, Croatian Marxist humanist (d. 2002) births
  1. Predrag Vranicki
    
    Predrag Vranicki was a Marxist Humanist and member of the Praxis school in the 1960s in Yugoslavia.
1920
1. Errol Barrow, first Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 1987) births
  1. Errol Barrow
    
    Errol Walton Barrow was a Barbadian statesman and the first prime minister of Barbados. Born into a family of political and civic activists in the parish of Saint Lucy, he became a WWII aviator, combat veteran, lawyer, politician, gourmet cook and author. He is often referred to as the "Father of Independence" in Barbados.
1919
1. Eric Brown, Scottish-English captain and pilot (d. 2016) births
  1. Eric Brown (pilot)
    
    Captain Eric Melrose "Winkle" Brown, CBE, DSC, AFC, Hon FRAeS, RN was a British Royal Navy officer and test pilot who flew 487 types of aircraft, more than anyone else in history.
2. Gojong of Korea (b. 1852) deaths
  1. Gojong of Korea
    
    Gojong was the monarch of Korea from 1864 to 1907. He reigned as the last King of Joseon from 1864 to 1897, and as the first Emperor of Korea from 1897 until his forced abdication in 1907. He is known posthumously as the Emperor Gwangmu.
3. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, Ottoman general and politician, 277th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1839) deaths
  1. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
    
    Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was a prominent Ottoman field marshal and Grand Vizier, who served in the Crimean and Russo-Turkish wars. Ahmed Muhtar Pasha was appointed as Grand Vizier in July 1912 at age 72, largely due to his prestige as an old military hero.
  2. List of Ottoman grand viziers
    
    The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
1918
1. Jimmy Hagan, English footballer (d. 1998) births
  1. Jimmy Hagan
    
    James Hagan was an English football player and manager. He played between 1938 and 1958 for Sheffield United and once for England. As manager he had his greatest successes with S.L. Benfica in the early 1970s.
2. Richard Winters, American soldier (d. 2011) births
  1. Richard Winters
    
    Richard Davis Winters was an officer of the United States Army and a decorated war veteran. He is best known for having commanded Easy Company of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, part of the 101st Airborne Division, during World War II. He was eventually promoted to major and put in command of the 2nd Battalion.
3. Antonio Janigro, Italian cellist and conductor (d. 1989) births
  1. Antonio Janigro
    
    Antonio Janigro was an Italian cellist and conductor.
4. Jan Drozdowski, Polish pianist and music teacher (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Jan Drozdowski
    
    Jan Drozdowski (1857–1918) was a Polish pianist and music teacher.
1917
1. Erling Persson, H&M founder (d. 2002) births
  1. Erling Persson
    
    Erling Persson was the founder of H&M. He got the idea following a post-World War II trip to the United States: He was impressed by the country's efficient, high-volume stores.
  2. H&M
    
    H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB or H&M Group is a multinational clothing company based in Sweden that focuses on fast-fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers, and children. As of 23 June 2022, H&M Group operates in 75 geographical markets with 4,801 stores under the various company brands, with 107,375 full-time equivalent positions.
1916
1. Pietro Rava, Italian footballer (d. 2006) births
  1. Pietro Rava
    
    Pietro Rava was an Italian football defender and coach, who played as a full-back. He won the 1936 Summer Olympics and the 1938 FIFA World Cup with the Italian national team.
2. Zypora Spaisman, Polish midwife; American and Yiddish-language actress; producer of the Yiddish stage (d. 2002) births
  1. Zypora Spaisman
    
    Zypora Spaisman was an actress and Yiddish theatre empresaria.
1915
1. André Lichnerowicz, French mathematician (d. 1998) births
  1. André Lichnerowicz
    
    André Lichnerowicz was a noted French differential geometer and mathematical physicist of Polish descent. He is considered the founder of modern Poisson geometry.
2. Orazio Mariani, Italian sprinter (d. 1981) births
  1. Orazio Mariani
    
    Orazio Mariani was an Italian athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metre sprint.
1914
1. Theodor Kittelsen, Norwegian painter and illustrator (b. 1857) deaths
  1. Theodor Kittelsen
    
    Theodor Severin Kittelsen was a Norwegian artist. He is one of the most popular artists in Norway. Kittelsen became famous for his nature paintings, as well as for his illustrations of fairy tales and legends, especially of trolls.
1912
1. Konrad Emil Bloch, German-American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000) births
  1. Konrad Emil Bloch
    
    Konrad Emil Bloch was a German-American biochemist. Bloch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 for discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.
  2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
    
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
1911
1. Dick Garrard, Australian wrestler (d. 2003) births
  1. Dick Garrard
    
    Richard Edward Garrard, OBE was an Australian Olympic wrestler.
2. Lee Yoo-hyung, Korean footballer and manager (d. 2003) births
  1. Lee Yoo-hyung
    
    Lee Yoo-hyung was a Korean football player and manager. He has played for Japan national team and South Korea national team. He was part of South Korea's squad for the 1948 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches. He also played Kyungsung FC. He started coaching career before the Korean War. After the war, he managed South Korea national football team several times.
1910
1. Hideo Shinojima, Japanese footballer (d. 1975) births
  1. Hideo Shinojima
    
    Hideo Shinojima was a Japanese football player.
2. Albert Rosellini, American lawyer and politician, 15th Governor of Washington (d. 2011) births
  1. Albert Rosellini
    
    Albert Dean Rosellini was an American politician who served as the 15th governor of Washington from 1957 to 1965 and was both the first Italian-American and Roman Catholic governor elected west of the Mississippi River.
  2. List of governors of Washington
    
    The governor of Washington is the head of government of Washington and commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The officeholder has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Washington Legislature and line-item veto power to cancel specific provisions in spending bills. The Washington governor may also convene the legislature on "extraordinary occasions".
3. Rosa Kellner, German athlete (d. 1984) births
  1. Rosa Kellner
    
    Rosa Kellner was a German athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres. She was born in Munich.
4. Károly Takács, Hungarian shooter (d. 1976) births
  1. Károly Takács
    
    Károly Takács was the first shooter to win two Olympic gold medals in the 25 metre rapid fire pistol event, both with his left hand after his right hand was seriously injured. He is the third known physically disabled athlete to have competed in the Olympic Games after George Eyser in 1904 and Olivér Halassy in 1928, followed by Liz Hartel in 1952, Neroli Fairhall in 1984 and Oscar Pistorius in 2012.
1909
1. Todor Skalovski, Macedonian composer and conductor (d. 2004) births
  1. Todor Skalovski
    
    Todor Skalovski was a Macedonian composer, chorus and orchestra conductor who wrote the music to North Macedonia's national anthem "Denes nad Makedonija". The music greatly resembles an old Macedonian folk song, "Надежда болна е легнала". Skalovski transcribed the folk song and claimed it as his own.
2. Teofilo Spasojević, Serbian footballer (d. 1970) births
  1. Teofilo Spasojević
    
    Teofilo Spasojević was a Serbian football player.
1907
1. Carlo Cavagnoli, Italian boxer (d. 1991) births
  1. Carlo Cavagnoli
    
    Carlo Cavagnoli was an Italian boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.
1906
1. Igor Moiseyev, Russian choreographer (d. 2007) births
  1. Igor Moiseyev
    
    Igor Alexandrovich Moiseyev was a Russian choreographer. Moiseyev was widely acclaimed as the greatest 20th-century choreographer of character dance, a dance style similar to folk dance but with more professionalism and theatrics.
1905
1. Christian Dior, French fashion designer, founded Christian Dior S.A. (d. 1957) births
  1. Christian Dior
    
    Christian Ernest Dior was a French fashion designer, best known as the founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, Christian Dior SE, which is now owned by parent company LVMH. His fashion houses are known all around the world, specifically "on five continents in only a decade" (Sauer). He was the second child of a family of seven, born to Maurice Dior and Madeleine Martin, in the town of Granville.
  2. Dior
    
    Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior, is a French high-end luxury fashion house controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH, the world's largest luxury group. Dior holds 42.36% shares of and 59.01% voting rights within LVMH.
2. Karl Wallenda, German-American acrobat and tightrope walker, founded The Flying Wallendas (d. 1978) births
  1. Karl Wallenda
    
    Karl Wallenda was a German-American high wire artist and founder of The Flying Wallendas, a daredevil circus act which performed dangerous stunts, often without a safety net.
  2. The Flying Wallendas
    
    The Flying Wallendas is a circus act and group of daredevil stunt performers who perform highwire acts without a safety net. They were first known as The Great Wallendas, but the current name was coined by the press in the 1940s and has stayed since.
1904
1. Puck van Heel, Dutch footballer (d. 1984) births
  1. Puck van Heel
    
    Gerardus Henricus "Puck" van Heel was a Dutch footballer. He earned 64 caps for the Netherlands national football team, and played in the 1934 and 1938 World Cups. He also represented the Netherlands at the 1928 Summer Olympics. During his club career, he played for his home town club of Feyenoord. Normally an inside left and left wing half, Van Heel was a slow player but possessed considerable vision and technical ability and was particularly good passer.
2. John Porter, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1997) births
  1. John Porter (ice hockey)
    
    John Chester "Red" Porter was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1928 Winter Olympics. In 1928 he was a member of the University of Toronto Grads, the Canadian team which won the gold medal.
  2. 1997
    
    1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1997th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 997th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 20th century, and the 8th year of the 1990s decade.
1903
1. William Lyon, American film editor (d. 1974) births
  1. William Lyon (film editor)
    
    William Austin Lyon was an American film editor, from 1935 to 1971. He was born in Texas, and died in Los Angeles, California. Employed by Columbia Pictures for most of his career, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing six times, and won twice, for From Here to Eternity (1953) and Picnic (1955).
2. Raymond Suvigny, French weightlifter (d. 1945) births
  1. Raymond Suvigny
    
    Raymond Suvigny was a French weightlifter. He competed at the 1924 and 1932 Olympics and won a gold medal in 1932.
1901
1. Ricardo Zamora, Spanish footballer and manager (d. 1978) births
  1. Ricardo Zamora
    
    Ricardo Zamora Martínez was a Spanish footballer and manager. He played as a goalkeeper for, among others, RCD Espanyol, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid. As an international he played for both the Catalan XI and Spain. As a manager, he won two La Liga titles with Atlético Aviación and briefly managed Spain.
2. Elisha Gray, American engineer, co-founded Western Electric (b. 1835) deaths
  1. Elisha Gray
    
    Elisha Gray was an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Gray is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois. Some recent authors have argued that Gray should be considered the true inventor of the telephone because Alexander Graham Bell allegedly stole the idea of the liquid transmitter from him. Although Gray had been using liquid transmitters in his telephone experiments for more than two years previously, Bell's telephone patent was upheld in numerous court decisions.
  2. Western Electric
    
    The Western Electric Company was an American electrical engineering and manufacturing company officially founded in 1869. A wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T for most of its lifespan, it served as the primary equipment manufacturer, supplier, and purchasing agent for the Bell System from 1881 to 1984 when it was dismantled. The company was responsible for many technological innovations as well as developments in industrial management.
1900
1. Elof Ahrle, Swedish actor and director (d. 1965) births
  1. Elof Ahrle
    
    Elof Ahrle was a Swedish actor and film director. He appeared in 80 films between 1920 and 1960. He also directed ten films between 1942 and 1950. He was married to actress Birgit Rosengren (1912-2011).
  2. 1965
    
    1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1965th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 965th year of the 2nd millennium, the 65th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1960s decade.
2. Anselm Franz, Austrian engineer (d. 1994) births
  1. Anselm Franz
    
    Anselm Franz was a pioneering Austrian jet engine engineer known for the development of the Jumo 004, the world's first mass-produced turbojet engine by Nazi Germany during World War II, and his work on turboshaft designs in the U.S. after the war as part of Operation Paperclip, including the T53, the T55, the AGT-1500, and the PLF1A-2, the world's first high-bypass turbofan engine.
3. Fernando Quiroga Palacios, Spanish Cardinal (d. 1971) births
  1. Fernando Quiroga Palacios
    
    Fernando Quiroga Palacios was a Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela from 1949 until his death and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.
1899
1. John Bodkin Adams, British general practitioner and convict (d. 1983) births
  1. John Bodkin Adams
    
    John Bodkin Adams was an Irish-born British general practitioner, convicted fraudster, and suspected serial killer. Between 1946 and 1956, 163 of his patients died while in comas, which was deemed to be worthy of investigation. In addition, 132 out of 310 patients had left Adams money or items in their wills.
2. Gyula Mándi, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1969) births
  1. Gyula Mándi
    
    Gyula Mándi, also referred to as Mándi Gyula or Julius Mandel was a Hungarian Olympic national team and club footballer, who played as a defender and fullback/ He was also a manager of club and national teams. He was Jewish.
3. Alexander Tcherepnin, Russian-American pianist and composer (d. 1977) births
  1. Alexander Tcherepnin
    
    Alexander Nikolayevich Tcherepnin was a Russian-born composer and pianist. His father, Nikolai Tcherepnin, and his sons, Serge Tcherepnin and Ivan Tcherepnin, as well as two of his grandsons, Sergei and Stefan, were composers. His son Serge was involved in the earliest development of electronic music and instruments. His mother was a member of the artistic Benois family, a niece of Alexandre Benois.
1898
1. Rudolph Maté, Polish-Hungarian-American cinematographer, producer and director (d. 1964) births
  1. Rudolph Maté
    
    Rudolph Maté was a Polish-Hungarian-American cinematographer, film director and film producer who worked as cameraman and cinematographer in Hungary, Austria, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, before moving to Hollywood in the mid 1930s.
2. Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (d. 1930) births
  1. Ahmad Shah Qajar
    
    Ahmad Shah Qajar was Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.
3. Eduard Zintl, German chemist (d. 1941) births
  1. Eduard Zintl
    
    Eduard Zintl was a German chemist. He gained prominence for research on intermetallic compounds.
1897
1. René Iché, French sculptor (d. 1954) births
  1. René Iché
    
    René Iché was a 20th-century French sculptor.
1896
1. Guy Gilpatric, American pilot and journalist (d. 1950) births
  1. Guy Gilpatric
    
    John Guy Gilpatric was an American pilot, flight instructor, journalist, short-story writer and novelist, best known for his Mr. Glencannon stories.
2. Paula Hitler, younger sister of Adolf Hitler (d. 1960) births
  1. Paula Hitler
    
    Paula Hitler, also known as Paula Wolff and Paula Hitler-Wolff, was the younger sister of Adolf Hitler and the last child of Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl.
  2. Adolf Hitler
    
    Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. During his dictatorship, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust: the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.
3. J. Carrol Naish, American actor (d. 1973) births
  1. J. Carrol Naish
    
    Joseph Patrick Carrol Naish was an American actor. He appeared in over 200 credits during the Golden Age of Hollywood.
4. Masa Perttilä, Finnish wrestler (d. 1968) births
  1. Matti Perttilä
    
    Matti Rudolf "Masa" Perttilä was a Finnish wrestler who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in Isokyrö.
1895
1. Cristóbal Balenciaga, Spanish fashion designer, founded Balenciaga (d. 1972) births
  1. Cristóbal Balenciaga
    
    Cristóbal Balenciaga Eizaguirre was a Spanish fashion designer, and the founder of the Balenciaga fashion house. He had a reputation as a couturier of uncompromising standards and was referred to as "the master of us all" by Christian Dior and as "the only couturier in the truest sense of the word" by Coco Chanel, who continued, "The others are simply fashion designers". On the day of his death, in 1972, Women's Wear Daily ran the headline "The King is Dead".
  2. Balenciaga
    
    Balenciaga SA is a luxury fashion house founded in 1919 by the Spanish designer Cristóbal Balenciaga in San Sebastian, Spain. Balenciaga produces ready-to-wear, footwear, handbags, and accessories and licenses its name and branding to Coty for fragrances. The brand is currently owned by the French corporation Kering.
2. Daniel Chalonge, French astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1977) births
  1. Daniel Chalonge
    
    Daniel Chalonge was a French astronomer and astrophysicist. He was born in Grenoble and studied in Paris under Charles Fabry. Chalonge worked as an astronomer at the Observatoire de Paris, the Observatoire d'Haute Provence and the Swiss Jungfraujoch Scientific Station. One of the founders of the Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, his studies included the stellar spectrum of hydrogen, stellar photometry and classification, and measurement of the ozone layer. During the Nazi occupation of France, Chalogne assumed the position of director of the Institut d'astrophysique de Paris after the previous director, Henri Mineur, was arrested by the Gestapo. Chalonge developed a microphotometer, which was subsequently named after him. Between 1936 and 1982 he authored over 90 scientific papers.
3. Noe Itō, Japanese anarchist, author and feminist (d. 1923) births
  1. Itō Noe
    
    Itō Noe was a Japanese anarchist, social critic, author and feminist. She was the editor-in-chief of the feminist magazine Seitō. Her progressive anarcha-feminist ideology challenged the norms of the Meiji and Taishō periods in which she lived. She drew praise from critics by being able to weave her personal and political ideas into her writings. The Japanese government, however, condemned her for challenging the constructs of the time. She became a martyr of the ideology in which she believed during the Amakasu Incident.
1891
1. Albert Battel, German Army lieutenant and lawyer (d. 1952) births
  1. Albert Battel
    
    Albert Battel was a German Army lieutenant and lawyer recognized for his resistance during World War II to the Nazi plans for the 1942 liquidation of the Przemyśl Jewish ghetto. He was posthumously recognized as Righteous Among the Nations in 1981.
2. Francisco Lázaro, Portuguese marathon runner (d. 1912) births
  1. Francisco Lázaro
    
    Francisco Lázaro was a Portuguese Olympic marathon runner and Portugal's standard-bearer in their first-ever participation at the Olympic Games, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden.
3. Calixa Lavallée, Canadian-American lieutenant and composer (b. 1842) deaths
  1. Calixa Lavallée
    
    Calixa Lavallée was a French-Canadian-American musician and Union Army band musician during the American Civil War. He is best known for composing the music for "O Canada," which officially became the national anthem of Canada in 1980, after a vote in the Senate and the House of Commons. The same 1980 Act of Parliament also changed some of the English lyrics. A slight alteration to the English lyrics was made again in 2018. The original French lyrics and the music, however, have remained unchanged since 1880.
1889
1. Pitirim Sorokin, American sociologist and political activist (d. 1968) births
  1. Pitirim Sorokin
    
    Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin was a Russian-American sociologist and political activist, who contributed to the social cycle theory.
2. Edith Tolkien, wife and muse of J. R. R. Tolkien (d. 1971) births
  1. Edith Tolkien
    
    Edith Mary Tolkien was an Englishwoman, known as the wife and muse of the novelist J. R. R. Tolkien, and the inspiration for his fictional Middle-earth characters Lúthien Tinúviel and Arwen Undómiel.
  2. J. R. R. Tolkien
    
    John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
1887
1. Wolfgang Köhler, German psychologist and phenomenologist (d. 1967) births
  1. Wolfgang Köhler
    
    Wolfgang Köhler was a German psychologist and phenomenologist who, like Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka, contributed to the creation of Gestalt psychology.
2. Ernest Holmes, American New Thought writer (d. 1960) births
  1. Ernest Holmes
    
    Ernest Shurtleff Holmes was an American New Thought writer, teacher, and leader. He was the founder of a spiritual movement known as Religious Science, part of the greater New Thought movement, whose spiritual philosophy is known as "The Science of Mind." He was the author of The Science of Mind and numerous other metaphysical books, and the founder of Science of Mind magazine, in continuous publication since 1927. His books remain in print, and the principles he taught as "Science of Mind" have inspired and influenced many generations of metaphysical students and teachers. Holmes had previously studied another New Thought teaching, Divine Science, and was an ordained Divine Science Minister. His influence beyond New Thought can be seen in the self-help movement.
3. Georges Vézina, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1926) births
  1. Georges Vézina
    
    Joseph Georges Gonzague Vézina was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played seven seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and nine in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Montreal Canadiens. After being signed by the Canadiens in 1910, Vézina played in 327 consecutive regular season games and a further 39 playoff games, before leaving early during a game in 1925 due to illness. Vézina was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and died on March 27, 1926.
1886
1. John M. Stahl, American director and producer (d. 1950) births
  1. John M. Stahl
    
    John Malcolm Stahl was an American film director and producer.
1885
1. Duncan Grant, British painter and designer (d. 1978) births
  1. Duncan Grant
    
    Duncan James Corrowr Grant was a British painter and designer of textiles, pottery, theatre sets and costumes. He was a member of the Bloomsbury Group.
2. Umberto Nobile, Italian engineer and explorer (d. 1978) births
  1. Umberto Nobile
    
    Umberto Nobile was an Italian aviator, aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer.
3. Harold A. Wilson, English runner (d. 1932) births
  1. Harold A. Wilson (athlete)
    
    Harold Allan Wilson was an English runner. Born in Horncastle, Lincolnshire he was a member of the Hallamshire Harriers in Sheffield. He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London and won a team gold in the 3 mile and an individual silver in the 1500 metres race. He was the first man to run a sub four minute 1,500 metres, with a time of 3:59.8 in May 1908.
1883
1. Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (d. 1929) births
  1. Olav Aukrust
    
    Olav Aukrust was a Norwegian poet and teacher. He popularized the use of Nynorsk as a literary language and is most commonly associated with his poem Himmelvarden (1916).
2. Mathias Hynes, British tug of war competitor (d. 1926) births
  1. Mathias Hynes
    
    Mathias Hynes was a British tug of war competitor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he won the silver medal as member of the British team City of London Police, though he was Irish.
  2. Tug of war
    
    Tug of war is a sport that pits two teams against each other in a test of strength: teams pull on opposite ends of a rope, with the goal being to bring the rope a certain distance in one direction against the force of the opposing team's pull.
1882
1. Pavel Florensky, Russian mathematician and theologian (d. 1937) births
  1. Pavel Florensky
    
    Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky was a Russian Orthodox theologian, priest, philosopher, mathematician, physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, polymath and neomartyr.
2. Francis Gailey, Australian-American swimmer (d. 1972) births
  1. Francis Gailey
    
    Francis "Frank" Gailey was an Australian-born American competition swimmer who swam in the 1904 Summer Olympics held in St. Louis, Missouri.
1881
1. Ernst Fast, Swedish runner (d. 1959) births
  1. Ernst Fast
    
    Ernst Robert Efraim Fast was Swedish long distance runner who competed in the late 19th century and early 20th century. He specialized in the marathon and participated in the event in Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and won the bronze medal, behind second place Émile Champion.
2. André Godard, French archaeologist, architect and historian (d. 1965) births
  1. André Godard
    
    André Godard was an archaeologist, architect and historian of French and Middle Eastern Art. He served as the director of the Iranian Archeological Service for many years.
3. Ivan Ribar, Yugoslav politician (d. 1968) births
  1. Ivan Ribar
    
    Ivan Ribar was a Croatian politician who served in several governments of various forms in Yugoslavia. Ideologically a Pan-Slavist and communist, he was a prominent member of the Yugoslav Partisans, who resisted the Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia.
4. Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, Swiss lawyer and politician (b. 1802) deaths
  1. Wilhelm Matthias Naeff
    
    Wilhelm Matthias Naeff was a Swiss politician and one of the seven initial members of the Swiss Federal Council (1848–1875).
1880
1. George Van Biesbroeck, Belgian–American astronomer (d. 1974) births
  1. George Van Biesbroeck
    
    George A. Van Biesbroeck was a Belgian–American astronomer. He worked at observatories in Belgium, Germany and the United States. He specialized in the observation of double stars, asteroids and comets. He is notable for his long career as an observational astronomer.
1878
1. Vahan Tekeyan, Armenian poet and activist (d. 1948) births
  1. Vahan Tekeyan
    
    Vahan Tekeyan (Armenian: Վահան Թէքէեան was an Armenian poet and public activist. In his lifetime he was the most famous poet of the Armenian diaspora, and he remains a significant symbol of Armenian identity and cultural heritage.
1877
1. Baldassarre Negroni, Italian director and screenwriter (d. 1948) births
  1. Baldassarre Negroni
    
    Baldassarre Negroni was an Italian film director and screenwriter. He directed 89 films between 1912 and 1936. He directed the 1932 film Due cuori felici, which starred Vittorio De Sica.
1875
1. Paul E. Kahle, German orientalist (d. 1964) births
  1. Paul E. Kahle
    
    Paul Ernst Kahle was a German orientalist and scholar.
1874
1. René-Louis Baire, French mathematician (d. 1932) births
  1. René-Louis Baire
    
    René-Louis Baire was a French mathematician most famous for his Baire category theorem, which helped to generalize and prove future theorems. His theory was published originally in his dissertation Sur les fonctions de variables réelles in 1899.
1873
1. Arturo Labriola, Italian revolutionary syndicalist (d. 1959) births
  1. Arturo Labriola
    
    Arturo Labriola was an Italian revolutionary syndicalist and socialist politician and journalist.
1872
1. Franz Grillparzer, Austrian playwright and poet (b. 1791) deaths
  1. Franz Grillparzer
    
    Franz Seraphicus Grillparzer was an Austrian writer who was considered to be the leading Austrian dramatist of the 19th century. His plays were and are frequently performed at the famous Burgtheater in Vienna. He also wrote the oration for Ludwig van Beethoven's funeral, as well as the epitaph for his friend Franz Schubert.
1871
1. Olga Preobrajenska, Russian ballerina (d. 1962) births
  1. Olga Preobrajenska
    
    Olga Iosifovna Preobrajenska was a Russian ballerina of the Russian Imperial Ballet and a ballet instructor.
1870
1. Alexander Herzen, Russian philosopher and author (b. 1812) deaths
  1. Alexander Herzen
    
    Alexander Ivanovich Herzen was a Russian writer and thinker known as the "father of Russian socialism" and one of the main fathers of agrarian populism. With his writings, many composed while exiled in London, he attempted to influence the situation in Russia, contributing to a political climate that led to the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. He published the important social novel Who is to Blame? (1845–46). His autobiography, My Past and Thoughts, is often considered one of the best examples of that genre in Russian literature.
1869
1. Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (d. 1916) births
  1. Grigori Rasputin
    
    Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin was a Russian mystic and self-proclaimed holy man who befriended the family of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, thus gaining considerable influence in late Imperial Russia.
1868
1. Felix Hoffmann, German chemist (d. 1946) births
  1. Felix Hoffmann
    
    Felix Hoffmann was a German chemist notable for re-synthesising diamorphine, which was popularized under the Bayer trade name of "heroin". He is also credited with synthesizing aspirin, though whether he did this under his own initiative or under the instruction of Arthur Eichengrün is contested.
1867
1. Ludwig Thoma, German paramedic and author (d. 1921) births
  1. Ludwig Thoma
    
    Ludwig Thoma was a German author, publisher and editor, who gained popularity through his partially exaggerated description of everyday Bavarian life.
2. Maxime Weygand, Belgian-French general (d. 1965) births
  1. Maxime Weygand
    
    Maxime Weygand was a French military commander in World War I and World War II.
1865
1. Heinrich Albers-Schonberg, German gynecologist and radiologist (d. 1921) births
  1. Heinrich Albers-Schönberg
    
    Heinrich Ernst Albers-Schönberg was a German gynecologist and radiologist. He was a native of Hamburg.
1864
1. Israel Zangwill, British author (d. 1926) births
  1. Israel Zangwill
    
    Israel Zangwill was a British author at the forefront of cultural Zionism during the 19th century, and was a close associate of Theodor Herzl. He later rejected the search for a Jewish homeland in Palestine and became the prime thinker behind the territorial movement.
1862
1. Božena Němcová, Austrian-Czech author and poet (b. 1820) deaths
  1. Božena Němcová
    
    Božena Němcová was a Czech writer of the final phase of the Czech National Revival movement.
1860
1. Karl Staaff, Swedish lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1915) births
  1. Karl Staaff
    
    Karl Albert Staaff was a Swedish liberal politician and lawyer. He was chairman of the Liberal Coalition Party (1907–1915) and served twice as Prime Minister of Sweden.
  2. Prime Minister of Sweden
    
    The prime minister is the head of government of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are subject to the Parliament of Sweden. The prime minister is nominated by the Speaker of the Riksdag and elected by the chamber by simple majority, using negative parliamentarianism. The Riksdag holds elections every four years, in the even year between leap years.
1855
1. Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies (d. 1874) births
  1. Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
    
    Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his wife Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria. She was known for her piety and for her charity to the poor.
  2. Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies
    
    Ferdinand II was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his death in 1859.
1854
1. Karl Julius Beloch, German classical and economic historian (d. 1929) births
  1. Karl Julius Beloch
    
    Karl Julius Beloch was a German classical and economic historian.
2. Eusapia Palladino, Italian spiritualist (d. 1918) births
  1. Eusapia Palladino
    
    Eusapia Palladino was an Italian Spiritualist physical medium. She claimed extraordinary powers such as the ability to levitate tables, communicate with the dead through her spirit guide John King, and to produce other supernatural phenomena.
1851
1. Giuseppe Allamano, Italian Roman Catholic priest (d. 1926) births
  1. Giuseppe Allamano
    
    Giuseppe Allamano was an Italian Roman Catholic priest. He established the Consolata Missionaries (I.M.C.) congregation for males and another for females, known as the Consolata Missionary Sisters. Allamano also served as the rector of the Santuario della Consolata and transformed the shrine into a source of spiritual renewal for the faithful.
2. Albert Lortzing, German actor and composer (b. 1801) deaths
  1. Albert Lortzing
    
    Gustav Albert Lortzing was a German composer, librettist, actor and singer. He is considered to be the main representative of the German Spieloper, a form similar to the French opéra comique, which grew out of the Singspiel.
1848
1. Henri Duparc, French soldier and composer (d. 1933) births
  1. Henri Duparc (composer)
    
    Eugène Marie Henri Fouques Duparc was a French composer of the late Romantic period.
1847
1. Joseph Achille Le Bel, French chemist (d. 1930) births
  1. Joseph Achille Le Bel
    
    Joseph Achille Le Bel was a French chemist. He is best known for his work in stereochemistry. Le Bel was educated at the École Polytechnique in Paris. In 1874 he announced his theory outlining the relationship between molecular structure and optical activity. This discovery laid the foundation of the science of stereochemistry, which deals with the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules. This hypothesis was put forward in the same year by the Dutch physical chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and is currently known as Le Bel–van't Hoff rule. Le Bel wrote Cosmologie Rationelle in 1929.
1846
1. Pieter Hendrik Schoute, Dutch mathematician and academic (d. 1923) births
  1. Pieter Hendrik Schoute
    
    Pieter Hendrik Schoute was a Dutch mathematician known for his work on regular polytopes and Euclidean geometry.
2. Albert Lavignac, French music scholar (d. 1916) births
  1. Albert Lavignac
    
    Alexandre Jean Albert Lavignac was a French music scholar, known for his essays on theory, and a minor composer.
1845
1. Harriet Backer, Norwegian painter (d. 1932) births
  1. Harriet Backer
    
    Harriet Backer was a Norwegian painter who achieved recognition in her own time and was a pioneer among female artists both in the Nordic countries and in Europe generally. She is best known for her detailed interior scenes, communicated with rich colors and the interplay of light and shadow.
1843
1. Émile Levassor, French engineer (d. 1897) births
  1. Émile Levassor
    
    Émile Constant Levassor was a French engineer and a pioneer of the automobile industry and car racing in France.
1841
1. Édouard Schuré, French philosopher and author (d. 1929) births
  1. Édouard Schuré
    
    Eduard (Édouard) Schuré was a French philosopher, poet, playwright, novelist, music critic, and publicist of esoteric literature.
1840
1. Sophia Jex-Blake, English physician and feminist (d. 1912) births
  1. Sophia Jex-Blake
    
    Sophia Louisa Jex-Blake was an English physician, teacher and feminist. She led the campaign to secure women access to a University education when she and six other women, collectively known as the Edinburgh Seven, began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869. She was the first practising female doctor in Scotland, and one of the first in the wider United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; a leading campaigner for medical education for women and was involved in founding two medical schools for women, in London and Edinburgh at a time when no other medical schools were training women.
1839
1. Caterina Volpicelli, Italian Roman Catholic nun (d. 1894) births
  1. Caterina Volpicelli
    
    Caterina Volpicelli was an Italian Roman Catholic professed religious and the foundress of the Maids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
1831
1. Ludwig Achim von Arnim, German poet and author (b. 1781) deaths
  1. Achim von Arnim
    
    Carl Joachim Friedrich Ludwig von Arnim, better known as Achim von Arnim, was a German poet, novelist, and together with Clemens Brentano and Joseph von Eichendorff, a leading figure of German Romanticism.
1829
1. Oscar II of Sweden (d. 1907) births
  1. Oscar II
    
    Oscar II was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905.
1827
1. Ivan Mikheevich Pervushin, Russian mathematician and theorist (d. 1900) births
  1. Ivan Pervushin
    
    Ivan Mikheevich Pervushin was a Russian clergyman and mathematician of the second half of the 19th century, known for his achievements in number theory. He discovered the ninth perfect number and its odd prime factor, the ninth Mersenne prime. Also, he proved that two Fermat numbers, the 12th and 23rd, were composite.
1824
1. Stonewall Jackson, American general (d. 1863) births
  1. Stonewall Jackson
    
    Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and became one of the best-known Confederate commanders, after Robert E. Lee. He played a prominent role in nearly all military engagements in the Eastern Theater of the war until his death, and had a key part in winning many significant battles. Military historians regard him as one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history. His tactics are still studied.
1823
1. Cayetano José Rodríguez, Argentinian cleric, journalist, and poet (b. 1761) deaths
  1. Cayetano José Rodríguez
    
    Cayetano José Rodríguez was an Argentine cleric, journalist and poet. He was a representative to the Congress of Tucumán of 9 July 1816 which declared the Independence of Argentina.
1820
1. Joseph Wolf, German ornithologist and illustrator (d. 1899) births
  1. Joseph Wolf
    
    Joseph Wolf was a German artist who specialized in natural history illustration. He moved to the British Museum in 1848 and became the preferred illustrator for explorers and naturalists including David Livingstone, Alfred Russel Wallace and Henry Walter Bates. Wolf depicted animals accurately in lifelike postures and is considered one of the great pioneers of wildlife art. Sir Edwin Landseer thought him "...without exception, the best all-round animal artist who ever lived".
2. Egide Walschaerts, Belgian mechanical engineer (d. 1901) births
  1. Egide Walschaerts
    
    Egide Walschaerts was a Belgian mechanical engineer, best known as the inventor of the Walschaerts valve gear used in steam locomotives. He was born in Mechelen, Belgium. In 1838 he was recognised as an excellent modeller, presenting his work at a local exhibition in Mechelen. Minister Rogier, who opened the exhibition, was so impressed that he arranged a place for Walschaerts at Liège University.
1815
1. Horace Wells, American dentist (d. 1848) births
  1. Horace Wells
    
    Horace Wells was an American dentist who pioneered the use of anesthesia in dentistry, specifically the use of nitrous oxide.
1814
1. Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, German bibliographer and historian (d. 1885) births
  1. Johann Georg Theodor Grässe
    
    Johann Georg Theodor Grässe was a German bibliographer and literary historian. He worked in Dresden at the Münzkabinett and also edited the journal Zeitschrift für Museologie und Antiquitätenkunde. He was born in Grimma and died in Niederlössnitz.
2. Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, French botanist and author (b. 1737) deaths
  1. Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
    
    Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre was a French writer and botanist. He is best known for his 1788 novel Paul et Virginie, now largely forgotten, but in the 19th century a very popular children's book.
1813
1. John C. Frémont, American general, explorer, and politician, 5th Territorial Governor of Arizona (d. 1890) births
  1. John C. Frémont
    
    John Charles Frémont or Fremont was an American explorer, military officer, and politician. He was a U.S. Senator from California and was the first Republican nominee for president of the United States in 1856 and founder of the California Republican Party when he was nominated. He lost the election to Democrat James Buchanan when Know Nothings split the vote.
  2. List of governors of Arizona
    
    The governor of Arizona is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arizona. As the top elected official, the governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arizona state government and is charged with faithfully executing state laws. The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arizona State Legislature; to convene the legislature; and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.
2. Giuseppe Montanelli, Italian statesman and author (d. 1862) births
  1. Giuseppe Montanelli
    
    Giuseppe Montanelli was an Italian statesman and author.
1811
1. James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn, British statesman (d. 1885) births
  1. James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn
    
    James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn,, styled Viscount Hamilton from 1814 to 1818 and The Marquess of Abercorn from 1818 to 1868, was a British Conservative statesman who twice served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
1810
1. Pierre Louis Charles de Failly, French general (d. 1892) births
  1. Pierre Louis Charles de Failly
    
    Pierre-Louis Charles de Failly was a French general.
1809
1. Josiah Hornblower, American engineer and politician (b. 1729) deaths
  1. Josiah Hornblower
    
    Josiah Hornblower was an English engineer and statesman in Belleville, New Jersey. He was a delegate for New Jersey in the Continental Congress in 1785 and 1786.
1808
1. Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, 16th President of Peru (d. 1875) births
  1. Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
    
    Juan Crisóstomo Torrico Vargas served as the 16th President of Peru during a brief period in 1842. At age 34, he was Peru's youngest President ever.
1804
1. Moritz von Schwind, Austrian painter (d. 1871) births
  1. Moritz von Schwind
    
    Moritz von Schwind was an Austrian painter, born in Vienna. Schwind's genius was lyrical—he drew inspiration from chivalry, folklore, and the songs of the people. Schwind died in Pöcking in Bavaria, and was buried in the Alter Südfriedhof in Munich.
1801
1. John Batman, Australian entrepreneur and explorer (d. 1839) births
  1. John Batman
    
    John Batman was an Australian grazier, entrepreneur and explorer. He is best known for his role in the founding of Melbourne.
1800
1. Theodor Fliedner, German Lutheran minister (d. 1864) births
  1. Theodor Fliedner
    
    Theodor Fliedner was a German Lutheran minister and founder of Lutheran deaconess training. In 1836, he founded Kaiserswerther Diakonie, a hospital and deaconess training center. Together with his wives Friederike Münster and Caroline Bertheau, he is regarded as the renewer of the apostolic deaconess ministry. His work in nursing was pioneering for Florence Nightingale, who spent a few months in Kaiserswerth in 1850.
1797
1. Joseph Méry, French author and journalist (d. 1866) births
  1. Joseph Méry
    
    Joseph Méry was a French writer, journalist, novelist, poet, playwright and librettist.
1796
1. Princess Marie of Hesse-Kassel, consort of George, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1880) births
  1. Princess Marie of Hesse-Kassel
    
    Princess and Landgravine Marie of Hesse-Kassel was the consort of George, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
  2. George, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
    
    George ruled the state of Mecklenburg-Strelitz as Grand Duke of Mecklenburg from 1816 until his death.
1795
1. Samuel Wallis, English navigator and explorer (b. 1728) deaths
  1. Samuel Wallis
    
    Samuel Wallis was a British naval officer and explorer of the Pacific Ocean. He made the first recorded visit by a European navigator to Tahiti.
1793
1. Louis XVI of France (b. 1754) deaths
  1. Louis XVI
    
    Louis XVI was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months just before he was executed by guillotine. He was the son of Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir-apparent of King Louis XV, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. When his father died in 1765, he became the new Dauphin. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he became King of France and Navarre, reigning as such until 4 September 1791, when he received the title of King of the French, continuing to reign as such until the monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792.
1789
1. Baron d'Holbach, French-German philosopher and author (b. 1723) deaths
  1. Baron d'Holbach
    
    Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach, was a French-German philosopher, encyclopedist, writer, and prominent figure in the French Enlightenment. He was born Paul Heinrich Dietrich in Edesheim, near Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate, but lived and worked mainly in Paris, where he kept a salon. He helped in the dissemination of "Protestant and especially German thought", particularly in the field of the sciences, but was best known for his atheism and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being The System of Nature (1770) and The Universal Morality (1776).
1788
1. William Henry Smyth, Royal Navy officer, hydrographer, astronomer and numismatist births
  1. William Henry Smyth
    
    Admiral William Henry Smyth was a Royal Navy officer, hydrographer, astronomer and numismatist. He is noted for his involvement in the early history of a number of learned societies, for his hydrographic charts, for his astronomical work, and for a wide range of publications and translations.
  2. Royal Navy
    
    The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service.
1784
1. Peter De Wint, English painter (d. 1849) births
  1. Peter De Wint
    
    Peter De Wint was an English landscape painter. A number of his pictures are in the National Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and The Collection, Lincoln. He died in London.
1775
1. Manuel Garcia, Spanish opera singer and composer (d. 1832) births
  1. Manuel García (tenor)
    
    Manuel del Pópulo Vicente Rodriguez García was a Spanish opera singer, composer, impresario, and singing teacher.
2. Yemelyan Pugachev, Russian rebel (b. 1742) deaths
  1. Yemelyan Pugachev
    
    Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev was an ataman of the Yaik Cossacks who led a great popular insurrection during the reign of Catherine the Great. Pugachev claimed to be Catherine's late husband, Emperor Peter III.
1774
1. Mustafa III, Ottoman sultan (b. 1717) deaths
  1. Mustafa III
    
    Mustafa III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III (1703–30), and his consort Mihrişah Kadın. He was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I (1774–89).
1773
1. Alexis Piron, French playwright and author (b. 1689) deaths
  1. Alexis Piron
    
    Alexis Piron was a French epigrammatist and dramatist.
1763
1. Augustin Robespierre, younger brother of French Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre (d. 1794) births
  1. Augustin Robespierre
    
    Augustin Bon Joseph de Robespierre, known as Robespierre the Younger, was a French lawyer, politician and the younger brother of French Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. His political views were similar to his brother's. When his brother was arrested on 9 Thermidor, Robespierre volunteered to be arrested as well, and he was executed by the guillotine along with Maximilien and 20 of his supporters.
  2. Maximilien Robespierre
    
    Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer and statesman who became one of the best-known, influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he campaigned for universal manhood suffrage, the right to vote for people of color, Jews, actors, domestic staff and the abolition of both clerical celibacy and French involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. In 1791, Robespierre was elected as "public accuser" and became an outspoken advocate for male citizens without a political voice, for their unrestricted admission to the National Guard, to public offices, and to the commissioned ranks of the army, for the right to petition and the right to bear arms in self defence. Robespierre played an important part in the agitation which brought about the fall of the French monarchy on 10 August 1792 and the summoning of a National Convention. His goal was to create a one and indivisible France, equality before the law, to abolish prerogatives and to defend the principles of direct democracy. He earned the nickname "the incorruptible" for his adherence to strict moral values.
1741
1. Chaim of Volozhin, Orthodox rabbi (d. 1821) births
  1. Chaim of Volozhin
    
    Chaim of Volozhin was a rabbi, Talmudist, and ethicist. Popularly known as "Reb Chaim Volozhiner" or simply as "Reb Chaim", he was born in Volozhin when it was a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He died there while it was under the control of the Russian Empire.
1738
1. Ethan Allen, American general (d. 1789) births
  1. Ethan Allen
    
    Ethan Allen was an American farmer, businessman, land speculator, philosopher, writer, lay theologian, American Revolutionary War patriot, and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of Vermont and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga early in the Revolutionary War. He was the brother of Ira Allen and the father of Frances Allen.
1732
1. Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg, son of Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, and Princess Maria Augusta of Thurn and Taxis (d. 1797) births
  1. Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
    
    Friedrich Eugen, Duke of Württemberg was the fourth son of Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, and Princess Maria Augusta of Thurn and Taxis. He was born in Stuttgart. From 1795 until 1797 he was Duke of Württemberg.
  2. Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg
    
    Charles Alexander of Württemberg was a Württemberg noble from 1698 who governed the Kingdom of Serbia as regent from 1720 until 1733, when he assumed the position of Duke of Württemberg, which he held until his death.
  3. Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis
    
    Princess Marie Auguste Anna of Thurn and Taxis was a Regent of Württemberg. By birth she was a member of the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis and through her marriage to Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, she became Duchess consort of Württemberg.
1731
1. Ignjat Đurđević, Croatian poet and translator (b. 1675) deaths
  1. Ignjat Đurđević
    
    Ignjat Đurđević was a baroque poet and translator from the Republic of Ragusa, best known for his long poem Uzdasi Mandaljene pokornice. He wrote poetry in three languages: Latin, Italian and Croatian.
1722
1. Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1661) deaths
  1. Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton
    
    Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Member of Parliament for Hampshire and a supporter of William III of Orange.
  2. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
    
    Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, or more formally Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 until the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922). The office, under its various names, was often more generally known as the Viceroy, and his wife was known as the vicereine. The government of Ireland in practice was usually in the hands of the Lord Deputy up to the 17th century, and later of the Chief Secretary for Ireland.
1721
1. James Murray, Scottish-English general and politician, Governor of Minorca (d. 1794) births
  1. James Murray (British Army officer, born 1721)
    
    General James Murray was a British Army officer and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Quebec from 1760 to 1768 and governor of Minorca from 1778 to 1782. Born in Ballencrieff, East Lothian, Murray travelled to North America and took part in the French and Indian War. After the conflict, his administration of the Province of Quebec was noted for its successes, being marked by positive relationships with French Canadians, who were reassured of the traditional rights and customs. Murray died in Battle, East Sussex in 1794.
  2. List of governors of Menorca
    
    Below is a list of (known) governors of Menorca from the time of the British occupation in 1708 until the British relinquished control of the island for the last time in 1802.
1717
1. Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, Spanish military officer and governor of Cuba (d. 1779) births
  1. Antonio María de Bucareli
    
    Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa was a Spanish military officer, governor of Cuba, and Viceroy of New Spain (1771–1779) during the time of Spanish colonization of California. He was Knight of Justice of the Order of Malta.
1714
1. Anna Morandi Manzolini, Spanish anatomist (d. 1774) births
  1. Anna Morandi Manzolini
    
    Anna Morandi Manzolini was an internationally known anatomist and anatomical wax modeler, as lecturer of anatomical design at the University of Bologna.
1710
1. Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic and critic (b. 1638) deaths
  1. Johann Georg Gichtel
    
    Johann Georg Gichtel was a German mystic and religious leader who was a critic of Lutheranism. His followers ultimately separated from this faith.
1706
1. Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic (b. 1649) deaths
  1. Adrien Baillet
    
    Adrien Baillet was a French scholar and critic. He is now best known as a biographer of René Descartes.
1699
1. Obadiah Walker, English historian and academic (b. 1616) deaths
  1. Obadiah Walker
    
    Obadiah Walker was an English academic and Master of University College, Oxford, from 1676 to 1688.
1683
1. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1621) deaths
  1. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
    
    Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury PC FRS was a prominent English politician during the Interregnum and the reign of King Charles II. A founder of the Whig party, he was also the patron of John Locke.
  2. Chancellor of the Exchequer
    
    The chancellor of the Exchequer, often abbreviated to chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom, and head of His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, the Chancellor is a high-ranking member of the British Cabinet and is third in the ministerial ranking, behind the prime minister and the deputy prime minister.
1675
1. Duchess Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg, Margravine of Baden-Baden (d. 1733) births
  1. Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg
    
    Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg was Margravine of Baden-Baden. Born a Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg, she was the wife of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, a famous Imperial general who was known as the Türkenlouis. She acted as consort of the ruler of Baden-Baden (1690–1707) and then regent of Baden-Baden (1707–1727) for her son Louis George.
  2. Baden-Baden
    
    Baden-Baden is a spa town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany, at the north-western border of the Black Forest mountain range on the small river Oos, ten kilometres east of the Rhine, the border with France, and forty kilometres north-east of Strasbourg, France.
1670
1. Claude Duval, French highwayman (b. 1643) deaths
  1. Claude Duval
    
    Claude Du Vall was a French highwayman in Restoration England. He came from a family of decayed nobility, and worked in the service of exiled royalists who returned to England under King Charles II. Little else is known of his history. According to popular legend, he abhorred violence, showing courtesy to his victims and chivalry to their womenfolk, thus spawning the myth of the romantic highwayman, as taken up by many novelists and playwrights.
  2. Highwayman
    
    A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Such criminals operated until the mid or late 19th century. Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often dressing as men, especially in fiction.
1659
1. Adriaen van der Werff, Dutch painter (d. 1722) births
  1. Adriaen van der Werff
    
    Adriaen van der Werff was a Dutch painter of portraits and erotic, devotional and mythological scenes. His brother, Pieter van der Werff (1661–1722), was his principal pupil and assistant.
1655
1. Antonio Molinari, Italian painter (d. 1704) births
  1. Antonio Molinari (painter)
    
    Antonio Molinari, also known as il Caraccino, was an Italian painter of the Baroque era in Venice.
1638
1. Ignazio Donati, Italian composer (b. 1570) deaths
  1. Ignazio Donati
    
    Ignazio Donati was an Italian composer of the early Baroque era. He was one of the pioneers of the style of the concertato motet.
1636
1. Melchiorre Cafà, Maltese Baroque sculptor (baptised; d. 1667) births
  1. Melchiorre Cafà
    
    Melchiorre Cafà (1636–1667), born Melchiorre Gafà and also known as Caffà, Gafa, Gaffar or Gafar, was a Maltese Baroque sculptor. Cafà began a promising career in Rome but this was cut short by his premature death following a work accident. He was the older brother of the architect Lorenzo Gafà.
1612
1. Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz, count of Nassau-Dietz (d. 1640) births
  1. Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz
    
    Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz was count of Nassau-Dietz and Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.
  2. House of Nassau
    
    The House of Nassau is a diversified aristocratic dynasty in Europe. It is named after the lordship associated with Nassau Castle, located in present-day Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The lords of Nassau were originally titled "Count of Nassau", then elevated to the princely class as "Princely Counts". Early on they divided into two main branches: the elder (Walramian) branch, that gave rise to the German king Adolf, and the younger (Ottonian) branch, that gave rise to the Princes of Orange and the monarchs of the Netherlands.
1609
1. Joseph Justus Scaliger, French historian and scholar (b. 1540) deaths
  1. Joseph Justus Scaliger
    
    Joseph Justus Scaliger was a French Calvinist religious leader and scholar, known for expanding the notion of classical history from Greek and Ancient Roman history to include Persian, Babylonian, Jewish and Ancient Egyptian history. He spent the last sixteen years of his life in the Netherlands.
1598
1. Matsudaira Tadamasa, Japanese samurai and daimyō (d. 1645) births
  1. Matsudaira Tadamasa
    
    Matsudaira Tadamasa was an early to mid-Edo period Japanese samurai, and daimyō.
1546
1. Azai Sukemasa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1491) deaths
  1. Azai Sukemasa
    
    Azai Sukemasa was the head of the Azai clan. Sukemasa was a retainer of the Kyōgoku clan but when the Kyōgoku clan declined for conflicts over the succession, the Azai clan came to power with Sukemasa as its daimyō.
1527
1. Juan de Grijalva, Spanish explorer (b. 1489) deaths
  1. Juan de Grijalva
    
    Juan de Grijalva was a Spanish conquistador, and a relative of Diego Velázquez. He went to Hispaniola in 1508 and to Cuba in 1511. He was one of the early explorers of the Mexican coastline.
1493
1. Giovanni Poggio, Italian cardinal and diplomat (d. 1556) births
  1. Giovanni Poggio
    
    Giovanni Poggio was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. He is mainly known for the elaborate decorations he arranged for his residence, the Palazzo Poggi.
1338
1. Charles V of France (d. 1380) births
  1. Charles V of France
    
    Charles V, called the Wise, was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380. His reign marked an early high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armies recovering much of the territory held by the English, and successfully reversed the military losses of his predecessors.
1320
1. Árni Helgason, Icelandic bishop (b. c. 1260) deaths
  1. Árni Helgason
    
    Árni Helgason was an Icelandic Roman Catholic clergyman, who became the eleventh bishop of the Icelandic diocese of Skálholt in 1304. He served until his death in 1320.
1277
1. Galeazzo I Visconti, lord of Milan births
  1. Galeazzo I Visconti
    
    Galeazzo I Visconti was lord of Milan from 1322 to 1327. After being chosen Captain of Milan, he defeated two papal armies and was excommunicated by Pope John XXII. Temporarily imprisoned for murder, Galeazzo retired to Pescia and died in August 1328.
  2. Milan
    
    Milan is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city has 3.26 million inhabitants. Its continuously built-up urban area is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants. According to national sources, the population within the wider Milan metropolitan area, is estimated between 8.2 million and 12.5 million making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.
1264
1. Alexander, Prince of Scotland (d. 1284) births
  1. Alexander, Prince of Scotland
    
    Alexander was an heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Scotland who never ascended due to his early death.
1203
1. Agnes II, Abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1139) deaths
  1. Agnes II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
    
    Agnes II was a member of the House of Wettin who reigned as Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg.
1118
1. Pope Paschal II (b. 1050) deaths
  1. Pope Paschal II
    
    Pope Paschal II, born Ranierius, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. A monk of the Abbey of Cluny, he was created the cardinal-priest of San Clemente by Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) in 1073. He was consecrated as pope in succession to Pope Urban II (1088–99) on 19 August 1099. His reign of almost twenty years was exceptionally long for a medieval pope.
945
1. Yang Tan, Chinese general and governor deaths
  1. Yang Guangyuan
    
    Yang Guangyuan, né Atan (阿檀), later known as Yang Tang (楊檀) before changing his name to Guangyuan, courtesy name Deming (德明), formally the Prince of Qi (齊王), was a general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang and Later Jin. He rebelled against Later Jin in 944, believing that he would prevail with aid from the Khitan Liao Dynasty, but after the Liao aid forces were repelled by Later Jin forces, his son Yang Chengxun (楊承勳) put him under arrest and surrendered. He was subsequently killed by soldiers sent by the Later Jin general Li Shouzhen.
942
1. An Chongrong, Chinese general (Five Dynasties) deaths
  1. An Chongrong
    
    An Chongrong (安重榮), nickname Tiehu (鐵胡), was a major general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Jin. Late in the reign of Later Jin's founding emperor Shi Jingtang, An, discontented with the friendly relations between Later Jin and the Khitan Liao state, often provoked Liao and eventually decided to rebel against Later Jin. He was quickly defeated, however, and then was killed by his own subordinates.
  2. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
    
    The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, from 907 to 979, was an era of political upheaval and division in 10th-century Imperial China. Five dynastic states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent dynastic states were established elsewhere, mainly in South China. It was a prolonged period of multiple political divisions in Chinese imperial history.
939
1. Yang Pu, Chinese emperor (b. 900) deaths
  1. Yang Pu
    
    Yang Pu, formally Emperor Rui of Wu (吳睿帝), was the last ruler of Wu, and the only one that claimed the title of emperor. During his reign, the state was in effective control of the regents Xu Wen and Xu Wen's adoptive son and successor Xu Zhigao. In 938, Xu Zhigao forced Yang Pu to yield the throne to him. Xu Zhigao then established Southern Tang.
918
1. Liu Zhijun, Chinese general deaths
  1. Liu Zhijun (Later Liang)
    
    Liu Zhijun, courtesy name Xixian (希賢), nicknamed Liu Kaidao, was a general under Zhu Wen while Emperor Taizu was a major warlord during the late Tang Dynasty and then during Emperor Taizu's reign in his new Later Liang. Later, fearing that Emperor Taizu was going to act against him, he defected, first to Qi, then to Former Shu. Former Shu's emperor Wang Jian, however, also was apprehensive of his talent and later had him executed.
917
1. Erchanger, Duke of Swabia (b. 880) deaths
  1. Erchanger, Duke of Swabia
    
    Erchanger was the duke of Swabia from September 915 to his death. He was the son of Berthold I, count palatine of Swabia, who is sometimes called Erchanger as well, in which case the duke is Erchanger II. His mother was Gisela, daughter of Louis the German and his family is known as the Ahalolfinger.
496
1. Epiphanius of Pavia, Italian bishop and saint (b. 438) deaths
  1. Epiphanius of Pavia
    
    Epiphanius of Pavia (438–496), later venerated as Saint Epiphanius of Pavia, was Bishop of Pavia from 466 until his death in 496. Epiphanius additionally held the offices of lector, subdeacon and deacon.
420
1. Yazdegerd I, king of the Sassanid Empire deaths
  1. AD 420
    
    Year 420 (CDXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Constantius. The denomination 420 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
  2. Yazdegerd I
    
    Yazdegerd I was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 399 to 420. A son of Shapur III, he succeeded his brother Bahram IV after the latter's assassination.
  3. Sasanian Empire
    
    The Sasanian or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th centuries AD. Named after the House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD, making it the longest-lived Persian imperial dynasty. The Sasanian Empire succeeded the Parthian Empire, and re-established the Persians as a major power in late antiquity alongside its neighbouring arch-rival, the Roman Empire.

Holidays

Babinden (Bulgaria, Serbia)
1. Babinden
  
  Babinden is a traditional Bulgarian feast, celebrated on 8 January, in honour of the women practicing midwifery. The traditional word for midwife in Bulgarian is baba, same as grandmother. The holiday has pagan origins and is part of the traditional family rituals.
2. Bulgaria
  
  Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. Bulgaria covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), and is the sixteenth-largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas.
3. Serbia
  
  Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest, and claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia with Kosovo has about 8.6 million inhabitants. Its capital Belgrade is also the largest city.
Birthday of Princess Ingrid Alexandra (Norway)
1. Flag flying days in Norway
  
  There is a number of flag flying days in Norway.
2. Norway
  
  Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of Norway. Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of Norway; it also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. The capital and largest city in Norway is Oslo.
Christian feast day: Agnes
1. Agnes of Rome
  
  Agnes of Rome is a virgin martyr, venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Churches. St. Agnes is one of several virgin martyrs commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass.
Christian feast day: Demiana (Coptic Church)
1. Demiana
  
  Saint Demiana and the 40 Virgins was a Coptic martyr of the early fourth century.
2. Coptic Orthodox Church
  
  The Coptic Orthodox Church, also known as the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt, servicing Africa and the Middle East. The head of the church and the See of Alexandria is the Pope of Alexandria on the Holy Apostolic See of Saint Mark, who also carries the title of Father of fathers, Shepherd of Shepherds, Ecumenical Judge and the thirteenth among the Apostles. The See of Alexandria is titular, and today, the Coptic Pope presides from Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in the Abbassia District in Cairo. The church follows the Coptic Rite for its liturgy, prayer and devotional patrimony. The church has approximately 25 million members worldwide and is Egypt's largest Christian denomination.
Christian feast day: Fructuosus
1. Fructuosus
  
  Saint Fructuosus of Tarragona was a Christian saint, bishop and martyr. His is an important name in the early history of Christianity in Hispania. He was bishop of Tarragona and was arrested during the persecutions of Christians under the Roman Emperor Valerian. Along with him were two deacons, St. Augurius and St. Eulogius. In 259, he was questioned by the praeses Aemilianus and burned at the stake in the local amphitheatre in Tarraco. The Acta of the martyrdom of the bishop Fructuosus and his deacons Augurius and Eulogius document his legend; they are the earliest Hispanic Acta, "marked by a realistic simplicity which contrasts very favourably with many of the Acta of Diocletian's persecution".
Christian feast day: John Yi Yun-il (one of The Korean Martyrs)
1. John Yi Yun-il
  
  John Yi Yun-il was a Korean Catholic who was killed during the 19th-century Korean persecution of Christians. He was a family man who made his living as a farmer and who also served as a catechist, i.e. a teacher of Christian religion.
2. Korean Martyrs
  
  The Korean Martyrs were the victims of religious persecution against Catholics during the nineteenth century in Korea. Between 8,000–10,000 Korean Christians were killed during this period. 103 Catholics were canonized en masse in May 1984, including the first Korean Catholic priest, Andrew Kim Taegon, who was executed by sword in 1846.
Christian feast day: Meinrad of Einsiedeln
1. Meinrad of Einsiedeln
  
  Meinrad was a hermit and is a Roman Catholic and Orthodox saint. He is known as the "Martyr of Hospitality". His feast day is 21 January.
Christian feast day: January 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
1. January 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
  
  January 20 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - January 22
Errol Barrow Day (Barbados)
1. Errol Barrow Day
  
  Errol Barrow Day is a Barbadian public holiday celebrated on 21 January, to commemorate Errol Barrow, the former Prime Minister of Barbados, who helped lead his country to independence from the United Kingdom. The date is the second public holiday of the calendar year and is the date of birth for the former leader.
2. Barbados
  
  Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of 432 km2 (167 sq mi) and has a population of about 287,000. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
Flag Day (Quebec)
1. Flag of Quebec
  
  The flag of Quebec, called the Fleurdelisé, represents the Canadian province of Quebec. It consists of a white cross on a blue background, with four white fleurs-de-lis.
Grandmother's Day (Poland)
1. Grandparents' Day
  
  Grandparents' Day or National Grandparents' Day is a secular holiday celebrated in various countries; it is celebrated to show the bond between grandparents and grandchildren. It occurs on various days of the year, either as one holiday or sometimes as a separate Grandmothers' Day and Grandfather's Day.
2. Poland
  
  Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.
Lady of Altagracia Day (Dominican Republic)
1. Día de la Altagracia
  
  Día de la Altagracia, or Altagracia Day, is a day commemorating the patronal image and protector of the people of the Dominican Republic. It is a feast day and annual public holiday on January 21. "Our Lady of Altagracia" is a portrait of the Virgin Mary painted in the 16th century. The portrait is kept in the Basílica Catedral Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia in the city of Salvaleón de Higüey.
2. Dominican Republic
  
  The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with Haiti, making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that is shared by two sovereign states. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area at 48,671 square kilometers (18,792 sq mi), and third-largest by population, with approximately 10.7 million people, down from 10.8 million in 2020, of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city. The official language of the country is Spanish.
Lincoln Alexander Day (Canada)
1. Lincoln Alexander
  
  Lincoln MacCauley Alexander was a Canadian lawyer who became the first Black Canadian member of Parliament in the House of Commons, the first Black federal Cabinet Minister, the first Black Chair of the Worker's Compensation Board of Ontario, and the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1985 to 1991. He was the first person to serve five terms as Chancellor of the University of Guelph, from 1991 to 2007. Alexander was also a governor of the Canadian Unity Council.
2. Canada
  
  Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest binational land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Important events in history on January 21 st

Events

Rocket Lab

Rocket Lab Electron

CubeSat

2017 Women's March

Human rights

2017 Women's March

Donald Trump

President of the United States

Rojava conflict

Jazira Region

Syria

2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations

Tirana

Republican Guard (Albania)

2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations

Tirana

Albania

Gaza Strip

Gaza War (2008–2009)

Belmopan

Belize

2005 Belize unrest

NASA

Spirit (rover)

Flash memory

2003 Colima earthquake

Colima

Ecuador

Lucio Gutiérrez

Jamil Mahuad

Gustavo Noboa

War on drugs

United States Coast Guard

Cocaine

United States House of Representatives

Newt Gingrich

Professional ethics

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

United States House of Representatives

Newt Gingrich

Galaxy Airlines Flight 203

Reno–Tahoe International Airport

Reno, Nevada

DeLorean Motor Company

DMC DeLorean

DMC DeLorean

Dunmurry

Northern Ireland

United Kingdom

Iran Air Flight 291

Alborz

Mehrabad International Airport

Tehran

Iran

Concorde

Supersonic transport

Concorde

Tripura

Twipra Kingdom

States and union territories of India

Emley Moor transmitting station

Ultra high frequency

Cold War

Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash

Sea ice

Thule Air Base

Radioactive contamination

Vietnam War

People's Army of Vietnam

Khe Sanh Combat Base

United States Marine Corps

Quảng Trị province

South Vietnam

Battle of Khe Sanh

Vietnam War

Battle of Khe Sanh

Boeing B-52 Stratofortress

Important events in history
on January 21 ^st